United Stateb        EPA 451/K-94-001
          Environmental Protection  February 1994
          Agency

          Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards (MD-10)
oEPA Measuring
          Air Quality

          The Pollutant
          Standards
          Index
      Do not weed. This document
      should be retained in the EPA
      Reg,on 5 Library Collection.

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GF -*

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The Pollutant Standards Index (PSI) has been
developed by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) to provide accurate, timely, and
easily understandable information about daily
levels of air pollution. The Index provides EPA with a
uniform system of measuring pollution levels for the major
air pollutants regulated under the Clean Air Act. Once
these levels are measured, the PSI figures are reported in
all metropolitan areas of the United States with populations
exceeding 200,000

Index figures enable the public to determine
whether air pollution levels in a particular loca-
tion are good, moderate, unhealthful or worse.
In addition, EPA and local officials use the PSI as a public
information tool to advise the  public about the  general
health effects associated with different pollution levels, and
to describe whatever precautionary steps may need to be
 taken if air pollution levels rise into the unhealthful range.

  The EPA uses the Pollutant Standards Index to mea-
    sure five major pollutants for which it has established
    National Ambient Air Quality Standards under the
    Clean Air Act. The pollutants are particulate matter
    (soot, dust, particles), sulfur dioxide, carbon monox-
    ide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone *  For each of these
    pollutants, EPA has established air quality standards
   protecting against health  effects that can occur within
  short periods of time (a few hours or a day)   For exam-
ple, the standard for sulfur dioxide — that is, the allow-
able concentration of this pollutant in a community's air —
is 0 14 parts per million measured over a 24-hour period.
Air concentrations higher than 0.14 parts per  million
exceed the national standard  For ozone, the  hourly aver-
age concentration permitted  under the standard is 0 12
parts per million
*Ozone at the ground level can be a health and environmental problem, but
ozone is beneficial in the stratosphere (6-30 miles above the Earth) where it
.shields the Earth from the sun's harmful ultraviolet radiation. EPA has pro-
grams to reduce chlorofluorocarbons and related substances to protect the
stratospheric ozone layer. The PSI relates only to ground-level ozone, a
major component of smog.

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The PSI converts the measured pollutant con-
centration in a community's air to a number on a
scale of 0 to 500. The most important number on this
scale is 100, since that number corresponds to the stan-
dard established under the Clean Air Act A 0 14 ppm
reading for sulfur dioxide or a 0.12 ppm reading for ozone
would translate to a PSI level of 100.  A PSI level in
excess of 100 means that a pollutant is in the
unhealthful  range on a given day; a PSI level at
or below 100 means  that  a pollutant reading is
in the satisfactory range.

The intervals and the terms describing the PSI air quality
levels are as follows:
           The intervals on the PSI scale relate to the
            potential health effects of the daily concen-
              trations of each of these five pollutants
                Each value has built into it a margin of
                 safety that, based on current knowl-
                   edge, protects highly susceptible
                     members of the public.

                       EPA determines the index num-
                         ber on a daily basis for each
                           of the five pollutants; it then
                            reports the highest of the
                              five figures for each
                                major metropoli-
                                 tan area,

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and identifies which pollutant corresponds to the figure that
is reported  For example if EPA reports a PSI level of 90
for ozone for a given metropolitan area, residents of the
area would know that the ozone level for the region is at the
high end of the moderate range, they would also know that
ozone is the pollutant with the highest PSI reading for the
day, and that all other pollutants are therefore in the good
or moderate range  On days when two or more pollutants
exceed the standard (that is, have PSI values greater than
100), the pollutant with the highest index level is reported,
but information on any other pollutants above 100 may also
be reported

Levels above 100 may trigger preventive action by State or
local officials, depending upon the level of the pollution
concentration   This could include health advisories for citi-
zens or susceptible individuals to limit certain activities and
potential restrictions on industrial activities The 200 level is
likely to trigger  an "Alert" stage  Activities that might be
restricted by local governments, depending upon the
nature of the problem, include incinerator use, and open
burning of leaves or refuse. A level of 300 on the PSI will
probably trigger a "Warning," which is likely to prohibit the
use of incinerators, severely curtail power plant operations,
cut back operations at specified manufacturing facilities,
and require the public to limit driving by using car  pools
and public transportation.  A PSI level of 400 or above
would constitute an "Emergency," and would require a ces-
sation of most industrial and commercial activity, plus a
prohibition of almost all private use of motor vehicles  If air
pollution were to reach such extremely high levels, death
could occur in some sick and elderly people, and even
healthy people  would likely experience symptoms  that
would necessitate restrictions on normal activity Before
determining which  stage is to be called, officials examine
both current pollutant concentrations and prevailing and
predicted meteorological conditions.

The following table identifies health effects associated with
different levels of air pollution, along with the cautionary
statements that would be appropriate if air pollution in a
community were to fall into one of the "unhealthful" cate-
gories on the PSI scale.

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TABLE I.
General Health
Effects and
Cautionary
Statements
Index
Value
Up to 50

50 to 100

100 to 200
   PSI
Descriptor
   Good

 Moderate

Unhealthful

                    200 to 300
                    Over 300
                Very
              Unhealthful
              Hazardous

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      General Health
          Effects
  None for the general
  population
  Few or none for the
  general population
  Mild aggravation of
  symptoms among
  susceptible people, with
  irritation symptoms in the
  healthy population
  Significant aggravation of
  symptoms and decreased
  exercise tolerance in
  persons with heart or lung
  disease; widespread
  symptoms in the healthy
  population.
  Early onset of certain
  diseases in addition to
  significant aggravation
  of symptoms and
  decreased exercise
  tolerance in  healthy
  persons.  At PSI  levels
  above 400, premature
  death of ill and elderly
  persons may result.
  Healthy people experience
  adverse symptoms that
  affect normal activity.
      Cautionary
      Statements
None required.

None required.

Persons with existing heart
or respiratory ailments
should reduce physical
exertion and outdoor
activity. General
population should reduce
vigorous outdoor activity.
Elderly and persons with
existing heart or lung
disease should stay
indoors and reduce
physical activity.  General
population should avoid
vigorous outdoor activity.
Elderly and persons with
existing diseases should
stay indoors and avoid
physical exertion.  At PSI
levels above 400, general
population should avoid
outdoor activity  All
people should remain
indoors, keeping windows
and doors closed, and
minimize physical
exertion.
In most communities in the United States, PSI levels gener-
ally fall between zero and  100; readings in excess of 100
are likely to occur only a few times a year, if at all. Only
1.4% of all readings in the U.S. exceeded 100 during cal-
endar years 1990 and 1991  Several metropolitan areas in
the U.S.  have more severe air pollution problems, and may
often experience PSI levels in excess of 100.  However,
even in these areas, PSI readings in excess of 200 are
quite rare  During calendar years 1990 and 1991, for

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example, just one-tenth of one percent of the PSI readings
exceeded 200, and only 0 003 of one percent exceeded
300  (Urban areas outside the U.S with dense population
centers and large numbers of uncontrolled pollution
sources frequently report PSI levels in excess of 250 )

Significant seasonal variations can occur in PSI-reported
values   In winter, carbon monoxide is likely to be the pollu-
tant with the highest PSI levels, because cold weather
makes it much more difficult for automotive emission con-
trol systems to operate effectively.  In summer, the chief
pollutant in many communities is likely to be ozone,  since
emissions of volatile organic compounds and nitrogen
oxides form ozone much more rapidly in the presence of
heat and sunlight

The PSI places maximum emphasis on acute
health  effects occurring over very short time
periods — 24 hours or less — rather than chron-
ic effects occurring over months or years. By
notifying the public when a PSI value exceeds 100, citizens
are given an adequate opportunity to react and take what-
ever steps they can to avoid exposure. The approach EPA
follows is conservative, because (1) each standard has
built into it a margin of safety that is designed to protect
highly susceptible people, and (2) the public notice is trig-
gered as soon as a single sampling station in the communi-
ty records a PSI level that exceeds 100.

Use of the PSI allows for flexible reporting. A typical televi-
sion or radio announcement might read: "The pollution
index reported at noon today is 150,  and the  air is consid-
ered unhealthful. The pollutant causing this problem is
ozone, which, along with other components of smog, can
cause eye, nose and throat irritation,  as well as chest
pain. We expect the concentration of ozone  to
diminish this afternoon  People with respira-

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tory ailments and heart disease should reduce physical
exertion and outdoor activity at this time. The forecast for
tomorrow calls for no change in the index." A more
detailed account could be provided by recorded telephone
reports or newspapers  For example, listeners can be
informed that ozone normally peaks in the afternoon so that
later PSI reports will show the index declining, unless there
is a significant episode taking place that would cause
ozone to continue to build throughout the day.  Likewise, if
carbon monoxide is the pollutant of concern, the PSI report
could add that carbon monoxide is usually only a problem
during morning or evening rush hours with acceptable air
quality expected during the rest  of the day


Although it is uniform across the country, the PSI cannot be
used as the sole method for ranking the relative healthful-
ness of different cities — a variety of factors in addition to
PSI levels would have to be considered.  For example, the
number of people actually exposed to air pollution, trans-
portation patterns, industrial composition, and the repre-
sentativeness of the monitoring sites would also need to be
taken into account in developing an accurate ranking of
metropolitan areas

Moreover, the PSI does not specifically take into
account the damage air pollutants can do to ani-
mals, vegetation, and certain materials, like
building surfaces and statues.  There is, howev-
er, likely to be a correlation between increased
PSI levels and increased damage to the overall
environment, and a local regulatory agency might
choose to point out the impact that an elevated PSI value is
likely to have on agriculture and  property in the region.

Finally,  the PSI does not take into account the possible
adverse effects associated with combinations of pollutants
(synergism).  As more research is completed in the future,
the PSI may be modified by EPA to include such effects

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The following material highlights the




sources, health effects, and significant




harm levels for the five  air pollutants for




which the PSI currently applies:  carbon




monoxide, ozone, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur




dioxide, and particulate matter. This infor-




mation will  be revised over time as EPA




analyzes newly available  scientific studies.

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CARBON MONOXIDE
Sources. Carbon monoxide (CO) is an odorless, colorless
gas that is a by-product of the incomplete burning of fuels.
Industrial processes contribute to CO pollution levels, but the
principal source of CO pollution in most large urban areas is
the automobile  Cigarettes and other sources of incomplete
burning in the indoor environment also produce CO. CO is
inhaled and enters the blood stream, there it binds chemically
to hemoglobin, the substance that carries oxygen to the cells,
thereby reducing the amount of oxygen delivered to all  tis-
sues of the body  The percentage of hemoglobin inactivated
by CO depends on the amount of air breathed, the concentra-
tion of CO in air, and length of exposure; this is indexed by
the percentage of carboxyhemoglobin found in the blood.

Health effects. CO weakens the contractions of the heart,
thus reducing the amount of blood pumped to various parts of
the body and, therefore, the oxygen available to the muscles
and various organs  In a healthy person, this effect signifi-
cantly reduces the ability to perform physical exercises  In
persons with chronic heart disease, these effects can threat-
en the overall quality of life, since their systems are unable to
compensate for the decrease in oxygen.  CO pollution  is also
likely to cause such  individuals to experience angina during
exercise Adverse effects have also been observed in indi-
viduals with heart conditions who are exposed to CO pollution
in heavy freeway traffic for 1 to 2 hours or more

In addition, fetuses, young infants, pregnant women, elderly
people, and individuals with anemia or emphysema are likely
to be more susceptible to the effects of CO  For these indi-
viduals, the effects are more pronounced when exposure
takes  place at high altitude locations, where oxygen concen-
tration is lower.  CO can also affect mental function, visual
activity, and alertness of healthy individuals, even at relatively
low concentrations.

Air quality levels. The air quality standard for CO, which
is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin
of safety, is 9 parts per million, averaged over 8 hours.  EPA is
required to issue a public alert when CO levels reach 15 ppm,
a public warning when CO levels reach 30 ppm,  and a public
declaration of emergency at the level of 40 ppm.  The signifi-
cant harm  level, at which serious and widespread health
effects occur to the general population, is 50 ppm of CO.

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  OZONE
  Sources. Ozone (03), a colorless gas, is the major con-
  stituent of smog  It is produced by the chemical reaction of
  nitrogen dioxide with reactive organic substances — such as
  hydrocarbons in automobile exhaust or vapors from cleaning
  solvents — in the presence of sunlight This type of pollution
  first gained attention in the 1940's as Los Angeles "smog "
  Since then, photochemical smog has been observed fre-
  quently in many other cities as well. [Note- In the upper
  atmosphere, naturally occurring ozone is beneficial in protect-
  ing us from the harmful solar rays.]

  Health effects. Ozone and other photochemical oxidants
  such as peroxyacyl nitrates and aldehydes are associated
  with health effects in humans  Peroxyacyl nitrates and alde-
  hydes cause the eye irritation that is characteristic of photo-
  chemical pollution.  Ozone has a greater impact on the respi-
  ratory system, where it  irritates the mucous membranes of the
  nose, throat and airways; ninety percent of the ozone inhaled
  into the lungs is never exhaled. Symptoms associated with
  exposure include cough, chest pain, and throat irritation.
  Ozone can also increase susceptibility to respiratory infec-
  tions.  In addition, ozone impairs normal functioning of the
  lungs and reduces the  ability to  perform physical exercise.
  For example, healthy individuals who exercise heavily for brief
  periods (one to two hours) may experience respiratory symp-
  toms at levels exceeding the national standard (0 12 pprn).
  Recent studies also suggest that even at lower ozone con-
  centrations some healthy individuals engaged in moderate
  exercise for 6 to 8 hours may experience symptoms  All of
  these effects are more  severe in individuals with sensitive res-
  piratory systems, and studies show that moderate levels may
  impair the ability of individuals with asthma or respiratory dis-
  ease to engage in normal daily activities

  The potential chronic effects of repeated exposure to ozone
  are of even greater concern. Laboratory studies show that
  people exposed over a 6 to 8 hour  period to relatively low
  ozone levels  develop lung inflammation. Animal studies sug-
  gest that if exposures are repeated over a long  period (e.g.
  months, years,  lifetime), inflammation of this type may
  lead to permanent scarring of lung  tissue, loss of
  lung function, and reduced lung elasticity.
10

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Air quality levels. The air quality standard for ozone,
which is designed to protect public health with an adequate
margin of safety, is 0 12 ppm, hourly average. EPA is
required to issue a public alert when ozone levels reach 0.20
ppm, a public warning when ozone levels reach 0 40 ppm,
and a declaration of public emergency at 0.50 ppm. The sig-
nificant harm level, at which serious and widespread health
effects occur among the general population, is 0 60 ppm of
ozone, averaged over two hours
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
Sources.  Nitrogen dioxide (IMCy is a light brown gas that
can become an important component of urban haze.  Nitrogen
oxides usually enter the air as the result of high-temperature
combustion processes, such as those occurring in automo-
biles and power plants, N02 plays an important role in the
atmospheric reactions that generate ozone.  Home heaters
and gas stoves also produce substantial amounts of NC>2

Health effects. Healthy individuals experience respiratory
problems when exposed to high levels of NC>2 for short dura-
tions (less than three hours). Asthmatics are especially sensi-
tive, and changes in airway responsiveness have been
observed in some studies of exercising asthmatics exposed
to relatively low levels of NC^.  Studies also indicate a rela-
tionship between indoor N02 exposures and increased respi-
ratory illness rates in young children, but definitive results are
still lacking   Many animal studies suggest that  N02 impairs
respiratory defense mechanisms and increases susceptibility
to infection

Several studies also show that chronic exposure to relatively
low NC>2 pollution levels may cause structural changes in the
lungs of animals  These studies suggest that chronic expo-
sure to NC>2 could lead to adverse health effects in humans,
but specific levels and durations likely to cause such effects
have not yet been determined.

Air quality levels. The air quality standard for NC>2, which
is designed to protect public health with an adequate margin
of safety, is  0 053 ppm, annual  average. EPA is required to
issue a public alert when N02 reaches 0.6 ppm on a one
hour average, a public warning when NC>2 reaches 1 2 ppm,
and a declaration of public emergency at the level of 1  6
ppm  The significant harm level, at which serious and wide-
spread health effects occur to the general population,  is 2 0
ppm of N02
                                                       11

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  SULFUR DIOXIDE
  Sources. Sulfur dioxide (802) is a colorless reactive gas that
  is odorless at low concentrations, but pungent at very high con-
  centrations. It is emitted primarily when fossil fuels and ores
  that contain sulfur are burned or processed.  Major sources of
  SC>2 are fossil fuel-burning power plants and industrial boilers

  Health effects.  Exposure to SC>2 can cause impairment of
  respiratory function, aggravation of existing respiratory disease
  (especially bronchitis), and a decrease in the ability of the
  lungs to clear foreign particles. It can also lead to increased
  mortality, especially if elevated levels of paniculate matter (PM)
  are also present. Groups that appear most sensitive to the
  effects of SC>2 include asthmatics and other individuals with
  hyperactive airways, and individuals with chronic obstructive
  lung or cardiovascular disease  Elderly people and children
  are also likely to be sensitive to 302-

  Effects of short-term peak exposures have been evaluated in
  controlled human exposure studies. These studies show that
  SC>2 generally increases airway resistance in the lungs, and
  can cause significant constriction of air passages in sensitive
  asthmatics  These impacts have been observed in subjects
  engaged in moderate to heavy exercise while exposed to rela-
  tively high peak concentrations  These changes in lung func-
  tion are accompanied by perceptible symptoms such as
  wheezing, shortness of breath, and coughing in these sensitive
  groups

  The presence of PM appears to aggravate the impact of 862
  pollution.  Several studies of chronic effects have found that
  people living in areas with high PM and SC>2 levels have a high-
  er incidence  of respiratory illnesses and symptoms than people
  living in areas without such a synergistic combination of pollu-
  tants

  Air quality levels. The air quality standard for SC>2, which is
  designed to protect public health with an adequate margin of
  safety, is 0 14 ppm, averaged over 24 hours. EPA is required
  to issue a public alert when SC>2 levels reach 0 30 ppm on a 24
  hour average, a public warning when SC>2 levels reach 0 60
  ppm on a 24 hour average, and a declaration of public
  emergency at the level of 0 80 ppm. The significant
  harm level, at which serious and widespread
  health effects occur to the general popula-
  tion, is 1.0 ppm of SC>2
12

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PARTICULATE MATTER
Sources.  Participate matter (PM) is solid matter or liquid
droplets from smoke, dust fly ash, or condensing vapors that can
be suspended in the air for long periods of time  It represents a
broad class of chemically diverse particles that range in size from
molecular clusters of 0 005 micrometers ((im) to coarse particles
of 50-100 um in diameter (100 |j.m is about the thickness of an
average human hair) PM results from all types of combustion
The carbon-based particles that result from incomplete burning of
diesel fuel in buses,  trucks and cars are of particular concern.
Another important combustion source is the burning of wood in
stoves and fireplaces in residential  settings  Also of concern are
the sulfate and nitrate particles that are formed as a  byproduct of
SC>2 and NO2 emissions, primarily from fossil fuel-burning power
plants and vehicular exhausts

The U S  national ambient air quality standard was originally
based on particles up to 25-45 ^im  in size, termed "total suspend-
ed particles" (TSP)  In 1987, EPA replaced TSP with  an indicator
that includes only those particles smaller than 10 um, termed
PM10  These smaller particles cause most of the adverse health
effects because of their ability to penetrate deeply into the lungs

Health effects. The observed human health effects of PM
include breathing and respiratory symptoms, aggravation of exist-
ing respiratory and cardiovascular disease, alterations in the
body's defense system against inhaled materials and organisms,
and damage to lung tissue Groups that appear  to be most sen-
sitive to the effects of PM include individuals with chronic lung or
cardiovascular disease, individuals with influenza, asthmatics,
elderly people, and children.

Marked increases in daily mortality  have been statistically associ-
ated with very high 24-hour concentrations of PM10, with some
increased risk of mortality at lower concentrations. Small increas-
es in mortality appear to exist at even lower levels Risks to sensi-
tive individuals increase with consecutive, multiday exposures to
elevated  PM concentrations  The research also indicates that
aggravation of bronchitis occurs with elevated 24-hour PM10 lev-
els, and small decreases in lung function take place when chil-
dren are exposed to lower 24-hour peak PM10 levels Lung func-
tion impairment persists for 2-3 weeks following exposure to PM

Air quality levels. The air quality standard for PM10, which is
designed to protect public  health with an adequate margin of
safety, is 150 micrograms per cubic meter (nm^), averaged over
24 hours  EPA is required to  issue a public alert when PM10 lev-
els reach 350 urn^ on a 24 hour average, a public warning when
PM10 levels reach 420 \irrP on a 24 hour average, and a declara-
tion of public  emergency at the level of 500 \irtr1. The significant
harm level,  at which serious and widespread health effects occur
to the general population, is 600 |o.m3 of PM10                „
                                                        I O

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  For more information, contact your State agency
  responsible for air quality or the appropriate EPA
  regional office. These numbers are listed below.


  Alabama Department of Environmental Management, Air Division,
  1751 Dickenson Drive, Montgomery, AL 36130-1463    (205)271-7861
  Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation,
  Air Quality Management Program, 410 Willoughby
  Ave , Suite 105, Juneau, Alaska 99801-1796         .  (907)465-5100
  American Samoa, Environmental Quality Commission, Governor's
  Office, Pago Pago, American Samoa 96799        011 -684-633-4116
  Arizona Department of Environmental Quality,
  Air Division, 3033 N Central,  Phoenix, AZ 85012       (602)207-2308
  Arkansas Department of Pollution Control and Ecology,
  Air Division, 8001 National Drive,
  PO Box 8913, Little Rock, AR 72209                (501)562-7444
  California Air Resources Board, P O Box 2815, Sacramento,
  CA 95812 or 2020 L St, Sacramento, CA 95814       (916)445-4383
  Colorado Department of Health, Air Pollution  Control Division,
  4300 Cherry Creek Drive South, Denver, CO  80222    (303)692-3100
  Connecticut Department of Environmental Protection,
  Bureau of Air Management,
  79 Elm Street, Hartford, CT 06106-5127              (203)566-2506
  Dept of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,
  Division of Air and Waste Management,
  89 Kings Highway, P O Box 1401, Dover, DE 19903    (302)739-4791
  District of Columbia Dept  of Consumer & Regulatory Affairs, Air
  Resources Management Division, 2100 Martin Luther King Jr Ave
  SE, Washington, D C 20020  .             (202)404-1180, Ext 3064
  Florida Dept of Environmental Protection,
  Air Resources Management, 2600 Blair Stone Road,
  Tallahassee, FL 32399-2400  .                      (904)488-1344
  Georgia Dept of Natural Resources, Env Protection Division, 4244
  International Parkway, Suite 120, Atlanta, GA 30354    (404)363-7000
  Guam Environmental Protection Agency, Complex Unit D-107,
  130 Rojas Street, Harmon, Guam 96911           011-671-646-8863
  Hawaii State Dept of Health,  Environmental
  Management Division, Air Pollution Section,
  1270 Queen Emma St, Suite 900, Honolulu, HI  96813  (808)586-4019
  Idaho Division of Environmental Quality, Permits and
  Enforcement,  1410 North Hilton, Boise, ID 83706       (208)334-5898
  Illinois Environmental Protection Agency,
  Division of Air Pollution Control, 1340 North 9th,
  Springfield, IL 62702                              (217)782-7326
14

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Indiana Dept of Environmental Management,
Office of Air Management 105 S Meridian Street,
PO  Box 6015, Indianapoi'S  IN 46206-6015            (317)232-8384
Iowa Dept of Natural Resources Air Quality Section,
Henry A Wallace Building 900 East Grand St,
Des Moir.es, IA 50319-0034                          (515)281-8693
Kansas Dept of Health and Environment, Air and
Radiation  Forbes Field, Bldg 740. Topeka, KS 66620   (913)296-1593
Kentucky Dept for Environmental Protection, Division
of Air Quality, 316 St Glair Mall, Frankfort, KY 40601     (502)564-3382
Louisiana Dept of Environmental Quality, Office of Air
Quality and Radiation Protection, Air Quality Division,
PO  Box 82135, Baton Rouge, LA 70884-2135         (504)765-0110
Maine Dept  of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality Control,
State House, Station 17, Augusta, ME 04333           (207)287-2437
Maryland Dept of the Environment, Air Management Administration,
2500 Broenmg Highway, Baltimore, MD 21224         (410)631-3255
Massachusetts Dept of Environmental Protection,
Division of Air Quality Control,
One Winter Street, 7th Floor,  Boston, MA 02108       ,..(617)292-5593
Michigan Dept of Natural Resources, Air Quality Division,
530 W  Allegan, 4th Floor, Mason Bldg , Lansing, Ml 48933
or P 0  Box 30028, Lansing,  Ml 48909                (517)373-7023
Minnesota Pollution Control Agency, Air Quality Division,
520 Lafayette Road, Saint Paul, MN 55155             (612)296-7331
Mississippi Dept of Environmental Quality, Air Division,
Office of Pollution Control, P O Box 10385,
Jackson, MS 39289                                 (601)961-5171
Missouri Dept of Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental Quality, Air Pollution Control,
P O  Box 176, Jefferson City, MO 65102               (314)751-4817
Montana Dept of Health and Environmental Science, Air Quality
Bureau, P O  Box 20090, Helena, MT 59620-0901       (406)444-3454
Nebraska Dept of Environmental Quality, Air & Waste
Management Division, P.O. Box 98922, 1200 N Street,
Suite 400, The Atrium, Lincoln, NE 68509-8922         (402)471-2189
Nevada Division of Environmental Protection, Bureau of Air Quality,
123 West Nye Lane,  Carson City, NV 89710            (702)687-5065
New Hampshire Dept of Environmental Services,
Air Resources Division, 64 N  Main St, 2nd Floor,
Concord, NH 03302-2033                           (603)271-1370
New Jersey Dept of Environmental Protection,
Division of Environmental Quality, Air Program,
401 East State Street, Trenton, NJ 08625               (609)292-6710
New Mexico  Environment Dept, Air Quality Bureau, 1190 Saint Francis
Drive, P O Box 26110, Santa Fe, NM 87502            (505)827-0070
New York Dept of Environmental Conservation, Division of Air
Resources, 50 Wolf Road, Albany, NY 12233-3250      (518)457-7230
North Carolina Division of Environmental Management, Air Quality
Section, P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, NC 27626-0535      (919)733-3340
North Dakota State Dept  of Health,
Dept of Environmental Engineering, 1200 Missouri Ave ,
Bismarck, ND 58502-5520                           (701)221-5188

                                                               15

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  Ohio Environmental Protection Agency, Division of Air Pollution Control,
  1800 WaterMark Drive, Columbus, OH 43266-0149     (614)644-2270
  Oklahoma Dept of Environmental Quality,
  Air Quality Program, 4545 N  Lincoln Blvd , Suite 250,
  Oklahoma City, OK 73105-3483                   .  (405)271-5220
  Oregon Dept of Environmental Quality, Air Quality Control Division, 811
  SW 6th Ave , 11th Floor, Portland, OR 97207           (503)229-5359
  Pennsylvania Dept of Environmental Resources, Bureau of Air Quality
  Control, 400 Market Street, Harnsburg, PA 17101     .  (717)787-9702
  Puerto Rico Environmental Quality Board,
  Edificio Banco National Plaza,
  431 Avenue Ponce DeLeon, Hato Rey, PR 00917       (809)767-8071
  Rhode Island Dept of Environmental Mgmt,
  Division of Air Resources,
  291 Promenade Street, Providence, Rl 02908-5767     (401)277-2808
  South Carolina Dept of Health and Environmental
  Control, Bureau of Air Quality Control, 2600 Bull Street,
  Columbia, SC 29201                               (803)734-4750
  South Dakota Dept of Environment and Natural Resources, Air
  Program, 523 East Capitol Avenue, Pierre, SD 57501    (605)773-3351
  Tennessee Dept of Environment and Conservation,
  Division of Air Pollution Control, 401  Church Street,
  L & C Annex, 9th Floor, Nashville, TN 37243-1531       (615)532-0554
  Texas Natural Resource Conservation Commission,
  PO Box 13087, Austin, TX 78711-3087               (512)239-1000
  Utah Dept of Environmental Quality, Division of Air Quality,
  150 North, 1950 West, Salt Lake City, UT 84114-4820   (801)536-4000
  Vermont Agency of Natural Resources,
  Air Pollution Control Division, 103 S  Mam Street,
  Building 3 South, Waterbury, VT 05671-0402          (802)241-3840
  Virgin Islands Dept of Planning & Natural Resources,
  Division of Environmental Protection,
  1118 C'sted Stx , St Croix, VI 00820-5065
  State of Virginia, Dept of Environmental Quality,
  P O Box 10009, 629 E Mam, Richmond, VA 23240
(809)773-0565
(804)786-2378
  Washington State, Dept of Ecology, P 0 Box 47600,
  Olympia WA 98504-7600 or
  300 Desmond Drive, Lacey, WA 98503               (206)407-6000
  West Virginia Office of Air Quality, 1558 Washington St East,
  Charleston, WV 25311-2599   .                      (304)558-3286
  Wisconsin Dept of Natural Resources, Bureau of
  Air Management, 101 S Webster, Madison, Wl 53703   (608)266-7718
  Wyoming Dept  of Environmental Quality, Air Quality
  Division, 122 West 25th Street, Cheyenne, WY 82002  (307) 777-7391
16
         U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency
         Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
         77 West Jackson  Boulevard, 12th Floor
         Chicago, IL   60604-3590

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EPA Regional Offices

Region I
Air, Pesticides and Toxic Management Division (AAA), U S EPA -
Region 1, John F Kennedy Bldg , One Congress Street, Boston, MA
02203-2211  (617)565-3800 (Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New
Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont)
Region II
Air and Waste Management Division, Room 1000, U S EPA - Region 2,
26 Federal Plaza, New York, NY 10278 (212)264-2301
(New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands)
Region III
Air, Radiation and Toxics Division, (3ATOO), U S EPA - Region 3, 841
Chestnut Street, Philadelphia, PA 19107  (215)597-9390 (Delaware,
District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, West Virginia)
Region IV
Air, Pesticides and Toxics, Management  Division, U S EPA -  Region 4,
345 Courtland Street, N E , Atlanta, GA 30365 (404)347-3043
(Alabama, Florida, Georgia,  Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina,
South Carolina, Tennessee)
Region V
Air and Radiation Division (A-18J), U S EPA - Region 5, 77 West
Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, IL 60604 (312)353-2212
(Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Minnesota, Ohio, Wisconsin)
Region VI
Air, Pesticides and Toxics Division, U S EPA - Region 6, First Interstate
Bank Tower at Fountain Place, 1445 Ross Avenue, 12th Floor, Suite
1200, Dallas, TX 75202-2733 (214)655-7200
(Arkansas, Louisiana, New Mexico, Oklahoma, Texas)
Region VII
Air and Toxics Division (ARTX), U S  EPA - Region 7, 726 Minnesota
Avenue, Kansas City, KS 66101 (913)551-7020
(Iowa, Kansas,  Missouri, Nebraska)
Region VIII
Air and Radiation, U S EPA - Region 8, 1  Denver Place, Suite 500, 999
18th Street, Denver, CO 80202-2466 (303)293-1438
(Colorado, Montana, North Dakota, South Dakota, Utah, Wyoming)
Region IX
Air and Toxics Division (A-1), U S  EPA - Region 9, 75 Hawthorne
Street, San Francisco, CA 94105 (415)744-1219
(Arizona, California, Hawaii, Nevada, American Samoa, Guam)
Region X
Air and Toxics Division (AT-81), U S  EPA - Region 10, 1200 Sixth
Avenue, Seattle, WA 98101  (206)553-4152
(Alaska, Idaho,  Oregon, Washington)
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