United Stateb EPA 451/K-94-001 Environmental Protection February 1994 Agency Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards (MD-10) oEPA Measuring Air Quality The Pollutant Standards Index Do not weed. This document should be retained in the EPA Reg,on 5 Library Collection. ------- GF -* ------- The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) has been developed by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to provide accurate, timely, and easily understandable information about daily levels of air pollution. The Index provides EPA with a uniform system of measuring pollution levels for the major air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act. Once these levels are measured, the PSI figures are reported in all metropolitan areas of the United States with populations exceeding 200,000 Index figures enable the public to determine whether air pollution levels in a particular loca- tion are good, moderate, unhealthful or worse. In addition, EPA and local officials use the PSI as a public information tool to advise the public about the general health effects associated with different pollution levels, and to describe whatever precautionary steps may need to be taken if air pollution levels rise into the unhealthful range. The EPA uses the Pollutant Standards Index to mea- sure five major pollutants for which it has established National Ambient Air Quality Standards under the Clean Air Act. The pollutants are particulate matter (soot, dust, particles), sulfur dioxide, carbon monox- ide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone * For each of these pollutants, EPA has established air quality standards protecting against health effects that can occur within short periods of time (a few hours or a day) For exam- ple, the standard for sulfur dioxide — that is, the allow- able concentration of this pollutant in a community's air — is 0 14 parts per million measured over a 24-hour period. Air concentrations higher than 0.14 parts per million exceed the national standard For ozone, the hourly aver- age concentration permitted under the standard is 0 12 parts per million *Ozone at the ground level can be a health and environmental problem, but ozone is beneficial in the stratosphere (6-30 miles above the Earth) where it .shields the Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. EPA has pro- grams to reduce chlorofluorocarbons and related substances to protect the stratospheric ozone layer. The PSI relates only to ground-level ozone, a major component of smog. ------- The PSI converts the measured pollutant con- centration in a community's air to a number on a scale of 0 to 500. The most important number on this scale is 100, since that number corresponds to the stan- dard established under the Clean Air Act A 0 14 ppm reading for sulfur dioxide or a 0.12 ppm reading for ozone would translate to a PSI level of 100. A PSI level in excess of 100 means that a pollutant is in the unhealthful range on a given day; a PSI level at or below 100 means that a pollutant reading is in the satisfactory range. The intervals and the terms describing the PSI air quality levels are as follows: The intervals on the PSI scale relate to the potential health effects of the daily concen- trations of each of these five pollutants Each value has built into it a margin of safety that, based on current knowl- edge, protects highly susceptible members of the public. EPA determines the index num- ber on a daily basis for each of the five pollutants; it then reports the highest of the five figures for each major metropoli- tan area, ------- and identifies which pollutant corresponds to the figure that is reported For example if EPA reports a PSI level of 90 for ozone for a given metropolitan area, residents of the area would know that the ozone level for the region is at the high end of the moderate range, they would also know that ozone is the pollutant with the highest PSI reading for the day, and that all other pollutants are therefore in the good or moderate range On days when two or more pollutants exceed the standard (that is, have PSI values greater than 100), the pollutant with the highest index level is reported, but information on any other pollutants above 100 may also be reported Levels above 100 may trigger preventive action by State or local officials, depending upon the level of the pollution concentration This could include health advisories for citi- zens or susceptible individuals to limit certain activities and potential restrictions on industrial activities The 200 level is likely to trigger an "Alert" stage Activities that might be restricted by local governments, depending upon the nature of the problem, include incinerator use, and open burning of leaves or refuse. A level of 300 on the PSI will probably trigger a "Warning," which is likely to prohibit the use of incinerators, severely curtail power plant operations, cut back operations at specified manufacturing facilities, and require the public to limit driving by using car pools and public transportation. A PSI level of 400 or above would constitute an "Emergency," and would require a ces- sation of most industrial and commercial activity, plus a prohibition of almost all private use of motor vehicles If air pollution were to reach such extremely high levels, death could occur in some sick and elderly people, and even healthy people would likely experience symptoms that would necessitate restrictions on normal activity Before determining which stage is to be called, officials examine both current pollutant concentrations and prevailing and predicted meteorological conditions. The following table identifies health effects associated with different levels of air pollution, along with the cautionary statements that would be appropriate if air pollution in a community were to fall into one of the "unhealthful" cate- gories on the PSI scale. ------- TABLE I. General Health Effects and Cautionary Statements Index Value Up to 50 50 to 100 100 to 200 PSI Descriptor Good Moderate Unhealthful 200 to 300 Over 300 Very Unhealthful Hazardous ------- General Health Effects None for the general population Few or none for the general population Mild aggravation of symptoms among susceptible people, with irritation symptoms in the healthy population Significant aggravation of symptoms and decreased exercise tolerance in persons with heart or lung disease; widespread symptoms in the healthy population. Early onset of certain diseases in addition to significant aggravation of symptoms and decreased exercise tolerance in healthy persons. At PSI levels above 400, premature death of ill and elderly persons may result. Healthy people experience adverse symptoms that affect normal activity. Cautionary Statements None required. None required. Persons with existing heart or respiratory ailments should reduce physical exertion and outdoor activity. General population should reduce vigorous outdoor activity. Elderly and persons with existing heart or lung disease should stay indoors and reduce physical activity. General population should avoid vigorous outdoor activity. Elderly and persons with existing diseases should stay indoors and avoid physical exertion. At PSI levels above 400, general population should avoid outdoor activity All people should remain indoors, keeping windows and doors closed, and minimize physical exertion. In most communities in the United States, PSI levels gener- ally fall between zero and 100; readings in excess of 100 are likely to occur only a few times a year, if at all. Only 1.4% of all readings in the U.S. exceeded 100 during cal- endar years 1990 and 1991 Several metropolitan areas in the U.S. have more severe air pollution problems, and may often experience PSI levels in excess of 100. However, even in these areas, PSI readings in excess of 200 are quite rare During calendar years 1990 and 1991, for ------- example, just one-tenth of one percent of the PSI readings exceeded 200, and only 0 003 of one percent exceeded 300 (Urban areas outside the U.S with dense population centers and large numbers of uncontrolled pollution sources frequently report PSI levels in excess of 250 ) Significant seasonal variations can occur in PSI-reported values In winter, carbon monoxide is likely to be the pollu- tant with the highest PSI levels, because cold weather makes it much more difficult for automotive emission con- trol systems to operate effectively. In summer, the chief pollutant in many communities is likely to be ozone, since emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides form ozone much more rapidly in the presence of heat and sunlight The PSI places maximum emphasis on acute health effects occurring over very short time periods — 24 hours or less — rather than chron- ic effects occurring over months or years. By notifying the public when a PSI value exceeds 100, citizens are given an adequate opportunity to react and take what- ever steps they can to avoid exposure. The approach EPA follows is conservative, because (1) each standard has built into it a margin of safety that is designed to protect highly susceptible people, and (2) the public notice is trig- gered as soon as a single sampling station in the communi- ty records a PSI level that exceeds 100. Use of the PSI allows for flexible reporting. A typical televi- sion or radio announcement might read: "The pollution index reported at noon today is 150, and the air is consid- ered unhealthful. The pollutant causing this problem is ozone, which, along with other components of smog, can cause eye, nose and throat irritation, as well as chest pain. We expect the concentration of ozone to diminish this afternoon People with respira- ------- tory ailments and heart disease should reduce physical exertion and outdoor activity at this time. The forecast for tomorrow calls for no change in the index." A more detailed account could be provided by recorded telephone reports or newspapers For example, listeners can be informed that ozone normally peaks in the afternoon so that later PSI reports will show the index declining, unless there is a significant episode taking place that would cause ozone to continue to build throughout the day. Likewise, if carbon monoxide is the pollutant of concern, the PSI report could add that carbon monoxide is usually only a problem during morning or evening rush hours with acceptable air quality expected during the rest of the day Although it is uniform across the country, the PSI cannot be used as the sole method for ranking the relative healthful- ness of different cities — a variety of factors in addition to PSI levels would have to be considered. For example, the number of people actually exposed to air pollution, trans- portation patterns, industrial composition, and the repre- sentativeness of the monitoring sites would also need to be taken into account in developing an accurate ranking of metropolitan areas Moreover, the PSI does not specifically take into account the damage air pollutants can do to ani- mals, vegetation, and certain materials, like building surfaces and statues. There is, howev- er, likely to be a correlation between increased PSI levels and increased damage to the overall environment, and a local regulatory agency might choose to point out the impact that an elevated PSI value is likely to have on agriculture and property in the region. Finally, the PSI does not take into account the possible adverse effects associated with combinations of pollutants (synergism). As more research is completed in the future, the PSI may be modified by EPA to include such effects ------- The following material highlights the sources, health effects, and significant harm levels for the five air pollutants for which the PSI currently applies: carbon monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and particulate matter. This infor- mation will be revised over time as EPA analyzes newly available scientific studies. ------- CARBON MONOXIDE Sources. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless gas that is a by-product of the incomplete burning of fuels. Industrial processes contribute to CO pollution levels, but the principal source of CO pollution in most large urban areas is the automobile Cigarettes and other sources of incomplete burning in the indoor environment also produce CO. CO is inhaled and enters the blood stream, there it binds chemically to hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen to the cells, thereby reducing the amount of oxygen delivered to all tis- sues of the body The percentage of hemoglobin inactivated by CO depends on the amount of air breathed, the concentra- tion of CO in air, and length of exposure; this is indexed by the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin found in the blood. Health effects. CO weakens the contractions of the heart, thus reducing the amount of blood pumped to various parts of the body and, therefore, the oxygen available to the muscles and various organs In a healthy person, this effect signifi- cantly reduces the ability to perform physical exercises In persons with chronic heart disease, these effects can threat- en the overall quality of life, since their systems are unable to compensate for the decrease in oxygen. CO pollution is also likely to cause such individuals to experience angina during exercise Adverse effects have also been observed in indi- viduals with heart conditions who are exposed to CO pollution in heavy freeway traffic for 1 to 2 hours or more In addition, fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema are likely to be more susceptible to the effects of CO For these indi- viduals, the effects are more pronounced when exposure takes place at high altitude locations, where oxygen concen- tration is lower. CO can also affect mental function, visual activity, and alertness of healthy individuals, even at relatively low concentrations. Air quality levels. The air quality standard for CO, which is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, is 9 parts per million, averaged over 8 hours. EPA is required to issue a public alert when CO levels reach 15 ppm, a public warning when CO levels reach 30 ppm, and a public declaration of emergency at the level of 40 ppm. The signifi- cant harm level, at which serious and widespread health effects occur to the general population, is 50 ppm of CO. ------- OZONE Sources. Ozone (03), a colorless gas, is the major con- stituent of smog It is produced by the chemical reaction of nitrogen dioxide with reactive organic substances — such as hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust or vapors from cleaning solvents — in the presence of sunlight This type of pollution first gained attention in the 1940's as Los Angeles "smog " Since then, photochemical smog has been observed fre- quently in many other cities as well. [Note- In the upper atmosphere, naturally occurring ozone is beneficial in protect- ing us from the harmful solar rays.] Health effects. Ozone and other photochemical oxidants such as peroxyacyl nitrates and aldehydes are associated with health effects in humans Peroxyacyl nitrates and alde- hydes cause the eye irritation that is characteristic of photo- chemical pollution. Ozone has a greater impact on the respi- ratory system, where it irritates the mucous membranes of the nose, throat and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled into the lungs is never exhaled. Symptoms associated with exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation. Ozone can also increase susceptibility to respiratory infec- tions. In addition, ozone impairs normal functioning of the lungs and reduces the ability to perform physical exercise. For example, healthy individuals who exercise heavily for brief periods (one to two hours) may experience respiratory symp- toms at levels exceeding the national standard (0 12 pprn). Recent studies also suggest that even at lower ozone con- centrations some healthy individuals engaged in moderate exercise for 6 to 8 hours may experience symptoms All of these effects are more severe in individuals with sensitive res- piratory systems, and studies show that moderate levels may impair the ability of individuals with asthma or respiratory dis- ease to engage in normal daily activities The potential chronic effects of repeated exposure to ozone are of even greater concern. Laboratory studies show that people exposed over a 6 to 8 hour period to relatively low ozone levels develop lung inflammation. Animal studies sug- gest that if exposures are repeated over a long period (e.g. months, years, lifetime), inflammation of this type may lead to permanent scarring of lung tissue, loss of lung function, and reduced lung elasticity. 10 ------- Air quality levels. The air quality standard for ozone, which is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, is 0 12 ppm, hourly average. EPA is required to issue a public alert when ozone levels reach 0.20 ppm, a public warning when ozone levels reach 0 40 ppm, and a declaration of public emergency at 0.50 ppm. The sig- nificant harm level, at which serious and widespread health effects occur among the general population, is 0 60 ppm of ozone, averaged over two hours NITROGEN DIOXIDE Sources. Nitrogen dioxide (IMCy is a light brown gas that can become an important component of urban haze. Nitrogen oxides usually enter the air as the result of high-temperature combustion processes, such as those occurring in automo- biles and power plants, N02 plays an important role in the atmospheric reactions that generate ozone. Home heaters and gas stoves also produce substantial amounts of NC>2 Health effects. Healthy individuals experience respiratory problems when exposed to high levels of NC>2 for short dura- tions (less than three hours). Asthmatics are especially sensi- tive, and changes in airway responsiveness have been observed in some studies of exercising asthmatics exposed to relatively low levels of NC^. Studies also indicate a rela- tionship between indoor N02 exposures and increased respi- ratory illness rates in young children, but definitive results are still lacking Many animal studies suggest that N02 impairs respiratory defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility to infection Several studies also show that chronic exposure to relatively low NC>2 pollution levels may cause structural changes in the lungs of animals These studies suggest that chronic expo- sure to NC>2 could lead to adverse health effects in humans, but specific levels and durations likely to cause such effects have not yet been determined. Air quality levels. The air quality standard for NC>2, which is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, is 0 053 ppm, annual average. EPA is required to issue a public alert when N02 reaches 0.6 ppm on a one hour average, a public warning when NC>2 reaches 1 2 ppm, and a declaration of public emergency at the level of 1 6 ppm The significant harm level, at which serious and wide- spread health effects occur to the general population, is 2 0 ppm of N02 11 ------- SULFUR DIOXIDE Sources. Sulfur dioxide (802) is a colorless reactive gas that is odorless at low concentrations, but pungent at very high con- centrations. It is emitted primarily when fossil fuels and ores that contain sulfur are burned or processed. Major sources of SC>2 are fossil fuel-burning power plants and industrial boilers Health effects. Exposure to SC>2 can cause impairment of respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also lead to increased mortality, especially if elevated levels of paniculate matter (PM) are also present. Groups that appear most sensitive to the effects of SC>2 include asthmatics and other individuals with hyperactive airways, and individuals with chronic obstructive lung or cardiovascular disease Elderly people and children are also likely to be sensitive to 302- Effects of short-term peak exposures have been evaluated in controlled human exposure studies. These studies show that SC>2 generally increases airway resistance in the lungs, and can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive asthmatics These impacts have been observed in subjects engaged in moderate to heavy exercise while exposed to rela- tively high peak concentrations These changes in lung func- tion are accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive groups The presence of PM appears to aggravate the impact of 862 pollution. Several studies of chronic effects have found that people living in areas with high PM and SC>2 levels have a high- er incidence of respiratory illnesses and symptoms than people living in areas without such a synergistic combination of pollu- tants Air quality levels. The air quality standard for SC>2, which is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, is 0 14 ppm, averaged over 24 hours. EPA is required to issue a public alert when SC>2 levels reach 0 30 ppm on a 24 hour average, a public warning when SC>2 levels reach 0 60 ppm on a 24 hour average, and a declaration of public emergency at the level of 0 80 ppm. The significant harm level, at which serious and widespread health effects occur to the general popula- tion, is 1.0 ppm of SC>2 12 ------- PARTICULATE MATTER Sources. Participate matter (PM) is solid matter or liquid droplets from smoke, dust fly ash, or condensing vapors that can be suspended in the air for long periods of time It represents a broad class of chemically diverse particles that range in size from molecular clusters of 0 005 micrometers ((im) to coarse particles of 50-100 um in diameter (100 |j.m is about the thickness of an average human hair) PM results from all types of combustion The carbon-based particles that result from incomplete burning of diesel fuel in buses, trucks and cars are of particular concern. Another important combustion source is the burning of wood in stoves and fireplaces in residential settings Also of concern are the sulfate and nitrate particles that are formed as a byproduct of SC>2 and NO2 emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-burning power plants and vehicular exhausts The U S national ambient air quality standard was originally based on particles up to 25-45 ^im in size, termed "total suspend- ed particles" (TSP) In 1987, EPA replaced TSP with an indicator that includes only those particles smaller than 10 um, termed PM10 These smaller particles cause most of the adverse health effects because of their ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs Health effects. The observed human health effects of PM include breathing and respiratory symptoms, aggravation of exist- ing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms, and damage to lung tissue Groups that appear to be most sen- sitive to the effects of PM include individuals with chronic lung or cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics, elderly people, and children. Marked increases in daily mortality have been statistically associ- ated with very high 24-hour concentrations of PM10, with some increased risk of mortality at lower concentrations. Small increas- es in mortality appear to exist at even lower levels Risks to sensi- tive individuals increase with consecutive, multiday exposures to elevated PM concentrations The research also indicates that aggravation of bronchitis occurs with elevated 24-hour PM10 lev- els, and small decreases in lung function take place when chil- dren are exposed to lower 24-hour peak PM10 levels Lung func- tion impairment persists for 2-3 weeks following exposure to PM Air quality levels. The air quality standard for PM10, which is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin of safety, is 150 micrograms per cubic meter (nm^), averaged over 24 hours EPA is required to issue a public alert when PM10 lev- els reach 350 urn^ on a 24 hour average, a public warning when PM10 levels reach 420 \irrP on a 24 hour average, and a declara- tion of public emergency at the level of 500 \irtr1. The significant harm level, at which serious and widespread health effects occur to the general population, is 600 |o.m3 of PM10 „ I O ------- For more information, contact your State agency responsible for air quality or the appropriate EPA regional office. These numbers are listed below. Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Air Division, 1751 Dickenson Drive, Montgomery, AL 36130-1463 (205)271-7861 Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation, Air Quality Management Program, 410 Willoughby Ave , Suite 105, Juneau, Alaska 99801-1796 . (907)465-5100 American Samoa, Environmental Quality Commission, Governor's Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799 011 -684-633-4116 Arizona Department of Environmental Quality, Air Division, 3033 N Central, Phoenix, AZ 85012 (602)207-2308 Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology, Air Division, 8001 National Drive, PO Box 8913, Little Rock, AR 72209 (501)562-7444 California Air Resources Board, P O Box 2815, Sacramento, CA 95812 or 2020 L St, Sacramento, CA 95814 (916)445-4383 Colorado Department of Health, Air Pollution Control Division, 4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO 80222 (303)692-3100 Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Management, 79 Elm Street, Hartford, CT 06106-5127 (203)566-2506 Dept of Natural Resources and Environmental Control, Division of Air and Waste Management, 89 Kings Highway, P O Box 1401, Dover, DE 19903 (302)739-4791 District of Columbia Dept of Consumer & Regulatory Affairs, Air Resources Management Division, 2100 Martin Luther King Jr Ave SE, Washington, D C 20020 . (202)404-1180, Ext 3064 Florida Dept of Environmental Protection, Air Resources Management, 2600 Blair Stone Road, Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400 . (904)488-1344 Georgia Dept of Natural Resources, Env Protection Division, 4244 International Parkway, Suite 120, Atlanta, GA 30354 (404)363-7000 Guam Environmental Protection Agency, Complex Unit D-107, 130 Rojas Street, Harmon, Guam 96911 011-671-646-8863 Hawaii State Dept of Health, Environmental Management Division, Air Pollution Section, 1270 Queen Emma St, Suite 900, Honolulu, HI 96813 (808)586-4019 Idaho Division of Environmental Quality, Permits and Enforcement, 1410 North Hilton, Boise, ID 83706 (208)334-5898 Illinois Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Air Pollution Control, 1340 North 9th, Springfield, IL 62702 (217)782-7326 14 ------- Indiana Dept of Environmental Management, Office of Air Management 105 S Meridian Street, PO Box 6015, Indianapoi'S IN 46206-6015 (317)232-8384 Iowa Dept of Natural Resources Air Quality Section, Henry A Wallace Building 900 East Grand St, Des Moir.es, IA 50319-0034 (515)281-8693 Kansas Dept of Health and Environment, Air and Radiation Forbes Field, Bldg 740. Topeka, KS 66620 (913)296-1593 Kentucky Dept for Environmental Protection, Division of Air Quality, 316 St Glair Mall, Frankfort, KY 40601 (502)564-3382 Louisiana Dept of Environmental Quality, Office of Air Quality and Radiation Protection, Air Quality Division, PO Box 82135, Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2135 (504)765-0110 Maine Dept of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality Control, State House, Station 17, Augusta, ME 04333 (207)287-2437 Maryland Dept of the Environment, Air Management Administration, 2500 Broenmg Highway, Baltimore, MD 21224 (410)631-3255 Massachusetts Dept of Environmental Protection, Division of Air Quality Control, One Winter Street, 7th Floor, Boston, MA 02108 ,..(617)292-5593 Michigan Dept of Natural Resources, Air Quality Division, 530 W Allegan, 4th Floor, Mason Bldg , Lansing, Ml 48933 or P 0 Box 30028, Lansing, Ml 48909 (517)373-7023 Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Air Quality Division, 520 Lafayette Road, Saint Paul, MN 55155 (612)296-7331 Mississippi Dept of Environmental Quality, Air Division, Office of Pollution Control, P O Box 10385, Jackson, MS 39289 (601)961-5171 Missouri Dept of Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Quality, Air Pollution Control, P O Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102 (314)751-4817 Montana Dept of Health and Environmental Science, Air Quality Bureau, P O Box 20090, Helena, MT 59620-0901 (406)444-3454 Nebraska Dept of Environmental Quality, Air & Waste Management Division, P.O. Box 98922, 1200 N Street, Suite 400, The Atrium, Lincoln, NE 68509-8922 (402)471-2189 Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality, 123 West Nye Lane, Carson City, NV 89710 (702)687-5065 New Hampshire Dept of Environmental Services, Air Resources Division, 64 N Main St, 2nd Floor, Concord, NH 03302-2033 (603)271-1370 New Jersey Dept of Environmental Protection, Division of Environmental Quality, Air Program, 401 East State Street, Trenton, NJ 08625 (609)292-6710 New Mexico Environment Dept, Air Quality Bureau, 1190 Saint Francis Drive, P O Box 26110, Santa Fe, NM 87502 (505)827-0070 New York Dept of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air Resources, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, NY 12233-3250 (518)457-7230 North Carolina Division of Environmental Management, Air Quality Section, P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, NC 27626-0535 (919)733-3340 North Dakota State Dept of Health, Dept of Environmental Engineering, 1200 Missouri Ave , Bismarck, ND 58502-5520 (701)221-5188 15 ------- Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Air Pollution Control, 1800 WaterMark Drive, Columbus, OH 43266-0149 (614)644-2270 Oklahoma Dept of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Program, 4545 N Lincoln Blvd , Suite 250, Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3483 . (405)271-5220 Oregon Dept of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Control Division, 811 SW 6th Ave , 11th Floor, Portland, OR 97207 (503)229-5359 Pennsylvania Dept of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Air Quality Control, 400 Market Street, Harnsburg, PA 17101 . (717)787-9702 Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board, Edificio Banco National Plaza, 431 Avenue Ponce DeLeon, Hato Rey, PR 00917 (809)767-8071 Rhode Island Dept of Environmental Mgmt, Division of Air Resources, 291 Promenade Street, Providence, Rl 02908-5767 (401)277-2808 South Carolina Dept of Health and Environmental Control, Bureau of Air Quality Control, 2600 Bull Street, Columbia, SC 29201 (803)734-4750 South Dakota Dept of Environment and Natural Resources, Air Program, 523 East Capitol Avenue, Pierre, SD 57501 (605)773-3351 Tennessee Dept of Environment and Conservation, Division of Air Pollution Control, 401 Church Street, L & C Annex, 9th Floor, Nashville, TN 37243-1531 (615)532-0554 Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission, PO Box 13087, Austin, TX 78711-3087 (512)239-1000 Utah Dept of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality, 150 North, 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4820 (801)536-4000 Vermont Agency of Natural Resources, Air Pollution Control Division, 103 S Mam Street, Building 3 South, Waterbury, VT 05671-0402 (802)241-3840 Virgin Islands Dept of Planning & Natural Resources, Division of Environmental Protection, 1118 C'sted Stx , St Croix, VI 00820-5065 State of Virginia, Dept of Environmental Quality, P O Box 10009, 629 E Mam, Richmond, VA 23240 (809)773-0565 (804)786-2378 Washington State, Dept of Ecology, P 0 Box 47600, Olympia WA 98504-7600 or 300 Desmond Drive, Lacey, WA 98503 (206)407-6000 West Virginia Office of Air Quality, 1558 Washington St East, Charleston, WV 25311-2599 . (304)558-3286 Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources, Bureau of Air Management, 101 S Webster, Madison, Wl 53703 (608)266-7718 Wyoming Dept of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Division, 122 West 25th Street, Cheyenne, WY 82002 (307) 777-7391 16 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region 5, Library (PL-12J) 77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor Chicago, IL 60604-3590 ------- EPA Regional Offices Region I Air, Pesticides and Toxic Management Division (AAA), U S EPA - Region 1, John F Kennedy Bldg , One Congress Street, Boston, MA 02203-2211 (617)565-3800 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont) Region II Air and Waste Management Division, Room 1000, U S EPA - Region 2, 26 Federal Plaza, New York, NY 10278 (212)264-2301 (New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands) Region III Air, Radiation and Toxics Division, (3ATOO), U S EPA - Region 3, 841 Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107 (215)597-9390 (Delaware, District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia) Region IV Air, Pesticides and Toxics, Management Division, U S EPA - Region 4, 345 Courtland Street, N E , Atlanta, GA 30365 (404)347-3043 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee) Region V Air and Radiation Division (A-18J), U S EPA - Region 5, 77 West Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604 (312)353-2212 (Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin) Region VI Air, Pesticides and Toxics Division, U S EPA - Region 6, First Interstate Bank Tower at Fountain Place, 1445 Ross Avenue, 12th Floor, Suite 1200, Dallas, TX 75202-2733 (214)655-7200 (Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas) Region VII Air and Toxics Division (ARTX), U S EPA - Region 7, 726 Minnesota Avenue, Kansas City, KS 66101 (913)551-7020 (Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska) Region VIII Air and Radiation, U S EPA - Region 8, 1 Denver Place, Suite 500, 999 18th Street, Denver, CO 80202-2466 (303)293-1438 (Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming) Region IX Air and Toxics Division (A-1), U S EPA - Region 9, 75 Hawthorne Street, San Francisco, CA 94105 (415)744-1219 (Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam) Region X Air and Toxics Division (AT-81), U S EPA - Region 10, 1200 Sixth Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101 (206)553-4152 (Alaska, Idaho, Oregon, Washington) 17 ------- Printed on recycled paper ------- |