United States ' Office of Pesticides
Environmental Protection and Toxic Substances
Agency (H7501C) 540/FS-91-130
Pesticide
Fact Sheet
Name Of Chemical: Cadmium Chloride
Reason for Issuance: Announcement of the termination of the
Date Issued: 4/1/91 CadBdum Chloride Special
Fact Sheet Number: 220
Description of Chemical
Chemical name: cadmium chloride
Common name: cadmium chloride
Trade name: CADDY, Liquid Cadmium Turf Fungicide
EPA Shaughnessy code: 012902
Chemical Abstracts Service (CAS) number: 135
Year of Initial Registration: 1952
Pesticide type: fungicide
Chemical family: cadmium salts
U.S. producers: There are no remaining U.S. producers.
W.A.Cleary Chemical Corporation
requested voluntary cancelation of the
only remaining cadmium chloride
pesticide registration on July 9, 1990.
Cancelation became effective on August
19, 1990.
Use Patterns and formulations
Application sites: Golf course tees and greens.
Types of formulations: soluble concentrate/solid.
Printed on R*~ycknl Paper
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Types and methods of application: cart-drawn boom spray
equipment (mini-boom).
Science Findings
Physical and Chemical Characteristics:
Physical state: solid
Boiling point: 765*C
Melting point: 321*C
Human Toxicology Characteristics:
Acute toxicity:
Moderate to moderately high (Toxicity Categories III
and II); specific values are unavailable for this
compound since there are no technical registrations and
there are data gaps on formulated products.
Acute effects to kidneys are formation of fatty bodies
in the kidneys and degeneration of renal tubules.
Chronic toxicity:
Cadmium chloride is carcinogenic, as demonstrated in
laboratory animal and human epidemiological studies:
Rat chronic inhalation study LOEL 12.5 ug
Cd chloride/m (lowest dose tested) for lung
tumors.
Rat chronic injection study 3.6% Cd chloride
(lowest concentration tested) caused testicular
and pancreatic islet tumors.
Epidemiological studies of factory workers
chronic exposure to cadmium oxide and dust has
shown statistically significant increases in
the incidence of lung tumors.
Kidney effects of proteinuria, glucosuria, excretion of
amino acids and decreased renal function:
Rat drinking water study (24 wks) NOEL 10 mg/L
(lowest dose tested) for proteinuria.
Epidemiological study of factory workers exposed
to cadmium oxide dust (50 yrs) LOEL
2 ug/m for renal tubular proteinuria.
Mutagenic effects from 36 studies on various cadmium
compounds are equivocal; depending on protocol and end
point examined, results vary.
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Developmental, fetotoxic and reproductive effects have
been shown in laboratory animal studies; however, the
data are inadequate to support that cadmium would
produce these types of effects in humans. Further, the
data suggest that these effects are dependent on routes
of administration which may not be analogous to human
exposures from the pesticidal use.
4. Summary of Regulatory Position and Rationale
On August 19, 1987, EPA issued its Final Determination and
Notice of Intent to Cancel all uses of cadmium chloride except
application on golf course tees and greens. This action was
based on the determination that risks associated with the use of
this product outweighed its minor benefits. Risks (kidney and
carcinogenic effects to applicators), together with the lack of
satisfactory risk reduction measures, and the number of
effective, registered alternatives, outweighed the estimated
minor economic impact of cadmium chloride cancelation.
Continued use of cadmium chloride on golf course tees and
greens was permitted, with label changes , while an applicator
exposure study was being conducted. The study was required
because comments received from the registrant in response to the
Proposed Cancelation (PD 2/3 issued Oct. 10, 1986) stated that
EPA had calculated exposure for the wrong application method.
The Agency had calculated applicator exposure as if they applied
cadmium chloride to tees and greens by hand-held spray guns, but
commenters pointed out that most cadmium chloride was applied to
tees and greens by cart-drawn boom sprayers (mini-booms).
Because the Agency did not have sufficient data in its surrogate
data base to recalculate exposure levels for the primary
application method, a Data Call-in Notice was issued in July 1987
to acquire this information.
EPA completed its review of the mini-boom exposure study in
September 1989. As anticipated, exposure from mini-boom
application was lower than exposure from hand-held spray guns;
however, EPA determined that the reduced exposure was not
significant enough to alleviate applicator risk.
Label changes included the following stipulations: that
cadmium chloride be applied by mini-boom sprayer only, that
protective clothing be worn during application (including chemical
resistant gloves, long sleeve shirt, long legged pants), and that
a chemical resistant apron be worn during mixing and loading.
Cadmium chloride's classification was also changed to "Restricted
Use" pesticide.
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In a meeting between the registrant and the Agency, EPA
explained its review of the mini-boom study, the impact of the
study on the Cadmium Chloride Special Review, the registrant's
reregistration responsibilities, and the possibility of a
voluntary cancelation. Subsequently, on July 9, 1990, EPA
received a request from W.A. Cleary Chemical Corporation for
voluntary cancelation of its product registration.
A notice was published in the Federal Register on August 1,
1990, announcing the Agency's receipt of the voluntary
cancelation request, and specifying the existing stocks
provisions to be allowed following cancelation. After the
comment period expired, the cancelation became effective on
August 11, 1990.
Voluntary cancelation of this product was requested by the
registrant because the Agency had determined that continued
cadmium chloride use on golf course tees and greens would result
in unreasonable adverse effects to applicators. Cancelation of
this product would eliminate the risks to applicators. Because
cadmium chloride risk is chronic, the limited, continued use of
this product for a short period does not pose a risk to
applicators. Furthermore, because cadmium chloride is applied in
small amounts, continued use does not pose a risk to golfers,
pets or wildlife who might cross tees and greens. Although
cadmium chloride was considered effective and was less expensive
than most of its substitutes, there are a number of effective,
registered alternatives which do not pose similar risk
concerns.
Under the existing stocks provision, no cadmium chloride
product may be sold, distributed, or released for shipment by the
registrant after July 31, 1991, and no cadmium chloride product
may be sold or distributed by a retailer, dealer, or any person
after December 31, 1991. Golf courses or end-users may not
obtain or take possession of cadmium chloride product after
December 31, 1991; supplies in their possession as of December
31, 1991 may be used until exhausted.
On November 30, 1990, EPA published a notice in the Federal
Register proposing to terminate the Cadmium Chloride Special
Review based on the registrant's request for voluntary
cancelation of the Agency's last cadmium chloride registration.
This Notice also initiated a 30-day comment period.
EPA received no comments during the comment period. Thus,
EPA is announcing that it has terminated the Cadmium Chloride
Special Review.
Anilazine, chlorothalonil, chloroneb, fenamirol, iprodione,
propiconizole, thiram, triadimefon, and vinclozolin.
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5. Contact person
Ann Sibold, Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Pesticide
Programs, Special Review and Reregistration Division (H7508C),
401 M Street SW, Washington, D.C. 20460. telephone (703) 308-
8034.
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United States
Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Pesticide Program (H75oĞo
PMSD. Information Services Branch
401 M Street. SW
Washington, DC 20460
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