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PROJECT TITLE: Preparation of a Field Manual Summarizing Research on High-Ash
Papermill Sludges, Their Characteristics and Recommended
Disposal Practices
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Richard Ledbetter
U.S. Army Engineer
Waterways Experiment Station
P. 0. Box 631
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG-D5-F657
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFP
EPA SUPPORT: $20,000
BEGINNING DATE: 12/20/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/20/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
First, the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station will review the
literature for information that will have an effect on a rational engineering
approach to the optimum development of landill sites utilizing high ash paper-
mill sludges or other similar media.
Then a field manual will be prepared containing the following sections:
physical properties, drainage, consolidation and settlement, and strength and
stability. The field manual will be oriented toward an individual of technical
background, but with little or no exposure to the soil mechanics discipline
and be presented in such a fashion to enable that individual, given suitable
physical properties and characteristics of a sludge in question, to rationally
approach a landfill operation to attain a given objectivebe it a desirable
rate of consolidation, drainage, or ultimate strength characteristic.
14
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PROJECT TITLE:
Research Symposium - Gas and Leachate from Landfills:
Collection, Formation and Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. A. Joel Kaplovsky
Rutgers, The State University
P. 0. Box 231
New Brunswick, New JErsey 08903
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803663 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFP
EPA SUPPORT: $19,688
BEGINNING DATE: 2/3/75
COMPLETION DATE: 9/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The symposium will involve current ongoing research activities, government
and private sponsored. The symposium will have at least the three following
objectives: (a) to circulate, discuss and interrelate the new information
being produced in the area of gas and leachate formation, collection and
treatment; (b) to promote contact between research personnel from various
parts of this and other countries in an atmosphere conducive to free and
unrestrained discussion; and (c) to produce a report that will contain the
presentations so that the State-of-the-Art review will be available to the
scientific field.
The proceedings of the research symposium will be published.
15
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PROJECT TITLE: Study of Vegetation Problems Associated with Refuse Landfills
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Ida A. Leone & Franklin Flowers
Associate Research Professor
Department of Plant Biology
Cook College, Rutgers University
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803762 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFP
EPA SUPPORT: $144,837
BEGINNING DATE: 5/15/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this study are: (A) To determine the extent of vegetation
injury and death associated with operating and completed refuse landfills through-
out the U.S. (B) Determine the factors which contribute to this vegetation injury
or death. (C) Present recommendations as to how to protect vegetation existing
adjacent to a refuse landfill. (D) Establish recommendations as to how to deter-
mine when and how to plant vegetation on and/or about a refuse landfill. (E)
Establish recommendations as to what species of vegetation would be best suited
to living on and about a refuse landfill.
The project will include field and laboratory investigations. The field
investigations will involve both a mail survey of the continental U.S. and
Puerto Rico to determine the extent of vegetation growth problems associated
with refuse landfills. This will be followed by on-site inspection of selected
sites in 7 of the 8 major U.S. meteorological regions. Measurements will be
made of the soils, ground gases, and other environmental parameters at each of
the field sites. The laboratory investigations will entail a study of the
effects of landfill gases and growing conditions upon selected vegetation.
Representative vegetation will also be planted at selected landfill sites and
observed for growth responses during this study.
16
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PROJECT TITLE: Analytical Services: Solid, Aqueous and Gaseous from a Sanitary
Landfill
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2028 (Contract)
Pete Barnet PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
Pedco Environmental Specialists, Inc. ROAP: 21BFQ
Suite 13 - Atkinson Square
Cincinnati, Ohio 45246
EPA SUPPORT: $32,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 11/1/75
Dirk Brunner
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research COMPLETION DATE: 10/31/76
Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this contract is to provide selected analytical services for
the Boone County Field Site solid waste landfill research projects. The services
are to include physical and chemical analyses of aqueous, solid and gas samples.
17
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PROJECT TITLE:
Case Study of Los Angeles County Sanitation-District
Palos Verdes Landfill Gas Development Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Frank R. Bowerman
880 Kirkwood Lane
La Habra, California 90631
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles Rogers
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2143 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFQ
EPA SUPPORT: $18,508
BEGINNING DATE: 10/25/74
COMPLETION DATE: 2/24/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this contract is to develop a case study and prepare a report
detailing the optimistic parameters for methane production and recovery with
suggested modifications and recommendations of the Los Angeles County Sanitation
Districts' Palos Verdes Landfill Gas Development Project.
18
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PROJECT TITLE:
Determination of the Effects of Compost on Selected
Soils and Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
0. W. Kochtitzky
Chief Environmental Engineer
Tennessee Valley Authority
725 Edney Building
Chattanooga, Tennessee 37401
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Carlton Wiles
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG-D4-0415
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFQ
EPA SUPPORT: $61,000
BEGINNING DATE: 9/17/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The task objective is to obtain data to help determine short- and long-term
effects of compost produced from municipal refuse on selected soils and plants.
Emphasis is being directed at determining use benefit relationships and the
fate of heavy metals and other potentially toxic materials when the compost is
applied to selected soils and plants. There is a dearth of data relative to
what happens to waste material containing potential toxic substances when dis-
posed of on the land. There is also an interest in more fully utilizing the land
as a disposal sink and processing medium for various wastes (e.g., municipal
refuse, industrial sludges, sludge wastewater, etc.). Completion of this task
will provide some of the data not available relative to the fate of potentially
toxic substances contained in wastes disposed of on land.
19
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PROJECT TITLE: Effect of Moisture Regimen on Solid Waste Stabilization
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R803652 (Grant)
p c ,, PV. PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
E. S. K. Chian
Assistant Professor of Environmental ROAP: 21BFQ
Engineering
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois EPA SUPPORT: $58,500
Urbana, Illinois 61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 5/'1/75
Dirk Brunner
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/77
Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The proposed research involves the measurement of gas production rates and
leachate composition to measure refuse stabilization under anaerobic conditions.
The refuse has different steady state and transient moisture conditions to
simulate actual landfill conditions. Optimum moisture conditions will be deter-
mined for the acid and methane fermentation phase during the refuse stabilization.
These conditions can then be selected by enforcement agencies to create the most
desirable environmental impact of the solid waste on the environment.
20
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PROJECT TITLE: An Evaluation of Cover Materials for Sanitary Landfills
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 802412 (Grant)
TT _ 1 PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
W. E. Nelson
Tuskegee Institute ROAP: 21BFQ
George W. Carver Research Foundation
Tuskegee Institute, Alabama 36088
EPA SUPPORT: $148,965
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 12/17/73
Dirk Brunner
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research COMPLETION DATE: 1/15/77
Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The major objective of this study is to determine the effects of various
combinations of soil types and densities and vegetative cover on the net
infiltration of rainwater of landfilled solid waste. A secondary objective
is to study the effect of landfill gas on selected vegetative cover crops.
The objectives of this 3-year project are to be met by use of field plots.
Laboratory studies will augment the field studies. This is an MIRS project.
21
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PROJECT TITLE: An Evaluation of Sanitary Landfill Gas & Leachate Production
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Melvin C. Eifert
Systems Technology Corporation
3131 Encrete Lane
Dayton, Ohio 45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dirk Brunner
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2120 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFQ
EPA SUPPORT: $301,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/19/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/28/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
There are eight objectives to be met. Determine the effect of: 1) Varying
moisture regimen on production of gas and leachate; 2) Temperature on gas and
leachate production; 3) Wastewater treatment plant sludges on solid waste decompo-
sition; 4) pH control on solid waste decomposition; 5) Premature wetting; 6)
Hazardous liquid and sludge and their fate; 7) Determine the survival of polio
virus; and 8) Determine the settlement rate in the lysimeters.
The approach consists of 17 lysimeters each containing three tons of raw
compacted waste. These lysimeters are located at the EPA Center Hill Facility
in Cincinnati, Ohio. Fifteen of these cells are outside of the building while
two are inside the building at room temperature. There are two stages to the pro-
gram. The first stage is preparation of the cells, characterization of the waste
and placement of the waste into the cells along with the instrumentation. The
second phase is monitoring the cells for gas composition and volume, leachate
composition and volume, temperature, pressure, settlement, water applications
and the application of polio viruses into one of the cells. Water application
rate is according to average U.S. rainfall pattern. The study is to last for
approximately three years.
The current plans are to load the lysimeters approximately four months after
the start of the effort, and then to commence full-scale monitoring of the cells
for the remainder of the effort. The data "will be reduced on a continuing basis
in order to obtain trend information.
22
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PROJECT TITLE: Investigation of Leachate Pollutant Attenuation in Soils
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Wallace Fuller
University of Arizona
Department of Soils, Water &
Engineering
Tucson, Arizona 85721
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Michael Roulier
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0208 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFQ
EPA SUPPORT: $137,337
BEGINNING DATE: 12/72
COMPLETION DATE: 6/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The migration of leachate from a landfill occurs through the surrounding soil.
Soil can act as a filter for leachate contaminants. Therefore, the various attenu-
ation mechanisms of soil need to be evaluated and related to leachate movement
through the soils. This project will identify the attenuation mechanisms; evalu-
ate pollutant attenuation of soils by column studies; develop simulation models
for prediction of solute changes for water flow through soils. It is antici-
pated that empirical predictive equations relating to leachate pollutant
attenuation in soils can be developed.
23
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PROJECT TITLE: Prediction Model for Sanitary Landfill Gas Movement
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0326 (Contract)
Dr. Charles A.Moore PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
Department of Civil Engineering ROAP: 21BFQ
Ohio State University Research Foundation
1314 Kinnear Road
Columbus, Ohio 43212 EPA SUPPORT: $86,994
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/29/73
Dirk Brunner
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/75
Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to develop a method utilizing specific site
characteristics to predict the migration through soil of gases produced from
sanitary landfilling of solid waste. This method will help to meet the need
to rationally evaluate the potential environmental hazards associated with
migrating gases.
The approach is to develop, from information available primarily in the field
ot gas flow through porous media, a comprehensive, three-dimensional model capable
of predicting gas flow through nonisotropic, heterogeneous soils under transient
and steady-state conditions. The predictive method is intended for routine use
by design and regulatory engineers utilizing simulations generated from the
comprehensive, model. Thus, several typical sanitary landfills will each be simu-
lated to allow easy solution by use of charts, nomographs, and/or simple equations
sensitive to specific site characteristics.
Field verification of the model to be developed and comprehensive evaluation of
gas production will need to be performed in addition to this project to allow
rational evaluation of potential hazards associated with migrating gas from a
specific, landfill, either planned, in operation, or completed.
24
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PROJECT TITLE: Quality & Quantity Gas & Leachate Generation from Processed
& Non-Processed, Baled & Non-Baled Municipal Solid Waste
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Melvin C. Eifert
Systems Technology Corporation
3131 Encrete Lane
Dayton, Ohio 45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Carnes
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2028 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFQ
EPA SUPPORT: $181,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/18/74
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this contract is to determine the gas production rate,
qualitatively and quantitatively, and to monitor the quality and quantity of
any leachates produced during the course of the research. The gas generation
and identification will eventually be incorporated into models predicting
landfill gas migration. The rates of gas production and their specific con-
tents are needed to properly outline and/or identify the hazards associated
with landfill gas.
25
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PROJECT TITLE: Treatment of Leachate Generated from Sanitary Landfills
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Edward S. K. Chian
Project Director
University of Illinois
Department of Civil Engineering
Urbana, Illinois 61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dirk Brunner
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0162 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB064
ROAP: 21BFQ
EPA SUPPORT: $172,100
BEGINNING DATE: 6/23/72
COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The treatment of leachate from many landfills in the United States is a
practical necessity. Research presently underway is designed to give quick
answers to the question of how to treat this liquid, since no lab, pilot, or
field-scale data is available. A more detailed study is needed to determine
process kinetics, the nature of the organic fraction of leachate, and the
degree of treatment that may be obtainable using conventional wastewater treatment
methods. In addition, other methods of removing pollutants from water are being
studied because of small volumes and the vast range of contaminant concentrations
and flow rates. This contract was awarded in June 1972 and results are not as
yet available. The final report, due in September 1974, should provide the tech-
nical data needed to rationally design on-site leachate treatment schemes.
26
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PROJECT TITLE:
A Study for a Review and Assessment of the Emplacement of
Hazardous Wastes in Subsurface Salt Deposits
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Louis R. Reeder and Associates
5200 South Yale
Tulsa, Oklahoma 74135
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Carlton Wiles
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2013 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BFN
EPA SUPPORT: $81,592
BEGINNING DATE: 6/17/74
COMPLETION DATE: 5/17/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This study will primarily involve a review of research, development,
demonstration projects and other activities concerning the injection of
hazardous waste into deep-wells and an assessment of the capability of the
technology to dispose of and manage the waste in a manner that precludes
environmental degradation. The purpose is to provide EPA in written report
form, and as of the most current point in time, a single source of available
information concerning research and other activities in deep-well disposal of
hazardous waste and assessments of its effects on the environment. The output
is expected to provide EPA with a basis for determining the need for studies for
developing an effective monitoring and control program for the injection of
hazardous waste into deep-wells.
27
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PROJECT TITLE:
New Methods for Efficient Detoxification/Destruction of
Hazardous Wastes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. L. J. Bailin
Lockheed Missiles & Space Company
3251 Hanover Street
Palo Alto, California 94304
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Donald Oberacker
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2190 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BFR
EPA SUPPORT: $108,070
BEGINNING DATE: 4/9/75
COMPLETION DATE: 4/8/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The process of microwave plasma decomposition of organic materials will be
applied to the detoxification/destruction of hazardous organic wastes. The
investigation will start with the LPARL (Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory)
laboratory-size microwave plasma system. Following this, utilizing the informa-
tion gained, i.e., reaction efficiency and reaction product identification, the
detoxification process will be expanded from laboratory dimensions to a larger
scale, continuous system employing custom designed, commercially available
hardware.
A primary objective of the program is to evaluate the effectiveness of the
expanded-scale system using hazardous organic compounds and wastes of current
interest. The reaction products will be identified to determine whether the
products are innocuous or toxic, and whether there is the possibility for
recycling of the carrier gases, and recovery of useful materials as by-products.
28
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PROJECT TITLE:
Assessment of Techniques for the Detoxification of Selected
Hazardous Materials
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Bernard P. McNamara
Biomedical Laboratory
Department of the Army
Headquarters, Edgewood Arsenal
Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles Rogers
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG D5-0429
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BKV
21010 EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
BEGINNING DATE: 1/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Edgewood Arsenal will make an assessment of techniques for the detoxification
of selected hazardous and toxic materials. This proposed study is to provide
technical data needed to determine if hazardous and toxic materials can be detoxi-
fied and by-products recovered for reuse without being detrimental to the health
and welfare of the public.
Edgewood Arsenal will specifically collect and analyze data and will conduct
research where desirable to develop answers to questions on the environmental
safety of (1) catalytic, (2) chemical, (3) biochemical degradation, and (4) other
processes for the detoxification of hazardous materials.
29
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PROJECT TITLE: Catalytic Conversion of Hazardous and Toxic Chemicals
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Alvin H. Weiss
Worcester Polytechnic Institute
Worcester, Massachusetts 01609
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R802857 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BKV
EPA SUPPORT: $130,182
BEGINNING DATE: 1/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 1/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
It is proposed to develop catalytic techniques to detoxify noxious,
hazardous, and toxic organic pesticides. One objective is to produce,
where practical and economically feasible, a useful as well as harmless
product. New catalytic techniques as well as those previously described
will be studied, keeping in mind cost as well as effectiveness.
Laboratory studies, where indicated, will be conducted in both batch
and continuous micro-scale catalysis equipment.
The ultimate goal is to generate a procedural manual that recommends
and details catalytic techniques for detoxification.
30
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PROJECT TITLE:
Compilation of a Report Describing Processes Applied to Thermal
Degradation of Select Pesticides and Other Organics
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Boyd T. Riley
690 Clinton Springs Avenue
Cincinnati, Ohio 45229
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Carnes
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: None.
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BKV
EPA SUPPORT: $6,300
BEGINNING DATE: 11/19/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A report describing various unit processes that have been applied to thermal
degradation of select pesticides and other organics will be compiled. Report
shall detail operating conditions, time/temperature relationship when available,
unit economics, pesticides and/or organic wastes investigated, and suggest best
available technology applicable. Report will be used by OSWMP as guidance for
their demonstration contract utilizing full scale incinerators for destruction
of hazardous wastes which can include waste and/or excess pesticides.
31
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PROJECT TITLE: Laboratory Evaluation of the Thermal Decomposition of Pesticides
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Donovan S. Duvall
University of Dayton
300 College Park Avenue
Dayton, Ohio 45469
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Carnes
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803540 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BKV
EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
BEGINNING DATE: 2/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 7/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This research proposes to determine the combustion temperature and residence
time required to effectively destroy pesticides. Thirty-four different pesticide
compounds will be examined. Evolved gas analysis will play a major role in
measuring degree of thermal decomposition.
Thermogravimetric analysis, supplemented by trapping and subsequent analysis
of evolved products, will be utilized. Modified pyrolysis-gas chromatography
will be used to accurately determine temperature, residence time, and complete-
ness of thermal decomposition.
32
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PROJECT TITLE: Literature Survey of Data on Soil Degradation of Select Pesticides
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James R. Sanborn
Illinois Natural History Survey
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard A. Carnes
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803591 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB311
ROAP: 21BKV
EPA SUPPORT: $25,658
BEGINNING DATE: 2/14/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/14/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A detailed search of literature on 38 select pesticides will be carried out
to collect all data on their soil fate. Data gathered will give detailed
descriptions of the degradative pathways, rates of degradation, leaching char-
acteristics, toxicity of these pesticides and their primary metabolites to man
and other wildlife. The collection of this data will allow problem areas to be
identified and further research indicated where deemed essential to complete
soil degradative pathways for certain pesticides.
33
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PROJECT TITLE:
Develop and Test a Particulate and Gas Sampling System for
High Temperature - High Pressure Process Gas Streams
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
F. E. Moreno
Aerotherm/Acurex Corporation
485 Clyde Avenue
Mountain View, California 94042
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John Burckle
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2163 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1AB012
ROAP: 21BJT
EPA SUPPORT: $130,000
BEGINNING DATE: 1/9/75
COMPLETION DATE: 4/18/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The necessary design, fabrication, and testing of a sampling system, or
systems, for interfacing with a process unit operating under the conditions
of high temperature, high pressure, and both high temperature and high pressure
in order to obtain the measurement of the suspended particulate for both total
mass loading and mass size distribution in the range of from about 7 ym to 0.2
ym will be conducted.
The sampling system, or systems, shall have the following capabilities:
(a) operation at temperatures up to 2000°F and pressures up to 100 atmospheres;
(b) traversing; (c) incorporation of the EPA measurement principles; (d) port-
ability and ease of handling and operation. The test phase shall be designed
to fully demonstrate the capabilities and safety aspects of the sampling inter-
face and the proper procedure for installation, use, and removal of the sampling
interface.
34
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PROJECT TITLE:
Establish Feasibility and Design of Automatic Particle
Size Distribution Analyzer for Source Emissions
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Arthur Engelman
GCA Corporation
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John Burckle
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2154 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1AB012
ROAP: 21BJT
EPA SUPPORT: $95,000
BEGINNING DATE: 12/10/74
COMPLETION DATE: 3/9/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
It is the purpose of this project to experimentally demonstrate the technical
feasibility and derive construction designs for a particle size distribution
instrument which performs inertial classification of an aerosol with real-time
assay of each fraction. The instrument is to be designed for use for relative
characterization of the inlet and outlet streams of a particulate control device
for the purposes of ascertaining whether or not the control device collects
preferentially in the range of from 3 to 0.2 ym and also to give an approximate
value of the loading in each range so that an impactor may be applied for the
accurate measurement without extensive trial and error runs.
35
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PROJECT TITLE:
Sampling Protocol to Minimize Effects of Source Variations
on Test Results
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Douglas W, Cooper
GCA Corporation
GCA/Technology Divisioon
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John Burckle
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2155 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1AB012
ROAP: 21BJT
EPA SUPPORT: $80,000
BEGINNING DATE: 12/10/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/9/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
.It is the purpose of this project to devise and demonstrate a sampling
protocol for the measurement of particulate matter, both total loading and size
distribution of the fine range, to determine the efficiency of control devices
for large-scale fossil fuel fired systems. GCA Corporation shall examine the
sources of temporal variations, their effects upon control equipment performance
measurements and hence upon the design and application of control equipment;
develop a protocol for minimizing the effects of variations to an acceptable
level; and assess the availability of particulate test equipment suitable for
the protocol designed.
36
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PROJECT TITLE: Air Emission Testing for St. Louis/Union Electric Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. L. Shannon
Midwest Research Institute
425 Volker Boulevard
Kansas City, Missouri 64110
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Carlton Wiles.
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-1837 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $309,300
BEGINNING DATE: 10/8/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A solid waste coal combination is being used as fuel for a Union Electric
generating unit in St. Louis. Air emission sampling and analyses are being
conducted. The boiler's mass, composition and energy balances will also be
determined. This project will determine how the use of solid waste as supple-
mental fuel affects air emissions in an industrial boiler.
37
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PROJECT TITLE:
Development of Prototype Portable System for Pyrolysis of
Agricultural Wastes into Fuels and Other Products
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. John W. Tatom
Engineering Experiment Station
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Donald Oberacker
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803430 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $73,770
BEGINNING DATE: 3/75
COMPLETION DATE: 10/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this research grant are to refine and develop the hardware
and system design for a portable pyrolysis unit. This system is to convert
various types of agricultural wastes into useful, saleable fuels, such as
char, oil, and gas. Initially, wastes studied under this program are to be
selected from such candidates as cotton gin trash, peanut hulls, and bagasse.
Hardware of this general type has been under development by Georgia Tech for
several years and the results have been very encouraging, based on laboratory,
pilot, and near-full scale hardware tests. Although the system has already
been scaled up to commercial size in an operating plant pyrolyzing wood waste,
a few additional hardware refinements are indicated for processing harder to
handle wastes such as those listed above. The study will include some fourteen
or more instrumental test runs with complete data analysis.
38
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PROJECT TITLE:
Environmental Assessment of Future Disposal Practices of
Hazardous Materials-Plastics
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dale A. Vaughan
Senior Research Scientist
Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Donald Oberacker
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803111 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $27,000
BEGINNING DATE: 3/17/75
COMPLETION DATE: 7/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this investigation is to assess future growth in the
plastic industry and evaluate the environmental impact of plastic waste
based upon potential developments in recycle and disposal technology.
The approach is based upon anticipated future production, market, life
of products and development in recycle and solid waste disposal technology
over specific periods of (5, 10 and 20 years) time.
39
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PROJECT TITLE:
Environmental Effect of Utilizing Solid Waste as a Supplementary
Power-Plant Fuel
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dale A. Vaughan
Materials Science Department
Battelle Columbus Laboratories
505 King Avenue
Columbus, Ohio 43201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Donald Oberacker
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R804008 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $120,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/12/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to investigate the benefits to the environ-
ment resulting from the utilization of solid waste as a supplementary fuel in
existing coal-fired power plants.
The approach is to evaluate the gaseous and particulate emission plus the
corrosiveness of combustion products as a function of refuse-coal ratio and
as a function of sulfur content of the coal. Experiments will be conducted in
an operating power station through cooperation of the City of Columbus, Ohio.
Furnace and stack gas and particulate samples will be collected throughout
the periods that corrosion probes are inserted at several locations in the heat-
recovery passes. These probes will be examined for corrosion attack and deposit
composition for various gas and metal temperatures to provide guidance in future
utilization of solid waste as a supplementary fuel.
40
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PROJECT TITLE: Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste Cellulose to Produce Glucose
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Leo A. Spano
Department of the Army
U.S. Natick Laboratories
Natick, Massachusetts 01760
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles Rogers
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG-D5-0758
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
BEGINNING DATE: 4/15/75
COMPLETION DATE: 4/15/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The U.S. Army Natick Laboratory will conduct studies on (1) enzyme production,
(2) substrate conditioning, (3) saccharification, (4) fermentation process
development, (5) saccharification reactions, (6) the process control system, and
will determine if an economically viable process for enzymatic conversion of
cellulose to glucose can be developed.
41
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Fine Grinding Requirements in Resource Recovery
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Professor George J. Trezek
University of California
Campus Research Office
M-ll Wheeler Hall
Berkeley, California 94720
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Carlton Wiles
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R804034 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $175,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/31/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This research involves a study of the theoretical and practical aspects
of fine grinding of refuse. Current information on refuse size reduction
primarily concerns larger particle sizes. This research will extend that
data to smaller particle size ranges. Experiments will also be conducted
to compare various grinders with respect to their capabilities for producing
fine particles of refuse.
42
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PROJECT TITLE: Feasibility Study of Utilizing Solid Waste for Building
Materials
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Bud Duft
Material Systems Corporation
751 Citracado Parkway
Escondido, California
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2056 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $188,504
BEGINNING DATE: 6/20/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to constructively evaluate and analyze
previous research on potential products from waste materials. To determine
the technical feasibility of products from selected waste materials. To
determine the economics/cost effectiveness of utilizing waste materials for
building products. To develop data on the supply and location of waste
materials. To qualify selected waste material products under existing
building codes. To demonstrate the feasibility, applicability, and accept-
ance of building products fabricated from waste materials.
43
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PROJECT TITLE: Foam Glass Insulation from Waste Glass
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
R. Thayne Robson
Research Professor of Economics
University of Utah
Salt Lake City, Utah 84112
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles Rogers
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R800937
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $40,000
BEGINNING DATE: 9/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The feasibility of manufacturing foam glass insulation from waste glass will
be carefully investigated. Foam board, pellets, and spheralikes can be made from
waste glass with the aid of one of a number of foaming agents such as calcium
carbonate, water, and certain carbonaceous materials. The parameters that govern
optimum foaming conditions will continue to be defined. Properties of foams pro-
duced with the various foaming agents will be measured. The market potential for
foam glass products and cost of manufacture will be estimated in order to the
value of utilizing waste glass available from municipal waste.
44
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PROJECT TITLE: Forecast Quantities and Material Composition of Future Household
Solid Waste 1973-85
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0261 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
Dr. Robert U. Ayres
International Research & Technology ROAP: 21BFS
Corporation
1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington, DC 20036 EPA SUPPORT: $65,073
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 5/10/73
Ronald Talley
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research COMPLETION DATE: 6/10/75
Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this research is to forecast the solid wastes generated by
U. S. households from now through 1985. Emphasis will be on forecasts of the
residuals from consumer purchases of food, publications, entertainment materials,
and clothing. Other appropriate candidate for inclusion into the household solid
waste flow are household appliances which are ultimately discarded, such as electric
irons, television sets, and toasters. Other consumer purchases, such as automobiles,
large appliances and furnaces, may be more appropriately treated as specialized
waste flows rather than household waste flows as they are typically disposed of
by the vendor replacing them. The results of this research will make it possible
to increase the effectiveness of future disposal and resource recovery technolo-
gies and incentive strategies, which are largely dependent upon the composition
of the waste stream to which they are applied.
Available consumer spending forecasts will be reviewed, identifying those
products that may be expected to have waste management consequences. The
results of these forecasts will be used to identify the economic sectors which
produce these goods purchased by consumers. Input-output models will be used
to identify the inter-sectorial relationships associated with each purchased
good. Then with respect to these sectors and the goods produced and consumed,
substitution analysis will be conducted to determine when one raw material will
substitute for another (e.g., synthetic for natural fibers) or one produce will
substitute for another (e.g., pre-packaged and precooked food for raw or unpre-
pared food). The substitution analyses will account for changes in technology,
cost and product mix.
45
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PROJECT TITLE:
Investigate and Develop a Process for the Production of Methanol
as a Fuel
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Mark Antal
Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
Atomic Energy Commission
Los Alamos, New Mexico
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Albert Klee
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: LAG D5-0646
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $127,000
BEGINNING DATE: 1/31/75
COMPLETION DATE: 1/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The research project will generate technical data needed to facilitate the
production of hydrogen under less rigorous and more economical conditions. The
hydrogen will be used in reactions to produce methanol from char resulting from
the pyrolysis of solid wastes.
Los Alamos will specifically conduct studies to (1) discover and evaluate
catalysts for the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide at lower tempera-
tures, (2) perform a system study of selected process reactions in order to
evaluate its economic feasibility, (3) conduct bench-scale demonstration of
those aspects of the process which shows promise in the production of methanol.
46
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PROJECT TITLE:
Investigation to Utilize Organic Residues to Improve Sludge
Dewatering Characteristics and to Produce Usable Fuels
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Thomas J. Wittman
Systems Technology Corporation
3131 Encrete Lane
Dayton, Ohio 45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Carlton Wiles
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2105 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $17,117
BEGINNING DATE: 6/28/74
COMPLETION DATE: 8/28/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The work to be performed in this program shall consist of bench and pilot
scale testing to define the process, the economics, and the feasibility of
using a mixture of sewage sludge and the organic rejects from material recovery
operations using the Franklin, Ohio system to improve the dewatering character-
istics of the sludge. The resulting dewatered sludge will be investigated to
determine if it can produce methane and/or a solid fuel. To develop this waste,
objectives must be met in each of these categories, i.e., process, economics,
and feasibility.
47
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PROJECT TITLE:
Novel Pretreatments for Waste Cellulose Hydrolysis for Utilization
of Cellulose Values from Solid Municipal Waste
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Walter Brenner
New York University
Division of Applied Science
Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
26-36 Stuyvesant Street
New York, New York 10003
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles Rogers
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803664 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $45,828
BEGINNING DATE: 5/15/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/14/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this grant proposal is to develop/optimize a novel acid
hydrolysis process for the conversion of waste cellulose into glucose. Under
Phase I, a study would be conducted to develop and optimize physical and chemical
pretreatments for waste cellulose which would be technically and economically
superior to present practices for maximizing the glucose yields. Phase II
which is to be conducted concurrently with Phase I will concentrate on develop-
ment and optimization of a novel acid hydrolysis process which is based on
exposing an acid treated waste cellulose at ambient temperature to optimal
acid hydrolysis temperature by contact with superheated water or steam.
This basic research program could lead to development of a viable acid
hydrolysis system for production of glucose and its subsequent use as a feed-
stock for the production of ethyl alcohol.
48
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PROJECT TITLE: Resource Recovery Study of the County of Hawaii
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Edward Harada
Chief Engineer
County of Hawaii
25 Aupuni Street
Hilo, Hawaii 96720
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Albert Klee
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 803924 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $50,000
BEGINNING DATE: Pending
COMPLETION DATE: 7/29/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the proposed project is to carry out a feasibility study
to evaluate various alternatives for the disposal of the County of Hawaii's
municipal solid waste. Particular emphasis is given to the possibility of
producing electricity through the burning of refuse with bagasse in existing
boilers owned by several local sugar companies. The work plan includes:
surveys of existing solid waste collection, transfer, and disposal facilities;
determination of present and future waste quantities and compositions; identi-
fication of available equipment and sites for waste pre-processing; evaluation
of methods for handling the combustible fraction at the boilers; and recom-
mendations for a specific course of action for the County to take.
49
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PROJECT TITLE: Size Reduction in Solid Wastes Processing
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
George Trezek
University of California
School of Engineering
Berkeley, California 94720
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
PROJECT NO.: 801218 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/3/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/29/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A refuse size-reduction laboratory has been developed so that the systematic
study, via controlled experiments, of the parameters governing the comminution
of size reduction of the heterogeneous mixture called municipal refuse can be
performed. This laboratory contains a 10 ton/hr. hammermill which has been converte
into a research tool. Hopefully, these studies will enhance the understanding
of the mechanisms involved in the size-reduction of refuse. Adaptability of pre-
vious analytical comminution theories to refuse are being considered so that compu-
tation can be made for size distribution and power requirements. Fundamental data
on size distribution of ground refuse and compression and tensile strength of
various refuse components as well as complete packer truck and ground refuse is
being measured. Energy requirements for various degrees of aluminum can shredding
have also been measured by means of controlled laboratory experiments. These
experimental data are vital to the establishment of the emerging technology of
refuse comminution. They also form an integral basis of a concept and plan for
the development of an apparatus, specifically for refuse size reduction.
50
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PROJECT TITLE:
Study of Solid Waste as a Supplementary Fuel in Industrial
Boilers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Lazaros J. Lazaridis
Thermo Electron Corporation
85 First Avenue
Waltham, Massachusetts
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Donald Oberacker
Solid and Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0355 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1DB314
ROAP: 21BFS
EPA SUPPORT: $78,091
BEGINNING DATE: 11/9/73
COMPLETION DATE: 2/8/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The utilization of municipal solid waste as a supplementary fuel for boilers
in use at industrial establishments was investigated. A survey of the industrial
sites, different boiler designs determined their potential for burning solid
refuse as part of the fuel. Included in this survey was an assessment of modifi-
cations necessary to the boilers, operational problems expected from using solid
waste as part of the fuel, the form the solid waste must be in, and a projection
as to the expected effectiveness of each system. Several industrial boilers were
selected for field testing.
A final report is in preparation.
51
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PROJECT TITLE: Determine the Leachate Characteristics of Fixed Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Andrew J. Greene
Waterways Experiment Station
Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
P. 0. Box 631
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG-D4-0569
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1AB013
ROAP: 21BLH
EPA SUPPORT: $1,340,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/30/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/80
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
In the first phase of this project all existing chemical stabilization
techniques for industrial and flue gas cleaning sludges will be surveyed and
selected processes will be evaluated through laboratory studies. This will
be accomplished by meeting the following objectives:
(a) Compilation of a list of fixation techniques currently available.
(b) Development and employment of a procedure to screen candidate
fixation processes.
(c) Comprehensive laboratory and field evaluation of a selected number
of fixation processes that successfully survive the screening process.
The second phase of this project will evaluate municipal, industrial, and
flue gas cleaning waste, disposal sites as they exist in the field. At least
three (3) municipal sanitary landfill sites, four (4) industrial sites, without
organics/pesticides, one (1) industrial site with organics/pesticides, and five
(5) flue gas cleaning waste sites for a total of thirteen (13) sites, will be
evaluated. The evaluation of these sites is considered as an acceleration of
the existing program. The existing program will still have a field evaluation
phase, but will have guidance from the results of this task.
52
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PROJECT TITLE: sludge Liner/Leachate Compatibility Investigation
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Z. B. Fry, Special Assistant
Soils & Pavements Laboratory
U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
Experiment Station
P.O. Box 631
Vicksburg, Mississippi 39180
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert Landreth
Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG-D5-0785
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1AB013
ROAP: 21BLH
EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/4/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/1/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to determine the compatibility of 18 liner
materials with flue gas cleaning (FGC) waste and associated liquors and leachates;
to estimate the length of life for the liners, and to assess the economics involved
with purchase and placement (to include construction) of various liner materials.
Ten chemicals that are admixed into the soil, two flexible liners, and six
spray-on type chemicals will be selected following a review of the literature
considering the material to be contained and the related economic considerations
of material cost, placement rate, and associated construction costs. These liner
materials will be placed in exposure cells designed to simulate a depth of sludge/
liquor of at least 20 ft. The depth will be increased in suitable time increments.
The liners will be exposed for 12- and 24-month periods and subjected to tests to
determine the characteristics of each type.
53
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PROJECT TITLE: Assessment of Sewer Flow Measurement Devices/Techniques
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0426 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Philip E. Shelley, Director of Engineering
Hydrospace-Challenger, Inc. ROAP: 21ASY
2150 Fields Road
Rockville, Maryland
EPA SUPPORT: $44,590
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNING DATE: 3/28/74
David J. Cesareo COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Objectives: To develop the state-of-the-art of existing flow measurement
dev.ices and techniques; to identify, evaluate, and assess those devices/
techniques applicable to wet-weather flow measurement;- to identify,
evaluate and assess new and promising devices/techniques specific to wet
weather flow measurement; and to recommend future areas for research and
development.
Approach: Among the flow measuring devices/techniques to be investigated
are those employing open channel direct discharge methods, pressure flow
direct discharge methods, velocity area methods, etc. The main emphasis
will be on those suitable for unsteady flow conditions in urban drainage
conduits. Only the limitations of conventional devices will be discussed,
stating conditions where they can be applied to storm flow. Each flow
measuring device/technique will be evaluated in so far as possible with-
respect to 23 predetermined operational parameters. User experience,
especially from on-going USEPA projects, will be included as well as
information and data from various manufacturers and vendors. Activities
of other Federal Agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Geological.
Survey, and Department of Agriculture, will also be consulted for relevant
information. The project will conclude with the publication of a state-of-the-
art report that should be useful to anyone with a wet-weather flow measurement
problem*.
54
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PROJECT TITLE: Baker Street Dissolved Air Flotation Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
City and County of San Francisco
Public Works Department
San Francisco, California 94102
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
D. Cesareo
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 802701 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 2 IAS?
EPA SUPPORT: $921,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/24/69
COMPLETION DATE: 7/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project consists of the design construction and evaluation of a
combined sewer overflow treatment facility at the Baker Street outfall
consisting of trash racks, sedimentation, dissolved air flotation and
chlorination.
Conditions of the receiving waters will -be investigated prior to
placing facility in operation and cost effectiveness of the facility will be
evaluated following construction.
The character of combined sewage tributary to the outfall will be
defined and the applicability of the treatment process to other outfalls
in the San Francisco system assessed.
55
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I'.'IOJr-CT TITLE: Boston University Bridge Storm Water Detention and Chlorination
Station
;iv.;;;:;.AL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Martin Weiss
Metropolitan District Commission
20 Somerset Street
Boston, Massachusetts
PROJECT KG.: 11023 FAT (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $1,000,000
KSRL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 9/2/66
COMPLETION DATE: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to construct a detention basin
to intercept peak flows and to chlorinate wastewater, as a means of
reducing combined sewage overflows into the Charles River. This project
includes the construction and evaluation of a combined sewer overflow
facility, designed to provide a ten-minute minimum sedimentation-detention
time with an influent of 233 MGD. The chlorinated effluent will flow by
gravity from the detention tanks through a 96-inch outfall pipe into the
Charles River. Sludge deposits in the detention tanks will be returned to
the sewer system to be treated at the sewage treatment plant. All settled
materials will be flushed out of the tanks and into the sewer system after
the storm subsides.
Final report under review.
56
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PROJECT TITLE: Characterization and Disposal of Combined and Solids Sewer
Overflow Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0242 (Contract)
. . . , . . PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Anthony Gemopolos, Managing Associate
Environmental Sciences Div., Envirex Inc. ROAP: 21ASY
P. 0. Box 2022
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
EPA SUPPORT: $246,167
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/29/73
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 9/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of Phase I are to: (1) characterize the residual sludges arising
from the treatment (physical, physical-chemical, and bio-chemical) of combined
sewer overflows; and (2) develop promising alternative sludge handling/disposal
treatment process flow sheets and an engineering evaluation of the alternative
flow sheets developed.
The objectives of Phase II are to: (1) evaluate on pilot-scale the effective-
ness of thickening-certrifugation treatment system for CSO residual sludges and on
a bench-scale the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion of appropriate sludges;
(2) develop basic design criteria and operating characteristics of the thickening-
centrifucation dewatering system in a form that can be translated into actual
practice with minimum delay; (3) develop capital and operating costs for the
demonstrated treatment system; (4) evaluate, on a nationwide basis, the extent
of the wet-weather flow sludge problem with respect to quantities generated,
characteristics, and facility and cost requirements for handling and disposal;
(5) evaluate the "shock-load" effect of CSO treatment residuals on dry-weather
treatment plant operation and performance; (6) evaluate alternative methods for
ultimate disposal of raw CSO sludges and treated CSO sludges.
57
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PROJECT TITLE: Combined Sewer Fluidic Regulator Demonstration
KXTItAX'JPJvL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Carmen F. Guarino
Philadelphia Water Department
City of Philadelphia
1160 Municipal Services Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 11022 FWR (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $77,410
BEGINNING DATE: 9/70
COMPLETION DATE: 8/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project would utilize the design rationale developed under FWQA
Program No. 11024 DGZ, (Contract 14-12-486) in the design, construction and
operation of a full-size combined sewer fluidic regulator installed in two
typical locations in the Philadelphia sewer system.
The specific objectives of the project are the following:
1. Design, construction and operation of a fluidic regulator for a
flow range below 2 CFS with a minimum of reconstruction. The unit
will be capable of demonstrating fluidic action on demand by use of
city water to simulate storm flow and a transparent top for observation.
2. Design, construction, and operation of a fluidic regulator for a
4 CFS peak dry weather flow. This will demonstrate the use of a
fluidic device at higher flows on combined sewerage. The automatic
control of the overflow will be done by sensing the interceptor level.
No overflow will occur until the interceptor reaches a pre-determined
limit.
3. Evaluate the operation of above fluidic devices over a years' period,
and relate their performance, both advantages and disadvantages to
conventional regulator throughout the Philadelphia sewer system.
4. Assembly of all data from the evaluation and testing program
including rainfall data, overflow vs. sensor height, so that the application
of fluidics to sewer design can be demonstrated on a full-scale basis.
.58
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PROJECT TITLE: Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Program - Rochester, New York
XTRAM'JRAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
J. MacDonald
Rochester Pure Waters District
65 Broad Street
Rochester, New York 14614
PROJECT NO.: Y005141 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $638,900
1-ERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/74
COMPLETION DATS: 5/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project entails a total systems approach to develop techniques
for abating pollution from the municipal sector by considering wet and
dry-weather wastewater collection, transport and treatment as one
integrated system. The program will begin with basic aspects of system
monitoring and conclude with a master plan for implementation based
on the best available stormwater pollution control technology. This
will involve use of the EPA Storm Water Management Model for system
optimization; and treatment optimization by flexible pilot testing. The
project will result in an effective demonstration of a city-wide approach
to Storm § Combined Sewer Overflow Control and be a guide to other municipalities.
.59
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PROJECT TITLE: The Construction and Technical Evaluation of the Various Aspects
of an Aluminum Storm Sewer System
::-:I:I.-'O:';:^.L PROJECT DIRECTOI
James J. Giordano
City of LaSalle
LaSalle, Illinois
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT KO.: 11032 DTI (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $432,276
BEGINNING DATE: g/23/69
COMPLETION DATE: 5/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the correction of
combined sewer overflow problems by constructing a separate storm drainage
system for a portion of the city. Engineering study indicates that this
is the most economical solution for the city. The development and demonstration
aspects will be:
1) installation and evaluation of performance, durability, and
dependability of various size corrugated aluminum pipe;
2) prototype development and evaluation of improved joint couplers,
tapping saddles, catch basins and manholes;
3) a detailed cost analysis to allow comparison of aluminum pipe
with a commonly used sewer material; and
4) a construction practice evaluation for future installation guidance.
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PROJECT TITLE: A Continuous On Line Monitoring System for Organics in
Storm and Combined Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Raytheon
P. 0. Box 360
Portsmouth, Rhode Island 02871
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0262 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21AS-Y
EPA SUPPORT:
MEKL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Early in the program a stormwater total organic carbon (TOC) system,
was developed. Hardware was assembled that would process stormwater
samples containing high suspended solids and that would obtain a continuous
signal proportional to the concentration of TOC in the sample.
Synthetic samples of municipal raw influent charged with primary
sludge were analyzed using the TOC analyzer. Data were also obtained
on actual stormwater samples collected during storm events at Boston.
Further modifications were made after these observations.
Automatic circuitry designed to provide turn on, auto-zero, auto-span,
and sample line flushing was added to the hardware, and the system was
installed at Boston Cottage Farm Storage Facility.
Automatic continuous analyses were obtained during storms on site
at the Cottage Farm Storage Facility.
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration/Evaluation of Impregnated Concrete.Pipe and Other
Methods of Infiltration Control
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Allen C. Ludwig, Project Manager
Texas Water Quality Board
P. 0. Box 13246 - Capitol Station
Austin, Texas 78711
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Hugh Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 802651 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $93,000
BEGINNING DATE: 4/15/74
COMPLETION DATE: 10/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this grant proposal is to evaluate and compare
impregnated concrete pipe under field conditions with plastic, plastic
mortar, clay and asbestos-cement pipe. Continued laboratory studies
on concrete pipe impregnation will" be conducted to further refine correlations
between field and laboratory tests. In addition, techniques for impregnating
large diameter pipe will be developed so that more detailed economics
can be-determined. A grant continuation will provide a strength improvement
evaluation of the impregnated pipe. .
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of Screening/Dissolved-Air Flotation Treatment
as an Alternate to Combined Sewer Separation
MiRAirjR--1.! PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Kenneth L. Huck
City of Racine
730 Washington Ave.
Racine, Wise. 53403
1ERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 11023 FWS (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $1,046,039
BEGINNING DATE: 6/24/70
CO>[PLETION DATE: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A 700-acre drainage area in the City of Racine,- Wisconsin, has a
total of 53 outfalls on a four-mile stretch of the Root River. Of
these outfalls, 17 are separate storm sewers and 36 are combined
sewer overflow relief points. Several outfalls will be intercepted
and the flows directed to five riverside treatment units, of which
three will treat combined sewage, one will treat storm water only, and
one will treat both. The untreated excess combined sewage- and urban
runoff produce high shock loads on the receiving water during rain
events or snow melt. Rather than separation of the combined systems,
an alternate of treating the sewage by screening down to 200 microns
then flocculatioh and flotation with pressurized dissolved-air will
be demonstrated. There will also be verification of a recently developed
combined sewer/water quality mathematical model.
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of a Solids Separator System for Control of
Combined Sewer Overflows
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Thomas Darmody
City of Lancaster
Municipal Building
120 North Duke Street
Lancaster, Pennsylvania
PROJECT KG.: S802208 (11023 GSC)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $1,284,850
*ERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/71
COMPLETION DATE: 8/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is the demonstration of the feasibility
of .controlling combined sewer overflows by storage. Stored flow will be
discharged to the existing municipal sewerage system for subsequent treatment
during non-peak flow periods. Exce'ssive overflows caused by intense rainfalls
which cannot be contained will be treated by fine mesh screens and
disinfected prior to discharge. A vortex device will be developed and
demonstrated, which will have the dual capabilities of overflow regulation
(controlled diversion) and treatment by liquid-solids separation. During
overflows, the concentrate will be directed to the existing sewerage system.
The grantee will employ the Storm Water Management Model as a design and
evaluation tool. The model will also be further developed to include a
decision-making capability to identify effective least-cost alternative as
part of the development and implementation of a plan for control of combined
sewer overflows for an entire urban area, using the City of Lancaster as.
an example.
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of Void Space Storage with Treatment and Flow
Regulation
EX'i ;-->.". 7L-.1 PROJECT DIRECTOR:
C. E. Susong
City of Akron
166 South High Street
Akron, Ohio 44308
XSRL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 11020 DXH (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $562,500
BEGINNING DATE: 5/23/69
COMPLETION DATE: 9/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to construct, operate, and evaluate
an underground storage/treatment facility for excess combined sewage.
The facility will include novel concepts in construction and operation.
It will be an excavated hopper-shaped cavity, lined with an impermeable
membrane, filled with an inert material, covered with soil and the surface
made usable. Storage will be in the void space of the fill. The flow
regulation of influent will be a new and improved device, .probably a
fluidic regulator. The sewage will be pre-treated prior to entry to the
storage facility. Tube clarifiers will be utilized to compare results with
an on-going project where these units are being used for the first time at
an operational level on combined sewage.
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PROJECT TITLE: Development and Demonstration of Combined Sewage Treatment
Utilizing Screening and Split-Flow Air Flotation
KXTRAMUrlAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 11023 FDC (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Dr. William Katz
Environmental Sciences Division, Envirex, Inc ROAP: 21ASY
P. 0. Box 2022
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
EPA SUPPORT: $378,322
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 10/6/67
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATS: 6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to study, design, fabricate,
and. demonstrate a system for the treatment of combined sewer overflows
using new techniques of screening chemical oxidation and/or air
flotation. The system to be studied will evaluate fine screening
techniques for solids removal followed by chemical oxidation and
disinfection or air flotation and disinfection prior to discharge of
the effluent. The fine screening phase is intended to reduce the
organic loading so that chemical-ozidant costs and detention time in
the oxidation zone may be held to a minimum. The chemical oxidants
(HJD , Cl , and 0 ) will be introduced into a rapid mix zone followed
by a mixing baffle detention zone to allow contact time for oxidation
of the organic material. The dissolved air flotation unit will be
operated at recycle rates from 5 percent to 30 percent of total flow
and from 40 to 80 psig air pressure. These data will be utilized to
design and demonstrate the flow-through system of a MGD capacity to
be evaluated in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
.66
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of Electromagnetic Flowmeters for Combined Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Vincent Gushing
Gushing Engineering, Inc.
3364 Commercial Avenue
Northbrook, Illinois 60062
PROJECT NO.: 802400 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $133,248
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. R. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: A/1/73
COMPLETION DATE: 10/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The proposer plans to design, construct, and test a reliable and
obstructionless sewer flowmeter based on a modification of the conventional
electromagnetic flowmeter principle (used for pressurized flow). The
"open-channel" combined sewer flowmeter will have a primary unit (transducer)
not appreciably more complicated than the conventional instrument, the main
difference being more electrodes placed at various depths to measure
different levels of gravity flow in the pipe. Based on the verification
of the existing magmeter for pressure flow and available technology, this
device offers, a very high potential for success.
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of New and Improved Devices for Automatic
Sampling of Sewer and Combined Sewers Flows
ilXTR-\XURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Phil Shelly, Ph.D.
Hydrospace-Challenger, Inc.
2150 Fields Road
Rockville, Maryland 20850
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0155 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $115,946
1ERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
BEGINNING DATE: 6/72
COMPLETION DATE: 8/73
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project is a seventeen month development and demonstration of
devices capable of collecting and preserving representative samples of
sewage from storm and combined sewers under all expected flow conditions.
Work planned includes development o'f a complete state-of-the-art and
assessment of sampling equipment and techniques, including types of
samplers and advantages and limitations of each with respect to S & CS
conditions, engineering to adapt and/or modify existing sampling equipment
to effective operation under S & CS conditions.
New concepts will be considered if the preliminary data submitted
indicates feasibility; assemble and laboratory test each sampling device,
report demonstrating the device capable of meeting usage requirements,
installation of device at suitable field test site and on-site evaluation
of the device under actual operating conditions.
.68
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of a Passive Flow Measurement System for Storm
and Combined Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2121 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Kenneth M. Foreman, Research Engineer pnAP-
Grumman Ecosystems Corporation
1111 Stewart Avenue
Bethpage, New York 11714
suppQRT:
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNING DATE: 6/74
H. E. Masters n /-,,
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate a new, non-intrusive,
low cost, reliable, passive measurement system capable of monitoring flow
for the highly variable conditions encountered in storm, combined and sanitary
sewers .
The system's concept involves a proprietary technique of utilizing the
sound emission resulting from the interaction of fluid flow with a discontinuity
of a solid surface. In this application to sewer flow, a discontinuity is
any inherent change in the sewer cross-section, slope, or direction that
can significantly affect the flow area or direction.
The first phase of the project will include laboratory investigations
directed to optimize system design details for sewer installations, and
analyses which will relate theory and test data to measurement system
design objectives and applications. A short duration field test preview
will be conducted in the contractor's facilities, using breadboard equipment,
to exemplify the nature of output data to be obtained in a much more extensive
field test program scheduled for a second phase effort.
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of a Swirl Concentrator and a Helical Combined
Dual Functioning Separator, Regulator
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Richard H. Sullivan, General Manager
APWA Research Foundation
American Public Works Association
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60637
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0272 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $387,451
BEGINNING DATE: January 1975
COMPLETION DATS: March 1976
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A high return on this total investment may be found in the adopted
use of swirl and helical regulators, controling both quantity and quality
of overflow to receiving waters. Universalization of the swirl regulator/
separator and development of the helical regulator/separator will open the
door for usage of these devices in American practice. Additional returns
may be realized in the development and use of the swirl concentrator in
place of conventional sedimentation. An increase of $49K.was recommended
in order to take advantage of a proposed modeling set up by expanding the
scope to include further swirl separator refinements for treatment of
domestic wastewater, stormwater, and erosion runoff along with combined
sewage.
.70
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PROJECT TITLE: Disinfection/Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows-Syracuse,
New York
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: S802400 (11020 HFR)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
John M. Karanik, Projects Officer
Onondaga County Dept. of Public Works ROAP: 21ASY
650 West Hiawatha Blvd.
Syracuse, New York 13202
EPA SUPPORT: $1,104,984
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/30/71
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the prevention of pollution
of Lake Onondaga caused by enteric organisms in combined sewage discharge.
The treatment proposed is fine screening and oxidation/disinfection at selected
stationary, sequential, microstrainer and high speed rotary. There will also
be a solids/liquid separation utilizing the swirl separator. Disinfection has
been evaluated utilizing gaseous chlorine and chlorine dioxide generated on site,
by a new and improved technique. A final report, EPA-670/2-75-021 entitled,
"Bench-Scale High-Rate Disinfection of CSO's with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide,"
has been published. Dosage, points of application, aftergrowth, and other factors
in kill efficiency, will be carried out. A special virus disinfectant study will
also be included in the project. A supplement to this grant entitled, "Nutrient
Removal Using Existing CSO Treatment Facilities", will test/evaluate the feasi-
bility of nutrient removal with additional process units at a full-scale combined
sewer overflow treatment demonstration site in Syracuse, New York.
Alum will be fed at the proposed filter inlet and the alum flox will be
allowed to penetrate into the anthracite media which will affect phosphate
removal. Furthermore, the ammonia nitrogen will be reduced by the zeolite
media at the bottom layer of the filter bed. The system is expected to have
80% of nutrient removal efficiencies.
Regeneration of alum sludge and exhausted zeolite as well as Badger solids
monitor will also be evaluated.
Another supplement to this grant will conduct in situ test on SCS developed
instrumentation (automatic sampler and TOC analyzer). In order to complete the
objectives of the overall project, ten (10) additional combined sewer overflow
events will also be monitored under this supplement.
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PROJECT TITLE: East Chicago Treatment Lagoon
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
East Chicago Sanitary District
East Chicago, Indiana
PROJECT NO.: 11023 FAV (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
EPA SUPPORT: $1,044,120
BEGINNING DATE: 12/23/66
COMPLETION DATE: 3/23/73
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of
treating combined sewer overflow in a very deep detention basin having
aerobic and anaerobic levels of treatment. The aerobie treatment is
accomplished by large oxygen transfer units suspended on surface of basin
waters. The prime objective of the project is to demonstrate a control
method to optimize the quality of treatment to storm water and combined
sewage mixed with industrial wastewater. This treatment will render a
more acceptable discharge to the receiving waters. The demonstration
will assess design criteria for detention basins to provide storage and
treatment to storm water and combined sewer overflows; design requirements
for large oxygen transfer units in relation to volumes of wastewater and
quality of effluent.
Project being terminated.
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PROJECT TITLE: Efficiency of Off-Stream Detention-Retention Measures as
Sediment Control Devices
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Lilia A. Abron-Robinson
Department of Civil Engineering
Howard University
Washington, D.C. 20001
PROJECT NO.: 803066 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP:
EPA SUPPORT: $33,150
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 6/74
COMPLETION DATE: 9/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This study has the objectives: (a) to evaluate the effectiveness of
off-.stream detention-retention of surface stormwater runoff as sediment
control devices and (b) to establish technical guidelines to aid designer
in selecting the most efficient detention-retention facility. Available
field data will be assembled and analyzed to evaluate the efficiency of
each type of control measure. Theoretical approach will be taken to
develop trap efficiency equations for different types of device, based on
fundamental principles of hydraulics and sediment transport. The theoretical
work will be checked by the field data. It is envisioned that with this
theoretical approach the design can be safely extrapolated beyond the data
range available. Other factors such as costs of construction and maintenance
will also be considered in establishing technical guidelines.
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Present Catch Basin Technology and Demonstration
and Evaluation of New Up-Stream Attenuator/Solids Separator Design
EX'rR'>:::R-'-L PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT MO.: 68-03-0274 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
John A. Lager, Vice President: Project Dir.
Metcalf § Eddy, Inc. ROAP: 21ASY
1029 Corporation Way
Palo Alto, California
EPA SUPPORT: $106,673
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/11/73
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 12/12/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Objectives. The objectives of this project are. to assess and disseminate
current catch basin technology and to describe, evaluate, and demonstrate
improved devices for flow alternatives and solids separation.
Approach
Phase I a. To perform an overview and assessment of- the current
catchbasin technology, including an economic comparison
between catchbasins and other alternatives.
b. To recommend either elimination of catchbasins, their
modification, or the development and description of
new designs, to produce a final Phase I report that
will be of use to municipal officials responsible for
construction and operation of sewerage systems.
Phase II a. To develop and test modifications for existing catchbasins
or new designs of flow attenuation/solids separation.
This phase is expected to require hydraulic modeling
and limited field testing.
b. To produce a final Phase II report that will include
plans, specifications, and cost estimates and effectiveness
evaluation guidelines to assist municipal officials.
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Spring Creek Auxiliary Pollution Control Project
ilXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
William Pressman
Department of Water Resources
City of New York
Municipal Building, Room 2454
New York, New York 10007
KSRL PROJECT OFFICER:
Anthony Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT 1,'0.: H023 FAO (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21A9Y
EPA SUPPORT: $844,500
BEGINNING DATE: 12/26/67
COMPLETION DATS: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to establish pre-construction water
quality conditions in Jamaica Bay, Spring Creek Area, and location of all
sources contributing to pollution of the Bay. Overflows from combined
sewers contribute significantly to the pollution of Jamaica Bay, New York
City in constructing a major combined sewage treatment facility "Spring
Creek Auxiliary Pollution Control Project" specifically designed to
provide"sedimentation and chlorination treatment to combined sewage.
Characterization of parameters that measure the effects of combined
sewers will be a part of the investigations. Following construction
the effectiveness of the combined sewage treatment facilities will be
evaluated. It is anticipated that the Spring Creek facility will serve
as a prototype for additional projects leading to an upgrading of the
quality of Jamaica Bay waters.
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation and Technology Transfer of the Swirl Concentrator
Principle
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Richard H. Sullivan
American Public Works Association
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60637
PROJECT NO.: S 803157 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $65,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The overall objective of this demonstration project is to provide vehicles
for the rapid dissemination of information concerning the swirl concentrator
and the helical bend regulator. Technology transfer in the field of public
works is best accomplished by evaluation of prototype or full size units and
by contact with the engineers who must plan and design pollution control
facilities. The six parts of this proposal are designed to provide the basis
for transfer of the technology to the profession. Parts C thru F will be
funded by others.
The six parts are:
A. Evaluation of a Swirl Concentrator Grit Chamber;
B. Evaluation of a Swirl Concentrator Primary Technical Device:
C. Preparation of a textbook on Design of Facilities Utilizing
Secondary Motions;
D. Preparation of a motion picture describing the Swirl Concentrator
Facilities which have been constructed;
E Conduct of a seminar on the Design and Application of the Swirl
Concentrator and Helical Bend Regulator; and
F Preparation of the Proceedings of the seminar.
76
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PROJECT TITLE: Flocculation-Flotation Concept for Sewage Solids Separation
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Hercules, Inc.
910 Market Street
Wilmington, Delaware 19899
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Reasearch Division
PROJECT NO.: 11023-EYC (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB03A
ROAP: 21A3Y
EPA SUPPORT: $110,291
BEGINNING DATE: 4/22/70
(COMPLETION DATE: 1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project will develop and assess variables' associated with
flocculation as an aide to flotation, i.e., flocculant concentration vs
bouyant effect, sewage solids shock load effect, optimum scheme and
permissible flow for treatment.
77
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PROJECT TITLE: Humbolt Avenue Overflow Detention and Chlorination Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Herbert Goetsch
Public Works, City of Milwaukee
841 North Broadway
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53202
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
D. Cesareo
PROJECT NO.: HQ23 FAU (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $1,468,589
BEGINNING DATE: 10/15/66
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate effectiveness of a
detention tank and chlorination facilities for the treatment of combined
sewer overflows. The tank influent will be screened. Design of tank is
based on a 15 minute detention time for sedimentation and chlorination.
After overflows, the sludge deposits and wastewater will be pumped back to
the existing treatment plant. Aside from typical testing, the evaluation will
include river- monitoring.
78
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PROJECT TITLE: Large Scale Demonstration of Treatment of Storm-Caused
Overflow by the Screening Method
"r.xTR-v.iuRAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Paul Brunner
City of Fort Wayne
308 East Beery Street
Fort Wayne, Indiana 46802
PROJECT NO.: 11020 GYU (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $1,067,000
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 4/29/71
COMPLETION DATS: 6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to install rotating fine screens
for the purpose of removing solids from combined sewer overflows prior
to discharge to a retention basin for further treatment with effluent
from the city's secondary treatment plant. Disinfection will be provided.
Detailed evaluation of the treatment process would be carried out.
.79
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PROJECT TITLE: The Lawrence Avenue Underflow Sewer System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
City of Chicago
Department of Public Works
Chicago, Illinois
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 11022 EMD (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $1,500.000
BEGINNING DATE: 3/30/67
COMPLETION DATE: 9/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to evaluate the effectiveness of
employing a deep tunnel system within a highly developed urban area to
temporarily store excess combined sewer flows for return to the sewage
treatment plant during off-peak hours. This project will reduce the discharge
of untreated combined sewage to the receiving stream and minimize overloading
the waste treatment plant. Should this method of control prove to be
economically feasible the use of advanced tunneling equipment, present plans
in the Chicago metropolitan area envisions a vast network of deep tunnels
for ultimate control of all waters in excess of that which can be conducted
by the existing drainage systems.
80
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PROJECT TITLE: Micro-Organisms in Stormwater
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R802709 (Grant)
J . . PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Cornelius W. Kruse, Professor and Chairman
Dept. of Environmental Health ROAP: 21ASY
The Johns Hopkins University
Charles & 34th Streets
Baltimore, Maryland EPA SUPPORT: $15,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: r/-, /7/
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/74
Richard Field MPT K-TTDN DATF- 10/76
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE. -LU//O
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the study is to provide basic information upon which
a more scientific evaluation may be made regarding the health hazard
potential of stormwater in the urban setting. It is proposed to determine
the presence and concentration of selected pathogenic organisms including
other than enteric forms. The relationship of these pathogens to the
customary microbiological indication of sanitary water quality will be
established. The results should suggest the type and degree of stormwater
treatment necessary for the protection of health. Routine sampling will
be made sewage at the wastewater treatment plant for reference and waters
flowing in the urban streams to obtain background information. Sampling
stations for stormwater will be set up at six sites ranging from relatively
clean residential drainage area to the inner city characterized by
industries and heavy residential areas. One of the sampling stations will
be a combined sewer system.
The study will, of necessity, include evaluation of sampling equipment
and methods and cultured materials. The project is expected to be completed
in two years.
81
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PROJECT TITLE: Nutrient Removal Using Existing CSO Treatment Facilities
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. John J. Hennigan, Jr.
County of Onondaga
650 West Hiawatha Blvd.
Syracuse, New York 13204
PROJECT NO.: 802400 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 2LASY
EPA SUPPORT: $14,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
C. Y. Fan
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 4/1/74
*
COMPLETION DATE: 9/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This work will be a supplement to the ongoing Onondaga County, New York
grant 11020 HFR. It will test/evaluate the feasibility of nutrient removal
with additional process units at a full-scale combined sewer overflow
treatment demonstration site in Syracuse, New York.
Alum will be fed at the proposed filter inlet and the alum flox will
be allowed to penetrate into the anthracite media which will affect
phosphate removal. Furthermore, the ammonia nitrogen will be reduced by
the zeolite media at the bottom layer of the filter bed. The system is
expected to have 80% of nutrient removal efficiencies.
Regeneration of alum sludge and exhausted zeolite as well as Badger
solids monitor will also be evaluated.
82
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PROJECT TITLE: Pilot Studies to Determine the Feasibility of Using High
Gradient Magnetic Separation for Treating Combined Sewer Overflows
hlXTRAM'JRAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
gr. John A.Qberteuffer
ala Magnetics, Inc.
247 Third Street
Cambridge, Massachusetts 02141
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 6S-03-2218 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $14,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The contractor shall (1) demonstrate pilot-scale the effectiveness
of a HGMS treatment system for treating combined sewer overflows and
stormwater and more importantly use the information as.a basis for a
decision for larger scale evaluation; (2) develop basic design criteria
and operating characteristics of the HGMS system in a form that can
be translated into larger scale; (3) project capital and operating costs
based on the demonstrated treatment system; and (4) investigate the
feasibility of HGMS for dual use (integrated wet and dry weather
treatment systems).
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PROJECT TITLE: Program for Demonstrating Combined Sewer Overflow Control
Techniques for Water Quality Improvement and Beach Protection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
City of Cleveland
City Hall
601 Lakeside Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44114
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 11023 EZW (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $325,162
BEGINNING DATE: 6/3/68
COMPLETION DATE: 5/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to apply several control and treatment
methods designed to abate pollution from combined sewer overflows and control
of water quality at the Edgewater and White City bathing beaches on Lake
Erie in the City of Cleveland. Control and treatment measures to be applied
include:
1) hypochlorination of combined sewer overflows and local streams
contributing to pollution of beach areas;
2) use of polymers to reduce overflows by increasing interceptor
flow capacity;
3) initiation of a sewer flushing program to reduce solids discharged
from the drainage area tributary to the Edgewater overflow;
4) screening of overflows and streams;
5) construction of sheet piling and flexible barriers to enclose
beach areas;
6) control of water quality within enclosed beach areas;
7) collection of debris and coarse solids; and
8) miscellaneous sewerage system improvements.
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PROJECT TITLE: The Somerville Marginal Conduit Including Pretreatment Facilities
i:J-;r>R-\Mi;:lAL PROJECT DIRECTOR
Martin Weiss
Metropolitan Dist. Comm.
20 Somerset Street
Boston, Mass.
PROJECT MO.: 11023 DME (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $452,000
1-CIRL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 8/31/70
COMPLETION DATS: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to develop, demonstrate and evaluate
treatment method for excess combined sewage. The treatment will consist
of screening and chlorination. A suitable screening technique will be
developed. The chlorination proces's will involve new and improved utilization
of high current density electrolytic process to generate a sodium hypochlorite
solution for disinfection of combined sewage. The construction will be
coordinated with adjacent highway construction and drainage and recreational
water protection.
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PROJECT TITLF: state of the Art Update on Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow
Management and Treatment
KXTCAMiJKAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
John A. Loger
Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
1029 Corporation Way
Palo Alto, California 94303
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2228
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $199,209
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 4/15/75
COMPLETION DATE: 3/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) desires a continuation
and update of previous contract "State-of-the-Art on Storm and Combined
Sewer Overflow Management and Treatment," 68-03-0179 to include source and
discharge pollutant loading parameters (values, receiving water impact
analyses and example municipal wet-weather flow characterization and control
analyses; and the basic methodologies for determining these values and making
these analyses. The objective of this contract is to improve and accelerate
the transfer of new technology in the field of urban stormwater management
from the researcher to the potential user. The final report would be
directed at the user engineer/manager with particular emphasis on (1)
approach methodology through illustrative problem solving; (2) case history
updates; and (3) data base expansion. The report would be a supplement to,
not a replacement of, the comprehensive text "Urban Stormwater Management
and Technology: An Assessment," EPA-670/2-74-040.
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PROJECT TITLE: Technology - A Manual of Instruction Engineering Aspects of
Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 801358 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Mr. A. H. Shepard 2 ,
Assistant Vice President and Treasurer WAT-
North Carolina State University
Lleigh^rth Carolina 27607 EPA SUPPORT: $27,882
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNiNG DATE: 6/15/73
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 6/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project will develop a detailed graduate 'level manual on the
engineering aspects of Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow Management and
Control, and will test the manual in a graduate level course at North
Carolina State University by utilizing it as a course text.
87
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T> ? 0 '
TITLE: Trenchless Sewer Construction and Sewer Design Innovations
ITIIAM'JRAL PROJECT ERECTOR:
William Henry, County Engineer
Sussex County Council
Georgetown, Delaware 19947
XERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT riO.: s-800690 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
P: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $796,238
BEGINNING DATE: 7/8/72
COMPLETION DATE: 9/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project is to demonstrate a new sewer construction method which
will be less costly and more rapid than conventional construction, and
overcome the problems of high water table, unstable soil, associated
infiltration and expensive manhold "installation. The technique is to
utilize the "trenchless" pipe laying system developed in England. The
process uses an electro-optically-controlled blade which "plows in"
the pip'e as it moves along. Other important sewer design-innovations
will be demonstrated: new manhold construction and substitute clean-
outs, improved sewer piping (PVC), jointing, and coating materials
a new screw type sewage pump which requires no wet well. A thorough
two year post-construction evaluation is to be included.
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PROJECT TITLE: Ultra High Rate Filtration of Combined Sewer Overflows and
Raw Sewage
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
N. Nash, Deputy Director (Plants)
Dept. of Water Resources
New York City, New York
PROJECT NO.: R803271 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ASY
EPA SUPPORT: $120,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 8/74
COMPLETION DATE: 5/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are (1) to confirm the technological
advantage and high parameters of treatment performance of UHR filtration of
combined sewer overflows (see EPA Project //11023EYI) ; (2) to obtain the
appropriate design parameters to apply to full scale facilities; (3) to
determine the feasibility of UHR Filtration to perform the dual function of
treating combined sewer overflows and raw dry weather sewage.
A pilot plant will be constructed to filter the combined sewer overflows
and raw dry weather sewage. The pilot plant will operate for a four month
period testing storm overflows and dry weather flow. Data will be compiled
to determine operating procedures, flux rates, contaminant removal efficiencies,
(suspended solids, BOD, and COD), backwash procedures, backwash water characteristics
and backwash water handling methods.
A 30-inch diameter filter column and two 6-inch diameter filter columns
will be utilized for the pilot plant. Upon successful operation of the pilot
plant, consideration will be given to construction of a demonstration plant.
89
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PROJECT TITLE: Use of Polymers to Reduce or Eliminate Sewer Overflow in the
Bachman Creek Sewer
>:XI:.'.XVRA_ PROJECT DIRECTOR:
A. E. Holcomb
City of Dallas
500 South Ervay Street
Dallas, Texas 75201
PROJECT NO.: 11022 DZU (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROM': 21AS!
EPA SUPPORT: $331,233
::ZRL PROJECT OFFICE?,:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 5/23/69
COMPLETION DATS: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to design, construct, and evaluate
a permanent polymer injection station on the Bachman Creek Sewer in Dallas,
Texas. This project will further demonstrate and evaluate a technique
developed earlier for FWPCA by contract which utilizes injection of polymers
into a sewer for the purpose of increasing the carrying capacity of the pipe.
During periods of wet weather the Bachman Creek sewer receives excess
quantities of ground or stormwater due to infiltration. The flow then
exceeds its carrying capacity and untreated wastes overflow in at least ten
locations, causing pollution of Bachman Creek. This project will seek to
eliminate or greatly reduce the number and volume of untreated overflows
by increasing the flow capacity of the Bachman Creek Sewer through the addition
of polymers. Design criteria, operating techniques, optimum polymer concentration
and other pertinent data critical to the intended use will be evaluated.
9.0
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PROJECT TITLE: Wastewater Flow Measurement in Sewers Using Ultrasound
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: WOECS NO.: 11024 FVQ (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Ronald J. Anderson »AAP» 21A"SY
Sewerage Commission of the City of Milwaukee *OA**
P. 0. Box 2D79
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201 ^ suppQRT: $146,250
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNING DATE: 3/26/71
H. E. Masters COMPLETION DATE: 5/15/76
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to improve sanitary, storm and combined
sewer regulation by application and demonstration of new technology for
measurement of sewage volume flow. To implement this objective, two sewers
in the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage System will be instrumented with
newly developed ultrasonic velocity and level measurement equipment. The
purpose of the equipment is to provide a measurement of sewage volume flow
suitable for regulation systems which, in addition to conventional gravity
flow, involve sewage, gating, pumping -and short term retention of storage.
The sewage metering equipment to be demonstrated is of sufficiently low cost
to achieve general use, can be conveniently installed in existing sewers,
is non-fouling and is suited by design to long-term operation in the sewer
environment.
91
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PROJECT TITLE: Comparison of Alternate Sewer Designs
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Harry P. Frank
City of Elizabeth
50 West Scott Place
Elizabeth, New Jersey 07201
PROJECT NO.: 802971 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATA
EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this grant proposal is to evaluate three sewer
sys.tem designs incorporating cost-effective analysis for each system.
The three designs to be evaluated are: 1) . conventional storm and sanitary,
2) conventional combined, and 3) advanced combined system which incorporates
in-sewer storm flow storage and controlled routing. A comparative cost-
effective analysis based on a desired receiving water and/or effluent
quality-will be made of these three sewer designs. Comparison of system
design will include conventional vs..advanced hydrologic and hydraulic
methodology. In conventional design, the engineers employ older concepts
such as the Rational Method for runoff computation and the Manning or Kutter
equations for determination of sewer size and slope. These methods have
often been the subject of criticism due to their inaccuracies.
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstrate Real-Time Automatic Control of Combined Sewer System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
A. 0. Friedland, Project Director,
Head, Div. of Sanitary Engineering
City and County of San Francisco
770 Golden Gate Avenue
San Francisco, California 94102
HERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 803743 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATA
EPA SUPPORT: $195>000
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The principal objective of this project will be to demonstrate that
real-time automatic operational control technology can be implemented for
combined sewer systems in metropolitan areas. To accomplish this objective,
the project will be divided into two major phases: (a) a development phase, and
(b) an application phase.
The development work will include the following three items:
(a) Development of the control software for the demonstration system,
(b) Development of a short-term (minutes and hours) rainfall prediction
capability, and
(c) Development of a relatively simple rainfall-runoff model that can
be used for real-time simulation.
The ultimate product of the development phase'will be the control
system software required for the prototype demonstration system. However,
a major objective of this phase will be to approach the developmental work
in a generalized manner to the maximum extent possible so that the results
of this work can be used by other cities contemplating real-time automatic
control of their storm drainage systems.
Ttfe objectives of the application phase of the study are:
(a) To demonstrate how the generalized simulation and control models
developed in the first phase of the work would be adapted to a
specific system, and
(b) To show that the automatic real-time control system will work
as it was intended.
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PROJECT TITLE: Establishment of An Urban Rainfall/Runoff Data Base
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0496 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
James P. Heaney
Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences HOAP: 21ATA
College of Engineering
University of Florida
Gainesville, FL 32611 EPA SUPPORT: $48,500
MEKL PROJECT OFFICER: .EGJNNIKG DATE: 6/30/74
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 2/28/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
An urban rainfall/runoff data base will be established for evaluation
and testing of rainfall/runoff simulation models. The requisite data
include not only rainfall/runoff/catchment characterisation but also specific
information on water quality and flow-rate measurements (as functions of
time) of sewered/non-sewered stormwater and combined sewer catchment and
discharge points as well as climatological, demographic and related data.
Documentation will include data collection criteria, data-sources, data
base dissemination methods and methods of continuous data base maintenance.
Actual computer data storage will be in tape and card form.
94
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of a Mathematical Model for Engineering Assessment,
Control, Planning and Design of Storm and Combined Sewerage Systems.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Albin Brandstetter
Battelle Memorial Institute
Pacific Northwest Laboratories
P. 0. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0251 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATA
EPA SUPPORT:
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
C. Y. Fan
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The proposed project will evaluate presently available mathematical
models used for the assessment, control, planning, and design of storm
and combined sewerage systems. A literature review will be conducted,
including the collection of model descriptions and associated computer
programs. The most promising models for practical applications will be
tested using a hypothetical set of data. The models will then be evaluated
considering the cost of model use, computer requirements, model accuracy,
data requirements, input data preparation requirements, and output options
available to the user. The evaluations will be documented in such a way
that the practicing engineer will be able to decide which of the models
will best meet his requirements. It is planned that the project will be
initiated in May 1973, that model evaluation will be conducted during the
remainder of 1973, and that model documentation will be completed in May 1974.
95
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PROJECT TITLE: A Guide for Comprehensive Planning for Control of Urban Storm
and Combined Sewer Runoff
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 802411
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
Dr. Wayne C. Huber
Dept. of Environmental Engineering SciencesROAP: 21ATA
University of Florida
College of Engineering
Engineering & Industrial Exp. Sta. EPA SUPPORT: $69,569
Gainesville, FL 32601
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
WastewfterrResearch Division COMPLETION DATE: 11/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) has proven itself to be a
useful computer simulation tool for studies of pollution caused by storm
and combined sewer overflows. However, documentation of model usage lacks
a clear, concise, logical sequence for users to follow. An extensive effort
will be made to revise the present User's Manual to correct for this defect
and others and to completely update the model. In addition, refinements
will be" added to flow routing procedures to account better for backwater,
interconnections and surcharging. Treatment and solids handling alternatives
other than those presently" considered in the SWMM will be examined for
application to pollution control. Finally, planning guidelines will be
prepared for use by those charged with obtaining least cost, yet environmentally
sound solutions to urban drainage and pollution problems. These guidelines
will include the results of all available research.
96
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PROJECT TITLE: The State of the Art and Future Direction of Urban Water
Management Model
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
710 South Broadway, Suite 200
Walnut Creek, California 94596
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
C. Y. Fan
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0499 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATA
EPA SUPPORT: $90,0QO
BEGINNING DATE: 4/1/75
(COMPLETION DATE: 6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The U, S, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) desires to develop
and demonstrate a model or analytic capability for assessing the effectiveness
and cost of various measures for reducing or eliminating first flush
pollution from combined sewers (including a routine for the design of
combined sewers to prevent solids sedimentation at optimal construction
cost, if shown to be feasible during initial, Phase I, investigation).
97
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PROJECT TITLE: Urban Stormwater Management Short Course
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
F. DiGiano, Assistant Professor
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Massachusetts 01002
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. H. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 803069 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATA
EPA SUPPORT: $25,499
BEGINNING DATE: 6/3/74
COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the short course are to introduce the concepts and
modeling techniques associated with the prediction, control and management
of urban stormwater problems. The.participants are anticipated to be from
consulting firms and government agencies specializing in water resources
and water quality systems design, management and planning.
A "five day short course was scheduled to be held at the University of
Massachusetts during the summer or fall of 1974. Guest speakers representing
the distinguished personnel in the field will present seminar-type lectures
during the short course. Special attention will be given to the use of the
Environmental Protection Agency Stormwater Runoff Management Model (SWMM)
to analyze urban stormwater problems. The lectures will be augmented by a
series of case studies and workshops dealing with the technical aspects of
using the computer model. An extensive set of notes will be published and
distributed.to participants prior to the course.
.98
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PROJECT TITLE: Analysis of Practices for Preparing an Economic Analysis and
Determining Infiltration and Inflow
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Richard H. Sullivan, General Manager
APWA Research Foundation
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, 111. 60637
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT KO.: 803151- (Grant)
PROGRAM EI.lvIENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $78,001
BEGINNING DATE: 7/22/74
COMPLETION DATE: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the study is to determine methods being utilized to
determine infiltration and inflow, prepare a report and manual of practice to
assist local agencies in conducting^ studies, develop standard procedures for
economic analysis, and make recommendations to USEPA as to provisions of
regulations.
99
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PROJECT TITLE: Characterization and Treatment of Urban Land Runoff
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Newton Colston
Water Resources Research Institute
University of North Carolina
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Anthony N. Tafuri
PROJECT NO.: 1103° HJP (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $106,672
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/71
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A 1.67 square mile drainage area in Durham, North Carolina, will be
monitored over a two-year period, for the purpose of correlating storm
water discharge quality with land use, rate of flow, storm characteristics,
and runoff time, Laboratory pilot-scale studies will be conducted to evaluate
the applicability, effectiveness, and economics of sedimentation and physiochemical
treatment of storm water discharges. Water quality management criteria will
be developed to evaluate the relationship of storm water discharge control/
treatment versus advanced municipal waste treatment; in terms of cost and
effectiveness to meet desired water quality levels.
100
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PROJECT TITLE:
Demonstration of Erosion and Sediment Control Technology
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Alvin L. Franks
Water Resources Control Board
1416 Ninth Street
Sacramento, California 95814
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: S803181
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $230,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/74
COMPLETION DATE: 10/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this demonstration is to develop an assessment of the cost
effectiveness of sediment erosion control technology in a development, which
has the climatic, topographic and vegetational and soil characteristics of the
Tahoe area of California. The results will be used to establish erosion control
standards for similar areas.
101
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration and Evaluation of Sediment and Erosion Control
Techniques Applicable to the Southeast Piedmont, Fairfield
County, South Carolina
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Frank T. Caruccio
Department of Geology
University of South Carolina
Columbia, South Carolina 29208
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $189,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The demonstration is a three-year study of the techniques and their efficiency
in controlling sediment erosion and resulting water quality impairment in a Piedmont
region of the southeastern U.S.A. Some preliminary baseline assessments of the
water quality in the region will be made before construction is initiated.
102
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PROJECT TITLE: Develop and Demonstrate New and Improved Model for Design of
Combined Sewers to Prevent Solids Sedimentation and to Optimize
Construction Costs
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Michael B. Sonnen
Water Resources Engineers
710 South Broadway
Walnut Creek, California 94596
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2205 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $89,246
BEGINNING DATE: 6/75
COMPLETION DATE: 1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This research is to determine whether technical means of simulating
alternative methods for preventing sedimentation in combined sewers can
be feasibly introduced to an existing mathematical model, a revised version
of the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Moreover, the feasibility
of including cost estimation procedures in the same model or in a different
model is to be determined. If both possibilities prove to be feasible,
the necessary programming and testing will be undertaken in the second
part of the study.
Plans are to make concerted effort to include technical and economic
subroutines in an existing model, rather than to develop a new model.
103
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PROJECT TITLE: Develop and Evaluate Methods for Determining Cumulative Stormwater
Runoff Volumes and Flowrates
IIAMU^L PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Ven Te Chow
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, 111. 61801
PROJECT NO. : 68-03-0302 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELKMENV: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $61,000
. PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Div.
BEGi[raIHG DATE: 8/1/73
COMPLETION DATE: 1/15/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A prerequisite for effective control of storm runoff pollution is a
reliable method to predict the quantity of the storm runoff. The time distribution
of storm runoff from an urban drainage system depends on the areal and temporal
distributions of the intensity of the rainfall, the frequency of the rainstorm,
and the physical characterictics of the drainage system. Numerous methods have
been proposed to evaluate urban runoff from rainfall. Many have been accepted
for engineering applications while others need yet to be tested and verified.
The objective of the proposed investigation is to identify the best method or
methods on the basis of the design as well as operational viewpoint and to
recommend the selected method or methods to engineers for applications. This
objective will be achieved by comparing the methods on a common basis by applying
them to a selected urban drainage basin under identical rainstorms covering a
sufficient range of rainfall intensity, duration, and frequency. Steep slope
sewer hydraulics will also be investigated.
104
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of a Hydrophobic Substance to Mitigate Pavement
Ice Adhesion
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Harry C. Poehlmann
Ball Brothers Research Corp.
P. 0. Box 1062
Boulder, Colorado 80302
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0359 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $115,000
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Div.
BEGINNING DATE: 1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 5/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of the study is to evaluate the relative merits of using these
substances, once determined, as an alternate to the popular currently used
deicing chlorides. The study shall be undertaken from-the point of view of
finding an economical hydrophobic anti-icing/deicing agent which can be placed
on or within pavement surfaces (with lasting residual effectiveness and/or
low cost of material and reapplication) and that would not have irreversible
harmful effects on the environment.
While a specific substance which can fill pavement anti-icing/deicing
requirements has not yet been identified, there are a number of existing
compounds which should be tested before new research is begun. These compounds
are all characterized by their ability to form a fairly strong bond to a surface
while leaving no available bonds for water molecules, thus "repelling" any water
that comes in contact with it. There are three major classes of compounds;
Cationic Surface Active Agents, Organo-Flourochemical Compounds, and Organo
Silicone Compounds. Fatty-quaternary-ammonium compounds, a subgroup of the first
class listed above, might be particularly suitable. Such a compound, when
dissolved in the proper solvent(s), could be sprayed on the road surface producing
the desired film. This film would adhere to the road because the positively
charged road surface. Although such a film would repel water its wearlife
cannot be predicted easily without testing. A contract continuation will
optimiz* the best substances and perform in situ testing in a northern climate.
105
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of Methods to Separate Sediment from Storm Water
Associated with Construction Operations
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. J. F. Ripken
St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory
Mississippi River @ Third Avenue, SE
Minneapolis, Minnesota 55414
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: R803579
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $80,723
BEGINNING DATE: 4/75
COMPLETION DATE: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the study are to develop a technology to remove fine
sediment from runoff from construction sites in a cost effective manner.
This will be done in consecutive steps:
1. Review the literature and other ongoing studies.
2. Develop a pilot unit or a laboratory scale to test the most
appropriate selected technique from Step 1, and
3. Demonstrate the technology at an appropriate field site.
106
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PROJECT TITLE: Economic Analysis of Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. Donald Murray
ABT Associates, Inc.
55 Wheeler Street
Cambridges, Massachusetts 02138
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0442 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $50,000
BEGINNING DATE: 5/74
COMPLETION DATE: 1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This study involves an analysis of the cost of damages that result from
the use of salt (sodium chloride and calcium chloride) on highways to melt
snow and ice. A large literature search and several surveys were carried
out in order to determine the types and extent of damages that have occurred.
An in-depth analysis was performed on all of the data obtained. The
major cost sectors examined were: water supplies and health, vegetation,
highway structures, vehicles, and utilities. For each of the sectors, a
cost estimate was developed. The total annual national cost of salt
related damage approaches $3 billion dollars or about 15 times the annual
national cost for salt purchase and application. While the largest costs
result from damage to vehicles, the most serious damage seems to be the
pollution of water supplies and the degradation of health which may result.
It is particularly difficult to assign costs in this latter area and
therefore the estimate may substantially understate the actual indirect
costs to society.
These findings indicate that the level of salt use should be reduced.
The amount of the reduction should be determined on the basis of local
conditions. A final report will be available shortly after the above
completion date.
107
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Stormwater Treatment Methods
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Lawrence E. Kelley, President
Minnehaha Creek Watershed District
P.O. Box 387
Wayzata, Minnesota 55391
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 802535 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $216,000
BEGINNING DATE: 3/18/74
COMPLETION DATE: 9/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The proposed project will demonstrate the effectiveness of alternative
methods of improving the quality of stormwater runoff from urban areas.
An abandoned sewage treatment plant and a natural marsh area will be used
to treat stormwater runoff to a deg'ree that will make it acceptable for
introduction to recreational water. Specifically, the following will be
completed: 1) Evaluation of biological, geological and land use factors
on the volume, rate and quality of the waters; 2) nutrient amounts defined
according to season, storm intensity and duration; 3) feasibility and
efficacy of stormwater treatment by sedimentation, various filtration
processes and chlorination using the facilities of an abandoned sewage
plant; 4) the ability of natural marshlands to improve the quality of
stormwater runoff passing through; 5) the establishment of a nutrient
budget for marshland soils and vegetation.
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PROJECT TITLE: Maximum Utilization of Water Resources in a Planned Community
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 802433 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
W. G. Characklis
Rice University School of Engineering ROAP:
6100 Main Street
Houston, Texas 77001
EPA SUPPORT: $161,000
HEEL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGMG DATE: 7/16/73
Dlv.
COMPLETE BATE: 6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project will be incorporated into a new community development and will
be conducted on a 40 acre "pilot area". An 8 acre lake will be used as a
scale model or "pilot lake" of a larger lake system for the community. Effluent
from a pilot stormwater treatment plant will be pumped to the pilot lake at
variable rates to simulate flows and detention times predicted for the larger
lakes. The project is comprised of three basic areas: 1) Application and
verification of EPA's SWMM for straight non-sewered urban-runoff. 2) Piloting
various stormwater treatment and control techniques, e.g., porous pavement, screening,
swirl separation, high rate filtration, biological oxidation, carbon adsorption,
chlorination/iodinization, and ozonation. 3) Establishing required treatment
levels for pilot lakes. This project will develop and demonstrate an environmentally
acceptable water management system for stormwater and dry-weather flows. The
system will include reclamation of urban runoff for recreational and aesthetic
purposes and dual dry and wet-weather flow treatment facilities. Thorough
ecological effects of various biocides, nutrients, .and disinfectant residuals
in runoff will be measured. The important conservation philosophies of con-
sidering urban runoff as a benefit as opposed to a wastewater, along with the
concept of community development which blends into the environment will be
employed.
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PROJECT TITLE: Nationwide Characterization, Impacts, and Critical Evaluation of
Combined Sewer Overflow, Stormwater, and Non-Sewered Urban Runoff
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0283
Richard H. Sullivan, General Manager PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
APWA Research Foundation ROAP: 21ATB
American Public Works Association
1313 East 60th Street
Chicago, Illinois 60637 EPA SUPPORT: $246,713
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/73
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 2/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A study of published and unpublished literature to develop an in-depth
report on the quantity and quality characteristics and the pollutional
significance of storrawater, non-sewered runoff, and CSO on a nation-wide
scale will be conducted. The study area shall be broken down into local,
state, regional and national segments to obtain a picture of maximum complete-
ness in light of available information. An important outcome of the project
will be the contractor's recommendations for strengthening the data bank in
specific areas where information is sparse.
It is anticipated that the contractor will have computer capabilities
and will be familiar with math modeling to the extent that handling storm-
generated pollution from point and non-point sources will not present a
significant problem. To the maximum possible extent, the methods of data
presentation and reduction will be fully compatible-with the EPA Stormwater
Management Model (SWMM) or its modification. Potential use of the runoff/
sewer section of the SWMM can be used to fill gaps and make more complete
evaluations at specific geographic locations.
110
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PROJECT TITLE: Nature/Impacts of Stormwater Pollution
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Donald A'Hern
Monumental Films & Recordings, Inc.
2160 Rockrose & Maiden Avenues
Baltimore, Maryland 21211
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N. Tafuri
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $40,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to develop a movie comparing the impacts of
Stormwater pollution to other forms of water pollution. The film will be
addressed to engineers, decision-making officials and other individuals con-
cerned with the wastewater management problem.
Ill
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PROJECT TITLE: standardize and Universalize Procedures for the Analysis/Evaluation
of Stonnwater and Combined Sewage
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
C. Hansen
Envirex Inc., Environmental Sciences Div.
P. 0. Box 2022
Milwaukee, Wisconsin
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0335 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $72,755
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 6/29/73
COMPLETION DATE: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the project is to develop a set of standard procedures or
methods to be used in the study of storm generated discharges. The procedures
to be standardized include the following: sampling techniques, choice of quality
characteristics, laboratory techniques, method of evaluating the severity of a
discharge problem, and evaluation of treatment methods.
The project will be conducted by means of a thorough "literature search of
the subject, input from active organizations in this field, and calling upon the
experience and knowledge of Envirex and the Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow
Technology Branch of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency. The final
report from this project will be a manual for nationwide use which will allow
for equal evaluation of all discharges, and prevent misinterpretation of data
because of different characterization procedures.
112
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PROJECT TITLE: Stormwater Treatment Facilities
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
A. E. Holcomb
City of Dallas
500 South Ervay Street
Dallas, Texas 75201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard Field
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: H023 FAW (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $1,093,360
BEGINNING DATE: 5/68
COMPLETION DATE: 1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to design, construct, and evaluate a facility
to treat overflows from sewers carrying a mixture of domestic wastewater and
infiltration stormwater. Physical features include a diversion structure, pumping
station, flocculation and sedimentation basins, chemical feed facilities, and a
pipeline for conveyance of waste lime sludge from the municipal water treatment
plant to the overflow treatment facility. Treatment Unit No. 1 will include
flocculation, sedimentation and polishing treatment with tube-type clarifiers;
Unit No. 2 will include flocculation and sedimentation; Unit No. 3 will include
high-rate sedimentation. Effluent from the facility will be chlorinated. Design
flow rate will be 28 million gallons per day. The facility will be operated .and
evaluated as a demonstration project for a period of one year following completion
of construction.
113
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PROJECT TITLE: Urban Runoff Characteristics
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Herbert Preul
University of Cincinnati
Cincinnati, Ohio
PROJECT 110.: 11024 DQU (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $167,810
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
A. N . Tafuri
Wastewater Research Div.
BEGINNING DATE: 6/29/70
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the first year of a three year research project to
collect, for the first time, detailed information defining the physical
characteristics of an urban drainage area tributary to a combined sewer drainage
system and detailed data relating to the quantity and quality of various sources
of pollution within the combined sewer drainage area has been successfully com-
pleted. Generally in the past, data have been collected only at the actual
overflow location from a drainage area. The collection and evaluation of
data from within the tributary drainage area will provide valuable insights
regarding methods for controlling the strength and volume of combined sewer
overflows.
The second year of the project concentrated on the verification and improve-
ment of a basic mathematical model using the data collected as well as other
available data.
A comprehensive stormwater management mathematical model has been developed
for predicting the quantity and quality of combined sewer overflows. The detailed
data collected were utilized for verification of this model. Communities needing
a working tool for development of combined sewer overflow abatement programs will
be able to utilize this model effectively. A final report is being prepared.
114
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PROJECT TITLE: Urban Runoff Pollution From Motor Vehicles
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Gil Levin
Biospherics, Inc.
4928 Wyaconda Road
Rockville, Maryland 20852
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
H. E. Masters
PROJECT NO.: 11030 GYJ (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
ROAP: 21ATB
EPA SUPPORT: $218,200
BEGINNING DATE: k12k112
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project is to provide first-line data on the specific contribution
of motor vehicles to highway dust, dirt, solubles and other deposits,
which eventually become pollutants in street stormwater runoff.
115
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PROJECT TITLE: An Advanced Physical-Chemical Wastewater Treatment Process for
the Housing & Community Development Industries
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 11010 FVO (Contract),
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
Russel S. Bodwell, Vice President
Levitt & Sons, Inc. ROAP: 21' ASV
A Subsidiary of Internatl. Telephone & Telegraph
Lake Success, NY 11040
EPA SUPPORT: $310,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: A/is/71
BEGINNLNG DATE: 6/15/71
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Div. COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the performance, economics,
and applicability of a physical-chemical domestic wastewater treatment system
designed to provide high quality discharges for isolated or developing communities
having an average wastewater flow in the 25,000 to 500,000 gpd range.
The plant provides chemical clarification, magnetic filtration, activated
carbon adsorption, and chlorination for the liquid stream. Sludges generated
will be incinerated in a fluidized bed incinerator. This device will also be
utilized for regenerating the activated carbon. All of the treatment equipment
is housed in a structure similar to the frames of the houses in the subdivision.
The treatment plant is on a standard subdivision lot, and has essentially no
buffer zone.
The plant was dedicated in November 1972, and is now in its evaluation phase.
116
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PROJECT TITLE:
Conceptual Design, Process Performance, and Cost Analyses of
Conventional and AWT Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2186 (Contract)
Gordon, Gulp, President, Project Director PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
Culp/Wesner/Culp
P. 0. Box 40 ROAP: 21-ASV
El Dorado Hills, California 95630
EPA SUPPORT: $415,600
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
F. L. Evans
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE: 4/75
COMPLETION DATE: 4/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project purpose is to provide capital and operating cost data for
evaluating specific waste treatment alternatives; to determine electrical and
other energy requirements for conventional and selected advanced waste treat-
ment alternatives; and to determine the marketability of sewage sludge compost0
The specific waste treatment alternatives for which capital and operating cost
data are to be provided include filtration, coagulation/sedimentation, sludge
transport, stormwater treatment, thermophillic aerobic digestion, and cost/
effects from heat treatment of sludge. The approach will be to assimilate
actual material and labor requirements from selected existing facilities, to
determine capital costs, synthesize plant facilities for sizes not determined
by actual construction records and to survey plants to determine manpower
utility and miscellaneous requirements associated with operating the facilities.
Additional studies to be performed include energy use and conservation in
municipal treatment plant design and operation, and an engineering evaluation
and cost analyses of suspended and attached growth biological processes.
117
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstrate and Evaluate Physical-Chemical Treatment Train
with NH -N Removal by Zeolite
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: S802666 (Grant)
Dr. Walter Johnson PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
Metropolitan Waste Control Commission
of the Twin Cities Area ROAP: 21-ASV
St. Paul, Minnesota
EPA SUPPORT: $375,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
F. L. Evans COMPLETION DATE: 6/1/77
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to conduct a detailed process, engineering
and economic evaluation of an Independent Physical Chemical (IPC) Treatment
Plant designed for high levels of removal of organics, suspended solids, nitrogen
and phosphorus from domestic wastewater. The plant treatment train provides,
in the following order, for chemical coagulation, sedimentation, filtration,
granular activated carbon contacting, a second filtration step, ion exchange
with an ammonia selective resin and chlorination. Performance of each unit
process and unit operation will be evaluated under a variety of conditions.
A number of combinations of treatment processes will be tested to determine
the best system for the plant locality, however, the data will be applicable for
use in other localities. Careful records of operation and maintenance will be
kept in order to perform cost evaluations for this and other plants.
118
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PROJECT TITLE: Lake Restoration by Phosphorus Control
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr0 J. P. Grahek, Mayor
City of Ely
City Hall
Ely, Minnesota 55731
MERL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Ro M. Brice
Environmental Protection Agency
Shagawa Lake Restoration Project
222 West Conan Street
Ely, Minnesota 55731
PROJECT NO: S802309 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21-ASV
EPA SUPPORT: $2,716,858
BEGINNING DATE: 6/71
COMPLETION DATE: 1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Shagawa Lake, which borders the City of Ely, Minnesota, and receives its
wastewater discharge, is in a state of advanced eutrophy. The objective of
this project is to demonstrate that removal of essentially all the phosphorus
(residual phosphorus levels of <0.05 mg/1) from the City of Ely's municipal
wastewater, in conjunction with efficient overall treatment, can restore a
eutrophied lake.
The City's existing 105 mgd high rate trickling filter plant has been
upgraded, septic tank drainage has been diverted to the treatment plant, and
new tertiary wastewater treatment facilities following the existing City
plant have been constructed. The 1.5 mgd tertiary facilities consists of flow
equalization, two-stage lime clarification, dual-media filtration, and chlorina-
tion. Mixed primary/secondary sludge and chemical sludge are disposed of via
gravity thickening, vacuum filtration and trucking to sanitary landfill.
119
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PROJECT TITLE: Piscataway Model Advanced Waste Treatment Plant - A Joint
Environmental Protection Agency and Washington Suburban
Sanitary Commission Research Demonstration Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr0 Alfred Machis
Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission
4017 Hamilton Street
Hyattsville, Maryland 20781
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
To P. O'Farrell
Office of Water & Hazardous Material
Program
PROJECT NO: S802943 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21-ASV
EPA SUPPORT: $488,171
BEGINNING DATE: 5/72
COMPLETION DATE: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project provides the continuous operation of a 5 mgd model advanced
waste treatment plant including two-stage lime precipitation, filtration,
carbon adsorption, lime recalcination and carbon regeneration. The system is
fed the effluent from a conventional activated sludge system, the main treatment
plant being 30 mgd0
The operation of the model AWT plant will provide design data for the
various unit processes and will determine the seasonal effects on the opera-
tion of the system. In addition, the operation will provide much-needed
operational cost information.
120
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PROJECT TITLE: Rancho Cordova Breakpoint Chlorination Demonstration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
W. S. Hyde, Division Chief
County of Sacramento
Department of Public Works
Sacramento, California
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
F. L. Evans
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S803343 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21-ASV
EPA SUPPORT: $150,000
BEGINNING DATE: 8/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 7/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this study is to demonstrate, on a full 2 mgd plant-scale
basis, ammonia removal from activated sludge secondary effluent. The method
proposed is: 1) the breakpoint chlorination of half of the effluent from the
secondary clarifier; 2) blending of the chlorinated stream and the non-chlori-
nated stream after ten minutes chlorine contact time; 3) discharging the blended
effluent into a holding pond having a detention time of 1-1/2 hours, and 4) de-
chlorination of the holding pond effluent with sulfur dioxide.
Further objectives of the project are to study the reaction kinetics, to
evaluate process control strategies, and to evaluate the influence of process
parameters on the unit process performance.
121
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstrate Improved Performance and Reliability of
Selected Biological Treatment Plants (Western Area)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Bob Hegg, Sanitary Engineer
M & I, Inc., Consulting Engineers
4710 South College Avenue
Fort Collins, Colorado 80521
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John M. Smith
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2224 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21ASW
EPA SUPPORT: $204,741
BEGINNING DATE: 6/25/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/24/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project will be to perform a series of preliminary and intensive studies
in the Western areas of the United States to document existing and improved
performance of biological treatment plants as a function of the development and
implementation of improved operation and maintenance practices. It is anticipated
that 15 - 20 preliminary plant performance evaluation studies will be conducted
per year. Following the preliminary plant evaluations, 2-4 plants per year
will be selected for demonstration studies. The demonstration studies will
require intensive monitoring of plant performance and will be conducted to pro-
vide a documented basis for improved performance through improved operation and
maintenance practices. Individual reports on each of the studies will be devel-
oped as well as a final report summarizing the entire project.
122
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of Improved Performance and Reliability of
Selected Biological Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2223
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
A. C. Gray, Project Engineer
Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc&QAP: 21ASW
P. 0. Box 1963
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania 17105
EPA SUPPORT: $249,997
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John M. Smith
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE: 6/25/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/24/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the proposed project is to document the improved performance
of selected biological treatment plants as a result of implementation of corrective
operation and maintenance practices. A two-step approach will be used. The first
step will be a detailed evaluation of operation and maintenance practices, and
plant performance for 15 to 20 treatment plants. Such evaluation will be based
upon existing data and additional sampling and analysis where required. A cor-
rective operation and maintenance plan will be formulated for each case. The
second step will consist of implementation of recommended improvements at four
to six of the initial treatment plants studied, and monitoring of improved treat-
ment. Cause and effect relationships between operation and maintenance factors
and facility performance will be documented. For each of the four to six plants
monitored an expanded case history will be prepared. Factors which contributed
to improved performance and their relative degree of importance will be set forth.
The above undertaking will be accomplished in twelve months, and repeated for a
second series of previously unstudied treatment plants during the following
twelve months.
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluate Effects of Flow Equalization on Two Existing Parallel
Activated Sludge Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Jo G. Meenahan
Johnson & Anderson, INc.
P. Oo Box 1066
2300 Dixie Highway
Pontiac, Michigan 48056
PROJECT NO: S801985 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21ASW
EPA SUPPORT: $163,891
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
B. W. Lykins
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE: 4/73
COMPLETION DATE: 6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate and document the effects of
equalizing the diurnal variation of flow volume and concentration on the year-
round performance of two existing parallel activated sludge plants. The two
treatment trains consist of a 4 mgd plant without primary treatment and a 4.5
mgd with primary treatment. Flow will be equalized to one plant while the
second plant has unequalized flow. Comparison of data from the two plants
will be made to determine the effects of flow equalization.
124
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PROJECT TITLE:
Evaluate Plant-Scale Flow Equalization Using In-Plant
Aerators
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
H. Co Grounds
Grounds & Associates
2177 St. Glair Avenue
Sto Paul, Minnesota 55105
PROJECT NO: S-803067-01-1 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21ASW
EPA SUPPORT: $94,083
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
B. W. Lykins
Wastewater Research Division, MERL:
BEGINNING DATE: 10/74
COMPLETION DATE: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The existing 260,000 GPD Dawson, Minnesota activated sludge treatment plant
utilizes the concept of flow equalization by varying the volume of a brush
aerated oxidation ditch which is followed by a conventional horizontal flow
constantly loaded final clarifler.
The objectives of this study are to: (1) evaluate suspended solids and
BOD removal due to equalized flow, (2) optimize total nitrogen removal,
(3) determine the annual operation and maintenance costs and (4) document the
overall process applicability for providing high level secondary treatment for
small communities.
125
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Flow Equalization at the Walled Lake/Novi,
Michigan Wastewater Treatment Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
J. G. Meenahan
Johnson & Anderson, Inc.
P. 0. Box 1066
23oo Dixie Highway
Pontiac, Michigan 48056
PROJECT NQ0: 68-03-0417 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
ROAP: 21ASW
EPA SUPPORT: $14,217
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Bo W. Lykins
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE: 3/74
COMPLETION DATE: 1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to evaluate and document the impact of
flow equalization on the 2.1 mgd activated sludge plant at Walled Lake/Novi,
Michigan. Process streams will be characterized for a twelve-month period
under equalized flow conditions with respect to BOD, total suspended solids
and total phosphorus. The effects of the equalization basin on final settling
and filtration will be evaluated by conducting two intensive week-long studies,
one with and one without equalization of flow.
126
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PROJECT TITLE: Transportable Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant for
Interim Use
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 11010 GIT (Grant)
Joseph E. Sunday PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB033
Director, Department of Public Works
__..._
County of Fairfax
4100 Chainbridge Road
Fairfax, Virginia 22030 £pA SUppORT: $97>820
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/70
Walter A. Feige
Office of Director, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 9/7/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project was to operate a transportable advanced
waste treatment plant of approximately 75,000 gpd capacity that will
satisfy the treatment efficiency recommended by the Potomac River Enforce-
ment Conference for 1980 in Zone 1 of the River. However, extensive damage
to the equipment and site took place on June 22, 1972 when Hurricane Agnes
hit. As a result, the project was terminated. The facility was to have
been operated for a 12-month period to evaluate its dependability, efficiency,
operational characteristics, and its economics.
The approach to meet these strict effluent standards (5 mg/1 BOD, 2.5
mg/1 nitrogen, 0.2 mg/1 phosphorus, and trace amounts of suspended solids)
was to have been made through a combination of physical, chemical, and
biological treatment. The planned treatment scheme was flow equalization,
chemical clarification, biological nitrification (activated sludge), upflow
columnar denitrification (with methanol), pressure filtration, and chlorina-
tion.
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PROJECT TITLE: Interim Wastewater Treatment Plant Demonstration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Paul W. Brown, General Manager
Sanitation District #1 of
Campbell & Kenton Counties
212 Greenup Street
Covington, Kentucky 41011
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. F. Kreissl
Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 802719 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
ROAP: 21ATC
EPA SUPPORT: $274,265 .
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/73
COMPLETION DATE: 3/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to design, fabricate and operate for a
sufficient period a unique treatment system of a transportable nature to perform
with high efficiency and flexibility for interim applications, such as a new
housing development which will not receive adequate sewerage for a significant
period of time. All aspects of the' project will be documented in order to
demonstrate the efficacy of the system for nationwide application.
The system, consisting of screening, chemical clarification, nitrification
tower, filtration and carbon adsorption, will be fabricated after pilot-study
determination of optimum design parameters. The system will be mounted on skids
for transportability and operated through startup and routine stages. Certain
specific studies will also be made to test the capabilities of the design.
128
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PROJECT TITLE: Large Pressure Sewer Demonstration Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. Gerald Hendricks
Sieco, Inc.
P. 0. Box 407
Columbua, Indiana 47201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. F. Kreissel
Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 11050 DEU (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
ROAP:21ATC
EPA SUPPORT: $254,290.
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/69
COMPLETION DATE: 12/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to demonstrate that septic tank effluent
can.be treated by a combined anaerobic and aerobic lagoon without objectionable
odors and show that the lagoon effluents containing nutrients can be converted
to vegetation at reasonable costs, and to provide a community pressure sewer
system that will demonstrate the volumetric reduction advantage in a tight
pressure sewage system, the cost advantage of plastic pipe sewerage system,
maintenance and power cost of grinding and pumping units by individual users.
The project has been completed.
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PROJECT TITLE: Research and Demonstration Project on Vacuum and Pressure Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Arthur R. Johnson
City Manager
P. 0. Box 431
Bend, Oregon 97701
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James F. Kreissl
Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: S803295 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
ROAP: 21ATC
EPA SUPPORT: $150,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/15/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The primary difficulty encountered by the City of Bend in it's attempt to
provide complete sewer service by 1980 is one of economics. Conventional sewers
would be prohibitively expensive to the residents of the community, even with
Federal assistance. Therefore, use of pressure and/or vacuum (See Figure 3)
sewers presents an opportunity for considerable cost savings. These savings
would accrue from the fact that such systems are laid to a depth dictated only
by frost penetration, which in the Bend area is approximately 36 inches.
In addition, these systems utilize small-diameter plastic sewer pipe which may be,
laid in a manner which requires less time and effort, resulting in further
cost savings. Another advantage of these systems is their "tightness," which
essentially results in the elimination or minimization of infiltration. Reduced
infiltration means that the hydraulic capacity of treatment and pumping facilities
is reduced significantly on a flow per capita basis.
If either or both of these sewerage methods can be successfully demonstrated
prior to the development of the plan to sewer the community, their use in many
areas of the City has the potential to drastically reduce the overall cost of
and minimize the disruption caused by sewering the community.
The proposed study entails the design, construction, and operation of
parallel vacuum and pressure sewer systems, each serving from 10 to 20 homes,
in an atea where the construction of conventional gravity sewers is prohibitively
expensive and potentially dangerous. The construction requirements and costs
will be carefully documented and compared to similar information on gravity
sewerage. The operation and maintenance needs will be documented and wastewater
characterizations will also be made to provide further comparative data between
these systems and with conventional systems.
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PROJECT TITLE: Sewage Disposal by Evaporation-Transpiration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R-803871-01 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
Edwin R. Bennett, Associate Professor _ 21ATC
Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering ROAP:
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado 80302
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: MGI8NIHG DATE: 7/1/75
John W. Sheehy
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Proper disposal of sewage effluent from rural and isolated homes and businesses
is bne of the most difficult problems facing health authorities. This is
particularly true in areas where soil conditions are unsuitable for application
of leaching fields following septic tanks. These conditions are in many areas
having high ground water tables and in other areas where bedrock is close to
the ground surface. Under these conditions, an evaporation type system concept
can be used to dispose of the wastewater without adverse effects on the land
or ground water.
The objectives of this study are to determine rational design criteria,
estimated costs and potential applicability of evapotranspiration (ET) and
mechanical evaporation (E) systems for disposal of wastewater from individual
homes. Specific objectives are the quantification of major design parameters,
such as soil type, saturated liquid depth and vegetative cover for ET systems
and physical and mechanical factors for E systems, by thermodynamic studies,
pilot studies, and in the case of ET systems, monitoring of existing full-scale
systems. By use of meterologic and hydrologic data from approximately five
locations in the United States, estimates of cost and applicability of these
types of systems will be made for these locations, representing a wide spectrum
of climatic conditions.
131
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PROJECT TITLE: Small Scale Waste Management
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
PROJECT NO.: 802874 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
Prof. William C. Boyle
Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering ROAP: 21ATC
University of Wisconsin System
750 University Avenue
Madison, Wisconsin 53706 EPA SUPPORT: $430,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. F. Kreissl
Wastewater Research Div.
BEGINNING DATE: 12/17/73
COMPLETION DATE: 12/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project will study and evaluate systems to be used for on-site
treatment and disposal of liquid wastes produced in homes not connected to a
municipal sewerage system. Studies on treatment will include evaluation of the
traditional septic tank and of several mechanical units using aerobic or chemical
treatment procedures. Disposal and associated treatment will be studied in
soil occurring as a mound on top of the original soil or in traditional subsurface
seepage"beds with various techniques of application. The degree of treatment in
any system will be monitored by an interdisciplinary team of sanitary engineers^
soil chemists and physicists, bacteriologists and virologists. Studies include
laboratory and full-scale field monitoring of treatment and disposal systems.
Biological and biochemical studies are planned to study mechanisms of soil
clogging. Institutional studies are planned to study implications resulting
from the introduction of new technology.
132
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PROJECT TITLE: Vacuum Collection of Sewage and Septage Management Study
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. Joseph W. Rezek
Rezek, Henry, Meisenheimer & Gende, Inc.
162 Eo Cook Ave.
Libertyville, Illinois 60048
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. F. Kreissl
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO: 68-03-2231 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
ROAP: 21-ATC
EPA SUPPORT: $100,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/23/75
COMPLETION DATE: 10/23/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
In both casesseptage treatment and disposal and vacuum sewage collectiona
standard of engineering practice has not yet emerged. In view of the need to
provide smaller communities with low cost solutions to problems associated with
wastewater control, there is a need to provide these communities with more
definite information on methodologies for handling septage and evaluating the
potential of vacuum sewage systems. Likewise, regulatory agencies and consult-
ing engineers need to define bases for evaluating and designing cost-effective
alternatives in each area.
Therefore, this proposal addresses both of these problem areas in order to
provide information to Federal, State and local regulatory agencies, and consulting
engineers so that these problems can be dealt with in a more orderly and comprehen-
sive manner. It is expected that the results of this study program will be used in
the following way:
1) Smaller communities will be provided with a basis for evaluating alterna-
tives.
2) Consulting engineers will be provided with data and information whereby
cost-effective designs can be formulated.
3) Regulatory agencies will be provided with information upon which
regulations, policies and programs may be based.
133
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PROJECT TITLE: Water Reclamation Project for Antelope Valley
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Sanitation Division Engineer
County of Los Angeles
Department of County Engineer
108 West Second Street
Los Angeles, California 90012
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John N. English
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 17080 GCI (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21-ACQ
EPA SUPPORT: $271,760
BEGINNING DATE:
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to enable engineers and scientists
to conduct continuing studies under actual "full-scale" operational
conditions of a wastewater reclamation project in Antelope Valley;
to demonstrate that sufficient algae and nutrient removal can be
realized to prevent excess biological growth, and to maintain aesthetic
levels of clarity, and to assure an adequate habitat for fish life in
recreational lakes; to ensure safe degree of enteric pathogen and virus
destruction to permit safe use of reclaimed wastewater; to provide controls
for any insect or noxious plant problems which occur in conjunction with
such projects; to develop a "Manual of Practices" that would have widespread
application in the field of wastewater reclamation; and to demonstrate
the acceptability by the public of the use of reclaimed wastewater for
establishing attractive aquatic recreational facilities, especially in
water short desert areas.
134
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PROJECT TITLE: Advanced Waste Treatment for Water Reclamation and Reuse
by Injection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 17080 FAF (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Herbert J. Simons
Commissioner of Public Works, Nassau County ROAP: 21ASB
Mineola, NY 11501
EPA SUPPORT: $2,553,200
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 12/31/66
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to conduct studies of advanced
waste treatment processes and to demonstrate that the reclaimed secondary
effluent is suitable for reuse and injection into underground aquifers.
This project will provide operating data on advanced waste treatment
processes and allow optimizing the economics of the process. It will
also demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of advanced waste
treatment as a method of providing water for reuse from secondary
treatment plant effluent.
135
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PROJECT TITLE:
Blue Plains Pilot Plant: Operation and Evaluation of a
Wastewater Reuse Pilot Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Allan Cassel
Department of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N. W.
Washington, DC 20004
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $107,142
BEGINNING DATE: 6/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The treatment system to produce a high quality water potentially suit-
able for potable reuse consists of lime clarification followed by biological
nitrification, downflow packed bed biological denitrification, carbon
adsorbtion, filtration, disinfection and ion exchange. Analysis for over 50
constituents will be conducted on a routine basis to establish the accepta-
bility of the effluent for reuse. In addition, standard pollution control
parameters such as BOD, COD and etc. will be measured. Specialized analysis
for organics in the effluent utilizing Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chroma-
tography, and G.C.-Mass Spectroscopy are planned.
136
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PROJECT TITLE: Characterization for Potable Reuse and Ultraviolet Disinfection
of Municipal Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Henry J0 Graeser, Director
Dallas Water Utilities Deptc
500 S. Ervay
Dallas, Texas 75201
MERL PROJECT OFFICERS:
Albert D. Venosa
John N. English
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R-803292 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21-ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $71,801
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Dallas Advanced Wastewater Treatment (AWT)Pilot Plant (100 GPM) will
be continuously and reliably operated to produce a high quality effluent.
Plant performance will be evaluated with respect to parameters of potable water
quality, and special animal virus studies will be conducted to determine
the effectiveness of the pilot processes (nitrification, high pH lime clarifi-
cation, filtration, and carbon adsorption) in the removal of virus and other
pollutants adversely affecting the reuse potential of the effluent for potable
and non-potable purposes. In addition to the efforts conducted by the pilot
plant staff, special samples of effluent will be concentrated and the organics
captured by an EPA contractor for subsequent EPA animal toxicity studies.
The AWT pilot plant will also be used to conduct a feasibility study of
ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection of 2 types of activated sludge effluents.
(1) a nitrified effluent; and, (2) a standard high rate effluentu Both
effluents will be tested with and without tertiary settling, chemical addition,
and filtration. The results of the investigation will define the potential
role of UV light disinfection of wastewater.
137
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PROJECT TITLE: Economic Analyses of Water Supply Systems to Evaluate
Relationships Between Cost of Developing New Water
Supplies and Wastewater Renovation for Potable Reuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2071 (Contract)
James I. Gillean PROJECT ELEMENT: 1BB043
ACT Systems, Inc.
807 W. Morse Blvd. ROAP: 21-ASB
Winter Park, Florida 32789
EPA SUPPORT: $62,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNING DATE: 6/30/74
Robert Clark COMPLETION DATE: 10/30/76
Water Supply Research Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this contract is to define what the constraints of supply
are, and how they might be changed to make renovated wastewater a reasonable
alternative for supply. To accomplish this goal, data will be collected from
water utilities in selected metropolitan areas in an attempt to provide insight
into some of the complex problems associated with water supply. Information
will be collected concerning the total operations of a selected sample of water
utilities in an attempt to provide base-line information against which the
potential for wastewater reuse as an alternative for current water supplies
can be addressed. This is a cooperative effort with the MERL Wastewater Research
Division (WRD). John English is the WRD contact.
138
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Full Scale Wastewater Reuse System for Domestic
Groundwater Replenishment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
David Argo
Orange County Water District
P. 0. Box 8300
Fountain Valley, California 92708
MERL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
John N. English
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S803873 (Grant)
Program Element: 1B8043
ROAP: 21-ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $95,000
BEGINNING DATE: 9/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this study are to evaluate on a full plant-scale basis:
(1) the reliability and effluent variability of a 15 mgd advanced wastewater
treatment (AWT) system producing a water approaching potable quality for use in
groundwater replenishment and prevention of seawater intrusion, and (2) the
quality of the effluent with regard to the identification measurement, and
monitoring of trace materials (chemical, physical and biological) and residues.
Particular emphasis will be placed on the characterization of the organic
materials in the effluent using the latest gas chromatographic/mass spectro-
photometric procedures.
The AWT system treats the effluent from a trickling filter plant using lime
coagulation and sedimentation, ammonia stripping, recarbonation, filtration,
carbon adsorption, and chlorination. This effluent will be blended with desalted
seawater and/or a supply of deep groundwater for injection into a domestic aquifer.
139
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Reuse Potential of Water Supply Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
ACT Systems Inc.
807 W. Morse Blvd.
Winter Park, Florida
32789
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2071 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21AS*B
EPA SUPPORT: $57,240
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. N. English
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 7/73
COMPLETION DATE: 6/74
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Little organized data is available concerning the financing and
operating characteristics and the relative economics of water supply utility
management. The effort which has been undertaken as part of this contract
will collect data in a._ standardized "and comparable form from one major
water supply utility in each of the ten EPA regions. The data will help
to define the factors which influence the cost of water supply and will also
be useful in assessing the relative cost of rennovated wastewater as a
alternative source for water supply.
140
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PROJECT TITLE: Measurement Parameters of Potable Water Quality Including
Concentration of Organics for Health Effects Testing in
Effluents from AWT Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James K. Smith
Gulf South Research Institute
8000 GSRI Avenue
Baton Rouge, LA 70809
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John W. English
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT No.: 68-03-2090 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21-ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $176,562
BEGINNING DATE: 6-25-74
COMPLETION DATE: 6-24-76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the project include the following:
(a) to continue research on membrane technology as they become
commercially available; (b) to collect concentrated samples of organic
contaminants from seven AWT plants located in California, Texas, and
Washington, D.C. that are producing effluents approaching potable water
quality for use in health effects testing; (c) to evaluate techniques used
in this sample collection and suggest optimal procedures for future sample
collection and concentration of organics from waters produced by AWT plants;
and, (d) to survey the 7 AWT plants on a routine basis for parameters of potable
water quality by measuring microbiological, organic, and inorganic pollutants
that can be hazardous to health if ingested in sufficient quantities. This
project is a cooperative effort with the Health Effects Research Laboratory
and Dr. F. C. Kopfler is co-Project Officer.
141
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PROJECT TITLE: Nutrient Removal Utilizing Activated Sludge Phosphate Adsorption
and Microbial Denitrification
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Lloyd C. Coffelt
Irvine Ranch Water District
P.O. Box D-l, 4201 Campus Drive
Irvine, California 92664
PROJECT NO.: 17080 EDW
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $325,500
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Gerald Stern
BEGINNING DATE: 1/31/67
COMPLETION DATE: 4/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Objective: To demonstrate nutrient removal for reclamation of wastewater.
Approach: A 0.26 MGD (pilot scale) nutrient removal wastewater treatment facility
was constructed and operated for 12 months. The major steps involved were:
(a) phosphate incorporation into biological sludge and nitrification in an aeration
basin: (b) sludge-liquid separation by either vibrating screens and/or dissolved
air flotation; (c) the liquid phase is treated for nitrogen removal (denitrification)
in an upflow sand filter with methanol addition as organic food source; (d) the
concentrated sludge (2% to 3%) from the vibration screens and/or dissolved air
flotation is treated with acid (sulfuric) to reduce the pH to around 5. At this
pH the phosphate in the sludge is solubilized; (3) the phosphate laden liquid
phase is separated from the solid (sludge) phase by co-current solid bowl centri-
fugation. The phosphate free sludge is recycled to the aeration basin. Thus
mechanical separation is used to separate the liquid and concentrate the sludges
as quickly as feasible to avoid biological sludge deterioration.
Progress: (a) Dissolved air flotation is a very effective process for separating
mixed liquor. The flotate (sludge solid phase) can be concentrated to 3% solids;
(b) Up flow sand filtration provides an excellent media, with methanol addition,
for denitrification. Care must be taken to avoid solids breakthrough by nitrogen
gas bubbles; (c) The combination of nitrification in the aeration basin, dissolved
air flotation for solids-liquid separation, and adding methanol as organic food
source to the liquid influent feed to the upflow sand filter, results in up to
95% nitrogen removal; (d) Vibrating screens are not an effective separating
device for mixed liquors; (e) Phosphate removal could not be demonstrated
because of the ineffectiveness of the co-current solid bowl centrifuge to separate
the phosphate laden liquid from the sludge. Solids losses in the centrate were
excessive; (f) A final report is being prepared.
142
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PROJECT TITLE: Workshop on Research Needs in Wastewater Renovation and
Reuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Edwin R. Bennett
Associate Professor
Department of Civil &
Environmental Engineering
University of Colorado
Boulder, Colorado 80302
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
John N. English
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: R-803546 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $11,710
BEGINNING DATE: 12/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 10/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the workshop is to define and establish priorities
for research needed to develop confidence in the reuse of wastewater
for potable purposes. This objective will be accomplished by bringing
together 100 select persons concerned with wastewater reuse to discuss
and identify research gaps in the areas of health effects, treatment
technology, and the socio-economic considerations of potable reuse.
This identified research will serve as a basis for future EPA projects.
The workshop will be jointly sponsored by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), the Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), the American
Water Works Association (AWWA), and is being held in cooperation with the
University of Colorado in March 1975, at the Boulder, Colorado campus.
143
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PROJECT TITLE: Activated Sludge Process Control Using TOC, ATP, and
Oxygen Uptake as Control Parameters
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Tom Laib, Chief Chemist
City of Hillsboro, Oregon
770 South First Avenue
Hillsboro, Oregon 97123
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. F. Roesler
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: R802983
PROGRAM ELEMENT:1BB043
ROAP: 21-ASC
EPA SUPPORT: $16,280
BEGINNING DATE: 7/25/74
COMPLETION DATE: 1/24/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Three variables, total organic carbon (TOC), adenosine triphosphate
(ATP) and oxygen demand or uptake (OD), are continually being suggested
for application to automatic control of a wastewater treatment plant.
At Hillsboro, Oregon, the first objective of the project is to demonstrate
the use of the above three variables for control of the activated sludge
process. Further objectives of the project are to demonstrate the use
of an adjustable aerator volume for changing the mode of operation and
to demonstrate the use of a modified food to microorganism (F/M) ratio
as the basis of a control strategy. Both TOC and ATP will be used as
parameters in the F/M ratio.
Analysis of possible modes of operation and application of control
strategies at Hillsboro should provide general insights into operation
and control of the activated sludge process.
144
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PROJECT TITLE:
For the Automatic Control of Dissolved Oxygen in the Activated
Sludge Process Documentation of the Design and Operation of
Various Alternatives
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Brian D. Bracken
Brown & Caldwell
1501 North Broadway
Walnut Creek, California
94596
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2130 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASC
EPA SUPPORT: $51,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. F. Roesler
Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE: 6/28/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/28/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this work is to present, in written form a recommended
design procedure to guide the design engineer in the selection of aeration
equipment and control techniques for achieving optimal dissolved oxygen control
for the activated sludge process. The design procedure will include the concepts
of effectiveness, cost, reliability, operating, and maintenance aspects
associated with diffused air and mechanical aeration controlled to hold the
dissolved oxygen set point at some specified level.
145
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PROJECT TITLE: Automation of Physical-Chemical Treatment Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162 (Contract)
. PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Robert B. Yarrington
Dept. of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASC
Government of the District of Columbia
EPA SUPPORT: $191,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/72
D. F. Bishop
COMPLETION DATE: 6/74
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives are to develop digital control algorithms for physical-
chemical treatment of raw wastewater, to evaluate these control algorithms
with an IBM System 7 process control computer on the pilot physical-chemical
treatment system and to evaluate an analog control system in the three-stage
activated sludge treatment in the EPA-DC Pilot Plant. Closed and open loop
analog response data developed by the EPA on an existing analog control system
is being used by the District of Columbia and IBM to develop digital control
algorithms for four feed-forward feed-back control loops and three feed-forward
loops in the physical-chemical system. The feed-forward feed-back control
loops are flow-proportional pH-error control of lime and C0£ in lime treatment,
and CL_ in pH reduction, and, in breakpoint chlorination, mass-proportional
Cl7 and mass-proportional pH-error control of NaOH.
The feed-forward loops are flow-proportional control of Fed and sludge
wasting in the two-stage lime treatment process. To date, the control
algorithms have been developed and confirmed by IBM with simulation techniques.
The system 7 computer is installed and on-line evaluation of the control
systems is proceeding. The evaluation of the analog control system in the three-
stage activated sludge system is beginning and will be used in a later study
to develop digital control of portions of the three-stage activated sludge
system.
146
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PROJECT TITLE:
Blue Plains Pilot Plant: Automation of Biological
Process Streams
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR
Allan Cassel
Department of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N. W.
Washington, DC 20004
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASC
EPA SUPPORT: $62,855
BEGINNING DATE: 10/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 4/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
To develop control loops for and evaluate the efficacy of automation
of activated sludge systems. Strategies will concentrate on control of
F/M, SRT, D.O. and sludge inventory. Strategies will be evaluated for
steady state and transient conditions. Digital and analog control equip-
ment will be evaluated.
147
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PROJECT TITLE: Development of an Automatic On-Line Wastewater Sample
Transfer and Conditioning System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. Louis S. DiCola,
Mechanical Design Engineer
Raytheon Company
Environmental Systems Center
Portsmouth, RI 02871
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. H. Wise
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0262 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: IBB043
ROAP: 21-ASC
EPA SUPPORT: $128,191
BEGINNING DATE: 6/11/73
COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to develop or furnish an on-line
hardware system which will automatically sample, blend, transfer and
condition all types of wastewater-txeatment process streams for automatic
analyses (such as those for total organic carbon, phosphorus, nitrate,
nitrite and ammonia) without the occurrence of unacceptable chemical
changes in the sample prior to its analysis. Such sample conditioning
will include secondary blending, dilution, and/or filtration where any
one or combination of these operations is required.
148
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PROJECT TITLE: Digital Automation of the Three-Stage Activated Sludge System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Robert B. Yarrington
Dept. of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASC
Government of the District of Columbia
EPA SUPPORT: $153,000
HEEL PROJECT OFFICER: ^m ^ ^^
Dr. I. J. Kugelman
COMPLETION DATE: 6/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives are (1) to develop digital control algorithms needed
in the three-stage (BOD, nitrification, denitrification) activated sludge
for process control; (2) to evaluate these control algorithms with an IBM
system 7 process control computer on the three-stage activated sludge pilot
system at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant; and (3) to develop digital data acquisition
programs for the three-stage activated sludge system. The three-stage
activated sludge system consists of an activated sludge stage with mineral
addition (alum or Fed,.) for BOD and phosphorus removal, nitrification and
denitrification with methanol and mineral addition for nitrogen and residual
phosphorus removal, and filtration for residual solids removal. The control
loops for chemical feed of methanol or minerals (alum, or FeCl_) are mass-
(P or NO,,) - proportional feed-forward systems; for sludge wasting, flow-
proportional feed-forward systems, for D.O. control, a complex feed-forward
feed-back system based on flow, and recycle, D.O. uptake rate, oxygen transfer
efficiency, and D.O. error deviation from set point. Any F/M control will
require sensor evaluation and analog development.
149
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PROJECT TITLE: State-of-the-Art Report on Instrumentation and Control in
Wastewater Systems and Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. Robert Day
Senior Environmental Engineer
Environmental Systems Center
Raytheon Company
Box 360
Portsmouth, RI 02871
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Joseph F. Roesler
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0144 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASC
EPA SUPPORT: $158,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/30/72
COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to: survey the literature; survey
the user experience of instrumentation and control systems and determine the
performance of instrumentation in the field; design alternative control
strategies for each wastewater treatment unit process; prepare a plant layout
for a hypothetical 1 and 10 mgd facility; estimate the costs incurred, benefits
derived and operating problems associated with actual or proposed process
control schemes; and identify future research needs.
150
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PROJECT TITLE: State-of-the-Art Technology for Semi-Automatic Control of
Activated Sludge Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Carl Nagel
Superintendent of Treatment
P. 0. Box 4998'
Whittier, California 90607
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. Smith
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 803055 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21-ASC
EPA SUPPORT: $9,213
BEGINNING DATE: 6/01/74
COMPLETION DATE: 03/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the project are:
(a) to document the theory, design and operation of continuous
on-line instrumentation currently in use by LACSD,
(b) to document the computer applications LASCD is using to assist
the operator in calculating the daily operational parameters
necessary for the semi-automatic control of seven waste treatment
plants, and
(c) to develop additional computer software to give the operator
additional information on the status of the plant operations.
Five processes which are using automatic or semi-automatic control
will be explored or documented. These processes are: influent pumping
(level control), primary sludge pumping (density control), activated
sludge aeration (process air control), activated sludge wasting (sludge
flow control), and sludge return (sludge flow control). Seven facilities
are involved and a time sharing computer will be employed at each plant.
The computer will calculate the operating parameters and also assess
the effluent quality with reference to mean or median limits.
151
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PROJECT TITLE: Workshop on Research Needs in Automation of Wastewater
Treatment Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 803214 (Grant)
T . _ A , PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Professor John F. Andrews
Principal Investigator ROAP: 21-ASC
Environmental Systems Engineering Dept.
Clemson University
Clemson, South Carolina 29631 EPA SUPPORT: $3,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/11/74
J. Roesler
Wastewater Research Division COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The primary objective of the workshop will be to define and establish
priorities for research needed to automate wastewater treatment plants.
However, since the input to a plant comes from a collection system and
the output is normally discharged to a receiving body of water, attention
will also be devoted to research needs for these systems with special
reference to their interaction with treatment plants. Also addressed
will be the effect of automation on design and operation of wastewater
recycle systems.
The workshop will be three days in length with the first day being
devoted to the presentation and discussion of state-of-the-art papers.
Six separate workshop sessions will then be devoted to preparation of
brief documents stating the problems and specifying needed research for
each session topic. These documents will then be presented to the reassembled
group for detailed discussion. The final day will be devoted to a tour of
a new 120 MGD activated sludge plant which is highly automated and features
on-line computer control. This tour will afford participants the opportunity
to observe first hand the state-of-the-art of automation and problems
which need to be solved.
The proceedings of the workshop, including the discussions will be
published under the title "Research Needs in the Automation of Wastewater
Treatment Systems."
152
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PROJECT TITLE: Capillary Sludge Dewatering
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
City of Saint Charles, Illinois
2-10 East Main Street
St. Charles, Illinois 60174
Mr. Arthur N. Kay
PROJECT NO.: 802693
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $189,677
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
BEGINNING DATE: 7/16/73
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
By demonstrating on a plant scale the dewatering of waste activated and
other sludges with the Capillary Dewatering Device, this study seeks to
confirm on a sound statistical basis^ and further improve the favorable results
obtained on the pilot capillary sludge dewatering device developed under EPA
Contract No. 68-01-0094 (17070 HCZ).' Specific objectives are to determine:
(1) the effect of scale-up on system engineering parameter performance and
mechanical requirements, (2) system reliability from a process and mechanical
standpoint, and (3) an economic basis for system evaluation. The period of
the study will be twenty four months. It is expected that the capillary
device will attain higher filter yields and lower cake moistures and that the
sewage will require less chemical conditioning than has heretofore been possible
with existing dewatering equipment. Dewatering effectiveness will be measured
by (1) sludge cake output or yield, (2) sludge cake characteristics, (3)
solids removal efficiency, (4) liquid process stream quality, (5) conditioning
chemical usage, and (6) cost of dewatering.
153
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PROJECT TITLE: Chemical Sewage Sludge Thickening and Dewatering
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. David DiGregorio
Envirotech Corp., Eimco Div.
Box 300
Salt Lake City, Utah 84110
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. V. Villiers
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0404 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASB
EPA SUPPORT: $182,000
BEGINNING DATE: 4/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/L/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A side-by-side comparison of the thickening and mechanical dewatering
characteristics of phosphorus-laden alum-primary and iron-primary sludges.
Information obtained will be used to prepare guidelines for the best method of
handling, processing and disposing of these types of sludges.
154
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PROJECT TITLE: Co-Incineration of Sewage Sludge with Refuse and/or Coal
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 803927 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Metropolitan Waste Control Commission BnAP 21A
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PROJECT TITLE: Engineering Design and Cost Parameters for Lime Treatment and
Sludge Disposal, Recovery and Reuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0334
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Dr. Denny S. Parker
Brown & Ca;Ldwell Consulting Engineers ROAP: 21ASD
66 Mint Street
San Francisco, California 94103
EPA SUPPORT: $49,910-
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/29/73
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
COMPLETION DATE: 12/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A report is being prepared which provides design and cost information on
the production, treatment and disposal of lime sludges. The reuse and
recycling of lime sludges resulting from the removal of phosphates will be
emphasized.
Final report is in press.
156
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PROJECT TITLE: Experimental Investigation of the Aerobic Stabilization of
Sludges from Wastewater Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
John Puntenny
Metropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal
District #1; 3100 East 60th Avenue
Commerce City, Colorado 80022
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0152 (Contract
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21AS"D
EPA SUPPORT: $81,798
BEGINNING DATE: 1/30/72
COMPLETION DATE: 5/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This study comprises plant and pilot scale aerobic stabilization studies.
In the plant scale study, emphasis is on the effect of load variation, while
in the pilot study, emphasis is on the effects of varying solids concentration
under aeration, detention time, dissolved oxygen level and loading. Both
studies will look at the effect of temperature on performance. Further both
studies consider the thickening and dewatering properties of the non-
stabilizfid and stabilized sludges.
Final report was published September, 1975 (EPA 670/2-75-035).
157
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PROJECT TITLE: Experimental Investigation of the Chemical Stabilization of
Sludges from Wastewater Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Alan J. Shuckrow
Battelle Memorial Institute
Pacific Northwest Labs
P. 0. Box 999
Richland, Washington 99352
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0203 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP:21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $84,800
BEGINNING BATE: 11/6/72
COMPLETION DATE: 5/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This evaluation program was designed to optimize both odor and pathogenic
organism reduction and the spreading of lime-stabilized sludge on soils as a
function of lime addition to raw sludge. Further, the quality of lime
stabilized sludge resulting from the manipulation of pertinent parameters
was investigated. An engineering and laboratory study period was employed
to determine data pertinent to design and operation of a pilot plant. The
pilot plant was then operated under optimum conditions to furnish sludge
for soil studies.
Final report was published April, 1975 (EPA 670/2-75-012).
158
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PROJECT TITLE: Full Scale Evaluation of Top Feed Vacuum Filtration for
Dewatering
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Lawrence A. Ernest
Sewerage Commission of the City of
Milwaukee
P. 0. Box 2079, Jones Island
Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201
PROJECT NO.: s-800969 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASt>
EPA SUPPORT: $474,865
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
J. E. Smith, Jr.
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/73
COMPLETION DATE: 5/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project will demonstrate on full plant scale the utility of top
feed rotary vacuum filtration of waste activated sludge, a concept which was
evaluated on pilot scale under EPA Project 17070 EVE. -Two full scale rotary
vacuum filters will be installed and evaluated side-by-side. One will be
equipped for conventional bottom feeding and the other for top feeding. During
the operational phase performance will be evaluated by comparing yield (output
rate of dry filter cake solids), cake solids content, removal efficiency,
conditioning chemical usage and the difficulty in maintaining proper conditioning
with the two perating modes.
159
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PROJECT TITLE: Heating An Anaerobic Digester by Means of Solar Energy
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Jess W. Malcolm
Environmental Systems, Inc.
150 South Street
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. V. Villiers
PROJECT NO.:* (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BBOA3
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $30,000
BEGINNING DATE: *
COMPLETION DATE: *
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Feasibility study of the concept of heating an anaerobic digester by
means of low energy solar energy so that the methane gas produced during anaerobid
digestion of sludge can be used for a. high energy application. Study will consist of
detailing specifications for the equipment required for the solar energy system and
of preparing a research plan for demonstrating the advantages of using solar energy
as compared to methods presently used.
This project is still in negotiation.
number are not yet decided.
Final contract dates and contract
160
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PROJECT TITLE: Investigation to Utilize Organic Residues to Improve Sludge
Dewatering Characteristics and to Produce Useable Fuels.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Joe Schwartzbaugh
Systems Technology Corp.
3131 Encrete Lane
Dayton, Ohio 45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2105 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $122,177
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Both pilot and plant scale anaerobic digestion studies are being made
of the short fiber fraction from the Franklin, Ohio, solid waste processing
facility in admixture with sewage sludge. Dewatering tests are also being
planned.
161
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PROJECT TITLE: Magnetically Assisted Thickening of Wastewater Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Stanley R. Rich
RP Industries, Inc.
15 Kane Industrial Drive
Hudson, Massachusetts 01749
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0136 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $75,931
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/72
COMPLETION DATE: 1/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
In this project laboratory and pilot scale research is underway on a
three-step process for the dewatering of waste activated sludge solids. These
three steps are: (a) gravity drainage, (b) application of a magnetic force,
and (c) application of a compression force. In this process non-magnetic
sludge solids are rendered temporarily magnetic by the addition of small
quantities of inert and nontoxic magnetic materials combined with small
percentages of chemical coagulants. A magnetic separator is then utilized
to separate the liquid from the solids.
162
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PROJECT TITLE: Parameters Controlling the Interaction of Ash with Sludge
Solids Wastewater Purification
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 17030 ECM (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Dr. F. J. Micale 21ASD
Center for Surface & Coatings Research ROAP:
Lehigh University
Bethlehem, Penn. 18015 ^^ $12Qj909
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr. ,
COMPLETION DATE: New draft
Final report, expected by 6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The effect of various additives on the improved dewatering of activated
sludge is being determined and the surface properties of the additives
characterized in order to arrive at a mechanism for flocculation of activated
sludge particles. The primary additives investigated are fly ash and 3
sludge incinerator ashes. All four ashes have high surface areas, 1.7 to
17 m /g, a hydrophilic surface and a high concentration of water soluble
salts. Since the presence of salts and a solid surface complicates the
interpretation of experimental results, a series of experiments were devised
where either salts or solids alone were added to the activated sludge for
settleability measurements. The solids consist of the washed ashes themselves,
as well as two silicas, two carbon samples and magnetite, which contains
high surface areas and exhibits different surface properties. The salts
consist of the washings obtained from the ashes and a number of inorganic
salts and ionic polymeric surfactants.
All four ashes greatly increase the rate of settling of activated
sludge in the order Tahoe => Kansas =» Millcreek "=" Beckjord. Repeated washing
of the ashes has the effect of decreasing the rate of settling and changes
the relative efficiency to Kansas^- Millcreek -?*. Beckjord *zr Tahoe. The
hydrophilic silica carbon black and magnetite greatly increase the rate of
settling while hydrophobic silica and graphon have very little effect.
Halide sfelts and only the cationic polymeric surfactant are capable of
increasing the rate settling. A dual mechanism, which was based on coulombic
interaction between sludge particles and solid additives, is proposed.
The final report is being reviewed.
163
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PROJECT TITLE: Pilot Scale Demonstration of Lime Stabilization
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Richard F. Noland
Burgess and Niple, Ltd.
2015 West Fifth Avenue
Columbus, Ohio
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Steven W. Hathaway
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2181 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $104,300
BEGINNING DATE: 2/13/75
COMPLETION DATE: 4/13/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
To provide for a demonstration of lime stabilization at the Lebanon, Ohio
Wastewater Treatment plant. The addition of lime to the sludge produced
at the plant up to pH 12.2 and then subsequent land disposal and microbiological
analysis. To provide research confirming the lime stabilization method and
comparing it to anaerobic digestion. The chemical stabilization is to be a
successful alternative to anaerobic digestion for plants overloaded with solids
unable to complete solids handling by conventional methods.
164
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PROJECT TITLE: Porteous Process for Heat Treatment of Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 11010 OKI (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Robert J. Alban, Lake County Sanitary Eng.,
Project Director ROAP: 21ASD
Board of County Commissioners
Office of Lake'County
H. T. Nolan Building EPA SUPPORT: $377,099
Painesville, Ohio
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 9/71
B. Vincent Salotto COMPLETION DATE: 12/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this grant is to demonstrate at plant scale effect of
heat treatment of sludge as regards dewatering of liquor. Also, it is the
purpose of this grant to study ways .in which the rich heat treatment supernatant
can be treated in order to minimize its effect on the sewage treatment if
returned to the plant. Minor objectives are to develop cost and performance
data on the heat treatment process and investigate different operating
conditions and determine optimum operating parameters.
165
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PROJECT TITLE: Rotary Kiln Gasification of Solid Wastes and Sewage Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Mr. John Coffman
Wright Malta Corporation
Malta Test Station
Ballston Spa, New York 12020
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
S . W. Hathawav
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2350 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT:fts3,820
BEGINNING DATE: 8/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 7/3.1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to evaluate the technical merit of the
Wright-Malta rotary kiln gasification process for unshredded solid waste
and liquid sewage sludge. A laboratory scale "minikiln" will be constructed
and tests for gas production, waste "destruction, and pollutant emissions
will be conducted.
166
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PROJECT TITLE: Sludge Treatment Pilot Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Allan Cassel
Dept. of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
PROJECT NO.: 17070 EOG (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $568,379
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Irwin J. Kugelman
BEGINNING DATE: 7/l/69
COMPLETION DATE: 6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective is to design, construct and operate a solids handling pilot
plant which when operated in coordination with the existing biological and
physical chemical pilot plants at the District of Columbia Water Pollution Control
Plant will provide complete evaluation at all treatment systems. The plant
consists of gravity or air thickening, vacuum filtration, and fluid bed in-
cineration. The solids handling studies are being performed on physical chemical
(lime) sludges and biological (raw and waste activated) sludges from the oxygen
activated sludge system, the three stage activated sludge system which includes
mineral addition; and a single stage activated, sludge system which provides
simultaneously BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification. The data obtained
includes thickening, characteristics, dewatering (vacuum filter and centrifuge)
characteristics, chemical conditioning requirements and stack gas analysis
studies for air pollution control.
167
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PROJECT TITLE: Source Control of Water Treatment Waste Solids
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Donald D. Adrian
Dept. of 'Civil Engineering
University of Massachusetts
Amherst, Mass. 01002
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 1707° DZS (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASD
EPA SUPPORT: $60,177
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/69
COMPLETION DATE: Final report
draft expected by 6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This research is for the purpose of finding solutions to the sludge
handling problem. Solutions are obtained by optimizing the design of sludge
dewatering and drying beds. In order to optimize the design of these
facilities additional research is carried out on the sludge dewatering
process, the sludge drying process and the synthesis of dewatering and drying
into economic designs.
A major accomplishment has been the development of computer programs
for use in designing sand drying beds for the dewatering of water and sewage
sludges. Computer input includes the characteristics of the sludge and physical
environment.
168
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PROJECT TITLE: Thermoradiation Treatment of Sewage Sludge Using Reactor
Fission Products
IAG-D5 Interagency
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 0675 Agreement
, , .. T . N PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
H. D. Sivinski (Sandia Labs)
Contact: Mr. Denny Krenz ROAP: 21ASD
U. S. Energy Research & Development Admin.
P.O. Box 5400
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87113 EPA SUPPORT: $150,000
HERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGlraraG MTE= 3/12/75
Gerald Stern a/-»n/7ft
COMPLETION DATE: 8/-30//6
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the research program is to constructively couple two
environmental problems, disinfection and treatment of sewage sludge and disposal
of nuclear waste materials. Successful coupling could lead to a mutually
beneficial solution, the utilization" of nuclear waste products in the disinfection
and treatment of digested municipal 'sewage sludge.
For 'several years Sandia Laboratories has conducted studies on the use
of simultaneously applied heat and ionizing gamma radiation (thermoradiation)
for biological inactivation of viral and bacterial systems. More recently the
studies have been expanded to include a parasite system. These studies show
significant promise due to the inactivation synergisms exhibited by thermo-
radiation and the studies have been recently pointed toward investigation of
thermoradiationi%^T disinfection of sewage sludge using reactor waste fission
products (e.g., Cs ). if this technology can be successfully transferred
to sludges, it could provide a cost-effective alternative for sludge disinfection
and treatment and also for the beneficial utilization of intermediate-life
radioactive waste isotopes. The emphasis of the research program is'on the
disinfection of liquid digested sludge. The joint program will draw on prior
studies to continue the research.
137.,
The Cs necessary for a dynamic system (heat and radiation pulse in
a single*pass flow-thru system) is installed and in operation in Sandia's
Gamma Irradiation Facility. This system is being used to study effectiveness
of thermoradiation on the three pathogens of choice, polio virus, coliform
bacteria, and the Ascaris parasite. The results will guide the design of
the pilot plant where additional studies will be completed on not only the
biological, but also the chemical and physical characteristics of the digested
-.sludge. Also, tests with the 0.16 liter batch thermoradiation unit, us^Lng
Cs-are continuing, to guide optimization for disinfection of municipal
wastewater sludges.
169
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PROJECT TITLE: Agricultural Benefits and Environmental Changes Resulting from
the Use of Digested Sludge on Field Crops and Criteria for Use
in Selecting Disposal Sites
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
T. D. Hinesly
Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago
100 East Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
G. K. Dotson
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S801356 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $300,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/24/74
COMPLETION DATE: 9/23/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project is part of a long-term study of the technology and effects of
utilizing liquid digested sewage sludge as a fertilizer and soil conditioner.
The study began in 1967 with funding support from the PHS, HEW. Agronomy
plots, lysimeters, and greenhouses'are used to determine techniques of applying
and managing sludge on cropland. Effects on soils, ground and surface water,
crops and the animals that consume the crops is being studied. Reclamation of
strip mine spoils with sludge is also being studied in lysimeters, plots, and
in the greenhouses.
170
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PROJECT TITLE: Blue Plains Pilot Plant: Nitrogen Recovery from Digested
Sludge for Use in Fertilizer Production from Dewatered
Sludge Solids
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Allan Cassel
Department of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASE
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N. W.
Washington, DC 20004 EPA SUPPORT: $88,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 10/1/74
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective is to. collect engineering data necessary to evaluate various
alternative schemes for the recovery of ammonia from anaerobic digested sludge.
The flow diagram for three basic schemes consist of:
1. Centrifugation of digested sludge, C0~ stripping of centrate,
lime clarification of centrate, ammonia recovery of limed
effluent by stripping and adsorption.
2. C0_ stripping of digested sludge, liming, centrifuge classification
of carbonate and non-carbonate solids, recovery at ammonia from
centrate by stripping and absorption.
3. C02Stripping of digested sludge, liming, dewatering of all solids,
recovery of ammonia from filtrate or centrate by stripping and
absorption.
Thickening and dewatering properties of solids from each scheme are to be
determined. Data is to be developed for the full scale design and operation
of an ammonia recovery system by stripping, absorption and crystallization.
171
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PROJECT TITLE: Co-Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Municipal Refuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: S803769 (Grant)
Jose R. Rivero PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Union Carbide Corporation-Linde Div. ROAP: ^lA^F
P. 0. Box 44
Tonawanda, New York 14150
(Grantee: Sanitary Board of City of gp^ SUPPORT: $150 000
' '
South Charleston, W. Va. )
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/16/75
Robert A. Olexsey
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the ability of the Union
Carbide Purox pyrolysis system to process a mixture of sewage sludge and
solid waste. The organic materials will be converted into a medium BTU
fuel gas. Testing will take place'at the Union Carbide Company's 200 TPD
solid waste demonstration plant.
172
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PROJECT TITLE: Composting Sewage Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
C. R. Albrecht
Maryland Environmental Services
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James A. Ryan
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S803468 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $478,345
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
An aeration system was developed which appears to compost raw sewage sludge
without odors. Difficulties were encountered with winter windrow composting
and various modifications of the system will be tested. Pathogen survival
during composting will be studied.
Preliminary studies in the field and greenhouse indicate that heavy metal
availability from compost is less than from sludge when applied to soils.
Nitrogen mineralization studies are necessary to determine application
rates. Plans are to study heavy metal-organic matter interaction.
173
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PROJECT TITLE: Comprehensive Summary of Sludge Disposal Recycling History
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
John Puntenny
Metro Denver Sewage District #1
3100 East 60th Avenue
Commerce City, Colorado 80022
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James Ryan
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2064 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $8,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/25/74
COMPLETION DATE: S/-25/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The major objective of this project is to produce a report which is a summary
of the sludge recycling history and associated research data from the Metropolitan
Denver Sewage Disposal District No. 1.
174
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PROJECT TITLE: Disposal of Stabilized Municipal Industrial Sludge in
the Forest Environment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R802172 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Ralph Domenowske
Grant Director ROAP: 21ASE
Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
600 First Avenue
Seattle, Washington 98104 EPA SUPPORT: $234,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/74
Gerald Stern
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Objectives of the study are: (a) Establish the effects of application of
sludge on forest growth rate; (b) Establish efficient and effective methods of
sludge application to forests; (c) Establish the rate of sludge application
which has maximum benefits to forest growth with minimum impact on soil water
quality and be nonpolluting to surface or ground waters; (d) Establish the
short-term impacts of sludge application on the forest, including effects on
microbiological organisms and higher plant species, physical and chemical
properties of the forest and soil, and the chemistry of soil water.
The second year will continue with evaluation of the above objectives, and
place particular emphasis on retention, movement and soil mass balance of
certain elements contained in the sludge. Varying rates of sludge application
on the mass balance of applied chemicals and forest growth will also be empha-
sized.
Retention movement and mass balance of chemicals contained in sludge including
total organic analyses will be evaluated by resampling the forest soil by depths to
establish the changes in elemental constituents, after application from the pre-
treatment condition.
Identification of the mechanisms of retention and movement of certain chemical
elements is proposed through use of radioisotopes. The isotopes will be placed in
confined soil columns and sampled at six-month intervals identifying the penetration
of tagged isotopes to the type and size of soil particles.
Microbiological composition of the forest biomass will continue to be moni-
tored for detection of rates of solubility changes, a specific concerji being the
susceptibility of microbial organisms to heavy metals at levels which may be toxic.
175
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PROJECT TITLE: The Effect of Feeding to Cattle Crops Grown on Sludge Amended
Soils
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: IAG-R5-0768
'PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
John Baxter
Metropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal ROAP: 21ASE
District No. 1
3100 East 60th Avenue
Commerce City, Colorado 80022 EPA SUPPORT: $76,029
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/75
Gerald Stern
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Note: Part of this contract will be funded through an Interagency Agreement
with Food and Drug Administration - FDA share - $45,000.
(a) To determine translocation of heavy metals, pathogens, pesticides from
sludge to soil, to grass and to cattle.
(b) To determine via direct feeding experiments, translocation of heavy
metals, pesticides and pathogens from sludge to cattle.
176
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PROJECT TITLE: Land Disposal of Raw and Waste Activated Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Allan Cassel
Department of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASE
Government of the District of Columbia
415 12th Street, NW
Washington, DC 20004 EPA SUPPORT: $95,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 4/72
T. P. O'Farrell
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 6/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives are: (1) to determine the environmental effects (such as
odors, nitrogen movement into ground water, and nitrogen phosphorus, and
heavy metals uptake by plants) of land disposal (trenching) of various sludges
(raw primary-activated, digested primary-activated, and mineral (alum) addition
or lime treated sludges) in both greenhouse and field scale studies and (2) to
evaluate field scale trenching application techniques for limed raw and digester
sludges at very high loadings per acre (over 200 tons/acre). Greenhouse studies
in sandy soils simulated trenching techniques and revealed nitrogen and organic
movement through four feet of soil. In the field studies, initiated in May 1972,
raw and digested sludges were limed to pH 11.5 to stabilize the sludges, success-
fully placed in trenches (2'-4' deep) and covered with backfill. Ground water
samples were periodically withdrawn from field wells to determine movement of
pollutants into the ground water; the area between trenches was planted with
crops and trees. The results through November 1972 revealed essentially no
movement of pollutants into the ground water and no odors or other esthetically
objectionable effects and successful plant growth. The project is a cooperative
study of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Maryland Environmental Services
and the District of Columbia Department of Environmental Services.
177
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PROJECT TITLE: Land Reclamation Through the Use of Digested Sewage Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James Braxton
Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago
100 East Erie
Chicago, Illinois
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
G. K. Dotson
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 11010 DPW (Grant)
'PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $540,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/11/69
COMPLETION DATE: 6/11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The principal objective was to use 100 acres of submarginal land (ash) to
illustrate the benefits of using sewage sludge on land to improve physical
characteristics and fertility of the land. It was part of Phase II (demonstra-
tion) of the pilot research and demonstration that is to eventually lead to
utilization of all of Chicago's sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer.
The sludge treated ash produced satisfactory crops, but efforts to measure
effects on groundwater were unsuccessful.
178
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PROJECT TITLE: Puretec Wet-Oxidation of Municipal Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Michael D. Nelson
Philadelphia Water Department
1140 Municipal Services Building
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
B. V. Salotto
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S803644 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $449,690
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 12/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Puretec process is a heat treatment process designed to treat municipal
and industrial type waste sludges. The process was developed by the Barber-
Coleman Company of Irvine, California which is supplying the Philadelphia Water
Department with a 16-ton per day Puretec wet-oxidation unit. The process
reacts sludge under heat and pressure with sulfuric acid as a catalyst to
decompose the sludge. The major objective of the grant is to demonstrate
and evaluate on a plant scale that the process is a cost effective method of
sludge treatment and disposal. The study will provide information on process
efficiency, operating costs, and recovery.
179
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PROJECT TITLE: Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge and Sewage Sludge-Solid Waste
Mixtures
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
William S. Sanner
U. S. Bureau of Mines
4800 Forbes Avenue
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15213
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert A. Olexsey
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: IAG - D4-0436
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $70,000
BEGINNING DATE: 4/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 7/-31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project will investigate the pyrolysis of sewage sludge and sewage
sludge-solid waste mixtures under a variety of time and temperature conditions.
Pyrolysis could prove to be an effective method of sewage sludge disposal that
has minimum environmental impact and may exhibit operational disadvantages over
conventional thermal degradation techniques. The Bureau of Mines has conducted
research in the area of pyrolysis of coal for a number of years and has experi-
mented with thermal processing techniques for municipal solid waste.
The project will be conducted at the Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Energy
Research Center laboratories in an existing experimental retort pyrolysis
unit. Several combinations of starting material feeds will be investigated.
180
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jw of Techniques for Incineration of Sewage Sludge with
_id Waste
.ROJECT DIRECTOR:
jr R. Niessen
' F. Weston, Inc.
3Ston Way
Westchester, Pennsylvania 19380
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Robert A. Olexsey
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0475 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $72,280
BEGINNING DATE: 6/4/74
COMPLETION DATE: 2/29/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this contract is to survey the available technology for
incineration of sewage sludge with solid waste and assess the feasibility of
each alternative approach. A literature survey, site visits, and contacts with
practicing facilities will serve as the basis for determining the technical and
economis merit of each technique. Engineering design and economic analysis of
4 selected techniques will be performed for 1, 10, and 100 mgd sewage treatment
plants.
181
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PROJECT TITLE: Safe Utilization of Sludges and Wastew
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.'.o.
'
PROGRAM ELEMt
U. S. Department of Agriculture ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $1.
Biological Waste Management Laboratory ^ o
Beltsville, Maryland 20705
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/74
G. K. Dotson
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 8/-1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Various methods of using or disposing of sludge on land are being studied.
Development of technology for incorporating sludge in soil and for composting
sludge with other carbonaceous materials, and determining environmental and
health implications of various methods and rates of sludge application are
among the principal objectives.
182
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PROJECT TITLE: Treatment and Disposal of Wastes Pumped from Septic Tanks
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
John Kolega
University of Connecticut
Storrs, Connecticut
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
G. K. Dotson
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 17070 DKA (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $220,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/69
COMPLETION DATE: 6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Studies of septic tank pumping practices and of attitudes regarding
acceptance of septic tank sludge into the municipal treatment plants were
followed by pilot studies of an aerobic-anaerobic treatment system, adding
septage to incoming wastewater in a municipal wastewater treatment plant,
and injecting the sludge in the soil. All three systems were presented as
suitable methods of treating septage.
183
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PROJECT TITLE: Treatment of Wastes Using Peat and Peat'in Combination with Soil
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Rouse Farnham
Office of Iron Range Resources &
Rehabilitation
State of Minnesota
MEA Office Building
S"t. Paul, Minnesota 55101
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
G. K. Dotson
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 17050 BAN (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $87,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/69
COMPLETION DATE: 7/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective was to determine the effectiveness of various kinds of peat and
peat-soil mixtures as filter media in treating sewage. Application techniques,
the mechanism of BOD and phosphorus removal from the sewage and regeneration of
the adsorptive capacity of the peat were studied. Drained plots in a natural
peat bog, lysimeters, and columns in the laboratory were used in the study. Thin
layers of peat over sand were found to be effective in removal of BOD and phos-
phorus from sewage. The draft of the final report has been prepared.
184
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PROJECT TITLE: Wastewater Solids Utilization on Land Demonstration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. A. J. Kaplovsky
Ocean County Sewerage Authority
Toms River, New Jersey
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
G. K. Dotson
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S801871 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASE
EPA SUPPORT: $300,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/72
COMPLETION DATE: 2/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of the project is to demonstrate the feasible beneficial
application of liquid digested sewage sludge on various crops on sand coastal
plain soils. About 8 acres are divided into 1/4 acre plots. Sludge is applied
at rates of 10, 20, and 40 tons per acre and the effects on crops and the
environment of each application rate are measured.
185
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PROJECT TITLE: Ammonia Removal from Wastewater by Ligand Exchange
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Lloyd Smith
Gillette Research Institute
1413 Research Boulevard
Rockville, Maryland 20850
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Richard A. Dobbs
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0455 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASO
EPA SUPPORT: $71,000
BEGINNING DATE: 5/17/74
COMPLETION DATE: 7/17/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Project demonstrated the feasibility of using copper-form exchanger for
removal of ammonia from wastewater.
186
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PROJECT TITLE: Autotropic Denitrification Using Sulfur-Electron Donors
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Alonzo William Lawrence
Dept. of Environmental Engineering
Cornell University
Ithaca, NY 14850
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
E. F. Earth
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803505-01 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASO
EPA SUPPORT: $95,612
BEGINNING DATE: 12/15/74
COMPLETION DATE: 12/14/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Because of the rapidly increasing cost of crude oil and the potential
decrease in the availability of methanol and other organic chemicals used
in wastewater treatment, it is desirable to seek alternative methods of
denitrification. The overall objective of this project is to evaluate
the microbial kinetics, and to assess the process feasibility of auto-
tropic microbial mediated denitrification using sulfur electron donors.
This will be accomplished by (1) preliminary delineation, via batch culture
experiments of metabolic and environmental requirements of sulfur oxidizing
bacteria; (2) evaluation of continuous culture kinetics such as temperature
and pH; and (3) evaluation of some non-kinetic factors, e.g. process
configuration, physical form of sulfur, effluent quality.
187
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PROJECT TITLE: El Lago Advanced Waste Treatment Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: H010 GNM (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Mr. William Wilson
Harris County Water Control & Improvement ROAP: 21ASO
District #50
1122 Cedar Lane
Seabrook, Texas 77586 EPA SUPPORT: $395,804
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 9/15/70
E. F. Earth
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 12/15/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project will consist of modification and additions to an existing
high rate trickling filter plant with the objective of improving of the
quality of the plant effluent. It will incorporate equipment and facilities
for removal of phosphorus by iron salts and polymer, and removal of nitrogen
by nitrification and denitrification using methanol as a chemical supplement.
The completed facility will be operated as a demonstration plant where
economics of these processes and water quality can be examined and monitored
and the results made public.
188
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PROJECT TITLE: An Evaluation of Pollution Control Processes in Upper
Thompson Sanitation District
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Giles Gere
Upper Thompson Sanitation District
P. 0. Box 568
Estes Park, Colorado 80517
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
E. F. Earth
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 802641 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASO
EPA SUPPORT: $333,300
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The Upper Thompson Sanitation District (U.T.S.D.) was formed to provide waste-
water treatment services to the area surrounding Estes Park, Colorado. This area
is adjacent to the Rocky Mountain National Park, a major tourist attraction in
Colorado. Because of the highly visible area that the U.T.S.D. will serve, numer-
ous processes had to be included in the plant design to achieve the desired treat-
ment objectives.
As a result, a unique combination of conventional and advanced waste treatment
processes were developed. Major components of the treatment scheme are: flow
equalization, activated sludge treatment, biological nitrification, multimedia
filtration, and ozonation for disinfection. Flexibility of phosphorus removal
has been provided and with minor additions attached growth denitrification on
the multimedia filters can be incorporated into the system.
This combination of processes represents a culmination of process development
work that has previously been carried out at the field scale by various investi-
gators. The proposed research project will verify on a full scale basis many
processes that have been shown to be feasible alternatives to accomplish advanced
wastewater treatment of municipal wastewater.
An essential research feature will be the full-scale comparative study of two
different types of attached growth nitrification media.
The desired effluent quality will manage not only to meet Colorado State
requirements but also tuned to 1977 guidelines of best practicable treatment.
The research on ozone as a suitable full-scale alternate to chlorine as a
municipally used disinfectant has national significance.
189
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PROJECT TITLE: Hatfield Township Advanced Waste Treatment Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 11060FRQ (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Tracy Greenlund ROAP: 21ASO
Hatfield Township Municipal Authority
Mr. Charles Hartley, Secretary
P. 0. Box 2 EPA SUPPORT: $126,878
Colmar, Pennsylvania 18915
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 3/19/71
E. F. Earth COMPLETION DATE: 7/1/75
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project provides for the demonstration, analysis and evaluation of
the Hatfield Township advanced waste treatment plant which must produce a
high quality effluent for discharge to the Neshaminy Creek.
BOD , NOD, suspended solids and phosphorus will be controlled by an
integrated series of unit processes including lime precipitation, biological
nitrification, tertiary coagulation and filtration. Equalization tanks
are used to provide constant flow to the advanced processes.
Presently the plant is in the shake-down stage for equipment and process
capability. Background analytical data on wastewater quality and receiving
water quality are being collected. Bids for chemical supplies have been
let, and operator training is in progress.
190
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PROJECT TITLE: Phosphorus Removal in Biochemical Systems at the EPA-DC Pilot
Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162 (Contract)
, _ . _. . PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer
Department of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASO
Government of the District of Columbia
EPA SUPPORT: $40,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 10/1/72
T. P. O'Farrell
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives are to evaluate phosphorus removal by mineral addition (Fed.,
and alum) in the three-stage activated sludge system for nitrification-denitrifica-
tion and in a single stage activated sludge system with simultaneous BOD removal,
nitrification and denitrification; to evaluate Technicon sensors for continuous
phosphorus measurement in the pilot processes; and to determine the effects of
the mineral addition (pH and solids wasting) on the nitrification-denitrification
processes within the treatment systems. In the three-stage system, the FeCl~ is
added to the first stage (modified aeration) at a dosage of about 1.2:1 Fe/P and
alum is added to the third stage (denitrification) at a dose of 3 to 4:1 AL/P.
Phosphorus residuals of about 0.1 mg/1 as P are achieved after filtration of the
denitrified effluent. Alum will be added at various AL/P ratios to the last pass
of the single stage system to determine the phosphorus removal and the effect of
pH reduction and increased solids wasting on the nitrification and denitrification
in the system.
191
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PROJECT TITLE: Single Stage Nitrification Denitrification Full-Scale Study
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: S803618 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
George Austin, Superintendent
Town of, Owego, Department of Public ROAP: 21ASO
Utilities
111 East Main Street
Apalachin, New York 13732 EPA SUPPORT: $49,497
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 3/1/75
E. F. Earth
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 2/29/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility, on
a full-scale basis, of nitrogen removal in an extended-aeration activated
sludge plant. Additional objectives will be to determine design and
operating criteria for application of the concept to existing and proposed
wastewater treatment facilities in the United States.
The existing wastewater treatment plant at Owego, New York, is proposed
for the study because of the wide seasonal range of wastewater temperatures
it experiences, and because its design features, current operating conditions,
and staff capability are ideally suited to maximize the technical objectives
of the study.
192
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PROJECT TITLE: Soluble Organic Nitrogen Characteristics and Removal
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Perry L. McCarty
Department of Civil Engineering
Stanford University
Stanford, California 94305
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Charles I. Mashni
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R804001 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASO
EPA SUPPORT: $90,120
BEGINNING DATE: 9/22/74
COMPLETION DATE: 9/21/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this work is to determine the characteristics and nature of
soluble organic nitrogen compounds which sometimes exceed the proposed effluent
standards for total (both organic and inorganic) nitrogen. Isolation and
identification of these compounds will be attempted using conventional analytical
methods as well as modern analytical instruments such as infrared spectroscopy,
gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry. The impact of these compounds on the
receiving water to include algal growth stimulation will be evaluated. Various
chemical and physical processes for removal of soluble organic nitrogen will be
investigated including chemical precipitation, oxidation using several oxidants,
and adsorption. Cost-effective analysis will be made on the most promising
process.
193
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PROJECT TITLE: Backwash of Granular Filters Used in Wastewater Filtration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. J. L. Cleasby
Iowa State University
Ames, Iowa 50010
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Sidney A. Hannah
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R802140 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASQ
EPA SUPPORT: $111,949
BEGINNING DATE: 9/71
COMPLETION DATE: 1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The aims of this project are to determine, through laboratory and pilot
studies, the necessary information for rational physical design of filters
for use in wastewater treatment. Primary emphasis is placed on determining
the relationships between media characteristics and the physical requirements
of reactor design. The project theme is based on the factors which influence
the ability to thoroughly cleanse the media during the backwash cycle. All
individual studies are designed toward gaining maximum understanding of these
factors.
Laboratory studies on the expansion and intermixing of various types and
sizes of granular filtration media are well underway and will be completed
during this budget period. The causes and effects of intermixing of media
will be continued in the laboratory and will be instituted in the pilot plant.
The relative effects of different auxiliary washing techniques will also be
studied in the pilot plant in parallel to assess the utility of these tech-
niques. Also, the necessary quality of backwash water and/or physical equip-
ment involved in the backwashing system will be assessed along with variations
in washing techniques.
194
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of In-Depth Filtration for Wastewater Treatment
Using a Mobile Pilot Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Donald Feuerstein
Project Manager
Engineering-Science, Inc.
Arcadia, California 91006
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James F. Kreissl
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 17030 DHZ (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASQ
EPA SUPPORT: $127,610
BEGINNING DATE: 4/13/70
COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to develop design and operating criteria
for in-depth filtration as applied to the treatment of various wastewaters for
the purposes of clarification and/or phosphorus removal. Various coagulants,
modes of filter operation and degrees of pretreatment will be evaluated to
achieve different levels of product quality for activated sludge, trickling
filter and primary effluents. A profile of application for in-depth filtra-
tion will be developed. A unique feature of the proposed research is develop-
ment of an accurate process control technique.
195
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Tertiary Granular Media Filters
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. J. A. FitzPatrick
Department of Civil Engineering
Northwestern University
Evanston, Illinois 60201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Sidney A. Hannah
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803212 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASQ
EPA SUPPORT: $122,800
BEGINNING DATE: 12/74
COMPLETION DATE: 11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the project are: 1) to ascertain the extent of adoption
of granular media filters for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewaters in the
continental U.S., 2) to collect and evaluate the operating data which are avail-
able for the tertiary filters in the States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and
Wisconsin, and 3) to carry out a detailed evaluation of the performance of a
number of tertiary filters. Tertiary filters are intended to achieve higher
levels of removal of BOD and suspended solids from municipal wastewaters than
can be achieved by secondary treatment alone. The filter performance will
largely depend on filter design and operation. Performance may also vary
depending on whether an activated sludge process or a trickling filter is
used for secondary treatment. The approach for this project will be to obtain
operating data from tertiary filter installations in Illinois and select two
filters for a preliminary sampling period. Samples will be obtained of the
secondary and tertiary effluents. These will be analyzed for BOD, suspended
solids, and several other water quality parameters. Statistical distributions
of loading and performance parameters and effluent variables will be obtained.
The dependence and independence of variables and parameters will be tested.
Hypothetical functional relationships between performance parameters and inde-
pendent variables will be determined. Hypotheses about operation and perfor-
mance will be ascertained. The composite of this information will serve as a
framework to analyze data obtained in a twelve-month intensive sampling period
of a number of tertiary filters.
196
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PROJECT TITLE: Hanover Tertiary Plant Studies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Cecil Lue-Hing
Director of Research & Development
Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago
100 East Erie Street
Chicago, Illinois 60611
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James F. Kreissl
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: WPRD 92-01-68
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASQ
EPA SUPPORT: $263,182
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/68
COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to evaluate the performance of various
combinations of chemical treatment, rapid sand filtration, microstraining,
chlorination, and post oxidation for a 1 MGD tertiary treatment plant, and
to evaluate the performance of up and down flow sand filters, ion exchange
units, and ammonia separators on a pilot-plant scale.
The final report on this project is being reviewed.
197
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PROJECT TITLE: Pomona Research and Development Facility (Effect of
Chemical Addition on Effluent Filtration)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 14-12-150
Leon Directo PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Los Angeles County Sanitary District ROAP: 21ASQ
Los Angeles, California
(Pomona Pilot Plant
295 South Roselawn Avenue EPA SUPPORT: $9,000
Pomona, California 91766)
MERL PROJECT OFFICER: BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/74
Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE:1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Two dual media (coal over sand) automated pressure filters each with
a maximum capacity of 10 gpm/ft will be utilized in parallel to filter
secondary effluent from the main (10 MGD) Pomona secondary treatment plant,
The following will be evaluated during the study:
(a) Air plus water backwash vs. surface wash plus water backwash.
(b) Injection of alum just ahead of the filter vs. direct filtration
of secondary effluent.
(c) Effect of addition of anionic polymer with alum directly ahead of
the filter.
(d) Comparison of alum coagulation and sedimentation vs. direct feed
of alum prior to filtration.
The performance will be judged on the basis of effluent suspended
solids and rate of pressure drop build up. Although most of the studies
will utilize non-nitrified secondary effluent, some runs will be made
with nitrified effluent from the nitrification stage of the units used
in task 21-ASO 030.
198
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PROJECT TITLE: Actinomycetes of Sewage Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Hubert A. Lechevalier
Rutgers University
Wakswan Institute of Microbiology
New Brunswick, New Jersey 08903
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803701 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $27,870
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the reasons
why Nocardia species of actinomycetes are blossoming in so many activated sludge
sewage treatment plants and to try to develop a rational approach to the control
of their growth; thus, removing the nuisance effect and the health hazard associ-
ated with the large-scale production of aerosols containing Nocardia, some of
which belong to known pathogenic species.
199
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PROJECT TITLE: Blue Plains Pilot Plant: Comparative Evaluation of Step
Aeration, Plug Flow, and Complete Mix Activated Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Allan Cassel
Department of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N. W.
Washington, DC 20004
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $157,000
BEGINNING DATE: 10/1/73
COMPLETION DATE: 4/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
To compare in parallel the three primary modes of the activated sludge
process. Operation will be on primary effluent from the D.C. Blue Plains
Treatment Plant. Specifically, the following will be determined on each
mode:
(1] Sludge production vs. F/M and SRT
(2) BOD removal vs. F/M and SRT
(3) Sludge sedimentation characteristics vs. F/M and SRT
200
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PROJECT TITLE: Case History of Upgrading an Existing Trickling Filter
Plant at Livermore, California
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2175 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Richard J. Stenquist
Brown & Caldwell Consulting Engineers ROAP: 21ASR
1501 North Broadway
Walnut Creek, California 94596
EPA SUPPORT: $35,968
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 2/6/75
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 2/5/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A detailed report will be prepared which will discuss and describe the
upgrading of the Livermore, California water reclamation plant from a roughing
filter-oxidation pond operational mode to a coupled trickling filter-activated
sludge operational mode. The report will be presented in the form of a case
history including the time span prior to and leading up to the decision to
convert the plant to a coupled trickling filter-activated sludge system through
the operational period of December 1973.
201
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PROJECT TITLE: Case History of Upgrading an Existing Trickling Filter Plant
at Stockton, California
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: RFP CI-75-0214 (Contract)
Richard J. Stenquist PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Brown & Caldwell Consulting Engineers ROAP: 21ASR
1501 North Broadway
Walnut Creek, California 94596
EPA SUPPORT: $97,390
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/73
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 2/28/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to prepare a case history report on the
upgrading of the Stockton, California Wastewater Treatment Plant. The up-
grading consisted of converting three of six rock media trickling filters to
plastic media. This modification increased the hydraulic capacity and resulted
in an improvement in effluent quality and the achievement of nitrification.
The report will include detailed chapters on the histody of the plant prior
to conversion, design for media conversion, construction phase, startup phase,
plant operations and performance summary, performance evaluation and analysis,
and general design considerations for converting rock to plastic media trickling
filtration.
202
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of Full Scale Open Tank Pure Oxygen
Activated Sludge System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: S803910 (Grant)
John L. Puntenny PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB°43
Metropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal ROAP: 21ASR
District No. 1
3100 East 60th Avenue
Commerce City, Colorado 80022 EPA SUPPORT: $200,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 5/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to convert a three pass diffused air
system to a single pass open tank pure oxygen system and to evaluate the
performance of the pure oxygen system at varying food to micro-organism
ratios, detention times, ambient temperature and diurnal flow conditions.
Also, a determination of the design criteria for a full scale conversion
of the existing secondary system to an open tank pure oxygen system will
be made. Oxygen utilization efficiency, solids settling characteristics,
power requirements will be observed. The feasibility of using this tech-
nology at other overloaded plants will be demonstrated.
203
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of Phosphorus Removal and Performance Upgrading
on a Municipal RBC Wastewater Treatment Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
David L. Kluge
Administrative Engineer
Village of Pewaukee
226 Oakton Avenue
Pewaukee, Wisconsin 53072
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S802905 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $389,152
BEGINNING DATE: 7/15/69
COMPLETION DATE: 1/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
A mineral addition project will be undertaken to evaluate phosphorus removal
and overall upgrading potential for a 0.3 municipal wastewater treatment plant
employing the Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) process. Aluminum sulfate and
ferric chloride will each be dosed at two different injection points, the influ-
ent channel to the RBC units (after primary clarification) and the effluent
channel leaving the RBC units (before secondary clarification). An eight-month
testing program is planned, four months with aluminum sulfate and four months
with ferric chloride. The objectives of the project are to consistently produce
an effluent phosphorus concentration of 1.0 mg/1 i 0.5 mg/1 and decrease efflu-
ent BODc and suspended solids residuals from conventional operation levels of
20-30 mg/1 to 15 mg/1 or less.
204
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of the Pure Oxygen Aeration Process to Upgrade
Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
William Pressman
New York City
Department of Water Resources
Municipal Building
New York, New York 10007
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S802714 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $1,574,625
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/70
COMPLETION DATE: 11/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The major objectives of this project are to demonstrate that oxygen aeration
can be applied without expansion to upgrade an existing modified air aeration
activated sludge plant from 75% ± treatment to 90% + treatment and that a mole-
cular sieve oxygen gas generation unit can be successfully integrated into the
total process to supply oxygen requirements.
One 20 mgd bay was isolated from 15 other similar bays of New York City's
Newtown Creek modified aeration plant and converted to the Union Carbide sub-
merged turbine-sparger oxygen aeration option. A 15 ton/day Pressure Swing
Adsorption oxygen generation plant was installed along with a liquid oxygen
backup supply system. After system startup and shakedown, a one-year demonstra-
tion was commenced in mid-September 1972.
Early results indicate that effluent BOD,, and suspended solids concentrations
of approximately 10 and 15 mg/1, respectively, are being produced in the oxygen
test train at a constant flow of 20 mgd (equivalent to an aeration detention time
based on raw wastewater flow of 1.4 hours). Corresponding F/M and volumetric
organic loadings approximate 0.7 Ib BOD applied/day/lb MLVSS and 150 Ib BOD
applied/day/1000 ftj, respectively. In contrast, the remainder of the plant
(the 15 unconverted bays) is producing an effluent with average BOD- and sus-
pended solids concentrations of about 30 and 40 mg/1, respectively, at a nominal
aeration based on raw wastewater flow of 2.5 hours. Oxygen train performance
is currently being evaluated under diurnal flow variations. Subsequent phases
will determine the ultimate organic and/or hydraulic loading capacity of the
oxygen train and phosphorus removal efficiencies possible via mineral addition
to the oxygen aerator.
205
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PROJECT TITLE:
Evaluation of Materials for Construction of Wastewater
Treatment Facilities Using Oxygen and Ozone Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Bernie Jones & Henry Uyeda
Materials Science Section
USDI, Bureau of Reclamation
Engineering and Research Center
Denver, Colorado 80225
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James V. Basilico
Office of Air, Land and Water Use
Washington, DC
PROJECT NO.: IAG - 0187 (D)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $245,000
BEGINNING DATE: 6/72
COMPLETION DATE: 1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to evaluate the suitability of materials
for advanced wastewater treatment plants utilizing ozone and oxygen-rich
environments. The project will develop a list of construction materials
suitable for construction of ozone and oxygen wastewater treatment facili-
ties and prepare a comprehensive report describing recommended usage. Results
of test exposures up to two years will be utilized for recommendations. The
test specimens will be exposed at full-scale operating plants and will consist
of various materials including metallic components, nonmetallic materials,
various types of concrete and coatings.
206
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PROJECT TITLE: Field Study of Nutrient Control in a Multi-Cell Lagoon
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R803637 (Grant)
~ , M c ,. n. PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Carl M. Schwing, Director
Pollution Abatement Technology Department ROAP: 21ASR
Charles County Community College
P. 0. Box 910
La Plata, Maryland 20646 EPA SUPPORT: $140,742
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
Edward Opatken
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 5/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The principal objective of this project is the development of reliable
techniques consistent with the basic simplicity of lagoon operation for
removing phosphorus and unoxidized nitrogen from lagoon effluents. Two
in-cell injection points will be evaluated to determine the potential of
alum addition for efficiently removing phosphorus from wastewater being
processed in a three-cell combined aerated faculative lagoon. A sidestream
of effluent from the last cell of this test lagoon will be diverted through
a plastic-media trickling filter tower to evaluate the potential for achieving
consistent nitrification with this type of second stage biological treatment.
The secondary objective is the acquisition of reliable long-term data
from well designed and well operated three-cell combined aerated/faculative
lagoon not receiving alum addition which will be operated in parallel with
the test system and serve as a control. Assessment of the effect of alum
addition, not only on phosphorus removal, but also on suspended solids and
organic removals and determination of additional costs and operating require-
ments necessitated by the nutrient control procedures.
207
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PROJECT TITLE: High Performance Bio-Treatment of Municipal Sewage
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Carl Beer
New York State Department of Health
84 Holland Avenue
Albany, New York 12208
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: WPRD 143-01-67 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $371,125
BEGINNING DATE: 6/21/68
COMPLETION DATE: 1/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The project objective is to develop a high efficiency biological treatment
process and other related process units that is, especially useful for smaller
communities, compatible with modern requirements and technology.
A novel 120,000 gpd pilot plant has been constructed on the grounds of the
New York State Vocational Institute in West Coxsackie, New York, to treat the
sewage of the resident inmate population. The treatment facilities consist of
an aerated equalization tank, a two-stage split-culture activated sludge regime,
intermediate upflow activated sludge clarifiers, multi-compartment horizontal
flow (with inclined trays) final clarifiers, a multi-compartmented tank for
batch aerobic digestion of waste activated sludge, and Purifax equipment for
high pressure chlorination treatment of primary sludge.
A two-year experimental development program has recently begun in which the
above facilities will be evaluated in various sequences to optimize treatment
of small (but widely varying) flows for maximum removal of organic carbon
materials, suspended solids, phosphorus, and nitrogen. The results of this
project will have greatest application to small communities with typical broad-
swing diurnal flow patterns.
208
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PROJECT TITLE: The Laboratory Evaluation of a Method for Enhancing the
Kinetics of Activated Sludge Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
J. F. Fair
Houston Research, Inc.
8330 Broadway
Houston, Texas 77017
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0042 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $32,528
BEGINNING DATE: 5/21/71
COMPLETION DATE: 12/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this study was to increase the operating efficiency and capacity
of municipal activated sludge plants. This would be accomplished by disrupting a
portion of the microbial cells in the return sludge releasing enzymes from within
the cells directly into the wastewater and eliminating the rate controlling action
of the cell wall-plasma membrane barrier. These laboratory experiments were con-
ducted with bench-scale activated sludge waste treatment units, and the disruption
of microbial cells in the sludge was accomplished by use of a sonic oscillator.
Degradation rates of a number of specific organic compounds were studied in units
receiving regular activated sludge or varying proportions of disrupted sludge.
209
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PROJECT TITLE: Lagoon Efficiency and Effluent Disinfection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. James Reynolds
Utah State University
Utah Water Research Lab
Logan, Utah 84322
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Albert D. Venosa
Wastewater Research, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2151 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $105,000
BEGINNING DATE: 12/9/74
COMPLETION DATE: 1/9/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are two-fold: (1) to define the lagoon
equivalency to disinfection without addition of disinfecting agents; (2)
to determine whether the lagoon effluent can be chlorinated to destroy total
and fecal coliforms without adversely affecting the organic quality of the
effluent stream. Theoretically, application of large doses of an oxidizing
agent such as chlorine to a lagoon effluent containing high quantities of
algae may result in an unfavorable increase in the effluent soluble BOD due
to algal lysis. Thus, one process (i.e. disinfection) achieving compliance
with one standard (i.e. coliform reduction) might induce noncompliance with
another standard (i.e. effluent BOD reduction).
Flexibility of the Logan (Utah) lagoon allows placement of chlorinators
and chlorine contactors at any desired location. Construction of inter-
mittent slow-sand filters following the final cell of the lagoon has been
completed on EPA Contract 68-03-0281. One 50,000 gpd flow stream will be
diverted from a secondary cell of the lagoon, passed through the sand filter,
and then chlorinated, for comparison with three identical but unfiltered
50,000 gpd flows receiving different chlorine dosages. The usual chemical
analyses will supplement all bacteriological tests. Since the BOD test is
unreliable in chlorinated effluents, soluble COD tests will be performed to
measure the extent of algal lysis following chlorination.
210
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PROJECT TITLE:
Measurement of Active Biomass Concentrations in Biological
Waste Treatment Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Frederick G. Pohland
Professor of Civil Engineering
School of Civil Engineering
Georgia Institute of Technology
Atlanta, Georgia 30332
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R800354 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $50,327
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/70
COMPLETION DATE: 7/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of the research is to define the applicability and limitations
of the dehydrogenase assay for measurement of the active biomass associated
with biological treatment of domestic and industrial wastewaters. The specific
objectives are: (a) to study the effects of varying organic content and nutri-
tional deficiencies on the dehydrogenase activities of biological sludges, (b)
to study the relationship between the active biomass concentrations and dehydro-
genase activities of biological sludges undergoing endogenous metabolism, and
(c) to develop a laboratory procedure for correlating dehydrogenase activities
with the active biomass concentrations of biological sludges obtained from proto-
type and industrial treatment processes.
The studies have been conducted with pure cultures of bacteria and mixed
cultures in batch and continuous flow systems using a variety of defined food
materials or actual wastes. The range of dehydrogenase enzyme activity under
the varying conditions has been established as well as a definite correlation
between dehydrogenase activity and ATP content of the cells.
211
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PROJECT TITLE: Methods for Improvement of Trickling Filter Plant Performance
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James C. Brown
University of North Carolina
School of Public Health
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 14-12-505 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $611,837
BEGINNING DATE: 6/6/69
COMPLETION DATE: 7/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this research project was to evaluate and demonstrate
potential methods for upgrading the performance of high-rate trickling filter
systems.
Three major investigations were carried out using facilities of the joint
University of North Carolina/City of Chapel Hill municipal treatment plant:
(a) Single-stage trickling filter operation was compared with two-stage trick-
ling filter operation in pilot units with equivalent volumes in both systems.
(b) Overall system removal was analyzed in the full-scale plant as a function
of final settling tank overflow rate. (c) Alum addition to the final clarifier
was evaluated as an upgrading technique in the full-scale plant.
Data from these investigations indicate: (a) In any treatment plant with two
or more trickling filters, provisions for series or staged operation of the
filters will produce significantly better treatment than operating the filters
in parallel as single-stage units. (b) Funds spent on additional final settling
tank capacity is perhaps the most economical method of improving performance of
trickling filter plants. (c) Controlled dosing of liquid alum just ahead of the
final settling tank yielded the greatest improvement in treatment efficiency of
all methods studied on this project and can upgrade the performance of a high-
rate trickling filter plant from marginal levels to one comparable with a well
operated conventional activated sludge plant.
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PROJECT TITLE: Nitrification Studies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R803407 (Grant)
, J _ PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Jack A. Borchardt, Professor
Department of Civil Engineering ROAP: 21ASR
Division of Research Development & Adm.
Research Adm. Building, North Campus
Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105 EPA SUPPORT: $97,532
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 1/6/75
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 1/5/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project involves the study of biological nitrification of two different
municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, (type A) a high-rate trickling
filter plant effluent and (type B) a continuous-flow, two-stage, facultative
lagoon effluent.
The effluents from each of these plants contain unoxidized nitrogen compounds
in the form of organic and ammonia nitrogen. Two rotating biological contactor
(RBC) pilot plants will be designed, fabricated, and installed, one each, at the
effluent end of the above two full-scale treatment plants. The principal objec-
tive of this research project is to operate and monitor these pilot units to
determine whether RBC's can induce nitrification of and some incremental overall
quality improvement in the effluents of either or both of these plants. If the
results are positive, the secondary objectives will be to optimize performance
and generate design factors for extrapolation to construction of larger-scale
second-stage RBC nitrification systems.
213
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PROJECT TITLE: One-Year Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon
System - Pawnee, Illinois
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Roger Alexander
Village Manager
Village of Pawnee
619 Douglass Street
Pawnee, Illinois 62558
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803900 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $103,560
BEGINNING DATE: 6/30/75
COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The principal objective of this project is to generate year-round performance
data for a typical aerated lagoon system, operating on domestic wastewater in the
north midwest. A second objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of this system
in relation to its design criteria and to the secondary treatment standards of
PL 92-500. Work will be conducted at the existing 3-cell "Air-Aqua" lagoon system
at Pawnee, Illinois.
214
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PROJECT TITLE: Open Tank Oxygenation System for Accelerated Sewage Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Duane Parker
FMC Corporation
Environmental Equipment Division
3999 South Mariposa Street
Englewood, Colorado
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S801790 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $192,483
BEGINNING DATE: 9/25/72
COMPLETION DATE: 7/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to develop a technically feasible and
economically attractive open-tank oxygen aeration activated sludge system.
An ultra-fine (<0.2 mm) bubble diffuser, developed by Martin Marietta
Corp., will be evaluated for feasibility of dissolving oxygen gas and obtaining
a high overall oxygen utilization factor in an open-tank activated sludge
aerator. (Commercially available oxygen aeration systems to date have all
utilized covered-tank aerators.) The diffuser works on the shear principle with
mixer liquor continuously recycled through the diffuser at right angles to
injected oxygen gas. To be economically realistic, 90% or greater of the oxygen
bubbles must dissolve before rising to the aerator liquid surface. This concept
will be evaluated in a 30 gpm pilot plant located on the grounds of a suburban
Denver wastewater treatment plant.
At the date of this writing, the 30 gpm pilot plant is in the process of
being fabricated. A one-year experimental program will commence in spring
1973 after installation and "shakedown".
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PROJECT TITLE: Oxygen Activated Sludge Studies on Primary, Secondary
and Raw Wastewaters
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer
Department of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASR
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20004 EPA SUPPORT: $50,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 10/1/72
Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the study are to evaluate air flotation as an alternate
to gravity settling in an oxygen activated sludge process with conventional
plug flow of primary effluent; to evaluate step feeding of primary effluent
into the oxygen activated sludge reactor; to evaluate the conventional "plug"
flow operation on D.C. raw wastewater; and to evaluate oxygen nitrification
of D.C. secondary (modified aeration) effluent. Each of the two oxygen activ-
ated sludge systems consists of 4 totally mixed stages to approximate "plug"
flow in the reactor and includes external oxygen recirculation within each
stage and cocurrent oxygen-wastewater flow between stages. The study pro-
vides product quality, sludge production, kinetic rates of nitrification and
solids separation characteristics. To date, air flotation clarification did
not produce satisfactory suspended solids in the effluent from the clarifier
as compared to gravity clarification.
216
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon System at
Bixby, Oklahoma
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
George W. Reid
University of Oklahoma
Office of Research Administration
1000 Asp Avenue
Norman, Oklahoma 73069
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803916 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $67,317
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 5/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The primary objective of this project is to generate reliable year-round
performance data for a typical multi-cell aerated lagoon waste disposal system
in warm southmidwestern region of the country. The data will be utilized to
evaluate the effectiveness of the multi-system lagoon to perform in accordance
with its design criteria and the ability of such a design criteria to meet the
Federal Secondary Treatment Standards as established in 1972.
217
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon System at
Koshkonong, Wisconsin
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Lawrence B. Polkowski
Department of Civil Engineering
The University of Wisconsin
750 University Avenue
Madison, Wisconsin 53706
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803930 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $90,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 3/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of the project are: to obtain the performance data for a
12-month period of a well designed, well operated multi-cell aerated lagoon
treating municipal wastewater, and to utilize the collected data for the
evaluation of the reliability and effectiveness of the Koshkonong aerated
lagoon system to perform according to design criteria, as well as to evalu-
ate its ability to meet secondary treatment standards corresponding to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
Data will be collected on the operation and performance of a three-cell
series flow aerated lagoon system treating municipal wastewater as follows:
1) The system influent and effluent daily flow variations with recorded
maximum, average, and minimum flows will be monitored; and 2) Water quality
parameters at five locations, influent, intermediate points between cells 1
and 2, cells 2 and 3, lagoon effluent and chlorinated effluents will also be
monitored. Sampling frequency will be selected to reflect performance con-
sistent with determining relationship to secondary treatment effluent guide-
lines proposed by EPA for 1977. Water quality parameters such as water tempera-
ture, pH, DO, TSS, VSS, alkalinity, BOD5 total and soluble, COD total and
soluble, TKN, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate will be determined.
In addition, fecal coliform and algae counts will be made.
The results will be evaluated in terms of effluent guideline compliance
and recommended design criteria for aerated lagoon systems subject to large
seasonal variations.
218
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon System at
Windber, Pennsylvania
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Charles M. Earnest
Assistant Professor of Chemistry
University of Pittsburgh
Johnstown Campus
3017 Cathedral of Learning
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803975 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $88,216
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 'bill 11
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this work is to make a detailed chemical and biological
evaluation of the aerated lagoon system presently operated by the Windber
Area Water Authority of Windber, Pennsylvania. The three-cell Hinde Aqua
Lagoon unit will be sampled at five points within the system. The samples
will be collected at the (a) lagoon influent, (b) between lagoon cells in
series, (c) lagoon effluent (unchlorinated), and (d) after effluent chlorina-
tion. The samples will undergo extensive chemical analysis as well as fecal
coliform counts and algae cell counts. Variables such as weather, wastewater
temperature, daily flow entering and leaving the lagoon, and electrical require-
ment for operation of the plant will also be recorded. The study will be 12
months with one 30-day period in each season of continuous sampling. The
results will be evaluated by EPA to aid in future lagoon design.
219
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Combined Aerated/Facultative
Lagoon System at North Gulfport, Mississippi
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R803899 (Grant)
Dr. A. J. Englande, Jr. PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Assistant Professor ROAP: 21ASR
Department of Environmental Health Sciences
Tulane University
1430 Tulane Avenue EPA SUPPORT: $88,767
New Orleans, Louisiana 70112
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/74
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project will generate reliable year-round performance data for a well-
designed combination aerated/facultative lagoon system located in North Gulfport,
Mississippi, evaluate obtained data with respect to design criteria and the
lagoon's ability to comply with the secondary treatment requirements of PL
92-500, and utilize the collected data for defining possible design and opera-
tional upgrading techniques and future research needs.
One year of lagoon system performance data will be collected and evaluated
with respect to the preceding objectives. Flow-composite samples will be col-
lected at the following locations: lagoon influent, between cells in series,
lagoon effluent, and after chlorination.
Sampling frequency will be 30 consecutive days, four times during the year
and 7 consecutive days once a month during the other 8 months of the performance
evaluation.
Measurements and analyses to be performed include wastewater flow, alkalinity,
total and soluble BOD,-, total and soluble COD, suspended solids, volatile sus-
pended solids, Kjeldanl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate
nitrogen, total phosphorus, fecal coliform counts, and algae cell counts.
Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen measurements will be made in situ. Metero-
logical, maintenance, and electrical usage data will also be collected and evalu-
ated.
220
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoon
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2059 (Contract)
_, M . PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Ross E. McKinney
Professor of Civil Engineering ROAP: 21ASR
University of Kansas Center for
Research, Inc.
2385 Irving Hill Drive - Campus West EPA SUPPORT: $53,666
Lawrence, Kansas 66045
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/25/74
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 2/25/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to determine the operational characteristics
of an oxidation pond system treating domestic sewage from a small midwestern
community. An existing 3-cell domestic sewage oxidation pond system will be
evaluated in detail over a 12-month period. Chemical and biological analyses will
be made in order to permit evaluation of the normal operating characteristics of
the oxidation pond system during each of the seasons of the year.
221
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoon (Kilmichael, Miss.)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Donald Rill
Mississippi State University
P. 0. Drawer DE
Mississippi State, Miss. 39762
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2061 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $55,113
BEGINNING DATE: 7/19/75
COMPLETION DATE: 1/19/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to generate reliable performance data on
continuoualy operated waste stabilization ponds to determine their performance
in accordance with design criteria and government regulations on water pollution
standards. Year-round collection of data will be made on a three-cell faculta-
tive oxidation pond serving the community of Kilmichael, Mississippi, and on
aerated lagoon followed by settling zone and chlorination in use by the
Crossgates Subdivision of Jackson, Mississippi. An evaluation of the effective-
ness of the waste stabilization ponds studied will be made.
222
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoons
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James Reynolds
Utah Water Research Laboratory
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 48322
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2060 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $53,137
BEGINNING DATE: 7/19/74
COMPLETION DATE: 2/19/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The general objective of this project is to generate reliable year-round
performance data at two different existing small, rural, well designed and
operating facultative municipal wastewater lagoons. The data will be evalu-
ated to determine the effectiveness of the lagoon systems to perform in
accordance with their design criteria and to meet Secondary Treatment Standards
as established by the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972.
223
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PROJECT TITLE: Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoons - Petersborough, N. H.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Stuart P. Bowers
JBF Scientific Corporation
2 Ray Avenue
Burlington, Massachusetts 01803
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2062 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $55,771
BEGINNING DATE: 6/15/74
COMPLETION DATE: 1/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to evaluate performance of existing wastewater
treatment lagoons at Petersborough, N. H., including developing a detailed sampling
methodology, designing, constructing and installation of wastewater sampling equip-
ment at the lagoon site. A one-year sampling and analytical program will be con-
ducted and an evaluation of the lagoon performance will be made as compared with
design criteria.
224
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PROJECT TITLE: Preparation of Manual on Algae and Water Pollution
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0232 (Contract)
n , PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Dr. C. M. Palmer
Kendal at Longwood ROAP: 21ASR
Box 220
Kennett Square, Pennsylvania 19348
EPA SUPPORT: $12,633
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 3/22/73
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this work is for the contractor to prepare a manuscript
for revision of the manual on Algae and Water Supplies (U.S. Public Health
Service Publication No. 657-195). The title and emphasis would be changed
from Algae and Water Supplies to Algae and Water Pollution. Chapters would be
added dealing with Algae and Eutrophication, Algae and Pollution, Algae as
Indicators of Water Quality, Algae in Streams, and Algae in Waste Stabilization
Ponds. Present chapters would be brought up to date.
225
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PROJECT TITLE: Reduction of Toxicity Emission Rates from Wastewater
Treatment Plants by Optimization of the Chlorination Process
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: S803459 (Grant)
Endel Sepp PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Associate Sanitary Engineer ROAP: 21ASR
California State Department of Health
Berkeley, California
EPA SUPPORT: $344,200
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 5/15/75
Albert D. Venosa
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to develop an improved chlorine contactor
design system to accomplish three primary objectives: (1) Develop and demon-
strate an optimum design chlorine mixing and contacting system that will pro-
vide effective disinfection with low chlorine-induced toxicity; (2) Develop uni-
form tests that will provide a meaningful method of measuring the true perform-
ance of chlorine contactor systems; (3) Use the information obtained to develop
a manual of design and practice for wastewater chlorination systems.
The objectives are to be accomplished by designing and constructing a
trailer-mounted idealized chlorine mixing and contacting system and a trailer-
mounted bioassay laboratory. A "slip-stream" of effluent from eight different
full-scale wastewater treatment plants will be chlorinated in parallel with the
flow being processed in the plants. Both streams will be evaluated for reduction
in bacterial numbers to specified levels and for toxicity to receiving water
biota. Results of the project will be used to produce a comprehensive manual
on the subject of wastewater chlorination and chlorine-induced toxicity.
226
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PROJECT TITLE: Removal of BOD and Nitrogen in a Single-Stage Activated
Sludge System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer
Department of Environmental Services
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20004
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Thomas P. O'Farrell
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162 ( Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $151,000
BEGINNING DATE: 9/1/72
COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives are to evaluate the feasibility of BOD removal, nitrification
and denitrification in a single activated sludge system under varying seasonal
conditions; to determine the effect of solids production and wasting on the nitri-
fication and denitrification; and to determine the supplemental methanol require-
ments for complete denitrification. One single-stage system to be used employs
alternating periods of cycling dissolved oxygen in which the D.O. varies from
above 2 mg/1 to essentially zero in a reactor operated at F/M ratios of 0.15 to
0.20 Ib of BOD/lb of MLVSS/day. The cycling D.O. permits alternating nitrifica-
tion and denitrification by the activated sludge mass. Mixed liquor from the
discharge of the reactor is recycled to the reactor influent to allow the BOD
of the wastewater to serve as the carbon source for improved denitrification.
The system includes an optional (1 hour detention) denitrification basin for
methanol denitrification before the gravity settler. A second system to be
tested is a plug flow reactor with aeration at the front and back sections of
the reactor and an anaerobic section in the middle. Operational parameters will
be similar to those of the complete mix system with air supply on a time cycle.
227
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PROJECT TITLE: Separation of Algae Cells from Wastewater Lagoon Effluents
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Walter J. O'Brien
University of Kansas Center for
Research, Inc.
2385 Irving Hill Road, Campus West
Lawrence, Kansas 66044
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0280 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $106,438
BEGINNING DATE: 6/19/73
COMPLETION DATE: 12/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility of using
rock filters to remove algae from wastewater lagoon effluents. The field
test facility, which will be constructed at Endova, Kansas, will contain two
filters operated in parallel, one will consist of gravel one half to two inches
in diameter, and the other filter will contain gravel two to four inches in
diameter. The hydraulic loading on these filters will be varied between 60
and 150 gallons/day/20 cu. ft. of submerged filter volume. Design, construction
and operational guidelines will be determined for each filter.
228
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PROJECT TITLE: Separation of Algal Cells from Wastewater Lagoon Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
E. Joe Middlebrooks
Utah Water Research Laboratory
Utah State University
Logan, Utah 84322
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Ronald F. Lewis
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0281 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $222,759
BEGINNING DATE: 6/9/73
COMPLETION DATE: 4/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The overall objective of this proposal is to construct and evaluate the
performance of intermittent sand filters in removing algal cells from waste-
water lagoon effluents. An economic evaluation of the process will be made.
Six intermittent sand filters will be constructed and their performance evalu-
ated. The filter sludge will be examined as to its quantity, nature and
treatability; recycling of the sludge directly to the primary section of the
lagoon will be evaluated. Soil irrigation studies will also be evaluated as
a method of removing algae from lagoon effluents.
229
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PROJECT TITLE: A Simplified Method of High Purity Oxygen Injection into
Activated Sludge Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 802356 (Grant)
TI A r, u A i A PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Lloyd D. Hedenland
Las Virgenes Municipal Water District ROAP: 21ASR
4232 Las Virgenes Road
Calabasas, California 91302
EPA SUPPORT: $186,309
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1111
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 8/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The principal objective of this project is to demonstrate upgrading of an
existing air aerated activated sludge plant with a simplified single-stage
oxygen contact system, using existing aeration tanks, blowers, and diffusers
to greatly reduce the cost of dissolution equipment.
A 2 mgd aeration bay at the Las Virgenes Municipal Water District Tapia
Water Reclamation Facility has been converted to a single-stage oxygen system
using an inflated oxygen tent tank cover to contain the oxygen-rich atmosphere
over the aerator. A conventional centrifugal air blower, corrosion proofed on
the suction side and modified to be compatible with oxygen gas, is used to re-
circulate gas from within the tent cover through conventional coarse bubble
spiral roll air diffusers. Virgin oxygen is introduced to the system through
a fine bubble sparger. This simplified oxygen dissolution concept was designed
by the Cosmodyne Division of Cordon International.
The system is currently being evaluated on a one-year demonstration run.
One conservatively designed phase (nominal aeration time based on raw waste-
water flow = 9.5 hours) has been completed to date to determine if effluent
acceptable for agricultural recycle could be produced. Effluent quality for
the phase averaged BOD^ = 2 mg/1, COD = 35 mg/1, suspended solids = 9 mg/1
and was completely nitrified. At the high sludge age (>70 days) induced by
this type of operation, total biological sludge production was virtually nil.
However, the reduced sludge wasting pattern permitted a buildup of grease
and other poor settling debris, thereby deteriorating sludge settling char-
acteristics (SVI = 200 ml/gram ±). Subsequent phases of the experimental
program will examine system performance and sludge characteristics at 4 and 2
hours of nominal aeration time (based on raw wastewater flow).
230
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PROJECT TITLE: Study of Activated Sludge Separation by Dynamic Straining
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Arvid Strom
FMC Corporation
Environmental Equipment Division
1800 FMC Drive, West
Itasca, Illinois 60143
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0427 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $32,000
BEGINNING DATE: 5/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 9/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The proposed work is an outgrowth of a prior project conducted for EPA under
Contract #68-03-0102. The results of that workwere sufficiently encouraging to
merit further investigation.
The objective of this work is to demonstrate consistent performance of the
primary straining of mixed liquor activated sludge and to characterize the
suspended solids that escape the primary strainer and to evaluate alternative
methods for removing them to produce a highly clarified effluent.
231
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PROJECT TITLE: Summary of Oxygen-Activated Sludge Treatment at
Fairfax County, Virginia
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Curtis S. McDowell
Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
P. 0. Box 538
Allentown, Pennsylvania 18105
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0405 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $25,750
BEGINNING DATE: 3/28/74
COMPLETION DATE: 7/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The oxygen-activated sludge system installed and operated at the Westgate
Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fairfax County, Virginia is the first oxygenation
facility to utilize surface aerators for oxygen dissolution. The objective of
this project is to summarize, document and evaluate design parameters, con-
struction and startup activities, and operating performance data for this facil-
ity. The report will be presented in the form of a case history including the
time span prior to and leading up to the decision to convert the existing
Westgate plant to oxygen aeration.
232
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PROJECT TITLE: Tertiary Solids Removal Following Combined Chemical-Trickling
Filter Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James C. Brown
University of North Carolina
School of Public Health
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Richard C. Brenner
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0225 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR
EPA SUPPORT: $60,000
BEGINNING DATE: 3/14/73
COMPLETION DATE: 9/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Two or more tertiary processes, including settling ponds and granular media
filtration, will be evaluated in depth for removing suspended solids (principally
chemical floe particles) from aluminum sulfate (alum) coagulated and settled
trickling filter plant effluent. The upstream trickling filter plant shall be
a full-scale municipal high-rate system as typically operated in this country
with effluent (settled or unsettled) recirculation and a secondary clarifier
surface loading of 800 gpd/ft or greater. Aluminum sulfate shall be continu-
ously applied to the trickling filter effluent just prior to introduction to
the secondary clarifier. Previous experience has established that the optimum
alum dose is 200 mg/1 ± 25 mg/1.
233
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PROJECT TITLE: Three-Stage Activated Sludge for Nitrification Denitrification
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0162 (Contract)
Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB°43
Department of Environmental Services ROAP: 21ASR
Government of the District of Columbia
415 - 12th Street, N.W.
Washington, DC 20004 EPA SUPPORT: $40,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 10/1/72
Thomas P. O'Farrell
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives are to evaluate system reliability with seasonal variations,
to determine the kinetic rates of nitrification and denitrification at various
wastewater temperatures, to provide design data with chemical requirements and,
in coordination with an automation study, to develop instrumentation and process
control automation for the system.
The system at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant consists of primary sedimentation,
modified aeration with alum or FeCl o addition, nitrification, denitrification
with methanol addition and alum addition and filtration. The system is operated
at a nominal flow rate of 50,000 gpd with a maximum (rain) diurnal peak to
average flow variation of 2:1. Instrument control loops (both analog and
digital) are being developed for the chemical additions, pH control points and
for D.O. control in the aeration basin.
234
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PROJECT TITLE: Controlled Treatment System - Ultraviolet Disinfection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Emerson Langrell
Community of St. Michaels, Maryland
PROJECT NO.: WPRD 139-01-67 (17060FAA)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043 (Grant)
ROAP: 21ASS
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Albert D. Venosa
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
EPA SUPPORT: $90,065.92
BEGINNING DATE: 2/29/68
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The primary objective of this project is to determine the feasibility of
incorporating a controlled treatment system in an existing waste treatment
plant. The specific subobjectives are to optimize operations of present
secondary activated sludge plant; determine minimum UV dose that will yield
an effluent with < 40 counts of total coliform/100 ml; establish a significant
reduction in fecal coliform and virus content; improve calibration of the UV
sensing system.
235
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PROJECT TITLE: New Microbial Indicators of Wastewater Disinfection Efficiency
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. R. S. Engelbrecht
University of Illinois
Urbana, Illinois 61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Albert D. Venosa
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R802712 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21 ASS
EPA SUPPORT: $81,975
BEGINNING DATE: 4/1/72
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This is a cooperative project with shared funding from both EPA and the
U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. The objectives of the
project are to isolate from wastewater through disinfection tests micro-
organisms sufficiently resistant to chlorine that their destruction should
assure an effluent free from enteric pathogens and to compare the chlorine
resistance of these isolates with that of coliform bacteria and virus patho-
gens to determine origin and improve the methods for recovering resistant
indicator organisms.
236
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PROJECT TITLE: Ozone Pilot Plant Studies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 14-12-150 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
Henry Gahn
Los Angeles County Sanitation District ROAP: 21ASS
Los Angeles, California
EPA SUPPORT: $50,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/73
Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 7/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Preliminary studies on a small scale ozonation system at Pomona indicated
that the process shows promise as a secondary effluent color reduction system.
Additional investigations using a 50 gpm pilot plant will be conducted to maxi-
mize the utilization of the ozone in the process, to determine the feasibility of
using ozone as a pretreatment for filtration, and to determine the effects of pH,
temperature, turbidity and contact time on the ozonation process for color, COD,
virus and bacterial removal. Process cost estimates will be derived for the
various treatments with ozonation.
237
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PROJECT TITLE:
Parallel Ozonation and Chlorination with Dechlorination
of Chlorinated Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
James S. Sheeran
Project Director
City of Wyoming, Michigan
1155 - 28th Street, SW
Wyoming, Michigan 49509
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Albert D. Venosa
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 802292 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASS
EPA SUPPORT: $1,017,982
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/71
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The primary objective of this project is to disinfect parallel streams of
effluent from a secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plant and a
trickling filter wastewater treatment plant with chlorine, ozone, and bromine
chloride. Part of the chlorinated effluent stream is dechlorinated with
sulfur dioxide. The chlorinated, dechlorinated, bromine chloride treated,
and ozonated streams, and a control stream of the same effluent are compared
for their toxic effect on several species of fish and macroinvertebrates.
Disinfectant dosage is controlled at levels sufficient to yield effluents
having total coliform and fecal coliform counts not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml
and 200 per 100 ml, respectively.
238
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PROJECT TITLE: Studies on the Mefhanogenic Bacteria in Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Paul H. Smith
University of Florida
Department of Microbiology
Gainesville, Florida 32611
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Albert D. Venosa
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 17070DJV (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASS
EPA SUPPORT: $56,993
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/70
COMPLETION DATE: 10/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this project are to isolate the methanogenic bacteria
present in digesting domestic sewage sludge and to determine those factors
which control the rates of anaerobic digestion. Emphasis is being placed on
methane production from intermediates in the digestion process. Hydrogen gas,
acetate, propionate and butyrate are being investigated.
Isolation attempts are being made utilizing methods which give maximum
control of oxygen tension. 0/R potential is being maintained below-300 mv.
Intermediates and rates are being investigated using isotope dilution tech-
niques.
The hydrogen utilizing methanogenic microflora has been isolated and its
ecological function has been demonstrated. Hydrogen has been shown to inhibit
short chain fatty acid metabolisms. The hydrogen utilizing microflora maintains
the hydrogen concentration below a toxic level.
Current studies involve efforts to develop a methane fermentation which is
insensitive to environmental changes. This is being approached by selection of
insensitive mixed populations of organisms capable of dissimilating organic
matter.
239
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PROJECT TITLE: Removal of Heavy Metals by Wastewater Treatment Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Harold W. Wolf
Water Reclamation Research Center
1020 Sargent Road
Dallas, Texas 75216
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: S801026 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21AST
EPA SUPPORT: $118,166
BEGINNING DATE: 2/1/72
COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Removal of heavy metals such as Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mu, Ni, Pb, Zn,
Ba, Se, Hg, Co, Mo, As, B, and viruses by select waste treatment processes
will be examined. Raw waste waters will be characterized for heavy metals
content. The fate of these heavy metals will be determined as the waste
water is treated using a combination of the following processes: activated
sludge, dual media filtration, carbon adsorption, chemical treatment and
chlorination. Virus studies will be concentrated in the tertiary treatment
loop.
Studies will be performed on full scale treatment processes and pilot
scale processes to arrive at a treatment train which will be suitable for
water reuse and will effectively remove the heavy metals.
240
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PROJECT TITLE: Reverse Osmosis Renovation of Secondary Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Lawrence R. Michaels
City of Escondido
100 Valley Boulevard
Escondido, California 92025
* PROJECT ENGINEER:
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
(See below)
Dr. Richard A. Dobbs
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 802004 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21 AST
EPA SUPPORT: $306,137
BEGINNING DATE: 6/1/75
COMPLETION DATE: 12/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This demonstration grant will meet three objectives: The performance and
economics of reverse osmosis processing of municipal effluents will be demon-
strated on a sufficient scale to project large plant costs with confidence;
the use of renovated, demineralized secondary effluent will prevent an adverse
salt balance in the Lake Hodges basin; and the safety of unrestricted reuse of
reverse-osmosis-renovated secondary effluent will be demonstrated.
The project consists of installation and operation of a 150,000 gallons
per day reverse osmosis unit at the existing Sunset Avenue Wastewater Treatment
Plant in the City of Escondido. The de-salted effluent will be blended with an
additional 150,000 gallons per day of secondary effluent and used for irrigation
through an existing effluent irrigation system. A plastic-lined evaporation
pond will be constructed for brine disposal during the two-year life of the
project.
* PROJECT ENGINEER:
W. H. McPherson
Fluid Systems Division
Universal Oil Products
2980 N. Harbor Drive
San Diego, California 92101
241
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PROJECT TITLE: Appraisal of Powdered Activated Carbon Processes for
Municipal Wastewater Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2211 (Contract)
ELEMENT: 1BB°43
A. J. Shuckrow
Battelle-Pacific Northwest ROAP: 21ASU
Laboratories
Richland, Washington 99352
EPA SUPPORT: $68,665
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/3/75
James J. Westrick
Wastewater Research Division, MERL COMPLETION DATE: 7/3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this project is to obtain a comprehensive engineering and
economic assessment of the use of powdered activated carbon for the removal of
organic material from wastewater. This desk-top study will include an analysis
of existing data and an economic study of the various design and operating
factors which affect cost and performance. Comparisons of powdered carbon
processes with other organic removal processes will be included.
242
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PROJECT TITLE: Physical-Chemical Treatment at Rocky River, Ohio
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Stephen J. Sebesta
County Sanitary Engineer
Cuyahoga County
1276 West Third Street
Cleveland, Ohio 44113
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James J. Westrick
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 11010 DAB (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASU
EPA SUPPORT: $991,350
BEGINNING DATE: 8/16/68
COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
This project includes the construction and operation of a 10 MGD independent
physical-chemical municipal waste treatment system utilizing chemical clarifica-
tion and activated carbon adsorption for complete treatment. Complete perform-
ance data will be collected. A thorough operating and maintenance cost accounting
will be made to effectively determine the actual cost of operation of such a
system.
243
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PROJECT TITLE: Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Waste
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. Don Burns
Eimco - BSP Division of
Envirotech
P. 0. Box 300
Salt Lake City, Utah 84110
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
James J. Westrick
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 68-01-0183 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASU
EPA SUPPORT: $394,099
BEGINNING DATE: 4/7/72
COMPLETION DATE: 2/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Develop powdered activated carbon-physical chemical treatment process for
municipal wastewater treatment. Operated system at steady state to determine
reliability under conditions of diurnal flow variation. Develop pilot thickening
and dewatering of chemical sludges. Demonstrate successful regeneration and
reuse of powdered activated carbon.
244
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PROJECT TITLE:
Pomona Research and Development Facility (Evaluation of Rotary
Kiln for Activated Carbon Regeneration)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Leon Directo
Los Angeles County Sanitary District
Los Angeles, California
(Pomona Pilot Plant
295 South Roselawn Avenue
Pomona, California 91766)
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: 14-12-150
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASU
EPA SUPPORT: $10,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/1/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
An indirect fired rotary kiln will be operated in parallel with the
existing multiple hearth furnace at Pomona, California. Initially, carbon
from the existing large-scale tertiary pilot plant will be divided and regen-
erated in both furnaces. The carbon regenerated in the multiple hearth
furnace will be returned to the tertiary pilot plant while that from the rotary
kiln will be put in a separate column which will be run in parallel with the
existing tertiary plant. After the next exhaustion cycle, the carbon batches
will be kept separate and regenerated respectively in the furnaces that were
used to regenerate each batch originally. This procedure will be followed
for several more regeneration-exhaustion cycles. Comparison of the regenera-
tion performance will be based on carbon loss during regeneration, change in
iodine number, Malasses Number, adsorption capacity, and other common parameters.
In addition, the air quality of the exhaust gas will be monitored to determine
if Los Angeles County air quality standards are being met.
245
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PROJECT TITLE: Costs of Radium Removal from Potable Water Supplies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: 803864 (Grant)
T F
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Reuse Potential of Water Supply Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
ACT Systems Inc.
807 W. Morse Blvd.
Winter Park, Florida 32789
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. Clark
Water Supply Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2071 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
ROAP: 21AQB
EPA SUPPORT: $57,240
BEGINNING DATE: 7/73
COMPLETION DATE: 6/74
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Little organized data is available concerning the Financing and Operating
characteristics and the relative economics of water supply utility management.
The effort which has been undertaken as part of this contract will collect
data in a standardized and comparable form from one major water supply utility
in each of the ten EPA regions. The data will help to define the factors
which influence the cost of water supply and will also be useful in assessing
the relative cost of rennovated wastewater as an alternative source for water
supply.
247
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PROJECT TITLE: Planning Water Supply - Building Permits and Cost/Rate
Differentials
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Prof. H. C. Goddard
Univ. of Cincinnati
School of Arts
Clifton Ave.
Cincinnati, Ohio 45221
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. Clark
PROJECT NO.: R803596-01
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
ROAP: 21A'QB
EPA SUPPORT: $35,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/74
COMPLETION DATE: 6/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objectives of this research are two: (1) to undertake an analysis
of the feasibility, benefits and costs of using building permit data to
estimate and project the future denjand by user class for water and subsequent
investment in supply and distribution networks, and (2) to develop estimates
of operating and capital costs, and cost and supply relationships as a function
of space and topography, as related to cost/rate differentials among users of
the same class and different classes (residential commercial, industrial).
This aspect of the research is concerned with estimating the degree of internal
cross-subsidies in the system.
The approach utilizes data from building permit applications and water
supply records for the Cincinnati Water Work supply area. The analysis will
utilize statistical analysis to estimate the relationships and test the
appropriate hypotheses.
248
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PROJECT TITLE: Study of the Ion Exchange Process for Nitrate Removal
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Dr. W. J. Weber
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Michigan 84104
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
T. Sorg
Water Supply Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: R803898-01 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
ROAP: 21AQB
EPA SUPPORT: $46,000
BEGINNING DATE: 7/21/75
COMPLETION DATE: 7/20/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this project is to study various ion exchange resins for
the removal of nitrates from water supplies. Specifically, weak base, anion-
exchange resins and strong-acid, weak base processes will be studied for their
selectivity to remove nitrates. Waste disposal methods for each system will
be evaluated and the economics of the systems will be determined.
249
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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstrate Disinfectant Capabilities of Ozone and Ultra Violet
Light for Small Community Water Supplies.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Kenneth M. Stone, P.E.
Vermont State Department of Health
115 Colchester Avenue
Burlington, Vermont 05401
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
R. Buelow
Water Supply Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2182 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
ROAP: 21A(3E
EPA SUPPORT: $123,238"
BEGINNING DATE:
COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The purpose of this contract is to thoroughly investigate the performance
of ozone and ultra violet light as possible disinfectants of drinking water for
small community water supplies.
The proposed demonstration project will involve the installation of ozone
and ultra violet light disinfecting equipment on existing small water systems
in Grand Isle county. The bacteriological quality of the raw water, disinfected
water and water at the consumers taps will be closely monitored to ascertain
the effectiveness of the disinfection and to determine if the bacteriological
quality can be maintained throughout the distribution system.
Field studies will be conducted at seven small water systems in Grand Isle
County. All systems serve less than 500 people and all use a common source of
supply, Lake Champlain. Two systems provide filtration and chlorination, four
provide chlorination only, and one provides no treatment or chlorination.
Ozone and ultra violet equipment will be installed to provide for evaluations
on systems with and without treatment and to compare the results with systems
which chlorinate and those which provide no disinfection.
Weekly samples will be collected from each system of the raw water, treated
and/or disinfected water, and water at three points in the'distribution system.
Routine analysis will include total coliform, fecal coliform and standard
plate count as well as selected chemical and physical parameters pertinent to
disinfection (pH, temperature, turbidity, ozone residuals, dissolved oxygen).
250
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PROJECT TITLE: Determining the Organic Content of Drinking Water
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.:
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
Albert E. Sylvia, Sanitary Biologist ^ 21AOE
Massachusetts Dept. of Public Health ROAP:
Division of Environmental Health
Lawrence Experiment Station $16° 000
Lawrence, Massachusetts EPA SUPPORT: ? '»
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE: 6/73
T. Love
COMPLETION DATE: 6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The objective of this study is the development of design criteria for
granular activated carbon (GAC) filters used in the treatment of drinking water
for the removal of taste and odors, and potentially toxic organic compounds.
Studies will continue toward the development of a rapid, simple, yet reliable
method of measuring and monitoring the performance of GAC filters and accurately
determining the sorptive status of the carbon beds at any given time.
Specially designed pilot scale filters will be used to study the many
variables associated with the use of GAC in water treatment. The principal
investigator will vary the loading rates and bed depths and use different
types and grades of carbon. Monitoring will include carbon adsorbables,
fluorometrlc properties, specific (volatile) chlorinated organics, and total
organic carbon. The influence on adsorption due to pretreatment with poly-
electrolytes, powdered activated carbon and sand filtration will be studied
and the extent of bacterial regrowth within the GAC beds will be described.
Parallel testing will compare the pilot scale facility to the full-scale
carbon filtration operation at the Lawrence, Massachusetts water treatment
plant.
251
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PROJECT TITLE: Examination of the Dependence of Plaque liter on the Physical
Aggregation and Disinfection of Viruses in Water Supplies.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.: R802946 01 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
D. Gordon Sharp ROAP; 21AQ£
Prof, of Biophysics
School of Medicine, Dept. of Bacteriology
University of North Carolina, SUPPORT- $35 000
Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27514 EFA bUFiHmi ^>UVJU
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE:
J. Hoff
Water Supply Research Div. COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The plaque method for assay of infectious virus in natural water will
be examined in order to determine the effects of virus particle aggregation.
Physical assay by quantitative electron microscopy will be employed to determine
the number of single viruses, pairs", triplets, etc., present in water suspensions
of the virus. Correlation of these physical data with plaque titer of virus in
different states (degrees) of aggregation will be sought for several viruses com-
monly found in water.
Previous work with large viruses indicates that the degree of clump-
ing may alter the plaque titer by one or more orders of magnitude particularly
if the virus has been partially degraded. Multiplicity Reactivation, evidenced
through clumping, will be examined. A major part of this project will be the
adaptation of physical assay methods, now used with large viruses to similar
work with the picorna viruses. When this has been accomplished it will be
possible to proceed with direct observation of virion aggregation in natural
water, as compared with optimum buffered saline solutions commonly used in the
laboratory. Rational interpretation of plaque assay of such water suspensions
can then be made with full consideration of virion clumping.
252
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PROJECT TITLE: Organic N-Chloro Compounds in Chlorination of Water Supplies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
Professor J. Carroll Morris,
Prof, of Engineering & Physics
Harvard University
Cambridge, Mass. 02138
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
Edward Katz
PROJECT NO.: 803631-01 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1-B047
ROAP: 21AQE
EPA SUPPORT: $36,787
BEGINNING DATE: 04/01/75
COMPLETION DATE: 09/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
Objectives: To discover the forms of organic nitrogen in natural waters
that interferes with chlorination and to develop methods to avoid this problem.
Approach: To identify organic nitrogen compounds in natural waters
and subject them to chlorination and analyze for chlorinated products.
Current plans are to concentrate water of a typical 'natural source and
concentrate organic compounds prior to isolation and identification. A second
approach being implemented is a chlorinated two-ring organic nitrogen compound
and analyzing products via UV spectroscopy. Further refinements of these
techniques with other instrumentation will be forthcoming.
253
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PROJECT TITLE: Virus Sensitivity to Chlorine Disinfection of Water Supplies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR: PROJECT NO.:R803346 02 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
R. S. Engelbrecht, -n.nir
Prof, of Environ. Engr., ROAP: 21^QE
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, Illinois 61801 EPA SUPPORT: $15,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
BEGINNING DATE:
J. Hoff
Water Supply Research Division COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
The sole purpose of disinfecting potable water supplies is the destruction
of pathogenic organisms and, thus, the elimination and prevention of waterborne
disease such as those caused by viruses. The overall objective of the study is
to determine the range of sensitivity of various enteric viruses (e.g. picorna-
viruses) to chlorine. Using carefully controlled laboratory experiments, the
sensitivity response will be characterized with respect to such variables as
type of -virus, level and nature of chlorine, and quality of the suspending medium
(water). Both chlorine demand free water and natural waters will be used.
The sensitivity of viruses continuously maintained under laboratory conditions
will be compared to new isolates obtained from fecal matter. The mechanism
of inactivation, with respect to whether the viral genome or protein coat is
affected, and whether the inactivation is reversible, will also be examined.
254
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