00426
OOOR76014
                           SUMMARIES   OF

               ACTIVE  EXTRAMURAL  RESEARCH  TASKS
                              OF  THE

       MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL  RESEARCH   LABORATORY
                                    Municipal Environmental Research Laboratory
                                         Office of Research and Development
                                         U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
                                                  Cincinnati, Ohio 45268

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               SUMMARIES OF
     ACTIVE EXTRAMURAL RESEARCH TASKS
                  OF THE
MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
                   1975
               Compiled by:

               Warren A. Schwartz
               Carolyn L. Stumpf
               Doris M. Weber
   U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
    Office of Research and Development
         Cincinnati, Ohio  45268
                June, 1976

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                          TABLE OF CONTENTS




                                                                Page




Introduction  	      ±





Organizational Chart of MERL	    ill






Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division




     Behavioral Research  	      1




     Disposal Technology  .  	      3




     Hazardous Solid Wastes  	     27




     Particulate Control  	     34




     Resource Recovery Technology  	     37




     S0v Control	     52
       X




Wastewater Research Division




     Combined Sewer Overflows & Stormwater Discharges.  .   .     54




     Municipal Sewered Discharges  	    116




     Non-Sewered Domestic Wastes   	    128




     Treatment Process Development & Optimization ....    134





Water Supply Research Division




     Water Supply Control Technology  	    246

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                               INTRODUCTION
     The research and development programs of the Municipal Environmental
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati span the areas of wastewater, water
supply, and solid and hazardous wastes.  MERL was organized to provide a
multimedia focus for these areas in approaching the pollution control
problems of municipalities and other large public institutions.  Since
extramural work includes many of our larger and more prominent projects,
e.g., demonstrations, publication of these summaries of active extramural
research tasks serves to highlight a most significant portion of our
research effort.

     The Wastewater Research Division develops cost-effective pollution
control technology, methodology, and systems for treating liquid municipal
wastes, and for handling the resulting sludges.  In addition to biological
and physical-chemical treatment technology, WRD is concerned with upgrading
of existing plants, pollution control measures for storm and combined sewers,
and the dewatering and disposal of municipal sludges.  Their work extends to
supporting areas such as cost studies, environmental management, water reuse,
process instrumentation, and operation and maintenance of existing plants.
The principal current mandate of the WRD derives from the 1972 amendments
to the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, which set up a series of
escalating plant performance standards for pollution control and prevention
extending through 1985.  A major area of impact of WRD research is on the
multibillion dollar construction grant program sanctioned by the 1972 Act.

     The Water Supply Research Division determines the occurrence of con-
taminants in water supplies, and develops and demonstrates water treatment
and control technology.  The WSRD concerns itself with the removal or
control of organic, inorganic, and microbiological contaminants, as well
as with the problems of water quality deterioration during storage and
distribution, and with economic analysis and other water supply management
questions.  WSRD works with the health effects research programs of EPA
to develop information necessary for the formulation of defensible drinking
water standards.  The principal current mandate of the WSRD is the 1974
Safe Drinking Water Act.

     The Solid and Hazardous Waste Research Division develops and demon-
strates new and improved technology and systems for solid and hazardous
waste management.  The SHWRD evaluates processing technology (including
both collection and transportation) for either disposal or resource
recovery, and socio-economic effects associated with these areas.  Dis-
posal technology, especially sanitary landfills, is also evaluated,
together with related environmental and socio-economic effects.
Hazardous wastes are a prime area of concern, and here the emphasis is
on characterization of such materials, e.g., pesticides, organic sub-
stances, metals, as well as on their processing and disposal.  The
current legislative mandate of the SHWRD is the Resource Recovery Act
of 1970.

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     This volume consists of single-page project descriptions of all the
extramural MERL research tasks which were active in July,  1975.  These
descriptions are intended to convey a general idea of what our research
is all about.  However, specific questions which may arise should be
directed to project officers or other MERL managers.  An organizational
chart listing Laboratory and Division Directors, and Branch and Section
Chiefs, is presented here to facilitate such contacts.
                                Francis T. Mayo
                                    11

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                     MUNICIPAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
                      ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER,  ORD,  EPA
                    26 W. St. Clair Street,  Cincinnati, Ohio  4526S
    ORGANIZATION
Office of the Director
           TITLE

       Director
Acting Deputy Director
Senior Science Advisor
Solid & Hazardous Waste
 Research Division                  Director
  Disposal Branch                   Chief
  Processing Branch                 Chief

Wastewater Research Division        Director
  Systems & Eng. Evaluation 3r.      Chief
   Municipal Treatment Reuse Sec.    Chief
   Storm & Combined Sewer Sec.      Chief
  Technology Development Support
    Branch                          Chief
   Systems & Economic Analysis
     Section                        Chief
   Waste Identification & Analysis
     Section                        Chief
   Pilot & Field Evaluation Sec.    Chief
  Treatment Process Development
    Branch                          Chief
   Biological Treatment Section      Chief
   Physical-Chemical Treatment
     Section                        Chief
   Ultimate Disposal Section        Chief

Water Supply Research Division      Director
  Microbiological Treatment Br.      Chief
  Physical & Chemical Removal Br.    Chief
   Distribution Quality Section      Chief
   Economic Analysis Section        Chief
   Field Scale Organics Removal
     Section                        Chief
   Inorganics Contaminants Sec.      Chief
   Organic Investigations Sec.      Chief
   Organic Removal Section          Chief
   Particulate Contaminants Sec.    Chief
NA:

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Schonaker
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Bunch
Earth
Cohen
Far r ell
Robeck
Geldreich
Sytaons
McFarren
Clark
DeMarco
Sorg
Stevens
Love
Logsdon
PHONE
(A/C 513)
684-7951
684-7953
684-7964
684-7861
684-7871
684-7881
684-7601
684-7609
684-7611
*
684-7628
684-7624
684-7626
684-7631
684-7655
684-7641
684-7671
684-7645
684-7201
684-7232
684-7228
684-7236
684-7209
684-7209
684-7228
684-7228
684-7228
684-7228
*The Storm and Combined Sewer Section is located at Edison,  New Jersey 08817,
phone A/C 201 342-7503.  All other personnel listed above are located at the
Environmental Research Center adjoining the University of Cincinnati campus.
                                                 R.  T.  Bridges
                                                     2/76
                                        xv

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PROJECT TITLE:  Energy Conservation Through Reduction in Refuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    George W. Reid
    Bureau of Water & Environmental
       Resources Research
    202 West Boyd
    Norman, Oklahoma  73069

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Leo Weitzman
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   804183 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DA312
ROAP:   01ADC


EPA SUPPORT:   $13,500


BEGINNING DATE:    9/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:   8/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The energy that is expended to produce and deliver components of solid
waste, and where, and how much, energy could be saved by a program of waste
reduction will be studied.  The possible avenues of waste reduction with the
goal of reducing the per capita waste produced from the current U.S. average
of 1400 Ib./year to 480 to 650 Ib./year produced per capita in European indus-
trialized nations will also be studied.  The study will also include the amount
of potentially recoverable energy in the waste.  No experimental work is planned.
This is a library study.

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PROJECT TITLE:  improving Labor Productivity in Solid Waste Management
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:   R801617 (Grant)

                 ,,  t         „  c           PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1DA312
    Dr. R. L. Shell, Associate Professor
    University of Cincinnati                  ROAP:   01ADC
    Cincinnati, Ohio  45221

                                              EPA SUPPORT:   $123,957

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/30/72
    Oscar W. Albrecht
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research          COMPLETION DATE:   6/29/75
       Division, MERL


PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this research is to determine the feasibility of a team
wage incentive program for municipal solid waste collection and disposal
personnel.  Major research areas include identification of union - management -
worker general attitudes and establishment of common goals for a wage incentive
program; determination of the practicality of applying work measurement to
collection and disposal job categories; and design of a prototype wage incentive
program, assessing its impact on the total operating system.  The City of
Covington, Kentucky will serve as the model laboratory for the research study.

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PROJECT TITLE:   A Case Study of Hazardous Waste Input into a Class I Landfill
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Dr. Kenneth Y. Chen
     Associate Professor
     Environmental Engineering Programs
     University of Southern California
     Los Angeles, California  90007
PROJECT NO.:    R803813  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:    1DB064

ROAP:    21BFO
EPA SUPPORT:
$20,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     Richard Carnes
     Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
        Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE:     8/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:    4/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to document the type, amount, and character-
istics (physical & chemical) of hazardous substances received by one of the largest
Class I landfills in the Western United States.

     Samples taken from each load brought to the site will be composited by indus-
trial process and analyzed for trace elements such as Ag, As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe,
Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn.  Composition of both the solid and the liquid phases
will be determined as well as the oxidation states of major elements.  In the final
report the data will be categorized according to the general waste type (e.g.,
acids, alkalis, oily wastes, pesticide wastes, etc.) and according to the specific
industrial process generating the waste.

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PROJECT TITLE:
Evaluation of Liner Materials Exposed to Hazardous
and Toxic Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Henry E. Haxo
    Matrecon, Incorporated
    2811 Adeline Street
    Oakland, California  94608
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2173 (Contract)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

                              ROAP:   21BFO


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $115,968


                              BEGINNING DATE:    2/3/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   8/2/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to determine the effective lines of twelve
pond liner materials exposed to a variety of nonradioactive industrial hazardous
wastes.

    The approach is to expose specimens of liners sealed at the bottom of
individual test cells to six different hazardous wastes to determine seepage
through liners and changes in physical properties over twenty-four months.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Liner Materials Exposed to Leachate
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Henry E.  Haxo
    Matrecon, Incorporated
    2811 Adeline Street
    Oakland, California  94608
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2134  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
ROAP:   21BFO


EPA SUPPORT:   $135,381


BEGINNING DATE:    8/21/74

COMPLETION DATE:   2/20/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to evaluate the effective life and durability
of 12 different liner materials exposed to prolonged contact with leachate gener-
ated from municipal refuse under conditions comparable to those encountered in a
sanitary landfill.  Both synthetic materials (e.g.  polyvinylchloride, polyethylene,
ethylene propylene rubber, butyl rubber, etc.) and admixed materials (e.g.  asphaltic-
concrete, bituminous seal coat, soil-bitumen,  soil-cement, etc.) shall be investi-
gated.

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PROJECT TITLE:
Field Verification of Industrial Hazardous Material
Migration from Land Disposal Sites in Humid Regions
EXTRAMURAL PRiDJECT DIRECTOR:

    James P. Gibbs
    Illinois State Water Survey
    University of Illinois
    Urbana, Illinois  61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Laboratory, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:    R803216 (Grant)
                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
                              ROAP:   21BFO


                              EPA SUPPORT:    $170,000


                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/12/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   7/21/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This project will evaluate the extent and magnitude of hazardous waste
migration and resultant groundwater pollution from 3 known land disposal
sites in Illinois.  During the study special emphasis will be given to sites
underlain by low-permeability clay and silt soils which have received large
volumes of hazardous materials such as arsenic, cadmium, chromium, cyanide,
lead, mercury, and pesticides.  Methodology and technology from the fields of
groundwater hydrology, geology, agronomy, chemistry, and geophysics will be
employed in the work which will be supervised on a full-time basis by the
principal investigator, a groundwater hydrologist assisted on a part-time
basis by an associate geologist and a consultant agronomist.  Chemical
analyses of soil cores and groundwater samples will be the primary investi-
gative tools used to quantitatively evaluate chemical migration from each of
the 3 disposal sites.  Data collection will be obtained primarily by contract-
ual work from commercial soils and chemistry laboratories.

    The findings of this study should provide an invaluable tool to employ in
predicting possible ultimate adverse effects of land disposal of hazardous
materials in time to permit perfection or development of technology required
to insure future minimal danger to public health from this particular waste
disposal practice.  Also, the findings should be immediately applicable for
use in evaluating the extent and magnitude of hazardous chemical migration
from disposal sites situated in similar geohydrologic environments throughout
Illinois and much of the other 15 glaciated, humid-region States in the country.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Investigation of Leachate Pollutant Attenuation in Soils
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Neil F. Shimp
    Illinois State Geological Survey
    Urbana, Illinois  61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0211 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

ROAP:   21BFO


EPA SUPPORT:   $165,900


BEGINNING DATE:    6/21/74

COMPLETION DATE:   5/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this contract is to obtain information about the influence
of clay minerals, the most important chemically active components of subsoils,
on the potential for migration through soil of the hazardous materials arsenic,
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, and zinc.  The
migration and attenuation of these substances as they are moved into the soil
by landfill leachate will be examined by work with laboratory soil columns
and by single element adsorption isotherm studies.  The information obtained
will be used to evaluate criteria for sanitary landfill sites, particularly
for those landfills which may receive wastes containing appreciable concentra-
tions of the hazardous substances listed above.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Migration of Hazardous Substances Through the Soil
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Ronald E. Bell
    Chief, Chemical Technology Branch
    Chemical Laboratory Division
    Dugway Proving Ground
    Department of the Army
    Dugway, Utah  84022
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   IAG-D4-0443

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
ROAP:   21BFO


EPA SUPPORT:   $829,500


BEGINNING DATE:    3/12/74

COMPLETION DATE:   12/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this project are to examine the extent to which hazardous
substances from certain landfill industrial waste disposal sites could migrate into
the ground or surface waters and to develop an empirical method for describing the
potential for such migration.  The project will be conducted in three phases.
First, the industrial waste samples will be characterized physically and chemic-
ally.  Then the effects of soil type and leaching solution on the migration rate
of waste sample components through saturated anaerobic soil will be studied.
Finally the mechanism of absorption of waste sample components from leachate
into the soil will be studied.  During the project, soil migration of forty-
three industrial wastes,  six  flue gas desulfurization wastes, and three flyash
samples will be studied.

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PROJECT TITLE:
Pesticide Migration and Degradation Rates in Soils
Receiving High Chemical Concentrations
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James M. Davidson
    2169 McCarty Hall
    University of Florida
    Gainesville, Florida  32611
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   803849 (Grant)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB064

                              ROAP:   21BFO


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $57,521


                              BEGINNING DATE:   7/15/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:  7/14/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this grant proposal are to study migration and degradation
rates in soils which have received high concentrations of pesticide and to use
the resulting information to demonstrate the applicability of existing mathe-
matical models in describing pesticide migration and degradation.  Specific
areas of study include:  (a) adsorption-desorption as a function of the type
of pesticide and the soil water regime; (b) degradation rates and identifica-
tion of metabolites or intermediate products; (c) effect of pesticide concentra-
tion on microbial activity and microbial degradation; (d) effect of initial and
imposed soil-water conditions on movement and distribution of pesticides.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Study to Evaluate Absorbents for Removal of Contaminants
                in Leachate During Disposal of Industrial Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   R803717 (Grant)

    n   T u  T •  i   •     A    •     ID  *        PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
    Dr. John Liskowitz, Associate Professor
    Environmental Engineering                 ROAP:   21BFO
    Foundation at Newark College of Engrg.
    323 High Street
    Newark, New Jersey  07102                 EPA  SUPPORT:   $25,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/1/75
    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research          COMPLETION  DATE:   1/1/76
       Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A laboratory investigation will examine the effectiveness of fly ash,
bottom ash, Ottawa sand, activated carbon, illite, kaolinite, vermiculite,
natural zeolites and activated alumina as absorbents for removing the haz-
ardous and toxic materials in the leachate and liquid portion of the waste
originating from petroleum refining sludge, metal finishing sludge and calcium
fluoride sludge from the electronics and aircraft industries.

    These results of this study will provide information and recommendations
for the use of such absorbents in landfill operations for the safe disposal of
hazardous and toxic sludges indicated above.
                                       10

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PROJECT TITLE:
Use of Simulation for Characterizing Transport in
Soils Adjacent to Land Disposal Sites
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. George F. Finder
    Department of Civil Engineering
    Engineering Quadrangle
    Princeton, New Jersey  08540
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                             PROJECT NO.:   R803827 (Grant)

                             PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
                             ROAP:   21BFO


                             EPA  SUPPORT:   $40,034


                             BEGINNING  DATE:    8/1/75

                             COMPLETION DATE:   7/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    An existing computer simulation model will be modified so that it can be
used to characterize contaminant transport in soils around disposal sites.
The model has been used, in a two-dimensional version, to study the movement
of chromium in the groundwater on Long Island.  This grant will provide for
development of a three dimensional version and for the application of this
simulation model to the problems of (1) determining the attenuation properties
of field soils, (2) evaluating the effectiveness of control measures for halting
the spread of contaminated groundwater, and  (3) optimizing the location of
sampling points for monitoring contaminant movement and for studying contam-
inant transport properties of field soils.
                                       11

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PROJECT TITLE:
Utilization of Lime, Iron Oxides,  and Flux Control in the
Design of Disposal Site Liners to  Minimize Pollution Migration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Wallace H. Fuller
    Professor & Biochemist
    Soils, Water & Engineering
    University of Arizona
    Tucson, Arizona  85721

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   803988 (Grant)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

                              ROAP:   21BFO


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $69,045


                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/12/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The effectiveness of lime and hydrous oxide liners for controlling the
migration rate in solution of selected trace elements (As, Be, Cd, Cr, Cu,
Hg, Ni, Pb, Se, V, and Zn) at various flow rates through soils will be
studied.  It will be a laboratory scale study using columns of disturbed
soil for screening of lime, hydrous oxide (Fe), and solution flux treat-
ments identified in a previous study of soil attenuation of municipal landfill
leachate pollutants.

    A model will be developed which relates pollutant attenuation by landfill
liners to easily measurable properties of the physical system.
                                        12

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PROJECT TITLE:  Volatilization and Vapor Phase Transport of Hexachlorobenzene
                from Industrial Wastes Deposited on Land
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2014  (Contract")

    „ ,_    T  ,,       A     • „  -D  f           PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
    Walter J. Farmer, Associate Professor
       of Soil Science                         ROAP:    21BFO
    Department of Soil Science &
       Agricultural Engineering
    University of California                   EPA SUPPORT:   $57,417
    Riverside, California   92502
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:    6/14/74
    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research           COMPLETION DATE:   6/13/76
       Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of  this project  is to determine the effectiveness of coverings
 of  soil, polyethylene sheeting and water  in reducing the volatility of hexa-
 chlorobenzene  from  industrial wastes and  to characterize those factors of  the
 soil,  environment and waste which influence the rate of volatility of hevi-
 chlorobenzene.

     Landfill operations will be simulated  in the laboratory under controlled
 environmental  conditions.  Using a closed  air flow system with provisions  for
 vapor-trapping, breakthrough curves and volatilization rates of hexachloro-
 benzene  (HCB)  from  industrial wastes covered with soil, polyethylene  film, or
 water  will be  measured.  The soil  coverings will be used alone and in conjunction
 with the polyethylene film.  Industrial wastes from different sources and  of
 different HCB  concentrations will be used.  Soil and environmental factors to
 be  characterized include temperature, soil depth, and air filled porosity.  Vapor
 phase  sorption isotherms of HCB on soil will be determined.  Diffusion coeffici-
 ents of HCB in soil and other coverings will be determined and used to estimate
 the effectiveness of various landfill operations in controlling HCB loss in Lh
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PROJECT TITLE:  Preparation of a Field Manual Summarizing Research on High-Ash
                Papermill Sludges,  Their Characteristics and Recommended
                Disposal Practices
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Richard Ledbetter
    U.S. Army Engineer
    Waterways Experiment Station
    P. 0. Box 631
    Vicksburg, Mississippi  39180

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   IAG-D5-F657

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

ROAP:   21BFP


EPA SUPPORT:   $20,000


BEGINNING DATE:    12/20/74

COMPLETION DATE:   12/20/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    First, the U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station will review the
literature for information that will have an effect on a rational engineering
approach to the optimum development of landill sites utilizing high ash paper-
mill sludges or other similar media.

    Then a field manual will be prepared containing the following sections:
physical properties, drainage, consolidation and settlement, and strength and
stability.  The field manual will be oriented toward an individual of technical
background, but with little or no exposure to the soil mechanics discipline
and be presented in such a fashion to enable that individual, given suitable
physical properties and characteristics of a sludge in question, to rationally
approach a landfill operation to attain a given objective—be it a desirable
rate of consolidation, drainage, or ultimate strength characteristic.
                                      14

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PROJECT TITLE:
Research Symposium - Gas and Leachate from Landfills:
Collection, Formation and Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. A. Joel Kaplovsky
    Rutgers, The State University
    P. 0. Box 231
    New Brunswick, New JErsey  08903
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT  NO.:   R803663 (Grant)
                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1DB064

                              ROAP:   21BFP


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $19,688


                              BEGINNING DATE:    2/3/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   9/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The symposium will involve current ongoing research activities, government
and private sponsored.  The symposium will have at least the three following
objectives:   (a) to circulate, discuss and interrelate the new information
being produced in the area of gas and leachate formation, collection and
treatment;  (b) to promote contact between research personnel from various
parts of this and other countries in an atmosphere conducive to free and
unrestrained discussion; and  (c) to produce a report that will contain the
presentations so that the State-of-the-Art review will be available to the
scientific field.

    The proceedings of the research symposium will be published.
                                      15

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PROJECT TITLE:  Study of Vegetation Problems Associated with Refuse Landfills
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Ida A. Leone & Franklin Flowers
    Associate Research Professor
    Department of Plant Biology
    Cook College, Rutgers University
    New Brunswick, New Jersey  08903

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert  Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   R803762 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
ROAP:   21BFP


EPA SUPPORT:   $144,837


BEGINNING DATE:    5/15/75

COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this study are:  (A) To determine the extent of vegetation
injury and death associated with operating and completed refuse landfills through-
out the U.S.  (B) Determine the factors which contribute to this vegetation injury
or death.   (C) Present recommendations as to how to protect vegetation existing
adjacent to a refuse landfill.  (D) Establish recommendations as to how to deter-
mine when and how to plant vegetation on and/or about a refuse landfill.  (E)
Establish recommendations as to what species of vegetation would be best suited
to living on and about a refuse landfill.

    The project will include field and laboratory investigations.  The field
investigations will involve both a mail survey of the continental U.S. and
Puerto Rico to determine the extent of vegetation growth problems associated
with refuse landfills.  This will be followed by on-site inspection of selected
sites in 7 of the 8 major U.S. meteorological regions.  Measurements will be
made of the soils, ground gases, and other environmental parameters at each of
the field sites.  The laboratory investigations will entail a study of the
effects of landfill gases and growing conditions upon selected vegetation.
Representative vegetation will also be planted at selected landfill sites and
observed for growth responses during this study.
                                       16

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PROJECT TITLE:   Analytical Services:  Solid, Aqueous and Gaseous from a Sanitary
                 Landfill
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:    68-03-2028 (Contract)

    Pete Barnet                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
    Pedco Environmental Specialists, Inc.     ROAP:   21BFQ
    Suite 13 - Atkinson Square
    Cincinnati, Ohio  45246
                                              EPA  SUPPORT:    $32,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:    11/1/75
    Dirk Brunner
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research          COMPLETION DATE:   10/31/76
       Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this contract is to provide selected analytical services for
the Boone County Field Site solid waste landfill research projects.  The services
are to include physical and chemical analyses of aqueous, solid and gas samples.
                                       17

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PROJECT TITLE:
Case Study of Los Angeles County Sanitation-District
Palos Verdes Landfill Gas Development Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Frank R. Bowerman
    880 Kirkwood Lane
    La Habra, California  90631
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Charles Rogers
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2143 (Contract)
                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
                              ROAP:   21BFQ


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $18,508


                              BEGINNING DATE:    10/25/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   2/24/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this contract is to develop a case study and prepare a report
detailing the optimistic parameters for methane production and recovery with
suggested modifications and recommendations of the Los Angeles County Sanitation
Districts' Palos Verdes Landfill Gas Development Project.
                                       18

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PROJECT TITLE:
Determination of the Effects of Compost on Selected
Soils and Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    0. W. Kochtitzky
    Chief Environmental Engineer
    Tennessee Valley Authority
    725 Edney Building
    Chattanooga, Tennessee  37401

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Carlton Wiles
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   IAG-D4-0415

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

                              ROAP:   21BFQ


                              EPA  SUPPORT:   $61,000


                              BEGINNING  DATE:    9/17/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The task objective is to obtain data to help determine short- and long-term
effects of compost produced from municipal refuse on selected soils and plants.
Emphasis is being directed at determining use benefit relationships and the
fate of heavy metals and other potentially toxic materials when the compost is
applied to selected soils and plants.  There is a dearth of data relative to
what happens to waste material containing potential toxic substances when dis-
posed of on the land.  There is also an interest in more fully utilizing the land
as a disposal sink and processing medium for various wastes (e.g., municipal
refuse, industrial sludges, sludge wastewater, etc.).  Completion of this task
will provide some of the data not available relative to the fate of potentially
toxic substances contained in wastes disposed of on land.
                                       19

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PROJECT TITLE:  Effect of Moisture Regimen on Solid Waste Stabilization
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   R803652 (Grant)
    p  c  ,,  PV.                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
    E. S. K. Chian
    Assistant Professor of Environmental      ROAP:   21BFQ
       Engineering
    Dept. of Civil Engineering
    University of Illinois                    EPA SUPPORT:   $58,500
    Urbana, Illinois  61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    5/'1/75
    Dirk Brunner
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research          COMPLETION DATE:   4/30/77
       Division, MERL


PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The proposed research involves the measurement of gas production rates and
leachate composition to measure refuse stabilization under anaerobic conditions.
The refuse has different steady state and transient moisture conditions to
simulate actual landfill conditions.  Optimum moisture conditions will be deter-
mined for the acid and methane fermentation phase during the refuse stabilization.
These conditions can then be selected by enforcement agencies to create the most
desirable environmental impact of the solid waste on the environment.
                                       20

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PROJECT TITLE:  An Evaluation of Cover Materials for Sanitary Landfills
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   802412 (Grant)

    TT  _  „ 1                                  PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
    W. E. Nelson
    Tuskegee Institute                         ROAP:   21BFQ
    George W. Carver Research Foundation
    Tuskegee Institute, Alabama  36088
                                               EPA SUPPORT:    $148,965

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:    12/17/73
    Dirk Brunner
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research           COMPLETION DATE:   1/15/77
       Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The major objective of this study is to determine the effects of various
combinations of soil types and densities and vegetative cover on the net
infiltration of rainwater of landfilled solid waste.  A secondary objective
is to study the effect of landfill gas on selected vegetative cover crops.
The objectives of this 3-year project are to be met by use of field plots.
Laboratory studies will augment the field studies.  This is an MIRS project.
                                       21

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PROJECT TITLE:   An Evaluation of Sanitary Landfill Gas & Leachate Production
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Melvin C. Eifert
    Systems Technology Corporation
    3131 Encrete Lane
    Dayton, Ohio  45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dirk Brunner
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2120  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

ROAP:   21BFQ


EPA SUPPORT:    $301,000


BEGINNING DATE:    7/19/74

COMPLETION DATE:   6/28/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    There are eight objectives to be met.  Determine the effect of:  1) Varying
moisture regimen on production of gas and leachate; 2) Temperature on gas and
leachate production; 3) Wastewater treatment plant sludges on solid waste decompo-
sition; 4) pH control on solid waste decomposition; 5) Premature wetting; 6)
Hazardous liquid and sludge and their fate; 7) Determine the survival of polio
virus; and 8) Determine the settlement rate in the lysimeters.

    The approach consists of 17 lysimeters each containing three tons of raw
compacted waste.  These lysimeters are located at the EPA Center Hill Facility
in  Cincinnati, Ohio.  Fifteen of these cells are outside of the building while
two are inside the building at room temperature.  There are two stages to the pro-
gram.  The first stage is preparation of the cells, characterization of the waste
and placement of the waste into the cells along with the instrumentation.  The
second phase is monitoring the cells for gas composition and volume, leachate
composition and volume, temperature, pressure, settlement, water applications
and the application of polio viruses into one of the cells.  Water application
rate  is according to average U.S. rainfall pattern.  The study is to last for
approximately three years.

    The current plans are to load the lysimeters approximately four months after
the start of the effort, and then to commence full-scale monitoring of the cells
for the remainder of the effort.  The data "will be reduced on a continuing basis
in  order to obtain trend information.
                                       22

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PROJECT TITLE:   Investigation of Leachate Pollutant Attenuation in Soils
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Wallace Fuller
    University of Arizona
    Department of Soils, Water &
       Engineering
    Tucson, Arizona  85721

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Michael Roulier
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0208  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB064

ROAP:  21BFQ


EPA SUPPORT:   $137,337


BEGINNING DATE:   12/72

COMPLETION DATE:  6/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The migration of leachate from a landfill occurs through the surrounding soil.
Soil can act as a filter for leachate contaminants.   Therefore, the various attenu-
ation mechanisms of soil need to be evaluated and related to leachate movement
through the soils.  This project will identify the attenuation mechanisms; evalu-
ate pollutant attenuation of soils by column studies; develop simulation models
for prediction of solute changes for water flow through soils.  It is antici-
pated that empirical predictive equations relating to leachate pollutant
attenuation in soils can be developed.
                                       23

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PROJECT TITLE:  Prediction Model for Sanitary Landfill Gas Movement
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0326 (Contract)

    Dr.  Charles A.Moore                       PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064
    Department of Civil Engineering           ROAP:   21BFQ
    Ohio State University Research Foundation
    1314 Kinnear Road
    Columbus,  Ohio  43212                     EPA  SUPPORT:   $86,994

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:    6/29/73
    Dirk Brunner
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research          COMPLETION DATE:   8/31/75
       Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to develop a method utilizing specific site
characteristics to predict the migration through soil of gases produced from
sanitary landfilling of solid waste.  This method will help to meet the need
to rationally evaluate the potential environmental hazards associated with
migrating gases.

    The approach is to develop, from information available primarily in the field
ot gas flow through porous media, a comprehensive, three-dimensional model capable
of predicting gas flow through nonisotropic, heterogeneous soils under transient
and steady-state conditions.  The predictive method is intended for routine use
by design and regulatory engineers utilizing simulations generated from the
comprehensive, model.  Thus, several typical sanitary landfills will each be simu-
lated to allow easy solution by use of charts, nomographs, and/or simple equations
sensitive to specific site characteristics.

    Field verification of the model to be developed and comprehensive evaluation of
gas production will need to be performed in addition to this project to allow
rational evaluation of potential hazards associated with migrating gas from a
specific, landfill, either planned, in operation, or completed.
                                       24

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PROJECT TITLE: Quality & Quantity Gas & Leachate Generation from Processed
               & Non-Processed, Baled & Non-Baled Municipal Solid Waste
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Melvin C. Eifert
    Systems Technology Corporation
    3131 Encrete Lane
    Dayton, Ohio  45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Carnes
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2028  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

ROAP:   21BFQ


EPA SUPPORT:   $181,000


BEGINNING DATE:    6/18/74

COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this contract is to determine the gas production rate,
qualitatively and quantitatively, and to monitor the quality and quantity of
any leachates produced during the course of the research.  The gas generation
and identification will eventually be incorporated into models predicting
landfill gas migration.  The rates of gas production and their specific con-
tents  are needed to properly outline and/or identify the hazards associated
with landfill gas.
                                       25

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PROJECT TITLE:  Treatment of Leachate Generated from Sanitary Landfills
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Edward S. K. Chian
    Project Director
    University of Illinois
    Department of Civil Engineering
    Urbana, Illinois  61801

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dirk Brunner
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0162 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB064

ROAP:   21BFQ


EPA SUPPORT:    $172,100


BEGINNING DATE:    6/23/72

COMPLETION DATE:   8/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The treatment of leachate from many landfills in the United States is a
practical necessity.  Research presently underway is designed to give quick
answers to the question of how to treat this liquid, since no lab, pilot, or
field-scale data is available.  A more detailed study is needed to determine
process kinetics, the nature of the organic fraction of leachate, and the
degree of treatment that may be obtainable using conventional wastewater treatment
methods.  In addition, other methods of removing pollutants from water are being
studied because of small volumes and the vast range of contaminant concentrations
and flow rates.  This contract was awarded in June 1972 and results are not as
yet available.  The final report, due in September 1974, should provide the tech-
nical data needed to rationally design on-site leachate treatment schemes.
                                       26

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PROJECT TITLE:
A Study for a Review and Assessment of the Emplacement of
Hazardous Wastes in Subsurface Salt Deposits
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Louis R. Reeder and Associates
    5200 South Yale
    Tulsa, Oklahoma  74135
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Carlton Wiles
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2013 (Contract)
                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB311

                              ROAP:   21BFN


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $81,592


                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/17/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   5/17/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This study will primarily involve a review of research, development,
demonstration projects and other activities concerning the injection of
hazardous waste into deep-wells and an assessment of the capability of the
technology to dispose of and manage the waste in a manner that precludes
environmental degradation.  The purpose is to provide EPA in written report
form, and as of the most current point in time, a single source of available
information concerning research and other activities in deep-well disposal of
hazardous waste and assessments of its effects on the environment.  The output
is expected to provide EPA with a basis for determining the need for studies for
developing an effective monitoring and control program for the injection of
hazardous waste into deep-wells.
                                       27

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PROJECT TITLE:
New Methods for Efficient Detoxification/Destruction of
Hazardous Wastes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. L. J. Bailin
    Lockheed Missiles & Space Company
    3251 Hanover Street
    Palo Alto, California  94304
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Donald Oberacker
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2190 (Contract)
                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB311

                              ROAP:   21BFR


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $108,070


                              BEGINNING DATE:    4/9/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   4/8/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The process of microwave plasma decomposition of organic materials will be
applied to the detoxification/destruction of hazardous organic wastes.  The
investigation will start with the LPARL (Lockheed Palo Alto Research Laboratory)
laboratory-size microwave plasma system.  Following this, utilizing the informa-
tion gained, i.e., reaction efficiency and reaction product identification, the
detoxification process will be expanded from laboratory dimensions to a larger
scale, continuous system employing custom designed, commercially available
hardware.

    A primary objective of the program is to evaluate the effectiveness of the
expanded-scale system using hazardous organic compounds and wastes of current
interest.  The reaction products will be identified to determine whether the
products are innocuous or toxic, and whether there is the possibility for
recycling of the carrier gases, and recovery of useful materials as by-products.
                                       28

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PROJECT TITLE:
Assessment of Techniques for the Detoxification of Selected
Hazardous Materials
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Bernard P. McNamara
    Biomedical Laboratory
    Department of the Army
    Headquarters, Edgewood Arsenal
    Aberdeen Proving Ground, Maryland

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Charles Rogers
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT  NO.:   IAG D5-0429

                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1DB311

                              ROAP:   21BKV


                       21010  EPA SUPPORT:   $100,000


                              BEGINNING  DATE:    1/1/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   12/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Edgewood Arsenal will make an assessment of techniques for the detoxification
of selected hazardous and toxic materials.  This proposed study is to provide
technical data needed to determine if hazardous and toxic materials can be detoxi-
fied and by-products recovered for reuse without being detrimental to the health
and welfare of the public.

    Edgewood Arsenal will specifically collect and analyze data and will conduct
research where desirable to develop answers to questions on the environmental
safety of (1) catalytic, (2) chemical, (3) biochemical degradation, and (4) other
processes for the detoxification of hazardous materials.
                                       29

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PROJECT TITLE:  Catalytic Conversion of Hazardous and Toxic Chemicals
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Alvin H. Weiss
    Worcester Polytechnic Institute
    Worcester, Massachusetts  01609
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R802857  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB311

ROAP:  21BKV


EPA SUPPORT:  $130,182


BEGINNING DATE:   1/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  1/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    It is proposed to develop catalytic techniques to detoxify noxious,
hazardous, and toxic organic pesticides.  One objective is to produce,
where practical and economically feasible, a useful as well as harmless
product.  New catalytic techniques as well as those previously described
will be studied, keeping in mind cost as well as effectiveness.

    Laboratory studies, where indicated, will be conducted in both batch
and continuous micro-scale catalysis equipment.

    The ultimate goal is to generate a procedural manual that recommends
and details catalytic techniques for detoxification.
                                       30

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PROJECT TITLE:
Compilation of a Report Describing Processes Applied to Thermal
Degradation of Select Pesticides and Other Organics
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Boyd T. Riley
    690 Clinton Springs Avenue
    Cincinnati, Ohio  45229
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Carnes
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   None.

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB311

                              ROAP:   21BKV


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $6,300


                              BEGINNING DATE:    11/19/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A report describing various unit processes that have been applied to thermal
degradation of select pesticides and other organics will be compiled.  Report
shall detail operating conditions, time/temperature relationship when available,
unit economics, pesticides and/or organic wastes investigated, and suggest best
available technology applicable.  Report will be used by OSWMP as guidance for
their demonstration contract utilizing full scale incinerators for destruction
of hazardous wastes which can include waste and/or excess pesticides.
                                       31

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PROJECT TITLE:  Laboratory Evaluation of the Thermal Decomposition of Pesticides
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Donovan S. Duvall
    University of Dayton
    300 College Park Avenue
    Dayton, Ohio  45469
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Carnes
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   R803540 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB311

ROAP:   21BKV


EPA SUPPORT:   $100,000


BEGINNING DATE:    2/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:   7/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This research proposes to determine the combustion temperature and residence
time required to effectively destroy pesticides.  Thirty-four different pesticide
compounds will be examined.  Evolved gas analysis will play a major role in
measuring degree of thermal decomposition.

    Thermogravimetric analysis, supplemented by trapping and subsequent analysis
of evolved products, will be utilized.  Modified pyrolysis-gas chromatography
will be used to accurately determine temperature, residence time, and complete-
ness of thermal decomposition.
                                       32

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PROJECT TITLE:  Literature Survey of Data on Soil Degradation of Select Pesticides
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James R.  Sanborn
    Illinois  Natural History Survey
    University of Illinois
    Urbana, Illinois  61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard A. Carnes
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R803591 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB311

ROAP:  21BKV


EPA SUPPORT:  $25,658


BEGINNING DATE:   2/14/75

COMPLETION DATE:  5/14/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A detailed search of literature on 38 select pesticides will be carried out
to collect all data on their soil fate.  Data gathered will give detailed
descriptions of the degradative pathways, rates of degradation, leaching char-
acteristics, toxicity of these pesticides and their primary metabolites to man
and other wildlife.  The collection of this data will allow problem areas to be
identified and further research indicated where deemed essential to complete
soil degradative pathways for certain pesticides.
                                        33

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PROJECT TITLE:
Develop and Test a Particulate and Gas Sampling System for
High Temperature - High Pressure Process Gas Streams
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    F. E. Moreno
    Aerotherm/Acurex Corporation
    485 Clyde Avenue
    Mountain View, California  94042
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    John Burckle
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2163 (Contract)
                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1AB012
                              ROAP:   21BJT


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $130,000


                              BEGINNING DATE:    1/9/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   4/18/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
    The necessary design, fabrication, and testing of a sampling system, or
systems, for interfacing with a process unit operating under the conditions
of high temperature, high pressure, and both high temperature and high pressure
in order to obtain the measurement of the suspended particulate for both total
mass loading and mass size distribution in the range of from about 7 ym to 0.2
ym will be conducted.

    The sampling system, or systems, shall have the following capabilities:
(a) operation at temperatures up to 2000°F and pressures up to 100 atmospheres;
(b) traversing; (c) incorporation of the EPA measurement principles; (d) port-
ability and ease of handling and operation.  The test phase shall be designed
to fully demonstrate the capabilities and safety aspects of the sampling inter-
face and the proper procedure for installation, use, and removal of the sampling
interface.
                                       34

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PROJECT TITLE:
Establish Feasibility and Design of Automatic Particle
Size Distribution Analyzer for Source Emissions
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Arthur Engelman
    GCA Corporation
    Burlington Road
    Bedford, Massachusetts  01730


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    John Burckle
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:       68-03-2154  (Contract)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1AB012
                              ROAP:   21BJT


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $95,000


                              BEGINNING DATE:    12/10/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   3/9/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    It is the purpose of this project to experimentally demonstrate the technical
feasibility and derive construction designs for a particle size distribution
instrument which performs inertial classification of an aerosol with real-time
assay of each fraction.  The instrument is to be designed for use for relative
characterization of the inlet and outlet streams of a particulate control device
for the purposes of ascertaining whether or not the control device collects
preferentially in the range of from 3 to 0.2 ym and also to give an approximate
value of the loading in each range so that an impactor may be applied for the
accurate measurement without extensive trial and error runs.
                                      35

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PROJECT TITLE:
Sampling Protocol to Minimize Effects of Source Variations
on Test Results
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Douglas W, Cooper
    GCA Corporation
    GCA/Technology Divisioon
    Burlington Road
    Bedford, Massachusetts  01730

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    John Burckle
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2155 (Contract)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1AB012

                              ROAP:   21BJT


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $80,000


                              BEGINNING DATE:    12/10/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   12/9/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    .It is the purpose of this project to devise and demonstrate a sampling
protocol for the measurement of particulate matter, both total loading and size
distribution of the fine range, to determine the efficiency of control devices
for large-scale fossil fuel fired systems.  GCA Corporation shall examine the
sources of temporal variations, their effects upon control equipment performance
measurements and hence upon the design and application of control equipment;
develop a protocol for minimizing the effects of variations to an acceptable
level; and assess the availability of particulate test equipment suitable for
the protocol designed.
                                     36

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PROJECT TITLE:  Air Emission Testing for St. Louis/Union Electric Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. L. Shannon
    Midwest Research Institute
    425 Volker Boulevard
    Kansas City, Missouri  64110


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Carlton Wiles.
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-01-1837  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

ROAP:   21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:   $309,300


BEGINNING DATE:    10/8/74

COMPLETION DATE:   12/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A solid waste coal combination is being used as fuel for a Union Electric
generating unit in St. Louis.  Air emission sampling and analyses are being
conducted.  The boiler's mass, composition and energy balances will also be
determined.  This project will determine how the use of solid waste as supple-
mental fuel affects air emissions in an industrial boiler.
                                     37

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PROJECT TITLE:
Development of Prototype Portable System for Pyrolysis of
Agricultural Wastes into Fuels and Other Products
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. John W. Tatom
    Engineering Experiment Station
    Georgia Institute of Technology
    Atlanta, Georgia  30332
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Donald Oberacker
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT  NO.:   R803430 (Grant)
                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1DB314

                              ROAP:   21BFS


                              EPA  SUPPORT:   $73,770


                              BEGINNING  DATE:   3/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:  10/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this research grant are to refine and develop the hardware
and system design for a portable pyrolysis unit.  This system is to convert
various types of agricultural wastes into useful,  saleable fuels,  such as
char, oil, and gas.  Initially,  wastes studied under this program are to be
selected from such candidates as cotton gin trash,  peanut hulls, and bagasse.
Hardware of this general type has been under development by Georgia Tech for
several years and the results have been very encouraging, based on laboratory,
pilot, and near-full scale hardware tests.  Although the system has already
been scaled up to commercial size in an operating plant pyrolyzing wood waste,
a few additional hardware refinements are indicated for processing harder to
handle wastes such as those listed above.  The study will include some fourteen
or more instrumental test runs with complete data analysis.
                                    38

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PROJECT TITLE:
Environmental Assessment of Future Disposal Practices of
Hazardous Materials-Plastics
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dale A. Vaughan
    Senior Research Scientist
    Battelle Memorial Institute
    505 King Avenue
    Columbus, Ohio  43201

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Donald Oberacker
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                               PROJECT NO.:   R803111 (Grant)

                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

                               ROAP:   21BFS


                               EPA SUPPORT:   $27,000


                               BEGINNING DATE:    3/17/75

                               COMPLETION DATE:   7/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this investigation is to assess future growth in the
plastic industry and evaluate the environmental impact of plastic waste
based upon potential developments in recycle and disposal technology.

    The approach is based upon anticipated future production, market, life
of products and development in recycle and solid waste disposal technology
over specific periods of (5, 10 and 20 years) time.
                                     39

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PROJECT TITLE:
Environmental Effect of Utilizing Solid Waste as a Supplementary
Power-Plant Fuel
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dale A. Vaughan
    Materials Science Department
    Battelle Columbus Laboratories
    505 King Avenue
    Columbus, Ohio  43201

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Donald Oberacker
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   R804008 (Grant)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

                              ROAP:   21BFS


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $120,000


                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/12/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   6/11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to investigate the benefits to the environ-
ment resulting from the utilization of solid waste as a supplementary fuel in
existing coal-fired power plants.

    The approach is to evaluate the gaseous and particulate emission plus the
corrosiveness of combustion products as a function of refuse-coal ratio and
as a function of sulfur content of the coal.  Experiments will be conducted in
an operating power station through cooperation of the City of Columbus, Ohio.

    Furnace and stack gas and particulate samples will be collected throughout
the periods that corrosion probes are inserted at several locations in the heat-
recovery passes.  These probes will be examined for corrosion attack and deposit
composition for various gas and metal temperatures to provide guidance in future
utilization of solid waste as a supplementary fuel.
                                     40

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PROJECT TITLE:  Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Waste Cellulose to Produce Glucose
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Leo A. Spano
    Department of the Army
    U.S. Natick Laboratories
    Natick, Massachusetts  01760
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Charles Rogers
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   IAG-D5-0758

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

ROAP:   21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:   $100,000


BEGINNING DATE:    4/15/75

COMPLETION DATE:   4/15/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The U.S. Army Natick Laboratory will conduct studies on (1) enzyme production,
 (2) substrate conditioning, (3) saccharification, (4) fermentation process
development, (5) saccharification reactions, (6) the process control system, and
will determine if an economically viable process for enzymatic conversion of
cellulose to glucose can be developed.
                                    41

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Fine Grinding Requirements  in Resource Recovery
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Professor George J.  Trezek
    University of California
    Campus Research Office
    M-ll Wheeler Hall
    Berkeley, California  94720

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Carlton Wiles
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R804034  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB314

ROAP:  21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:  $175,000


BEGINNING DATE:   7/31/75

COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This research involves a study of the theoretical and practical aspects
of fine grinding of refuse.  Current information on refuse size reduction
primarily concerns larger particle sizes.  This research will extend that
data to smaller particle size ranges.  Experiments will also be conducted
to compare various grinders with respect to their capabilities for producing
fine particles of refuse.
                                      42

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PROJECT TITLE:  Feasibility Study of Utilizing Solid Waste  for Building
                Materials
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Bud Duft
    Material Systems Corporation
    751 Citracado Parkway
    Escondido, California
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2056  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

ROAP:   21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:   $188,504


BEGINNING DATE:    6/20/74

COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this project is to constructively evaluate and analyze
previous research on potential products from waste materials.  To determine
the technical feasibility of products from selected waste materials.   To
determine the economics/cost effectiveness of utilizing waste materials for
building products.  To develop data on the supply and location of waste
materials.  To qualify selected waste material products under existing
building codes.  To demonstrate the feasibility, applicability, and accept-
ance of building products fabricated from waste materials.
                                     43

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PROJECT TITLE:   Foam Glass Insulation from Waste  Glass
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    R.  Thayne Robson
    Research Professor of Economics
    University of Utah
    Salt Lake City,  Utah  84112
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Charles Rogers
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R800937

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB314

ROAP:   21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:  $40,000


BEGINNING DATE:   9/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  8/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The feasibility of manufacturing foam glass insulation from waste glass will
be carefully investigated.  Foam board, pellets, and spheralikes can be made from
waste glass with the aid of one of a number of foaming agents such as calcium
carbonate, water, and certain carbonaceous materials.   The parameters that govern
optimum foaming conditions will continue to be defined.  Properties of foams pro-
duced with the various foaming agents will be measured.  The market potential for
foam glass products and cost of manufacture will be estimated in order to the
value of utilizing waste glass available from municipal waste.
                                     44

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PROJECT TITLE:  Forecast Quantities and Material Composition of Future Household
                Solid Waste 1973-85
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0261 (Contract)

                                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314
    Dr. Robert U. Ayres
    International Research & Technology       ROAP:   21BFS
       Corporation
    1225 Connecticut Avenue, NW
    Washington, DC  20036                     EPA SUPPORT:   $65,073

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    5/10/73
    Ronald Talley
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research          COMPLETION DATE:   6/10/75
       Division, MERL


PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this research is to forecast the solid wastes generated by
U. S. households from now through 1985.  Emphasis will be on forecasts of the
residuals from consumer purchases of food, publications, entertainment materials,
and clothing.  Other appropriate candidate for inclusion into the household solid
waste flow are household appliances which are ultimately discarded, such as electric
irons, television sets, and toasters.  Other consumer purchases, such as automobiles,
large appliances and furnaces, may be more appropriately treated as specialized
waste flows rather than household waste flows as they are typically disposed of
by the vendor replacing them.  The results of this research will make it possible
to increase the effectiveness of future disposal and resource recovery technolo-
gies and incentive strategies, which are largely dependent upon the composition
of the waste stream to which they are applied.

    Available consumer spending forecasts will be reviewed, identifying those
products that may be expected to have waste management consequences.  The
results of these forecasts will be used to identify the economic sectors which
produce these goods purchased by consumers.  Input-output models will be used
to identify the inter-sectorial relationships associated with each purchased
good.  Then with respect to these sectors and the goods produced and consumed,
substitution analysis will be conducted to determine when one raw material will
substitute for another (e.g., synthetic for natural fibers) or one produce will
substitute for another (e.g., pre-packaged and precooked food for raw or unpre-
pared food).  The substitution analyses will account for changes in technology,
cost and product mix.
                                     45

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PROJECT TITLE:
Investigate and Develop a Process for the Production of Methanol
as a Fuel
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Mark Antal
    Los Alamos Scientific Laboratory
    Atomic Energy Commission
    Los Alamos, New Mexico
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr. Albert Klee
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   LAG D5-0646

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

                              ROAP:   21BFS


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $127,000


                              BEGINNING  DATE:    1/31/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   1/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The research project will generate technical data needed to facilitate the
production  of hydrogen under less rigorous and more economical conditions.  The
hydrogen will be used in reactions to produce methanol from char resulting from
the  pyrolysis of solid wastes.

     Los Alamos will specifically conduct studies to (1) discover and evaluate
catalysts for the production of hydrogen and carbon monoxide at lower tempera-
tures,  (2)  perform a system study of selected process reactions in order to
evaluate its economic feasibility, (3) conduct bench-scale demonstration of
those aspects of the process which shows promise in the production of methanol.
                                      46

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PROJECT TITLE:
Investigation to Utilize Organic Residues to Improve Sludge
Dewatering Characteristics and to Produce Usable Fuels
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Thomas J. Wittman
    Systems Technology Corporation
    3131 Encrete Lane
    Dayton, Ohio  45439
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Carlton Wiles
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2105 (Contract)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

                              ROAP:   21BFS


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $17,117


                              BEGINNING  DATE:    6/28/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   8/28/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The work to be performed in this program shall consist of bench and pilot
scale testing to define the process, the economics, and the feasibility of
using a mixture of sewage sludge and the organic rejects from material recovery
operations using the Franklin, Ohio system to improve the dewatering character-
istics of the sludge.  The resulting dewatered sludge will be investigated to
determine if it can produce methane and/or a solid fuel.  To develop this waste,
objectives must be met in each of these categories, i.e., process, economics,
and feasibility.
                                     47

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PROJECT TITLE:
Novel Pretreatments for Waste Cellulose Hydrolysis for Utilization
of Cellulose Values from Solid Municipal Waste
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Walter Brenner
    New York University
    Division of Applied Science
    Graduate School of Arts & Sciences
    26-36 Stuyvesant Street
    New York, New York  10003
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Charles Rogers
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   R803664 (Grant)
                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314
                              ROAP:   21BFS


                              EPA SUPPORT:   $45,828


                              BEGINNING DATE:    5/15/75

                              COMPLETION DATE:   5/14/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this grant proposal is to develop/optimize a novel acid
hydrolysis process for the conversion of waste cellulose into glucose.   Under
Phase I, a study would be conducted to develop and optimize physical and chemical
pretreatments for waste cellulose which would be technically and economically
superior to present practices for maximizing the glucose yields.  Phase II
which is to be conducted concurrently with Phase I will concentrate on develop-
ment and optimization of a novel acid hydrolysis process which is based on
exposing an acid treated waste cellulose at ambient temperature to optimal
acid hydrolysis temperature by contact with superheated water or steam.

    This basic research program could lead to development of a viable acid
hydrolysis system for production of glucose and its subsequent use as a feed-
stock for the production of ethyl alcohol.
                                     48

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PROJECT TITLE:  Resource Recovery Study of the County of Hawaii
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Edward Harada
    Chief Engineer
    County of Hawaii
    25 Aupuni Street
    Hilo, Hawaii  96720

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr. Albert Klee
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  803924  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB314

ROAP:  21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:  $50,000


BEGINNING DATE:   Pending

COMPLETION DATE:  7/29/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of the proposed project is to carry out a feasibility study
to evaluate various alternatives for the disposal of the County of Hawaii's
municipal solid waste.   Particular emphasis is given to the possibility of
producing electricity through the burning of refuse with bagasse in existing
boilers owned by several local sugar companies.  The work plan includes:
surveys of existing solid waste collection, transfer, and disposal facilities;
determination of present and future waste quantities and compositions;  identi-
fication of available equipment and sites for waste pre-processing; evaluation
of methods for handling the combustible fraction at the boilers; and recom-
mendations for a specific course of action for the County to take.
                                     49

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PROJECT TITLE:  Size Reduction in Solid Wastes Processing
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    George Trezek
    University of California
    School of Engineering
    Berkeley, California  94720
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
PROJECT NO.:  801218  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1DB314
ROAP:  21BFS


EPA SUPPORT:  $100,000


BEGINNING DATE:   6/3/74

COMPLETION DATE:  6/29/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A refuse size-reduction laboratory has been developed so that the systematic
study, via controlled experiments,  of the parameters governing the comminution
of size reduction of the heterogeneous mixture called municipal refuse can be
performed.  This laboratory contains a 10 ton/hr.  hammermill which has been converte
into a research tool.  Hopefully,  these studies will enhance the understanding
of the mechanisms involved in the  size-reduction of refuse.   Adaptability of pre-
vious analytical comminution theories to refuse are being considered so that compu-
tation can be made for size distribution and power requirements.  Fundamental data
on size distribution of ground refuse and compression and tensile strength of
various refuse components as well  as complete packer truck and ground refuse is
being measured.  Energy requirements for various degrees of  aluminum can shredding
have also been measured by means of controlled laboratory experiments.  These
experimental data are vital to the establishment of the emerging technology of
refuse comminution.  They also form an integral basis of a concept and plan for
the development of an apparatus, specifically for refuse size reduction.
                                     50

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PROJECT TITLE:
Study of Solid Waste as a Supplementary Fuel in Industrial
Boilers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Lazaros J. Lazaridis
    Thermo Electron Corporation
    85 First Avenue
    Waltham, Massachusetts
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Donald Oberacker
    Solid and Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0355 (Contract)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1DB314

                              ROAP:   21BFS


                              EPA  SUPPORT:   $78,091


                              BEGINNING DATE:    11/9/73

                              COMPLETION DATE:   2/8/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The utilization of municipal solid waste as a supplementary fuel for boilers
in use at industrial establishments was investigated.   A survey of the industrial
sites, different boiler designs determined their potential for burning solid
refuse as part of the fuel.  Included in this survey was an assessment of modifi-
cations necessary to the boilers, operational problems expected from using solid
waste as part of the fuel, the form the solid waste must be in, and a projection
as to the expected effectiveness of each system.  Several industrial boilers were
selected for field testing.

    A final report is in preparation.
                                     51

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PROJECT TITLE:  Determine the Leachate Characteristics of Fixed Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Andrew J. Greene
    Waterways Experiment Station
    Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
    P. 0. Box 631
    Vicksburg, Mississippi  39180

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  IAG-D4-0569
PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1AB013

ROAP:  21BLH


EPA SUPPORT:  $1,340,000


BEGINNING DATE:    6/30/74

COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/80
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    In the first phase of this project all existing chemical stabilization
techniques for industrial and flue gas cleaning sludges will be surveyed and
selected processes will be evaluated through laboratory studies.   This will
be accomplished by meeting the following objectives:

    (a)  Compilation of a list of fixation techniques currently available.

    (b)  Development and employment of a procedure to screen candidate
         fixation processes.

    (c)  Comprehensive laboratory and field evaluation of a selected number
         of fixation processes that successfully survive the screening process.

    The second phase of this project will evaluate municipal, industrial, and
flue gas cleaning waste, disposal sites as they exist in the field.  At least
three  (3) municipal sanitary landfill sites, four (4) industrial sites, without
organics/pesticides, one (1) industrial site with organics/pesticides, and five
(5) flue gas cleaning waste sites for a total of thirteen (13) sites, will be
evaluated.  The evaluation of these sites is considered as an acceleration of
the existing program.  The existing program will still have a field evaluation
phase, but will have guidance from the results of this task.
                                      52

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PROJECT TITLE: sludge Liner/Leachate Compatibility Investigation
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Z. B. Fry, Special Assistant
    Soils & Pavements Laboratory
    U.S. Army Engineer Waterways
       Experiment Station
    P.O. Box 631
    Vicksburg, Mississippi  39180
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert Landreth
    Solid & Hazardous Waste Research
       Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   IAG-D5-0785

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1AB013

ROAP:   21BLH


EPA SUPPORT:   $100,000


BEGINNING DATE:    6/4/75

COMPLETION DATE:   5/1/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this project are to determine the compatibility of 18 liner
materials with flue gas cleaning (FGC) waste and associated liquors and leachates;
to estimate the length of life for the liners, and to assess the economics involved
with purchase and placement (to include construction) of various liner materials.

    Ten chemicals that are admixed into the soil, two flexible liners, and six
spray-on type chemicals will be selected following a review of the literature
considering the material to be contained and the related economic considerations
of material cost, placement rate, and associated construction costs.  These liner
materials will be placed in exposure cells designed to simulate a depth of sludge/
liquor of at least 20 ft.  The depth will be increased in suitable time increments.
The liners will be exposed for 12- and 24-month periods and subjected to tests to
determine the characteristics of each type.
                                     53

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PROJECT TITLE:  Assessment of Sewer Flow Measurement Devices/Techniques
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0426 (Contract)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
    Philip  E. Shelley, Director of Engineering
    Hydrospace-Challenger, Inc.                ROAP: 21ASY
    2150 Fields Road
    Rockville, Maryland
                                               EPA SUPPORT:  $44,590


MERL  PROJECT OFFICER:                          BEGINNING DATE:  3/28/74

    David  J. Cesareo                            COMPLETION DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       Objectives:  To develop the state-of-the-art of existing flow measurement
  dev.ices  and  techniques; to identify, evaluate, and assess those devices/
  techniques applicable  to wet-weather flow measurement;- to identify,
  evaluate and assess new and promising devices/techniques specific to wet
  weather  flow measurement; and to recommend future areas for research and
  development.

       Approach:  Among  the flow measuring devices/techniques to be investigated
  are those employing open channel direct discharge methods, pressure flow
  direct discharge methods, velocity area methods, etc.  The main emphasis
  will be  on  those suitable for unsteady flow conditions in urban drainage
  conduits. Only the limitations of conventional devices will be discussed,
  stating  conditions where they can be applied  to storm flow.  Each flow
  measuring device/technique will be evaluated  in so far as possible with-
  respect  to  23 predetermined operational parameters.  User experience,
  especially  from on-going USEPA projects, will be included as well as
  information  and data from various manufacturers and vendors.  Activities
  of other Federal Agencies, such as the Bureau of Reclamation, U.S. Geological.
  Survey,  and  Department of Agriculture, will also be consulted for relevant
  information.  The project will conclude with  the publication of a state-of-the-
  art report  that should be useful to anyone with a wet-weather flow measurement
  problem*.
                                       54

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PROJECT TITLE:  Baker Street Dissolved Air Flotation Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

    City and County of San Francisco
    Public Works Department
    San Francisco, California  94102
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    D. Cesareo
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  802701   (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034

ROAP:  2 IAS?


EPA SUPPORT:  $921,000


BEGINNING DATE:   7/24/69

COMPLETION DATE:   7/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The project consists of the design construction and evaluation of a
  combined sewer overflow treatment facility at the Baker Street outfall
  consisting of trash racks, sedimentation, dissolved air flotation and
  chlorination.

      Conditions of the receiving waters will -be investigated prior to
  placing facility in operation and cost effectiveness of the facility will be
  evaluated following construction.

      The character of combined sewage tributary to the outfall will be
  defined and the applicability of the treatment process to other outfalls
  in  the San Francisco system assessed.
                                      55

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I'.'IOJr-CT TITLE:  Boston University Bridge Storm Water Detention and Chlorination
                Station
   ;iv.;;;:;.AL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:
    Martin Weiss
    Metropolitan District Commission
    20 Somerset Street
    Boston, Massachusetts
PROJECT KG.:  11023 FAT (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:  $1,000,000
KSRL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  9/2/66

COMPLETION DATE:  3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objectives of this project are to construct a detention basin
 to intercept peak flows and to chlorinate wastewater, as a means of
 reducing combined sewage overflows into the Charles River.  This project
 includes the construction and evaluation of a combined sewer overflow
 facility, designed to provide a ten-minute minimum sedimentation-detention
 time with an influent of 233 MGD.  The chlorinated effluent will flow by
 gravity from the detention tanks through a 96-inch outfall pipe into the
 Charles River.  Sludge deposits in the detention tanks will be returned to
 the sewer system to be treated at the sewage treatment plant.  All settled
 materials will be flushed out of the tanks and into the sewer system after
 the storm subsides.

      Final report under review.
                                         56

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PROJECT TITLE:  Characterization and Disposal of Combined and Solids Sewer
                Overflow Sludges
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0242 (Contract)

    .   .     „ .     ,     „        .     .  „      PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034
    Anthony Gemopolos, Managing Associate
    Environmental Sciences Div., Envirex Inc.  ROAP:   21ASY
    P. 0. Box 2022
    Milwaukee, Wisconsin  53201
                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $246,167

MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:    6/29/73
    A. N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division               COMPLETION DATE:   9/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of Phase I are to: (1) characterize the residual sludges arising
from the treatment (physical, physical-chemical, and bio-chemical) of combined
sewer overflows; and (2) develop promising alternative sludge handling/disposal
treatment process flow sheets and an engineering evaluation of the alternative
flow sheets developed.

    The objectives of Phase II are to:  (1) evaluate on pilot-scale the effective-
ness of thickening-certrifugation treatment system for CSO residual sludges and on
a bench-scale the effectiveness of anaerobic digestion of appropriate sludges;
(2) develop basic design criteria and operating characteristics of the thickening-
centrifucation dewatering system in a form that can be translated into actual
practice with minimum delay; (3) develop capital and operating costs for the
demonstrated treatment  system; (4) evaluate, on a nationwide basis, the extent
of the wet-weather flow sludge problem with respect to quantities generated,
characteristics, and facility and cost requirements for handling and disposal;
(5) evaluate the "shock-load" effect of CSO treatment residuals on dry-weather
treatment plant operation and performance; (6) evaluate alternative methods for
ultimate disposal of raw CSO sludges and treated CSO sludges.
                                     57

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PROJECT TITLE:  Combined Sewer Fluidic Regulator Demonstration
KXTItAX'JPJvL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Carmen F. Guarino
    Philadelphia Water Department
    City of Philadelphia
    1160 Municipal Services Building
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  19107

KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  11022  FWR (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $77,410


BEGINNING DATE:  9/70

COMPLETION DATE: 8/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This project would utilize the design rationale developed under FWQA
 Program No. 11024 DGZ, (Contract 14-12-486) in the design,  construction and
 operation of a full-size combined sewer fluidic regulator installed in two
 typical locations in the Philadelphia sewer system.

 The specific objectives of the project are the following:
      1.  Design, construction and operation of a fluidic regulator for a
      flow range below 2 CFS with a minimum of reconstruction.  The unit
      will be capable of demonstrating fluidic action on demand by use of
      city water to simulate storm flow and a transparent top for observation.
      2.  Design, construction, and operation of a fluidic regulator for a
      4 CFS peak dry weather flow.  This will demonstrate the use of a
      fluidic device at higher flows on combined sewerage.  The automatic
      control of the overflow will be done by sensing the interceptor level.
      No overflow will occur until the interceptor reaches a pre-determined
      limit.
      3.  Evaluate the operation of above fluidic devices over a years' period,
      and relate their performance, both advantages and disadvantages to
      conventional regulator throughout the Philadelphia sewer system.
      4.  Assembly of all data from the evaluation and testing program
      including rainfall data, overflow vs. sensor height, so that the application
      of  fluidics to sewer  design  can be demonstrated on a full-scale basis.
                                      .58

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PROJECT TITLE:  Combined Sewer Overflow Abatement Program -  Rochester,  New York
 XTRAM'JRAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    J.  MacDonald
    Rochester Pure Waters District
    65 Broad Street
    Rochester, New York  14614
PROJECT NO.: Y005141 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA SUPPORT: $638,900
1-ERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    A.  N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING  DATE:  5/1/74

COMPLETION DATS:  5/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The project entails a total systems approach to develop  techniques
 for abating pollution from the municipal sector by considering wet  and
 dry-weather wastewater collection,  transport and treatment as one
 integrated system.  The program will begin with basic aspects of system
 monitoring and conclude with a master plan for implementation based
 on the best available stormwater pollution control technology.  This
 will involve use of the EPA Storm Water Management Model  for  system
 optimization; and treatment optimization by flexible pilot testing.   The
 project will result in an effective demonstration of a city-wide approach
 to Storm § Combined Sewer Overflow Control and be a guide to  other  municipalities.
                                      .59

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PROJECT TITLE: The Construction and Technical Evaluation of the Various Aspects
               of an Aluminum Storm Sewer System
 ::-:I:I.-'O:';:^.L  PROJECT DIRECTOI
    James J. Giordano
    City of LaSalle
    LaSalle, Illinois
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     H. E. Masters
     Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT KO.:  11032 DTI (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:  $432,276


BEGINNING DATE: g/23/69

COMPLETION DATE: 5/15/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is to demonstrate the correction of
  combined sewer overflow problems by constructing a separate storm drainage
  system for  a  portion of the city.  Engineering study indicates that this
  is  the most economical solution for the city.  The development and demonstration
  aspects will  be:

      1)  installation and evaluation of performance, durability, and
          dependability of various size corrugated aluminum pipe;
      2)  prototype development and evaluation of improved joint couplers,
          tapping  saddles, catch basins and manholes;
      3)  a  detailed cost analysis to allow comparison of aluminum pipe
          with a commonly used sewer material; and
      4)  a  construction practice evaluation for future installation guidance.
                                       60

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PROJECT TITLE:  A Continuous On Line  Monitoring  System  for Organics  in
                Storm and Combined Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Raytheon
    P. 0.  Box 360
    Portsmouth, Rhode Island  02871
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0262 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
ROAP:  21AS-Y


EPA SUPPORT:
MEKL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E. Masters
    Wastewater  Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      Early in the program a stormwater total organic carbon (TOC)  system,
 was developed.  Hardware was assembled that would process stormwater
 samples containing high suspended solids and that would obtain a continuous
 signal proportional to the concentration of TOC in the sample.

      Synthetic samples of municipal raw influent charged with primary
 sludge were analyzed using the TOC analyzer.  Data were also  obtained
 on actual stormwater samples collected during storm events at Boston.
 Further modifications were made after these observations.

      Automatic circuitry designed to provide turn on,  auto-zero,  auto-span,
 and sample line flushing was added to the hardware, and the system was
 installed at Boston Cottage Farm Storage Facility.

      Automatic continuous analyses were obtained during storms on site
 at the Cottage Farm Storage Facility.
                                     61

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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration/Evaluation of Impregnated Concrete.Pipe and Other
               Methods of Infiltration Control
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
    Allen C. Ludwig, Project Manager
    Texas Water Quality Board
    P. 0. Box  13246 - Capitol Station
    Austin, Texas   78711
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    Hugh Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  802651 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034
ROAP:    21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $93,000


BEGINNING DATE:   4/15/74

COMPLETION  DATE:  10/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       The objective of  this grant proposal is to evaluate and compare
  impregnated  concrete pipe under field conditions with plastic, plastic
  mortar,  clay and  asbestos-cement pipe.  Continued laboratory studies
  on concrete  pipe  impregnation will" be conducted to further refine correlations
  between  field and laboratory tests.  In addition, techniques for impregnating
  large diameter pipe will be developed so that more detailed economics
  can be-determined.  A  grant continuation will provide a strength improvement
  evaluation of the impregnated pipe. .
                                      62

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of Screening/Dissolved-Air  Flotation Treatment
                as an Alternate to Combined  Sewer  Separation
 MiRAirjR--1.!  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Kenneth L.  Huck
    City of Racine
    730 Washington Ave.
    Racine,  Wise.   53403
1ERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    A.  N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  11023 FWS  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY



EPA SUPPORT:  $1,046,039


BEGINNING DATE:  6/24/70

CO>[PLETION DATE:  2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      A 700-acre drainage area in the City of Racine,- Wisconsin,  has  a
 total of 53 outfalls on a four-mile stretch of the  Root  River.   Of
 these outfalls, 17 are separate storm sewers and 36 are  combined
 sewer overflow relief points.  Several outfalls will be  intercepted
 and the flows directed to five riverside treatment  units,  of which
 three will treat combined sewage, one will treat storm water only, and
 one will treat both.  The untreated excess combined sewage- and urban
 runoff produce high shock loads on the receiving water during rain
 events or snow melt.  Rather than separation of the combined systems,
 an alternate of treating the sewage by screening down to 200 microns
 then flocculatioh and flotation with pressurized dissolved-air will
 be demonstrated.  There will also be verification of a recently  developed
 combined sewer/water quality mathematical model.
                                      63

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of a Solids Separator  System  for Control of
                Combined Sewer Overflows
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Thomas Darmody
    City of Lancaster
    Municipal Building
    120 North Duke Street
    Lancaster, Pennsylvania
PROJECT KG.:  S802208 (11023  GSC)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $1,284,850
*ERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  6/1/71

COMPLETION DATE:   8/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is the demonstration of the feasibility
 of .controlling combined sewer overflows by storage.   Stored flow will be
 discharged to the existing municipal sewerage system for subsequent treatment
 during non-peak flow periods.  Exce'ssive overflows caused by intense rainfalls
 which cannot be contained will be treated by fine mesh screens and
 disinfected prior to discharge.  A vortex device will be developed and
 demonstrated, which will have the dual capabilities  of overflow regulation
  (controlled diversion) and treatment by liquid-solids separation.  During
 overflows, the concentrate will be directed to the existing sewerage system.
 The grantee will employ the Storm Water Management Model as a design and
 evaluation tool.  The model will also be further developed to include a
 decision-making capability to identify effective least-cost alternative as
 part of the development and implementation of a plan for control of combined
 sewer overflows for an entire urban area, using the  City of Lancaster as.
 an example.
                                       64

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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstration of Void Space Storage with Treatment and Flow
               Regulation
EX'i ;•-••->.". 7L-.1  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    C.  E.  Susong
    City of  Akron
    166 South High  Street
    Akron, Ohio  44308
XSRL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  11020 DXH (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:  $562,500


BEGINNING DATE:  5/23/69

COMPLETION  DATE:   9/76
PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:

      The objective  of  this  project  is  to  construct, operate, and evaluate
 an underground  storage/treatment  facility for excess combined sewage.
 The facility will include novel concepts  in construction and operation.
 It will  be an excavated  hopper-shaped  cavity, lined with an impermeable
 membrane,  filled with  an inert material,  covered with soil and the surface
 made usable. Storage  will  be in  the void space of the fill.  The flow
 regulation of influent will be a  new and  improved device, .probably a
 fluidic  regulator.   The  sewage will be pre-treated prior to entry to the
 storage  facility.   Tube  clarifiers  will be utilized to compare results with
 an on-going project where these units  are being used for the first time at
 an operational  level on  combined  sewage.
                                      65

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development  and  Demonstration of Combined Sewage Treatment
                Utilizing Screening  and  Split-Flow Air Flotation
KXTRAMUrlAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  11023 FDC  (Contract)

                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
    Dr.  William Katz
    Environmental Sciences Division,  Envirex, Inc ROAP:  21ASY
    P. 0. Box 2022
    Milwaukee,  Wisconsin  53201
                                                EPA SUPPORT:  $378,322


KERL  PROJECT OFFICER:
                                                BEGINNING DATE:  10/6/67
    A. N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division                COMPLETION DATS:  6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is  to study,  design,  fabricate,
 and. demonstrate a system for the treatment  of combined  sewer  overflows
 using new techniques of screening chemical  oxidation  and/or air
 flotation.  The system to be studied will evaluate  fine screening
 techniques for solids removal followed by chemical  oxidation  and
 disinfection or air flotation and disinfection prior  to discharge of
 the effluent.  The fine screening phase is  intended to  reduce the
 organic loading so that chemical-ozidant costs and  detention  time in
 the oxidation zone may be held to a minimum.   The chemical oxidants
 (HJD , Cl ,  and 0 ) will be introduced into a rapid mix zone  followed
 by a mixing baffle detention zone to allow contact  time for oxidation
 of the organic material.  The dissolved air flotation unit will be
 operated at recycle rates from 5 percent to 30 percent  of total flow
 and from 40 to 80 psig air pressure.  These data will be utilized to
 design and demonstrate the flow-through system of a MGD capacity to
 be evaluated in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
                                      .66

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development of Electromagnetic Flowmeters for Combined Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

   Dr. Vincent Gushing
   Gushing Engineering, Inc.
   3364 Commercial Avenue
   Northbrook, Illinois  60062
PROJECT NO.:  802400  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:  $133,248
KERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

   H. R. Masters
   Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  A/1/73

COMPLETION  DATE:  10/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The proposer plans to design, construct, and test a reliable and
obstructionless sewer flowmeter based on a modification of the conventional
electromagnetic flowmeter principle (used for pressurized flow).   The
"open-channel" combined sewer flowmeter will have a primary unit  (transducer)
not appreciably more complicated than the conventional instrument, the main
difference being more electrodes placed at various depths to measure
different levels of gravity flow in the pipe.  Based on the verification
of the  existing magmeter for pressure flow and available technology, this
device  offers, a very high potential for success.
                                     67

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development of New and Improved Devices  for  Automatic
                Sampling of Sewer and Combined Sewers  Flows
ilXTR-\XURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Phil Shelly, Ph.D.
    Hydrospace-Challenger,  Inc.
    2150 Fields Road
    Rockville, Maryland  20850
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0155 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP: 21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $115,946
1ERL PROJECT OFFICER:
    H. E. Masters
BEGINNING DATE:  6/72

COMPLETION DATE:  8/73
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The project is a seventeen month development and demonstration of
 devices capable of collecting and preserving representative samples of
 sewage from storm and combined sewers under all expected flow conditions.
 Work planned includes development o'f a complete state-of-the-art and
 assessment of sampling equipment and techniques, including types of
 samplers and advantages and limitations of each with respect to S & CS
 conditions, engineering to adapt and/or modify existing sampling equipment
 to effective operation under S & CS conditions.

      New concepts will be considered if the preliminary data submitted
 indicates feasibility; assemble and laboratory test each sampling device,
 report demonstrating the device capable of meeting usage requirements,
 installation of device at suitable field test site and on-site evaluation
 of the device under actual operating conditions.
                                      .68

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development of a Passive Flow Measurement System for Storm
                and Combined Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2121 (Contract)
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
    Kenneth M. Foreman, Research Engineer       pnAP-
    Grumman Ecosystems Corporation
    1111 Stewart Avenue
    Bethpage, New York  11714
                                                    suppQRT:


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                          BEGINNING DATE:    6/74

     H. E. Masters                                                  n /-,,
     Wastewater Research Division                COMPLETION DATE:   3/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is to demonstrate a new, non-intrusive,
 low cost, reliable, passive measurement system capable of monitoring flow
 for the highly variable conditions encountered in storm, combined and sanitary
 sewers .

      The system's concept involves a proprietary technique of utilizing the
 sound  emission resulting from the interaction of fluid flow with a discontinuity
 of a solid surface.  In this application to sewer flow, a discontinuity is
 any inherent change in the sewer cross-section, slope, or direction that
 can significantly affect the flow area or direction.

      The first phase of the project will include laboratory investigations
 directed to optimize system design details for sewer installations, and
 analyses which will relate theory and test data to measurement system
 design objectives and applications.  A short duration field test preview
 will be conducted in the contractor's facilities, using breadboard equipment,
 to exemplify the nature of output data to be obtained in a much more extensive
 field  test program scheduled for a second phase effort.

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development of a Swirl Concentrator and a Helical  Combined
                Dual Functioning Separator, Regulator
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Richard H. Sullivan, General Manager
    APWA Research Foundation
    American Public Works Association
    1313 East 60th Street
    Chicago, Illinois  60637

KERL PROJECT OFFICER:


    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0272 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP: 21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:  $387,451


BEGINNING DATE:  January 1975

COMPLETION DATS:    March 1976
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      A high return on this total investment may be found in the adopted
  use  of swirl and helical regulators, controling both quantity and quality
  of overflow to receiving waters.  Universalization of the swirl regulator/
  separator  and development of the helical regulator/separator will open the
  door for usage of these devices in American practice.  Additional returns
  may  be realized in the development and use of the swirl concentrator in
  place  of conventional sedimentation.  An increase of $49K.was recommended
  in order to take advantage of a proposed modeling set up by expanding the
  scope  to include further swirl separator refinements for treatment of
  domestic wastewater, stormwater, and erosion runoff along with combined
  sewage.
                                      .70

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PROJECT TITLE:  Disinfection/Treatment of Combined Sewer Overflows-Syracuse,
                New York
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   S802400 (11020 HFR)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034
    John M. Karanik, Projects Officer
    Onondaga County Dept. of Public Works      ROAP:   21ASY
    650 West Hiawatha Blvd.
    Syracuse, New York  13202
                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $1,104,984

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:    7/30/71
    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division               COMPLETION DATE:   11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to demonstrate the prevention of pollution
of Lake Onondaga caused by enteric organisms in combined sewage discharge.
The treatment proposed is fine screening and oxidation/disinfection at selected
stationary, sequential, microstrainer and high speed rotary.  There will also
be a solids/liquid separation utilizing the swirl separator.  Disinfection has
been evaluated utilizing gaseous chlorine and chlorine dioxide generated on site,
by a new and improved technique.  A final report, EPA-670/2-75-021 entitled,
"Bench-Scale High-Rate Disinfection of CSO's with Chlorine and Chlorine Dioxide,"
has been published.  Dosage, points of application, aftergrowth, and other factors
in kill efficiency, will be carried out.  A special virus disinfectant study will
also be included in the project.  A supplement to this grant entitled, "Nutrient
Removal Using Existing CSO Treatment Facilities", will test/evaluate the feasi-
bility of nutrient removal with additional process units at a full-scale combined
sewer overflow treatment demonstration site in Syracuse, New York.

    Alum will be fed at the proposed filter inlet and the alum flox will be
allowed to penetrate into the anthracite media which will affect phosphate
removal.   Furthermore, the ammonia nitrogen will be reduced by the zeolite
media at the bottom layer of the filter bed.  The system is expected to have
80% of nutrient removal efficiencies.

    Regeneration of alum sludge and exhausted zeolite as well as Badger solids
monitor will also be evaluated.

    Another supplement to this grant will conduct in situ test on SCS developed
instrumentation (automatic sampler and TOC analyzer).   In order to complete the
objectives of the overall project, ten (10) additional combined sewer overflow
events will also be monitored under this supplement.

                                     71

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PROJECT TITLE:   East Chicago  Treatment Lagoon
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    East Chicago Sanitary District
    East Chicago,  Indiana
PROJECT NO.:  11023  FAV  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E. Masters
EPA SUPPORT:  $1,044,120


BEGINNING DATE:  12/23/66

COMPLETION DATE:  3/23/73
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is to evaluate  the  effectiveness of
 treating combined sewer overflow in a very deep  detention basin having
 aerobic and anaerobic levels of treatment.  The  aerobie  treatment  is
 accomplished by large oxygen transfer units suspended  on surface of basin
 waters.  The prime objective of the project is to  demonstrate a control
 method to optimize the quality of treatment to storm water  and combined
 sewage mixed with industrial wastewater.  This treatment will render a
 more acceptable discharge to the receiving waters.   The  demonstration
 will assess design criteria for detention basins to  provide storage and
 treatment to storm water and combined sewer overflows; design requirements
 for large oxygen transfer units in relation to volumes of wastewater and
 quality of effluent.

      Project being terminated.
                                      72

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PROJECT TITLE:  Efficiency of Off-Stream Detention-Retention Measures as
                Sediment Control Devices
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr.  Lilia  A.  Abron-Robinson
    Department of Civil Engineering
    Howard  University
    Washington, D.C.   20001
PROJECT NO.:  803066  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034

ROAP:
                                                EPA SUPPORT:  $33,150
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E.  Masters
    Wastewater  Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:   6/74

COMPLETION DATE:  9/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This  study  has  the  objectives:   (a)   to evaluate the effectiveness of
 off-.stream detention-retention  of  surface  stormwater runoff as sediment
 control devices  and  (b)   to  establish technical guidelines to aid designer
 in selecting the most  efficient detention-retention facility.  Available
 field data will  be assembled and analyzed  to evaluate the efficiency of
 each type  of control measure.   Theoretical approach will be taken to
 develop trap efficiency  equations  for different types of device, based on
 fundamental principles of hydraulics  and sediment  transport.  The theoretical
 work will  be checked by  the  field  data.  It is envisioned that with this
 theoretical approach the design can be safely extrapolated beyond the data
 range available.   Other  factors such  as costs of construction and maintenance
 will also  be considered  in establishing technical  guidelines.
                                       73

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Present Catch Basin Technology and  Demonstration
                and Evaluation of New Up-Stream Attenuator/Solids Separator  Design
EX'rR•'>:•::R-'-L  PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT  MO.:  68-03-0274  (Contract)
                                                PROGRAM  ELEMENT: 1BB034
    John A.  Lager,  Vice President:  Project Dir.
    Metcalf § Eddy, Inc.                        ROAP:  21ASY
    1029 Corporation Way
    Palo Alto, California
                                                EPA  SUPPORT:   $106,673


KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                                BEGINNING DATE:  6/11/73
    A.  N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division                COMPLETION DATE: 12/12/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      Objectives.  The objectives of this project are. to assess and disseminate
 current catch basin technology and to describe,  evaluate,  and demonstrate
 improved devices for flow alternatives and solids separation.

      Approach

      Phase I  a.  To perform an overview and assessment of- the current
                   catchbasin technology, including an economic comparison
                   between catchbasins and other  alternatives.

               b.  To recommend either elimination of catchbasins,  their
                   modification, or the development and description of
                   new designs, to produce a final Phase I  report that
                   will be of use to municipal officials responsible for
                   construction and operation of sewerage systems.

      Phase II a.  To develop and test modifications for existing catchbasins
                   or new designs of flow attenuation/solids separation.
                   This phase is expected to require hydraulic modeling
                   and limited field testing.

               b.  To produce a final Phase II report that  will include
                   plans, specifications, and cost estimates and effectiveness
                   evaluation guidelines to assist municipal officials.

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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Spring Creek Auxiliary Pollution Control Project
ilXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    William  Pressman
    Department of Water Resources
    City  of  New York
    Municipal Building, Room  2454
    New York, New York  10007

KSRL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Anthony  Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT 1,'0.:  H023 FAO (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROAP:  21A9Y


EPA SUPPORT:  $844,500


BEGINNING  DATE:  12/26/67

COMPLETION DATS: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective  of this project is to establish pre-construction water
 quality conditions  in Jamaica Bay, Spring Creek Area, and location of all
 sources contributing to pollution of the Bay.  Overflows from combined
 sewers  contribute significantly to the pollution of Jamaica Bay, New York
 City in constructing a major combined sewage treatment facility "Spring
 Creek Auxiliary  Pollution Control Project" specifically designed to
 provide"sedimentation and chlorination treatment to combined sewage.
 Characterization of parameters that measure the effects of combined
 sewers  will  be a part of the investigations.  Following construction
 the effectiveness of the combined sewage treatment facilities will be
 evaluated.   It is anticipated that the Spring Creek facility will serve
 as  a prototype for  additional projects leading to an upgrading of the
 quality of Jamaica  Bay waters.
                                      75

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation and Technology Transfer of the Swirl Concentrator
                Principle
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Richard H. Sullivan
    American Public Works Association
    1313 East 60th Street
    Chicago, Illinois  60637
PROJECT NO.:  S 803157 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA  SUPPORT:   $65,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING  DATE: 1/75

COMPLETION DATE: 5/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
     The overall objective of this demonstration project is to provide vehicles
 for  the rapid dissemination of information concerning the swirl concentrator
 and  the helical bend regulator.  Technology transfer in the field of public
 works  is best accomplished by evaluation of prototype or full size units and
 by contact with the engineers who must plan and design pollution control
 facilities.  The six parts of this proposal are designed to provide the basis
 for  transfer of the technology to the profession.  Parts C thru F will be
 funded by others.
     The six parts are:

          A.  Evaluation of a Swirl Concentrator Grit Chamber;
          B.  Evaluation of a Swirl Concentrator Primary Technical Device:
          C.  Preparation of a textbook on Design of Facilities Utilizing
              Secondary Motions;
          D.  Preparation of a motion picture describing the Swirl Concentrator
              Facilities which have been constructed;
          E   Conduct of a seminar on the Design and Application of the Swirl
              Concentrator and Helical Bend Regulator; and
          F   Preparation of the Proceedings of the seminar.
                                      76

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PROJECT TITLE: Flocculation-Flotation Concept for  Sewage Solids  Separation
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Hercules, Inc.
    910 Market Street
    Wilmington, Delaware  19899
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Field
    Wastewater Reasearch Division
PROJECT NO.: 11023-EYC (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB03A

ROAP:  21A3Y


EPA SUPPORT:  $110,291


BEGINNING DATE:  4/22/70
                      •
(COMPLETION DATE:    1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This project will develop and assess variables' associated with
 flocculation as an aide to flotation,  i.e.,  flocculant concentration vs
 bouyant effect, sewage solids shock load effect,  optimum scheme  and
 permissible flow for treatment.
                                      77

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PROJECT TITLE:   Humbolt  Avenue  Overflow Detention and Chlorination Facility
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Herbert Goetsch
   Public Works,  City of  Milwaukee
   841 North Broadway
   Milwaukee, Wisconsin  53202
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   D. Cesareo
PROJECT NO.:  HQ23  FAU  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $1,468,589


BEGINNING DATE: 10/15/66

COMPLETION DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project  is  to  demonstrate effectiveness of a
detention tank and chlorination facilities  for  the  treatment of combined
sewer overflows.   The tank influent will  be screened.  Design of tank is
based on a 15 minute detention time for sedimentation and chlorination.
After overflows,  the sludge deposits and  wastewater will be pumped back to
the existing treatment plant.   Aside from typical testing, the evaluation will
include river- monitoring.
                                       78

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PROJECT TITLE:  Large Scale Demonstration of Treatment of  Storm-Caused
                Overflow by the Screening Method
"r.xTR-v.iuRAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Paul Brunner
    City of Fort Wayne
    308 East Beery Street
    Fort Wayne, Indiana  46802
PROJECT NO.:  11020 GYU (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $1,067,000
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING  DATE:  4/29/71

COMPLETION DATS: 6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is to install rotating fine screens
 for the purpose of removing solids from combined sewer overflows  prior
 to discharge to a retention basin for further treatment with effluent
 from the city's secondary treatment plant.   Disinfection will be  provided.
 Detailed evaluation of the treatment process would be carried out.
                                      .79

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PROJECT TITLE:   The Lawrence Avenue Underflow Sewer System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
   City of Chicago
   Department of  Public  Works
   Chicago, Illinois
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Richard Field
   Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  11022 EMD  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $1,500.000


BEGINNING DATE:   3/30/67

COMPLETION DATE:  9/77
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this  project  is  to  evaluate the effectiveness of
employing a deep tunnel system within  a highly developed urban area to
temporarily store excess combined sewer flows for return to the sewage
treatment plant during off-peak  hours.  This project will reduce the discharge
of untreated combined sewage to  the receiving stream and minimize overloading
the waste treatment plant.   Should  this method of control prove to be
economically feasible the use of advanced tunneling equipment, present plans
in the Chicago metropolitan area envisions  a vast network of deep tunnels
for ultimate control of all waters  in  excess of  that which can be conducted
by the existing drainage systems.
                                       80

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PROJECT TITLE: Micro-Organisms  in  Stormwater
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  R802709  (Grant)
                                   J  .  .       PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
   Cornelius  W.  Kruse,  Professor  and  Chairman
   Dept.  of Environmental  Health                ROAP:  21ASY
   The  Johns  Hopkins University
   Charles &  34th  Streets
   Baltimore, Maryland                          EPA SUPPORT:  $15,000


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                                           r/-, /7/
                                               BEGINNING DATE:  5/1/74

   Richard Field                               ™MPT K-TTDN  DATF-  10/76
   Wastewater Research  Division                 COMPLETION  DATE.  -LU//O
PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of  the study is  to  provide  basic  information upon which
 a more scientific  evaluation may be made  regarding the  health  hazard
 potential of  stormwater  in the urban setting.   It is proposed  to  determine
 the presence  and concentration of selected  pathogenic organisms including
 other than enteric forms.   The relationship of these pathogens to the
 customary microbiological indication of sanitary water  quality will be
 established.   The  results should suggest  the type and degree of stormwater
 treatment necessary for  the protection of health.  Routine  sampling will
 be made  sewage at  the  wastewater treatment  plant for reference and waters
 flowing  in the urban streams to obtain background information.  Sampling
 stations for  stormwater  will be set up at six  sites  ranging from  relatively
 clean residential  drainage area to  the inner city characterized by
 industries and heavy residential areas.   One of the  sampling stations will
 be a combined sewer system.

      The study will, of  necessity,  include  evaluation of  sampling equipment
 and methods and cultured materials.  The  project is  expected to be completed
 in two years.
                                      81

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PROJECT TITLE:  Nutrient Removal Using Existing CSO Treatment  Facilities
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

    Mr. John J. Hennigan, Jr.
    County of Onondaga
    650 West Hiawatha Blvd.
    Syracuse, New York  13204
PROJECT NO.:  802400  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROAP:   2LASY


EPA SUPPORT: $14,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    C. Y. Fan
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:   4/1/74
                      *
COMPLETION DATE: 9/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This work will be a supplement to the ongoing Onondaga County,  New York
 grant  11020 HFR.  It will test/evaluate the feasibility of nutrient  removal
 with additional process units at a full-scale combined sewer overflow
 treatment demonstration site in Syracuse, New York.

      Alum will be fed at the proposed filter inlet and the alum flox will
 be allowed to penetrate into the anthracite media which will affect
 phosphate removal.  Furthermore, the ammonia nitrogen will be reduced by
 the zeolite media at the bottom layer of the filter bed.  The system is
 expected to have 80% of nutrient removal efficiencies.

      Regeneration of alum sludge and exhausted zeolite as well as Badger
 solids monitor will also be evaluated.
                                      82

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PROJECT TITLE:  Pilot Studies to Determine the Feasibility of Using  High
                Gradient Magnetic Separation for Treating Combined Sewer  Overflows
hlXTRAM'JRAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:
     gr. John A.Qberteuffer
     ala Magnetics, Inc.
    247 Third Street
    Cambridge, Massachusetts  02141
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  6S-03-2218 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $14,000



BEGINNING  DATE:  6/75

COMPLETION DATE: 5/76
PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:

      The contractor shall (1)  demonstrate pilot-scale the effectiveness
 of a HGMS treatment system for treating combined sewer overflows  and
 stormwater and more importantly use the information as.a basis for a
 decision for larger scale evaluation;  (2)   develop basic design criteria
 and operating characteristics of the HGMS  system in a form that can
 be translated into larger scale; (3)  project capital and operating costs
 based on the demonstrated treatment system; and (4)   investigate  the
 feasibility of HGMS for dual use (integrated wet and dry weather
 treatment systems).
                                     83

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PROJECT TITLE:  Program for Demonstrating Combined Sewer Overflow Control
                Techniques for Water Quality Improvement and Beach Protection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:
    City of Cleveland
    City Hall
    601 Lakeside Avenue
    Cleveland, Ohio  44114

MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    A. N.  Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  11023  EZW  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $325,162


BEGINNING DATE:   6/3/68

COMPLETION DATE:  5/1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       The  objectives of  this project are to apply several control and treatment
  methods designed  to abate pollution from combined sewer overflows and control
  of  water  quality  at the Edgewater and White City bathing beaches on Lake
  Erie  in the  City  of Cleveland.  Control and treatment measures to be applied
  include:

       1)  hypochlorination of  combined sewer overflows and local streams
           contributing to pollution of beach areas;
       2)  use of polymers to reduce overflows by increasing interceptor
           flow capacity;
       3)  initiation of  a sewer  flushing program to reduce solids discharged
           from the drainage area tributary to the Edgewater overflow;
       4)  screening of overflows and streams;
       5)  construction of sheet  piling and flexible barriers to enclose
           beach areas;
       6)  control  of water quality within enclosed beach areas;
       7)  collection of  debris and coarse solids; and
       8)  miscellaneous  sewerage system improvements.
                                         84

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PROJECT TITLE:  The Somerville Marginal Conduit Including Pretreatment Facilities
i:J-;r>R-\Mi;:lAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR

    Martin Weiss
    Metropolitan Dist. Comm.
    20 Somerset Street
    Boston, Mass.
PROJECT MO.:  11023 DME (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

       21ASY
                                                EPA  SUPPORT:   $452,000
1-CIRL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  8/31/70

COMPLETION DATS: 2/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is to develop, demonstrate and evaluate
  treatment method for excess combined sewage.  The treatment will consist
  of screening and chlorination.  A suitable screening technique will be
  developed.  The chlorination proces's will involve new and improved utilization
  of high current density electrolytic process to generate a sodium hypochlorite
  solution for disinfection of combined sewage.  The construction will be
  coordinated with adjacent highway construction and drainage and recreational
  water  protection.
                                      85

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PROJECT TITLF:  state of the Art Update on Storm and  Combined  Sewer Overflow
                Management and Treatment
KXTCAMiJKAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    John A. Loger
    Metcalf & Eddy, Inc.
    1029 Corporation Way
    Palo Alto, California  94303
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2228

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:   $199,209
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  4/15/75

COMPLETION DATE:   3/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)  desires  a  continuation
 and update of previous contract "State-of-the-Art on  Storm and  Combined
 Sewer Overflow Management and Treatment," 68-03-0179  to include source and
 discharge pollutant loading parameters (values,  receiving water impact
 analyses and example municipal wet-weather flow  characterization and control
 analyses; and the basic methodologies for determining these values and making
 these analyses.  The objective of this contract  is to improve and accelerate
 the transfer of new technology in the field of urban  stormwater management
 from the researcher to the potential user.  The  final report  would be
 directed at the user engineer/manager with particular emphasis  on (1)
 approach methodology through illustrative problem solving; (2)  case history
 updates; and (3) data base expansion.  The report would be a  supplement to,
 not a replacement of, the comprehensive text "Urban Stormwater  Management
 and Technology:  An Assessment," EPA-670/2-74-040.

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PROJECT TITLE: Technology - A Manual of Instruction Engineering Aspects of
               Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.: 801358 (Grant)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
     Mr. A. H.  Shepard                                   2 ,
     Assistant  Vice  President and Treasurer     WAT-
     North Carolina  State University

     Lleigh^rth  Carolina  27607             EPA SUPPORT:   $27,882


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                          BEGINNiNG DATE:  6/15/73

     A. N. Tafuri
     Wastewater Research Division               COMPLETION DATE: 6/15/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       This  project will develop a detailed graduate 'level manual on the
  engineering  aspects of Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow Management and
  Control, and will test the manual in a graduate level course at North
  Carolina State University by utilizing it as a course text.
                                      87

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T> ? 0 '
TITLE: Trenchless Sewer  Construction  and  Sewer Design  Innovations
  ITIIAM'JRAL  PROJECT ERECTOR:

    William Henry, County Engineer
    Sussex County Council
    Georgetown, Delaware  19947
XERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
                                        PROJECT riO.:  s-800690  (Grant)

                                        PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

                                           P:  21ASY
                                        EPA SUPPORT:  $796,238


                                        BEGINNING DATE:   7/8/72

                                        COMPLETION DATE: 9/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The project is to demonstrate a new sewer construction method which
 will be less costly and more rapid than conventional construction, and
 overcome the problems of high water table, unstable soil, associated
 infiltration and expensive manhold "installation.  The technique is to
 utilize the "trenchless" pipe laying system developed in England.  The
 process uses an electro-optically-controlled blade which "plows in"
 the pip'e as it moves along.  Other important sewer design-innovations
 will be demonstrated:  new manhold construction and substitute clean-
 outs,  improved sewer piping  (PVC), jointing, and coating materials
 a new  screw type sewage pump which requires no wet well.  A thorough
 two year post-construction evaluation is to be included.
                                       88

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PROJECT TITLE:   Ultra High Rate Filtration  of  Combined  Sewer Overflows and
                 Raw Sewage
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   N. Nash, Deputy Director (Plants)
   Dept.  of Water Resources
   New York City, New York
PROJECT NO.:  R803271    (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:    21ASY


EPA SUPPORT:  $120,000
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   H. E. Masters
   Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  8/74

COMPLETION DATE: 5/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of this project are (1)  to confirm the technological
advantage and high parameters of treatment performance of UHR filtration of
combined sewer overflows (see EPA Project //11023EYI) ;  (2) to obtain the
appropriate design parameters to apply to full scale  facilities;  (3)  to
determine the feasibility of UHR Filtration to perform the dual function of
treating combined sewer overflows and raw dry weather  sewage.

     A pilot plant will be constructed to filter the  combined sewer overflows
and raw dry weather sewage.  The pilot plant will operate for a four  month
period testing storm overflows and dry weather flow.   Data will be compiled
to determine operating procedures, flux rates, contaminant removal efficiencies,
(suspended solids, BOD, and COD), backwash procedures, backwash water characteristics
and backwash water handling methods.

     A 30-inch diameter filter column and two 6-inch  diameter filter  columns
will be utilized for the pilot plant.  Upon successful operation of the pilot
plant, consideration will be given to construction of  a demonstration plant.
                                       89

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PROJECT TITLE:  Use of  Polymers  to Reduce or Eliminate Sewer Overflow in the
                Bachman Creek Sewer
>:XI:.'.XVRA_ PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    A.  E.  Holcomb
    City of Dallas
    500 South Ervay Street
    Dallas, Texas  75201
PROJECT NO.:  11022 DZU  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROM':  21AS!


EPA SUPPORT:   $331,233
::ZRL PROJECT OFFICE?,:

    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  5/23/69

COMPLETION DATS: 3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this project is  to  design,  construct,  and  evaluate
 a permanent polymer injection station  on  the  Bachman  Creek Sewer in  Dallas,
 Texas.  This project will further demonstrate and evaluate a technique
 developed earlier for FWPCA by contract which utilizes  injection of  polymers
 into a sewer for the purpose of increasing the carrying capacity of  the pipe.
 During periods of wet weather the Bachman Creek sewer receives excess
 quantities of ground or stormwater due to infiltration.  The flow then
 exceeds its carrying capacity and untreated wastes overflow  in at least ten
 locations, causing pollution of Bachman Creek.  This  project will seek to
 eliminate or greatly reduce the number and volume of  untreated overflows
 by increasing the flow capacity of the Bachman Creek  Sewer through the addition
 of polymers.  Design criteria, operating  techniques,  optimum polymer concentration
 and other pertinent data critical to the  intended use will be evaluated.
                                     9.0

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PROJECT TITLE:  Wastewater Flow Measurement  in  Sewers Using Ultrasound
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   WOECS NO.: 11024  FVQ  (Grant)
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
   Ronald J.  Anderson                           »AAP»   21A"SY
   Sewerage  Commission of the City of  Milwaukee *OA**
   P.  0.  Box 2D79
   Milwaukee, Wisconsin  53201                  ^ suppQRT:   $146,250
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                          BEGINNING DATE:   3/26/71

   H.  E.  Masters                                 COMPLETION DATE:  5/15/76
   Wastewater Research Division
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to improve sanitary,  storm and  combined
sewer regulation by application and demonstration of new technology for
measurement of sewage volume flow.  To implement this objective,  two  sewers
in the Milwaukee Metropolitan Sewerage System will be instrumented with
newly developed ultrasonic velocity and level measurement equipment.   The
purpose of the equipment is to provide a measurement of  sewage  volume flow
suitable for regulation systems which, in addition to conventional gravity
flow, involve sewage, gating, pumping -and short term retention  of storage.
The sewage metering equipment to be demonstrated is of sufficiently low  cost
to achieve general use, can be conveniently installed in existing sewers,
is non-fouling and is suited by design to long-term operation in the  sewer
environment.
                                       91

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PROJECT TITLE: Comparison of Alternate Sewer Designs
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Harry P. Frank
    City of Elizabeth
    50 West Scott Place
    Elizabeth, New Jersey  07201
PROJECT NO.:  802971   (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP: 21ATA


EPA SUPPORT:    $100,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    A. N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:  7/1/74

COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of this grant proposal is to evaluate three sewer
 sys.tem designs incorporating cost-effective analysis for each system.
 The three designs to be evaluated are:  1) . conventional storm and sanitary,
 2)  conventional combined, and 3)  advanced combined system which incorporates
 in-sewer storm flow storage and controlled routing.  A comparative cost-
 effective analysis based on a desired receiving water and/or effluent
 quality-will be made of these three sewer designs.  Comparison of system
 design will include conventional vs..advanced hydrologic and hydraulic
 methodology.  In conventional design,  the engineers employ older concepts
 such as the Rational Method for runoff computation and the Manning or Kutter
 equations for determination of sewer size and slope.  These methods have
 often been the subject of criticism due to their inaccuracies.
                                       92

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstrate Real-Time Automatic Control of Combined Sewer System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     A.  0.  Friedland,  Project Director,
     Head,  Div.  of Sanitary Engineering
     City and County of  San Francisco
     770 Golden  Gate Avenue
     San Francisco,  California  94102

HERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     A.  N.  Tafuri
     Wastewater  Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  803743  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ATA


EPA SUPPORT:    $195>000


BEGINNING DATE:  5/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:    5/31/78
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       The principal objective of this project  will be  to  demonstrate  that
  real-time automatic operational control technology can be  implemented  for
  combined sewer systems in metropolitan areas.   To accomplish  this  objective,
  the project will be divided into two major phases:   (a)  a development phase,  and
  (b)  an application phase.

       The development work will include the following  three items:

       (a)  Development of the control software for the demonstration  system,
       (b)  Development of a short-term (minutes and hours)  rainfall prediction
            capability, and
       (c)  Development of a relatively simple  rainfall-runoff  model that can
            be used for real-time simulation.

       The ultimate product of the development  phase'will  be the  control
  system software required for the prototype demonstration system.   However,
  a major objective of this phase will be to approach the  developmental  work
  in a generalized manner to the maximum extent possible so  that  the results
  of this work can be used by other cities contemplating real-time automatic
  control of their storm drainage systems.

       Ttfe objectives of the application phase  of the study  are:

       (a)  To demonstrate how the generalized  simulation  and control  models
            developed in the first phase of the work would be adapted  to a
            specific system, and
       (b)  To show that the automatic real-time control system will work
            as it was intended.
                                       93

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PROJECT TITLE: Establishment of An Urban Rainfall/Runoff Data Base
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0496  (Contract)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
    James P. Heaney
    Dept. of Environmental Engineering Sciences HOAP:  21ATA
    College of Engineering
    University of Florida
    Gainesville, FL  32611                     EPA SUPPORT:   $48,500


MEKL PROJECT OFFICER:                          .EGJNNIKG DATE:   6/30/74
    A.  N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division               COMPLETION DATE:  2/28/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      An urban rainfall/runoff data base will be established for evaluation
 and testing of rainfall/runoff simulation models.   The requisite data
 include not only rainfall/runoff/catchment characterisation but also specific
 information on water quality and flow-rate measurements (as functions of
 time) of sewered/non-sewered stormwater and combined sewer catchment and
 discharge points as well as climatological, demographic and related data.
 Documentation will include data collection criteria, data-sources,  data
 base dissemination methods and methods of continuous data base maintenance.
 Actual computer data storage will be in tape and card form.
                                       94

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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of a Mathematical Model for Engineering Assessment,
               Control, Planning and Design of Storm and Combined Sewerage Systems.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Dr. Albin Brandstetter
     Battelle Memorial Institute
     Pacific Northwest Laboratories
     P. 0. Box 999
     Richland, Washington  99352
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0251  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATA


EPA SUPPORT:
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     C.  Y.  Fan
     Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       The  proposed project will evaluate presently available mathematical
  models used for  the assessment,  control, planning, and design of storm
  and combined sewerage  systems.   A literature review will be conducted,
  including the collection of model descriptions and associated computer
  programs.  The most promising models for practical applications will be
  tested using a hypothetical set  of data.  The models will then be evaluated
  considering the  cost of model use, computer requirements, model accuracy,
  data requirements,  input data preparation requirements, and output options
  available to the user.  The evaluations will be documented in such a way
  that the  practicing engineer will be able to decide which of the models
  will best meet his  requirements.  It is planned that the project will be
  initiated in May 1973, that model evaluation will be conducted during the
  remainder of 1973,  and that model documentation will be completed in May 1974.
                                      95

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PROJECT TITLE:   A Guide  for Comprehensive Planning for Control of Urban Storm
                 and  Combined  Sewer Runoff
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  802411
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
     Dr.  Wayne C. Huber
     Dept.  of Environmental  Engineering SciencesROAP:  21ATA
     University of  Florida
     College of Engineering
     Engineering &  Industrial Exp.  Sta.          EPA SUPPORT:  $69,569
     Gainesville, FL  32601
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                                BEGINNING DATE:  6/1/75

     WastewfterrResearch  Division                COMPLETION DATE: 11/31/77
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

       The Storm Water Management Model  (SWMM) has proven itself to be a
  useful computer simulation tool for  studies of pollution caused by storm
  and combined sewer overflows.  However,  documentation of model usage lacks
  a clear, concise,  logical sequence for users to follow.  An extensive effort
  will be made to revise the present User's Manual to correct for this defect
  and others and to  completely update  the  model.  In addition, refinements
  will be" added to flow routing  procedures to account better for backwater,
  interconnections and surcharging.  Treatment and solids handling alternatives
  other than those presently" considered  in the SWMM will be examined for
  application to pollution control.  Finally, planning guidelines will be
  prepared for use by those charged with obtaining least cost, yet environmentally
  sound solutions to urban drainage and  pollution problems.  These guidelines
  will include the results of all available research.
                                       96

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PROJECT TITLE: The State of the Art and Future Direction of Urban Water
               Management Model
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

    Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
    710  South Broadway, Suite 200
    Walnut Creek, California  94596
KERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    C. Y. Fan
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0499  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATA


EPA SUPPORT:   $90,0QO


BEGINNING DATE: 4/1/75

(COMPLETION DATE:   6/1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The U, S, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) desires to develop
  and  demonstrate a model or analytic capability for assessing the effectiveness
  and  cost of various measures for reducing or eliminating first flush
  pollution  from combined sewers (including a routine for the design of
  combined sewers to prevent solids sedimentation at optimal construction
  cost,  if shown to be feasible during initial, Phase I, investigation).
                                      97

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PROJECT TITLE:  Urban Stormwater Management Short Course
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    F. DiGiano, Assistant Professor
    University of Massachusetts
    Amherst, Massachusetts  01002
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     A. H. Tafuri
     Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  803069  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATA


EPA SUPPORT:  $25,499


BEGINNING DATE:  6/3/74

COMPLETION DATE:  8/31/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objectives of the short course are to introduce the concepts and
 modeling techniques associated with the prediction, control and management
 of  urban stormwater problems.  The.participants are anticipated to be from
 consulting  firms and government agencies specializing in water resources
 and water quality systems design, management and planning.

      A "five day short course was scheduled to be held at the University of
 Massachusetts during the summer or fall of 1974.  Guest speakers representing
 the distinguished personnel in the field will present seminar-type lectures
 during the  short course.  Special attention will be given to the use of the
 Environmental Protection Agency Stormwater Runoff Management Model (SWMM)
 to  analyze  urban stormwater problems.  The lectures will be augmented by a
 series of case studies and workshops dealing with the technical aspects of
 using  the computer model.  An extensive set of notes will be published and
 distributed.to participants prior to the course.
                                      .98

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PROJECT TITLE: Analysis of Practices for Preparing an Economic Analysis and
               Determining Infiltration and Inflow
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

   Richard H. Sullivan, General Manager
   APWA Research Foundation
   1313 East 60th Street
   Chicago, 111.  60637
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    A.  N.  Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT KO.:  803151-    (Grant)

PROGRAM EI.lvIENT:  1BB034

ROAP:    21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:   $78,001


BEGINNING DATE:   7/22/74

COMPLETION DATE:  2/15/76
PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of the study is to determine methods being utilized to
determine infiltration and inflow, prepare a report and manual of practice to
assist local agencies in conducting^ studies, develop standard procedures for
economic analysis, and make recommendations to USEPA as to provisions of
regulations.
                                        99

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PROJECT TITLE:  Characterization and Treatment of Urban Land Runoff
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

    Dr.  Newton Colston
    Water Resources  Research Institute
    University of North Carolina
    Raleigh,  North Carolina  27607
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Anthony N.  Tafuri
PROJECT NO.:  1103° HJP (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:   $106,672


BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/71

COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      A 1.67  square mile  drainage area in Durham, North Carolina, will be
 monitored over a two-year  period, for the purpose of correlating storm
 water discharge quality  with  land use, rate of flow, storm characteristics,
 and runoff time, Laboratory pilot-scale studies will be conducted to evaluate
 the applicability,  effectiveness, and economics of sedimentation and physiochemical
 treatment of storm water discharges.  Water quality management criteria will
 be developed to evaluate the  relationship of storm water discharge control/
 treatment versus advanced  municipal waste treatment; in terms of cost and
 effectiveness to meet  desired water quality levels.
                                      100

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PROJECT TITLE:
                Demonstration of Erosion and Sediment Control Technology
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Alvin L.  Franks
    Water Resources Control Board
    1416 Ninth Street
    Sacramento, California  95814
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: S803181

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT: $230,000


BEGINNING DATE:   7/74

COMPLETION DATE:  10/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this demonstration is to develop an assessment of the cost
effectiveness of sediment erosion control technology in a development, which
has the climatic, topographic and vegetational and soil characteristics of the
Tahoe area of California.  The results will be used to establish erosion control
standards for similar areas.
                                     101

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration and Evaluation of Sediment and Erosion Control
                Techniques Applicable to the Southeast Piedmont,  Fairfield
                County, South Carolina
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Frank T. Caruccio
    Department of Geology
    University of South Carolina
    Columbia, South Carolina  29208
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:   $189,000


BEGINNING DATE:   7/75

COMPLETION DATE:  6/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The demonstration is a three-year study of the techniques and their efficiency
in controlling sediment erosion and resulting water quality impairment in a Piedmont
region of the southeastern U.S.A.   Some preliminary baseline assessments of the
water quality in the region will be made before construction is initiated.
                                      102

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PROJECT TITLE:  Develop and Demonstrate New and Improved Model for Design of
                Combined Sewers to Prevent Solids Sedimentation and to Optimize
                Construction Costs
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Michael B. Sonnen
    Water Resources Engineers
    710 South Broadway
    Walnut Creek, California  94596
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    A. N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2205  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034
ROAP:   21ATB


EPA SUPPORT: $89,246


BEGINNING DATE:   6/75

COMPLETION DATE:  1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This research is to determine whether technical means of simulating
alternative methods for preventing sedimentation in combined sewers can
be feasibly introduced to an existing mathematical model, a revised version
of the EPA Storm Water Management Model (SWMM).   Moreover, the feasibility
of including cost estimation procedures in the same model or in a different
model is to be determined.  If both possibilities prove to be feasible,
the necessary programming and testing will be undertaken in the second
part of the study.

    Plans are to make concerted effort to include technical and economic
subroutines in an existing model, rather than to develop a new model.
                                     103

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PROJECT TITLE: Develop and Evaluate Methods for Determining Cumulative Stormwater
               Runoff Volumes and Flowrates
IIAMU^L PROJECT DIRECTOR:

Ven Te Chow
Dept. of Civil Engineering
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
Urbana, 111.  61801
                                               PROJECT  NO. :  68-03-0302 (Grant)

                                               PROGRAM  ELKMENV: 1BB034

                                               ROAP:    21ATB


                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $61,000
 . PROJECT OFFICER:

Richard Field
Wastewater Research Div.
                                                BEGi[raIHG DATE:  8/1/73

                                                COMPLETION DATE: 1/15/77
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      A prerequisite for effective  control  of  storm runoff pollution is a
 reliable method to predict the quantity  of the  storm runoff.  The time distribution
 of storm runoff from an urban drainage system depends on the areal and temporal
 distributions of the intensity of  the rainfall,  the frequency of the rainstorm,
 and the physical characterictics of  the  drainage system.  Numerous methods have
 been proposed to evaluate urban runoff from rainfall.  Many have been accepted
 for engineering applications while others  need  yet to be tested and verified.
 The objective of the proposed investigation is  to identify the best method or
 methods on the basis of the design as well as operational viewpoint and to
 recommend the selected method or methods to engineers for applications.  This
 objective will be achieved by comparing  the methods on a common basis by applying
 them to a selected urban drainage  basin  under identical rainstorms covering  a
 sufficient range of rainfall intensity,  duration, and frequency.  Steep slope
 sewer hydraulics will also be investigated.
                                          104

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PROJECT TITLE: Development of a Hydrophobic Substance to Mitigate Pavement
               Ice Adhesion
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Harry C. Poehlmann
   Ball Brothers Research Corp.
   P. 0. Box  1062
   Boulder, Colorado  80302
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0359  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:  $115,000
KERL  PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Div.
BEGINNING  DATE:   1/74

COMPLETION DATE: 5/77
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The purpose  of  the  study  is  to  evaluate the relative merits of using these
 substances,  once  determined, as an alternate to the popular currently used
 deicing chlorides.   The  study  shall  be  undertaken from-the point of view of
 finding an economical  hydrophobic anti-icing/deicing  agent which can be placed
 on or within pavement  surfaces (with lasting residual effectiveness and/or
 low cost of material and reapplication)  and that would  not have irreversible
 harmful effects on  the environment.

      While a specific  substance which can  fill pavement anti-icing/deicing
 requirements has  not yet been  identified,  there are a number  of existing
 compounds which should be tested  before new research  is begun.  These compounds
 are all characterized  by their ability  to  form a fairly strong bond to a surface
 while leaving no  available bonds  for water molecules, thus "repelling" any water
 that comes in contact  with it. There are  three major classes of compounds;
 Cationic Surface  Active  Agents, Organo-Flourochemical Compounds, and Organo
 Silicone Compounds.  Fatty-quaternary-ammonium compounds, a subgroup of the first
 class listed above,  might be particularly  suitable.   Such a compound, when
 dissolved in the  proper  solvent(s),  could  be sprayed  on the road surface producing
 the desired film.  This  film would adhere  to the road because the positively
 charged road surface.  Although such a  film would repel water its wearlife
 cannot be predicted easily without testing.  A contract continuation will
 optimiz* the best substances and  perform in situ testing in a northern climate.
                                      105

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PROJECT TITLE:  Development of Methods to Separate Sediment from Storm Water
                Associated with Construction Operations
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. J. F. Ripken
    St. Anthony Falls Hydraulic Laboratory
    Mississippi River @ Third Avenue, SE
    Minneapolis, Minnesota  55414
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:   R803579

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:   $80,723


BEGINNING DATE:   4/75

COMPLETION DATE:  3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of the study are to develop a technology to remove fine
sediment from runoff from construction sites  in a cost effective manner.
This will be done in consecutive steps:

    1.  Review the literature and other ongoing studies.

    2.  Develop a pilot unit or a laboratory  scale to test the most
        appropriate selected technique from Step 1,  and

    3.  Demonstrate the technology at an appropriate field site.
                                     106

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PROJECT TITLE:  Economic Analysis of Environmental Impact of Highway Deicing
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Mr.  Donald Murray
    ABT Associates,  Inc.
    55 Wheeler Street
    Cambridges, Massachusetts  02138
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H. E. Masters
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0442  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT: $50,000


BEGINNING DATE:   5/74

COMPLETION DATE:  1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This study involves an analysis of the cost of damages that result from
the use of salt (sodium chloride and calcium chloride) on highways to melt
snow and ice.  A large literature search and several surveys were carried
out in order to determine the types and extent of damages that have occurred.

    An in-depth analysis was performed on all of the data obtained.  The
major cost sectors examined were:  water supplies and health, vegetation,
highway structures, vehicles, and utilities.  For each of the sectors, a
cost estimate was developed.  The total annual national cost of salt
related damage approaches $3 billion dollars or about 15 times the annual
national cost for salt purchase and application.  While the largest costs
result from damage to vehicles, the most serious damage seems to be the
pollution of water supplies and the degradation of health which may result.
It is particularly difficult to assign costs in this latter area and
therefore the estimate may substantially understate the actual indirect
costs to society.

    These findings indicate that the level of salt use should be reduced.
The amount of the reduction should be determined on the basis of local
conditions.  A final report will be available shortly after the above
completion date.
                                     107

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of  Stormwater Treatment Methods
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Lawrence E.  Kelley,  President
    Minnehaha Creek Watershed  District
    P.O.  Box 387
    Wayzata, Minnesota  55391
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    H.  E.  Masters
    Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.:  802535 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:   21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:   $216,000


BEGINNING DATE:  3/18/74

COMPLETION  DATE:   9/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The proposed project will demonstrate  the  effectiveness of alternative
 methods of improving the quality  of  stormwater  runoff from urban areas.
 An abandoned sewage treatment plant  and  a natural marsh area will be used
 to treat stormwater runoff to a deg'ree that will make it acceptable for
 introduction to recreational water.   Specifically,  the following will be
 completed:  1)   Evaluation of biological, geological and land use factors
 on the volume,  rate and quality of the waters;  2)  nutrient amounts defined
 according to season, storm intensity and duration;  3)  feasibility and
 efficacy of stormwater treatment  by  sedimentation,  various filtration
 processes and chlorination using  the facilities of  an abandoned sewage
 plant;  4)  the ability of natural marshlands to improve the quality of
 stormwater runoff passing through;   5)   the establishment of a nutrient
 budget for marshland soils and vegetation.
                                      108

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PROJECT TITLE: Maximum Utilization of Water Resources in a Planned Community
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.: 802433 (Grant)
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034
   W.  G.  Characklis
   Rice University School of Engineering        ROAP:
   6100 Main  Street
   Houston, Texas  77001
                                                EPA SUPPORT: $161,000


HEEL PROJECT  OFFICER:                          BEGMG DATE:  7/16/73
                       Dlv.
                                                COMPLETE BATE: 6/30/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The project  will  be  incorporated  into  a new community development and will
 be conducted on a 40 acre "pilot  area".  An 8  acre  lake will be used as a
 scale model or "pilot  lake"  of  a  larger  lake system for the community.  Effluent
 from a pilot stormwater  treatment plant  will be pumped to the pilot lake at
 variable rates to simulate flows  and detention times predicted for the larger
 lakes.  The project is comprised  of three basic areas:  1)  Application and
 verification of EPA's  SWMM for  straight  non-sewered urban-runoff.  2)  Piloting
 various stormwater treatment and  control techniques, e.g., porous pavement, screening,
 swirl separation, high rate  filtration,  biological  oxidation, carbon adsorption,
 chlorination/iodinization, and  ozonation.   3)  Establishing required treatment
 levels for pilot  lakes.   This project  will  develop  and demonstrate an environmentally
 acceptable water  management  system for stormwater and dry-weather flows.  The
 system will include reclamation of urban runoff for recreational and aesthetic
 purposes and dual dry  and wet-weather  flow  treatment facilities.  Thorough
 ecological effects of  various biocides,  nutrients,  .and disinfectant residuals
 in runoff will be measured.   The  important  conservation philosophies of con-
 sidering urban runoff  as  a benefit as  opposed  to a  wastewater, along with the
 concept of community development  which blends  into  the environment will be
 employed.
                                       109

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PROJECT TITLE:  Nationwide Characterization,  Impacts,  and Critical Evaluation of
                Combined Sewer Overflow,  Stormwater,  and Non-Sewered Urban Runoff
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0283

    Richard H. Sullivan, General Manager      PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034
    APWA Research Foundation                  ROAP:   21ATB
    American Public Works Association
    1313 East 60th Street
    Chicago, Illinois  60637                  EPA  SUPPORT:   $246,713

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/73
    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division              COMPLETION DATE:   2/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A study of published and unpublished literature to develop an in-depth
report on the quantity and quality characteristics and the pollutional
significance of storrawater, non-sewered runoff,  and CSO on a nation-wide
scale will be conducted.  The study area shall be broken down into local,
state, regional and national segments to obtain a picture of maximum complete-
ness in light of available information.  An important outcome of the project
will be the contractor's recommendations for strengthening the data bank in
specific areas where information is sparse.

    It is anticipated that the contractor will have computer capabilities
and will be familiar with math modeling to the extent that handling storm-
generated pollution from point and non-point sources will not present a
significant problem.  To the maximum possible extent, the methods of data
presentation and reduction will be fully compatible-with the EPA Stormwater
Management Model (SWMM) or its modification.  Potential use of the runoff/
sewer section of the SWMM can be used to fill gaps and make more complete
evaluations at specific geographic locations.
                                     110

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PROJECT TITLE:  Nature/Impacts of Stormwater Pollution
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Donald A'Hern
    Monumental Films & Recordings, Inc.
    2160 Rockrose & Maiden Avenues
    Baltimore, Maryland   21211
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    A. N. Tafuri
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB034

ROAP: 21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:    $40,000


BEGINNING DATE:    6/75

COMPLETION DATE:   6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this project is to develop a movie comparing the impacts  of
Stormwater pollution to other forms of water pollution.   The film will be
addressed to engineers, decision-making officials  and other individuals con-
cerned with the wastewater management problem.
                                     Ill

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PROJECT TITLE:  standardize and Universalize Procedures for the Analysis/Evaluation
                of Stonnwater and Combined Sewage
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

   C. Hansen
   Envirex Inc., Environmental Sciences Div.
   P. 0. Box 2022
   Milwaukee, Wisconsin
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0335  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:     21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:  $72,755
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Richard Field
   Wastewater Research Division
BEGINNING  DATE:   6/29/73

COMPLETION DATE: 2/15/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective  of  the project is to develop a set of standard procedures or
 methods to  be used  in  the study of storm generated discharges.  The procedures
 to be standardized  include  the following:  sampling techniques, choice of quality
 characteristics,  laboratory techniques, method of evaluating the severity of a
 discharge problem,  and evaluation of treatment methods.

      The project  will  be conducted by means of a thorough "literature search of
 the subject,  input  from active organizations in this field, and calling upon the
 experience  and knowledge of Envirex and the Storm and Combined Sewer Overflow
 Technology  Branch of the U.  S. Environmental Protection Agency.  The final
 report from this  project will be a manual for nationwide use which will allow
 for equal evaluation of all discharges, and prevent misinterpretation of data
 because of  different characterization procedures.
                                       112

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PROJECT TITLE:  Stormwater Treatment Facilities
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    A. E. Holcomb
    City of Dallas
    500 South Ervay Street
    Dallas, Texas  75201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard Field
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:   H023 FAW  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:   $1,093,360


BEGINNING DATE:   5/68

COMPLETION DATE:  1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to design,  construct,  and evaluate a facility
to treat overflows from sewers carrying a mixture of domestic wastewater and
infiltration stormwater.  Physical features include a diversion structure, pumping
station, flocculation and sedimentation basins,  chemical feed facilities, and a
pipeline for conveyance of waste lime sludge from the municipal water treatment
plant to the overflow treatment facility.  Treatment Unit No. 1 will include
flocculation, sedimentation and polishing treatment with tube-type clarifiers;
Unit No. 2 will include flocculation and sedimentation;  Unit No. 3 will include
high-rate sedimentation.  Effluent from the facility will be chlorinated.  Design
flow rate will be 28 million gallons per day.   The facility will be operated .and
evaluated as a demonstration project for a period of one year following completion
of construction.
                                     113

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PROJECT TITLE:  Urban Runoff Characteristics
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Dr. Herbert Preul
   University of Cincinnati
   Cincinnati, Ohio
PROJECT 110.:  11024 DQU  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB034

ROAP: 21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:  $167,810
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   A. N . Tafuri
   Wastewater Research Div.
BEGINNING DATE: 6/29/70

COMPLETION DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of the first year of a three year research project to
 collect, for the first time, detailed information defining the physical
 characteristics of an urban drainage area tributary to a combined sewer drainage
 system  and detailed data relating to the quantity and quality of various sources
 of  pollution within the combined sewer drainage area has been successfully com-
 pleted.  Generally in the past, data have been collected only at the actual
 overflow location from a drainage area.  The collection and evaluation of
 data from within the tributary drainage area will provide valuable insights
 regarding methods for controlling the strength and volume of combined sewer
 overflows.

     The second year of the project concentrated on the verification and improve-
 ment of a basic mathematical model using the data collected as well as other
 available data.

     A  comprehensive stormwater management mathematical model has been developed
 for predicting the quantity and quality of combined sewer overflows.  The detailed
 data collected were utilized for verification of this model.  Communities needing
 a working tool for development of combined sewer overflow abatement programs will
 be  able to utilize this model effectively.  A final report is being prepared.
                                       114

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PROJECT TITLE:  Urban Runoff Pollution From Motor Vehicles
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Gil Levin
   Biospherics, Inc.
   4928 Wyaconda Road
   Rockville, Maryland  20852
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
   H. E. Masters
PROJECT NO.: 11030 GYJ (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB034

ROAP:  21ATB


EPA SUPPORT:  $218,200


BEGINNING DATE:  k12k112

COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The project is to provide first-line data  on  the specific contribution
of motor vehicles to highway dust,  dirt,  solubles  and other deposits,
which eventually become pollutants  in street  stormwater runoff.
                                      115

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PROJECT TITLE:  An Advanced Physical-Chemical Wastewater Treatment Process for
                the Housing & Community Development Industries
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   11010 FVO (Contract),
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033
    Russel  S.  Bodwell, Vice President
    Levitt  &  Sons, Inc.                         ROAP:    21' ASV
    A Subsidiary  of  Internatl. Telephone & Telegraph
    Lake Success, NY  11040
                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $310,000


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                                           A/is/71
                                               BEGINNLNG DATE:  6/15/71
    Irwin J.  Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Div.                    COMPLETION DATE: 1/1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective  of  this  project  is  to  demonstrate the performance, economics,
 and applicability of a physical-chemical  domestic wastewater treatment system
 designed to provide high  quality discharges for isolated or developing communities
 having an average wastewater  flow in the  25,000 to 500,000 gpd range.

      The plant provides chemical clarification, magnetic filtration, activated
 carbon adsorption,  and chlorination for the liquid stream.  Sludges generated
 will be incinerated in a  fluidized  bed incinerator.  This device will also be
 utilized for regenerating the activated carbon.  All of the treatment equipment
 is housed in a structure  similar to the frames of the houses in the subdivision.
 The treatment plant is on a standard subdivision lot, and has essentially no
 buffer zone.

      The plant was  dedicated  in November  1972, and is now in its evaluation phase.
                                       116

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PROJECT TITLE:
Conceptual Design, Process Performance, and Cost Analyses of
Conventional and AWT Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR
                                PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2186 (Contract)
     Gordon, Gulp, President, Project Director  PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033
     Culp/Wesner/Culp
     P. 0. Box 40                               ROAP:  21-ASV
     El Dorado Hills, California  95630
                                                EPA SUPPORT:  $415,600
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     F. L. Evans
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL
                                BEGINNING DATE:  4/75

                                COMPLETION DATE:  4/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The project purpose is to provide capital and operating cost data for
evaluating specific waste treatment alternatives; to determine electrical and
other energy requirements for conventional and selected advanced waste treat-
ment alternatives; and to determine the marketability of sewage sludge compost0
The specific waste treatment alternatives for which capital and operating cost
data are to be provided include filtration, coagulation/sedimentation, sludge
transport, stormwater treatment, thermophillic aerobic digestion, and cost/
effects from heat treatment of sludge.  The approach will be to assimilate
actual material and labor requirements from selected existing facilities, to
determine capital costs, synthesize plant facilities for sizes not determined
by actual construction records and to survey plants to determine manpower
utility and miscellaneous requirements associated with operating the facilities.

     Additional studies to be performed include energy use and conservation in
municipal treatment plant design and operation, and an engineering evaluation
and cost analyses of suspended and attached growth biological processes.
                                  117

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstrate and Evaluate Physical-Chemical Treatment Train
                with NH -N Removal by Zeolite


EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                    PROJECT NO.:  S802666 (Grant)

     Dr. Walter Johnson                         PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033
     Metropolitan Waste Control Commission
       of the Twin Cities Area                  ROAP:  21-ASV
     St. Paul, Minnesota
                                                EPA SUPPORT:  $375,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                           BEGINNING DATE:  6/1/75

     F. L. Evans                                COMPLETION DATE:  6/1/77
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to conduct a detailed process, engineering
and economic evaluation of an Independent Physical Chemical (IPC) Treatment
Plant designed for high levels of removal of organics, suspended solids, nitrogen
and phosphorus from domestic wastewater.  The plant treatment train provides,
in the following order, for chemical coagulation, sedimentation, filtration,
granular activated carbon contacting, a second filtration step, ion exchange
with an ammonia selective resin and chlorination.  Performance of each unit
process and unit operation will be evaluated under a variety of conditions.
A number of combinations of treatment processes will be tested to determine
the best system for the plant locality, however, the data will be applicable for
use in other localities.  Careful records of operation and maintenance will be
kept in order to perform cost evaluations for this and other plants.
                                  118

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PROJECT TITLE:  Lake Restoration by Phosphorus Control
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Dr0 J. P. Grahek, Mayor
     City of Ely
     City Hall
     Ely, Minnesota  55731
MERL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Ro M. Brice
     Environmental Protection Agency
     Shagawa Lake Restoration Project
     222 West Conan Street
     Ely, Minnesota  55731
PROJECT NO:  S802309 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033

ROAP:  21-ASV

EPA SUPPORT:  $2,716,858

BEGINNING DATE:  6/71

COMPLETION DATE:  1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Shagawa Lake, which borders the City of Ely, Minnesota, and receives its
wastewater discharge, is in a state of advanced eutrophy.  The objective of
this project is to demonstrate that removal of essentially all the phosphorus
(residual phosphorus levels of <0.05 mg/1) from the City of Ely's municipal
wastewater, in conjunction with efficient overall treatment, can restore a
eutrophied lake.

     The City's existing 105 mgd high rate trickling filter plant has been
upgraded, septic tank drainage has been diverted to the treatment plant, and
new tertiary wastewater treatment facilities following the existing City
plant have been constructed.  The 1.5 mgd tertiary facilities consists of flow
equalization, two-stage lime clarification, dual-media filtration, and chlorina-
tion.  Mixed primary/secondary sludge and chemical sludge are disposed of via
gravity thickening, vacuum filtration and trucking to sanitary landfill.
                                 119

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PROJECT TITLE:  Piscataway Model Advanced Waste Treatment Plant - A Joint
                Environmental Protection Agency and Washington Suburban
                Sanitary Commission Research Demonstration Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Dr0 Alfred Machis
     Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission
     4017 Hamilton Street
     Hyattsville, Maryland  20781
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     To P. O'Farrell
     Office of Water & Hazardous Material
       Program
PROJECT NO:  S802943 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033

ROAP:  21-ASV

EPA SUPPORT:  $488,171

BEGINNING DATE:  5/72

COMPLETION DATE:  3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     This project provides the continuous operation of a 5 mgd model advanced
waste treatment plant including two-stage lime precipitation, filtration,
carbon adsorption, lime recalcination and carbon regeneration.  The system is
fed the effluent from a conventional activated sludge system, the main treatment
plant being 30 mgd0

     The operation of the model AWT plant will provide design data for the
various unit processes and will determine the seasonal effects on the opera-
tion of the system.  In addition, the operation will provide much-needed
operational cost information.
                                 120

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PROJECT TITLE:  Rancho Cordova Breakpoint Chlorination Demonstration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    W. S. Hyde, Division Chief
    County of Sacramento
    Department of Public Works
    Sacramento, California
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     F. L. Evans
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  S803343 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033

ROAP:  21-ASV

EPA SUPPORT:  $150,000

BEGINNING DATE:  8/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  7/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this study is to demonstrate, on a full 2 mgd plant-scale
basis, ammonia removal from activated sludge secondary effluent.  The method
proposed is:  1) the breakpoint chlorination of half of the effluent from the
secondary clarifier;  2) blending of the chlorinated stream and the non-chlori-
nated stream after ten minutes chlorine contact time;  3) discharging the blended
effluent into a holding pond having a detention time of 1-1/2 hours, and 4)  de-
chlorination of the holding pond effluent with sulfur dioxide.

    Further objectives of the project are to study the reaction kinetics, to
evaluate process control strategies, and to evaluate the influence of process
parameters on the unit process performance.
                                 121

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstrate Improved Performance and Reliability of
                Selected Biological Treatment Plants (Western Area)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Bob Hegg, Sanitary Engineer
    M & I, Inc., Consulting Engineers
    4710 South College Avenue
    Fort Collins, Colorado  80521
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    John M. Smith
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2224  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB033

ROAP:   21ASW


EPA SUPPORT:   $204,741


BEGINNING DATE:    6/25/75

COMPLETION DATE:   6/24/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The project will be to perform a series of preliminary and intensive studies
in the Western areas of the United States to document existing and improved
performance of biological treatment plants as a function of the development and
implementation of improved operation and maintenance practices.  It is anticipated
that 15 - 20 preliminary plant performance evaluation studies will be conducted
per year.  Following the preliminary plant evaluations, 2-4 plants per year
will be selected for demonstration studies.  The demonstration studies will
require intensive monitoring of plant performance and will be conducted to pro-
vide a documented basis for improved performance through improved operation and
maintenance practices.  Individual reports on each of the studies will be devel-
oped as well as a final report summarizing the entire project.
                                      122

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of Improved Performance and Reliability of
                Selected Biological Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2223

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB033
    A. C. Gray, Project Engineer
    Gannett Fleming Corddry and Carpenter, Inc&QAP:   21ASW
    P. 0. Box 1963
    Harrisburg, Pennsylvania  17105
                                              EPA SUPPORT:   $249,997
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    John M. Smith
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE:    6/25/75

COMPLETION DATE:   6/24/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of the proposed project is to document the improved performance
of selected biological treatment plants as a result of implementation of corrective
operation and maintenance practices.  A two-step approach will be used.  The first
step will be a detailed evaluation of operation and maintenance practices, and
plant performance for 15 to 20 treatment plants.  Such evaluation will be based
upon existing data and additional sampling and analysis where required.  A cor-
rective operation and maintenance plan will be formulated for each case.  The
second step will consist of implementation of recommended improvements at four
to six of the initial treatment plants studied, and monitoring of improved treat-
ment.  Cause and effect relationships between operation and maintenance factors
and facility performance will be documented.  For each of the four to six plants
monitored an expanded case history will be prepared.  Factors which contributed
to improved performance and their relative degree of importance will be set forth.
The above undertaking will be accomplished in twelve months, and repeated for a
second series of previously unstudied treatment plants during the following
twelve months.
                                     123

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluate Effects of Flow Equalization on Two Existing Parallel
                Activated Sludge Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Jo G. Meenahan
    Johnson & Anderson, INc.
    P. Oo Box 1066
    2300 Dixie Highway
    Pontiac, Michigan  48056
PROJECT NO:  S801985 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033

ROAP:  21ASW

EPA SUPPORT:  $163,891
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    B. W. Lykins
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE:  4/73

COMPLETION DATE:  6/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to demonstrate and document the effects of
equalizing the diurnal variation of flow volume and concentration on the year-
round performance of two existing parallel activated sludge plants.  The two
treatment trains consist of a 4 mgd plant without primary treatment and a 4.5
mgd with primary treatment.  Flow will be equalized to one plant while the
second plant has unequalized flow.  Comparison of data from the two plants
will be made to determine the effects of flow equalization.
                                  124

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PROJECT TITLE:
Evaluate Plant-Scale Flow Equalization Using In-Plant
Aerators
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    H. Co Grounds
    Grounds & Associates
    2177 St. Glair Avenue
    Sto Paul, Minnesota  55105
                                  PROJECT NO:  S-803067-01-1 (Grant)

                                  PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033

                                  ROAP:  21ASW

                                  EPA SUPPORT:  $94,083
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    B. W. Lykins
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL:
                                  BEGINNING DATE:  10/74

                                  COMPLETION DATE:  3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The existing 260,000 GPD Dawson, Minnesota activated sludge treatment plant
utilizes the concept of flow equalization by varying the volume of a brush
aerated oxidation ditch which is followed by a conventional horizontal flow
constantly loaded final clarifler.

    The objectives of this study are to:  (1) evaluate suspended solids and
BOD removal due to equalized flow, (2) optimize total nitrogen removal,
(3) determine the annual operation and maintenance costs and (4) document the
overall process applicability for providing high level secondary treatment for
small communities.
                                   125

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Flow Equalization at the Walled Lake/Novi,
                Michigan Wastewater Treatment Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    J. G. Meenahan
    Johnson & Anderson, Inc.
    P. 0. Box 1066
    23oo Dixie Highway
    Pontiac, Michigan  48056
PROJECT NQ0:  68-03-0417 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB033

ROAP:  21ASW

EPA SUPPORT:  $14,217
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Bo W. Lykins
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
BEGINNING DATE:  3/74

COMPLETION DATE:  1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to evaluate and document the impact of
flow equalization on the 2.1 mgd activated sludge plant at Walled Lake/Novi,
Michigan.  Process streams will be characterized for a twelve-month period
under equalized flow conditions with respect to BOD, total suspended solids
and total phosphorus.  The effects of the equalization basin on final settling
and filtration will be evaluated by conducting two intensive week-long studies,
one with and one without equalization of flow.
                                    126

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PROJECT TITLE:  Transportable Advanced Wastewater Treatment Plant for
                Interim Use
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   11010 GIT (Grant)
   Joseph E.  Sunday                            PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB033
   Director,  Department of Public Works
   „       __..._
   County of  Fairfax
   4100 Chainbridge Road
   Fairfax, Virginia  22030                    £pA SUppORT:   $97>820


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:    7/1/70
   Walter A.  Feige
   Office of  Director, MERL                    COMPLETION DATE:   9/7/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

   The objective of this project was to operate a transportable advanced
waste treatment plant of approximately 75,000 gpd capacity that will
satisfy the treatment efficiency recommended by the Potomac River Enforce-
ment Conference for 1980 in Zone 1 of the River.  However, extensive damage
to the equipment and site took place on June 22, 1972 when Hurricane Agnes
hit.  As a result, the project was terminated.  The facility was to have
been operated for a 12-month period to evaluate its dependability, efficiency,
operational characteristics, and its economics.

   The approach to meet these strict effluent standards (5 mg/1 BOD, 2.5
mg/1 nitrogen, 0.2 mg/1 phosphorus, and trace amounts of suspended solids)
was to have been made through a combination of physical, chemical, and
biological treatment.  The planned treatment scheme was flow equalization,
chemical clarification, biological nitrification (activated sludge), upflow
columnar denitrification (with methanol), pressure filtration, and chlorina-
tion.
                                     127

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PROJECT TITLE:  Interim Wastewater Treatment Plant Demonstration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Paul W.  Brown,  General Manager
   Sanitation District #1 of
     Campbell & Kenton Counties
   212 Greenup Street
   Covington, Kentucky  41011

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   J.  F. Kreissl
   Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.:  802719  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB035

ROAP:  21ATC


EPA SUPPORT:  $274,265 .


BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/73

COMPLETION DATE:  3/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of this project are to design,  fabricate  and  operate  for  a
sufficient period a unique treatment system of  a transportable  nature  to  perform
with high efficiency and flexibility for interim applications,  such  as a  new
housing development which will not receive adequate sewerage  for  a significant
period of time.  All aspects of the' project will be documented  in order to
demonstrate the efficacy of the system for nationwide application.

     The system, consisting of screening,  chemical  clarification, nitrification
tower, filtration and carbon adsorption, will be fabricated after pilot-study
determination of optimum design parameters.  The system will  be mounted on  skids
for transportability and operated through startup and routine stages.   Certain
specific studies will also be made to test the  capabilities of  the design.
                                      128

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PROJECT TITLE:  Large Pressure Sewer Demonstration Project
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Mr.  Gerald  Hendricks
    Sieco,  Inc.
    P.  0.  Box 407
    Columbua, Indiana  47201


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    J.  F. Kreissel
    Wastewater  Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 11050 DEU (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035

ROAP:21ATC


EPA SUPPORT:  $254,290.


BEGINNING DATE:  7/1/69

COMPLETION  DATE:  12/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The  objectives of  this  project  are  to demonstrate that septic tank effluent
 can.be treated by a combined anaerobic and aerobic lagoon without objectionable
 odors and show that the lagoon effluents containing nutrients can be converted
 to vegetation at reasonable  costs, and to provide a community pressure sewer
 system that will demonstrate the  volumetric reduction advantage in a tight
 pressure  sewage system,  the  cost  advantage of plastic pipe sewerage system,
 maintenance and power cost of grinding and pumping units by individual users.

      The  project has been completed.
                                      129

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PROJECT TITLE: Research and Demonstration Project on Vacuum and Pressure Sewers
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Arthur R. Johnson
   City Manager
   P. 0. Box 431
   Bend, Oregon  97701


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   James F. Kreissl
   Wastewater Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: S803295 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035

ROAP:  21ATC


EPA SUPPORT: $150,000


BEGINNING DATE: 6/15/74

COMPLETION  DATE:  6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The primary difficulty encountered by the City of Bend in it's attempt to
provide complete sewer  service by 1980 is one of economics.  Conventional sewers
would be prohibitively  expensive to the residents of the community, even with
Federal assistance.  Therefore, use of pressure and/or vacuum (See Figure 3)
sewers presents an opportunity for considerable cost savings.  These savings
would accrue  from the fact that such systems are laid to a depth dictated only
by frost penetration, which in the Bend area is approximately 36 inches.
In addition,  these systems utilize small-diameter plastic sewer pipe which may be,
laid  in a  manner which  requires less time and effort, resulting in further
cost  savings.  Another  advantage of these systems is their "tightness," which
essentially results in  the elimination or minimization of infiltration.  Reduced
infiltration  means that the hydraulic capacity of treatment and pumping facilities
is reduced significantly on a flow per capita basis.

      If either or both  of these sewerage methods can be successfully demonstrated
prior to  the  development of the plan to sewer the community, their use in many
areas of  the  City has the potential to drastically reduce the overall cost of
and minimize  the disruption caused by sewering the community.

      The  proposed study entails the design, construction, and operation of
parallel  vacuum and pressure sewer systems, each serving from 10 to 20 homes,
in an atea where the construction of conventional gravity sewers is prohibitively
expensive and potentially dangerous.  The construction requirements and costs
will  be carefully documented and compared to similar information on gravity
sewerage.   The operation and maintenance needs will be documented and wastewater
characterizations will  also be made to provide further comparative data between
these systems and with  conventional systems.
                                      130

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PROJECT TITLE:  Sewage Disposal by Evaporation-Transpiration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  R-803871-01 (Grant)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB035
   Edwin R. Bennett, Associate Professor            _   21ATC
   Dept. of Civil & Environmental Engineering  ROAP:
   University of Colorado
   Boulder, Colorado  80302
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                          MGI8NIHG DATE:    7/1/75

    John W.  Sheehy
                                               COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/77
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      Proper  disposal of  sewage  effluent from rural and isolated homes and businesses
 is bne  of  the most  difficult problems facing health authorities.  This is
 particularly true in areas where  soil conditions are unsuitable for application
 of leaching  fields  following septic  tanks.  These conditions are in many areas
 having  high  ground  water tables and  in other areas where bedrock is close to
 the ground surface.  Under these  conditions, an evaporation type system concept
 can be  used  to  dispose of the wastewater without adverse effects on the land
 or ground  water.

      The objectives of this study are to determine rational design criteria,
 estimated  costs and potential applicability of evapotranspiration (ET) and
 mechanical evaporation (E) systems for disposal of wastewater from individual
 homes.   Specific objectives are the  quantification of major design parameters,
 such as soil type,  saturated liquid  depth and vegetative cover for ET systems
 and physical and mechanical factors  for E systems, by thermodynamic studies,
 pilot studies,  and  in the case  of ET systems, monitoring of existing full-scale
 systems.   By use of meterologic and  hydrologic data from approximately five
 locations  in the United  States, estimates of cost and applicability of these
 types of systems will be made for these locations, representing a wide spectrum
 of climatic  conditions.
                                      131

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PROJECT TITLE:  Small  Scale Waste Management
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
PROJECT NO.: 802874  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB035
    Prof.  William C.  Boyle
    Dept.  of Civil &  Environmental Engineering  ROAP: 21ATC
    University of Wisconsin  System
    750 University Avenue
    Madison, Wisconsin  53706                   EPA SUPPORT:   $430,000
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    J.  F.  Kreissl
    Wastewater Research Div.
BEGINNING DATE:  12/17/73

COMPLETION  DATE:  12/31/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This project will study and evaluate  systems  to be  used  for  on-site
 treatment and disposal of liquid wastes  produced in homes not connected to  a
 municipal sewerage system.   Studies  on treatment will  include evaluation  of the
 traditional septic tank and of several mechanical  units  using aerobic  or  chemical
 treatment procedures.   Disposal and  associated  treatment will be  studied  in
 soil occurring as a mound on top of  the  original soil  or in traditional subsurface
 seepage"beds with various techniques of  application.   The degree  of  treatment  in
 any system will be monitored by an interdisciplinary team of  sanitary  engineers^
 soil chemists and physicists, bacteriologists and  virologists.  Studies include
 laboratory and full-scale field monitoring of treatment  and disposal systems.
 Biological and biochemical studies are planned  to  study  mechanisms of  soil
 clogging.  Institutional studies are planned to study  implications resulting
 from the introduction of new technology.
                                      132

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PROJECT TITLE:  Vacuum Collection of Sewage and Septage Management Study
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Mr. Joseph W. Rezek
     Rezek, Henry, Meisenheimer & Gende, Inc.
     162 Eo Cook Ave.
     Libertyville, Illinois  60048
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     J. F. Kreissl
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO:  68-03-2231 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB035

ROAP:  21-ATC

EPA SUPPORT:  $100,000

BEGINNING DATE:  7/23/75

COMPLETION DATE:  10/23/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     In both cases—septage treatment and disposal and vacuum sewage collection—a
standard of engineering practice has not yet emerged.  In view of the need to
provide smaller communities with low cost solutions to problems associated with
wastewater control, there is a need to provide these communities with more
definite information on methodologies for handling septage and evaluating the
potential of vacuum sewage systems.  Likewise, regulatory agencies and consult-
ing engineers need to define bases for evaluating and designing cost-effective
alternatives in each area.

     Therefore, this proposal addresses both of these problem areas in order to
provide information to Federal, State and local regulatory agencies, and consulting
engineers so that these problems can be dealt with in a more orderly and comprehen-
sive manner.  It is expected that the results of this study program will be used in
the following way:

     1)  Smaller communities will be provided with a basis for evaluating alterna-
         tives.

     2)  Consulting engineers will be provided with data and information whereby
         cost-effective designs can be formulated.

     3)  Regulatory agencies will be provided with information upon which
         regulations, policies and programs may be based.
                                  133

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PROJECT TITLE:  Water Reclamation Project for Antelope Valley
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Sanitation Division Engineer
    County of  Los  Angeles
    Department of  County Engineer
    108 West  Second Street
    Los Angeles, California  90012

MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    John N. English
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:   17080 GCI (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21-ACQ


EPA SUPPORT:  $271,760


BEGINNING DATE:

COMPLETION DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of this project  are to  enable  engineers  and  scientists
to conduct continuing  studies under  actual  "full-scale"  operational
conditions of a wastewater reclamation project  in  Antelope Valley;
to demonstrate that sufficient algae and nutrient  removal can be
realized to prevent excess biological growth, and  to  maintain aesthetic
levels of clarity,  and to assure an  adequate habitat  for fish life  in
recreational lakes; to ensure safe degree of enteric  pathogen and virus
destruction to permit  safe use of reclaimed wastewater;  to provide  controls
for any insect or noxious plant problems which  occur  in  conjunction with
such projects; to develop a "Manual  of Practices"  that would have widespread
application in the field of wastewater reclamation; and  to demonstrate
the acceptability by the public of the use  of reclaimed  wastewater  for
establishing attractive aquatic recreational facilities, especially in
water short desert areas.
                                       134

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PROJECT TITLE:  Advanced Waste Treatment for Water Reclamation and Reuse
                by Injection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   17080 FAF (Grant)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
   Herbert J. Simons
   Commissioner of Public Works,  Nassau County ROAP:   21ASB
   Mineola, NY  11501

                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $2,553,200

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:   12/31/66
   Irwin J. Kugelman
   Wastewater Research Division                COMPLETION DATE:   3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of this project are to conduct studies of advanced
waste treatment processes and to demonstrate that the reclaimed secondary
effluent is suitable for reuse and injection into underground aquifers.
This project will provide operating data on advanced waste treatment
processes and allow optimizing the economics of the process.   It will
also demonstrate the effectiveness and reliability of advanced waste
treatment as a method of providing water for reuse from secondary
treatment plant effluent.
                                    135

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PROJECT TITLE:
Blue Plains Pilot Plant:  Operation and Evaluation of a
Wastewater Reuse Pilot Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Allan Cassel
    Department of Environmental Services
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N. W.
    Washington, DC  20004

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
                             PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162

                             PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043

                             ROAP:  21ASB


                             EPA SUPPORT:   $107,142


                             BEGINNING DATE:   6/74

                             COMPLETION DATE:  6/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The treatment system to produce a high quality water potentially suit-
able for potable reuse consists of lime clarification followed by biological
nitrification, downflow packed bed biological denitrification, carbon
adsorbtion, filtration, disinfection and ion exchange.   Analysis for over 50
constituents will be conducted on a routine basis to establish the accepta-
bility of the effluent for reuse.  In addition,  standard pollution control
parameters such as BOD, COD and etc. will be measured.   Specialized analysis
for organics in the effluent utilizing Gas Chromatography, Liquid Chroma-
tography, and G.C.-Mass Spectroscopy are planned.
                                  136

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PROJECT TITLE:  Characterization for Potable Reuse and Ultraviolet Disinfection
                of Municipal Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Henry J0 Graeser, Director
     Dallas Water Utilities Deptc
     500 S. Ervay
     Dallas, Texas  75201
MERL PROJECT OFFICERS:

     Albert D. Venosa
     John N. English
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R-803292 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21-ASB

EPA SUPPORT:  $71,801

BEGINNING DATE:  6/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  12/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The Dallas Advanced Wastewater Treatment (AWT)Pilot Plant (100 GPM) will
be continuously and reliably operated to produce a high quality effluent.
Plant performance will be evaluated with respect to parameters of potable water
quality, and special animal virus studies will be conducted to determine
the effectiveness of the pilot processes (nitrification, high pH lime clarifi-
cation, filtration, and carbon adsorption) in the removal of virus and other
pollutants adversely affecting the reuse potential of the effluent for potable
and non-potable purposes.  In addition to the efforts conducted by the pilot
plant staff, special samples of effluent will be concentrated and the organics
captured by an EPA contractor for subsequent EPA animal toxicity studies.

     The AWT pilot plant will also be used to conduct a feasibility study of
ultraviolet (UV) light disinfection of 2 types of activated sludge effluents.
(1)  a nitrified effluent; and, (2) a standard high rate effluentu  Both
effluents will be tested with and without tertiary settling, chemical addition,
and filtration.  The results of the investigation will define the potential
role of UV light disinfection of wastewater.
                                  137

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PROJECT TITLE:  Economic Analyses of Water Supply Systems to Evaluate
                Relationships Between Cost of Developing New Water
                Supplies and Wastewater Renovation for Potable Reuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                    PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2071 (Contract)

     James I. Gillean                           PROJECT ELEMENT:  1BB043
     ACT Systems, Inc.
     807 W. Morse Blvd.                         ROAP:  21-ASB
     Winter Park, Florida  32789
                                                EPA SUPPORT:  $62,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                           BEGINNING DATE:  6/30/74

     Robert Clark                               COMPLETION DATE:  10/30/76
     Water Supply Research Division, MERL


PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The purpose of this contract is to define what the constraints of supply
are, and how they might be changed to make renovated wastewater a reasonable
alternative for supply.  To accomplish this goal, data will be collected from
water utilities in selected metropolitan areas in an attempt to provide insight
into some of the complex problems associated with water supply.  Information
will be collected concerning the total operations of a selected sample of water
utilities in an attempt to provide base-line information against which the
potential for wastewater reuse as an alternative for current water supplies
can be addressed.  This is a cooperative effort with the MERL Wastewater Research
Division (WRD).  John English is the WRD contact.
                                  138

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Full Scale Wastewater Reuse System for Domestic
                Groundwater Replenishment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     David Argo
     Orange County Water District
     P. 0. Box 8300
     Fountain Valley, California  92708
MERL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     John N. English
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  S803873 (Grant)

Program Element:  1B8043

ROAP:  21-ASB

EPA SUPPORT:  $95,000

BEGINNING DATE:  9/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  8/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of this study are to evaluate on a full plant-scale basis:
(1)  the reliability and effluent variability of a 15 mgd advanced wastewater
treatment (AWT) system producing a water approaching potable quality for use in
groundwater  replenishment and prevention of seawater intrusion, and (2) the
quality of the effluent with regard to the identification measurement,  and
monitoring of trace materials (chemical, physical and biological) and residues.
Particular emphasis will be placed on the characterization of the organic
materials in the effluent using the latest gas chromatographic/mass spectro-
photometric procedures.

     The AWT system treats the effluent from a trickling filter plant using lime
coagulation and sedimentation, ammonia stripping, recarbonation, filtration,
carbon adsorption, and chlorination.  This effluent will be blended with desalted
seawater and/or a supply of deep groundwater for injection into a domestic aquifer.
                                    139

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PROJECT  TITLE:   Evaluation of  Reuse  Potential  of Water  Supply  Systems
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
   ACT Systems Inc.
   807 W. Morse Blvd.
   Winter Park, Florida
32789
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2071 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21AS*B


EPA SUPPORT:  $57,240
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   J. N. English
   Wastewater Research Division
                       BEGINNING DATE:   7/73

                       COMPLETION DATE:  6/74
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Little organized data is available concerning  the financing  and
operating characteristics and the relative economics  of water  supply  utility
management.  The effort which has been undertaken as  part  of this contract
will collect data in a._ standardized "and comparable  form from one  major
water supply utility in each of the ten EPA regions.   The  data will help
to define the factors which influence the cost of water supply and will also
be useful in assessing the relative cost of rennovated wastewater as  a
alternative source for water supply.
                                       140

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PROJECT TITLE:  Measurement Parameters of Potable Water Quality Including
                Concentration of Organics for Health Effects Testing in
                Effluents from AWT Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

James K. Smith
Gulf South Research Institute
8000 GSRI Avenue
Baton Rouge, LA  70809
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

John W. English
Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT No.:   68-03-2090 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21-ASB


EPA SUPPORT:   $176,562

BEGINNING DATE:  6-25-74

COMPLETION DATE:  6-24-76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of the project include the following:

     (a)  to continue research on membrane technology as they become
commercially available; (b) to collect concentrated samples of organic
contaminants from seven AWT plants located in California, Texas, and
Washington, D.C. that are producing effluents approaching potable water
quality for use in health effects testing; (c) to evaluate techniques used
in this sample collection and suggest optimal procedures for future sample
collection and concentration of organics from waters produced by AWT plants;
and, (d) to survey the 7 AWT plants on a routine basis for parameters of potable
water  quality by measuring microbiological,  organic, and inorganic pollutants
that can be hazardous to health if ingested in sufficient quantities.  This
project is a cooperative effort with the Health Effects Research Laboratory
and Dr. F. C.  Kopfler is co-Project Officer.
                                   141

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Nutrient Removal Utilizing Activated Sludge Phosphate Adsorption
                 and Microbial Denitrification
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

    Lloyd  C.  Coffelt
    Irvine Ranch  Water District
    P.O. Box D-l, 4201 Campus Drive
    Irvine, California  92664
PROJECT NO.:   17080 EDW
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:   21ASB


EPA SUPPORT:   $325,500
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Gerald Stern
BEGINNING DATE:    1/31/67

COMPLETION  DATE:   4/1/76
  PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Objective:  To demonstrate nutrient removal for reclamation of wastewater.
Approach:  A 0.26 MGD (pilot scale)  nutrient removal wastewater treatment facility
was constructed and operated for 12 months.   The major steps involved were:
(a) phosphate incorporation into biological  sludge and nitrification in an aeration
basin:  (b)  sludge-liquid separation by either vibrating screens and/or dissolved
air flotation; (c)  the liquid phase is treated for nitrogen removal (denitrification)
in an upflow sand filter with methanol addition as organic food source; (d)   the
concentrated sludge (2% to 3%) from the vibration screens and/or dissolved air
flotation is treated with acid (sulfuric) to reduce the pH to around 5.  At this
pH the phosphate in the sludge is solubilized;   (3)  the phosphate laden liquid
phase is separated from the solid (sludge) phase by co-current solid bowl centri-
fugation.  The phosphate free sludge is recycled to the aeration basin.  Thus
mechanical separation is used to separate the liquid and concentrate the sludges
as quickly as feasible to avoid biological sludge deterioration.
Progress:  (a)  Dissolved air flotation is a very effective process for separating
mixed liquor.  The flotate (sludge solid phase) can be concentrated to 3% solids;
(b)  Up flow sand filtration provides an excellent media, with methanol addition,
for denitrification.  Care must be taken to  avoid solids breakthrough by nitrogen
gas bubbles;  (c)  The combination of nitrification in the aeration basin, dissolved
air flotation for solids-liquid separation,  and adding methanol as organic food
source to the liquid influent feed to the upflow sand filter, results in up to
95% nitrogen removal;  (d)  Vibrating screens are not an effective separating
device for mixed liquors;  (e)  Phosphate removal could not be demonstrated
because of the ineffectiveness of the co-current solid bowl centrifuge to separate
the phosphate laden liquid from the sludge.   Solids losses in the centrate were
excessive;  (f)  A final report is being prepared.
                                       142

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PROJECT TITLE:  Workshop on Research Needs in Wastewater Renovation and
                Reuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Edwin R. Bennett
    Associate Professor
    Department of Civil &
       Environmental Engineering
    University of Colorado
    Boulder, Colorado  80302
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    John N. English
    Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:   R-803546  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:   21ASB


EPA SUPPORT:   $11,710


BEGINNING DATE:   12/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  10/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of the workshop is to define and establish priorities
for research needed to develop confidence in the reuse of wastewater
for potable purposes.  This objective will be accomplished by bringing
together 100 select persons concerned with wastewater reuse to discuss
and identify research gaps in the areas of health effects, treatment
technology, and the socio-economic considerations of potable reuse.
This identified research will serve as a basis for future EPA projects.

    The workshop will be jointly sponsored by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA), the Water Pollution Control Federation (WPCF), the American
Water Works Association (AWWA), and is being held in cooperation with the
University of Colorado in March 1975, at the Boulder, Colorado campus.
                                     143

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PROJECT TITLE: Activated Sludge Process Control Using TOC, ATP, and
               Oxygen Uptake as Control Parameters
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Tom Laib, Chief Chemist
   City of Hillsboro, Oregon
   770 South First Avenue
   Hillsboro, Oregon  97123
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   J. F. Roesler
   Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  R802983

PROGRAM ELEMENT:1BB043

ROAP:   21-ASC


EPA SUPPORT:  $16,280


BEGINNING DATE:  7/25/74

COMPLETION DATE:   1/24/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Three variables, total organic carbon (TOC), adenosine triphosphate
 (ATP) and oxygen demand or uptake (OD), are continually being suggested
 for application to automatic control of a wastewater treatment plant.
 At Hillsboro, Oregon, the first objective of the project is to demonstrate
 the use of the above three variables for control of the activated sludge
 process.  Further objectives of the project are to demonstrate the use
 of an adjustable aerator volume for changing the mode of operation and
 to demonstrate the use of a modified food to microorganism (F/M) ratio
 as the basis of a control strategy.  Both TOC and ATP will be used as
 parameters in the F/M ratio.

     Analysis of possible modes of operation and application of control
 strategies at Hillsboro should provide general insights into operation
 and control of the activated sludge process.
                                     144

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PROJECT TITLE:
For the Automatic Control of Dissolved Oxygen in the Activated
Sludge Process Documentation of the Design and Operation of
Various Alternatives
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Brian D. Bracken
   Brown & Caldwell
   1501 North Broadway
   Walnut Creek, California
             94596
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2130  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASC


EPA SUPPORT:  $51,000
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   J. F. Roesler
   Wastewater Research Division
                              BEGINNING  DATE:   6/28/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:   12/28/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The purpose of this work is to present, in written form a recommended
design procedure to guide the design engineer in the selection of aeration
equipment and control techniques for achieving optimal dissolved oxygen control
for  the activated sludge process.  The design procedure will include the concepts
of effectiveness, cost, reliability, operating, and maintenance aspects
associated with diffused air and mechanical aeration controlled to hold the
dissolved oxygen set point at some specified level.
                                      145

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PROJECT TITLE:  Automation of Physical-Chemical Treatment Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-01-0162 (Contract)

           „  „   .                             PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Robert B. Yarrington
    Dept. of Environmental Services            ROAP:   21ASC
    Government of the District of Columbia

                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $191,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:    6/72
    D. F. Bishop
                                               COMPLETION DATE:   6/74
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives are to develop digital control algorithms for physical-
chemical treatment of raw wastewater, to evaluate these control algorithms
with an IBM System 7 process control computer on the pilot physical-chemical
treatment system and to evaluate an analog control system in the three-stage
activated sludge treatment in the EPA-DC Pilot Plant.  Closed and open loop
analog response data developed by the EPA on an existing analog control system
is being used by the District of Columbia and IBM to develop digital control
algorithms for four feed-forward feed-back control loops and three feed-forward
loops in the physical-chemical system.  The feed-forward feed-back control
loops are flow-proportional pH-error control of lime and C0£ in lime treatment,
and CL_ in pH reduction, and, in breakpoint chlorination, mass-proportional
Cl7 and mass-proportional pH-error control of NaOH.

    The feed-forward loops are flow-proportional control of Fed  and sludge
wasting in the two-stage lime treatment process.  To date, the control
algorithms have been developed and confirmed by IBM with simulation techniques.
The system 7 computer is installed and on-line evaluation of the control
systems is proceeding.  The evaluation of the analog control system in the three-
stage activated sludge system is beginning and will be used in a later study
to develop digital control of portions of the three-stage activated sludge
system.
                                     146

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PROJECT TITLE:
Blue Plains Pilot Plant: Automation of Biological
Process Streams
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR

    Allan Cassel
    Department of Environmental Services
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N. W.
    Washington, DC  20004

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
                             PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162

                             PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

                             ROAP:  21ASC


                             EPA SUPPORT:   $62,855


                             BEGINNING DATE:  10/1/74

                             COMPLETION DATE:  4/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     To develop control loops for and evaluate the efficacy of automation
of activated sludge systems.  Strategies will concentrate on control of
F/M, SRT, D.O.  and sludge inventory.   Strategies will be evaluated for
steady state and transient conditions.   Digital and analog control equip-
ment will be evaluated.
                                  147

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Development of an Automatic On-Line Wastewater  Sample
                 Transfer and Conditioning System
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
   Mr.  Louis  S. DiCola,
   Mechanical Design  Engineer
   Raytheon Company
   Environmental  Systems  Center
   Portsmouth, RI 02871
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   R. H. Wise
   Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0262  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: IBB043
ROAP: 21-ASC


EPA SUPPORT:  $128,191


BEGINNING DATE:  6/11/73

COMPLETION DATE: 3/1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to develop or furnish an on-line
hardware system which will automatically sample, blend,  transfer and
condition all types of wastewater-txeatment process streams for automatic
analyses (such as those for total organic carbon, phosphorus,  nitrate,
nitrite and ammonia) without the occurrence of unacceptable chemical
changes in the sample prior to its analysis.   Such sample conditioning
will include secondary blending, dilution,  and/or filtration where any
one or combination of these operations is required.
                                       148

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PROJECT TITLE:  Digital Automation of the Three-Stage Activated Sludge System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
   Robert B. Yarrington
   Dept. of Environmental Services             ROAP:  21ASC
   Government of the District of Columbia

                                               EPA  SUPPORT:   $153,000


HEEL PROJECT OFFICER:                          ^m ^  ^^

   Dr. I. J. Kugelman
                                               COMPLETION DATE:  6/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives  are  (1)   to develop digital control algorithms needed
 in  the  three-stage  (BOD, nitrification, denitrification) activated sludge
 for process  control;   (2)  to evaluate these control algorithms with an IBM
 system  7 process  control computer on the  three-stage activated sludge pilot
 system  at  the EPA-DC Pilot Plant; and  (3)  to develop digital data acquisition
 programs for the  three-stage  activated sludge system.  The three-stage
 activated  sludge  system  consists of an activated sludge stage with mineral
 addition  (alum  or Fed,.) for  BOD and phosphorus removal, nitrification and
 denitrification with methanol and mineral addition for nitrogen and residual
 phosphorus removal,  and  filtration for residual solids removal.  The control
 loops for  chemical  feed  of methanol or minerals (alum, or FeCl_) are mass-
 (P  or NO,,) - proportional feed-forward systems; for sludge wasting, flow-
 proportional feed-forward systems, for D.O. control, a complex feed-forward
 feed-back  system  based on flow, and recycle, D.O. uptake rate, oxygen transfer
 efficiency,  and D.O. error deviation from set point.  Any F/M control will
 require sensor  evaluation and analog development.
                                      149

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PROJECT TITLE: State-of-the-Art Report on Instrumentation and Control in
               Wastewater Systems and Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Mr. Robert Day
   Senior Environmental Engineer
   Environmental Systems Center
   Raytheon Company
   Box 360
   Portsmouth, RI  02871
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Joseph F. Roesler
   Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0144  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASC


EPA SUPPORT:  $158,000


BEGINNING DATE:  6/30/72

COMPLETION  DATE:   3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of this project are to:  survey the literature; survey
the user experience of instrumentation and control systems and determine the
performance of instrumentation in the field; design alternative control
strategies for each wastewater treatment unit process; prepare a plant layout
for a hypothetical 1 and 10 mgd facility; estimate the costs incurred, benefits
derived and operating problems associated with actual or proposed process
control schemes; and identify future research needs.
                                     150

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 PROJECT TITLE:   State-of-the-Art Technology for Semi-Automatic Control of
                 Activated Sludge Treatment Plants
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Carl Nagel
   Superintendent of Treatment
   P. 0. Box 4998'
   Whittier, California  90607
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   R. Smith
   Wastewater Research Division
PROJECT NO.: 803055  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21-ASC


EPA SUPPORT: $9,213


BEGINNING DATE:    6/01/74

COMPLETION  DATE:   03/31/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objectives of the project are:

     (a)  to document the theory, design and operation of continuous
          on-line instrumentation currently in use by LACSD,

     (b)  to document the computer applications LASCD is using to assist
          the operator in calculating the daily operational parameters
          necessary for the semi-automatic control of seven waste treatment
          plants, and

     (c)  to develop additional computer software to give the operator
          additional information on the status of the plant operations.

     Five processes which are using automatic or semi-automatic control
will be explored or documented.  These processes are:  influent pumping
(level control), primary sludge pumping (density control), activated
sludge aeration (process air control), activated sludge wasting (sludge
flow control),  and sludge return (sludge flow control).  Seven facilities
are involved and a time sharing computer will be employed at each plant.
The computer will calculate the operating parameters and also assess
the effluent quality with reference to mean or median limits.
                                      151

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Workshop on Research Needs  in Automation  of Wastewater
                 Treatment Systems
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:  803214  (Grant)
              T .   _  A  ,                       PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Professor John F.  Andrews
    Principal Investigator                     ROAP:   21-ASC
    Environmental Systems  Engineering Dept.
    Clemson University
    Clemson, South Carolina  29631             EPA SUPPORT:  $3,000

 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:  7/11/74
    J. Roesler
    Wastewater Research Division               COMPLETION DATE:   6/30/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The primary objective of the workshop will be to define and establish
priorities for research needed to automate wastewater treatment  plants.
However, since the input to a plant comes from a collection system and
the output is normally discharged to a receiving body of water,  attention
will also be devoted to research needs for these systems with special
reference to their interaction with treatment plants.  Also addressed
will be the effect of automation on design and operation of wastewater
recycle systems.

     The workshop will be three days in length with the first day being
devoted to the presentation and discussion of state-of-the-art papers.
Six separate workshop sessions will then be devoted to preparation of
brief documents stating the problems and specifying needed research for
each session topic.  These documents will then be presented to the reassembled
group for detailed discussion.  The final day will be devoted to a tour of
a new 120 MGD activated sludge plant which is highly automated and features
on-line computer control.  This tour will afford participants the opportunity
to observe first hand the state-of-the-art of automation and problems
which need to be solved.

     The proceedings of the workshop, including the discussions will be
published under the title "Research Needs in the Automation of Wastewater
Treatment Systems."
                                      152

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Capillary Sludge Dewatering
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   City of Saint Charles,  Illinois
   2-10 East Main Street
   St.  Charles,  Illinois  60174
   Mr.  Arthur N. Kay
PROJECT NO.:  802693
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:  $189,677
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Dr.  J.  E.  Smith,  Jr.
BEGINNING DATE:  7/16/73

COMPLETION  DATE:   6/30/78
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     By demonstrating on a plant scale the dewatering of waste activated and
other sludges with the Capillary Dewatering Device,  this study seeks to
confirm on a sound statistical basis^ and further improve the favorable results
obtained on the pilot capillary sludge dewatering device developed under EPA
Contract No. 68-01-0094 (17070 HCZ).'  Specific objectives are to determine:
(1) the effect of scale-up on system engineering parameter performance and
mechanical requirements, (2) system reliability from a process and mechanical
standpoint, and (3) an economic basis for system evaluation.  The period of
the study will be twenty four months.  It is expected that the capillary
device will attain higher filter yields and lower cake moistures and that the
sewage will require less chemical conditioning than has heretofore been possible
with existing dewatering equipment.  Dewatering effectiveness will be measured
by (1) sludge cake output or yield, (2) sludge cake characteristics, (3)
solids removal efficiency, (4) liquid process stream quality, (5) conditioning
chemical usage, and (6) cost of dewatering.
                                      153

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PROJECT TITLE:  Chemical Sewage Sludge Thickening and Dewatering
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Dr. David DiGregorio
   Envirotech Corp., Eimco Div.
   Box 300
   Salt Lake City, Utah  84110
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   R. V. Villiers
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0404 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASB


EPA SUPPORT:  $182,000


BEGINNING DATE:  4/1/74

COMPLETION  DATE:  6/L/75
PROJECT  DESCRIPTION:

     A side-by-side comparison of the thickening and mechanical dewatering
characteristics of phosphorus-laden alum-primary and iron-primary sludges.
Information obtained will be used to prepare guidelines for the best method of
handling, processing and disposing of these types of sludges.
                                      154

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PROJECT TITLE:  Co-Incineration of  Sewage  Sludge with Refuse and/or Coal
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   803927  (Grant)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
   Metropolitan Waste Control Commission       BnAP    21A
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 PROJECT TITLE:   Engineering  Design  and  Cost Parameters for Lime Treatment and
                 Sludge Disposal,  Recovery and Reuse
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:  68-03-0334
                                               PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1BB043
   Dr.  Denny S.  Parker
   Brown & Ca;Ldwell Consulting Engineers        ROAP:    21ASD
   66 Mint Street
   San Francisco, California  94103
                                               EPA  SUPPORT:   $49,910-

 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:  6/29/73
   Dr.  J.  E. Smith, Jr.
                                               COMPLETION DATE: 12/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     A report is being prepared which provides design and cost information on
the production,  treatment and  disposal of  lime sludges.  The reuse and
recycling of lime sludges resulting  from the removal of phosphates will be
emphasized.

Final report is in press.
                                      156

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Experimental Investigation of the Aerobic Stabilization of
                 Sludges from Wastewater Treatment
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   John Puntenny
   Metropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal
   District #1; 3100 East 60th Avenue
   Commerce City, Colorado  80022
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0152 (Contract
PROGRAM ELEMENT:    1BB043

ROAP:  21AS"D


EPA SUPPORT:  $81,798


BEGINNING DATE:  1/30/72

COMPLETION  DATE: 5/30/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     This study comprises plant and pilot scale  aerobic  stabilization  studies.
In the plant scale study, emphasis is on the effect  of load  variation, while
in the pilot study,  emphasis is on the effects of  varying  solids  concentration
under aeration, detention time, dissolved oxygen level and loading.  Both
studies will look at the effect of temperature on  performance.  Further both
studies consider the thickening and dewatering properties  of the  non-
stabilizfid and stabilized sludges.

     Final report was published September,  1975  (EPA 670/2-75-035).
                                     157

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PROJECT TITLE:  Experimental Investigation of  the  Chemical  Stabilization of
                Sludges from Wastewater  Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Dr. Alan J. Shuckrow
   Battelle Memorial Institute
   Pacific Northwest Labs
   P. 0. Box 999
   Richland,  Washington  99352

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Dr. J. E.  Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-0203   (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:21ASD


EPA SUPPORT: $84,800


BEGINNING BATE:  11/6/72

COMPLETION DATE:  5/31/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     This evaluation program was designed to  optimize both  odor and pathogenic
organism reduction and the spreading of  lime-stabilized  sludge on  soils  as  a
function of lime addition to raw sludge.   Further,  the quality of  lime
stabilized sludge resulting from the manipulation of pertinent parameters
was investigated.  An engineering and laboratory study period was  employed
to determine data pertinent to design and operation of a pilot plant.  The
pilot plant was then operated under optimum conditions to furnish  sludge
for soil studies.

     Final report was published April, 1975 (EPA 670/2-75-012).
                                      158

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Full Scale Evaluation of Top Feed Vacuum  Filtration  for
                 Dewatering
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Lawrence A. Ernest
   Sewerage Commission of the City of
     Milwaukee
   P. 0. Box 2079, Jones Island
   Milwaukee, Wisconsin  53201
PROJECT NO.: s-800969  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASt>


EPA SUPPORT:  $474,865
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   J. E. Smith, Jr.
BEGINNING DATE:  6/1/73

COMPLETION  DATE:  5/31/78
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     This project will demonstrate on full plant scale the utility  of  top
feed rotary vacuum filtration of waste activated sludge,  a concept  which was
evaluated on pilot scale under EPA Project 17070 EVE.   -Two full  scale  rotary
vacuum filters will be installed and evaluated side-by-side.   One will be
equipped for conventional bottom feeding and the other for top feeding.  During
the operational phase performance will be evaluated by comparing yield (output
rate of dry filter cake solids), cake solids content,  removal efficiency,
conditioning chemical usage and the difficulty in maintaining proper conditioning
with the two perating modes.
                                      159

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PROJECT TITLE: Heating An Anaerobic Digester by Means of Solar Energy
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Jess W. Malcolm
   Environmental Systems, Inc.
   150 South Street
   Annapolis, Maryland  21401
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

   R. V. Villiers
     PROJECT NO.:*    (Contract)

     PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BBOA3

     ROAP:   21ASD


     EPA SUPPORT: $30,000


     BEGINNING DATE: *

     COMPLETION DATE: *
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Feasibility study of the concept of heating an anaerobic digester by
means of low energy solar energy so that the methane gas produced during anaerobid
digestion of sludge can be used for a. high energy application.   Study will consist of
detailing specifications for the equipment required for the solar energy system and
of preparing a research plan for demonstrating the advantages of using solar energy
as compared to methods presently used.
   This project is  still in negotiation.
   number are not yet decided.
Final contract dates and contract
                                      160

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  PROJECT TITLE:  Investigation to Utilize Organic Residues  to  Improve  Sludge
                  Dewatering Characteristics and to Produce  Useable Fuels.
  EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Dr. Joe Schwartzbaugh
   Systems Technology Corp.
   3131 Encrete Lane
   Dayton, Ohio  45439
  MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
   Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2105  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:1BB043

ROAP:   21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:  $122,177


BEGINNING DATE:  7/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  12/31/76
  PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Both pilot and plant scale anaerobic  digestion  studies are being made
of the short fiber fraction from the Franklin,  Ohio, solid waste processing
facility in admixture with sewage sludge.  Dewatering tests are also being
planned.
                                      161

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Magnetically Assisted Thickening of Wastewater Sludges
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Stanley R. Rich
   RP Industries, Inc.
   15 Kane Industrial Drive
   Hudson, Massachusetts  01749
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Dr. J. E. Smith,  Jr.
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0136 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:  $75,931


BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/72

COMPLETION DATE:   1/31/77
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     In this project laboratory and pilot scale research is  underway on a
three-step process for the dewatering of waste activated sludge  solids.   These
three steps are:   (a)  gravity drainage,  (b)   application of  a  magnetic force,
and (c)  application of a compression force.   In this  process  non-magnetic
sludge solids are rendered temporarily magnetic by  the addition  of  small
quantities of inert and nontoxic magnetic materials combined with small
percentages of chemical coagulants.  A magnetic separator is then utilized
to separate the liquid from the solids.
                                      162

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Parameters Controlling the Interaction of Ash with Sludge
                 Solids Wastewater Purification
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  17030 ECM  (Grant)
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
   Dr. F. J. Micale                                    21ASD
   Center for Surface & Coatings Research       ROAP:
   Lehigh University
   Bethlehem, Penn.  18015                          ^^  $12Qj909
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                                BEGINNING DATE:
   Dr. J. E. Smith, Jr.                                               ,
                                                COMPLETION DATE:  New draft
                                                       Final report, expected by 6/1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
     The effect of various additives on the improved dewatering of activated
sludge is being determined and the surface properties of the additives
characterized in order to arrive at a mechanism for flocculation of activated
sludge particles.  The primary additives investigated are fly ash and 3
sludge incinerator ashes.  All four ashes have high surface areas, 1.7 to
17 m /g, a hydrophilic surface and a high concentration of water soluble
salts.  Since the presence of salts and a solid surface complicates the
interpretation of experimental results, a series of experiments were devised
where either salts or solids alone were added to the activated sludge for
settleability measurements.  The solids consist of the washed ashes themselves,
as well as two silicas, two carbon samples and magnetite, which contains
high surface areas and exhibits different surface properties.  The salts
consist of the washings obtained from the ashes and a number of inorganic
salts and ionic polymeric surfactants.

     All four ashes greatly increase the rate of settling of activated
sludge in the order Tahoe •=> Kansas •=» Millcreek "="• Beckjord.  Repeated washing
of the ashes has the effect of decreasing the rate of settling and changes
the relative efficiency to Kansas^- Millcreek -?*. Beckjord *zr Tahoe.  The
hydrophilic silica carbon black and magnetite greatly increase the rate of
settling while hydrophobic silica and graphon have very little effect.
Halide sfelts and only the cationic polymeric surfactant are capable of
increasing the rate settling.  A dual mechanism, which was based on coulombic
interaction between sludge particles and solid additives, is proposed.

     The final report is being reviewed.
                                      163

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PROJECT TITLE:  Pilot Scale Demonstration of Lime Stabilization
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Richard F. Noland
   Burgess and Niple, Ltd.
   2015 West Fifth Avenue
   Columbus, Ohio
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    Steven W.  Hathaway
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2181 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:  $104,300


BEGINNING DATE:  2/13/75

COMPLETION  DATE:  4/13/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      To provide  for a demonstration of lime stabilization at the Lebanon, Ohio
 Wastewater  Treatment plant.  The addition of lime to the sludge produced
 at  the  plant  up  to pH 12.2 and then subsequent land disposal and microbiological
 analysis.   To provide research confirming the lime stabilization method and
 comparing it  to  anaerobic digestion.  The chemical stabilization is to be a
 successful  alternative  to anaerobic digestion for plants overloaded with solids
 unable  to complete solids handling by conventional methods.
                                      164

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Porteous Process for  Heat  Treatment  of  Sludge
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   11010 OKI  (Grant)
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
   Robert J. Alban,  Lake County Sanitary Eng.,
     Project Director                           ROAP:   21ASD
   Board of County Commissioners
   Office of Lake'County
   H. T. Nolan Building                         EPA SUPPORT:   $377,099
   Painesville, Ohio
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                                BEGINNING DATE:   9/71

   B. Vincent Salotto                           COMPLETION DATE:  12/1/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The purpose of this grant is to  demonstrate  at  plant  scale effect of
heat treatment of sludge as regards dewatering  of liquor.  Also, it  is the
purpose of this grant to study ways .in which  the  rich heat treatment supernatant
can be treated in order to minimize its effect  on the sewage  treatment if
returned to the plant.   Minor objectives are  to develop  cost  and performance
data on the heat treatment process and investigate different  operating
conditions and determine optimum operating  parameters.
                                      165

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Rotary Kiln Gasification of  Solid Wastes  and  Sewage  Sludge
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:
   Mr. John Coffman
   Wright Malta Corporation
   Malta Test Station
   Ballston Spa, New York  12020
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    S . W. Hathawav
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2350  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043

ROAP:   21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:fts3,820


BEGINNING DATE:  8/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  7/3.1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The purpose of this project is to evaluate the  technical merit  of  the
Wright-Malta rotary kiln gasification process for  unshredded solid waste
and liquid sewage sludge.  A laboratory scale "minikiln"  will be  constructed
and tests for gas production, waste "destruction, and pollutant  emissions
will be conducted.
                                      166

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PROJECT TITLE:  Sludge Treatment Pilot Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Allan Cassel
   Dept. of Environmental Services
   Government of the District of Columbia
PROJECT NO.:  17070 EOG (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:  $568,379
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

   Irwin J. Kugelman
BEGINNING  DATE:  7/l/69

COMPLETION DATE:  6/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective is to design, construct and operate a solids handling pilot
 plant which when operated in coordination with the existing biological and
 physical chemical pilot plants at the District of Columbia Water Pollution Control
 Plant will provide complete evaluation at all treatment systems.  The plant
 consists of gravity or air thickening, vacuum filtration, and fluid bed in-
 cineration.  The solids handling studies are being performed on physical chemical
 (lime)  sludges and biological (raw and waste activated) sludges from the oxygen
 activated sludge system, the three stage activated sludge system which includes
 mineral addition; and a single stage activated, sludge system which provides
 simultaneously BOD removal, nitrification and denitrification.  The data obtained
 includes thickening, characteristics, dewatering (vacuum filter and centrifuge)
 characteristics, chemical conditioning requirements and stack gas analysis
 studies for air pollution control.
                                      167

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 PROJECT TITLE:   Source Control of  Water  Treatment Waste  Solids
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Dr. Donald D. Adrian
   Dept. of 'Civil Engineering
   University of Massachusetts
   Amherst, Mass.  01002
 MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   Dr.  J.  E.  Smith,  Jr.
PROJECT NO.: 1707° DZS (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASD


EPA SUPPORT:  $60,177


BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/69

COMPLETION  DATE:  Final report
         draft expected by 6/1/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     This research is for the purpose of  finding  solutions  to  the  sludge
handling problem.   Solutions are obtained by optimizing  the design of  sludge
dewatering and drying beds.   In order to  optimize the design of  these
facilities additional research is carried out on  the sludge dewatering
process, the sludge drying process and the synthesis of  dewatering and drying
into economic designs.

     A major accomplishment has been the  development of  computer programs
for use in designing sand drying beds for the dewatering of water  and  sewage
sludges.  Computer input includes the characteristics of the sludge and physical
environment.
                                      168

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 PROJECT TITLE:  Thermoradiation Treatment of Sewage Sludge Using Reactor
                 Fission Products


                                                           IAG-D5 Interagency
 EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.: 0675  Agreement
               ,   ,   ..  T .  N                 PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
   H. D. Sivinski (Sandia Labs)
   Contact: Mr. Denny Krenz                     ROAP:    21ASD
   U. S. Energy Research & Development Admin.
   P.O. Box 5400
   Albuquerque, New Mexico  87113               EPA SUPPORT:  $150,000


 HERL PROJECT  OFFICER:                          BEGlraraG MTE=   3/12/75

   Gerald Stern                                                    a/-»n/7ft
                                                COMPLETION DATE:  8/-30//6
  PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The  objective of the research program is to constructively couple two
 environmental problems, disinfection and treatment of sewage sludge and disposal
 of nuclear waste materials.  Successful coupling could lead to a mutually
 beneficial solution,  the utilization" of nuclear waste products in the disinfection
 and  treatment of digested municipal 'sewage sludge.

     For 'several years Sandia Laboratories has conducted studies on the use
 of simultaneously applied heat and ionizing gamma radiation (thermoradiation)
 for  biological inactivation of viral and bacterial systems.  More recently the
 studies have been expanded to include a parasite system.  These studies show
 significant promise due to the inactivation synergisms exhibited by thermo-
 radiation and the studies have been recently pointed toward investigation of
 thermoradiationi%^T disinfection of sewage sludge using reactor waste fission
 products  (e.g.,   Cs  ).  if this technology can be successfully transferred
 to sludges, it could  provide a cost-effective alternative for sludge disinfection
 and  treatment and also for the beneficial utilization of intermediate-life
 radioactive waste isotopes.  The emphasis of the research program is'on the
 disinfection of liquid digested sludge.  The joint program will draw on prior
 studies  to continue the research.
          137.,
     The    Cs necessary for a dynamic system (heat and radiation pulse in
 a single*pass flow-thru system) is installed and in operation in Sandia's
 Gamma  Irradiation Facility.  This system is being used to study effectiveness
 of thermoradiation on the three pathogens of choice, polio virus, coliform
 bacteria, and the Ascaris parasite.  The results will guide the design of
 the  pilot plant where additional studies will be completed on not only the
 biological, but also  the chemical and physical characteristics of the digested
-.sludge.   Also,  tests  with  the  0.16  liter batch  thermoradiation unit,  us^Lng
   Cs-are continuing,  to  guide  optimization  for  disinfection  of municipal
 wastewater  sludges.

                                       169

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PROJECT TITLE:  Agricultural Benefits and Environmental Changes Resulting from
                the Use of Digested Sludge on Field Crops and Criteria for Use
                in Selecting Disposal Sites
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    T. D. Hinesly
    Metropolitan Sanitary District of
       Greater Chicago
    100 East Erie Street
    Chicago, Illinois  60611

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    G. K. Dotson
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   S801356 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043

ROAP:   21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:   $300,000


BEGINNING DATE:    6/24/74

COMPLETION DATE:   9/23/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The project is part of a long-term study of the technology and effects of
utilizing liquid digested sewage sludge as a fertilizer and soil conditioner.
The study began in 1967 with funding support from the PHS, HEW.  Agronomy
plots, lysimeters, and greenhouses'are used to determine techniques of applying
and managing sludge on cropland.  Effects on soils, ground and surface water,
crops and the animals that consume the crops is being studied.  Reclamation of
strip mine spoils with sludge is also being studied in lysimeters, plots, and
in the greenhouses.
                                      170

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PROJECT TITLE:   Blue Plains Pilot Plant:   Nitrogen Recovery from Digested
                Sludge for Use in Fertilizer Production from Dewatered
                Sludge Solids
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                 PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162

                                             PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Allan Cassel
    Department of Environmental Services     ROAP:  21ASE
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N. W.
    Washington, DC  20004                    EPA SUPPORT:  $88,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                             BEGINNING DATE:   10/1/74
    Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL       COMPLETION DATE:   3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective is to. collect engineering data necessary to evaluate various
alternative schemes for the recovery of ammonia from anaerobic digested sludge.
The flow diagram for three basic schemes consist of:

    1.  Centrifugation of digested sludge, C0~ stripping of centrate,
        lime clarification of centrate, ammonia recovery of limed
        effluent by stripping and adsorption.

    2.  C0_ stripping of digested sludge, liming, centrifuge classification
        of carbonate and non-carbonate solids, recovery at ammonia from
        centrate by stripping and absorption.

    3.  C02Stripping of digested sludge, liming, dewatering of all solids,
        recovery of ammonia from filtrate or centrate by stripping and
        absorption.

Thickening and dewatering properties of solids from each scheme are to be
determined.  Data is to be developed for the full scale design and operation
of an ammonia recovery system by stripping, absorption and crystallization.
                                  171

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PROJECT TITLE:  Co-Disposal of Sewage Sludge and Municipal Refuse
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   S803769 (Grant)

    Jose R. Rivero                            PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Union Carbide Corporation-Linde Div.       ROAP:   ^lA^F
    P. 0. Box 44
    Tonawanda, New York  14150
    (Grantee: Sanitary Board of City of       gp^ SUPPORT:   $150 000
                                                          '       '
              South Charleston, W. Va. )
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:   6/16/75
    Robert A. Olexsey
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this project is to demonstrate the ability of the Union
Carbide Purox pyrolysis system to process a mixture of sewage sludge and
solid waste.  The organic materials will be converted into a medium BTU
fuel gas.  Testing will take place'at the Union Carbide Company's 200 TPD
solid waste demonstration plant.
                                   172

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PROJECT TITLE:  Composting Sewage Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    C. R. Albrecht
    Maryland Environmental Services
    Tawes State Office Building
    Annapolis, Maryland  21401
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James A. Ryan
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  S803468  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP:  21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:  $478,345


BEGINNING DATE:  7/1/75

COMPLETION DATE: 6/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    An aeration system was developed which appears to compost raw sewage sludge
without odors.  Difficulties were encountered with winter windrow composting
and various modifications of the system will be tested.   Pathogen survival
during composting will be studied.

    Preliminary studies in the field and greenhouse indicate that heavy metal
availability from compost is less than from sludge when applied to soils.
Nitrogen mineralization studies are necessary to determine application
rates.  Plans are to study heavy metal-organic matter interaction.
                                     173

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PROJECT TITLE:  Comprehensive Summary of Sludge Disposal Recycling History
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    John Puntenny
    Metro Denver Sewage District #1
    3100 East 60th Avenue
    Commerce City, Colorado  80022
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James Ryan
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2064  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:  $8,000


BEGINNING DATE:  6/25/74

COMPLETION DATE: S/-25/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The major objective of this project is to produce a report which is a summary
of the sludge recycling history and associated research data from the Metropolitan
Denver Sewage Disposal District No. 1.
                                     174

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PROJECT TITLE:  Disposal of Stabilized Municipal Industrial Sludge in
                the Forest Environment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   R802172 (Grant)

                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Ralph Domenowske
    Grant Director                             ROAP:   21ASE
    Municipality of Metropolitan Seattle
    600 First Avenue
    Seattle, Washington  98104                 EPA SUPPORT:   $234,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:   5/1/74
    Gerald Stern
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:  1/1/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Objectives of the study are:  (a) Establish the effects of application of
sludge on forest growth rate; (b) Establish efficient and effective methods of
sludge application to forests;  (c) Establish the rate of sludge application
which has maximum benefits to forest growth with minimum impact on soil water
quality and be nonpolluting to surface or ground waters; (d) Establish the
short-term impacts of sludge application on the forest, including effects on
microbiological organisms and higher plant species, physical and chemical
properties of the forest and soil, and the chemistry of soil water.

    The second year will continue with evaluation of the above objectives, and
place particular emphasis on retention, movement and soil mass balance of
certain elements contained in the sludge.  Varying rates of sludge application
on the mass balance of applied chemicals and forest growth will also be empha-
sized.

    Retention movement and mass balance of chemicals contained in sludge including
total organic analyses will be evaluated by resampling the forest soil by depths to
establish the changes in elemental constituents, after application from the pre-
treatment condition.

    Identification of the mechanisms of retention and movement of certain chemical
elements is proposed through use of radioisotopes.  The isotopes will be placed in
confined soil columns and sampled at six-month intervals identifying the penetration
of tagged isotopes to the type and size of soil particles.

    Microbiological composition   of the forest biomass will continue to be moni-
tored for detection of rates of solubility changes, a specific concerji being the
susceptibility of microbial organisms to heavy metals at levels which may be toxic.

                                      175

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PROJECT TITLE: The Effect of Feeding to Cattle Crops Grown on Sludge Amended
               Soils
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   IAG-R5-0768

                                              'PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    John Baxter
    Metropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal       ROAP:   21ASE
       District No.  1
    3100 East 60th Avenue
    Commerce City, Colorado  80022            EPA SUPPORT:   $76,029

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/75
    Gerald Stern
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  1/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Note:  Part of this contract will be funded through an Interagency Agreement
with Food and Drug Administration - FDA share - $45,000.

    (a)  To determine translocation of heavy metals, pathogens,  pesticides from
sludge to soil, to grass and to cattle.

    (b)  To determine via direct feeding experiments, translocation of heavy
metals, pesticides and pathogens from sludge to cattle.
                                     176

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PROJECT TITLE:  Land Disposal of Raw and Waste Activated Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-01-0162  (Contract)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Allan Cassel
    Department of Environmental Services       ROAP:   21ASE
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 12th Street, NW
    Washington, DC  20004                      EPA SUPPORT:   $95,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:   4/72
    T. P. O'Farrell
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:  6/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives are: (1) to determine the environmental effects (such as
odors, nitrogen movement into ground water, and nitrogen phosphorus, and
heavy metals uptake by plants) of land disposal (trenching) of various sludges
(raw primary-activated, digested primary-activated, and mineral (alum) addition
or lime treated sludges) in both greenhouse and field scale studies and (2) to
evaluate field scale trenching application techniques for limed raw and digester
sludges at very high loadings per acre (over 200 tons/acre).   Greenhouse studies
in sandy soils simulated trenching techniques and revealed nitrogen and organic
movement through four feet of soil.  In the field studies, initiated in May 1972,
raw and digested sludges were limed to pH 11.5 to stabilize the sludges, success-
fully placed in trenches (2'-4' deep) and covered with backfill.  Ground water
samples were periodically withdrawn from field wells to determine movement of
pollutants into the ground water; the area between trenches was planted with
crops and trees.  The results through November 1972 revealed essentially no
movement of pollutants into the ground water and no odors or other esthetically
objectionable effects and successful plant growth.  The project is a cooperative
study of the U.S. Department of Agriculture, the Maryland Environmental Services
and the District of Columbia Department of Environmental Services.
                                      177

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PROJECT TITLE:  Land Reclamation Through the Use of Digested Sewage Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James Braxton
    Metropolitan Sanitary District of
       Greater Chicago
    100 East Erie
    Chicago, Illinois


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    G. K. Dotson
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT  NO.:   11010 DPW (Grant)

'PROGRAM  ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21ASE


EPA  SUPPORT:   $540,000


BEGINNING  DATE:   6/11/69

COMPLETION DATE:  6/11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The principal objective was to use 100 acres of submarginal land (ash) to
illustrate the benefits of using sewage sludge on land to improve physical
characteristics and fertility of the land.  It was part of Phase II (demonstra-
tion) of the pilot research and demonstration that is to eventually lead to
utilization of all of Chicago's sludge as a soil conditioner and fertilizer.
The sludge treated ash produced satisfactory crops, but efforts to measure
effects on groundwater were unsuccessful.
                                     178

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PROJECT TITLE:  Puretec Wet-Oxidation of Municipal Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Michael D. Nelson
    Philadelphia Water Department
    1140 Municipal Services Building
    Philadelphia, Pennsylvania  19107
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    B. V. Salotto
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   S803644  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:   $449,690


BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  12/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The Puretec process is a heat treatment process designed to treat municipal
and industrial type waste sludges.  The process was developed by the Barber-
Coleman Company of Irvine, California which is supplying the Philadelphia Water
Department with a 16-ton per day Puretec wet-oxidation unit.  The process
reacts sludge under heat and pressure with sulfuric acid as a catalyst to
decompose the sludge.  The major objective of the grant is to demonstrate
and evaluate on a plant scale that the process is a cost effective method of
sludge treatment and disposal.  The study will provide information on process
efficiency, operating costs, and recovery.
                                      179

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PROJECT TITLE:  Pyrolysis of Sewage Sludge and Sewage Sludge-Solid Waste
                Mixtures
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    William S. Sanner
    U. S. Bureau of Mines
    4800 Forbes Avenue
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  15213
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert A. Olexsey
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   IAG - D4-0436

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:   21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:   $70,000


BEGINNING DATE:  4/1/74

COMPLETION DATE: 7/-31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The project will investigate the pyrolysis of sewage sludge and sewage
sludge-solid waste mixtures under a variety of time and temperature conditions.
Pyrolysis  could prove  to be an effective method of sewage sludge disposal that
has minimum environmental impact and may exhibit operational disadvantages over
conventional thermal degradation techniques.  The Bureau of Mines has conducted
research in the area of pyrolysis of coal for a number of years and has experi-
mented with thermal processing techniques for municipal solid waste.

    The project will be conducted at the Bureau of Mines Pittsburgh Energy
Research Center laboratories  in an existing experimental retort pyrolysis
unit.  Several combinations of starting material feeds will be investigated.
                                      180

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                    jw of Techniques for Incineration of Sewage Sludge with
                   _id Waste
            .ROJECT DIRECTOR:

        jr R. Niessen
       ' F. Weston, Inc.
     3Ston Way
    Westchester, Pennsylvania  19380
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Robert A. Olexsey
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0475  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:  $72,280


BEGINNING DATE:  6/4/74

COMPLETION DATE:  2/29/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this contract is to survey the available technology for
incineration of sewage sludge with solid waste and assess the feasibility of
each alternative approach.  A literature survey, site visits, and contacts with
practicing facilities will serve as the basis for determining the technical and
economis merit of each technique.  Engineering design and economic analysis of
4 selected techniques will be performed for 1, 10, and 100 mgd sewage treatment
plants.
                                      181

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PROJECT TITLE:  Safe Utilization of Sludges and Wastew
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.'.o.
                                                            '
                                               PROGRAM ELEMt
U. S. Department of Agriculture           ROAP:   21ASE


                                          EPA  SUPPORT:   $1.
    Biological Waste Management Laboratory                             ^ o
    Beltsville, Maryland  20705
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:   5/1/74
    G. K. Dotson
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:  8/-1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Various methods of using or disposing of sludge on land are being studied.
Development of technology for incorporating sludge in soil and for composting
sludge with other carbonaceous materials, and determining environmental and
health implications of various methods and rates of sludge application are
among the principal objectives.
                                      182

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PROJECT TITLE:  Treatment and Disposal of Wastes Pumped from Septic Tanks
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    John Kolega
    University of Connecticut
    Storrs, Connecticut
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    G. K. Dotson
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   17070 DKA  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:   $220,000


BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/69

COMPLETION DATE:  6/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Studies of septic tank pumping practices and of attitudes regarding
acceptance of septic tank sludge into the municipal treatment plants were
followed by pilot studies of an aerobic-anaerobic treatment system, adding
septage to incoming wastewater in a municipal wastewater treatment plant,
and injecting the sludge in the soil.  All three systems were presented as
suitable methods of treating septage.
                                     183

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PROJECT TITLE:  Treatment of Wastes Using Peat and Peat'in Combination with Soil
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Rouse Farnham
    Office of Iron Range Resources &
       Rehabilitation
    State of Minnesota
    MEA Office Building
    S"t. Paul, Minnesota  55101
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    G. K. Dotson
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   17050  BAN  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:   $87,000


BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/69

COMPLETION DATE:  7/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective was to determine the effectiveness of various kinds of peat and
peat-soil mixtures as filter media in treating sewage.  Application techniques,
the mechanism of BOD and phosphorus removal from the sewage and regeneration of
the adsorptive capacity of the peat were studied.  Drained plots in a natural
peat bog, lysimeters, and columns in the laboratory were used in the study.  Thin
layers of peat over sand were found to be effective in removal of BOD and phos-
phorus from sewage.  The draft of the final report has been prepared.
                                     184

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PROJECT TITLE:  Wastewater Solids Utilization on Land Demonstration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. A. J. Kaplovsky
    Ocean County Sewerage Authority
    Toms River, New Jersey
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    G.  K. Dotson
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  S801871 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASE


EPA SUPPORT:  $300,000


BEGINNING DATE:   6/72

COMPLETION DATE:  2/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of the project is to demonstrate the feasible beneficial
application of liquid digested sewage sludge on various crops on sand coastal
plain soils.  About 8 acres are divided into 1/4 acre plots.   Sludge is applied
at rates of 10, 20, and 40 tons per acre and the effects on crops and the
environment of each application rate are measured.
                                     185

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PROJECT TITLE:  Ammonia Removal from Wastewater by Ligand  Exchange
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr.  Lloyd Smith
    Gillette Research Institute
    1413 Research Boulevard
    Rockville,  Maryland  20850
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr.  Richard A.  Dobbs
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0455  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP:  21ASO


EPA SUPPORT:  $71,000


BEGINNING DATE:  5/17/74

COMPLETION DATE: 7/17/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Project demonstrated the feasibility of  using  copper-form  exchanger  for
removal of ammonia from wastewater.
                                     186

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PROJECT TITLE: Autotropic Denitrification Using Sulfur-Electron Donors
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Alonzo William Lawrence
    Dept.  of  Environmental  Engineering
    Cornell University
    Ithaca, NY   14850
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    E.  F.  Earth
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R803505-01 (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21ASO


EPA SUPPORT:   $95,612


BEGINNING DATE:  12/15/74

COMPLETION DATE:  12/14/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      Because  of  the  rapidly  increasing cost of crude oil and  the potential
decrease  in the  availability of methanol and other organic chemicals used
in wastewater treatment,  it  is desirable to seek alternative methods of
denitrification.  The overall objective of this project is to evaluate
the microbial kinetics, and  to assess the process feasibility of auto-
tropic microbial mediated denitrification using sulfur electron donors.
This  will be  accomplished by (1) preliminary delineation, via batch culture
experiments of metabolic  and environmental requirements of sulfur oxidizing
bacteria;  (2)  evaluation  of  continuous culture kinetics such as temperature
and pH; and (3)  evaluation of some non-kinetic factors, e.g. process
configuration, physical form of sulfur, effluent quality.
                                      187

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PROJECT TITLE: El Lago Advanced Waste Treatment Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:  H010 GNM  (Grant)

                                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT: 1BB043
   Mr. William Wilson
   Harris  County Water  Control  &  Improvement  ROAP:  21ASO
      District #50
   1122  Cedar Lane
   Seabrook, Texas   77586                     EPA SUPPORT:  $395,804

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:  9/15/70
   E.  F. Earth
   Wastewater Research  Division,  MERL         COMPLETION DATE:  12/15/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The  project will  consist  of modification and additions  to an  existing
high rate trickling  filter  plant with  the objective of  improving of  the
quality of the  plant effluent.  It will  incorporate equipment and  facilities
for removal of  phosphorus by iron salts  and polymer, and removal of  nitrogen
by nitrification and denitrification using methanol as  a chemical  supplement.
The completed facility will be operated  as a demonstration plant where
economics of these processes and water quality can be examined and monitored
and the results made public.
                                      188

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PROJECT TITLE:  An Evaluation of Pollution Control Processes in Upper
                Thompson Sanitation District
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Giles Gere
    Upper Thompson Sanitation District
    P. 0. Box 568
    Estes Park, Colorado  80517
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    E. F. Earth
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   802641  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21ASO


EPA SUPPORT:   $333,300


BEGINNING DATE:  6/1/75

COMPLETION DATE: 8/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The Upper Thompson Sanitation District (U.T.S.D.) was formed to provide waste-
water treatment services to the area surrounding Estes Park, Colorado.  This area
is adjacent to the Rocky Mountain National Park, a major tourist attraction in
Colorado.  Because of the highly visible area that the U.T.S.D. will serve, numer-
ous processes had to be included in the plant design to achieve the desired treat-
ment objectives.

    As a result, a unique combination of conventional and advanced waste treatment
processes were developed.  Major components of the treatment scheme are:  flow
equalization, activated sludge treatment, biological nitrification, multimedia
filtration, and ozonation for disinfection.  Flexibility of phosphorus removal
has been provided and with minor additions attached growth denitrification on
the multimedia filters can be incorporated into the system.

    This combination of processes represents a culmination of process development
work that has previously been carried out at the field scale by various investi-
gators.  The proposed research project will verify on a full scale basis many
processes that have been shown to be feasible alternatives to accomplish advanced
wastewater treatment of municipal wastewater.

    An essential research feature will be the full-scale comparative study of two
different types of attached growth nitrification media.

    The desired effluent quality will manage not only to meet Colorado State
requirements but also tuned to 1977 guidelines of best practicable treatment.

    The research on ozone as a suitable full-scale alternate to chlorine as a
municipally used disinfectant has national significance.

                                      189

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PROJECT TITLE:  Hatfield  Township  Advanced  Waste  Treatment  Facility
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   11060FRQ   (Grant)
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043

    Tracy Greenlund                             ROAP:       21ASO
    Hatfield Township Municipal  Authority
    Mr.  Charles  Hartley,  Secretary
    P.  0. Box 2                                 EPA SUPPORT:   $126,878
    Colmar,  Pennsylvania   18915
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:   3/19/71

    E.  F. Earth                                 COMPLETION DATE:   7/1/75
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This project provides for the demonstration,  analysis  and  evaluation of
 the Hatfield Township advanced waste  treatment  plant which  must produce a
 high quality effluent for discharge to the  Neshaminy Creek.

      BOD  , NOD,  suspended solids  and  phosphorus will be controlled by an
 integrated series of  unit processes including lime precipitation,  biological
 nitrification,  tertiary coagulation and filtration.  Equalization  tanks
 are used  to provide constant flow to  the advanced  processes.

      Presently  the plant is in the shake-down stage for equipment  and process
 capability.  Background analytical data on  wastewater  quality and  receiving
 water quality are being collected. Bids for chemical  supplies  have been
 let, and  operator training is in  progress.
                                      190

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PROJECT TITLE:  Phosphorus Removal in Biochemical Systems at the EPA-DC Pilot
                Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-01-0162 (Contract)
               ,   _  .      _.  .                 PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer
    Department of Environmental  Services       ROAP:   21ASO
    Government of the District of Columbia

                                               EPA SUPPORT:   $40,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:   10/1/72
    T. P. O'Farrell
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives are to evaluate phosphorus removal by mineral addition (Fed.,
and alum) in the three-stage activated sludge system for nitrification-denitrifica-
tion and in a single stage activated sludge system with simultaneous BOD removal,
nitrification and denitrification; to evaluate Technicon sensors for continuous
phosphorus measurement in the pilot processes; and to determine the effects of
the mineral addition (pH and solids wasting) on the nitrification-denitrification
processes within the treatment systems.  In the three-stage system, the FeCl~ is
added to the first stage (modified aeration) at a dosage of about 1.2:1 Fe/P and
alum is added to the third stage  (denitrification) at a dose of 3 to 4:1 AL/P.
Phosphorus residuals of about 0.1 mg/1 as P are achieved after filtration of the
denitrified effluent.  Alum will be added at various AL/P ratios to the last pass
of the single stage system to determine the phosphorus removal and the effect of
pH reduction and increased solids wasting on the nitrification and denitrification
in the system.
                                      191

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PROJECT TITLE:  Single Stage Nitrification Denitrification Full-Scale Study
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   S803618 (Grant)
                                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    George Austin, Superintendent
    Town of, Owego, Department of Public       ROAP:   21ASO
       Utilities
    111 East Main Street
    Apalachin, New York  13732                EPA  SUPPORT:   $49,497

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:    3/1/75
    E. F. Earth
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:   2/29/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to demonstrate the feasibility,  on
a full-scale basis, of nitrogen removal in an extended-aeration activated
sludge plant.  Additional objectives will be to determine design and
operating criteria for application of the concept to existing and proposed
wastewater treatment facilities in the United States.

    The existing wastewater treatment plant at Owego,  New York, is proposed
for the study because of the wide seasonal range of wastewater temperatures
it experiences, and because its design features, current operating conditions,
and staff capability are ideally suited to maximize the technical objectives
of the study.
                                      192

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PROJECT TITLE:  Soluble Organic Nitrogen Characteristics and Removal
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Perry L. McCarty
    Department of Civil Engineering
    Stanford University
    Stanford, California  94305
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Charles I. Mashni
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   R804001  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21ASO


EPA SUPPORT:   $90,120


BEGINNING DATE:   9/22/74

COMPLETION DATE:  9/21/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this work is to determine the characteristics and nature of
soluble organic nitrogen compounds which sometimes exceed the proposed effluent
standards for total (both organic and inorganic) nitrogen.  Isolation and
identification of these compounds will be attempted using conventional analytical
methods as well as modern analytical instruments such as infrared spectroscopy,
gas chromatography, and mass spectrometry.  The impact of these compounds on the
receiving water to include algal growth stimulation will be evaluated.  Various
chemical and physical processes for removal of soluble organic nitrogen will be
investigated including chemical precipitation, oxidation using several oxidants,
and adsorption.  Cost-effective analysis will be made on the most promising
process.
                                     193

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PROJECT TITLE:  Backwash of Granular Filters Used in Wastewater Filtration
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. J. L. Cleasby
    Iowa State University
    Ames, Iowa  50010
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr. Sidney A. Hannah
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R802140  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043

ROAP:   21ASQ


EPA SUPPORT:  $111,949


BEGINNING DATE:     9/71

COMPLETION DATE:   1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The aims of this project are to determine, through laboratory and pilot
studies, the necessary information for rational physical design of filters
for use in wastewater treatment.  Primary emphasis is placed on determining
the relationships between media characteristics and the physical requirements
of reactor design.  The project theme is based on the factors which influence
the ability to thoroughly cleanse the media during the backwash cycle.  All
individual studies are designed toward gaining maximum understanding of these
factors.

    Laboratory studies on the expansion and intermixing of various types and
sizes of granular filtration media are well underway and will be completed
during this budget period.  The causes and effects of intermixing of media
will be continued in the laboratory and will be instituted in the pilot plant.
The relative effects of different auxiliary washing techniques will also be
studied in the pilot plant in parallel to assess the utility of these tech-
niques.  Also, the necessary quality of backwash water and/or physical equip-
ment involved in the backwashing system will be assessed along with variations
in washing techniques.
                                     194

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of In-Depth Filtration for Wastewater Treatment
                Using a Mobile Pilot Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr.  Donald Feuerstein
    Project Manager
    Engineering-Science, Inc.
    Arcadia,  California  91006
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James F. Kreissl
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  17030 DHZ  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP:  21ASQ


EPA SUPPORT:  $127,610


BEGINNING DATE:  4/13/70

COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to develop design and operating criteria
for in-depth filtration as applied to the treatment of various wastewaters for
the purposes of clarification and/or phosphorus removal.   Various coagulants,
modes of filter operation and degrees of pretreatment will be evaluated to
achieve different levels of product quality for activated sludge, trickling
filter and primary effluents.  A profile of application for in-depth filtra-
tion will be developed.  A unique feature of the proposed research is develop-
ment of an accurate process control technique.
                                      195

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PROJECT TITLE:  Evaluation of Tertiary Granular Media Filters
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. J. A. FitzPatrick
    Department of Civil Engineering
    Northwestern University
    Evanston, Illinois  60201
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr. Sidney A. Hannah
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   R803212 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
ROAP:   21ASQ


EPA SUPPORT:   $122,800


BEGINNING DATE:    12/74

COMPLETION DATE:   11/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of the project are: 1) to ascertain the extent of adoption
of granular media filters for tertiary treatment of municipal wastewaters in the
continental U.S., 2) to collect and evaluate the operating data which are avail-
able for the tertiary filters in the States of Illinois, Indiana, Michigan and
Wisconsin, and 3) to carry out a detailed evaluation of the performance of a
number  of tertiary filters.  Tertiary filters are intended to achieve higher
levels of removal of BOD and suspended solids from municipal wastewaters than
can be achieved by secondary treatment alone.  The filter performance will
largely depend on filter design and operation.  Performance may also vary
depending on whether an activated sludge process or a trickling filter is
used for secondary treatment.  The approach for this project will be to obtain
operating data from tertiary filter installations in Illinois and select two
filters for a preliminary sampling period.  Samples will be obtained of the
secondary and tertiary effluents.  These will be analyzed for BOD, suspended
solids, and several other water quality parameters.  Statistical distributions
of loading and performance parameters and effluent variables will be obtained.
The dependence and independence of variables and parameters will be tested.
Hypothetical functional relationships between performance parameters and inde-
pendent variables will be determined.  Hypotheses about operation and perfor-
mance will be ascertained.  The composite of this information will serve as a
framework to analyze data obtained in a twelve-month intensive sampling period
of a number of tertiary filters.
                                     196

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PROJECT TITLE:  Hanover Tertiary Plant Studies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Cecil Lue-Hing
    Director of Research & Development
    Metropolitan Sanitary District of
       Greater Chicago
    100 East Erie Street
    Chicago, Illinois  60611
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James F. Kreissl
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   WPRD 92-01-68

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASQ


EPA SUPPORT:   $263,182


BEGINNING DATE:   5/1/68

COMPLETION DATE:  4/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:
    The objective of this project is to evaluate the performance of various
combinations of chemical treatment, rapid sand filtration, microstraining,
chlorination, and post oxidation for a 1 MGD tertiary treatment plant, and
to evaluate the performance of up and down flow sand filters, ion exchange
units, and ammonia separators on a pilot-plant scale.

    The final report on this project is being reviewed.
                                     197

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PROJECT TITLE:  Pomona Research and Development Facility (Effect of
                Chemical Addition on Effluent Filtration)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:   14-12-150

    Leon Directo                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Los Angeles County Sanitary District      ROAP:  21ASQ
    Los Angeles, California
    (Pomona Pilot Plant
    295 South Roselawn Avenue                 EPA SUPPORT:  $9,000
    Pomona, California 91766)

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:                         BEGINNING DATE:  7/1/74

    Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Two dual media (coal over sand)  automated pressure filters each with
a maximum capacity of 10 gpm/ft  will be utilized in parallel to filter
secondary effluent from the main (10 MGD) Pomona secondary treatment plant,
The following will be evaluated during the study:

(a)  Air plus water backwash vs. surface wash plus water backwash.

(b)  Injection of alum just ahead of the filter vs. direct filtration
     of secondary effluent.

(c)  Effect of addition of anionic polymer with alum directly ahead of
     the filter.

(d)  Comparison of alum coagulation and sedimentation vs.  direct feed
     of alum prior to filtration.

     The performance will be judged on the basis of effluent suspended
solids and rate of pressure drop build up.  Although most of the studies
will utilize non-nitrified secondary effluent, some runs will be made
with nitrified effluent from the nitrification stage of the units used
in task 21-ASO 030.
                                   198

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PROJECT TITLE:  Actinomycetes of Sewage Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Hubert A. Lechevalier
    Rutgers University
    Wakswan Institute of Microbiology
    New Brunswick, New Jersey  08903
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   R803701 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $27,870


BEGINNING DATE:   5/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  8/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this study is to gain a better understanding of the reasons
why Nocardia species of actinomycetes are blossoming in so many activated sludge
sewage treatment plants and to try to develop a rational approach to the control
of their growth; thus, removing the nuisance effect and the health hazard associ-
ated with the large-scale production of aerosols containing Nocardia, some of
which belong to known pathogenic species.
                                    199

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PROJECT TITLE:  Blue Plains Pilot Plant: Comparative Evaluation of Step
                Aeration, Plug Flow, and Complete Mix Activated Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Allan Cassel
    Department of Environmental Services
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N. W.
    Washington, DC  20004

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $157,000


BEGINNING DATE:  10/1/73

COMPLETION DATE:  4/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    To compare in parallel the three primary modes of the activated sludge
process.  Operation will be on primary effluent from the D.C.  Blue Plains
Treatment Plant.   Specifically, the following will be determined on each
mode:

     (1]  Sludge production vs. F/M and SRT

     (2)  BOD removal vs. F/M and SRT
     (3)  Sludge sedimentation characteristics vs.  F/M and SRT
                                  200

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PROJECT TITLE:  Case History of Upgrading an Existing Trickling Filter
                Plant at Livermore,  California
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:   68-03-2175 (Contract)

                                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Richard J.  Stenquist
    Brown & Caldwell Consulting Engineers     ROAP:   21ASR
    1501 North  Broadway
    Walnut Creek,  California  94596
                                              EPA  SUPPORT:   $35,968

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:    2/6/75
    Richard C.  Brenner
    Wastewater  Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:   2/5/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A detailed report will be prepared which will discuss and describe the
upgrading of the Livermore, California water reclamation plant from a roughing
filter-oxidation pond operational mode to a coupled trickling filter-activated
sludge operational mode.   The report will be presented in the form of a case
history including the time span prior to and leading up to the decision to
convert the plant to a coupled trickling filter-activated sludge system through
the operational period of December 1973.
                                     201

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PROJECT TITLE:  Case History of Upgrading an Existing Trickling Filter Plant
                at Stockton, California
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:   RFP CI-75-0214 (Contract)

    Richard J. Stenquist                      PROGRAM  ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Brown & Caldwell Consulting Engineers     ROAP:  21ASR
    1501 North Broadway
    Walnut Creek, California  94596
                                              EPA  SUPPORT:   $97,390

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/73
    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION  DATE:  2/28/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this project is to prepare a case history report on the
upgrading of the Stockton, California Wastewater Treatment Plant.  The up-
grading consisted of converting three of six rock media trickling filters to
plastic media.  This modification increased the hydraulic capacity and resulted
in an improvement in effluent quality and the achievement of nitrification.
The report will include detailed chapters on the histody of the plant prior
to conversion, design for media conversion, construction phase, startup phase,
plant operations and performance summary, performance evaluation and analysis,
and general design considerations for converting rock to plastic media trickling
filtration.
                                     202

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of Full Scale Open Tank Pure Oxygen
                Activated Sludge System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:  S803910  (Grant)

    John L. Puntenny                          PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB°43
    Metropolitan Denver Sewage Disposal       ROAP:  21ASR
       District No. 1
    3100 East 60th Avenue
    Commerce City, Colorado  80022            EPA  SUPPORT:  $200,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:   6/1/75
    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  5/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this project are to convert a three pass diffused air
system to a single pass open tank pure oxygen system and to evaluate the
performance of the pure oxygen system at varying food to micro-organism
ratios, detention times, ambient temperature and diurnal flow conditions.
Also, a determination of the design criteria for a full scale conversion
of the existing secondary system to an open tank pure oxygen system will
be made.  Oxygen utilization efficiency, solids settling characteristics,
power requirements will be observed.  The feasibility of using this tech-
nology at other overloaded plants will be demonstrated.
                                    203

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of Phosphorus Removal and Performance Upgrading
                on a Municipal RBC Wastewater Treatment Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    David L. Kluge
    Administrative Engineer
    Village of Pewaukee
    226 Oakton Avenue
    Pewaukee, Wisconsin  53072

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   S802905 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
ROAP:   21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $389,152


BEGINNING DATE:    7/15/69

COMPLETION DATE:   1/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    A mineral addition project will be undertaken to evaluate phosphorus removal
and overall upgrading potential for a 0.3 municipal wastewater treatment plant
employing the Rotating Biological Contactor (RBC) process.   Aluminum sulfate and
ferric chloride will each be dosed at two different injection points, the influ-
ent channel to the RBC units (after primary clarification)  and the effluent
channel leaving the RBC units (before secondary clarification).   An eight-month
testing program is planned, four months with aluminum sulfate and four months
with ferric chloride.  The objectives of the project are to consistently produce
an effluent phosphorus concentration of 1.0 mg/1 i 0.5 mg/1 and  decrease efflu-
ent BODc and suspended solids residuals from conventional operation levels of
20-30 mg/1 to 15 mg/1 or less.
                                     204

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PROJECT TITLE:  Demonstration of the Pure Oxygen Aeration Process to Upgrade
                Existing Wastewater Treatment Plant
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    William Pressman
    New York City
    Department of Water Resources
    Municipal Building
    New York, New York  10007

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   S802714  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043

ROAP:   21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $1,574,625


BEGINNING DATE:    7/1/70

COMPLETION DATE:   11/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The major objectives of this project are to demonstrate that oxygen aeration
can be applied without expansion to upgrade an existing modified air aeration
activated sludge plant from 75% ± treatment to 90% + treatment and that a mole-
cular sieve oxygen gas generation unit can be successfully integrated into the
total process to supply oxygen requirements.

    One 20 mgd bay was isolated from 15 other similar bays of New York City's
Newtown Creek modified aeration plant and converted to the Union Carbide sub-
merged turbine-sparger oxygen aeration option.  A 15 ton/day Pressure Swing
Adsorption oxygen generation plant was installed along with a liquid oxygen
backup supply system.  After system startup and shakedown, a one-year demonstra-
tion was commenced in mid-September 1972.

    Early results indicate that effluent BOD,, and suspended solids concentrations
of approximately 10 and 15 mg/1, respectively, are being produced in the oxygen
test train at a constant flow of 20 mgd (equivalent to an aeration detention time
based on raw wastewater flow of 1.4 hours).  Corresponding F/M and volumetric
organic loadings approximate 0.7 Ib BOD  applied/day/lb MLVSS and 150 Ib BOD
applied/day/1000 ftj, respectively.  In contrast, the remainder of the plant
(the 15 unconverted bays) is producing an effluent with average BOD- and sus-
pended solids concentrations of about 30 and 40 mg/1, respectively, at a nominal
aeration based on raw wastewater flow of 2.5 hours.  Oxygen train performance
is currently being evaluated under diurnal flow variations.  Subsequent phases
will determine the ultimate organic and/or hydraulic loading capacity of the
oxygen train and phosphorus removal efficiencies possible via mineral addition
to the oxygen aerator.
                                     205

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PROJECT TITLE:
                Evaluation of Materials for Construction  of Wastewater
                Treatment Facilities Using Oxygen and Ozone Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Bernie Jones & Henry Uyeda
    Materials Science Section
    USDI, Bureau of Reclamation
    Engineering and Research Center
    Denver, Colorado  80225

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James V. Basilico
    Office of Air, Land and Water Use
    Washington, DC
PROJECT NO.:  IAG - 0187  (D)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP: 21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $245,000


BEGINNING DATE:    6/72

COMPLETION DATE:   1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to evaluate the suitability of materials
for advanced wastewater treatment plants utilizing ozone and oxygen-rich
environments.  The project will develop a list of construction materials
suitable for construction of ozone and oxygen wastewater treatment facili-
ties and prepare a comprehensive report describing recommended usage.  Results
of test exposures up to two years will be utilized for recommendations.  The
test specimens will be exposed at full-scale operating plants and will consist
of various materials including metallic components, nonmetallic materials,
various types of concrete and coatings.
                                     206

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PROJECT TITLE:  Field Study of Nutrient Control in a Multi-Cell Lagoon
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT  NO.:   R803637 (Grant)

    ~  , M  c ,.    n.                        PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Carl M. Schwing, Director
    Pollution Abatement Technology Department  ROAP:   21ASR
    Charles County Community College
    P. 0. Box 910
    La Plata, Maryland  20646                  EPA  SUPPORT:   $140,742

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING  DATE:    6/1/75
    Edward Opatken
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:   5/31/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The principal objective of this project is the development of reliable
techniques consistent with the basic simplicity of lagoon operation for
removing phosphorus and unoxidized nitrogen from lagoon effluents.  Two
in-cell injection points will be evaluated to determine the potential of
alum addition for efficiently removing phosphorus from wastewater being
processed in a three-cell combined aerated faculative lagoon.  A sidestream
of effluent from the last cell of this test lagoon will be diverted through
a plastic-media trickling filter tower to evaluate the potential for achieving
consistent nitrification with this type of second stage biological treatment.

    The secondary objective is the acquisition of reliable long-term data
from well designed and well operated three-cell combined aerated/faculative
lagoon not receiving alum addition which will be operated in parallel with
the test system and serve as a control.  Assessment of the effect of alum
addition, not only on phosphorus removal, but also on suspended solids and
organic removals and determination of additional costs and operating require-
ments necessitated by the nutrient control procedures.
                                    207

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PROJECT TITLE:  High Performance Bio-Treatment of Municipal Sewage
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Carl Beer
    New York State Department of Health
    84 Holland Avenue
    Albany,  New York  12208
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C.  Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL
PROJECT NO.:  WPRD 143-01-67  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $371,125


BEGINNING DATE:   6/21/68

COMPLETION DATE:  1/31/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The project objective is to develop a high efficiency biological treatment
process and other related process units that is,  especially useful for smaller
communities, compatible with modern requirements  and technology.

    A novel 120,000 gpd pilot plant has been constructed on the grounds of the
New York State Vocational Institute in West Coxsackie,  New York,  to treat the
sewage of the resident inmate population.  The treatment facilities consist of
an aerated equalization tank, a two-stage split-culture activated sludge regime,
intermediate upflow activated sludge clarifiers,  multi-compartment horizontal
flow (with inclined trays) final clarifiers, a multi-compartmented tank for
batch aerobic digestion of waste activated sludge,  and  Purifax equipment for
high pressure chlorination treatment of primary sludge.

    A two-year experimental development program has recently begun in which the
above facilities will be evaluated in various sequences to optimize treatment
of small (but widely varying) flows for maximum removal of organic carbon
materials, suspended solids, phosphorus, and nitrogen.   The results of this
project will have greatest application to small communities with  typical broad-
swing diurnal flow patterns.
                                     208

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PROJECT TITLE:  The Laboratory Evaluation of a Method for Enhancing the
                Kinetics of Activated Sludge Treatment Plants
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    J. F. Fair
    Houston Research, Inc.
    8330 Broadway
    Houston, Texas  77017
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-01-0042  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $32,528


BEGINNING DATE:   5/21/71

COMPLETION DATE:  12/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this study was to increase the operating efficiency and capacity
of municipal activated sludge plants.  This would be accomplished by disrupting a
portion of the microbial cells in the return sludge releasing enzymes from within
the cells directly into the wastewater and eliminating the rate controlling action
of the cell wall-plasma membrane barrier.  These laboratory experiments were con-
ducted with bench-scale activated sludge waste treatment units, and the disruption
of microbial cells in the sludge was accomplished by use of a sonic oscillator.
Degradation rates of a number of specific organic compounds were studied in units
receiving regular activated sludge or varying proportions of disrupted sludge.
                                     209

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PROJECT TITLE:   Lagoon Efficiency and Effluent Disinfection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. James Reynolds
    Utah State University
    Utah Water Research Lab
    Logan, Utah  84322
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Albert D. Venosa
    Wastewater Research, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2151 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
ROAP:   21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $105,000


BEGINNING DATE:    12/9/74

COMPLETION DATE:   1/9/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this project are two-fold:  (1) to define the lagoon
equivalency to disinfection without addition of disinfecting agents; (2)
to determine whether the lagoon effluent can be chlorinated to destroy total
and fecal coliforms without adversely affecting the organic quality of the
effluent stream.  Theoretically, application of large doses of an oxidizing
agent such as chlorine to a lagoon effluent containing high quantities of
algae may result in an unfavorable increase in the effluent soluble BOD due
to algal lysis.  Thus, one process (i.e. disinfection) achieving compliance
with one standard (i.e. coliform reduction) might induce noncompliance with
another standard (i.e. effluent BOD reduction).

    Flexibility of the Logan (Utah) lagoon allows placement of chlorinators
and chlorine contactors at any desired location.  Construction of inter-
mittent slow-sand filters following the final cell of the lagoon has been
completed on EPA Contract 68-03-0281.  One 50,000 gpd flow stream will be
diverted from a secondary cell of the lagoon, passed through the sand filter,
and then chlorinated, for comparison with three identical but unfiltered
50,000 gpd flows receiving different chlorine dosages.  The usual chemical
analyses will supplement all bacteriological tests.  Since the BOD test is
unreliable in chlorinated effluents, soluble COD tests will be performed to
measure the extent of algal lysis following chlorination.
                                    210

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PROJECT TITLE:
Measurement of Active Biomass Concentrations in Biological
Waste Treatment Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Frederick G. Pohland
    Professor of Civil Engineering
    School of Civil Engineering
    Georgia Institute of Technology
    Atlanta, Georgia  30332

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:  R800354 (Grant)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

                              ROAP:  21ASR


                              EPA SUPPORT:  $50,327


                              BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/70

                              COMPLETION DATE:  7/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of  the research is to define the applicability and limitations
of  the dehydrogenase assay for measurement of the active biomass associated
with biological treatment of domestic and industrial wastewaters.  The specific
objectives are:   (a) to study the effects of varying organic content and nutri-
tional deficiencies on the dehydrogenase activities of biological sludges,  (b)
to  study the relationship between the active biomass concentrations and dehydro-
genase activities of biological sludges undergoing endogenous metabolism, and
(c) to develop a laboratory procedure for correlating dehydrogenase activities
with the active biomass concentrations of biological sludges obtained from proto-
type and industrial treatment processes.

    The studies have been conducted with pure cultures of bacteria and mixed
cultures in batch and continuous flow systems using a variety of defined food
materials or actual wastes.  The range of dehydrogenase enzyme activity under
the varying conditions has been established as well as a definite correlation
between dehydrogenase activity and ATP content of the cells.
                                     211

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PROJECT TITLE:  Methods for Improvement of Trickling Filter Plant Performance
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James C. Brown
    University of North Carolina
    School of Public Health
    Chapel Hill, North Carolina  27514
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   14-12-505 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
ROAP:    21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $611,837


BEGINNING DATE:    6/6/69

COMPLETION DATE:   7/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this research project was to evaluate and demonstrate
potential methods for upgrading the performance of high-rate trickling filter
systems.

    Three major investigations were carried out using facilities of the joint
University of North Carolina/City of Chapel Hill municipal treatment plant:
(a) Single-stage trickling filter operation was compared with two-stage trick-
ling filter operation in pilot units with equivalent volumes in both systems.
(b) Overall system removal was analyzed in the full-scale plant as a function
of final settling tank overflow rate.  (c) Alum addition to the final clarifier
was evaluated as an upgrading technique in the full-scale plant.

    Data from these investigations indicate:  (a) In any treatment plant with two
or more trickling filters, provisions for series or staged operation of the
filters will produce significantly better treatment than  operating the filters
in parallel as single-stage units.   (b) Funds spent on additional final settling
tank capacity is perhaps the most economical method of improving performance of
trickling filter plants.  (c) Controlled dosing of liquid alum just ahead of the
final settling tank yielded the greatest improvement in treatment efficiency of
all methods studied on this project and can upgrade the performance of a high-
rate trickling filter plant from marginal levels to one comparable with a well
operated conventional activated sludge plant.
                                     212

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PROJECT TITLE:  Nitrification Studies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   R803407 (Grant)
                ,   J   „  _                    PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Jack A. Borchardt, Professor
    Department of Civil Engineering            ROAP:   21ASR
    Division of Research Development & Adm.
    Research Adm.  Building, North Campus
    Ann Arbor, Michigan  48105                 EPA SUPPORT:   $97,532

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING  DATE:    1/6/75
    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:   1/5/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This project involves the study of biological nitrification of two different
municipal wastewater treatment plant effluents, (type A) a high-rate trickling
filter plant effluent and (type B) a continuous-flow, two-stage, facultative
lagoon effluent.

    The effluents from each of these plants contain unoxidized nitrogen compounds
in the form of organic and ammonia nitrogen.  Two rotating biological contactor
(RBC) pilot plants will be designed, fabricated, and installed, one each, at the
effluent end of the above two full-scale treatment plants.  The principal objec-
tive of this research project is to operate and monitor these pilot units to
determine whether RBC's can induce nitrification of and some incremental overall
quality improvement in the effluents of either or both of these plants.  If the
results are positive, the secondary objectives will be to optimize performance
and generate design factors for extrapolation to construction of larger-scale
second-stage RBC nitrification systems.
                                     213

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PROJECT TITLE:  One-Year Performance  Evaluation  of  Existing Aerated  Lagoon
                System - Pawnee,  Illinois
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Roger Alexander
    Village Manager
    Village of Pawnee
    619 Douglass Street
    Pawnee, Illinois   62558

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F.  Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL
PROJECT NO.: R803900  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR


EPA SUPPORT: $103,560


BEGINNING DATE:  6/30/75

COMPLETION DATE: 4/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The principal objective of this project is to generate year-round performance
data for a typical aerated lagoon system,  operating on domestic wastewater in the
north midwest.  A second objective is to evaluate the effectiveness of this system
in relation to its design criteria and to  the secondary treatment standards of
PL 92-500.  Work will be conducted at the  existing 3-cell "Air-Aqua" lagoon system
at Pawnee, Illinois.
                                    214

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PROJECT TITLE:  Open Tank Oxygenation System for Accelerated Sewage Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Duane Parker
    FMC Corporation
    Environmental Equipment Division
    3999 South Mariposa Street
    Englewood, Colorado

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  S801790  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
ROAP:   21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $192,483


BEGINNING DATE:    9/25/72

COMPLETION DATE:   7/1/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to develop a technically feasible and
economically attractive open-tank oxygen aeration activated sludge system.

    An ultra-fine (<0.2 mm) bubble diffuser, developed by Martin Marietta
Corp., will be evaluated for feasibility of dissolving oxygen gas and obtaining
a high overall oxygen utilization factor in an open-tank activated sludge
aerator.   (Commercially available oxygen aeration systems to date have all
utilized covered-tank aerators.)  The diffuser works on the shear principle with
mixer liquor continuously recycled through the diffuser at right angles to
injected oxygen gas.  To be economically realistic, 90% or greater of the oxygen
bubbles must dissolve before rising to the aerator liquid surface.  This concept
will be evaluated in a 30 gpm pilot plant located on the grounds of a suburban
Denver wastewater treatment plant.

    At the date of this writing, the 30 gpm pilot plant is in the process of
being fabricated.  A one-year experimental program will commence in spring
1973 after installation and "shakedown".
                                     215

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PROJECT TITLE:  Oxygen Activated Sludge Studies on Primary, Secondary
                and Raw Wastewaters
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:  68-01-0162  (Contract)

                                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer
    Department of Environmental Services      ROAP:  21ASR
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N.W.
    Washington, DC  20004                     EPA  SUPPORT:  $50,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:   10/1/72
    Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of the study are to evaluate air flotation as an alternate
to gravity settling in an oxygen activated sludge process with conventional
plug flow of primary effluent; to evaluate step feeding of primary effluent
into the oxygen activated sludge reactor; to evaluate the conventional "plug"
flow operation on D.C. raw wastewater; and to evaluate oxygen nitrification
of D.C. secondary (modified aeration) effluent.  Each of the two oxygen activ-
ated sludge systems consists of 4 totally mixed stages to approximate "plug"
flow in the reactor and includes external oxygen recirculation within each
stage and co—current oxygen-wastewater flow between stages.  The study pro-
vides  product quality, sludge production, kinetic rates of nitrification and
solids separation characteristics.  To date, air flotation clarification did
not produce satisfactory suspended solids in the effluent from the clarifier
as compared to gravity clarification.
                                     216

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon System at
                Bixby, Oklahoma
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    George W. Reid
    University of Oklahoma
    Office of Research Administration
    1000 Asp Avenue
    Norman, Oklahoma  73069

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R803916  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $67,317


BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  5/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The primary objective of this project is to generate reliable year-round
performance data for a typical multi-cell aerated lagoon waste disposal system
in warm southmidwestern region of the country.  The data will be utilized to
evaluate the effectiveness of the multi-system lagoon to perform in accordance
with its design criteria and the ability of such a design criteria to meet the
Federal Secondary Treatment Standards as established in 1972.
                                    217

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon System at
                Koshkonong, Wisconsin
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Lawrence B. Polkowski
    Department of Civil Engineering
    The University of Wisconsin
    750 University Avenue
    Madison, Wisconsin  53706

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R803930  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $90,000


BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  3/31/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of the project are:  to obtain the performance data for a
12-month period of a well designed, well operated multi-cell aerated lagoon
treating municipal wastewater, and to utilize the collected data for the
evaluation of the reliability and effectiveness of the Koshkonong aerated
lagoon system to perform according to design criteria, as well as to evalu-
ate its ability to meet secondary treatment standards corresponding to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

    Data will be collected on the operation and performance of a three-cell
series flow aerated lagoon system treating municipal wastewater as follows:
1) The system influent and effluent daily flow variations with recorded
maximum, average, and minimum flows will be monitored; and 2) Water quality
parameters at five locations, influent, intermediate points between cells 1
and 2, cells 2 and 3, lagoon effluent and chlorinated effluents will also be
monitored.  Sampling frequency will be selected to reflect performance con-
sistent with determining relationship to secondary treatment effluent guide-
lines proposed by EPA for 1977.  Water quality parameters such as water tempera-
ture, pH, DO, TSS, VSS, alkalinity, BOD5 total and soluble, COD total and
soluble, TKN, ammonia, nitrite, nitrate and phosphate will be determined.
In addition, fecal coliform and algae counts will be made.

    The results will be evaluated in terms of effluent guideline compliance
and recommended design criteria for aerated lagoon systems subject to large
seasonal variations.
                                     218

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Aerated Lagoon System at
                Windber, Pennsylvania
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Charles M. Earnest
    Assistant Professor of Chemistry
    University of Pittsburgh
    Johnstown Campus
    3017 Cathedral of Learning
    Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania  15260
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  R803975  (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $88,216


BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  'bill 11
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this work is to make a detailed chemical and biological
evaluation of the aerated lagoon system presently operated by the Windber
Area Water Authority of Windber, Pennsylvania.  The three-cell Hinde Aqua
Lagoon unit will be sampled at five points within the system.  The samples
will be collected at the (a) lagoon influent, (b) between lagoon cells in
series, (c) lagoon effluent (unchlorinated), and (d) after effluent chlorina-
tion.  The samples will undergo extensive chemical analysis as well as fecal
coliform counts and algae cell counts.  Variables such as weather, wastewater
temperature, daily flow entering and leaving the lagoon, and electrical require-
ment for operation of the plant will also be recorded.  The study will be 12
months with one 30-day period in each season of continuous sampling.  The
results will be evaluated by EPA to aid in future lagoon design.
                                     219

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Combined Aerated/Facultative
                Lagoon System at North Gulfport, Mississippi
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:  R803899  (Grant)

    Dr. A. J. Englande, Jr.                   PROGRAM  ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Assistant Professor                       ROAP:  21ASR
    Department of Environmental Health Sciences
    Tulane University
    1430 Tulane Avenue                        EPA  SUPPORT:  $88,767
    New Orleans, Louisiana  70112
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/74
    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  4/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This project will generate reliable year-round performance data for a well-
designed combination aerated/facultative lagoon system located in North Gulfport,
Mississippi, evaluate obtained data with respect to design criteria and the
lagoon's ability to comply with the secondary treatment requirements of PL
92-500, and utilize the collected data for defining possible design and opera-
tional upgrading techniques and future research needs.

    One year of lagoon system performance data will be collected and evaluated
with respect to the preceding objectives.  Flow-composite samples will be col-
lected at  the following locations:  lagoon influent, between cells in series,
lagoon effluent, and after chlorination.

    Sampling frequency will be 30 consecutive days, four times during the year
and 7 consecutive days once a month during the other 8 months of the performance
evaluation.

    Measurements and analyses to be performed include wastewater flow, alkalinity,
total and  soluble BOD,-, total and soluble COD, suspended solids, volatile sus-
pended solids, Kjeldanl nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite nitrogen, nitrate
nitrogen,  total phosphorus, fecal coliform counts, and algae cell counts.
Temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen measurements will be made in situ.  Metero-
logical, maintenance, and electrical usage data will also be collected and evalu-
ated.
                                     220

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoon
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:   68-03-2059 (Contract)

         _,  M „.                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Ross E. McKinney
    Professor of Civil Engineering             ROAP:   21ASR
    University of Kansas Center for
       Research, Inc.
    2385 Irving Hill Drive - Campus West       EPA SUPPORT:   $53,666
    Lawrence, Kansas  66045
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING  DATE:   7/25/74
    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL         COMPLETION DATE:  2/25/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of  this project is  to determine the operational characteristics
 of  an oxidation pond  system treating  domestic sewage from a small midwestern
 community.  An existing  3-cell domestic sewage oxidation pond system will be
 evaluated  in  detail over a 12-month period.  Chemical and biological analyses will
 be  made in order to permit evaluation of the normal operating characteristics of
 the oxidation pond  system during each of the seasons of the year.
                                    221

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoon (Kilmichael,  Miss.)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Donald Rill
    Mississippi State University
    P. 0. Drawer DE
    Mississippi State, Miss.  39762
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2061  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $55,113


BEGINNING DATE:   7/19/75

COMPLETION DATE:  1/19/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of  this project is to generate reliable performance data on
continuoualy operated waste stabilization ponds to determine their performance
in accordance with  design criteria and government regulations on water pollution
standards.  Year-round collection of data will be made on a three-cell faculta-
tive oxidation pond serving the community of Kilmichael, Mississippi, and on
aerated lagoon followed by settling zone and chlorination in use by the
Crossgates  Subdivision of Jackson, Mississippi.  An evaluation of the effective-
ness of the waste stabilization ponds studied will be made.
                                     222

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoons
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James Reynolds
    Utah Water Research Laboratory
    Utah State University
    Logan, Utah  48322
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2060 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $53,137


BEGINNING DATE:   7/19/74

COMPLETION DATE:  2/19/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The general objective of this project is to generate reliable year-round
performance data at two different existing small, rural, well designed and
operating  facultative municipal wastewater lagoons.  The data will be evalu-
ated  to determine the effectiveness of the lagoon systems to perform in
accordance with their design criteria and to meet Secondary Treatment Standards
as  established by the Federal Water Pollution Control Amendments of 1972.
                                     223

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PROJECT TITLE:  Performance Evaluation of Existing Lagoons  - Petersborough,  N.  H.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Stuart P. Bowers
    JBF Scientific Corporation
    2 Ray Avenue
    Burlington, Massachusetts  01803
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F.  Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division,  MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2062  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043

ROAP: 21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $55,771


BEGINNING DATE:  6/15/74

COMPLETION DATE: 1/15/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to evaluate performance of existing wastewater
treatment lagoons at Petersborough,  N.  H.,  including developing a detailed sampling
methodology, designing, constructing and installation of wastewater sampling equip-
ment at the lagoon site.  A one-year sampling and analytical program will be con-
ducted and an evaluation of the lagoon  performance will be made as compared with
design criteria.
                                     224

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PROJECT TITLE:  Preparation of Manual on Algae and Water Pollution
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0232 (Contract)

    „         n ,                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
    Dr. C. M. Palmer
    Kendal at Longwood                        ROAP:  21ASR
    Box 220
    Kennett Square, Pennsylvania  19348
                                              EPA SUPPORT:  $12,633

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:   3/22/73
    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  1/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this work is for the contractor to prepare a manuscript
for revision of the manual on Algae and Water Supplies (U.S. Public Health
Service Publication No. 657-195).  The title and emphasis would be changed
from Algae and Water Supplies to Algae and Water Pollution.  Chapters would be
added dealing with Algae and Eutrophication, Algae and Pollution, Algae as
Indicators of Water Quality, Algae in Streams, and Algae in Waste Stabilization
Ponds.  Present chapters would be brought up to date.
                                     225

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PROJECT TITLE:  Reduction of Toxicity Emission Rates from Wastewater
                Treatment Plants by Optimization of the Chlorination Process
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:   S803459 (Grant)

    Endel Sepp                                PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Associate Sanitary Engineer               ROAP:   21ASR
    California State Department of Health
    Berkeley, California
                                              EPA SUPPORT:   $344,200

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    5/15/75
    Albert D. Venosa
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:   1/1/78
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The purpose of this project is to develop an improved chlorine contactor
design system to accomplish three primary objectives: (1) Develop and demon-
strate an optimum design chlorine mixing and contacting system that will pro-
vide effective disinfection with low chlorine-induced toxicity; (2) Develop uni-
form tests that will provide a meaningful method of measuring the true perform-
ance of chlorine contactor systems; (3) Use the information obtained to develop
a manual of design and practice for wastewater chlorination systems.

    The objectives are to be accomplished by designing and constructing a
trailer-mounted idealized chlorine mixing and contacting system and a trailer-
mounted bioassay laboratory.  A "slip-stream" of effluent from eight different
full-scale wastewater treatment plants will be chlorinated in parallel with the
flow being processed in the plants.  Both streams will be evaluated for reduction
in bacterial numbers to specified levels and for toxicity to receiving water
biota.  Results of the project will be used to produce a comprehensive manual
on the subject of wastewater chlorination and chlorine-induced toxicity.
                                     226

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PROJECT TITLE:   Removal of BOD and Nitrogen in a Single-Stage Activated
                 Sludge System
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer
    Department of Environmental Services
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N.W.
    Washington, DC  20004

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Thomas P. O'Farrell
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162  ( Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $151,000


BEGINNING DATE:   9/1/72

COMPLETION DATE:  3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives are to evaluate the feasibility of BOD removal, nitrification
and denitrification in a single activated sludge system under varying seasonal
conditions; to determine the effect of solids production and wasting on the nitri-
fication and denitrification; and to determine the supplemental methanol require-
ments for complete denitrification.  One single-stage system to be used employs
alternating periods of cycling dissolved oxygen in which the D.O.  varies from
above 2 mg/1 to essentially zero in a reactor operated at F/M ratios of 0.15 to
0.20 Ib of BOD/lb of MLVSS/day.  The cycling D.O. permits alternating nitrifica-
tion and denitrification by the activated sludge mass.  Mixed liquor from the
discharge of the reactor is recycled to the reactor influent to allow the BOD
of the wastewater to serve as the carbon source for improved denitrification.
The system includes an optional (1 hour detention) denitrification basin for
methanol denitrification before the gravity settler.  A second system to be
tested is a plug flow reactor with aeration at the front and back sections of
the reactor and an anaerobic section in the middle.  Operational parameters will
be similar to those of the complete mix system with air supply on a time cycle.
                                     227

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PROJECT TITLE:  Separation of Algae Cells from Wastewater Lagoon Effluents
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Walter J. O'Brien
    University of Kansas Center for
       Research, Inc.
    2385 Irving Hill Road, Campus West
    Lawrence, Kansas  66044

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0280  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1BB043
ROAP: 21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $106,438


BEGINNING DATE:   6/19/73

COMPLETION DATE: 12/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objective of this project is to investigate the feasibility of using
rock filters to remove algae from wastewater lagoon effluents.  The field
test facility, which will be constructed at Endova, Kansas, will contain two
filters operated in parallel, one will consist of gravel one half to two inches
in diameter, and the other filter will contain gravel two to four inches in
diameter.  The hydraulic loading on these filters will be varied between 60
and 150 gallons/day/20 cu. ft. of submerged filter volume.  Design, construction
and operational guidelines will be determined for each filter.
                                     228

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PROJECT TITLE:  Separation of Algal Cells from Wastewater Lagoon Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    E. Joe Middlebrooks
    Utah Water Research Laboratory
    Utah State University
    Logan, Utah  84322
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Ronald F. Lewis
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0281  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $222,759


BEGINNING DATE:   6/9/73

COMPLETION DATE:  4/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The overall objective of this proposal is to construct and evaluate the
performance of intermittent sand filters in removing algal cells from waste-
water lagoon effluents.  An economic evaluation of the process will be made.
Six intermittent sand filters will be constructed and their performance evalu-
ated.  The filter sludge will be examined as to its quantity, nature and
treatability; recycling of the sludge directly to the primary section of the
lagoon will be evaluated.  Soil irrigation studies will also be evaluated as
a method of removing algae from lagoon effluents.
                                     229

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PROJECT TITLE:  A Simplified Method of High Purity Oxygen Injection into
                Activated Sludge Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:   802356 (Grant)

    TI  A r,  u A  i   A                        PROGRAM  ELEMENT:   1BB043
    Lloyd D. Hedenland
    Las Virgenes Municipal Water District     ROAP:   21ASR
    4232 Las Virgenes Road
    Calabasas, California  91302
                                              EPA  SUPPORT:   $186,309

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:    7/1111
    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:   8/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The principal objective of this project is to demonstrate upgrading of an
existing air aerated activated sludge plant with a simplified single-stage
oxygen contact system, using existing aeration tanks, blowers, and diffusers
to greatly reduce the cost of dissolution equipment.

    A 2 mgd aeration bay at the Las Virgenes Municipal Water District Tapia
Water Reclamation Facility has been converted to a single-stage oxygen system
using an inflated oxygen tent tank cover to contain the oxygen-rich atmosphere
over the aerator.  A conventional centrifugal air blower,  corrosion proofed on
the suction side and modified to be compatible with oxygen gas, is used to re-
circulate gas from within the tent cover through conventional coarse bubble
spiral roll air diffusers.  Virgin oxygen is introduced to the system through
a fine bubble sparger.  This simplified oxygen dissolution concept was designed
by the Cosmodyne Division of Cordon International.

    The system is currently being evaluated on a one-year  demonstration run.
One conservatively designed phase (nominal aeration time based on raw waste-
water flow = 9.5 hours) has been completed to date to determine if effluent
acceptable for agricultural recycle could be produced.  Effluent quality for
the phase averaged BOD^ = 2 mg/1, COD = 35 mg/1, suspended solids = 9 mg/1
and was completely nitrified.  At the high sludge age (>70 days) induced by
this type of operation, total biological sludge production was virtually nil.
However, the reduced  sludge wasting pattern permitted a buildup of grease
and other poor settling debris, thereby deteriorating sludge settling char-
acteristics (SVI = 200 ml/gram ±).  Subsequent phases of the experimental
program will examine system performance and sludge characteristics at 4 and 2
hours of nominal aeration time (based on raw wastewater flow).

                                     230

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PROJECT TITLE:  Study of Activated Sludge Separation by Dynamic Straining
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Arvid Strom
    FMC Corporation
    Environmental Equipment Division
    1800 FMC Drive, West
    Itasca, Illinois  60143

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C.  Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0427  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $32,000


BEGINNING DATE:    5/1/74

COMPLETION DATE:  9/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The proposed work is an outgrowth of a prior project conducted for EPA under
Contract #68-03-0102.  The results of that workwere sufficiently encouraging to
merit further investigation.

    The objective of this work is to demonstrate consistent performance of the
primary straining of mixed liquor activated sludge and to characterize the
suspended solids that escape the primary strainer and to evaluate alternative
methods for removing them to produce a highly clarified effluent.
                                     231

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PROJECT TITLE:  Summary of Oxygen-Activated Sludge Treatment at
                Fairfax County, Virginia
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Curtis S. McDowell
    Air Products & Chemicals Inc.
    P. 0. Box 538
    Allentown, Pennsylvania  18105
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C. Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   68-03-0405  (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:   $25,750


BEGINNING DATE:   3/28/74

COMPLETION DATE:  7/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The oxygen-activated sludge system installed and operated at the Westgate
Wastewater Treatment Plant in Fairfax County, Virginia is the first oxygenation
facility to utilize surface aerators for oxygen dissolution.  The objective of
this project is to summarize, document and evaluate design parameters, con-
struction and startup activities, and operating performance data for this facil-
ity.  The report will be presented in the form of a case history including the
time span prior to and leading up to the decision to convert the existing
Westgate plant to oxygen aeration.
                                     232

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PROJECT TITLE:  Tertiary Solids Removal Following Combined Chemical-Trickling
                Filter Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James C.  Brown
    University of North Carolina
    School of Public Health
    Chapel Hill, North Carolina  27514
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Richard C.  Brenner
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-0225  (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:  21ASR


EPA SUPPORT:  $60,000


BEGINNING DATE:   3/14/73

COMPLETION DATE:  9/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Two or more tertiary processes, including settling ponds and granular media
filtration, will be evaluated in depth for removing suspended solids (principally
chemical floe particles) from aluminum sulfate (alum) coagulated and settled
trickling filter plant effluent.  The upstream trickling filter plant shall be
a full-scale municipal high-rate system as typically operated in this country
with effluent (settled or unsettled) recirculation and a secondary clarifier
surface loading of 800 gpd/ft  or greater.  Aluminum sulfate shall be continu-
ously applied to the trickling filter effluent just prior to introduction to
the secondary clarifier.  Previous experience has established that the optimum
alum dose is 200 mg/1 ± 25 mg/1.
                                     233

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PROJECT TITLE:  Three-Stage Activated Sludge for  Nitrification  Denitrification
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0162 (Contract)

    Allan Cassel, Sanitary Engineer           PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB°43
    Department of Environmental Services      ROAP:  21ASR
    Government of the District of Columbia
    415 - 12th Street, N.W.
    Washington, DC  20004                     EPA SUPPORT:  $40,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:   10/1/72
    Thomas P. O'Farrell
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION  DATE:  6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives are to evaluate system reliability with seasonal variations,
to determine the kinetic rates of nitrification and denitrification at various
wastewater temperatures, to provide design data with chemical requirements and,
in coordination with an automation study, to develop instrumentation and process
control automation for the system.

    The system at the EPA-DC Pilot Plant consists of primary sedimentation,
modified aeration with alum or FeCl o addition, nitrification, denitrification
with methanol addition and alum addition and filtration.  The system is operated
at a nominal flow rate of 50,000 gpd with a maximum (rain) diurnal peak to
average flow variation of 2:1.  Instrument control loops (both analog and
digital) are being developed for the chemical additions, pH control points and
for D.O. control in the aeration basin.
                                     234

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PROJECT TITLE:   Controlled Treatment System - Ultraviolet Disinfection
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

     Emerson  Langrell
     Community  of  St. Michaels, Maryland
PROJECT NO.:  WPRD 139-01-67 (17060FAA)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043     (Grant)

ROAP:   21ASS
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

     Albert  D.  Venosa
     Wastewater Research  Division, MERL
EPA SUPPORT:  $90,065.92


BEGINNING DATE:   2/29/68

COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The primary objective of  this  project  is  to  determine  the  feasibility  of
 incorporating a controlled treatment  system in an  existing waste  treatment
 plant.   The specific  subobjectives are  to  optimize operations  of  present
 secondary activated sludge plant;  determine minimum UV  dose  that  will  yield
 an effluent with <  40 counts  of  total coliform/100 ml;  establish  a  significant
 reduction in fecal  coliform and  virus content; improve  calibration  of  the  UV
 sensing system.
                                     235

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PROJECT TITLE:  New Microbial Indicators of Wastewater Disinfection Efficiency
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. R. S. Engelbrecht
    University of Illinois
    Urbana, Illinois  61801
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Albert D. Venosa
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.: R802712  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:   21 ASS


EPA SUPPORT: $81,975


BEGINNING DATE:   4/1/72

COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This is a cooperative project with shared funding from both EPA and the
U.S. Army Medical Research and Development Command.  The objectives of the
project are to isolate from wastewater through disinfection tests micro-
organisms sufficiently resistant to chlorine that their destruction should
assure an effluent free from enteric pathogens and to compare the chlorine
resistance of these isolates with that of coliform bacteria and virus patho-
gens to determine origin and improve the methods for recovering resistant
indicator organisms.
                                     236

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PROJECT TITLE:  Ozone Pilot Plant Studies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT  NO.:  14-12-150  (Contract)

                                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:  1BB043
     Henry Gahn
     Los Angeles County  Sanitation District    ROAP:    21ASS
     Los Angeles, California

                                              EPA  SUPPORT:  $50,000

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING  DATE:   7/1/73
     Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL        COMPLETION DATE:  7/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Preliminary studies on a small scale ozonation system at Pomona indicated
that the process shows promise as a secondary effluent color reduction system.
Additional investigations using a 50 gpm pilot plant will be conducted to maxi-
mize the utilization of the ozone in the process, to determine the feasibility of
using ozone as a pretreatment for filtration, and to determine the effects of pH,
temperature, turbidity and contact time on the ozonation process for color, COD,
virus and bacterial removal.  Process cost estimates will be derived for the
various treatments with ozonation.
                                     237

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PROJECT TITLE:
Parallel Ozonation and Chlorination with Dechlorination
of Chlorinated Effluent
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    James S. Sheeran
    Project Director
    City of Wyoming, Michigan
    1155 - 28th Street, SW
    Wyoming, Michigan  49509

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Albert D. Venosa
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
                              PROJECT NO.:  802292 (Grant)

                              PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
                              ROAP:   21ASS


                              EPA SUPPORT:  $1,017,982


                              BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/71

                              COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The primary objective of this project is to disinfect parallel streams of
effluent  from a secondary activated sludge wastewater treatment plant and a
trickling filter wastewater treatment plant with chlorine, ozone, and bromine
chloride.  Part of  the chlorinated effluent stream is dechlorinated with
sulfur dioxide.  The chlorinated, dechlorinated, bromine chloride treated,
and ozonated streams, and a control stream of the same effluent are compared
for their toxic effect on several species of fish and macroinvertebrates.
Disinfectant dosage is controlled at levels sufficient to yield effluents
having total coliform and fecal coliform counts not to exceed 1,000 per 100 ml
and 200 per 100 ml, respectively.
                                     238

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PROJECT TITLE:  Studies on the Mefhanogenic Bacteria in Sludge
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Paul H. Smith
    University of Florida
    Department of Microbiology
    Gainesville, Florida  32611


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Albert D. Venosa
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:   17070DJV (Grant)
PROGRAM ELEMENT:   1BB043
ROAP:   21ASS


EPA SUPPORT:  $56,993


BEGINNING DATE:    6/1/70

COMPLETION DATE:   10/31/75
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    The objectives of this project are to isolate the methanogenic bacteria
present in digesting domestic sewage sludge and to determine those factors
which control the rates of anaerobic digestion.  Emphasis is being placed on
methane production from intermediates in the digestion process.  Hydrogen gas,
acetate, propionate and butyrate are being investigated.

    Isolation attempts are being made utilizing methods which give maximum
control of oxygen tension.  0/R potential is being maintained below-300 mv.
Intermediates and rates are being investigated using isotope dilution tech-
niques.

    The hydrogen utilizing methanogenic microflora has been isolated and its
ecological function has been demonstrated.  Hydrogen has been shown to inhibit
short chain fatty acid metabolisms.  The hydrogen utilizing microflora maintains
the hydrogen concentration below a toxic level.

    Current studies involve efforts to develop a methane fermentation which is
insensitive to environmental changes.  This is being approached by selection of
insensitive mixed populations of organisms capable of dissimilating organic
matter.
                                    239

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PROJECT TITLE:  Removal of Heavy Metals by Wastewater Treatment Processes
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Harold W. Wolf
    Water Reclamation Research Center
    1020 Sargent Road
    Dallas, Texas   75216
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr. Irwin J. Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  S801026 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:   21AST


EPA SUPPORT:  $118,166


BEGINNING DATE:   2/1/72

COMPLETION DATE:  3/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Removal of heavy metals such as Ag, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mu, Ni, Pb, Zn,
Ba, Se, Hg, Co, Mo, As, B, and viruses by select waste treatment processes
will be examined.   Raw waste waters will be characterized for heavy metals
content.   The fate  of these heavy metals will be determined as the waste
water  is  treated using a combination of the following processes:  activated
sludge, dual media  filtration, carbon adsorption, chemical treatment and
chlorination.  Virus studies will be concentrated in the tertiary treatment
loop.

    Studies will be performed on full scale treatment processes and pilot
scale  processes to  arrive at a treatment train which will be suitable for
water  reuse and will effectively remove the heavy metals.
                                     240

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  PROJECT TITLE:  Reverse Osmosis Renovation of  Secondary Effluent
  EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

      Lawrence R.  Michaels
      City of Escondido
      100 Valley Boulevard
      Escondido, California  92025
   *  PROJECT ENGINEER:

  MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
(See below)
      Dr.  Richard A.  Dobbs
      Wastewater Research Division,  MERL
PROJECT NO.:  802004  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043
ROAP:   21 AST


EPA SUPPORT:  $306,137


BEGINNING DATE:   6/1/75

COMPLETION DATE:  12/1/76
  PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      This demonstration grant will meet three objectives:   The performance and
  economics of reverse  osmosis processing of municipal effluents will be demon-
  strated on a sufficient scale to project large plant costs with confidence;
  the use of renovated, demineralized secondary effluent will prevent an adverse
  salt balance in the Lake Hodges basin; and the safety of  unrestricted reuse  of
  reverse-osmosis-renovated secondary effluent will be demonstrated.

      The project consists of installation and operation of a 150,000 gallons
  per day reverse osmosis unit at the existing Sunset  Avenue Wastewater Treatment
  Plant in the City of  Escondido.  The de-salted effluent will be blended with an
  additional 150,000 gallons per day of secondary effluent  and used  for irrigation
  through an existing effluent irrigation system.  A plastic-lined evaporation
  pond will be constructed for brine disposal during the two-year life of the
  project.

* PROJECT ENGINEER:

      W.  H. McPherson
      Fluid Systems Division
      Universal Oil Products
      2980 N.  Harbor Drive
      San Diego,  California  92101
                                      241

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PROJECT TITLE:   Appraisal of Powdered Activated Carbon Processes for
                 Municipal Wastewater Treatment
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                  PROJECT NO.:    68-03-2211 (Contract)

                                                      ELEMENT:   1BB°43
     A. J. Shuckrow
     Battelle-Pacific Northwest               ROAP:   21ASU
        Laboratories
     Richland, Washington  99352
                                              EPA SUPPORT:   $68,665

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                              BEGINNING DATE:    6/3/75
     James J. Westrick
     Wastewater Research Division, MERL       COMPLETION DATE:   7/3/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The purpose of this project is to obtain a comprehensive engineering and
economic assessment of the use of powdered activated carbon for the removal of
organic material from wastewater.  This desk-top study will include an analysis
of existing data and an economic study of the various design and operating
factors which affect cost and performance.  Comparisons of powdered carbon
processes with other organic removal processes will be included.
                                     242

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PROJECT TITLE:   Physical-Chemical Treatment at Rocky River,  Ohio
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Stephen J. Sebesta
    County Sanitary Engineer
    Cuyahoga County
    1276 West Third Street
    Cleveland, Ohio  44113

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James J.  Westrick
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  11010 DAB  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP: 21ASU


EPA SUPPORT:  $991,350


BEGINNING DATE:   8/16/68

COMPLETION DATE:  1/1/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    This project includes the construction and operation of a 10 MGD independent
physical-chemical municipal waste treatment system utilizing chemical clarifica-
tion and activated carbon adsorption for complete treatment.  Complete perform-
ance data will be collected.  A thorough operating and maintenance cost accounting
will be made to effectively determine the actual cost of operation of such a
system.
                                     243

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PROJECT TITLE:  Physical-Chemical Treatment of Municipal Waste
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Dr. Don Burns
    Eimco - BSP Division of
       Envirotech
    P. 0. Box 300
    Salt Lake City, Utah  84110

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    James J. Westrick
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
PROJECT NO.:  68-01-0183 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1BB043

ROAP:  21ASU


EPA SUPPORT:  $394,099


BEGINNING DATE:   4/7/72

COMPLETION DATE:  2/1/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    Develop powdered activated carbon-physical chemical treatment process for
municipal wastewater treatment.  Operated system at steady state to determine
reliability under conditions of diurnal flow variation.  Develop pilot thickening
and dewatering of chemical sludges.  Demonstrate successful regeneration and
reuse of powdered activated carbon.
                                     244

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PROJECT TITLE:
Pomona Research and Development Facility (Evaluation of Rotary
Kiln for Activated Carbon Regeneration)
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Leon Directo
    Los Angeles County  Sanitary District
    Los Angeles,  California
     (Pomona Pilot Plant
    295 South Roselawn  Avenue
    Pomona, California   91766)
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    Dr. Irwin J.  Kugelman
    Wastewater Research Division, MERL
                              PROJECT  NO.:  14-12-150
                              PROGRAM  ELEMENT:  1BB043
                              ROAP:  21ASU


                              EPA SUPPORT:  $10,000


                              BEGINNING DATE:   7/1/74

                              COMPLETION DATE:  6/30/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

    An indirect  fired rotary kiln will be operated in parallel with the
 existing multiple hearth  furnace at Pomona, California.  Initially, carbon
 from  the existing large-scale tertiary pilot plant will be divided and regen-
 erated in both furnaces.  The carbon regenerated in the multiple hearth
 furnace will be  returned  to the tertiary pilot plant while that from the rotary
 kiln will be put in a separate column which will be run in parallel with the
 existing tertiary plant.  After the next exhaustion cycle, the carbon batches
 will be kept separate and regenerated respectively in the furnaces that were
 used  to regenerate each batch originally.  This procedure will be followed
 for several more regeneration-exhaustion cycles.  Comparison of the regenera-
 tion performance will be based on carbon loss during regeneration, change in
 iodine number, Malasses Number, adsorption capacity, and other common parameters.
 In addition, the air quality of the exhaust gas will be monitored to determine
 if Los Angeles County air quality standards are being met.
                                     245

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PROJECT TITLE:  Costs of Radium Removal from Potable Water  Supplies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:  803864  (Grant)

    T  F  
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PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Reuse Potential of Water Supply Systems
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   ACT Systems Inc.
   807 W. Morse Blvd.
   Winter Park, Florida  32789
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   R. Clark
   Water Supply Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: 68-03-2071 (Contract)
PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047

ROAP: 21AQB


EPA SUPPORT:  $57,240


BEGINNING DATE:  7/73

COMPLETION DATE: 6/74
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     Little organized data is available concerning the Financing and Operating
characteristics and the relative economics of water supply utility management.
The effort which has been undertaken as part of this contract will collect
data in a standardized and comparable form from one major water supply utility
in each of the ten EPA regions.  The data will help to define the factors
which influence the cost of water supply and will also be useful in assessing
the relative cost of rennovated wastewater as an alternative source for water
supply.
                                     247

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PROJECT TITLE: Planning Water Supply - Building Permits and Cost/Rate
               Differentials
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT  DIRECTOR:

    Prof.  H.  C.  Goddard
    Univ.  of  Cincinnati
    School of Arts
    Clifton Ave.
    Cincinnati,  Ohio  45221

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    R.  Clark
PROJECT NO.: R803596-01

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1CB047

ROAP:   21A'QB


EPA SUPPORT: $35,000


BEGINNING DATE:  7/74

COMPLETION  DATE: 6/75
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objectives of this research are two:   (1)   to  undertake  an analysis
 of the feasibility, benefits and costs  of using building  permit data to
 estimate and project the future denjand  by user  class for  water and  subsequent
 investment in supply and distribution networks,  and  (2)   to  develop estimates
 of operating and capital costs, and cost and supply relationships as a function
 of space and topography, as related to  cost/rate differentials among users  of
 the same class and different classes (residential commercial, industrial).
 This aspect of the research is concerned with estimating  the  degree of internal
 cross-subsidies in the system.

      The approach utilizes data from building permit applications and water
 supply records for the Cincinnati Water Work supply area.  The analysis  will
 utilize statistical analysis to estimate the relationships and test the
 appropriate hypotheses.
                                       248

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PROJECT TITLE: Study of the Ion Exchange Process for Nitrate Removal
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

   Dr. W. J. Weber
   Dept. of Civil Engineering
   University of Michigan
   Ann Arbor, Michigan  84104


MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

   T. Sorg
   Water Supply Research Div.
PROJECT NO.: R803898-01 (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1CB047

ROAP:  21AQB


EPA SUPPORT:  $46,000


BEGINNING DATE:  7/21/75

COMPLETION DATE:  7/20/76
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The objective of this project is to study various ion exchange resins for
 the  removal of nitrates from water supplies.  Specifically, weak base, anion-
 exchange resins and strong-acid, weak base processes will be studied for their
 selectivity to remove nitrates.  Waste disposal methods for each system will
 be evaluated and the economics of the systems will be determined.
                                      249

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PROJECT TITLE: Demonstrate Disinfectant Capabilities of Ozone and Ultra Violet
               Light for Small Community Water Supplies.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Kenneth M.  Stone,  P.E.
    Vermont State Department of Health
    115 Colchester Avenue
    Burlington,  Vermont   05401
MERL PROJECT OFFICER:

    R.  Buelow
    Water Supply Research Div.
PROJECT NO.:  68-03-2182 (Contract)

PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1CB047

ROAP:  21A(3E


EPA SUPPORT:  $123,238"


BEGINNING DATE:

COMPLETION  DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The purpose of this contract is to thoroughly investigate  the performance
 of ozone and ultra violet light as possible disinfectants  of  drinking water for
 small community water supplies.

      The proposed demonstration project will involve the installation of ozone
 and ultra violet light disinfecting equipment on existing  small water systems
 in Grand Isle county.  The bacteriological quality of the  raw water,  disinfected
 water and water at the consumers taps will be closely monitored to ascertain
 the effectiveness of the disinfection and to determine if  the bacteriological
 quality can be maintained throughout the distribution system.

      Field studies will be conducted at seven small water  systems in Grand Isle
 County.  All systems serve less than 500 people and all use a common source of
 supply, Lake Champlain.  Two systems provide filtration and chlorination, four
 provide chlorination only, and one provides no treatment or chlorination.
 Ozone and ultra violet equipment will be installed to provide for evaluations
 on systems with and without treatment and to compare the results with systems
 which chlorinate and those which provide no disinfection.

      Weekly samples will be collected from each system of  the raw water, treated
 and/or disinfected water, and water at three points in the'distribution system.
 Routine analysis will include total coliform, fecal coliform and standard
 plate count as well as selected chemical and physical parameters pertinent to
 disinfection (pH, temperature, turbidity, ozone residuals, dissolved oxygen).
                                      250

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PROJECT TITLE:  Determining  the Organic Content of Drinking Water
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:
                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1CB047
   Albert E.  Sylvia,  Sanitary Biologist             ^ 21AOE
   Massachusetts Dept. of  Public Health        ROAP:
   Division of  Environmental Health
   Lawrence Experiment Station                               $16° 000
   Lawrence,  Massachusetts                    EPA  SUPPORT:  •?  '»

MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:  6/73
   T.  Love
                                               COMPLETION DATE: 6/76
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The objective of  this  study  is  the development of design criteria for
 granular activated carbon (GAC) filters used  in  the treatment of drinking water
 for the removal of taste and odors,  and potentially toxic  organic compounds.
 Studies will continue  toward the  development  of  a  rapid, simple, yet reliable
 method of measuring and monitoring  the  performance of GAC  filters and accurately
 determining the sorptive status of  the  carbon beds at any  given time.

      Specially designed pilot scale  filters will be used to  study the many
 variables associated with the use of GAC in water  treatment.  The principal
 investigator will vary the  loading  rates and  bed depths and  use different
 types and grades of carbon.  Monitoring will  include carbon  adsorbables,
 fluorometrlc properties, specific (volatile)  chlorinated organics,  and total
 organic carbon.  The influence on adsorption  due to pretreatment with poly-
 electrolytes, powdered activated  carbon and sand filtration  will be studied
 and the extent of bacterial regrowth within the  GAC beds will be described.
 Parallel testing will  compare the pilot scale facility to  the full-scale
 carbon filtration operation at the  Lawrence,  Massachusetts water treatment
 plant.
                                      251

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PROJECT TITLE:  Examination of the Dependence of Plaque liter on the Physical
                Aggregation and Disinfection of Viruses in Water Supplies.
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.: R802946 01  (Grant)

                                               PROGRAM ELEMENT:  1CB047
    D.  Gordon Sharp                             ROAP; 21AQ£
    Prof,  of  Biophysics
    School of Medicine,  Dept.  of Bacteriology
    University of  North  Carolina,                   SUPPORT- $35 000
    Chapel Hill, North Carolina  27514          EFA bUFiHmi • ^>UVJU

MERL PROJECT OFFICER:
                                               BEGINNING DATE:
    J.  Hoff
    Water  Supply Research Div.                  COMPLETION DATE:
 PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      The plaque method for  assay  of  infectious virus in natural water will
 be examined in order to determine the effects of virus particle aggregation.
 Physical assay by quantitative electron microscopy will be  employed  to  determine
 the number of single viruses,  pairs",  triplets, etc., present  in water suspensions
 of the virus.  Correlation  of  these  physical data with plaque titer  of  virus  in
 different states (degrees)  of  aggregation will be sought  for  several viruses  com-
 monly found in water.

      Previous work with large  viruses indicates  that the  degree of clump-
 ing may alter the plaque titer by one or more orders of magnitude particularly
 if the virus has been partially degraded.  Multiplicity Reactivation, evidenced
 through clumping, will be examined.   A major part of this project will  be the
 adaptation of physical assay methods, now used with large viruses to similar
 work with the picorna viruses.  When this has been accomplished it will be
 possible to proceed with direct observation of virion aggregation in natural
 water, as compared with optimum buffered saline  solutions commonly used in  the
 laboratory.  Rational interpretation of plaque assay of such  water suspensions
 can then be made with full  consideration of virion clumping.
                                      252

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PROJECT TITLE:  Organic  N-Chloro  Compounds  in  Chlorination of Water Supplies
EXTRAMURAL PROJECT DIRECTOR:

    Professor J.  Carroll Morris,
    Prof,  of  Engineering &  Physics
    Harvard University
    Cambridge, Mass.   02138
MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:

    Edward Katz
PROJECT NO.:  803631-01  (Grant)

PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1-B047

ROAP:   21AQE


EPA SUPPORT: $36,787


BEGINNING DATE:  04/01/75

COMPLETION  DATE: 09/30/77
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

      Objectives:   To  discover the forms  of  organic  nitrogen  in natural waters
 that interferes with  chlorination and to develop  methods  to  avoid  this problem.

      Approach:   To identify organic nitrogen compounds  in natural  waters
 and subject them to chlorination and analyze for  chlorinated products.

      Current plans are to concentrate water of a  typical 'natural source and
 concentrate organic compounds prior to isolation  and  identification.  A second
 approach being  implemented is a chlorinated two-ring  organic nitrogen compound
 and analyzing products via UV spectroscopy.  Further  refinements of  these
 techniques with other instrumentation will  be forthcoming.
                                      253

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PROJECT TITLE:  Virus Sensitivity to Chlorine Disinfection of Water Supplies
EXTRAMURAL  PROJECT DIRECTOR:                   PROJECT NO.:R803346 02  (Grant)
                                                PROGRAM ELEMENT: 1CB047
   R. S. Engelbrecht,                                   -n.nir
   Prof, of Environ. Engr.,                     ROAP:   21^QE
   Dept. of Civil Engineering
   University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
   Urbana, Illinois  61801                      EPA SUPPORT:  $15,000

MERL PROJECT  OFFICER:
                                                BEGINNING DATE:
   J. Hoff
   Water Supply Research Division               COMPLETION DATE:
PROJECT DESCRIPTION:

     The sole purpose of disinfecting potable water  supplies  is  the destruction
of pathogenic organisms and,  thus,  the elimination and  prevention of waterborne
disease  such as those caused  by viruses.  The overall objective  of the study is
to determine the range of sensitivity of various  enteric  viruses (e.g. picorna-
viruses) to chlorine.  Using  carefully controlled laboratory  experiments,  the
sensitivity response will be  characterized with respect to  such  variables  as
type of -virus, level and nature of  chlorine, and  quality  of the  suspending medium
(water).  Both chlorine demand free water and natural waters  will be used.
The sensitivity of viruses  continuously maintained under  laboratory conditions
will be  compared to new isolates  obtained from fecal matter.   The mechanism
of inactivation, with respect to  whether the viral genome or  protein coat  is
affected, and whether the inactivation is reversible, will  also  be examined.
                                       254

                                       ft U. S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1976-657-695/5*3'! Region No. 5-11

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