-------
14
most important aspect of the ash stream
sampling during the CT phase was to verify
expected rates of ash generation.
3.4.3 Process Conditions of
Characterization Test Program
The characterization test program
investigated the following key operating
parameters for the combustion process:
refuse fuel input rate (steam production
rate); air injection quantity and distribution
(excess air level and distribution); and
combustion process temperature.
For the air pollution control system, the
following key operating parameters were
investigated: lime stoichiometry (lime
pressure and flow rate), and gas temperature
at the fabric filter outlet.
Five series of tests (Series A to E) that
varied combustion parameters were
completed, as shown in Figure 5. The major
combustion test variables were boiler steam
load, number of overfire air elevations, and
rear wall air condition (on or off).
Four series of tests (Series K to N) that
varied APC system parameters were also
completed (as shown in Figure 6) and were
integrated into the combustion test series.
The APC test series examined the effect of
stoichiometry at spray dryer outlet (SDO)
temperatures of 105, 110, 140, and 177ฐC.
The major APC test variables were SDO
temperature and FFO SCซ2 concentration
(SCซ2 removal is generally proportional to
stoichiometry).
3.4.4 Summary of Characterization Test
Results
Detailed results from the characterization
tests are available in Volume II of the report
series. Some relevant observations of results
from the CT series are summarized here.
Stable Operation - In an effort to define
stable operation, the variation in steam flow
during each test period was evaluated and
found to typically range from 2 to 8%. An
almost linear relationship was found
between excess oxygen and steam flow.
This relationship indicated that the
combustion air flows could not be changed
as easily as the boiler load.
Low Load Conditions - The low load
conditions presented an operational problem
for the boiler. This mode of operation
provided lower CO emissions during the
characterization test (but not the
performance tests), but was the worst
operating mode in terms of energy
utilization. Therefore, it would not be
economically practical to operate these units
at low load conditions as a normal practice.
Peak Load Conditions - Carbon monoxide
levels increased during most of the peak load
tests due largely to the lack of fuel burnout
before discharge from the grate. These
conditions provide enormous amounts of
heat on the grate, but also provide improper
combustion conditions caused by the bed
depth on the grate and improper mixing in
the combustion zone.
Optimum Combustion - Optimum
combustion operation appears to correspond
to a steam production rate between 95 000
and 107 000 kg/h (210 000 and
235 000 Ib/h). The most effective means of
introducing combustion air was by rear-wall
overfire air (RW-OFA), as this seems to
provide the total mixing required to promote
good combustion and to minimize CO
production. Tangential overfire air systems
must also be used to mix the gases higher in
the combustion chamber. Proper
combustion air introduction and good
combustion gas mixing corresponded with
even fuel distribution and burning.
-------
ซ ซ
- 03 >
CQ *\
oS
E
3
2
ซ
6
I
Ml
-------
16
o
o
o
If)
in
CM
T- CM hป
-H I- h-
O O O
CM
00 O)
0000
c\j
O
o o o o
c
V
E/2
w
I
I
o
U
I
*j
"o
o
U
an
1
< m o < m
i- i- -^ 10 in
-
8
H
O O
2
u
S o g
"v. O O
0> CO CL
C/D C
-------
17
3.5 Performance Test Series
3.5.1 Objectives
To provide information on the
environmental effects of RDF incinerator
technology, the major objectives of the
performance tests (PT) were: to establish
correlations between the operating
parameters of an RDF incineration system
and the resultant emissions; to determine and
investigate correlations between combustion
parameters and flue gas compositions; and to
investigate formation of PCDD/PCDF
precursors.
To meet these program objectives, a series of
performance tests were designed to
characterize in detail the feed and effluent
streams while monitoring the associated
operating parameters. Fourteen separate test
runs were conducted between February 13
and March 1, 1989.
3.5.2 Process Conditions of Performance
Test Program
The targeted process conditions in the
performance tests evolved from the results of
the CT phase. Process parameters were
chosen to provide test results at four
different steam production rates, for a range
of combustion conditions ranging from good
to very poor. The quantity and distribution
of combustion air to the furnace were also
used in grouping the conditions. Operating
conditions for the APC system included gas
temperature in the spray dryer and SC>2
concentration after the fabric filter, which
served as a surrogate indicator of lime
stoichiometric ratio.
The process conditions tested during the PT
phase for the combustion system and for the
APC system are shown in Figures 7 and 8.
Ideally, triplicate testing would have been
conducted at each combination of operating
parameters. Triplicate testing would
increase the statistical reliability of the data
gathered for each test condition. However,
due to cost and time considerations, only
15 test runs were initially planned. The test
program was further shaped by the decision
that it was more important to obtain as much
valid data as possible at a variety of
conditions than to conduct three runs at five
conditions.
Of the 14 test runs attempted, 13 were
deemed to be valid. Problems with the
fabric filter ash collection truck invalidated
one test run. The 13 valid runs were divided
into 7 discrete test conditions for the
combustion system and 9 test conditions for
the APC system. The APC system test
conditions are actually a sub-set of the
combustion system test conditions.
The performance test parameters sampled
and monitored are summarized in Figure 9.
Test results for the seven test conditions for
the combustion system are described in
detail in Section 5, while test results for the
air pollution control system are presented in
Section 6.
-------
18
II
D 0
o o
o cvj
CO v
2 o
C/3 O
~ o
03 ^^
O
o
S.O
0
o>
.o
E
3
Z
CL
m
-------
19
O)
D_
I*
V
t/3
+4
-------
20
CO E
i 5 1
i 75 co t? ฎ "
3 C "5 ฎ ^ ^ ^*O
^ O O TT -* D
CD
Q.
E
H
CO
3
CD
*5 O)
"O
PE
3 '
CO
a.
o
Q
o
3
CO
ซ ซ ซw_ OCcgOgSx
t:v-'v-'wi/.;a-i u_u_i ^^i ซ=j_
m
CO
CD
0
O
(X
CD
co"
O
a.
"^
CO
01 U
~ CO
s: < ^ E"ซป
< CD 2 3
*- ซ. ซ CD CD *~*
ซ- = ffl c S S co
i " ซ 1 2 S. ฐ
^ ^JDCOl-l-2
o i
0)
u.
CO
o
CO
c -
<-* o> ^J
bS _ ^ at CD =
DO
>%?
M C5 *^ ? * O O
oo ซo ooi Sli-S M 2 5 ซ
CD Qj(DWWV~rซฃ.V.;-i.| JU U- U. | I *ฃ
IX Q.JE
CO
CD
^
CD
ol
E
o
O
OIL ol
-------
21
Section 4
Sampling and Analytical Protocols
4.1 Overview
The characterization of process conditions
and emissions of the RDF-fired incinerator
required a wide variety of measurements,
using a variety of sampling and analytical
protocols. These measurements were made
at a number of diverse locations throughout
the facility as shown in Figure 3 and as
discussed in Section 3.
All sampling and analytical methodologies
were based on recognized protocols.
Modifications to existing methods were
sometimes necessary to overcome certain
sampling or analytical difficulties or to
resolve differences in procedures normally
used by Environment Canada and the U.S.
EPA.
The sampling and analytical procedures used
for process stream measurements,
combustion gas sampling, and process
monitoring are described in this section.
Additional information may be found in the
quality assurance project plan (QAPP)
prepared for this program described in
Volume VI and in the sampling/analytical
methods presented in Volume in
(Environment Canada, 1991).
4.2 Process Stream Sampling
The process streams were sampled at eight
locations. Three of these were feed streams
to the system (RDF feed to the boiler, and
pond water and lime slurry feed to the spray
dryer). The remaining five streams were ash
discharges from various key locations within
the combustion/pollution control system.
The RDF feed rate was determined at the
RDF preparation area, by weighing each
load of RDF as the front-end loader placed
it onto the dedicated conveyor. A Tuffer
weighing device was attached to the
hydraulic lift system of the loader to provide
this information. The times at which the
loads of RDF were placed were also
recorded.
RDF samples were taken at the point where
RDF dropped off the conveyor into the
boiler feed bin. A 0.06 m3 (2 ft3) sample
was scooped from the stream every 30
minutes. To account for residence times in
the feed bin, sampling was begun 15 minutes
before a test run started and ended
approximately 15 minutes before the run
ended.
The collected RDF was emptied into the
mixing box and spread out over the surface
to provide fairly uniform layers. After
coning and quartering the composite sample
three or four times, the remainder was
divided equally into three portions which
were then double bagged, sealed, and placed
in plastic pails with scalable lids.
The pond water that was used as makeup
water in the slurry mixing tank was sampled
three times during each test run to further
characterize the lime slurry feed. The
samples were collected from a flexible hose
inside the slurry-mixing room. The valve
was opened and the hose purged before
collecting each grab sample. The samples
were combined in a single 500-mL amber
glass jar.
-------
22
The lime slurry was sampled three times
during each eight-hour test period from a
valve in the slurry supply line leading to the
atomizer head of the spray dryer. A 150-mL
slurry sample was drawn into the impinger
by a meter box pump.
Grate sittings and economizer ash were
collected in their entirety in tared drums
through flexible downtubes. To determine
ash production rates, the filling time and
weight of each drum were recorded. After
collection and weighing, a core sample of
the ash was taken from the drum.
Dry bottom ash samples were collected at
30-minute intervals during each test run
from the grate through the four rectangular
viewing ports located at bed level in the
front of the boiler. Due to the high
temperature, a modified stainless steel
pan-type scoop with a long handle and
hinged lid was pushed into the ash bed
through the viewing ports. The composite
container held dry ice to cool the sample and
to quench any continuing combustion.
Quenched bottom ash samples were
collected from a dumpster placed beneath
the drop-off point of the dedicated bottom
ash conveyor, using a trowel or scoop, and
then placed into a five-gallon polyethylene
bucket. When full, or at the end of the test
run, the dumpster was weighed to determine
the total production rate of wet bottom ash.
The moisture analysis yielded the weight of
water from which the dry bottom ash
production rate could be calculated.
Fabric filter ash (FFA) was collected at the
base of the inclined conveyor leading from
the drag chain conveyor to the pugmill. This
inclined conveyor was shut off, allowing the
FFA to settle and collect at its base. A
vacuum truck continuously removed the
FFA out of this area. At 30-minute intervals,
the vacuum truck was shut down to allow
enough FFA to accumulate to provide grab
samples. When full or at the end of each
run, the tared truck was weighed to obtain
the ash production rate.
4.3 Flue Gas Sampling
Flue gas sampling and monitoring were
conducted at the following four locations
downstream of the combustion system: the
air preheater inlet (API); the spray dryer inlet
(SDI); the spray dryer outlet (SDO); and the
fabric filter outlet (FFO).
Parameters examined included bulk gas
composition, particulate matter, particle
sizing, hydrogen chloride, trace organics,
trace metals, mercury, and hexavalent
chromium.
Continuous Emission Monitoring was
completed at the SDI, SDO, and FFO
locations using the instrumentation and
parameters listed in Table 1. The signals
from the instruments were tied into the data
acquisition system to provide real-time
output.
Flue gas molecular weight was determined
by Integrated Orsat, U.S. EPA Method 3
(U.S. EPA, 1988). Integrated bag samples
of gas were collected over the course of each
test run at the SDI and FFO locations. The
Orsat probe was attached to the particulate
sampling probe. A lung-sampling system
collected the integrated stack gas sample into
a Tedlar bag at a rate of 0.1 L/min.
Method 5 Train (MS) was modified for the
collection of particulate matter and metals
(including mercury). The sample train was
operated as a Method 5 particulate train
(U.S. EPA, 1988) with modification to the
impinger configuration to enhance the
-------
23
Table 1 Continuous Emissions Monitoring Locations/Parameters/Instruments
CEM Location
Spray Dryer
Inlet (SDI)
Spray Dryer
Outlet (SDO)
Fabric Filter
Outlet (FFO)
Responsibility
Environment
Canada
IMET
IMET
Parameter
02
CO2
CO
SO2
NOX
HC1
THC
Moisture
C02
SO2
HC1
02
CO2
SO2
HC1
THC
CO
Instrument
Beckman 755
Teledyne 320-P-4
Teledyne 3208B-RC
Beckman 865
Anarad AR-421
Bendix 8501 -5B A
Bendix 8501 -5CA
Western Research 721 A
Western Research 721A
TECO 10AR
TECO 10AR
TECO 15
TGM 555
Ratfische RS55
Ratfische RS55
Beckman 865/TECO
900 dilution system
Infrared IR702
Western Research 721 A
TECO 15
Taylor OA269
Infrared IR702
Western Research 721 A
Bodenseewerk
JUM VE7
Infrared IR702
Principle
Paramagnetic
Electrochemical
Electrochemical
NDIR
NDIR
NDIR
NDIR
NDUV
NDUV
Chemiluminescence
Chemiluminescence
GFC
Wet Chemical
Hot FID
Hot FID
NDIR
NDIR
NDUV
GFC
Polarographic
NDIR
NDUV
GFC
Hot FID
NDIR
NDIR - nondispersive infrared
NDUV - nondispersive ultraviolet
GFC - gas filter correlation
FID - flame ionization detection
-------
24
collection of the metals of interest
(example A in Figure 10). Additional
preparation for this train and associated
sample containers included precleaning for
metals collection. Paniculate collected on
the filter and in the probe was weighed to
determine paniculate loading and then
analyzed for the metals of interest.
Particle size determination was conducted at
the FFO using Andersen Mark in impactors.
Three runs of different durations were
conducted during the test program. Nozzle
sizes for the first two runs were selected to
maintain a flow rate through the impactor of
0.44 m3/h. The nozzle size was increased to
maintain an impactor flow rate of 1.3 mVh
for the third test, since the very low grain
loading at the FFO required a long sampling
time to collect 50 mg of paniculate. Gas
flow was monitored and recorded by
observing the pressure drop across a
calibrated orifice. The total dry gas volume
sampled was determined using a calibrated
dry gas meter.
Flue gas samples for determining
hexavalent chromium concentrations were
collected for three runs in accordance with
the protocol in the State of California Air
Resources Board (CARB) Method 425
(CARB, 1982). This procedure calls for the
collection of paniculate matter using
U.S. EPA Method 5, as shown in example C
in Figure 10, then dividing the sample into
equal portions to determine total chromium
and hexavalent chromium.
Modified Method 5 (MM5) sampling trains
were used for the collection of
polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins,
polychlorinated dibenzofurans
(PCDD/PCDF), and for other trace
organics. The MM5 sampling train is shown
in example B of Figure 10.
During the performance tests, 13 MM5 runs
were made at the SDI location, 14 runs at the
FFO location, and 4 runs at the air preheater
inlet. Each run lasted approximately 4 hours
to ensure the collection of at least 3 m3
(105 dscf) of sample gas. The sampling
start/stop times for each location were
coordinated as closely as possible to ensure
near simultaneous sampling.
During recovery of the MM5 trains, an
aliquot of approximately 30 mL was
removed from the condensate impinger for
subsequent HC1 analysis. It served as
backup to the continuous HC1 monitors.
The flue gas was sampled for volatile
organic compounds (VOC) during each of
the 14 performance tests. During each test,
three VOC runs were conducted at the FFO.
The volatile organic sampling train (VOST)
was operated in accordance with EPA
Method 0030 (U.S. EPA, 1988). The train
consisted of a glass-lined probe with a glass
wool plug to remove paniculate matter,
followed by an assembly of condensers and
organic resin traps as shown in Figure 11.
4.4 Process Parameter Measurements
During each test, all facility operating
parameters were continuously monitored in
the control room by appropriate program
personnel, using the project data acquisition
system, which recorded the process and
continuous emissions data for the parameters
listed in Table 2.
These data assisted in identifying whether
the process was operating as planned or
experiencing changes or upset conditions.
Carbon monoxide (CO) and oxygen (ฉ2)
levels represented the most frequently used
control parameters. Changes in these values
initiated a review of the incinerator's
-------
25
Back-Half
Sampling Train
A, Bor C
J
1).
2). PITOTTUBE
3). THERMOCOUPLE
<). PAHTICULATE FILTER
M HOT BOX
8). THERMOCOUPLE
9). CHECK VALVE
10). VACUUM GAUGE
11). COARSE FLOW ADJUST VALVE
12). VACUUM PUMP
13). RNE FLOW ADJUST VALVE
14). PUMP OILER
IS). FILTER
16). DRY GAS METER
17>. ORIFICE TUBE
18). SOLENOID VALVES
19). HCUNED MANOMETER
METHOD 5 TRAIN MODIFIED FOR P ARTICULATE AND
METALS INCLUDING MERCURY
MODIFIED METHOD 5 (MM5) TRAIN FOR PCDD/PCDF
AND SEMI-VOLATILES
METHOD 5 TRAIN FOR IIEXAVALENT CHROMIUM
5). 5% AQUA REGIA SOLUTION
6).
-------
26
ICE WATER
CONDENSER
CONDENSING
IMPINGER
TENAX/CHARCOAL
CARTRIDGE
THERMOCOUPLES
L 1
ROTAME
T T,
(DRY \
GAS METER
/
VALVE
PUMP
Figure 11 Volatile Organic Sampling Train Schematic
Table 2 Major Process and Emission Parameters Monitored
Process Parameters
Continuous Emission Data
steam and air flows
steam pressure and gas pressure drops
combustion chamber temperatures
boiler air supply and air distribution
flue gas composition
flue gas temperatures (SDI, SDO, and FFO)
outlet temperature of the spray dryer
lime slurry feed rate
acid gas removal
carbon monoxide
oxygen
carbon dioxide
sulphur dioxide
hydrogen chloride
total hydrocarbons
nitrogen oxides
-------
27
primary process control parameters as well
as a visual inspection of the combustion
chamber.
Visual inspections of the furnace burning
zone were frequently carried out by the
combustion expert to determine whether the
burn was occurring evenly on the grates. If
unusual conditions were noted, the control
system was adjusted by the operators to
avoid burning conditions that were outside
the selected target. The furnace burning
zone was generally observed every half hour
with special aspects and unusual conditions
noted in the log book. During periods of
abnormal operation, observations were made
as frequently as every 5 to 10 minutes.
Visually inspecting the ash discharged from
the incinerator to the quench tank and on the
drag chain conveyor from the quench tank
was part of the furnace observation routine.
This observation was done primarily to
identify if and when ash quality was
deteriorating.
4.5 Data Acquisition System (DAS)
The complexity of this project required a
sophisticated and well planned data
acquisition system (DAS) that integrates
data gathering, reduction, validation, and
reporting procedures.
With regard to data gathering, the DAS was
designed to automatically retrieve all outputs
from instrumentation, including process
data, on a continuous basis and to ensure that
this information was correctly stored on a
hard disk. As a backup, a hard copy of
averaged values was printed every
6 minutes. The system could also recall
previously recorded information.
Linked in a network configuration, five
microcomputers monitored the following
instrumentation:
the continuous gas analyzers;
the exhaust gas thermocouples and
pressure drop (velocity) measurement;
combustion air temperature;
the facility process controller, with its
instrumentation and set-point values.
Data acquisition software was custom
designed to:
. continuously receive data from the
data-logging equipment at 30-second
intervals for the CEM data and 90-second
intervals for the process data, from
approximately two hours before each test
started until approximately one hour after
test completion;
convert and store the data in a standard
numeric format;
. display statistics, a process schematic, and
graphical summaries on a real-time basis;
provide access to the data from a remote
location via a modem.
For process monitoring, 43 process points
were monitored by the DAS through the
facility controller. Four important process
parameters were calculated: combustion
efficiency, flue gas heat loss, excess air, and
steam efficiency. These values were
recalculated after every scan, and the current
values displayed along with the maximum,
minimum, and 6-minute rolling average
values.
-------
28
The constant availability of data proved
invaluable during the test program, because
it allowed process upsets to be quickly
identified. The data replay feature clearly
provided a better understanding of the
process and emission trends.
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
(QA/QC) procedures were instituted for the
Data Acquisition System. Continuous
emissions data were monitored by project
staff and verified by QA/QC personnel to
ensure that data sent corresponded to data
received and stored. Zero and calibration
voltages were recorded for each CEM before
and after each test. A comparison was made
between pre-test and post-test voltage
readings to determine if the percentage drift
was within acceptable limits. These data
were reviewed by QA/QC personnel. For
each Performance Test, a report containing
six-minute averages, graphics, and statistics
(average, minimum, and maximum for each
CEM channel) was provided to project staff
for review.
Data processing involved reworking the
data retrieved during the test runs into a
more meaningful form (i.e., producing
6-minute averages, graphics revealing trends
in process parameters, and a summary
report). Any problems were identified,
noted, and accounted for. The overnight
turnaround of data greatly assisted the team
in evaluating the success of previous tests
and in determining new operating conditions
for the following tests. All comments from
the QA/QC personnel were reviewed and
any necessary corrections were made the
following day. In this manner, many
potential problems were avoided in the field.
Datalogger summary reports from the data
processing included the following:
Calibration Matrix report, documenting
the detailed history of the state of the nine
continuous stack gas monitoring
instruments over the duration of each test
run;
Interval Average reports for each
datalogger, displaying the 6- and
30-minute averages of selected channels
over the duration of the test run;
Channel Descriptions and Statistics report,
displaying the average, maximum,
minimum, percent variance, and standard
deviation for all process and
instrumentation data;
summary presentation of steam
characteristics, primary and secondary air
flow rates and distributions, grate speeds,
and boiler temperatures.
The data manually recorded on the sampling
train field sheets for each sampling train
were entered into the computer (along with
sample recovery data from the field
laboratory) and processed overnight for each
test run. Summary reports were available on
a daily basis for each test run. Between
successive tests, 11 different graphs were
produced, combining process and continuous
gas data. Anomalies were investigated and
corrections made as required. Following
performance testing, all data were verified
and corrected as required.
4.6 Laboratory Analytical Procedures
4.6.1 General
Each sampling train used in this program
required a distinct sample recovery
technique. The techniques used generally
followed the procedures detailed in the
respective sampling protocol (i.e., U.S. EPA,
ASME, CARD) listed in Table 3.
-------
29
One notable variation for the trace organic
sampling train (MM5) was the use of
ethylene glycol in the second impinger for
consistency with previous NITEP programs.
Additionally, the back half components were
soaked once with acetone and once with
hexane to improve recovery of the trace
organic compounds from these components.
These were deviations from the Quality
Assurance Project Plan (QAPP) submitted
for this program.
Another deviation from the original QAPP
was HC1 sampling. During recovery of the
MM5 trains, an aliquot was removed from
the condensate impinger for subsequent HC1
analysis, as backup to the continuous HC1
monitors.
For the particle size distribution samples, not
enough particulate was collected to provide
measurable cutpoints, due to the very low
grain loading. The filter substrates were
photographed and a qualitative assessment
of each substrate was done.
A chain-of-custody procedure was
established to document the identity of
sample handling from first collection as a
sample until analysis and data reduction
were completed. Custody records traced a
sample from its collection through all
transfers of custody until it was transferred
to the analytical laboratory. Internal
laboratory records documented the custody
of the sample from its collection through its
disposition.
4.6.2 Analytical Protocols
The analytical laboratories responsible for
each parameter and appropriate
methodologies used are given in Table 3.
To determine the calorific value of the RDF,
a weighed sample was burned in an oxygen
bomb calorimeter under controlled
conditions and the calorific value was
computed from temperature observations
made before and after combustion.
The trace metals that were analyzed in each
sample are listed in Table 4. Before
conducting the metal analyses, it was
necessary to release the analytes of interest
from the environmental matrix in which they
were held, so that the final analytes in the
digestate were stable and interferences of
organics and other possible analytes were
eliminated or minimized. For this program,
digestions were accomplished using the
3000 Series Digestion Methods as listed in
EPA SW-846 (U.S. EPA, 1986).
Aqueous and solid samples were prepared
for atomic absorption (AA) or inductively
coupled plasma (ICP) using the digestion
procedures outlined in SW-846
Method 3010 and Method 3050 (U.S. EPA,
1986) for aqueous and non-aqueous samples,
and Method 3060 for refuse and ash. Flue
gas samples for metals analysis were
prepared in accordance with the procedures
specified in the EMB protocol (Volume III,
Appendix D of this report series,
Environment Canada, 1991).
One notable exception in the analytical
procedure used for mercury is the use of
potassium permanganate at 6%
concentration, as opposed to 5%
concentration in U.S. EPA Method 7470
(U.S. EPA, 1986) and potassium sulphate at
saturation (as opposed to 5% concentration
in Method 7470). These were added to
further oxidize the sample and minimize
interferences from anions such as chloride
and sulphide.
Arsenic was analyzed using a gaseous
hydride atomic absorption procedure as
outlined in SW-846, Method 7061
(U.S. EPA, 1986), with the following minor
-------
30
Table 3 Analytical Responsibilities and Methods - Performance and Characterization
Testing
Parameters
Trace Organics
Volatile Organics
Chlorides
- Impinger Solutions
All Metals (excluding As,
Se, Hg, and Chromium in
Gaseous Streams)
Hexavalent Chromium
Arsenic
Selenium
Mercury
Higher Heating Value of RDF
Ultimate Analysis of RDF
Proximate Analysis of RDF
Available Lime
Combustibles in RDF
Moisture in RDF/Ash
RDF Particle Sizing
Method
ASME/Environment Canada
SW-846 5040/8240
Ion Chromatography
SW-846 - Method 6010
CARB Method 425
SW-846 - Method 7061
SW-846 - Method 7741
SW-846 - Method 7470
ASTME711-81
ASTMD3176/E791
ASTMD3172/E791
ASTM C25
ASTM/E791
ASTM E790/D3 173
ASTM E828
Analytical Laboratory
Environment Canada
Clean Harbors Analytical Services
Canviro Laboratories
Canviro Laboratories
Canviro Laboratories
Canviro Laboratories
Canviro Laboratories
Table 4 Trace Metals
Aluminum Al
Antimony Sb
Arsenic As
Barium Ba
Beryllium Be
Bismuth Bi
Cadmium Cd
Calcium Ca
Chromium Cr
Cobalt Co
Copper Cu
Indium In
Iron Fe
Lead Pb
Magnesium Mg
Manganese Mn
Mercury Hg
Molybdenum Mo
Nickel Ni
Phosphorus P
Selenium Se
Silicon Si
Silver Ag
Sodium Na
Tellurium Te
Tin Sn
Titanium Ti
Vanadium V
Zinc Zn
-------
31
modifications. Hydrochloric acid and
sodium iodide were used in place of
stannous chloride to reduce the arsenic to its
trivalent form (APHA Method 303E, APHA,
1985).
Chlorides were determined using ion
chromatography. An aliquot from the MM5
train condensate (first impinger) was injected
into a stream of 4-hydroxyl benzoic acid
eluent before entering a separation column.
The separated anions were measured on a
conductivity detector and identified based on
their retention time relative to known
standards. Quantification was based on peak
area single electronic integration.
Paniculate samples (front half acetone rinse
and the filter) collected from the
particulate/metals train underwent
gravimetric analysis before being submitted
for metals analysis. The gravimetric
analysis followed the procedures outlined in
U.S. EPA Reference Method 5 (U.S. EPA,
1988). The gravimetric analysis requires
measuring the weight gain on the paniculate
filter and the residue left over in the acetone
rinse of the front half train components. The
gravimetric analysis requires desiccation of
the samples before determination. Samples
were weighed to a constant weight of
ฑ0.5 mg.
The Environment Canada River Road
Environmental Technology Centre
laboratory analyzed RDF, ash, and flue gas
samples for semivolatile trace organics
including PCDD/PCDF. All samples
generated during two of the runs were
selected for high resolution gas
chromotography/mass spectroscopy
(GC/MS). Several other flue gas samples
(MM5) were selected for analysis by
high-resolution GC/MS. Some of the dry
bottom ash and grate sifting samples were
combined for analysis. Two runs were
analyzed separately. The target semivolatile
organic analytes in this program are listed in
Table 5.
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) in the
gaseous streams were analyzed from each
VOST run. The samples collected from each
VOST run consisted of a Tenax cartridge
and a Tenax/charcoal backup cartridge. For
every third run, the condensate impinger
sample was recovered.
Tenax tube samples were analyzed for
volatile organics using the thermal
desorption GC/MS procedures specified in
Method 5040 of SW-846 (U.S. EPA, 1986).
Condensates were analyzed using Method
8240 (U.S. EPA, 1986) via purge-and-trap
GC/MS. The volatile analytes are listed in
Table 6.
4.7 Statistical Data Analysis
Since all sampling and laboratory results and
process measurements were entered into the
computer via the data acquisition system
described in Subsection 4.5, an extensive
matrix of data was produced for each
performance test. Accordingly, it was
possible to perform statistical analysis of
these data using the technique of regression
analysis. This technique generates a
mathematical model that best describes the
relationship between sets of data.
Single regression analysis was first used to
screen the database for relevant trends and
correlations. The initial screening was for
relevant linear relationships between pairs of
variables. In most research, it is difficult to
find a regression line, especially a straight
one, that perfectly fits the data. A measure
of the "goodness of the fit" is given by the
correlation coefficient, R, and its square, the
determination coefficient, R2. The
-------
32
Table 5 Target Semivolatile Organic Analytes
Compound Group
Analytes
Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-
dioxins*
Polychlorinated
dibenzofurans(1)
Chlorobenzenes
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Chlorophenols
T4CDD
PsCDD
H6CDD
H7CDD
OgCDD
T4CDF
PsCDF
H6CDF
H7CDF
OgCDF
Cb-6 Benzene
Ch-io Biphenyl
Ch-s Phenol
Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons
Acenaphthylene
Acenaphthene
Fluorene
2-Methyl-Fluorene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Benzo (a) Fluorene
Benzo (b) Fluorene
1 Methyl-Pyrene
Benzo(ghi)Fluoranthene
Benzo (a) Anthracene
Chrysene
Triphenylene
7 Methyl-Benzo(a) Anthracene
Benzo (b) Fluoranthene
Benzo (k) Fluoranthene
Benzo (e) Pyrene
Benzo (r) Pyrene
Perylene
2-Methyl-Benzo (j) Aceanthrylene
Indeno (123-cd) Pyrene
Dibenzo (ah) Anthracene
Benzo (b) Chrysene
Benzo (ghi) Perylene
Anthanthrene
Congeners with the 2,3,7,8 configuration were analyzed by high-resolution GC/MS in selected streams from
selected test runs.
-------
33
Table 6 Volatile Organics
Bromodichloromethane
Bromoform
Carbon tetrachloride
Chloroethane
Chloromethane
Dibromochloromethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
1,2-Dichloropropane
Methylene chloride
Tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1 -Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
Vinyl chloride
Benzene
Bromomethane
Chlorobenzene
Chloroform
cis-1,3-Dichloropropene
1,1 -Dichloroethane
1,1 -Dichloroethylene
trans-1,3-Dichloropropene
Ethylbenzene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
Toluene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichlorofluoromethane
determination coefficient is often used in
statistics because it is always a positive
value, thus providing a convenient way of
comparing the "goodness of fit" of different
regression models. Furthermore, R2
describes the portion of the total variance
that is explained by the correlation with a
value of one representing a "perfect fit".
For this project, it was decided to focus on
relationships with R2 values of greater than
0.5. For this program, regression analysis
was based on 13 test runs and the critical R2
value for 13 pairs of data for a 5%
significance is 0.306. Therefore, the use of
0.5 as the low end cutoff for determination
coefficients is within the 95% confidence
interval.
Subsequent to an initial screening based on
single linear regression, multiple regression
correlations were generated using the
Statistical Analysis System (SAS) computer
package. This package examines all
possible combinations of independent
variables and selects the group of variables
that shows the best relationship with a
dependent variable, i.e, highest R2.
The results of the statistical analyses for the
combustion system are presented in
Section 5 and for the air pollution control
system, in Section 6.
4.8 Quality Assurance/Quality
Control (QA/QC)
Due to the broad program scope and the
number of parties involved in the project
team, considerable effort was made to blend
the activities of all parties together to ensure
a high level of Quality Assurance/Quality
Control (QA/QC). Alliance Technologies
Corporation established its own internal
QA/QC program in parallel with an
independent external QA/QC program
coordinated by the U.S. EPA's Emission
Measurements Branch.
In general, the QA/QC personnel were
responsible for overseeing all sampling and
analytical aspects of the test program to
ensure the sample quality. The
-------
34
responsibilities for the internal and external
QA/QC activities are summarized in Table 7.
Briefly, QA/QC activities included:
. ensuring compliance with accepted
Environment Canada/U.S. EPA test
methods;
ensuring that the respective operators and
sample handlers thoroughly understand
and adhere to recommended equipment
procedures and their corresponding
calibration;
verifying that all equipment was
functional, proofed, and calibrated to
obtain the desired data quality;
ป ensuring that all test personnel understood
the procedures that they followed, and
subsequently, regularly verifying during
the test that the procedures were followed
correctly;
. ensuring sample integrity for analysis
throughout collection, recovery, and
transfer;
ensuring the quality of the data collected
through data acquisition and processing;
collecting duplicate samples for the
various test processes, for independent
analysis; and
verifying laboratory procedures for
organic and inorganic analysis.
The purpose of setting quality assurance
objectives was to ensure that data of known
and acceptable quality was produced. The
U.S. EPA, Environment Canada, and
Alliance Technologies collaborated to
develop the Quality Assurance Project Plan
(QAPP), which defined QA/QC criteria,
such as levels of precision, accuracy,
representativeness, completeness, and
comparability. These allowed for an
adequate evaluation of the tests. Quality
Assurance criteria were developed for the
following critical analyses: metals, chloride,
dioxins/furans, and calorific value.
Laboratory and field blank samples were
taken and analyzed to provide a quantitative
assessment of the occurrence of sample
contamination.
Results of the QA assessment of the
chemical analyses of all samples are
provided in Chapter 7 of Volume II
(Environment Canada, 1991).
The QA/QC program represented a
significant effort and expenditure of
resources for the project. It provided both
internal and external control over all
elements and activities of the test program.
It provided assurance for sample quality and
assisted in immediate identification of
potential problems.
The findings of both the internal and
external QA/QC programs indicated that the
field study was executed properly, according
to the stated sampling and analytical
protocols, using properly calibrated and/or
proofed equipment. Samples collected
during this test program were deemed to be
representative and the data reported were
complete and accurate. To the best of the
QA/QC auditors' knowledge, any errors,
omissions, and problems are correctly
documented in the reports.
A more extensive discussion of the QA/QC
program and results can be found in
Chapter 7 of Volume II and in Volume VI of
this report series, (Environment Canada,
1991).
-------
2
External QA/QC Responsibility
Internal QA/QC Responsibility
!
3
Assess if sampling program and data collection are sufficient
to meet program objectives.
Define program objectives and design test matrix to achieve
program objectives.
e
i
i
i
kป
J5
Review and critique protocols and procedures. Assess protocol
comparability to previous programs.
Select protocols, detail procedures, and define QC activities
and limits.
SO
Q
1
*
ฃ
0
s
Observe personnel, equipment, and procedures during perform;
of calibration procedures. Review documentation of instrumeni
calibration performance. Provide on-site audit checks and
document performance.
u
CJ
Verify accuracy of calibration. Document instrument performani
H
1
.
t
1
"5
1
1
<ง
u
i
Check for suitability of location to permit collection of represei
samples.
Identify suitable sampling locations and perform necessary
modifications.
to
c
0
CO
i
js
CS)
c
o
a
a
Observe testing, including leak checks, and document any devi
from protocols. Verify calibration by conducting on-site audits
Provide trained test crew, properly prepared and/or calibrated
equipment, and sufficient supply of correct contamination-free
reagents.
00
'o.
2
E
to
0 ง
Review documentation on instrument performance and calibral
gas analysis. Observe on-site testing and document any deviati
from protocol. Conduct cylinder gas audits.
Document instrument performance and verify accuracy of
calibration gases. Provide and follow detailed operating and
QC procedures.
bO
1
C/2
1
00
c
T3
Observe operation of system. Perform audit of system by prov
a known data set. Document results.
Establish standard operating procedures and conduct routine
QC checks to verify accuracy of program.
E
1
1
1
3
&
f>
Review sampling sites, sampling equipment, sample handling,
and sample preparation protocols, as well as document activitie
during sampling. Observe efforts for deviations.
Provide trained/experienced personnel, acceptable sampling
equipment, data sheets for documentation, and establish sample
handling and sample preparation procedures.
J8
"3,
a
V)
I
I
a
Observe and document recovery operation. Document that cor
reagent blanks and field blanks are collected.
Recovery following defined protocols. Collect reagent blanks
and field blanks.
g>
o
u
"H.
A
o
VI
Review sample log-in and chain-of-custody documentation.
Observe and document sample packaging. Obtain split sample
external QA/QC laboratory analysis.
Samples logged, chain-of-custody sheets prepared, and samples
properly packaged for transportation.
>,
1
CO
a
i)
Cu
1
-.
e
Document accuracy of logged data and verify accuracy of repo
and calculated values with technical system audits.
Provide experienced DAS operators), reliable hardware, and
validated software.
3
a
Q
&o
rv
cS
C/3
2
u
E
1
8
o
ฃ
ll-S
ง I >>
Review and comment on selected procedures. Review perforrr
and document deviations from selected protocol. Conduct perfom
evaluation audits. Submit split samples for external laboratory am
Select acceptable methods and detail procedures and changes.
Detail laboratory QC including calibrations, control samples,
and matrix spikes.
.2
j^
-1
"o.
1
35
Review data reduction procedures. Perform audit of procedure
calculations using known data set and document results.
Establish standard data reduction procedures. Conduct initial
checks on procedures/calculations to verify accuracy.
s
3
"2
g
ฃ
c
_o
1
"8
Oi
3
(S
-------
36
Section 5
Performance Test Series for Combustion System
5.7 Overview
The performance test (PT) results and key
findings for the combustion system are
summarized in this section. The PT results
for the air pollution control system are
provided in Section 6.
The performance test series was conducted
from February 14 to March 1, 1989. As
described earlier, 13 PT test runs were
successfully conducted using 7 different test
conditions for the combustion system. One
full day was required for each run. The test
crew used run PT-01 as a "practice" run to
trouble-shoot and evaluate the sampling
system. Because data from the run PT-01
are incomplete, it is not included in this
report. Volume IV of the test report series
(Environment Canada, 1991) presents all the
data generated during the test program.
As discussed in Section 3, the objective of
the PT Series was to evaluate the
combustion system and air pollution control
system under different operating conditions.
Load (steam flow rate) and combustion air
flow rates/distributions were the primary
independent variables for combustion
performance tests. The target test conditions
for the performance tests evolved from the
characterization test phase, but it was
necessary to modify these during the PT
Series due to changes in plant operation and
performance. The seven operating
conditions tested for the combustion system,
are summarized in Figure 12 for each of the
13 test runs.
A major goal of this project was to
determine combustor emissions of trace
organics and metals under different process
operating conditions. To account for the
inherent variation in the flue gas
characteristics, multiple PT runs were
conducted for four of the seven combustion
test conditions. Single test runs were
performed for only three of the test
conditions.
Some of the key findings determined from
an analysis of the test data for the
combustion system are listed below and are
discussed in more detail in this section:
Good combustion conditions resulted in a
96% net destruction efficiency for trace
organics as determined by a comparison
of the total quantified organics in the
facility input (RDF feed) and output (ash
and stack emission) streams. The net
average destruction efficiency for
quantified organics for poor combustion
tests was 90%.
When comparing CO emissions with
PCDD/PCDF emissions, the arithmetic
average of CO emissions over the testing
period provided the best correlation with
PCDD/PCDF concentrations at the spray
dryer inlet. However, the correlation was
poor when considering only those tests in
which CO averaged below 200 ppm for
the test period. Other comparisons of
PCDD/PCDF concentrations with the
number or magnitude of CO spikes and
the percent of time above an absolute CO
level produced less significant correlations.
-------
37
For poor combustion conditions, average
total hydrocarbons (THC) or CO emission
is the best single indicator of
uncontrolled PCDD/PCDF emissions,
with determination coefficients, R2 of 0.97
and 0.95 respectively.
For good combustion conditions,
entrained paniculate matter at the spray
dryer atomizer inlet is a fair indicator of
uncontrolled PCDD/PCDF emissions
(R2 = 0.60).
Previous laboratory and field tests have
shown that PCDD/PCDF concentrations
increase when the flue gases pass through
the 400 to 150ฐC temperature range.
Contrary to earlier findings, the
PCDD/PCDF emissions decreased when
the flue gases passed through this range.
This reduction may be related to the rapid
cooling and/or the relatively short time the
paniculate matter was held at this range.
The flue gas passes through this range in
the air preheater which has a short
residence time of 1.5 to 2 seconds.
The best multiple regression prediction
models for uncontrolled trace organic
emissions typically use two or more easily
monitored variables that characterize or
identify the combustion process (i.e., CO,
NOX, HC1, furnace temperatures, and
moisture).
The best multiple regression control
models for uncontrolled trace organic
emissions typically use two or more
combustion operation variables that
impact lower furnace combustion
conditions (i.e., undergrate air flow,
rear wall air flow, moisture, and total
combustion air).
5.2 Summary by Performance Test
Run
Some of the key data generated during each
PT run for the combustion system are
summarized in Tables 8 and 9. Key process
data for the combustion system are presented
in Table 8 per test run. Parameters shown
here include combustion parameters, feed
and ash mass rates, and flue gas flow rates.
Some of the flue gas data measured at the
SD inlet per PT run are presented in Table 9.
Detailed test results per PT run, including
the organic and metal analyses of the RDF
feed stream and the various ash streams
leaving the combustor, as well as trace
organics and metal analyses for the flue gas
at the air preheater inlet, SD inlet, and FF
outlet are presented in Volume II of the
report series (Environment Canada, 1991).
The test runs are categorized by the steam
load (low, intermediate, normal, or high) and
combustor operation (good, poor, or very
poor).
Combustor operation is rated by the average
carbon monoxide level for the run, measured
at the spray dryer inlet, as follows:
good: CO < 200 ppm
poor: 200 ppm < CO < 400 ppm
very poor: CO > 400 ppm.
5.3 Summary by Performance Test
Condition
Key performance test data for the
combustion system for each of the seven
operating conditions are shown in Appendix
B, while more detailed performance data are
available in Appendix A. These data are
discussed in small segments in this
subsection.
-------
38
co
CM
ง
00
o
o
o
8
8 ง
CM
in
cvj
o
CO
co
$
CO
0)
3
o
o
'v
o
o
^-
V
o
o
'v
ฃ5
o
0)
8
s
00
O
o
o
o
o
o in
T- CO
v
CM
CO
CO
CNJ
CM
00
cd
oo
06
CO
00
CO
CO
oq
00
CO
CO
CM
CM
co
'
CO T-
co w
CO
CO
CO
co
CO
co
CO
CO
CO
co
oq
ง
CM
CO
CO
V
CO
CO
V
5
a
oo
oo
co
CM
in
I
a
CO
O
o
2
DC
IU*
*>
ce
1ฃ
"O O
0 0
O CM
(D v
^^0.
~^^^ co
n
s
o
o
I ป
" *-
CVJ
CM
in
CM
in
CM
V
5
CO
o
CO
o
E
CO
2
CO
CD
S>
.2
o
O
o
O Q.
"
Q. O
0 TB
c5 ff
= 03
O J-
m "-'
0}
.a
E
O>
JK:
o
o
o
E
CO
03
CO
E
a.
Q.
O)
O)
O
O
E
a.
to
O
O
a
CL
cc
c
CO
LL
Q
Li-
ฃ
O
i
en
-------
39
00
Z
IS
I
_j
<
2
tr
o
z
_l
<
QC
o
z
UJ
FERMEDI
i
z
o
STEAM LOAD
CC ซ
0 0
gl
t
Q CM
I
oฃ
งฃ
2t
oc ป
0 ซ>
21
t
gs
2t
O i-
11
0 co
0 <>
O 1
!ซ t-
o E
QO
A
0 ฐ
งt
K U)
O o
O 1
o- t
> ฐ-
oc
Ul
>
O CM
0 ซ
8t
Q 0
It
o ป
o 7
งt
D O
ง^
o E
COMBUSTOR OPERATION
TEST*
co in o
o ^
T~ CM
r^ o CM
0 CO CO
^ CM
T- t 0
ฐ 8
OJ
o> Is- o
01 co
C1)
o co co
0 6 co
^ co
in co
CM
tO CO
CM
in ^r co
ฐ> 0 CO
CO
^ o in
a K -r-'
CM
CO <0 0
ซ> K
OJ
Is- T- O
CO co
01
ซfr O) O
^ CO
ป- N. 0
^ 0
OJ
.c .n .c
O) O) O)
o o o
80 o
o o
TEAM FLOW (
EFUSE FEED RATE (
W O/F AIR (
m m o
CO 0) 0)
^ ^t O)
o> in *
to ^r o>
ฃ -C .C
Ol Ol D)
O O O
o o o
o o o
ANGENTIALO/F AIR <
OTALO/F AIR (
OTALCOMB AIR (
ป- t- 1-
h- CO
CM i-
O) CO
CM i-
ง2
f"11-
OJ
o m
CM T-
O) in
co tn
ฃ C
5) in
CM t"
CO
ง CO
r^ **
CM
CO i-
co in
CM f
r- in
to i-
* "
in ^
r*. o
*~
O) O
r^" of
.RATE SPEED
.D FAN PRESSURE
O u-
CO i- O
* in
h- O h-
^ m oj
O) Is* O
* 't
in co
O) CO i-
^ in co
C\| r- in
in
^s ^e >e
IR DISTRIBUTION
UGAIR
PDA AIR
RWAIR
<
CM r-
in in
in co
*r in
CO i-
* in
o ^t
m m
m -t
CO *
*t CM
* in
O CO
"* *
CM T-
*t in
r- CO
CO CO
1"- OJ
*t m
r- CM
^r m
^ O)
t- ^s-
CM t^-
Tf ^r
>e ^
TANGENTIAL AIR
O/F AIR <
co oj in in
N. T- (D CO
O) h- h- r-
Tf O CO 0)
O CO CO ป-
งt r^. ^r
^t CO O
o in co CM
O> CO T- CO
in o> r*- o>
O 10 CO i-
^r CD o to
CO 0) iN. O
o m co CM
co en ^t N
CM O) N. CO
o in co T-
m r-. h. to
o in co CM
co in i- co
co K r*. en
o in co i-
o in h- o
CM O <0 O)
O
O -
Sr-. in co
O) CO O)
o in co T-
m o> co o>
co r^. ^t Is-
o) in co T-
p" o" o" p"
ROCESS TEMPERATURES
FURNACE TEMPERATURE |
BOILER INLET TEMP. <
ECON. OUT. TEMP. (
A/H GAS OUTLET TEMP (
o_
O CO CM O
+ + +
O CO 1 CO
+ + CM ซ
* +0
O CO CM 0
+ + +
O CO CM 0
- + +
-y-
ฐ ' ' ป
+ CO
o o
ป- Z ^ CM ^t
T- O
^~
^ O O O O
T- TT in t- CD
t- -t- i- CO
OJ CM CO
CO ^ CM O O
T- co w o Is-
Tj- * T- CO
Tt
in o o co o
T- CM CO i- Ol
CO CO r- CO
i- t- CO
^- o> co co o
^ CM ^ 0 r-
^ ^ T- CM
CO
* O O o o
oj z z J g
*t
o o o *- o
^ Is- CO 0) -r-
T- 1- Tf
1-1- CO
r*. o o o o
i- to m co to
T- T" O>
r- i- CM
r-. to CM in o
/.% t** CO CO CO
TO CO (0 CO
CM
ฃ ฃ .C .C .C
O> CD Dl O) CD
SH MASS RATES
ECONOMIZER (ACTUAL) \
FABHC FILTER (ACTUAL) \
TOTAL FLY ASH (ACTUAL) I
GRATE SIFTINGS (ACTUAL) \
BOTTOM ASH (WET) \
<
ง
o>
CO
0
to
129000
o
g
CO
ฃ
LUE GAS FLOW RATE
AIR HEATER INLET
MM5 SAMPLING TRAIN 5
u.
88
O CM
CO CO
o o
88
co in
-* <*
o o
m in
o o
CO
-------
I
I
CS
ฃ
s.
I
i
U
3
O
ง
s
3
^
&
o
U
t*
ฃ
5
&
to
u:
SB
o
X
E
O
z
RMAL
O
Z
H
<
5
UJ
E
U
t-
5
c
Q
a
STEAM
K CO
o Y
0 J.
ซฃ
Q N
g7
e t
si
O i
Q '
t
ง3
ฐ- a
ง7
o >L
Q g
D.
ง8
0 J.
o ฃ
E 10
o 9
O il
"-ฃ
>-
UJ
>
Q JJ
0 '
Q 0
O '
o ฃ
ง7
0 n
Q i
O L_
o ฃ
z
o
E*
UJ H
9t M
O UJ
E >-
i
CD
s
0
u
r*ปinG)hi*ojTro)hป N. oo
co*if(ft(oO^*ojisj to t r^f^ co h* oo
^^"i-cM^f ^r oj,_: i^.^ ujftj o_oi_
r
g2?KS5Ns gซ ?ง 5?; |8
^" *~ O" OJ"
CO OJ
to"
CO CD N-W ^'""^fSSS'''^ T-CO r-hซ CD U) OO
*~ W OJ
"*
T-O r^oj oJO)(Dcocoojinu) i-co coco *t o oo
^ T-
co
co"
coo^cnp>q>CMin S!*0 ^-01 5C * oo
*" *~ ^~ *ฐ o" oj"
^ N^) oS
ง'8
U)
CNJeooj ojm oo
f-ooit:ปS ซ ^5 S^j 5^ 8S
o" CM"
0 C\J
h-
CO
225^ง<03 ^s ง ซ งs งง
T- T- o CM w o" in
n
^^ ^^ ^^ ^^
*0) *ฎ p CCCC *ฎ ** *~ซ~*"~ซ~
Eง ฃง Saaacx ฃง Eง EC Ec
co*iW*i w^co*iw5^6
if ฃฃ ฃฃ f E. ^| JJง
III
r~ i
Ml ~
1ง8 ^ s ง 8 & |
tyo-o. cc 30.0.33
-------
41
5.3.1 Process Data
Process operating conditions for the
combustor system, including steam and
refuse feed rates, process temperatures, and
ash rates are shown in Table 10. The steam
production rate ranged from 73 000 kg/h
(160 000 Ib/h) for the "low load" condition
to 107 000 kg/h (235 000 Ib/h) for the "high
load" condition. Normal production was
96 000 to 100 000 kg/h. Refuse feed rate
was 19 000 kg/h for the low load, but the
refuse rate was within a narrow range
(27 000 to 30 000 kg/h) for the other loads.
Accordingly, there is a poor correlation
between refuse feed rate and steam
production. The distinction between "good
operation" and "poor operation" using CO as
the parameter is clearly shown: CO is below
200 ppm for good operation and over
200ppmfor poor operation.
5.3.2 Continuous Emissions Monitoring
(CEM)Data
Test condition averages for the CEM data
are given in Table 11 and include CO, CO2,
O2, THC, SO2, NOx, and HC1 at the spray
dryer inlet (SDI).
The CO concentrations at the SDI are
reconstructed from measurements at the SDI
and fabric filter outlet (FFO). Two CO
analyzers were used during the test program.
One was located at the spray dryer inlet and
the other at the fabric filter outlet. The scale
of the analyzer at the SDI ranged from 0 to
500 ppm. The analyzer at the FFO read
values greater than 500 ppm. The most
reliable data from both analyzers were used,
and a new data set (corrected to 12% CO2)
was reconstructed for the CO concentrations
at the SDI and FFO. If either analyzer
measured less than 500 ppm of CO, the
reading from the analyzer at the SDI was
used. If both analyzers read greater than
500 ppm of CO, the value from the analyzer
at the FFO was used.
Excess oxygen appears to correlate inversely
with steam load (i.e., higher O2 [10%] at low
load and lower O2 [6 to 8%] at higher steam
load).
As expected, the SO2 and HC1 at the spray
dryer inlet were not affected by combustor
operation. Based on averages for each PT
operating condition, inlet SO2 was in the
range of 170 to 200 ppm and inlet HC1
ranged from 400 to 470 ppm, which is
typical for MSW incinerators. Variation in
SO2 and HC1 at SDI location is attributable
to differences in the amount of chlorine and
sulphur in the refuse feed. Control of acid
gases is discussed in Section 6.
Total hydrocarbon concentrations were 2 to
6 ppm for "good operation", and
significantly higher (14, 29, 52 ppm) during
"poor combustor operation".
5.3.3 Trace Organic Concentrations
Concentrations of trace organics measured at
the air preheater inlet and spray dryer inlet
for each performance test condition of the
combustion system are summarized in
Table 12. The concentrations at the spray
dryer inlet are assumed to be the
concentrations at the exit of the combustion
system, before treatment in the air pollution
control system.
It is relevant to note that, in general,
concentrations of all trace organics at the
SDI, except PCB (which is relatively low),
were much higher under poor combustion
conditions than under good combustion
conditions. This is clearly illustrated in
Table 13. Accordingly, combustor
operations have a significant effect on trace
organic concentrations in the flue gas. The
use of carbon monoxide and total
-------
42
Table 10 Key Process Data for Combustion System per Performance Test Condition
STEAM LOAD :
COMBUSTOR OPERATION :
TEST # :
Steam Rate kg/h
Refuse Feed Rate kg/h
UG:OF Air Ratio
TOFA Number Levels
CO (ppm)
Furnace Temperature ฐC
Boiler Inlet Temp. ฐC
Economizer Outlet Temp. ฐC
A/H Outlet Temp. ฐC
Economizer Ash Rate kg/h
Fabric Filter Ash Rate kg/h
Bottom Ash Rate (dry) kg/h
LOW
GOOD
13.14
73,000
19,000
1.083
2
114
985
588
356
186
12.7
903
2,370
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2,10 5
88,000 84,000
27,000 27,000
0.923 1 .632
2 1
93 903
1,016 1,020
605 605
364 367
193 190
16.7 13.8
583 429
3,100 2,830
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8,9,11 3,4,7
96,000 100,000
28,000 29,000
1 .000 1 .000
2 1&3
83 344
1 ,025 1 ,033
574 579
377 376
194 202
15.5 13.5
1 ,297 968
3,120 3,550
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
107,000 106,000
28,000 28,000
0.887 0.754
2 2
116 397
1 ,049 976
607 612
387 365
197 185
17.0 10.5
315 1,239
3,280 3,350
Table 11 Continuous Emissions Monitoring Data for Combustion System per
Performance Test Condition
STEAM LOAD :
COMBUSTOR OPERATION :
TEST # :
Spray Dryer Inlet
Flue Gas Flow Rate Sm3/h
Moisture %
*+CO ppm
C02 %
O2 %
* NOx ppm
* SO2 ppm
* HCI ppm
* THC ppm
LOW
GOOD
13,14
133,000
12.2
114
10.0
9.9
167
182
432
4.7
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2,10 5
154,000 147,000
13.7 15.5
93 903
10.5 11.0
9.2 87
185 149
186 169
450 469
2.5 52.4
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8,9,11 3,4,7
148,000 153,000
16.2 16.3
83 344
11.8 12.0
7.7 72
185 168
179 189
461 430
3.3 13.9
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
144,000 161,000
16.0 14.7
116 397
12.9 11.5
6.4 7.9
180 157
198 192
470 404
6.1 28.6
* - Corrected to 12% CO2
+ - Reconstructed from measurements at SD inlet and FF outlet.
-------
43
Table 12 Trace Organic Concentrations for Combustion System per Performance Test
Condition
STEAM LOAD :
OPERATION :
TEST # :
CONCENTRATION
(ng/Sm3@12%CO2)
Preheater Inlet
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Spray Dryer Inlet
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
REFUSE MASS RATIO
(mg/tonne*)
Preheater Inlet
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Spray Dryer Inlet
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
LOW
GOOD
13,14
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
109
404
3,960
-
13,300
3,500
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
NC
0.61
2.3
23
-
76
20
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2,10 5
174 NC
816 NC
12,000 NC
252 NC
21,200 NC
10,500 NC
228 580
579 1 ,280
6,050 15,800
20 20
14,300 114,000
7,330 112,000
0.24 NC
0.19 NC
55 NC
1.2 NC
97 NC
48 NC
1.1 2.9
2.8 6.3
30 78
0.1 0.1
71 560
36.0 552
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8,9,11 3,4,7
200 390
1 ,300 1 ,900
12,300 14,000
100 269
39,000 59,300
44,800 88,900
125 196
591 732
5,480 6,940
33 11
14,300 24,100
16,500 53,900
0.28 2.1
0.18 10.2
54 74
0.4 1 .4
171 313
194 470
0.64 1 .0
3.0 3.9
28 37
0.17 0.06
73 127
81 281
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
67 317
215 885
6,030 9,400
34 12
16,600 41,600
16,200 88,600
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
NC NC
0.36 1 .8
1 .2 4.9
33 52
0.19 0.065
91 231
89 493
Note: "-" denotes value bebw detection limit
* - refuse as fired
NC - not collected; Preheater inlet samples collected for PT07 through PT10 only.
-------
44
Table 13 Trace Organic Concentrations (ng/Sm3 @ 12% CO2) Before Air Pollution Control
(after Combustion System) for Good Operation versus Poor Operation
Trace Organic
PCDD
PCDF
CB
CP
PAH
Under Good
Combustion
70 to 230
220 to 600
4000to 6000
13 000 to 17 000
4 000 to 17 000
Under Poor
Combustion
200 to 600
700 to 1 300
7 000 to 16000
24 000 to 1 14 000
54 000 to 112 000
hydrocarbons as measures of combustion
conditions that affect organic emissions is
discussed in Subsection 5.6.2. Removal of
trace organics by the APC system was
excellent. This is further discussed in
Section 6.
5.3.4 Particulate/Metal Concentrations
The concentrations of paniculate matter and
selected trace metals from the combustor
system for each performance test condition
of the combustion system are summarized in
Table 14. The significant removal of these
compounds by the APC system is discussed
in Section 6. It is interesting to note that
there is no significant difference in
concentrations of particulates and trace
metals under poor operation and good
operation of the combustion system.
5.3.5 Analysis of Refuse-derived Fuel (RDF)
Ultimate and proximate analyses were
performed on the RDF and are reported on a
dry basis in Table 15. The content of trace
organics and selected trace metals in the
RDF for each performance test condition are
also summarized in Table 15. The higher
heating value of the RDF was in the range of
18.1 to 20.9 MJ/kg (7 800 to 9 000 Btu/lb)
(dry basis). The ash content of the RDF
ranged from 12.5 to 18.2% (dry basis), with
most results between 16 and 17%. Chlorine
content was relatively broad (0.36 to 0.84%),
as expected. Sulphur content was 0.19 to
0.31%. Generally, there was a very wide
range in the amount of trace organics or
trace metals present in the RDF samples,
which is to be expected when analyzing for
compounds at very low concentrations.
5.3.6 Ash Analysis
The content of trace organics in the various
ash streams for each performance test
condition is summarized in Table 16. Data
for the fabric filter ash is also provided to
illustrate that trace organics are highest in
the fabric filter ash and lowest in incinerator
ash.
Trace metals in the various ash streams for
each performance test condition are
summarized in Table 17. These results are
further discussed later in this report.
5.4 Organics: Input/output Analysis
Combustion is an effective means of
reducing waste and of rapidly converting its
organic constituents to carbon dioxide, water
vapor, and ash. The average net destruction
-------
45
Table 14 Participate and Trace Metals Concentration for Combustion System per
Performance Test Condition
STEAM LOAD :
OPERATION :
TEST # :
CONCENTRATION
Oug/Sm3@12%CO2)
Spray Dryer Inlet
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Particulate
REFUSE MASS RATIO:
(g/tonne*)
Spray Dryer Inlet
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Particulate
LOW
GOOD
13,14
113
205
573
1,050
2,010
10,800
723
3,380
48,300
3,920,000
0.62
1.1
3.2
5.7
11.2
59
4.1
17.4
263
21,500
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2,10 5
120 122
240 230
584 527
983 623
1 ,990 1 ,430
8,710 14,300
722 634
1 ,420 2,030
44,000 31,200
5,310,000 4,770,000
0.61 0.61
1.2 1.2
3.0 2.6
4.9 3.1
10.0 7.2
43 72
3.6 3.2
7.0 10.2
223 157
26,700 24,000
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8,9,11 3,4,7
135 60
211 186
694 552
984 539
2,530 1 ,530
5,160 10,200
650 594
805 503
44,300 35,600
4,490,000 4,320,000
0.70 0.32
1.1 1.0
3.6 2.9
5.0 2.8
13.0 8.0
28 52
3.4 3.1
4.0 2.6
230 187
23,400 22,900
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
173 51
247 194
562 7,440
745 353
1,110 1,260
4,040 7,230
558 583
523 257
34,700 31,000
3,670,000 3,580,000
0.96 0.29
1.4 1.1
3.1 2.5
4.1 2.0
6.2 7.2
22 41
3.1 33
2.9 1.5
193 176
20,400 20,300
* - refuse as fired
-------
46
Table 15 Refuse-derived Fuel Analysis (Dry Basis) per Performance Test Condition
STEAM LOAD:
OPERATION:
TEST #:
HIGHER HEATING VALUE BTU/LB
PROXIMATE ANALYSIS:
VOLATILE MATTER %
FIXED CARBON %
ASH %
ULTIMATE ANALYSIS:
Cl %
C %
H %
N %
S %
ASH %
O2 (BY DIFFERENCE) %
MOISTURE CONTENT (as fired) %
TRACE ORGANICS:
Refuse Mass Ratio (mg/tonne*)
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
Total PAH
TRACE METALS:
Refuse Mass Ratio (g/tonne*)
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
LOW
GOOD
14
8,525
70.51
12.97
16.52
0.51
50.41
4.69
0.27
0.31
16.52
27.29
17.12
6.3
0.170
22.0
626
57,100
6.5
1.8
4.3
26
243
180
0.051
37
455
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2-10 5
7,985 7,813
72.42 72.01
11.03 12.02
16.56 15.97
0.36 0.84
47.62 44.37
6.78 6.15
0.50 0.51
0.28 0.24
16.56 15.97
27.91 31.92
24.27 23.26
2.5 5.2
0.087
13.0 22.0
57 194
473 625
5,140 4,070
2.1 4.7
2.3 2.2
1.5 3.0
20 16
541 26
87 159
0.045 0.041
34 19
335 206
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8-9-10 3-4-7
7,930 8,187
71.02 73.36
10.78 10.93
18.21 15.71
0.45 0.52
47.54 46.74
5.62 5.83
0.42 0.42
0.19 0.29
18.21 15.71
27.58 30.50
22.31 22.54
3.5 3.9
0.340 0.058
5.9 702.0
270
452 580
4,640 5,540
3.8 7.9
1.9 4.8
2.1 3.5
66 56
583 100
429 296
0.116 0.052
52 58
286 167
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
8,434 8,995
73.02 75.36
9.65 12.17
17.33 12.47
0.71 0.64
48.53 50.66
5.84 5.89
0.46 0.41
0.30 0.25
17.33 12.47
27.01 29.68
20.47 17.23
4.8 13.0
0.110 0.150
53.0
188
558 2,278
11,200 8,260
7.3 14.0
3.7 1.6
30 2.0
11 13
5,890 404
324 143
0.038 0.034
23 13
3335 357
"-" denotes value bebw detection limit
* - refuse as fired
Note: No data available for PT-13; values are for PT-14 only.
-------
47
Table 16 Trace Organics in Ash per Performance Test Condition
STEAM LOAD :
OPERATION :
TEST # :
REFUSE MASS RATIO:
(mg/tonne of refuse*)
Incinerator Ash
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Economizer Ash
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Fabric Filter Ash
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
CONCENTRATION:
(ng/g of ash)
Incinerator Ash
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Economizer Ash
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Fabric Filter Ash
PCDD
PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
LOW
GOOD
14
-
-
-
-
1.4
5.7
-
-
-
21.2
-
11
10
103
-
133
421
-
-
-
10
44
-
-
-
-
24
-
184
166
1,730
-
2,220
7,030
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2,10 5
- -
- -
- -
- -
^5 1 .6
824 8.2
0.221
0.019 0.93
- -
- -
8.8 5.1
5.2 242
1.2 1.5
2.1 1.1
31 17
_ -
86 46
63 150
- -
12 15
6,430 76
0.43
0.029 1 .83
- -
15 10
6.0 475
27 96
47 71
684 1 ,090
-
1 ,920 2,870
1 ,400 9,440
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8,9,11 3,4,7
0.012
0.021
- -
- -
0.29 1 .4
1.9 20
0.034
0.22 0.159
- -
- -
7.0 5.2
7.5 34
3.3 3.5
6.5 6.7
42 34
_ _
133 127
114 62
0.10
0.17
- -
2.5 11
16 161
0.061
0.38 0.35
- -
13 11
14 78
74 119
139 222
900 1 ,000
- -
2,730 4,160
2,920 1 ,900
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
- -
- -
- -
1.7
24 17
0.011
0.066 0.456
- -
-
6.1 1.5
413
0.23 10
0.63 13
8 76
_ _
16 275
13 335
_
-
-
14
196 136
0.03
0.11 1.2
-
_
10 4.0
1 ,087
20 227
56 282
708 1 ,680
_
1,450 6,100
1,160 7,430
Note: "-" denotes value below detection limit
* - refuse as fired
-------
48
Table 17 Trace Metals in Ash per Performance Test Condition
STEAM LOAD :
OPERATION :
TEST # :
CONCENTRATION:
frjg/g of ash)
Dry Bottom Ash
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Grate Sifting Ash
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Economizer Ash
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Fabric Filter Ash
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
LOW
GOOD
14
1.7
12
9.1
316
4,370
3,600
-
333
1,880
21
10
8.8
297
3,960
8,550
0.56
432
1,630
8.1
14
6.5
310
1,130
940
0.028
660
1,820
17
21
98
226
600
2,750
45
541
7,870
INTERMEDIATE
GOOD VERY POOR
2,10 5
1.1
10 10
6 6
184 196
6,710 3,840
1,250 1,910
0.041
337 294
1,620 1,150
26 25
10 8.1
8.7 11
409 454
9,370 956
12,900 3,880
0.46 2.02
693 1,136
3,240 1,790
10 13
12 15
8.0 5.9
245 330
660 679
785 949
0.011 0.02
355 1 ,289
1,200 1,410
10 9.0
19 15
87 70
274 264
637 431
2,350 1 ,990
14 25
304 744
5,880 5,460
NORMAL
GOOD POOR
8,9,11 3,4,7
1.9 0.4
10 8
7 7
204 232
4,550 2,780
2,400 1 ,600
0.102
211 172
1 ,400 1 ,200
37 45
11 8.7
10 11
282 337
2,340 1 ,540
9,730 7,710
0.98 1.81
401 337
2,280 4,210
3.2 8.9
11 12
7.3 7.0
400 307
1 ,540 606
923 949
0.014 0.019
377 396
1 ,930 1 ,520
12 8.9
20 18
93 93
245 163
676 355
3,130 3,230
31 43
415 239
6,970 7,830
HIGH
GOOD POOR
12 6
2.1
14 8
4 5
189 158
16,100 1,120
1 ,290 1 ,020
0.026 0.322
172 96
1,100 1,260
23 44
13 9.4
13 12
192 284
1,620 11,500
8,560 16,800
0.76 1 .02
253 303
1 ,930 2,800
2.7 9.3
12 18
8.9 6.2
210 150
580 509
979 659
0.024
260 170
1 ,350 1 ,760
8.2 10
16 19
138 96
187 154
365 374
2,870 3,670
32 36
246 374
4,810 9,790
Note: "-" denotes value below detection limit
-------
49
efficiencies of the organics are listed in
Table 18. The average net destruction
efficiency was determined by first
subtracting the mass rate of the inputs from
the sum total mass rate of the outputs and
dividing by inputs. Negative values, such as
those noted for PCDF and CB, indicate a net
increase (formation) of a particular class of
compounds.
For all organics except chlorobenzene,
greater destruction is achieved for good
combustion than for poor combustion. An
overall net destruction efficiency for the
combined tests was found to be 94.5%.
Similar results were obtained for the net
destruction efficiencies from the Quebec
City combustion tests (Environment Canada,
1988). The Quebec City unit is a mass burn
municipal waste incinerator with an
electrostatic precipitator (ESP). The
input/output for each stream for dioxins and
furans is shown in Figure 13. Each bar in
the figure represents the average amount
(mg/h) of quantified organic material found
in each stream during these tests. Note that
the concentrations of organics in the
incinerator ash, economizer ash, and stack
emissions are extremely low. Also note
slightly greater output levels of organic
material during poor combustion as
compared to good combustion.
5.5 Formation of Nitrogen Oxides
(NO*)
In modern municipal waste combustors,
there is a general tendency to produce higher
temperatures and better mixing in the
combustor to reduce carbon monoxide (CO)
and organic emissions. The higher
temperatures and better mixing also lead to
higher NOX emissions. The trade-off
between CO and NOX emissions is shown in
Figure 14. This figure contains 30-second
readings from the continuous emission
monitors for performance tests 3 and 9. For
both good and poor combustion tests, low
NOX emissions correspond to high CO
Table 18 Destruction of Organics by Combustion
Organics
PCDD
PCDF
PCDD/PCDF
CB
PCB
CP
PAH
Average
Poor
Combustion
5 Tests
74.3
-6668*
-2.2*
88.1
99.8
74.8
93.2
90.5
Good
Combustion
7 Tests
80.6
-1076*
17.0
-81.6*
99.95
84.4
97.2
96.4
Combined
Conditions
12 Tests
77.3
-2143*
7.1
79.4
99.9
78.8
96.0
94.5
* indicates formation
-------
U-
Q
U
cu
Q
Q
a
Poor Combustion
5 Tests
Good Combustion
7 Tests
Combined
12 Tests
Figure 13 Input/Output Analysis for PCDD and PCDF
-------
51
PT03
3000
0
100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 260
NOx (ppm)
Vtluei corrected to 12% CO2
PT09
2500-
2000-
a 1500-
o
u
1000-
500-
0-
10
D Good Combustion
n
ฐa^l$ffr^r
0 120 140 160 180 200 220 240 261
Valuei corrected to 12% CO2
NOx (ppm)
Figure 14 Carbon Monoxide versus Nitrogen Oxides in Flue Gas at Spray Dryer Inlet
-------
52
emissions and low CO emissions correspond
to high NOX emissions.
The test average CO versus NOX is shown in
Figure 15. Note that the plots are not linear
but hyperbolic. Therefore, a region exists at
the base of the curve where moderate CO
and NOX emissions are achievable. By using
a second order curve fit on the data (good
combustion, normal load), a minimum
average CO emission value of 71 ppm can
be estimated to maintain a maximum
average NOX concentration of 180 ppm (all
new MWCs over 225 Mg/day in the U.S.
must comply with an NOX limit of 180 ppm).
5.6 Furnace Formation of
PCDD/PCDF
The two predominant theories regarding
PCDD/PCDF formation are (1) that
PCDD/PCDF is associated with the
entrained particulate matter (PM) leaving the
furnace, and (2) that PCDD/PCDF is formed
in greater quantities during combustion
upsets (or during periods of high CO
emissions). The following analysis of the
test data will show that, during periods of
good combustion, a parameter indicating
PCDD/PCDF formation in the furnace is the
amount of entrained particulate matter
exiting the furnace. For periods of poor
combustion, the predominant parameter with
which PCDD/PCDF formation is correlated
is the level of organic matter escaping the
furnace, as indicated by elevated carbon
monoxide (CO) or total hydrocarbon (THC)
concentrations. Accordingly, reducing PM
carryover, and the frequency and magnitude
of CO excursions, will result in lower
PCDD/PCDF concentrations before
pollution control.
1000-
800-
400-
200-
100-
0-
O
O^
140
150
160 170 180
NOx (ppm)
190
200
Values corrected to 12% CO2
Figure 15 Test Average Carbon Monoxide versus Nitrogen Oxides
-------
5.6.7 Good Combustion - Effects of
Entrained Particulate Matter
Data from the Mid-Connecticut test program
show a fair correlation (R2 = 0.61) between
entrained paniculate matter and
PCDD/PCDF at the spray dryer inlet for test
conditions of good combustion. As shown
in Figure 16, PCDD/PCDF increases with
increasing carryover of paniculate matter.
This supports the findings from other MWC
test programs at Quebec City (Environment
Canada, 1988) and Montgomery County
(Kilgroe et a/., 1992), and the belief that the
concentration of PCDD/PCDF leaving the
stack is associated with the relative
concentration of entrained paniculate matter
leaving the combustor. One possible
interpretation is that the paniculate matter
provides all or some of the necessary
components for forming PCDD/PCDF.
These components may include reaction
sites (surface area), metallic promoters, and
organic precursor material (probably fused
ring structures). Therefore, reducing
carryover of paniculate matter will reduce
uncontrolled PCDD/PCDF emissions.
It should be noted that the relationship
between entrained paniculate matter and
PCDD/PCDF emissions is significant only
for good combustion. When all combustion
test conditions are examined, no statistically
significant relationship is found (R2 = 0.17).
The relationship for all test conditions is
shown in Figure 17. The scatter is great.
During times of poor combustion,
parameters other than PM carryover provide
better prediction of the concentration of
PCDD/PCDF leaving the combustor, as
discussed in Subsection 5.6.2.
5.6.2 Poor Combustion - Effects of
Carbon Monoxide Emissions
The level of carbon monoxide is a direct
indicator of combustion efficiency. High
levels of CO imply that the flue gases were
1200 -
xp. 1000 -
o
wป
PCDD/PCDF (n
* <> 0<
ง 8 S
30
f-l
C
n D
D
DO 40
D
D
00 50
n
DO 60(
Particulate Matter (mg/Sm3)
Valuer corrected to 12% CO2
Figure 16 PCDD/PCDF versus Particulate at Spray Dryer Inlet for Good Combustion
Conditions
-------
54
o
vo
1 '
Uซ
^ in/v\ _
PCDD/PCE
x S
.
JUU
30
c
n D
n
00 40
B
D
n
DO 50
D
rj Good Combustion
f Poor Combustion
00 60
00
Paniculate Matter (mg/Sm3)
Values corrected to 12% CO2
Figure 17 PCDD/PCDF versus Particulate at Spray Dryer Inlet for all Tests
not held at a high temperature in the
presence of oxygen for a sufficient time
period to convert the CO to CC"2. Very high
levels of CO correspond with an increase in
total hydrocarbon (THC) emissions and
other organics, such as volatile compounds,
semi-volatile compounds, and soot. It is this
organic material that is believed to be
converted into PCDD/PCDF.
The theory that higher levels of organic
material escaping the furnace lead to greater
levels of PCDD/PCDF was first examined
by plotting the average CO and THC
concentration versus the PCDD/PCDF
concentration. As can be seen in Figures 18
and 19, there is a strong correlation between
CO, THC, and PCDD/PCDF. Note that the
correlation appears stronger for poor
combustion tests than for good combustion
tests.
Poor combustion implies that greater
amounts of organic material escape the
combustor unburned. In the correlation
between CO and PCDD/PCDF, use of only
the poor combustion tests would improve R2
from 0.70 to 0.95. This can be interpreted to
mean that, for all tests, the variation in CO
emissions can be used to explain 70% of the
variation in PCDD/PCDF from the furnace.
For the poor combustion tests, however,
95% of the change in PCDD/PCDF values
can be explained by the change in CO
emissions. Similarly, the correlation
between THC and PCDD/PCDF improved
from an R2 value of 0.68 when considering
all test runs, to 0.97 for poor combustion
tests only. These correlations are consistent
with the theory that, during periods of poor
combustion, the amount of organic matter
escaping the furnace strongly influences the
formation of PCDD/PCDF.
-------
55
2000-
c 1500 -
1
U* 1000
Q
U
O. ,
CJ 500 -
Cu
0
O
0ฐ ฐ
oo
o
4
,
1
i
-I - ' 1 '
0 200 400 600
ซ
O Good Combustion
4| Poor Combustion
800
10(
CO (ppm)
Values corrected to 12% CO2
Figure 18 PCDD/PCDF versus Carbon Monoxide at Spray Dryer Inlet
^uuu -
'r-' 1 *5flf) -
8
1
***r
t 1000 -
1
r\ *;nn -
0
A
A
A
ฃ -
A A
A
^
A
t
A
A
A
Good Combustion
Poor Combustion
10 20 30 40 50 6(
THC (ppm)
Values corrected to 12% CO2
Figure 19 PCDD/PCDF versus Total Hydrocarbon at Spray Dryer Inlet
-------
56
The CO and THC data generated by the
continuous emission monitors can be viewed
as periods of stable combustion on which
short periods of unstable combustion are
superimposed, where CO and THC
concentrations are substantially higher. One
would expect higher concentrations of
PCDD/PCDF for test conditions which had
many combustion excursions. One method
of evaluating the possible contribution of
unstable combustion conditions (CO
excursions) to PCDD/PCDF emissions is to
examine the percentage of operating time
above a given CO concentration. The
correlations between portion of time above a
given CO concentration and the
PCDD/PCDF concentration was examined
for increments of 50 ppm. It was found that
the correlations steadily improve until the
portion of time that CO is greater than
400 ppm was reached, where R2 was 0.61.
Above this value, only slight improvements
in the correlations were observed. The
amount of PCDD/PCDF versus percent time
that the CO exceeded 400 ppm is shown in
Figure 20.
The test average CO value was a good
indicator of other organic compounds
besides PCDD/PCDF, such as
chlorobenzene, chlorophenols, and
poly cyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
Uncontrolled emissions of all these organics
increased with increasing CO concentration
with an R2 over 0.83. The plot of CO versus
polychlorinated biphenyls showed no
correlation, but this may be due to the
extremely low concentrations measured
(<70 ng/Sm3).
In summary, formation of PCDD/PCDF
increased in the presence of greater levels of
organic material as indicated by higher CO
emissions. At low levels of CO (or small
amounts of organic material), other factors,
such as paniculate matter carryover,
probably played more important roles in
determining the amount of PCDD/PCDF
formed. As CO levels increased above
E
o
t/5
I
8
2000
1500
1000
500
0 Poor Combustion
O Good Combustion
0% 10%
Values corrected to 12% CO,
50%
20% 30% 40%
% of Time O>400 ppm
Figure 20 PCDD/PCDF at Spray Dryer Inlet versus Percent of Time Carbon
Monoxide is Greater than 400 ppm
60%
-------
57
200 ppm, the amount of PCDD/PCDF
increased. The formation appears to be more
strongly related to absolute CO levels than to
excursions of CO above stable operation.
Combustor temperature did not vary
significantly and therefore it did not appear
to affect organic emissions.
5.7 "Downstream"orLow
Temperature Formation of
PCDD/PCDF
Low temperature or "downstream"
formation of PCDD/PCDF has been
observed in many municipal waste
combustors as the flue gas cools through the
temperature range of 400 to 150ฐC
(Schindler, 1989). At the Mid-Connecticut
facility, the temperature range associated
with maximum net formation rates occurs in
the air preheater. During the testing
program, four PCDD/PCDF samples were
taken at the air preheater inlet for
comparison with concentrations at the spray
dryer inlet to evaluate the formation or
destruction of PCDD/PCDF as flue gas and
fly ash pass through the temperature range
where low temperature formation of
PCDD/PCDF has been observed in other
experiments. The results are shown in
Figure 21. Contrary to expectations, a
decrease across the air preheater was
observed in total PCDD/PCDF for all test
runs, with only PCDD increasing during
test 10.
The observed reduction at this facility may
be related to the short time the entrained
paniculate matter is held in the formation
temperature range. The residence time of
the flue gas in the air preheater is only 1.5 to
2 seconds. The flue gases pass through the
peak formation temperature (572ฐF)
somewhere within the air preheater. This
short time of less than two seconds may not
allow significant formation of PCDD/PCDF
to occur. In addition, it may be speculated
that the observed reduction in PCDD/PCDF
concentration is also due to decomposition in
the duct before the air preheater.
Another possible explanation is artifact
formation of PCDD/PCDF in the sampling
probe used at the air heater inlet. The flue
gas temperature at the exit of the economizer
averaged from 371 to 388ฐC. Therefore, the
gases must pass through the low temperature
formation window before entering the
constant temperature filters (121 ฐC) of the
sampling train. It is possible that
PCDD/PCDF is formed in the probe. The
actual preheater inlet concentrations may
thus be lower than the spray dryer inlet
concentrations and PCDD/PCDF may form
across the air heater. Artifact formation
would be expected to have a less significant
impact when sampling at temperatures less
than 150ฐC, such as at the spray dryer inlet.
5.8 Effects of Carbon in Ash on
PCDD/PCDF Concentrations
Economizer ash hopper samples were
subjected to weight loss-on-ignition (LOI)
tests to provide information that could be
used to evaluate correlations between
organic material in the ash and the amount of
PCDD/PCDF leaving the combustor. The
relationship of economizer ash LOI to
PCDD/PCDF concentration at the spray
dryer inlet is shown in Figure 22. As one
would expect, the plot does show that the
LOI (i.e., fraction that is carbon) is lower
during good combustion than poor
combustion test conditions. A positive
correlation is observed between
PCDD/PCDF concentrations and LOI,
i.e., increased PCDD/PCDF appears to be
associated with increased LOI. This is
similar to laboratory results that have shown
-------
58
PCDD 250
(ng/dscm)
PCDF
(ng/dscm)
2000
1500
1000
0
PCDD
air heater inlet
spray drier inlet
Values corrected to 12%
PT07 PT08 PT09 PT10
PCDF
air heater inlet
spray drier inlet
Values corrected to 12% COj
PT07 PT08 PT09 PT10
Figure 21 PCDD and PCDF Levels Across Air Preheater
-------
59
AJUU-
10AA_
iฃnn_
o
tn
C
U
^1 RfYI-
Q 8
Q
-
n-
H
H
H
E
RJ E
o-
.
1
F
I.
*
J< Poor Combusuon
H Good Combustion
234
Weight Loss on Ignition (%)
Values corrected to 12% CO2
Figure 22 PCDD/PCDF at Spray Dryer Inlet versus Loss-on-Ignition of Economizer Ash
that the PCDD/PCDF formation potential in
fly ash is proportional to the fly ash carbon
content (Stieglitz and Vogg, 1990).
5.9
ecting Emissions
of Carbon Monoxide
Low CO emissions indicate good
combustion conditions while high CO
emissions correspond to poor combustion
conditions. One of the objectives of the
overall test program was to evaluate
combustion system performance by
determining: minimum achievable CO
emissions; operating conditions resulting in
low CO emissions (<200 ppm corrected to
12% CO2); and potential methods of
reducing CO emissions.
Average CO emissions of less than 150 ppm
with steady state minimum CO emissions of
30 to 50 ppm were achievable over the tested
range of boiler loads. The mode of overfire
air system operations that consistently
produced the best mixing and performance
was identified for each boiler load. At the
low and intermediate loads, the best
performance as indicated by CO and THC
emissions was achieved using two elevations
of TOFA nozzles (no RW-OFA) and an
OFA/UGA flow split of nearly 50/50. The
best performance at normal and high load
was achieved using two elevations of TOFA
nozzle plus the RW-OFA nozzles (upper row
only) and an OFA/UGA flow split of nearly
50/50. Average CO levels for good
combustion conditions are moderately
sensitive to the UFA/UGA flow split. All
other combinations tried produced poorer
results.
Operating oxygen levels also had an impact
on CO emissions. High CO emissions
-------
60
occurred when operating with too much or
too little combustion air. This finding
suggests that improving the system control
and maintaining the operating Oz level
within a narrower range (less than 4% 02
variation) would result in lower overall CO
emissions.
5.10 Multiple Regression Analysis -
Combustion System
5.10.1 Overview
As described in Section 4, statistical analysis
is an important technique used to study the
performance test data obtained. The primary
goals for applying statistical analyses to the
combustion system were to determine which
emissions and operating parameters can be
used as surrogate indicators for predicting
trace organic emissions from the combustor,
and to identify how various combustor
operating parameters affected emissions
from the combustor (before treatment in the
APC system).
This resulted in the development of two
types of models:
(a) prediction models that provide a method
to predict trace organic emissions from
the combustor by monitoring more
readily measurable parameters; and
(b) control models that identify combustor
operating variables which can be
adjusted to control and minimize the
formation and release of trace organics
from the combustor.
For the combustion system, the
concentration of each of the trace organics at
the spray dryer inlet was selected as the
dependent variable for modelling by linear
regression analysis.
The independent variables were separated
into two groups. Those that were used to
generate prediction models are referred to
as the "monitoring variables". Those that
were used to generate the control models
are referred to as the "control variables".
The monitoring variables for the prediction
models are: carbon monoxide; nitrogen
oxides; water; oxygen; total hydrocarbons;
hydrogen chloride; sulphur dioxide; furnace
temperature; boiler temperature; economizer
temperature; and air preheater gas outlet
temperature.
Some of the control variables or operational
settings for the control model include: total
undergrate air flow; main steam flow; rear
wall air flow; total overfire air flow; and
RDF moisture.
The final number of variables used in the
"best fit" models was based on the
reviewers' experience and judgement. In
most of the cases, three-variable models
were chosen as being adequate. In a few
cases, two-variable or four-variable models
were selected as the best fit.
Some of the models are illustrated in this
section using graphs that show a straight
diagonal line to mark the position of a
perfect match between the measured values
and the calculated values. Data points
represented by numbers 2 to 14 correspond
to the performance test runs PT-02 to PT-14.
The models for each of the organics
examined can be better understood by
examining these graphs. The closer the
numbers are to the diagonal, the stronger the
model.
Two parallel lines have been placed on each
side of the diagonal of these graphs: one
above and one below the perfect fit diagonal.
These are each displaced from the perfect fit
-------
61
by a distance equal to the average of the
absolute values of all the residuals. The
band formed by these lines is called the
residual band and is used to visually
represent the R2 value. The residual band
has no statistical significance beyond the
purpose of visual comparisons between
correlation models. The narrower the
residual band, the closer the numbers
approach the diagonal and, therefore, the
higher the R2 values and the better the
model. As more variables are added to the
model, the residual band should become
narrower or else the model should be
rejected. A wide residual band indicates a
poor model.
The tables that accompany the figures show
the progressive increase in R2 values
achieved by going from a one-variable
model to a two-variable model,
three-variable model and four-variable
model. The best fit model is highlighted in
each table.
5.10.2 Dioxin Models
As shown in Table 19, the prediction model
for PCDD that used NOX, CO, and moisture
in the flue gas resulted in one of the highest
R2 values (0.89). As shown in Figure 23,
this model has a narrow residual band with
most of the points falling within these bands.
A similar model using NOX, CO, moisture in
the flue gas, and furnace temperature
resulted in a higher R2 (0.928). As discussed
earlier, concentrations of PCDD before the
APC are related to unburned organic
material. The four variables that gave the
best fit are indicators of or directly influence
the completeness of the combustion process.
Unfortunately, the control models do not
provide correlations that are as strong as
those for the monitoring variable models.
As shown in Table 20, maximum R2 was
0.67. The model variables that provide the
strongest correlations are combustion air
flows and RDF moisture. These parameters
also influence mixing and combustion
completeness. It may be assumed then that
some reduction in PCDD could be achieved
by effective control of these parameters.
5.10.3 Furan Models
The variables that produced very good
predictions of PCDD concentrations at the
spray dryer inlet also produced good
predictions of PCDF at the spray dryer inlet.
For the monitoring model with the highest
R2 (0.811), three of the four variables (CO,
FhO, and furnace temperature) are indicators
of combustion conditions. The fourth
variable is HC1. As discussed earlier, the
amount of chlorine in the refuse is believed
to influence the formation of PCDD/PCDF.
High concentration of chlorine can also
suppress combustion reaction rates. The
best three-variable monitoring models for
PCDF (R2=0.78) are shown in Figure 24.
This model uses CO, NOX, and moisture.
The control models for PCDF concentrations
at the spray dryer inlet use the same
variables as the control models for PCDD,
i.e., combustion air flows and RDF moisture.
Maximum R2 was 0.67.
5.10.4 Models for Other Trace Organics
The monitoring models to predict
concentrations of chlorophenols (CPs),
chlorobenzenes (CBs), and polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) from the
combustion system (before APC) typically
contained variables that are indicators of
combustion performance, i.e., CO, THC, or
NOX. Many of these models also contained
expressions for moisture variables (RDF
moisture content or flue gas moisture
content) that directly or indirectly affect
combustion conditions. The R2 for the best
-------
62
Table 19 Multiple Regression for PCDD and Spray Dryer Inlet - Prediction Models
R2
0.79
0.82
0.89
0.93
CO
(Corrected)
X
X
X
X
Variables
NOX
(SDI)
X
X
X
in Model
H2O
(SDI)
X
X
Furnace
Temperature
X
BEST 3 MONITORING VARIABLES
700
600 -
500 -
& 400 -
Q
"ง 300 -
zoo -
100 -
T
T
0 ZOO 400
Measured PCDD (ng/dscm)
R2 = 0.89
Variables: Reconstructed CO NOjatSDI HzQatSDI
600
Figure 23 Calculated PCDD versus Measured PCDD at Spray Dryer Inlet - Prediction Model
-------
63
Table 20 Multiple Regression for PCDD at Spray Dryer Inlet - Control Models
R2
0.31
0.39
0.59
0.67
RDF
Moisture
X
X
X
X
Variables in
Rear Wall
Over Fire Wall
X
X
X
Model
Undergate
Air Flow
X
X
Total
Air
X
models was typically 0.96 to 0.97. Further
details on these prediction models are in
Volume II of the report series (Environment
Canada, 1991).
The best control models for CP, CB, and
PAH for the most part also contain variables
that are related to combustion difficulties (a
high RDF moisture content) or combustion
air flow distribution problems. Further
evaluation of the effects of RDF moisture
content and combustion air variables leads to
the conclusion that organic emissions from
the combustor are strongly related to
combustion conditions in the lower furnace.
The best control models had R2 values of
0.83 for CP, 0.81 for CB, and 0.66 for PAH.
Further details are in Volume n of the
report series (Environment Canada, 1991).
Good predictive or control models were not
found for PCB emissions from the
combustion system.
-------
64
BEST 3 MONITORING VARIABLES
I
0.2
1
I
1.2
0.6 0.8
Measured PCDF (ng/dscm)
p o ft *TQ (Tnous&nds)
m\A* ^ V* / O
Variables: Reconstructed CO HClatSDI Furnace Temperature
Figure 24 Calculated PCDF versus Measured PCDF at Spray Dryer Inlet - Prediction
Model
-------
65
Section 6
Performance Test Series for Air Pollution Control System
6.1 Overview
In this section the performance test results
and key findings for the air pollution control
system, including concentrations at the inlet
to the APC system (i.e., spray dryer inlet)
and emissions from the fabric filter to the
stack are summarized. The APC system test
series consists of the same 13 PT runs
discussed in Section 5. As shown in Figure
25, however, these tests have been regrouped
into the nine different operating conditions
of the air pollution control equipment. The
data discussed in this section pertain only to
the APC system, whereas the data in Section
5 were relevant only to the combustion
system. Concentrations at the spray dryer
inlet are common to both systems and are
used in both sections.
One objective of the PT tests for the APC
system was to evaluate emissions and
pollutant removal efficiency at different flue
gas temperatures and lime addition rates
(i.e., stoichiometric ratio). Sulphur dioxide
concentration at the fabric filter outlet was
used as a surrogate for stoichiometric ratio.
Due to budget constraints, it was not
possible to do duplicate runs for each of the
nine test conditions.
6.2 Summary by Performance Test
Run
Some of the key data generated during each
PT run for the APC system are summarized
in Tables 21 and 22. Specifically, key
process data for the APC system, such as
flue gas temperatures, pressure drops, lime
slurry parameters, and flue gas flow rates are
presented in Table 21. Some of the emission
data at the inlet and outlet of the spray dryer
and at the fabric filter outlet are presented in
Table 22. More detailed test results for each
PT run are presented in Appendix A and in
Volume II of the report series, (Environment
Canada, 1991).
The PT runs for the APC system are
categorized by flue gas temperature at the
spray dryer outlet (low, medium, and high)
and SCh concentration at the fabric filter
outlet (which serves as a surrogate indicator
of lime stoichiometry).
6.3 Summary by Performance Test
Condition
Key performance test data for the APC
system for each of the nine operating
conditions are shown in the nine figures in
Appendix C. These data are discussed in
small segments in this section.
6.3.1 Air Pollution Control Process Data
Key process data for the APC system,
including flue gas temperature, slurry flow,
and SO2 at the fabric filter outlet (which is
an indicator of lime stoichiometry) are
presented in Table 23. The APC test
conditions are grouped into three broad
categories based on the temperature of flue
gas at spray dryer absorber outlet: low
(120ฐC), medium (140ฐC), and high (165 to
170ฐC). These three temperature ranges
were selected to indicate the effect of the
degree of cooling of the flue gas (i.e.,
temperature at the spray dryer outlet) on the
overall removal of pollutants by the APC
system. For the low temperature category,
-------
66
00
CO
t
CO
o.
CM
t
CD
CO
CO
CD
CO
CO
CM
O
CM
CO
CO
CM
CO
en
CM
CO
CO
1
&
I
2
^
I
O
ฃ
O
Q_
CM
CM
CO
CJ
CO
CM
CM
CO
2
ฃ
OJD
'3
2
CD ^~ป
-3-ฐ
CD ซJ "T"
2*050
C5
co O -p
^ u. E
O U- Q.
O> ti Q-
CD
J3
E
Q.
CM
CD
- 30
CO nj O
2 *- CO
CJ ง_ *~* O
< ฃP
O
-
cyj
S3
I
W1
to *
i E"
-------
67
UJ
IT
ง
CO
Q T
lil O
Sป- o m m t- CM
1^ ^t CNJ f^ <*5 i^"
'-'-'- o o ^
t- -co
w
o
3!
S
5
CD
-
i s
or
o_
t;
0)
Q
I
O
-------
68
e
tf
*j
I
cu
u
CS
I
ฃ
h
-
D.
Q to
1-
a.
Q N
Q.
0 ^
_J '
0.
5 s
X \-
Q.
i!
0.
Q 0
H
Q_
5N
o
Q_
o *
ฃs
1- UJ
< h-
C\l
O
CO
O) LO t 10 T- CO COCO tO OO
is 5 " t K 2 ป ^ 5 ป ง ง
*- t O CO
O) T-
CO
co'
S^ 0 N -r- "'CO ฐ- ^
i-Tt 0 CO
O) T-
co
ro
tO^tCON N (O U?CM QO OO
i-Tj-COTj- T-N COO) COCO OO
T-Tt^^ "~ " "O'CO"
CO *~
co"
OJCOCMlO COCO COCO m1"^ OO
T- Tt *~ ป~ o" CM"
(0 CM
^~
TtCOCO(0 CO1 COCO tot OO
r^rxim'm T-O cot OJiO OO
ฃCMCOCO cy ^ - ^ . 010
i- t 0 <0
t CM
t
in
CD CD CD CO COtO tO) CO CO OO
T- Tt ^~ *~ O" CO"
CO CM
Tt
O)tcO^ NlO (OO TtCO OO
CMOJCO OCM 0)CO COIO OO
T- CO O" IO"
CO CM
OJ
Tt"
* *
_____ -It *
nC nc nCD ntl)
EO Eo Eฃ EC
EEE ^ Di ^- oi ^-5 ^5
S&o:^ J^ฃ s ฃ JiS ^s
h-
UJ
z
DC S
UJ o ^ ffl
la-o! ง s 1 1
jjSxiEl 2 ป I !
2 ซ * *
85
CO U>
1 *
< U>
co" cb
h-
CM CM
i-^ CO"
t CM
CO T-
St
Tt
10 T-
| 5!
O) T-
C^ CO
O N
O i-
O CO
8 to
IO
22
3-
t OJ
T- in
CO *-
co m
h~ O)
OJ
E E
D. Q.
a a
i-
lll
i
^-
13
O
n.
LU
>-
> I
cd *
CO
CM CMr- too oo T-Tt OCM mCO CM.
WtCO **> -T- *^CM ฐ. "I "ฐ ^ ซ
O O N T~ ON
0
CO
COlO-i-CO T- 0> tCM OCO CO"1 O^-
-CM ^O* '"i- *. ^ T-ฐ ^-CO
O O O) O IO
to
CM T- IO O) OJ T-
w'~ oฐ d'" g" '"o N"
^~
(OlONt NtD IO T- OO CMCO O,>.
- g ซ ป S 2 ฐ S 8 S "5 8 g
O O IO CO O CO
to
NNCMT- ^o *ฐ. ^
o o 10" o CM" ^~
cocooco r"00 ^l0* oo ฎ r: Sฎ
ง588' ^2 3 งฐ "2 s-t
T- O T- O" IO O CO
N T-
co_
co"
cpoot ON * co ON too o^-
-ฐ-ฐ|1~: ฐS ^d ScM tco oco ^t ^i/j
ฐ T- T- ^~ O *~ O ฐ. - - CM
0 0 t 10 0 t
cd
0)
_r _r _r _r ,r
n C "C ซC nQ) nQ)
ES ES E5 Ec <|r
f5fฃEE ^i*i ^d*l ^d*i ^J3 ~^5
^aaaa ฃ3. ฃ3. -E.-3. 3.2 -3-3
CO
^~
LU
h*
^
o
DC
UJ -S
J ^ -5
y+o)ifEo o o ^ s
CD * * * *
S3
.c
Q
to
8
o
o
ll
?8
-------
69
Table 23 Key Process Data for Air Pollution Control System per Performance Test
Condition
SO2 at FFO- Target
- Actual (ppm)
Test Number
SDI Temp (ฐC)
SDO Temp (ฐC)
FFO Temp (ฐC)
SD Pressure Drop (Pa)
Baghouse Pressure Drop (Pa)
Atomizer Slurry flow (L/min)
Slurry Feed (L/min)
SDO Low Temp
(120ฐC)
Low
17
7
204
124
106
1200
950
125
17
Med
74
10
193
123
106
1075
975
120
7.2
High
121
2,5
191
122
106
1000
900
98
5.3
SDO Medium Temp
(140ฐC)
Low
9
6
185
141
123
1200
925
76
30
Med
59
12,13,14
190
140
117
875
950
76
9
High
126
8
203
142
118
1100
950
91
8.3
SDO High Temp
(165ฐC)
Low
17
3,11
198
165
140
1050
975
57
28
Med
44
4
190
166
142
1075
950
45
23
High
189
9
193
170
140
1025
975
34
7.2
atomizing slurry flow was highest (98 to
125 L/min). For the high temperature
category, atomizing slurry flow was lowest
(34 to 57 L/min) and provided less cooling
of the flue gas, as desired for test purposes.
Within each of the temperature categories,
the amount of lime was allowed to vary from
very low to medium to a high amount [which
is indicated by high SCh (over 100 ppm),
medium SC>2, (21 to 100 ppm), and low SOa
concentrations (under 20 ppm) at the fabric
filter outlet]. Since lime stoichiometric ratio
was not readily known, SO2 concentration at
the fabric filter outler was used as a
surrogate, which immediately indicated the
relative amount of lime used.
6.3.2 Continuous Emissions Monitoring
(CEM)Data
The CEM data for SO2, HC1, and THC are
summarized in Table 24 for each PT
condition of the APC system. This includes
CEM data at spray dryer inlet (SDI), spray
dryer outlet (SDO), and fabric filter outlet
(FFO).
Sulphur dioxide concentrations at the spray
dryer inlet (i.e., from the combustor) ranged
from 170 to 200 ppm, which is typical for
MSW incinerators. Sulphur dioxide was
between 100 and 160 ppm at the SDO and
between 9 and 190 ppm at the FFO,
depending on the flue gas temperature and
the amount of lime used. Sulphur dioxide
removal efficiency is illustrated in Figure 26.
Clearly, SO2 removal by the APC system
can be easily controlled and can range from
good removal (over 90% and less than 20
ppm at stack) to poor removal (under 20%
and more than 100 ppm at stack), depending
on operating conditions selected for the
spray dryer and fabric filter. As shown in
Figure 26, up to 60% of SOi removal occurs
across the spray dryer, the balance occurring
across the fabric filter.
-------
70
Table 24 Continuous Emissions Monitoring Data for Air Pollution Control System per
Performance Test Condition
SO2 at FFO- Target
Test Number
Spray Dryer Inlet
(ppmat 12%CO2)
-S02
-HC1
-THC
Spray Dryer Outlet
(ppmat 12% CO2)
-SO2
-HC1
Fabric Filter Outlet
(ppmat 12% CO2)
-SO2
-HC1
-THC
SDO Low Temp
(120ฐC)
Low
7
183
399
13
127
10
17
8
12
Med
10
194
429
2
131
15
74
19
2
High
2,5
173
470
29
NA
50
121
20
19
SDO Medium Temp
(140ฐC)
Low
6
192
404
29
108
20
9
10
26
Med
12,13,14
187
445
5
136
32
59
18
3
High
8
184
538
3
163
44
126
41
2
SDO High Temp
(165ฐC)
Low
3,11
187
416
11
107
15
17
21
9
Med
4
186
471
8
NA
45
44
31
5
High
9
178
432
5
159
146
189
98
9
Hydrogen chloride concentrations at the SDI
(i.e., from combustor) ranged from 400 to
540 ppm, which is typical for MSW
incinerators. Hydrogen chloride was
between 10 and 50 ppm at the SDO for all
PT conditions (except PT9 at 146 ppm) and
8 to 40 ppm at the FFO for all PT conditions
(except PT9 at 98 ppm). Hydrogen chloride
removal efficiency is illustrated in Figure 27.
It is clear that HC1 removal over 95% and
stack emissions below 20 ppm are possible,
depending on the operating conditions
selected for the spray dryer and fabric filter.
Because of its high reactivity, HC1 removal
exceeded 92%, even when there was low
SO2 removal of 20%. Most of the HC1
removal occurred across the spray dryer; the
fabric filter accounted for less than 10%
removal of the total HC1. A more detailed
discussion of operating variables for removal
of SO2 and HC1 is provided in
Subsection 6.4.
6.3.3 Trace Organic Concentrations
Trace organic concentrations at the SDI (i.e.,
leaving the combustor) and at the FFO (i.e.,
after the APC system) are summarized in
Table 25 for the different PT conditions of
the APC system.
PCDD was reduced from a range of 70 to
400 ng/Sm3 to less than 0.6 ng/Sm3. This is
a PCDD removal efficiency of more than
99.7% in all cases (except for PT9 at 99.2%).
-------
71
K
-------
72
PCDF was reduced from a range of 300 to
1000 ng/Sm3 to less than 0.6 ng/Sm3 in all
cases, except PT5 at 1.1 ng/Sm3. The
removal efficiency for PCDF exceeded
99.9% for all test runs.
In summary PCDD/PCDF removal was
consistently high for all test runs and APC
operating conditions. Because PCDD/PCDF
removal was so high, it is difficult to
distinguish whether process operating
parameters had any significant effect on
removal efficiency or whether differences in
removal efficiency are due to limits in
sampling and analytical precision. Statistical
analysis for correlations and multiple
regression analysis indicated that APC
operating conditions appeared to have little,
if any, effect on PCDD/PCDF control. HC1
concentration at FFO, FF pressure drop, and
SD outlet temperature appeared to have a
weak impact on PCDD removal. As each of
these parameters increased, PCDD removal
decreased slightly. Note, however, that
PCDD removal was over 99.2% in all cases.
Table 25 Concentrations of Trace Organics for Air Pollution Control System
per Performance Test Condition
SDO Low Temp
(120ฐC)
SO2 at FFO -Target
Test Number
Spray Dryer Inlet
(ng/Sm3 @ 12% CO2)
-PCDD
-PCDF
-PCB
-CB
-CP
-PAH
Fabric Filter Outlet
(ng/Sm3@12%CO2)
-PCDD
-PCDF
-PCB
-CB
-CP
-PAH
Low Med High
1 10 2,5
207 243 396
796 424 1 007
17 13 23
7100 6200 10900
25200 16200 62900
51800 6300 60200
0.17 0.18 0.23
0.15 1.10 0.62
ND ND ND
110 42 400
230 80 1 600
1 400 2 600 4 800
SDO Medium Temp
(140ฐC)
Low Med High
6 12,13,14 8
317 95 211
885 341 951
12 ND 24
9 400 4 600 7 100
41600 14400 20200
88600 7700 10300
0.35 0.06 0.29
0.16 0.12 0.47
ND ND 7
540 ND 110
1 300 90 190
2 000 2 900 2 400
SDO High Temp
(165ฐC)
Low Med High
3,11 4 9
161 151 71
61 1 623 378
42 ND 6
6 200 6 000 4 800
20800 17000 11300
47100 22500 32400
0.35 0.37 0.58
0.29 0.49 0.50
27 19 14
290 90 110
190 170 390
3 700 2 000 2 400
-------
73
The data in Table 25 for CB, CP, and PAH
concentrations are further summarized as
follows:
CB
CP
PAH
Spray Dryer Inlet
(ng/Sm3)
5 000 to 1 1 000
1 1 000 to 63 000
6000 to 90 000
Fabric Filter Outlet
(ng/Sm3)
100 to
100 to
2 000 to
500
1600
5000
There is a wide variation in concentration at
the spray dryer inlet. As discussed in
Chapter 5, the higher values occurred under
poor operating conditions of the combustor
system. The significant reduction in CB,
CP, and PAH concentrations across the APC
system is apparent in the data presented.
Removal efficiency of CB, CP, and PAH by
the APC system was significant; over 94%
for CB and CP, and over 60% for PAH. Low
PAH removal efficiencies were typically
associated with low PAH inlet
concentrations.
PCB concentrations at both locations were
relatively low; under 40 ng/Sm3. PCB was
not detected at the fabric filter outlet (i.e., the
stack) for almost all operating conditions,
except where spray dryer outlet temperature
was relatively high (i.e., 165ฐC).
6.3.4 Particulate/Metal Concentrations
The range of paniculate and trace metal
concentrations is summarized in Table 26,
for the spray dryer inlet and the fabric filter
outlet.
Paniculate concentrations were reduced very
significantly from a range of 3 210 to
5 440 mg/Sm3 at the SDI to 3 to 8 mg/Sm3 at
the FFO. This corresponds to a paniculate
removal efficiency that exceeds 99.7%. This
is consistent with the good performance
expected for the fabric filter dust collector
(i.e., emissions below 10 mg/Sm3).
Trace metals were also significantly
removed by the APC system, typically from
thousands (ug/Sm3) to less than 90 u,g/Sm3.
Several metals (e.g., arsenic, antimony,
cadmium, and zinc) showed non-detectable
concentrations at the FFO. Accordingly,
removal of all condensed trace metal was
very high, except for nickel in run PT8
(84%). There is no obvious explanation for
the lower removal efficiency of nickel for
PT8. The removal of mercury exceeded 96%
during all tests.
Due to the high removal efficiencies for
paniculate and metals, it is difficult to
determine whether any differences in
emissions or removal efficiency were due to
process operating conditions or limitations in
sampling/analytical precision. The removal
of mercury was investigated further, as
discussed in Subsection 6.4.
-------
74
Table 26 Range of Concentrations for Participate and Trace Metals
Participate
(mg/Sm3)
Trace Metals
(ug/Sm3)
- Mercury
- Antimony
- Arsenic
- Cadmium
- Chromium
- Copper
- Lead
- Nickel
-Zinc
Spray Dryer Inlet
3 210 to 5 440
531 to 914
44 to 173
159 to 270
437 to 832
353 to 1095
1 100 to 3220
2 600 to 14 700
257 to 2230
31 000 to 50 000
Fabric Filter Outlet
2.7 to 7.7
7 to 21
ND
ND
ND
8 to 32
ND
29 to 91
2 to 67
ND
6.4 Multiple Regression Analysis -
Air Pollution Control System
The statistical analysis techniques described
in Subsections 4.7 and 5.10 for the
combustion system were also applied to the
APC system. In particular, the process
operating variables for the APC system that
may affect acid gas removal (HC1 and SCh)
and mercury removal are discussed in this
section. The removal of other pollutants was
also examined for relevant correlations, but
no statistically significant relationships were
found.
6.4.1 Air Pollution Control Operating
Variables for Regression Analysis
One objective of the program was to
determine the impact of APC system
operating parameters on removal of acid gas
and mercury.
The two process parameters generally
having the greatest impact for acid gas
control by lime spray dryer/fabric filters
systems are the approach to adiabatic
saturation temperature of the flue gas and the
stoichiometric ratio of available alkali to
acid gases.
In spray dryer systems, the adiabatic
approach to saturation temperature provides
an indication of the length of time wetted
alkali remains reactive and is a function of
the flue gas temperature and moisture
content. As the flue gas temperature
approaches the adiabatic saturation
temperature, the reactivity of the sorbent
decreases. Because of problems with
directly monitoring adiabatic saturation
temperature, the flue gas temperature at the
SD or FF outlet is typically used for process
control.
-------
75
The stoichiometric alkali-to-acid gas ratio is
a function of the total content of reactive
alkali in added sorbent, fly ash, slaking, and
slurry dilution water and the concentration of
individual acid gases in the flue gas.
Due to limitations in determining the total
alkali input to the spray dryer, calculation of
stoichiometric sorbent feed rates was based
on the alkalinity in the lime slurry alone. To
help interpret SD/FF performance, two
different stoichiometric ratio formulas were
used. The first formula, referred to as the
overall stoichiometric ratio (OSR), is the
commonly used format for comparing moles
of alkali to moles of acid gases:
OSR =
mol/hofCa(OH)2
mol/h
of HC1)
The second formula, referred to as the
reduced stoichiometric ratio (RSR),
recognizes that HC1 is more reactive than
SOa, and that the amount of alkali available
for reaction with SCh is a function of the
amount of alkali remaining after reaction
with HC1. Assuming 100% reaction of HC1
with the alkali, RSR is defined as:
RSR =
6.4.2
mol/h of Ca(OH)2 - '/2(mol/h of HC1)
mol/h of SO2
Correlations for Removal of Sulphur
Dioxide
In Figure 28, the 862 removal efficiency of
the APC system is shown as a function of
the Overall Stoichiometric Ratio (OSR).
Although it is not shown here, a similar
relationship was obtained for SO2 removal
versus Reduced Stoichiometric Ratio (RSR).
There is a relevant dependence of SO2
removal by the APC system on
stoichiometric ratio.
The SO2 removal is plotted versus OSR for
the three flue gas temperatures in Figure 28.
The scatter of the points is such that the
effect of flue gas temperature on SO2
removal appears to be very weak for any
selected SR value. However, multivariate
analysis, as discussed next, does indicate that
flue gas temperature has some effect on SO2
removal by the APC system.
Based on multivariate analysis, a strong
relationship (R2 = 0.90) was found to predict
SO2 removal by the APC system versus
overall SR and flue gas temperature at FFO.
The statistical relationship is expressed as
follows:
ln(100 - overall % SO2 Removal) =
-1.3986 (OSR) + 0.0177 (FFO Temperature) + 0.6087
The performance of this prediction model
using OSR and FFO temperature is
illustrated in Figure 29, where the calculated
values of SO2 removal are plotted against the
measured values of SO2 removal.
Correlations of SO2 removal across the spray
dryer versus RSR and SO2 removal across the
fabric filter versus RSR were also completed
and show a strong relationship between percent
removal and RSR, as expected.
To examine the effect on SO2 removal of
HC1 in the flue gas, SO2 removal by the
spray dryer versus HC1 at SDI was plotted in
Figure 30. This figure suggests that HC1
levels may influence the SOz removal
efficiency across the SD. Since HC1 is more
reactive with lime than is SO2, the sorbent
available for reaction with SO2 depends on
the HC1 concentration for a given SR.
Therefore, at higher HC1 concentrations for a
given SR, SO2 removal will be lower. A
similar relationship was found for SO2
removal across the fabric filter versus HC1 at
SDO.
-------
76
O
ut
O
1 1 V
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
Q
-10
-
-
-
-
0+
o
-*-
o
+
D
D
+
0
O
I I I ! I I I ! I I f I I I
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6 2
Overall Stoichiometric Ratio
D 255F + 285F O 336F
2.4
2.8
Figure 28 Sulphur Dioxide Removal by Air Pollution Control System versus Overall
Stoichiometric Ratio (OSR), One Variable Model
1C
N
O
O
o
1 1U
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
-in
-
-
-
>-
DE%
B
a
D
E
D
Q
B
a
r2- 0.90
Q
I I i 1 1 1 1 I
20 40 60
Cilculซtปd Overall S02 Removal (%)
80
100
Figure 29 Measured versus Calculated Overall Sulphur Dioxide Removal, Two Variable
Model (Overall Stoichiometric Ratio and Fabric Filter Outlet Temperature)
-------
77
60
SO
40
30
20
10
380 410 430 450 470 4ป0
SO InUt HCI Cone, (ppm 0 12% C02)
B 2S5F -I- 28SF o 335F
510
530
Figure 30 Sulphur Dioxide Removal by Spray Dryer versus Hydrogen Chloride at Spray
Dryer Inlet
Various other statistical relationships
developed from multivariate analyses for
SCh removal are discussed in Volume II of
the report series (Environment Canada,
1991).
6.4.3 Correlations for Removal of
Hydrogen Chloride
The HCI removal efficiency of the APC
system is shown in Figure 31 as a function
of the Overall Stoichoimetric Ratio (OSR).
The effect of SR on HCI removal appears to
be rather small for the range tested. Flue gas
temperature appears to affect HCI removal,
as can be seen from lower HCI removal for
the PT runs at 168ฐC versus 140ฐC or 124ฐC
(i.e. points 0 versus points D or +). These
relationships were further investigated by a
multivariate analysis.
Based on multivariate analysis, a good
relationship (R2 = 0.82) was found for HCI
removal by the APC system using the two
variables of RSR and flue gas temperature at
the spray dryer outlet. The statistical
relationship is expressed as follows:
ln(100 - Overall % HCI Removal) =
-0.270 (RSR) + 0.0186 (SDO Temp.) -3.4111
This relationship is illustrated in Figure 32.
Other statistical relationships for percentage
of HCI removal are discussed in Volume II
of the report series (Environment Canada,
1991).
6.4.4 Correlations for Removal of Trace
Organics
As indicated in Subsection 6.3, APC
operating conditions appeared to have little,
-------
78
o
I
uu
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
60
78
7ฃ
-
-
-
u
B
-f
D B f? + 0
0
0
"*"
o
1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 i 1 1 ! t 1 i
0.4
0.8 1.2 1.6
Ov.rtH Stolchlom.trlc Ratio
2.4
2.8
2S5F
288F
335F
Figure 31
Overall Hydrogen Chloride Removal by Air Pollution Control System versus
Overall Stoichiometric Ratio
o
X
o
o
100
98
96
94
92
90
88
86
84
82
eo
78
76
Q
n
a
a ฐaa
a
r'* 0.82
83
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
CalculiUd Ovtrtll HCI Rซmovซl (%)
Figure 32 Measured versus Calculated Overall Hydrogen Chloride Removal - Two
Variable Model (Reduced Stoichiometric Ratio and Spray Dryer Outlet
Temperature)
-------
79
if any, effect on the removal of PCDD/PCDF
by the APC system for the range tested.
Based on statistical analyses, HC1 at FFO,
FF pressure drop and SDO temperature
appeared to decrease PCDD removal slightly
(R2 = 0.71), when any of these parameters
increased in value.
6.4.5 Correlations for Removal of Mercury
The removal of mercury by APC systems for
municipal waste combustors has become an
important issue to the industry. Some
facilities have reported good mercury
removal, whereas others have measured poor
mercury removal. Accordingly, the PT data
were analyzed statistically to identify
parameters that may be relevant for good
removal of mercury.
The operating parameters selected for
analyses for mercury removal efficiency of
the APC system were flue gas temperature,
stoichiometric ratio, fabric filter pressure
drop, and percentage of carbon in fabric
filter ash (based on percentage in LOI).
Overall stoichiometric ratio versus mercury
removal efficiency across the SD/FF system
are shown in Figure 33. The figure indicates
that mercury removal decreased as OSR
increased. This phenomenon suggests that
chlorine may be stripped from HgCb formed
in the flue gas at higher stoichiometric ratios.
As a result, volatile ionic Hg2+ may be
liberated, resulting in increased mercury
emissions. Because acid gas removal
increases with increasing stoichiometric
ratio, a tradeoff may exist between acid gas
and mercury control levels.
The relationship between FF outlet
temperature and mercury removal is shown
in Figure 34. As shown in the figure,
mercury removal decreased with increasing
FF outlet temperature. It can be inferred that
mercury condensation/adsorption decreased
at higher flue gas temperatures and, as a
result, less mercury was captured with the
paniculate matter.
Because there was little variation in the FF
pressure drop and mercury removal was
consistently high (more than 96%), no
significant correlation was observed between
these two parameters. No correlation was
found with percentage of carbon in the FF
ash (loss-on-ignition).
-------
80
gc
>
O
V V.B
8ป.4
9.2
89
98.8
98.6
98.4
96.2
98
97.8
97.e
97.4
97.2
97
96.8
96.6
96.4
B6.2
-
-
-
_
_
-
-
-
-
_
-
-
-
-
_
D
O
D
m
a
a
a
a
B
B B
G
a
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ! 1 '
0.4 0.8 1.2 1.6
Ov.rtll Stolchlomttrlc Ritio
2 8
Figure 33 Overall Mercury Removal versus Overall Stoichiometric Ratio
?
"IB
o
cc
3
i
O
Vซ.O
99.4
99.2
99
98.8
98.6
98.4
98.2
98
97.8
97.6
97.4
97.2
97
96.8
96.6
96.4
96.2
O
a
-
D
a
D
D
a
-
-
D
a
D ^
-
B
-
-
-
a
1 1 ! 1 | 1 1 1
220 240 260 280
Fabric Filttr Outltt Tปmpปrปturป (F)
Figure 34 Overall Mercury Removal versus Fabric Filter Outlet Temperature
-------
81
Section 7
Ash Characterization Results
7.1 Overview
The four separate ash streams, namely
bottom ash (BA), grate siftings (GS),
economizer (EC) ash, and fabric filter (FF)
ash, that were sampled during the 13
performance tests were further tested as part
of an ash characterization program. It
should be noted that the ash products
generated by the facility are combined and
are currently disposed in a monofill, but no
sampling or analysis was done on this
combined product.
This section provides highlights of major
findings of the ash characterization program
and discusses implications for facility
operation, ash management, and
recommendations for further study. The ash
test program was conducted in three parts.
1. Analyses for trace organics and trace
metals were conducted on ash samples
from all 13 performance tests. Detailed
results are included in Volume II
(Environment Canada, 1991).
2. Chemical analyses of ash leachates generated
using four different leaching/extraction
tests were performed on samples from 5 of
13 performance tests. A complete
discussion of these analyses is included in
Volume V, Book #1 (Environment
Canada, 1991).
3. Chemical analyses and engineering tests
were performed on solidified mixtures of
fabric filter ash, waste pozzolanic
material, and Portland Type II cement.
Solidification is one popular method for
ultimate disposal and use of ash from
these facilities. A complete discussion
of the results of the analyses and tests is
given in Volume V, Book #2,
(Environment Canada, 1991).
7.2 Chemical Composition Analyses
Trace organic concentrations in the ash
streams for each performance test condition
are presented in Section 5 and in Appendices
A and B. The data are summarized in
Table 27. Generally, there is a progressively
significant increase in concentrations of all
trace organics, except PAH, through the
system, (i.e., highest for fabric filter ash and
lowest for incinerator ash).
The range of distribution of most trace
metals appears to be a function of thermal
properties of the elements. Typically, for
example, higher concentrations of relatively
volatile trace metals, such as arsenic,
cadmium, mercury, and zinc, were measured
in the fabric filter ash than in the bottom
ash/grate siftings. However, relatively
heat-stable elements, such as chromium,
copper, and nickel, were generally measured
in higher concentrations in the bottom
ash/grate siftings. For lead, the highest
concentrations were measured in the grate
siftings. A fair correlation (R2 > 0.5) was
observed between concentrations in the
bottom ash and grate siftings and
concentrations in the refuse. Complete data
are provided in Volumes II and V
(Environment Canada, 1991).
Additional analytical work to determine
specific metal species present in the different
-------
82
Table 27 Summary of Average Concentrations ((ig/g) of Trace Metals in Ash
Metal
Antimony
Arsenic
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Lead
Mercury
Nickel
Zinc
Dry Bottom Ash
2
10
6
211
5066
1859
0.15
266
136.9
Grate Siftings
34
10
10
325
4036
9645
1.2
477
2839
Economizer
8
13
7
301
888
893
0.02
451
1591
Fabric Filter Ash
11
18
96
216
491
2856
34
408
6945
fractions might promote better understanding
of the effect of operating conditions on metal
distribution.
7.3 Acid Neutralization Capacity
The acid neutralization capacity (ANC) of a
material is a measure of that material's
capacity to resist changes in pH, which is a
relevant factor with regard to leachability of
trace metals. The average ANCs of the
bottom ash, grate siftings, economizer ash,
and fabric filter ash are shown in Figure 35.
As shown in the figure, the fabric filter ash
has higher buffering capacities than either
the economizer ash or the bottom/grate
siftings ash, which have very similar ANCs.
The higher ANC values for the fabric filter
ash are due to lime slurry being added to the
flue gas stream in the spray dryer. The high
ANC values mean that, in order to reduce
the pH of fabric filter ash from its initial
highly alkaline pH to a pH of 7.0, 1 g of the
ash would have to come in contact with
approximately 94 L of acidic precipitation.
It is estimated that it would take about
70 years for the pH of a 1-cm layer of fabric
filter ash to drop to a pH of 7.0. This
calculation is based on: an average
precipitation pH of 4.5; an assumed average
annual rainfall of 1000 mm/yr; an assumed
compacted density for fabric filter ash of
0.75 g/cm3 (Sawell etal., 1989); and an
assumed 100% infiltration rate of
precipitation, which would be less in
practice.
7.4 Leachability
Ash samples were subjected to the
Sequential Batch Extraction Procedure
(SBEP) to determine the potential organic
and inorganic contaminant mobility in water
over a wide range of liquid-to-solid ratios
(20:1 to 100:1). Detailed information on the
SBEP is contained in Volume V
(Environment Canada, 1991).
7.4.1 Organic Contaminants
The maximum concentrations of organic
contaminants in the composite leachates
from the five cycles of the SBEP are
presented in Table 28. Based on these
results, the trace organic contaminants
measured in the ashes are considered to be
immobile in water.
-------
83
BA/C5 Ash
O- EC Ash
FF Ash
Figure 35 Average Acid Neutralization Capacity Results
Table 28 Maximum Detected Concentration of Trace Organics in Leachates
Trace Organics
PCDD (ppt)
PCDF(ppt)
PAH (ppb)
PCB (ppb)
CP(ppb)
CB (ppb)
Bottom Ash /Grate Siftings
0.16*
0.17*
0.17
ND
0.29
ND
Economizer Ash
0.06*
0.08*
0.14
ND
0.06
ND
Fabric Filter Ash
0.4*
0.3*
0.06
ND
0.09
ND
ND = Not detected
* analyzed using high resolution GC/MS
-------
84
No PCB or CB was detected in any of the
leachates from the SBEP. Very low
concentrations (less than 0.3 ppb) of CP and
PAH were detected in the leachates from all
three types of ash. No PCDD or PCDF was
detected in the leachates using standard
analytical techniques; however, extremely
low concentrations (less than 0.4 ppt) were
detected in most of the leachates analyzed
using high resolution GC/MS. The detected
organic compounds are not considered
soluble and were probably strongly bound to
sub-micron sized particles which were not
removed during sample filtration.
7.4.2 Inorganic Contaminants
The solubility of the ashes in water was
determined by the Sequential Batch
Extraction Procedure. As shown in
Figure 36, the results indicate that the
bottom ash/grate siftings and economizer ash
were much less soluble in distilled water
(about 7% of the solid dissolved) than the
fabric filter ash (about 34% dissolved). The
higher solubility of the fabric filter ash is due
to the lime and soluble flue gas
condensation/reaction products that sorb
onto the fly ash particles in the air pollution
control system. A significant portion of the
dissolved material from the fabric filter ash
consisted of sulphate and chloride (almost
14% sulphate and 27% chloride).
Metal solubility in distilled water was
limited. No antimony, cadmium, cobalt,
manganese, nickel, or selenium were
detected in any of the leachates. Of those
metals that were detected, most represented
small fractions (less than 10%) of the
concentrations present in the ashes. Up to
60% of the very low concentrations of
mercury present in the ashes was soluble
during the SBEP. The limited solubility of
the metals was due to the moderately
alkaline pH of the leachates generated from
the ashes. The different operating conditions
did not appear to have any effect on metal
leachability.
40
.> 30
o
CO
b
| 20
o
o
e
3
O
10
0
o - -
-O BA/GS Ash
-O EC Ash
-&- FF Ash
3
Cycle
Figure 36 Average Cumulative Total Fraction of Solids Dissolved during the Sequential
Batch Extraction Procedure
-------
85
The teachability of metals from the ashes
was also determined using the Sequential
Chemical Extraction (SCE) Procedure,
which is a step-wise separation of the total
concentration of each metal into five distinct
fractions using increasingly more aggressive
leaching media to digest the solid material.
The descriptions and interpretations related
to each of the five fractions are summarized
in Table 29.
Although the potential fraction of a metal
measured in Fraction A is considered to be
available for leaching upon contact with
water, it is not indicative of the fraction that
would be considered available for leaching
under ash monofill disposal conditions over
a prolonged period of time. The total
potential fraction of a metal available for
leaching under acidic conditions which may
prevail in a municipal co-disposal landfill, is
assumed to be represented by the sum of
Fractions A and B. It must be emphasized
that the results from this test are only
potential fractions and that these cannot be
construed as field leachate concentrations
that may occur under the conditions
suggested (Table 29) and that the
interpretations are assumed to be
generalities.
Results from the SCE procedure indicate that
none or only a very small fraction of the
metals present in the ashes are considered
available for leaching upon initial contact
with water. Larger fractions of the metals
are considered available for leaching under
acidic conditions, especially in the fabric
filter ash.
The SCE results indicate substantial
differences in species profiles between the
three types of ash. Slightly larger
proportions of barium, copper, lead,
manganese, and nickel were measured in
Fractions A and B of the economizer ash
than in Fractions A and B of the bottom
ash/grate siftings ash. In turn, larger
proportions of barium, cadmium, chromium,
manganese, and zinc were measured in
Fractions A and B of the fabric filter ash
than in Fractions A and B of the economizer
ash.
Table 29 Summary of Descriptions and Interpretations for the Sequential Chemical
Extraction Procedure
Fraction
Description
Interpretation
A
B
C
D
- ion exchangeable
- surface oxide and carbonate
bound ions
- iron and manganese bound
metal ions
- sulphide and organic matter
bound ions
- residual metal ions
- immediately available for leaching
- potentially available for leaching
under acidic conditions
- potentially available for leaching
under severe reducing conditions
- unavailable for leaching under
normal leaching conditions
- unavailable for leaching
-------
86
In the five test runs examined, there were no
apparent differences in the species profiles
for most metals in each ash type, with the
notable exception of lead. The lead species
profiles for bottom ash/grate siftings and
fabric filter ash were considerably different
from the "good" and "poor" incinerator
operating condition runs.
The species profiles for the two types of ash
from the five test runs are given in
Figure 37. Over 20% of the lead in the
bottom ash/grate siftings ash from PT5 and
PT7 (poor operating conditions) were
measured in Fractions A and B, whereas
(with the exception of PT10) less than 9.3%
of the lead in the bottom ash/grate siftings
ash from the good operating condition runs
was measured in these fractions.
Conversely, larger proportions of lead were
measured in Fractions A and B of the fabric
filter ash samples from PT8, PT9, or PT10
(good operating condition runs) than in those
from the "poor" condition runs. These
results indicate that the better operating
conditions volatilized a greater proportion of
the "heat reactive" lead from the waste
which ultimately condensed out as
potentially soluble lead compounds on the
fabric filter ash particles.
The results from the Leach Procedure and
the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure, Ontario Regulation 309
(Government of Ontario, 1990) indicate that
if the ashes from this facility were subject to
Ontario's regulatory requirements, which
they are not, some of the bottom ash/grate
siftings samples (PT7 and PT8) and all of the
fabric filter ash samples from this facility
100
PT-8
PT-9
PT-10
75 -
FF Ash
C*
0 50
ฃ
if
V
OL
25
a
V
PT-5
PT-7
PT-8
PT-9
PT-10
Figure 37 Sequential Chemical Extraction Results for Lead from the Bottom Ash/Grate
Siftings and Fabric Filter Ash
-------
87
would require special handling and disposal
due to the leachable lead in bottom ash/grate
siftings and cadmium in the fabric filter
ashes.
7.5 Evaluation of Solidified Fabric
Filter Ash
Solidification of ash is of significant interest
as a technique for ultimate disposal and use
of ash from municipal waste combustion
facilities. The long-term environmental
suitability of solidified mixtures of fabric
filter ash, Portland Cement Type n, and one
of three types of waste pozzolanic material
was characterized using chemical, leaching,
and standard cement engineering tests.
Optimal formulations were selected based on
the criterion that minimum quantities of
solidifying agents be used, while still
maintaining a sufficient physical strength.
The physical properties of the solidified
specimens were tested after 56 days of
curing time using the following tests:
moisture content; bulk density; solids
specific gravity; hydraulic conductivity;
unconfined compressive strength; and
freeze/thaw weathering tests. The results
indicate that the solidified formulations
produced specimens that: (1) have a low
volume change factor of about 1.0;
(2) possess low hydraulic conductivities;
(3) have sufficient unconfined compressive
strength (greater than 345 kPa) for landfill
disposal; and (4) are very durable.
The fabric filter ash and crushed samples of
the three formulations were subjected to the
Sequential Batch Extracting Procedure. The
results indicate that solidification reduces the
total solubility of the fabric filter ash beyond
what would normally be expected due to
dilution with the solidification agents. Much
of this reduction is due to the transformation
of readily soluble sulphate compounds to
insoluble gypsum.
For most metals, the fraction solubilized by
SBEP represented less than 1.0% of the total
concentration of each metal present in the
solidified ash. This was much less than for
the untreated fabric filter ash. Conversely,
the solubility of aluminum and mercury in
the solidified material was equal to or higher
than in the untreated fabric filter ash and is
probably due to the chloride or hydroxide
forms of these metals which are soluble
under highly alkaline conditions.
The leachates from the SBEP were subjected
to two different types of biological toxicity
tests, both of which are given in detail in
Volume V (Environment Canada, 1991).
Results indicated that solidification reduced
the lethal toxicity of the fabric filter ash
leachates. However, two of the
solidification treatment leachates
(i.e., cement kiln dust and coal fly ash)
exhibited a genotoxic response. The
appearance of a genotoxic response has not
been explained.
Crushed samples of the three formulations
were also subjected to the Government of
Ontario Regulation 309 Leach Procedure
and the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching
Procedure [TCLP], (Government of Ontario,
1990). The results indicate that
concentrations of all metals in the solidified
ash leachates from both tests were well
below the Ontario guideline limits whereas
concentrations of cadmium in the untreated
fabric filter ash leachates exceeded the
Ontario guideline limit by a factor of 6.
Therefore, the untreated fabric filter ash
from this facility would be classified as
"hazardous", whereas the treated ashes
would be considered non-hazardous.
-------
Section 8
Conclusions
4.
8.1 Overview 2.
Those significant findings and conclusions
from the Mid-Connecticut test program that
are likely to be of interest to the general
public and researchers are presented in this
section.
3.
Readers should be aware that the combustion
and air pollution control systems at the
facility were deliberately operated over a
wide range of conditions as part of the test
program. It would not be appropriate,
therefore, to "average the data" from many
of the test runs when making judgments on
normal operating conditions at this facility.
Because of the time lag in collecting fabric
filter ash, the elemental metal input/output or
mass balance data are particularly difficult to
reconcile. Nevertheless, general statements
based on trends or ranges can be made when
certain test data are carefully and
scientifically grouped together. Also, it 5.
should be noted that the ash samples
analyzed during this test program were taken
from the location where the ash was
generated. No testing of the combined ash
product was conducted. This facility
normally combines its ash for disposal. 6.
8.2 General
1. Very low concentrations of trace organics,
heavy metals, and acid gases in stack
emissions were observed under all tested
operating conditions. As an example,
total PCDD/PCDF emissions were
1.5 ng/Sm3 or less in all tests.
High removal efficiencies were attained
for trace organics in the flue gas during
all measurements between the spray
dryer inlet and fabric filter outlet. As an
example, PCDD and PCDF removal
efficiencies exceeded 99% for all tests.
Removal efficiencies for all metals in the
flue gas, except mercury, typically
exceeded 98%. For mercury, the
removal efficiencies ranged from 96 to
99%.
Refuse-derived fuel spreader stoker
combustors can be operated with low CO
concentrations under steady state
conditions (i.e., excluding startup and
shutdown). Average CO concentrations
below 100 ppm were attained in a
number of the completed 5- to 6-hour
tests.
Emissions of THC below 7 ppm were
achieved under "good combustion
conditions". Combustion conditions that
produced low CO emissions also
produced low THC emissions.
Input/output (mass balance) comparisons
of trace organic compounds in the RDF
feed (input) with those in the ash and
stack emissions (output) suggest that
overall, combustion of RDF resulted in:
a net reduction in PCDD, PAH, CP, CB,
PCB; a net increase in PCDF; but a net
decrease in total PCDD/PCDF.
The estimated average net destruction
efficiencies for these trace organic
compounds were 96% for good
-------
89
combustion conditions and 90% for poor
combustion conditions.
7. No consistent evidence was obtained to
substantiate PCDD/PCDF formation in
the flue gas temperature range of 400 to
150ฐC (750 to 300ฐF) (measured across
the airheater). This was contrary to what
was expected for this temperature range.
8. As anticipated, flue gas temperature at the
spray dryer outlet and (estimated)
calcium hydroxide to acid gas ratio were
found to be the most important operating
parameters for controlling HC1 and SO2
emissions.
8.3 Ash Results
1. The average loss-on-ignition (LOT) in
bottom ash/grate siftings (0.7 to 1.5%)
was lower than that measured in bottom
ash from waterwall mass burning
systems (1.5 to 5.0%) and much lower
than in bottom ash from two-stage
combustion systems (12 to 30%).
2. Concentrations of PCDD/PCDF in the
bottom ash and grate siftings were at or
below the detection limit.
3. No PCB was detected in any of the ashes.
4. Trace organic contaminants were measured
in the fabric filter ash. For example, over
99% of the total PCDD/PCDF associated
with the residues was measured in the
fabric filter ash.
5. Concentrations of PCDD/PCDF in fabric
filter ash ranged from 70 to 509 ng/g.
Although the statistical correlation was
not significant, these data suggest that
good combustion conditions tend to
result in comparatively low
PCDD/PCDF concentrations in the fabric
filter ash.
6. Organic contaminants in the ashes,
including PCDD, PCDF, CB, and PAH,
were not soluble in water.
7. Typically, concentrations of less volatile
metals (e.g., chromium, nickel, copper)
were higher in the combined bottom
ash/grate siftings, whereas
concentrations of relatively volatile
metals (e.g., cadmium, mercury, zinc)
were higher in the fabric filter ash. Lead
concentrations were relatively high in
both grate siftings and fabric filter ash,
and relatively low in the bottom and
economizer ash.
8. Fabric filter ash was more soluble in water
(approximately 34% solubilized) than
either the combined bottom ash/grate
siftings or economizer ash
(approximately 7% solubilized). A
substantial portion of the solubilized
material from the fabric filter ash
consisted of sulphate and chloride anions
(14% sulphate and 27% chloride).
9. Only very small amounts (typically less
than 10%) of most trace metals present
in the ashes were soluble in water.
10. In general, under simulated acidic
conditions, larger fractions of cadmium,
chromium, lead, manganese, and zinc,
were potentially available for leaching
from the fabric filter ash than from the
bottom and grate siftings ash. Under
most controlled disposal conditions,
however, an acidic leaching environment
is unlikely given the high acid
neutralization capacity of the fabric filter
ash.
-------
90
11. Fabric filter ash was solidified using
cement and three types of waste
pozzolanic materials. Engineering test
results indicate that these solidified
materials were physically strong,
durable, and relatively impermeable. In
addition, results from different leach
tests indicate that metal mobility was
significantly reduced through both
physical encapsulation and chemical
fixation.
8.4 Correlations
Single-value regression analysis, comparing
all test parameters with one another, was
conducted to investigate possible
correlations. In addition, multiple regression
analysis of selected test data was conducted
for two main purposes.
a) The first purpose was to investigate the
feasibility of using easily monitored
variables, either individually or in
clusters, as surrogate measures of
difficult-to-monitor variables. This was
done by choosing a difficult-to-monitor
chemical, such as PCDD, as the
dependent variable, and easily monitored
variables, such as SOz and CO, as
independent variables in the multiple
regression equation.
b) The second purpose was to explore the
individual and collective influence of
various operation controls on the
emissions of certain compounds. This
was done by choosing an emitted
chemical as the dependent variable and
selecting operating conditions as
independent variables in the multiple
regression equation.
The following are the key results of the
regression analysis.
1. Moderate correlations were observed for
CO and THC as compared to
PCDD/PCDF at spray dryer inlet over
the entire data set (R2 = 0.7 and 0.68,
respectively). An excellent correlation
(R2 = 0.95) was observed for CO as
compared to PCDD/PCDF when
considering only those tests in which
CO emissions were over 200 ppm. No
correlation was observed when
considering only those tests in which CO
emission concentrations were less than
200 ppm. Similarly, tests with THC
emissions above 7 ppm correlated
excellently with PCDD/PCDF
(R2 = 0.97), but no correlation was found
between PCDD/PCDF and THC
emissions when THC concentrations are
less than 7 ppm.
2. When comparing various measures of CO
emissions with PCDD/PCDF emissions,
the arithmetic average of CO emissions
over the testing period provides the best
correlation with PCDD/PCDF
concentrations at the spray dryer inlet.
However, the correlation was poor when
considering only those tests in which CO
averaged below 200 ppm for the test
period. Other comparisons of
PCDD/PCDF concentrations with the
number or magnitude of CO spikes and
the percent of time above an absolute CO
level produced less significant
correlations.
3. Multiple regression analyses show that the
best easily monitored variable for
correlating concentrations of PCDD,
PCDF, CP, CB, and PAH at the spray
dryer inlet typically include any two or
more of the following: CO, THC, NOX,
HC1, HiO in flue gas, and temperature in
furnace or at economizer outlet.
-------
91
For example, the best correlation for PCDD
concentrations (R2 = 0.9) at the spray
dryer inlet is based on CO, NOX, and
H2O concentrations in the flue gas.
4. Multiple regressions based on combustor
operating variables that best explained
the variation in concentrations of PCDD,
PCDF, CP, CB, and PAH at the spray
dryer inlet, use a combination of
operating variables. These operating
variables are also good indicators of
conditions within the furnace and relate
to fundamental combustion conditions
(time, temperature, air/fuel ratio, and
mixing).
5. Multiple regression analyses based on
easily-monitored variables ("good" to
"excellent" range, R2 = 0.8 to 0.98,
respectively) were more conclusive than
those based on combustor operating
variables ("fair" to "good" range, R2 =
0.6 to 0.8, respectively).
6. A fair correlation (R2 = 0.61) was obtained
between PCDD/PCDF and paniculate
matter concentrations at the spray dryer
inlet under good combustion conditions.
7. Poor correlations of uncontrolled
PCDD/PCDF concentrations were
observed under all combustion
conditions for the following parameters:
loss-on-ignition (LOI) in economizer
ash; hydrogen chloride at the spray dryer
inlet; and copper concentrations in fly
ash.
8. The removal of trace organic compounds
by the flue gas cleaning system
correlated best with increased
sorbent-to-acid-gas ratio (stoichiometric
ratio) and decreasing spray dryer outlet
temperature. These same variables were
also seen to correlate with the degree of
acid gas control.
9. Multiple regression analyses showed a
very good correlation (R2 = 0.89)
between mercury removal by the flue gas
cleaning system and decreasing flue gas
temperature (spray dryer outlet) and
increasing LOI of the fabric filter ash.
Increases in stoichiometric ratio
appeared to cause increased mercury
emissions.
-------
92
Section 9
Recommendations
1. The effect of the quantity and quality of
refuse on emissions and residues should
be better assessed and quantified.
2. Research is required to identify which
metals are the major contributors to the
wastestream and to document the effect
of source separation, recycling, and
front-end processing of waste before
combustion on the ultimate quality of the
different emissions and ash streams.
3. Research should be conducted on
speciation of metals before (refuse feed)
and after the combustion process (ash) to
determine the impact of feed materials
on ash quality and to determine an
effective removal process for volatile
species in flue gas.
4. The results of this study on municipal solid
waste demonstrate that incineration is
effective in destroying trace organic
compounds (more than 96% under good
combustion conditions, more than 90%
under poor combustion conditions). The
results also demonstrate that the air
pollution control system is highly
efficient in removing the organics in flue
gases (more than 99%). These findings
indicate that incineration may be an
effective disposal option for trace
organic compounds commonly found in
household hazardous waste. Future
research should be directed to examining
the amounts and characteristics of
household hazardous waste in the
wastestream and the impacts on
incinerator air emissions and ash residue.
5. A reliable method to determine the carbon
content in fly ash is required for
assessing incomplete products of
combustion. This would determine if
loss-on-ignition (LOI) is a suitable
method for determining products of
incomplete combustion.
6. Definitive stoichiometric ratio data should
be obtained for evaluating flue gas
cleaning system performance at
municipal waste combustion facilities.
Stoichiometric ratio is recognized to be
an important parameter in controlling
acid gases and possibly trace organics.
7. The impact of high sorbent stoichiometric
ratio (more than 2) in spray dryer
absorber fabric filter systems should be
investigated to determine its effect on
fabric filter ash solubility and capture of
mercury.
8. The potential for artifact formation of
PCDD/PCDF in the U.S. EPA Modified
Method 5 sampling train at high
temperatures [more than 200ฐC (400ฐF)]
should be further investigated. This
investigation may explain the decrease of
PCDD/PCDF concentrations measured
between the air preheater inlet and spray
dryer inlet.
9. Research should be undertaken on the
characteristics of particles in the flue gas
-------
93
entering the air pollution control system, 10. A thorough environmental
including studies of particle size characterization, such as performed in
distribution, metals speciation, and this study, should be completed on waste
organic content. recycling technologies.
-------
94
References
American Public Health Association
(APHA), "Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and
Wastewater", 16th Edition,
Washington, D.C. (1985).
American Society for Testing and Materials
(ASTM), "Annual Book of ASTM
Standards", Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
(1988).
California Air Resources Board (CARB),
"Method 425: Determination of Total
Chromium and Hexavalent Chromium
Emissions from Stationary Sources",
Sacramento, California (1982).
Environment Canada, "The National
Incinerator Testing and Evaluation
Program: Two-stage Combustion
(Prince Edward Island) - Summary
Report", Conservation and Protection,
Ottawa, Ontario, Report EPS 3/UP/l
(1985).
Environment Canada, "The National
Incinerator Testing and Evaluation
Program: Air Pollution Control
Technology", Conservation and
Protection, Ottawa, Ontario, Report
EPS 3/UP/2 (1986).
Environment Canada, "National Incinerator
Testing and Evaluation Program:
Environmental Characterization of
Mass Burning Incinerator Technology
at Quebec City - Summary Report",
Conservation and Protection, Ottawa,
Ontario, Report EPS 3/UP/5 (1988).
Environment Canada, "Methodology for
Organic Analysis -
NITEP/Mid-Connecticut Combustion
Test", Conservation and Protection,
Ottawa, Ontario, Report CD-891201
(1989).
Environment Canada, "The Environmental
Characterization of RDF Combustion
Technology: Mid-Connecticut
Facililty, Hartford, Connecticut",
Conservation and Protection, Ottawa,
Ontario, Volumes II to VI, Report
WM-14 (1991).
Government of Ontario, "Regulation 309.
Revised Regulations of Ontario, 1980,
as amended to O. Reg. 138/90 under
Environmental Protection Act", Ontario
Ministry of the Environment, Ontario
Gazette (1990).
Kilgroe, J.D., W.S. Lanier, and
T.R. von Alten, Montgomery County
South Incinerator Test Project:
Formation, Emission, and Control of
Organic Pollutants, In Proceedings,
1991 International Conference on
Municipal Waste Combustion,
Volume 1, EPA-600/R-92-209a (NTIS
PB93-124170), pp 161-175, November
1992.
Sawell, S.E., R.J. Caldwell, P.L. Cote, T.W.
Constable, and R.P. Scroggins,
"Evaluation of Solidified Electrostatic
Precipitator Ash from a Mass Burning
Municipal Waste Incinerator",
Conservation and Protection, Ottawa,
Ontario, Report IP-82, Volume VII
(1989).
-------
95
Schindler, P.J., "Municipal Waste
Combustion Assessment: Combustion
Control at Existing Facilities",
EPA 600/8-89-058 (NTIS PB90-
154941) (August, 1989).
Stieglitz, L. and H. Vogg, "The
De-novo-Synthesis of PCDD/PCDF
and other Organohalogen Compounds
on Fly Ash", Volume 3 - Dioxin 90
Short Papers, O. Hutzinger and H.
Fielder (eds.), pp. 173-174 (1990).
U.S. EPA, "Test Methods for Evaluating
Solid Waste: Physical/Chemical
Methods, SW-846" (NTIS PB88-
239223). Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response, Washington,
D.C. (1986).
U.S. EPA, "Stationary Source Sampling
Methods", Federal Register, Title 40,
Code of Federal Regulations, Part 60
Washington, D.C. (1988).
-------
97
Appendix A
Combustion and Air Pollution Control System Test Results
-------
98
CO
cc
LU
L_
LU
5
CC
D-
CO
CO
LU
O
O
CC
Q_
1
>-
CC
1
CO
K
LU
0
<
TABLE A-1. PERFORN
g Q *
38?
0 Q-
g 0 CO
0 0 V
" ฐ t
O Q-
I Q -
STEA
COMBUSTOR OPE
CJ) O O
CO CO ^~
CO O) CD
O
888
c\] oj iri
CM
O) O CO
CO O T-;
^ 6S ^t
CM
O) O O
ง] o in
CM
en o in
888
ง d> *
ฃ3 6) ป
o o o
T- *~ ^~
CM
|SI
O) m m
^ 6) in
T"
o> o m
CO T-; T-;
<ฐ ^ ^
03 m o
co ^- i
in "*~ "*"
"*"
88S
^ o to
^~
CD -ซt
* ,-
CM h-
^ CD
S CO
!ri*
^
S ง
3ฐ
rfS
h~ CO
LO ^
CO O
1O ฐ
SS
8SSง
g LO t q
LO O
en co co CM
CM CO CO
^^^^^-^^^tt^
EST DATE
START TIME
END TIME
H
ฃ8
5 P
CO CC
ROCESS PARAMETER
MAIN STEAM PRESSU
MAIN STEAM FLOW
D.
iiii
_^_^ , .
8 o _
TOTAL COMB. AIR (PF
R.S. UG AIR FLOW (PF
PDA FLOW (PROCESS
RW O/F AIR
งงง
TANGENTIAL O/F AIR
TOTAL O/F AIR
TOTAL COMB. AIR
CO
L
ROCESS SETPOINTS
UG AIR DAMPER SET!
Q.
GRATE SPEED
F.D. FAN PRESSURE
T- O> O ^ O) ^ h-
ป LO * * ง fป
1
CO CO O CM Is* CD O)
^ o) m
5? ฐ J^ " 8 | o
*83*3 ง|
CO CO O f^ CM CM CO
^ irl ^ m i O
^ 0 CO
1
3S5ซ p
CM ^; T-; o co 10 h*
s$ฐ |1
1
CO i- O CM h- CD CM
*ซ """ &55
CM T- IO T- CO O tO
<0 i- o (ฃ,
tO LO O O Tf 05 CO
t ^ 10 LO in o>
^ O LO
*~
S Lri ri " ? g|
^
CO CO O r*- CM CM CO
1~
O 0
en en
CO LU
LU en
Lt =>
p-W
< CC 5
_, a- CC UJ lu
Q i 8! in
o - IES
< 0.
II
งs
CO i
c? 2
jSfe
CO CO
CO i-
*- CO
!* OJ
ปo
CO CM
ell
h- o
CD O)
PS
en T-
Rง
CO CM
CO CM
82
0 0
en O)
ss
CL
ECON. OUT. TEMP.
A/H GAS OUTLET TEN
5**2
5 N " ?
*- T- CM
5S"g
S^2
en to LO co
1- r- CM
EงNg
,,,,
SS00^
5 CM IO
T- i- CM
CM * CO CM
CM O ' CO
r- ^ CM
g 5! " ง
T- T- CM
co O) co h-
CD co ^r
CO h- O CO
0000
O) O) O) O)
0> (U
Q Q Q Q
a!
1 i
SDA OUTLET TEMP
BAGHOUSE OUTLET 1
A/H AIR INLET TEMP.
COMBUSTION AIR TEI
o to 0
o to
+
ฐ.
-------
99
=0
0)
c
"c
o
O
CO
a:
UJ
H
UJ
1
CL
CO
CO
UJ
o
g
0-
^
h-
Q
tr
|
co
h-
CO
UJ
H
LU
TABLE A-1. PERFORMANC
5 Q ?
o Q |j.
0
g O co
28ฃ
CD "-
I Q CM
< Q ^
|0CL
5 Q o
iฐฐ"
-J Q a>
i 8 ?
i ^
|ง9
D
Z
NORMAL
POOR
PT-07
x cr g
CD 0 9
ฐ-
r o 9
II f\ 1
- n 0.
zฐ-
-! DC ^f
< 0 9
D ฐ"
Z
J CE CO
< 0 9
18ฐ
u ฐ rx
1ฐ
Q Z *
< n i-
STEAM LO
COMBUSTOR OPERATK
TES'
in o in o> o
CM O (-- i^' CD
co en i~- in
So T- in o
O CO ,-: CD
h- Ol ^ LO
O LO T- LO O
LO r- Ol ^ CO
0 CD ฐ> 10
in LO LO o o
CM r- Tj- CD
O Ol ft LO
LO LO OJ OJ O
1^ N O ..; CD
O O) T- Is- 10
m m -^ CM o
CM r- co .. co
O CD r~ LO
งO i- CO O
LO Ol .^ CO
t- CD ฐฐ LO
O O LO O O
O LO CM ^ CD
CM o> T- p; LO
O LO CD O O
10 CM t- Q *
^ *" CO Jt
in o T- CD o
in o LO o o
h- LO *t .ซ CO
0 CD f3 LO
LO LO -*ฑ O O
h h CD ปx CO
00) ป LO
O O CM h- O
0 O> T- CO ^
^
CO CO j^ ^ ^
0_ Q_ _J _] O)
a.
o
PC OPERATING DATA
SDA PRESSURE DROP
BAGHOUSE PRESSURE DP
ATOM. SLURRY FLOW
SLURRY FEED
LIME SLURRY DENSITY
<
01
8
CO
t
CM
I
CO
LO
CM
CM
ง
8
CM
i
CO
i
CM
CD
s
CM
in
CM
CO
s
CM
O
CO
8
CO
8
CO
8
r-
r2
CM
H>
IASS RATES
REFUSE (ACTUAL)
ASH
5
i^- co o Oi o>
i- CO LO CO CM
T- i- CD
T- i- CM
h- CO CM LO i-
m 1^ CO CO CO
ro CO CD CO
CM
h- LO CM CD CO
CO CO i- O
"tf O T O N
i *} LO i LO
OJ CM ^~ CO
O CD CD i- C-.
i- tD N O O
ii ^"
1-1- CO
LO r-. CM co co
i- i- CO i- CM
CO CO i CO
CO Tj- CM O CO
i- CO LO O CD
tt o ^ CD OJ
i- LO CD i- T-
LO LO r- CD
O Ol Oi T- ID
i- co -fr h- o
CM CM h*-
^f CD CO CO OJ
i- OJ -* 0 ^~
*t ^r i- oj
CO
LO LO O LO CO
,_ 0 O LO ,-
*~ ^~
CM "Z. Z Tf CD
.C ^ .C .C .C
Dl O) O) CT Ol
ECONOMIZER (ACTUAL)
FABRIC FILTER (ACTUAL)
TOTAL FLY ASH (ACTUAL)
GRATE SIFTINGS (ACTUAL
BOTTOM ASH (WET)
h- CO
5! CO
ฃ"
O 10
CM
O CO
CO
i?
CO
g-
UJ E ~
Lt CO o?
) Zi' i*
H
CO
LUE GAS VOLUME AND MOI
AIR HEATER INLET
MM5 SAMPLING TRAIN-
FLUE GAS FLOW RATE
MOISTURE
u-
l r_
CO ,J
ฃ
LO ^
oj -1"
CO
CD CM
fe;
2
CD CO
gcM
CO 1-
jg LO
*
OJ CO
Ol *~
CO CM
LO
i- LO
fe -
CT)
LO
|9
LO "~
Ol *-
OJ *~
LO
|t
CO
8S
0 J2
LO
ฃ
CO 0?
SPRAY DRYER INLET
MM5 SAMPLING TRAIN.
FLUE GAS FLOW RATE
MOISTURE
O LO
0 ฐJ
CO
01 CO
CM
22
I"
lซ
2
CT) h-
|"
T- 01
2
* CM
CO co
LO
sฃ
CO *~
CM *
CD
CD CO
CO T~
*
^~
CD O
CD *~
LO
i ^
5 *
ง "
"
ฃ
IE
METALS SAMPLING TRAIN:
FLUE GAS FLOW RATE
MOISTURE
CO CO
CT> "~
* co
in
gr-
ig -
CO CO
!ฃ
CO CM
h- ^~
CO
CM O
CO "2
CO
CO
h- Ol
CM *~
CO
s ฃ
g'"
iS
CO *~
h-
ฃ 5
co *""
LO
"T~
O CD
a?
to
CO
t- LO
8-0
s
LO CO
s ^
ฃ
^
Is
FABRIC FILTER OUTLET
MM5 SAMPLING TRAIN-
FLUE GAS FLOW RATE
MOISTURE
Is*- CO
CO?
LO
i- LO
|5
CO ^~
O) LO
CD
oj r^
CD T~
CD
CD P--
CD
li
CD
^i
s
i- r-
^
CO O)
5 |2
in
T~
|S
co
CM *~
<0
i- CO
CD tr.
8s
CD
g-
E
METALS SAMPLING TRAIN:
FLUE GAS FLOW RATE
MOISTURE
T-; T- CO CM
co co r^ i-
T- i- CM i-
CO CO CO CO
otes: NC - Data not collected,
z
-------
100
co
cc
o
CO
o
CO
CO
01
CO
o
o
2
CO
CO
LLJ
c\i
<
LLJ
I CC CD
C3 O 9
SL?t
S CC ฃ
ฃ8ฐ
I- 0. Q-
~ cn
LU
<ง?
CC O
LU O
Lz CJ
-J H UJ
g Q CO
"0" ""^
I Q CM
<5 Q L! ^cM(dcni-~0)
I O t~ "- Ncncp
J Q JI cpcocnTfcocOLOO
!ง*
92 r-inCMi-COCOCOCO
CC O i f^ fi rh (ri rri m ' fri
LIJQ^ - COO)Co'~i-
J Q O)
X O
9X OJT-KKr~T-
O f ^ co h- co
z
<0 9
1งฃ "-"^SS
^^o
O
r^mcnoco-'ttot'-
^rcncocococoi^co
rJT-i^T^iriT-'i^*
00 T- l>~ CO h~ T-
Q. +
CO *
.
Q. Q. Q. O.
_
ojOOOx'o
T- CD O)
O) t^ IN
O T-
en ro T-
T-' CO h*-'
i- CO CO
CD ^r CM
oi W LO
co *-
T^ CO
T- LO
T- CO LO
^ K oi
i- CM
co q r--.
o co oi
T- O T-
or^cjjT-r^'^fLO qqco
^"^Sco-Lo1^ ?S S
Tj-^-i-TfCOCO(D CMSCM
O O3 OJ in O i
f"- co T^ ^r o
^- 00 CNJ
CO CD CD O * CO
ฃ00 Woj co -
to o co m h- Tf
r! T- oi CM to in
oo i- o> m T- co
d ai oS co O CO CO t~
o oS co 06 co
oco-i- cj)-
-------
101
!งv
~" CD ฐ-
g Q CO
I Q CM
CD O T
ฃ8^
< Q ^
s 8 ฃ
3 ฐ ฐ"
Z
S Q o
f r} Q_
Z
-j Q en
< 0 9
1 0 H
^ CD
Z
1 Q CO
S o 9
งงfc
z
d EC ฃ
S 0 9
2 o H
CC [,, Q.
O
Z
I DC to
CD O 9
*2ฐ:
1ง9
Q_ Q-
"ฃ. _^
~~ "^
-J DC S
< 0 9
? o (r
CC n_ ฐ-
O
Z
1 DC CO
5 O 9
|2ฃ
z
IS?
LI O 1-
- CD ฐ-
z
*
งQ CO
_l H 111
5 E
Q_
CO
CO
J
<
CD
ir
O
en
O
2
en
in
CO
CM
CO
r-.
o
0
CO
5
ฃ
CM
"
?
1
E
a
O
Q.
O>CMCMCMOOOh-CDCD^fCO
rri ro O O CO
^ (TJ r- i ^- CO CD CD i O
O O W i-" |s,"
T- CO LO
O_
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZ
COOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOCOT-COCOCDCn
T+-,r;oor^.LoiocDcocooLOLococo
T ^ ^ CM r- T- C0_ LO LO C0_ T-
o o T-" LO" LO" CM" T-~
CO
COOOOh-COCOf-.T-i-COCTlCRCMCO
; <OiCOCM
0(1 ซt CDCOCOT-COCOr^CO
o" o" w" TJ-"
CM T- CM
^~
rrtW^f^-^O^J^ CMCMCVJCOh"
"^T-^CO N.LOLOT-^OO_
o o co" co" LO
t- LO
pOJCMCMOOOOOOCDOOOSTf
O O CO h^ซ ^"
T- CM
1~
coh-cDcDOOOOOOcor-h-cocn
rvi'OO i-T-t-Tj-cO
^^-^t^t COLOLOi-CO
do "t o" tf"
^"
r^-OOOCOh-^OOONCOCOCDCD
rj LOOO CON-fs-CMh-
t>J CD-T-T h^CDCDOlO
SCM CM r^ CD h*
T- CO
T
h-CMi-T-OOOOOOCMCOOOCOCO
f\\ _iILOLO COh^h^-^CD
^^T-t- COCMCMCOCM
O O CM CM CM Is* CO
CM
CVJOOO'^J-CMCMT-'*^fLOLOLOr^LO
iri OCMOJLOCnaJOCMCMCMCO
^ CD CMT-T-O>CDCDO1O
LO" co" cj> TJ-"
T- O
1~
O O O O O O O O O O CM CO CO CO Is*
u-. CO fs. fs. 00 CO
UJ r^ LO to co co
T- *
1~
OCOCOCOOOOOOOCOCT>O5f^LO
O O LO LO ^"
"
cooooooococococnooini-
CMT-T-COCMCMinO
i--t-T-U)t^tCO< Q) <1) CD
c c c c: c:
c^-, c^^ c^-, c-^, c^^
^>g1"&^)ง1"&^>g"S)^)g)"o)^1^)'ra
EEcEEcEEcEEcEEc
ami
O ca o Q. <
a. O Q- O a.
_j _i _i _i _j
< < < < <
5 c5 & S &
H H I- 1- H
ง
!n
O
en
CD
CO
CVI
CO
^
CO
CO
in"
!-
a>
ro
co_
CD
o
[s^
s
CM
CO
S
C3
^-
2
LO
^f"
o
^
^
(D
C
c
I
T CDID ^.*~ Jin COCMCMt'^"^OO
t" co" W d
OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
zzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzzz
o""o^riSSSS--||||SS8|
Sin" in" en" T d
T-cococoen^tcvi^co^-r-ocncnrfininoh-
*~ CM T . ^i .
i- T- CD O
CM
CO r-^"^" CMC7)CJ>001'~T~CO O
LO" CM" c> d
CM
*~ ^-" ^-" i^ d
*~ *~ Q ฐ ^ ^ CO_ i- T- a LO_ U5_ CM CVJ CM CM O
^- CO T T- CO T O
|^!:^S82S85S2SS8||งง
co" LO" |sT T- o
jgoo^rocojKOp-coco^ggtcocoot
"- CO O O
T~*Tf CM0^ co m "* *" co_i-i-^q
* T- 0
S 5 - ง S S S c$ฃ | S S 5 S 5 g | ง 8 ง
" "* T-" * T^ O
^ K ^ ^ u, ro ro co CM co o en ^ ^ ^ cn CM CM o ^
i- CM T- O
!S^^S!8SS82g553??^88|ง
ฐ ^~ co" ป-" W d
q) 0 CD O CD 0
,-,;3g,-.3)ง,^j5)g,-.3iง^:o)ง,^'3iง^;5>
=^ O) <^ ^ O5 ^ =^ O) ^ ^ O> g^ ^ Q) ^ ^ O) ^ ^ CJ>
^
ง 0 ง 1 a: ^
co5 m 1 O a1 Q o
J
O
Z
"1
ro"
O O
Z Z
CM h-
CM
co"
en
CO i-
*" ro
co"
8I
co"
w ro
CD"
J- P^
cr>"
1 fe
LO"
coo
en
^ in
in"
ฐI
in
oco
co"
ss
^t"
0>
c
O ฃ"
z
N
S
o
S
co"
CO
!ฃ
Jj
ง
f
ง
i-
CM
ซ
^
s
1
S
0
s
co"
CO
!ฃ
m
S
Tf
ง
r-
CM
i
r-
S
c
c
o
T3
CD
^
(A
CO
01
01
ฃ
,
* _
1
C
O
1
1
tn
ง
"ro
Q
.-
"D
I
o
c
-------
102
<
i
z
0
CO
i
cc
i
w
CO
UJ
1
UJ
1
cc
(-\
2
cc
ABLEA-4. PE
i-
> Q ป
28ฃ
C3 ฐ-
g Q CO
J8fc
X Q CM
^ง^
-1Q-
c O V
C ง CL
Z
5 Q o
58f
go^
ORMAL
GOOD
PT-09
Z
= งฃ
<งfe
E ^ t
i
X CC 03
o o 9
sฃฃ
LI O h"
- Q. Q-
< ^ 0
D
Z
ORMAL
POOR
PT-03
z
189
jj o tr
goCL
9z*
STEAM LOt
OPERATIC
TESl
o o o o
O O 0 0
Z Z Z Z
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
O ^" ^ N.
CM q o en
o o o
งCM CO CO
O ฐ ">
00^
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
o o o o
^
c
~ c -^
งlf I
x E = i. E
(0
Q u.
5 Q Q
ggg g
ฐง< <
tO 5 H H
^งR g
D O
0 0
o o
z z
0 0
O 0
0 0
O) O
O T-
ฐ'ง
CO *
5ง
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
0 0
CD
c
II
000
o o o
z z z
o o o
O O 0
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
000
o o o
o o o
o o o
CD
c
III
TOTAL CB
000
O O O
Z Z Z
o o o
o o o
000
o o o
o o o
o o o
o o o
O 0 0
o o o
o o o
o o o
CD
El
III
TOTAL PCB
ss*?
O O O
z z z
o o o
o o o
CO * CO
oi co ">.
o
^ ri ซ
T- O
in T-; i-
00 O CM
CD CO ^
CO T- CM
Tt CO O
CO CO .
00 CO CO
CM ป ">
I-- CO CO
CO 0 ^
co T- T-
ป- CM O)
m' * ":
i- O
co r-- co
ri o <ฐ.
t~~ CM CM
C
C
III
TOTAL CP
CO ^ 1^
o o o
z z z
8*8
T- T- CM
co T- ,_:
CM T- CM
CD ^t in
S-* O)
CM eg
coco-.
*ฐ 1~ C\J
i!3
T-
o
CO T- O>
Z Z Z ง
.5
CM O) CM
CM 00 - T-
<ฑ T-
CO CD O
i- CO CM
m i-
0) O CM
C- T- CM
03 CM
O CM 00
" CO CM
CO CM
CM CO CO
O (D CM
CD *
in *- *~
in co i-
m o> cvi
CM -
-------
g Q ฃ
-1 o Q.
g Q CO
Sง^
I Q CM
i|ฃ
1 <0 9
O tr ฐ ol
x 9
03 Z
.. -j tr co
5 | 0 9
Q O ฐ~
>- z
cc
1 18ฐ
1 g8t
i-
03
111
o
1
DC
(~*
2 Q^*
i i|t
t |2K
2 ^g
c^ ซฐ
<
p
in cn co
CM co in
in co in
o" ->f
000
Z Z Z
co co cn
CM CO i-
m i-
CM CM CO
T- CO CM
co co in
co" t"
cn CD co
to * rv
oo in co
cn" co"
en co fv
cn co rv
m_ co_ co
o" CD"
CM r- cn
cn rv co
CM CO CM
co" CM"
TJ- oo in
3) CM CO
CO" T-"
i- in i-
o" co"
CD CO CO
3O CM ^f
co" co"
1
T Iv CO
v CO CD
CM CM CO
T-~ CO"
n co oo
in co CM
co" cn" T-"
CO
, .
CO
^ C
ฃ 5> o
O> 3 o)
COPPER
in i- co
coSS
co" co"
O O O
Z Z Z
ฐ-8S>
CM CM i-
<* T
rv *r CM
xf in Ti-
i- CM CM
CD" CM"
co m t-
^ *"
co en CM
co" r-"
cn ป in
O rv Tf
co" co"
o co en
in co CM
co" W
en co in
CO T- CM
* O i-
co" -r-"
5 en CM
in" ^-"
o CD in
m" T-~
o ^" en
in" T-~
CO rv h*
T ^" ^
CM en i-
co"
CO
C
III
Q
LU
O O O
000
Z Z Z
in co co
งS8
odd
000
gงง
odd
000
o o o
O CM |v
00 N- CO
en CM o
odd
งCM O
CM ^~
CO O
^00
0 O 0
o m ซ
288
d o d
o o o
o o o
, ,
CO
C
III
MERCURY
88S
00 CO
O O O
Z Z Z
in T-
CO CO CD
(D * CM
CO CM
co in T-
in co co
O T- CM
r- CM
SO i-
|v CM
in i-
i- CM CO
coo,^
CO CO CM
CM O) t-
co
CO ^t i-
SOJ CO
CM
งB-
Us"
i- CO O
SCO h-
m
^
CD
C
iM
O) D O)
NICKEL
งr^- cn
CO_ CM
"* ^
O O O
Z Z Z
oo o cn
"- O CM
CO 1- T-
CO" r-"
rv o r-
co rv *
IV CO *-
CO" T-"
งco cn
00 r-
10 T-
CO CO CO
CO" T-"
sll
m" r-"
CO CO CO
cn co_ i-
cn T- in
co CD in
CM CM i-
ป" T-
CM CO T-
co m CM
CO" T-"
cn in co
S^- ^~
CM_ i-
* 0 T-
T- cn T-
t cn -i-
co"
co co in
5 5 i-
, .
CD
^_^ C
O
1
RATE SIFTING:
IETALS:
a ^
rv T- oo
co cv cn
d
O O O
z z z
h- co co
^f CM CO
CM ฐ
o
Sin in
^ en
"* 0
^ *~ o
o
co en cn
en in CM
to N
o
S ^ CM
d
1- T- Tj-
o> in CM
10 "N
o
CO -
SOI h-
0. rv CM
d
งO CO
CO ^
*" d
<] CM rv
CO fX CO
^ *~ d
^^.
CO
^ C
ARSENIC
CO CO T-
d
O O O
co o cn
^ CO g
^ ^~ d
CO i- CM
2 si s
"~ ^ d
CM CM O)
p ^J CO
^ *" d
CO CO T-
glrig
o
cn o> in
*~ *~ o
co ^_- in
^ *~ d
d ^ ฐ
o
CO CO CO
^ ^~ d
ฐSi
"~ ^~ d
95ง
*~ d
CO CO CM
d P
o
^^
CD
C
iM
C7) 3 O)
CADMIUM
co rv en
CM en co
CM ^
O O O
z z z
O CM CO
CM cn rv
*" d
* *- Tj-
CO T- CO
co ,_;
CO ^
cn co rv
CO CM CM
58|
I**- O) O
co i- ^
co ,_:
SSiv
O) ^J- CO
SS.gj
SCO CO
10 CO
CO O) r-
CM O ^
CM"
co in o
01 "* co"
h- CD i-
c\T
A
CD
C
COPPER
-------
g Q *
~" 0 ฐ-
g Q CO
-1 o Q.
T Q CM
D O V
rn Q_
< Q ^
O ^~
Jj CD ฐ-
Z
5 Q 0
DC O V
LI O [r
iง?
D
Z
<0 9
^ o '
g
1 o tr
I Q. Q.
i
iง3
CO
< s a: g
1- DC O 9
LU LLI O ^
CO Z x>
o ~~
z
1 iงฃ
1 z
_J DC CO
ฃ $ O 9
i |ฃt
oc
ง SQ?|
1 LT 0 9
3 E ฐ t
co z o ฐ-
co
LLI
0
DC
o
= งz*
Uj O O f/s
ฐ- -j F uj
^f' 2 (ฃ
rf ^ LU
LU - Q
m en
ฃ
o in CM
ssฐ
CO
000
z z z
h* CO Tt
83.8J
CO
CM in r-
^ ^~~ CO
r-"
CM < in
in "~
o- in in
CO CO m
CM" t-~
?3^
^" ^ 1
J> CM ^t
1 " CD"
งง5
T-" CO"
115
co"
CM i- O
CM r- .J
in o> ฃ:
gCM^
CM"
3> 't q
CO
Q
LLI
go co
(O O
odd
O O O
Z Z Z
SCO O
r- o
odd
CM O O
O CM O
odd
o o o
CM O CM
m ^ o
o * o
odd
03 o g
CM CM O
d CM d
m o m
CO CD O
d ^ d
CM O CO
f*- CM O
o o o
d T^ d
งง!
d CM d
i- o r-
ass
d i-' d
CO O O
o> m *-
CM co q
d c\i d
h- o m
odd
CD
^ O) 4ฃ
O) 3 C3)
>-
DC
O
LT
LLI
CO CM CO
CO CO O
"^ CM
o o o
Z Z Z
r-. co co
CM in o>
CM o
O CO CO
^f ^J
CO T- to
CO CO CM
SB^
o in co
co o q
3T- (^
CO CO
m d
r-- co co
i- CO CO
,_r ^
^f CD CM
CM i- CO
CM o
co m o
* CM CM
^ 9 iri
CO
Pt
O) 3 O)
_J
LLI
o
z
21E
T~
o o o
z z z
sงs
T-
co ^- m
0) co
CM CD ^
CM"
? co $5
in"
lO 't h-
CO O) .. '
w ฐl
N. T- CD
*~ ^ N."
CM T- ^
CM"
ssฐj
CD"
O) CO CM
CM"
^f Ol CO
,_r
CD co m
^~ ^ _*.'
^t CM ^
in O) r*-
o co cb
CM CD *ฐ
i- CO O)
s s ซ
o
c
ฃ-5 ง
i: O) ^
Cj) 3 O)
O
Z
N
O O O
000
Z Z Z
o o o
o o o
o o o
^ 03 in
งง?
9 o
0
l1^- C7J CO
T- o m
O Q O
d
o o o
g d ฐ.
. o
o
O ,-. CM
9 ฐ d
o
o o o
O O 0
o o o
r*
0)
c
III
X E c 3
CO
_ Q
s ..ง
5Q Q.
O 5 tf
O ^3 O
111 O
ooo ooo ooo T-OCM ooo
^" CM CVJ
O
OOO OOO OOO OOO OOO
zzz zzz zzz zzz zzz
O)i-CO OOO OOO OOi- OOO
9 ฐ d d *~
ooo ooo ooo CMOCO ai t f
CO CM i- d
d
CMCMCO OOO OOO COOin OOO
g 9 g 5 in in
o
O^CM CM^^^1"^
9 o o
o
comco ooo ooo ooo T-CM-*
i- CO O CM T- |^
Q d ^ o
d
"3-mCM OOO OOO COOCO CDTfO>
grr-o- ^((j^h-.incM
c^ d d
o
moco ooo ooo cMOin ir-co
CMCMin ^t-*l''00^-
S-^^: 9 ^ 9. *
9 o 01-
0
CMCOi- OOO OOO OOOi- COU5CM
CMฐฐCป "ฐ'intD!5:CM
9^d d "
o
coinco ooo ooo ^fOO) oo-ป-in
CM i h~ OQQjf^-mCM
d
oi^j-o) ooo ooo mom moi^
^^in ^t^^j^jco^r
9 ฐ d d
OOCOO) OOO OOO COOi OICM^I"
OOCM CO-frJCMi-Q
go'9 ? " ci "
0 o
*~* , *~~~. ^-^ ^~-
1 1 1 1 1
5^1 3?! i!ง>l S^l i!งl
ti1!1 E?!5 E?!1 Ec?^1 tl'l'
LL.
Q 03 I
O CO O Q- <
CL O Q- O Q.
t Lj U- 1* 1
' *~ C ^ C
o o o o o
l_ 1 1 [_ (_
-------
105
2
<
1-
UJ
0
<
CD
cr
o
i
<
<
P
<
Q
^.
tr
^
1
^
CO
UJ
1
HI
O
^
cr
(~\
ฃ
cr
in
OL
Tf
<
111
h-
g 0 ^
38?
m O.
\~t
g O CO
38?
CD ฐ-
I Q CM
*9 ฃ
CD "^
< ฐ -
iงฃ
0 ฐ
z
5 Q o
a: 0 v
u ฐ n"
go0-
_l Q O)
< O 9
iงt
0 ฐ
<8ง
lงt
o u
<ง9
12ฐ:
D
I DC
<งง
^ o e
L Q_ Q_
g
<0ฐ
E o l
C ft 0_
3
z
5 Q CM
ง09
u o t-
- a a.
Q3t
7
oงEo
-J r~ LLJ
lฃh
2S
ซo
CO T-
S"
o o
z. z
m t-.
ง"
o *
. r-
o
t CO
Tt
d ?
o o
X <*
d-
CO O
d J-
O CO
oi
o
oo r-
d 2
in i-
5?
Sm
. in
o
m c\i
co
o
11
>-
1ETALS:
ANTIMON'
<
i
o
O
Z
r^
8
d
O)
8
o
o
CM
in
8
d
o
t
8
o
a>
8
d
8
g
d
S
o
O
d
g
g
o
S
8
d
o
d
^
Q>
C
C
!>
-* * i^
CM ^ CM
O T- 5
d
OOO
ZZZ
T- Tf in
2?!ง
o
00 t- O
5$2|
d
CM h-. l>-
O i ง
o
r- o in
5-^8
d
co co r-
s-8
o
in N N-
d
CO CD ("-
5tง
d
o co -r
CM _.: h-
d ? 9
O
o
3ซ1
o
in o i^
co ง
d
S^ 8
o - 5
d
^__
o>
c
1^1
O> 3 O)
ARSENIC
o 8
d
OOO
ZZZ
in o> *
s-8
d
co h- o
ง"*ง
d
SO) T-
. 10 g
o g
d
o m co
d ง
o
r*- CD T-
^ oS S
O Q
d
Sin m
CD S
O Q
O
CD OJ CO
S"i
o
CO O> O
O ,.-. CO
Q O
d
(N O) O>
d
h- CD *fr
0 CO ฃ
o o
d
M- c\j co
Sdฐ
d
^
in
rri Is- CO
05 CO 0-
CO O *
K CO CO
S <ฐ d
CM O O
<0 ฃ ^
^0
in o co
ฐ?s
CO
c
1^1
D) 3 D)
COPPER
t^ o m
ฃSง
ooo
zzz
r^ en o
sfeS
00 O CD
W t *
ฃ <*> d
* O CO
oS S ซ
ฐ> 0
^SS
^ f- d
dฐฐ
CM *"_ O
CO O (N
.2SS
CD CT) m
ซS83
i- O> 00
en * *
" 0) o
CO O h-
SS0
-t OJ -t
o Si m.
T- en o
O O T-
*ss
^__
o
c
III
Q
2
O CO LO
5SS
odd
OOO
ZZZ
ooo
ooo
ooo
ooo
T- CM T-
co o o
d d o
O i- CO
C- CM T-
co o o
odd
ง1- T-
CM T-
co o o
d d o
O Tj- O)
SS8
odd
SS?
CM O O
odd
ooo
o m co
CO O O
ooo
O r- CO
SCM T-
O O
odd
r"
CD
C
C
III
1
o
cr
Ul
^ CO UO
T ^ O
OOO
ZZZ
* 0 CO
*85
CO O i-
"55
e.g..
0(1 CO o
CM O O
5!S5
CO O CO
CM ซ ฐ.
^ O
T- o in
*Sฃ
2 S8
^ d
00 O) CD
r-' ซ) CO
t ฃ d
r-- o oo
(~- co
i-^O
2งs
^~ d
co o in
"S3
+
2
1^1
OJ 3 O)
NICKEL
"* O) O O) ^t O
i
^: LO CM o f ^
o> o co CM r- CM
~* co in co CM
i-^o
O O CD (^ CM CO
o S_ S 2 ^ *
m o> CM r- CM CD
(0 0) 0> CN CD Q
CM "*. 0
T- O) CM in Tt CM
ซ s 5 ฐฐ 2 co
** CO h- i- h~ CM
s R d a si ฐ
^ oo CM T- co in
rn O f*- ^t O> '
? ^. 0
h- O) N. r- ^t oo
8 R. S - " "
CM 0) CO
co S ">
i- - o OOO
zzz
SJ S S ooo
CM ป 0 ZZZ
iT"""
iP1 CD
ป i
fll _ |ง|
O) 3 3) * E c E
<
5 ง
Sss
o y |<
1 1|5
LL O
-------
CO
I
o
z
CD
CC
0
X
CO
^
2
CC
5
CO
h-
CO
w
)RMANCE T
u.
CC
111
Q.
fl1
<
LU
?
H
g Q ฃ
-'go.
go co
3ง^
I d CM
(D 0 V
< D J-
D
Z
IS?
u o tr
^ o tr
D ฐ
-J Q CO
S 0 9
i ฐ fc
3 ฐ
< ^ 0
O
Z
I DC tD
C3 0 9
I O f
-"- Q. 0.
2 cc i^
p?
~ >
<ง?
igt
o
_i CC co
S 0 9
Igt
z
2 9 o
r O 9
iงt
Q z W
STEAM LO/
OPERATIC
TES1
n CD en
000
Z Z Z
CO tO CD
*- "> d
582
ffi^s
N CM CO
CM ID -fl-
fl- en ^
en t- cp
en CM r-
8^
0 CM CO
O O O
Z Z Z
o o o
z z z
CD
III
TOTAL PCDF
h- h- CO
lO CM O
O) h- T-*
in CM ^
r- O
T- CO CD
in cri T
o
fl- o in
CM ci 't
i i O
O) O fl-
CO O> T
o
O> CO O>
O O O
Z Z Z
o o o
z z z
o
ฃ-f|!
IETALS:
ANTIMONY
-S
fl; i- fl-
O O O
Z Z Z
CM CD C7)
in ^~ T
o
CO CO CO
r-' "~ "*
CD O) N.
CM ^ cฐ
CM O
CO N ฐ>.
CM O
CD CM CO
gj CM CO
o
o
CM en -fl-
ed ^ tฐ.
CM O
in in *
O O CO
^ CM 00
CM O
o o o
z z z
000
Z Z Z
CD
ARSENIC
T- oo a>
^ ฐ> in
O O O
Z Z Z
^
CO N CM
ฐfeS
?S3
i~- CM en
CM to 0-
O) O Cป
^- en ^
O) CD CO
^ en ^
ฐฐ-
SS3
o o o
z z z
000
z z z
IB
CADMIUM
CD co in
O O O
Z Z Z
O) f- T-
10 ป CM-
CO 0 CM
5 8 ฐ
183
tco^
CO CM Jj
T- O CM
1- |~- 1-;
^ CO
งss
CO fl- CM
CO O> i-
Stป
o o o
z z z
0 0 O
z z z
8
111
CHROMIUM
O O O)
o o o
z z z
in m i^
CM en i-
m h- hj
*.
-------
107
CO
1
UJ
o
z
3
cc
o
CO
f
Q
>>
DC
I
""I
CO
t
CO
Ul
1
Ul
o
^v
1
ฃ
cc
LJJ
D.
t
UJ
_J
03
1-
5 Q 2
_j O ^~
o ฐ-
g Q co
3งci
I Q CM
(DOT
XCja-
iง^
gga.
2 Q o
CC O V
LU O ^
Z
^ o *~
21 ^j Q.
-! Q CO
18ฐ
CCง0_
O
z
< ir o
I 2 CL
O
Z
-J CC CO
< 0 9
E ^ CL
-\
z
18ฐ
^ O f~~
z
Q 2 *
-I P HI
2 < |
^o
SSS
co" CM"
O O O
Z Z Z
t en CM
ง(D CO
CO
CM"
co in CM
too
m" CM"
CM CM in
* in o
h- CO T-
CM" CM"
CD in r^.
CO t O>
en in T-
in" t"
in co co
T-" CM"
co T- n-
^ in co
T-" CO"
CM CD in
SCO CO
CO T-
^ c
^ CT <^
O) 3 O)
Q
jj
T- in r^
m * r\i
CM
O O O
z z z
O CM CO
i- CO CO
d
co o in
CO CO pj
CM (-- CM
co CM ,_:
en i~- co
^* CO ,_
d
T- N CO
CM CO 1^
o
^r CD co
ป CO ,_
T- in en
T- CM CO
d
CO CO T-
10 * CM
O O O
z z z
o o o
z z z
^
01
c
_ -a c
111
._
3
o
cc
UJ
2
CO T- t
CD in DJ
O O O
Z Z Z
CO CD CO
o en o
Tf t CO
h- in q
in ? ซ>
o CM en
t CO ^
K en CM
CO Tf .ซ
i- CM "
t t O5
CO N. ~-~.
h- en co
O O O
Z Z Z
o o o
-z.-z.-z.
^
CO
^^ c
o) 3 O)
_J
Ul
O
Z
T co t
co" r--."
O O O
Z Z Z
in T- TJ-
T- i- in
in co
T- -*
T- h- CO
i- CO CD
co co in
t CO
LO C7> CO
IO >>- CO
CO CO C\J
CD" 10"
C3) O) CO
i- ^r co
T-~ OO"
CJ) CO 00
CM" LO"
888
in" en
r-. co i-
CM CO t
CM" en"
t CO 1^
t CO CO
CM" in"
N- r-^ CM
in co en
O5 * CM
co" co"
O O O
Z Z Z
o o o
z z z
^
CD
^ c
Oi 13 D)
o
N
0) T3 _
5 ฃ ffl
0 B W
c c ซ5
< o T
z z .
-------
108
CO
o
Z
O
CO
LLI
13
^
j*
<
Q
CC
<
2
CO
1-
co
LLI
L_
LLI
0
cc
s
in
LLI
_l
CO
1-
g O *
i O ^"
CD D-
g Q CO
-"go.
X Q CM
0 0 T
T O >-
-1- o 0-
S O V
|gk
z.
5 Q o
CC O V
LI O t"
?.
_l Q O>
=: O ^~
z.
-J Q CO
S 0 9
1 ฐ CL
"Z.
<09
D ^
z.
X CC 10
0 O 9
x O ฃr
Q- Q-
lง9
LI O ฃ
pi
_J rr co
< 0 9
igt
o
5 Q CM
ccO 9
a ฐ ฃ
z
QZ *
III
< UJ
coO
OO^tO COCOCO COOCO CM CM CD i- t- h- T- CM CO
,-: r-. co oil--; ^fr co ,x -: m T- Tj-coo) (D T- ^r
0 Y- ^ (.Q I7J ^ 0 [g ฐป ^ ^ "> *~ Win
i- CM W i- T- O
i- CM r-
^^O COt^CM COlOT- ^"00^" CVJ T* O> CO LO h^
-;Ttco oicD--; ^finm *j w CM C\JT-O i-h-i-
^-Q h- " LOO ^ Q COOJi- CDlOCM
i-" exT co" in to" T-"
CMCOCD inr-cM CMi-r- oocMTf cowco IOOT-
; IO T- COCM-rt COOlO i-TTCO COO4CO (DCOh-
^CM,_: CAJ ป ro s ^. ,-s.
T^ * *~* * 5P1 * J^1 * iT^ nT^ *
* Q) * Q) *(D * 0 * "gj D) o> "gj D) O) "Si. C5) o) "[*) t3) C3) ^j O) O) ^ OT
EcE EcE EcE EcE Eฃ.E EcE. H
H Q u. Z
2 Q Q CO X ~
- 0 0 OQ 0 CL < g
CCO. Q- O Q. O Q. ^J
^-J -J -j -J 3! -J CC
r~< < < < < < n
CM in
^" m co
co m co
CM ^
s?ง
"^^
^ CM
SCO CO
h- r^
^f S CO
i- a> ^
hป- tD O
CM O> CO
m m CM
CO CO O)
i- i- CM
N- 00 CO
i- *&
m co co
O5 CM O
co ri
in co in
- f- co
tD CO 00
en co -ซt
^^ i~~
* t-~ o
S S gj
in CD i-;
co" ^
SE,o
^. CO
to
sงฐ
lฐ2
CO CO O)
8S.8J
Tt
00 T- CM
Sfeg
i- h~
CO * ID
!-" |C *
en co co
co o ซ:
f t S
i- en
co T- en
ฐ ฐ 1~J
t- oo p;
CM IO
g|S
in" ^
feen ^
^ ^ CO
in en i-
ฃ S g
in
^^ "
*
-------
109
CO
=
^
CD
DC
0
O
LU
Z3
_J
Ll_
<
5
DC
s
2
3
CO
1
CO
LU
LU
CJ
-z.
CC
O
LU
CC
LU
Q-
<
y
m
H
5 Q ?
CD ฐ-
5 Q co
0 O V
3 0 fr
0 ฐ-
I Q CM
^D O V
CD ^~
< ฐ ^
D
z.
5 Q o
J ง |I
f n CU
"ฃ
1 Q CD
ฃ (fj Q-
i
_l Q ง
1 ฐ CL
3
z.
-J Lt ฃ
< 0 9
^
I CC CD
CD O 9
Q_ 0-
igs
Q_ Q_
7 .
>
_j cc ^r
|8ฃ
DC DL Q.
3
_l rr co
< 0 9
2 o H
DC n. Q-
O
18ฐ
;8t
j Z
si^
U CL
ซ0
SO) CM
CO CO
m o
r-" CO"
T~
* CO T-
Sin11"
T- CO"
LO CO O)
lO CD
CM" CD"
1~
* i-
CM 1^ CO
O CO CO
O Q
o
in T- o>
r-~ co co
o
1- T- 0)
CO 00 CO
00 T o
d
o
CO CM i-
CM CO K
O Q
o
in CD i-
9 o "~
o
** co 05
CM T- ; o
dฐ
O CD CD
T- *r co
o o
o
in r^ co
tf CO _
9 o
o
SCO CO
CD OO
in co T-
o
0
Tt CM i-
ง&. CM
. d
o
CM o> r^
O f^ CO
d
iP ^~
CO c
1 ^ co S
LU O) ~g* "^>
ฃฑ E C 3
13
0 Q
DC Q
LU O
1- D-
=J _l
U- <
,, 1
y o
DC ฅ
CD
Ll-
CO O CM
CM CM T-
O Q
O
* 05 CM
0) CD rt
CM CM
9 d
o
in m t-
O Q
o
CO Tt CM
in en o
CM T-
9 o
o
T- CO O
co o in
O Q
O
o m o
o en co
o d
o
o t-- o
CD CD CO
S ^ CM
0 0
o
in in i-
T- - en
^" CO CD
CM CD ^
O O O
* Q)
CO c
III
CO
O
Q.
_J
g
CO T- tt
SM
CO CM O
CM ป in
^~
T- CD i-
i- CD Is-
o-g
-t i- CM
T "
00 O CD
m co GO
m CM CD
g CM OJ
'-'
en CM CD
T- t-" CD"
CM CM ^
^- CO
^ CM CD
co co" -^-"
in h~ CM
"> 52 co
en co I-.
10 CM ?
"
CO O) O
(ri ^" CO
10 CM
jp r"~
CO c
EC
CO
E I1!1
D.
O
_1
O
o o co
in in co
CM"
co T- en
i- en co
in CD r^
-------
110
ง Q Jt
~" 8 ฐ-
g Q CO
CD ฐ-
I Q CM
<2 o 77
i O ฃr
CD CL
< Q ^
ฃ CD ฐ-
o
2 Q o
- CD ฐ-
~
I Q OJ
S 0 9
W o fc-
ง CD ฐ-
^
rr 8 [T
g0^
<ง9
|gt
I DC CO
CD O 9
I ฐ n"
Q. ฐ-
1งฐ
CO Z ^
5 ^S
5 S 0 9
rf rr ฐ rT
< CC n_ OL
CD 0
LU z
Lu 1 DC CO
.. 5 0 9
< SI o i-
H DC cu Q.
< O
Q 2
1 189
i pt
CO -
1
CO
LU
1
LU
O
"Z.
tr
O o -^ *
rr ** O l~
LU _l F LU
Q- 2 < (-
2 &ฐ
<
1-
i- ^~ d
1^ CO CO
^- ^ o
O CO CO
^ j*~ en
CM ^ d
CO -!f *
CM CO T-
,_ LO CO
CM *~ O
CM OJ CO
CO ^ ^
CM *~ O
CO CO OJ
co {O
T- ^ d
co in co
co ซJ co
o
OJ T- O5
r-. UJ CM
d
CO CM T-
(0 CM CD
T- ^~ d
0-00
CM <*> *
T- O
in rt 7-
CO "* CM
d
CO * T-
^J 00 -*J-
T- O
c^"
5"&,t
^ D) 13 O)
IS
z
CC
LU >-
s ฐ
Q 2
5 i
ฃ <
to
CM in in
CM ^J
CO OJ 1^-
ป- in h~
^ d
co r~ r~
co -a- co
CM ,_:
CM ^
OJ O O
CM i- T-
C\i ,_
O) (D LO
CM OJ CU
^ O
CO *t CO
CO CO CO
CM T^ O
8|^
f- o in
CO CO r-
CM ^
CD CO LO
CM CO CO
^ O
i- t CM
CO f- O
CM ,_
CO O CM
CO h^ CO
CM ^
CO CD
g C
ill,
O
LU
CO
DC
in co oo
r^ in oj
<ฐ CO
SCM OJ
OJ CO
"* CM
h~ CM CO
CO CO T-
10 CO
SCO 00
CO CM
"> CO
CM OJ Tt
00 O) i-
"> CO
CO 00 CM
OJ CO CM
10 CO
* CM CM
CM CO CO
S 5
งh~ h^
CO *
* CM
CM r^ in
N CM CO
"> cj
CO CO O
CO CO f^
OJ LO OJ
00 O 00
CO 00 1^
r^- co r-
ซ> CM
CO Q)
II1!.
3
1
0
f~- h- CM
T O
1~
OJ Tt CO
ฐง ! iri
T
CO LO T-
co o t
10 g co
CD T- CO
CD i- CM
OJ -^
*~
OO OJ LO
r- CO ^
CO O ^
CO
LO CO r-
CO 00 Is*
ฐฐ LO ~
CM 00 l~~
00 LO pj
r^ LO co
C^
^ o) ^
C3) D Ol
s
_
o
CC
0
i- CO 00
CM" ^
h* f-- LO
T
CO CM CM
^ ^1 CO
N CO (-(
OJ CD ฐ
OJ CD f-
LO ^ -_J
CM CO_ OT
T-
OJ CD CO
"* OJ J2
co"
OJ CD CO
CM" ^~
CO CO CO
OJ OJ -,
CM TT ซ
h- ^ CM
!ง2
'-
CD oj in
CD 00 O
CM E5ป
T
OJ" ^~
CO CD
III)
LT
LU
D-
Q.
o
o
i- in CM
l~- LO CD
T-" O"
00 f^ CD
LO OJ LO
^ T
CO CO CM
CM CO CM
CD O_
OJ CM CO
N in Tf
^-" co"
i- o in
LO f^ CM
CO f-
*
งCM CM
LO T~
CM"
i- OJ *
OJ ^t CM
CO CO_
"*
co r-. co
CO t^ CO
CD 00
in"
LO OJ 1-
T-" r--."
O CO CM
O2_ CM_
- 5
m o T-
m in in
LO O
i-" O"
* CO O
co o r*~
CM" ซ"
T- CO CM
o in CD
fC CO
T-" CM"
1*8
en cr
fit
Q
S
S^t r-^
*- LO
^ C" in
in co in
LO pj
f~ CO O
CO LO 1-
LO jrj
O) CO N
CO ซ
CO 00 CO
OJ T- h-
^ CO
t ป o
ro s ri
CO CO LO
OJ * CO
10 co-
co * co
oj co in
UJ co
CD CO CO
10 CO-
CD * CO
CO CO i-
10 CO-
LO 't O
OJ T- T-
10 CO
CD CO CD
CO CD -si-
CD OJ LO
K CO
1*8
~~. CO c
^_
tr
o
CC
LU
s
LO CO CM
t 5<ป
^
CD f** LO
LO CM "j
in"
T CO Cn
CM m - h- i-
LO" 0"
o in co
CO LO 1-
m" oj"
CO
CO o
p c
I"s>i.
O) D O)
o
N
SO OJ
i- O
CM r^ in
co" co" c\J
CM OJ CM
* CO
co"
CM CO 1^-
CO CO O
CO OJ CD
co" en" in"
CM O *-
CO CM
co"
CM CO OJ
CD Tt CO
CO O CO
r~- co oo
CM OJ T-
LO CO
co"
** h^ en
co" CM" CM"
CO CO CM
10 en
co"
T- OJ 1^
ฐ CM. 8
CO T CO
i- CO CVJ
CO LO
งO CD
hป- h-
o" co" co"
( CD T
LO CO
co"
CD CO CD
CO CD O
^r co CD
S" LO" "fr
^t CM
LO 00 OJ
r*- LO LO
en oo LO
^ CD" LO"
co o r*-
^- co co
T- O T-
LO CO
co"
m
8 I?; 81
CD <*
Igg
LO CM "^
co"
CO LO O
in en en
o- - i-
co" TT" CM"
g-^- CM
CO
*"
CO * CM
in"
CO Q)
rn C
2~ ^ Q
O) ^ O)
LU
o
D.
I
c
^_
-------
Ill
CO
Q *
n O V
ฐ ฐ t
g CI CO
_j O ^~
CDฐ-
I Q CM
CD O V
I 0 t-
1 CD ฐ-
< Q ^
5 CD ฐ-
~z.
5 Q o
JJOt"
gCD
_i Q en
Sg?
r CD ฐ-
~Z.
_l Q CO
<0 9
i o f
5 CD ฐ-
< 0 9
^ o t-
LTQ.Q.
o
X DC CD
CD O 9
xฃฐ-
Ill
- CL Q.
~z_
~ -~-
< o 9
S O 1
DC ฃ 0.
o
ฃ_
I LT co
< 0 9
O
~Z_
III
~ CD ฐ-
Q z *
oQk
J S H
t ฃ
00
1J
3
O
IJ
J
E
J
4
Li.
a Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
O Q a
~z.~z.-z.
a a a
-z.-z.-z.
O a a
-z.-z.-z.
0 a 0
-z.-z.-z.
CI Q Q
~z.~z.~z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.~z.
Q Q a
-z.-z.~z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
ODD
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.~z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
*~" --^
1 2
III
^
o
p
<
Q Q Q
-z.-z.~z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.~z.
Q O Q
-z.-z.-z:
Q D Q
-z.~z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.~z.
D Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
z.-z.'z.
Q Q Q
-z.~z.-z.
Q Q D
-z.-z.-z.
D Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
"T~ ^--
iff
O
LU
CO
a:
O Q Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q a
-z.-z.-z.
ODD
-z.-z.-z.
D Q Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q a Q
~z.~z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.~z.-z.
T-* '-^
to g
.-.CO g
5
1
o
tf CM T-
co n ฐฐ
d
CO CM T-
T- CD
^ o
o
CM 00 CO
-- s
d
T- CO Tf
r- g
QJ
d
CM O5 LO
^ o
o
CO i- CM
^ LO
^ o
d
LO 1- r--
^ CO LO
d
CO CO CO
- s
d
i- CO O
- s
o
co in co
T- CD
^ o
o
m o a)
d
C\J CO OT)
CO
^ o
d
o in i-
o
{-ป. ^_,
CO 0)
III
5
D
s
0
LX
I
o
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.~z.~z.
Q D Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q D Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q a Q
-z.~z.-z.
Q Q Q
~z.~z.~z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-z.~z.
Q Q Q
-z.~z.~z.
a a Q
~z.~z.-z.
a D Q
~z.-z.-z.
Q Q Q
-z.-~~.~z.
Q Q Q
z. -Z.-Z.
f~* '^
CO 0)
ill
O) 13 O)
cc
LU
CL
Q_
0
O
r-~ T LO
^ * -
cr
o
CC
LU
5
T- O O>
00 (Q ^~
CM CM ~~.
O
85^8
CO CO ^
0
CD LO O
d
ฐฐ. CO g
O .
0
f- CM O
O
* CM 1-
ฐ d
<* r^ co
10 aj co
0> CD n.
o
o q *
d
LO 00 O
d
00 C\l O
ฐ d
LO O LO
N- LO ^
0 d
CO CO CO
d 9
tj- CO O
ฐ d
f"- *-~-
|*o
ฃS|
oi 13 cn
_,
LU
O
z.
~z.~z.~z. ฐ^ฐ--
"*
~Z.~Z.~Z. co co ^
^ ^ CO
r-"
Q Q Q ^ co h~
~z.-z.-z. m F~ ฃ
co" N
0 5 ง CM CO V
Z ~Z: ~Z. N. CD j-;
LO
ziz 2SS
"*
iii gg|
LO"
999 LO CM ^i-
Z Z Z LO CO :
LO CO ฐJ
co"
Odd LO i- CM
Z Z Z co cn [ri
co co JQ
^
999 0) -r- CM
zzz 88*
CM"
Q Q Q ^ o co
Z Z Z co co r/
* CO ฃ
co
I
c
co co -cr co ^t co ~
^~ Is-" "CD
T3
g
o
CD
O) TT in co o i- -ฐ
o oo in iS o
T O - CM jjj
16
^
Q
CO CO Is* O) Tt ^J- ^
W CO T-; CM Is-- (Q- -Q
O "^ ^1 (M Q>
in ^=
(0
CO
CD
O)
5~T" {"* r^ *ง*
CO 0) CO (D i
EC E f=
ฃ ^. ฐ ฃ ^, o N
^ 01 ^ =t cj) ^ o
o> = o> S3- S o
LU ^
t 0
O ง
0 fc g
* < 8
NO. 7
*
-------
773
Appendix B
Combustion System Summary by Performance Test
Condition
-------
114
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Furnace
Boiler Inlet
Economizer Outlet
Air Heater Outlet
UNDERQRATE : OVERFIRE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
160
ass
588
ase
186
52:48
71.18
klb/h
c
c
c
c
%
%
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
LOW LOAD / GOOD OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT13/14
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
HHV
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Aa
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
18,838
17.1
6,881
6.3
0.17
ND
22
626
57,088
6.5
1.8
4.3
26
243
180
0.05
37
455
kg/h
%, wet, n fired*
Btu/lb, wet
mflAonne
mg /tonne
mgAonne
mgAonne
mgAonne
mgtonne
gAonne
g /tonne
g/lonne
g /tonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
COj
CO
-NO,
-SOj
HCI
THC
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PART1CULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
Aa
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
* Corrected to A
PREHEATED
MLET
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
mr
OHTEHIHET
133,374
191
12.2
9.9
10.0
114
167
182
432
4.7
109
404
ND
3,957
13,311
3,516
3,453.3
113
205
573
1,050
2,010
10,826
723
3,381
48,270
Sm'/h
c
*
%
X
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngSm3'
ng^m3*
ng/Sm3'
ngiSm3'
ngSm3'
noSm3'
mg/Sm3'
fifl/Sm3"
jig/Sm3'
jig/Sm3"
ng/Sm3'
(ig/Sm3|
jig/Sm3]
ng/Sm3"
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3
PT14 only
$8HS*ป ^
ASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Aa
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
SsS^^^^WsSv^^^S'^m.
Myffi2Hgwg3S^^HfiJgffigSgg2SSKSปซ38ซSซ?82Sb.
^^S^^S^^^^ซฎaSS^WSB*i.
BOTTOM
ASH
2,373
ORATE
IFTMCS
84
ND
ND
ND
ND
10
44
1.7
12
B.I
316
4,369
3,601
ND
333
1377
21
9.7
8.8
297
3,958
8,545
0.56
432
1,628
ECONOMQER
ASH
12.7
ND
ND
ND
ND
24
ND
8.1
14.4
6.5
310
1,130
940
0.028
660
1,819
kg/n
ng/g
ng'B
ng/g
ng/g
ng'g
ng/9
cfl'fl
nfl 0
we
(iO'fl
Ha'g
ng'g
nO'g
Pfl'S
rt'O
-------
115
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Furnace
Boiler Inlet
Economizer Outlet
Air Heeler Outlet
UNDEHQRATE : OVERBRE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
183
1,016
eos
364
193
43:52
S3M
klb/ri
C
C
C
C
V.
%
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
INTERMEDIATE LOAD / GOOD OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT 02/10
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
HHV
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Od
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
26,830
21.9
6,704
2.5
0.087
57
13
473
5,137
2.1
2.3
1.5
20
S41
87
a MS
34
335
kg/h
%, wet. le fired
Btu/lb, wet
mg /tonne
mg /tonne
mgAonne
mg/tonne
mgAonne
mg/tonne
g/tonne
gAonne
g/tonne
g/lonne
gAonne
gAonne
g/lonne
g/lonne
g/lonne
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
-COj
CO
-NO,
SOJ
HCI
THC
TRACE OR QAKICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTICULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A.
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
PREHEATER 1 IPRAT
M_FT | DRYER IM-ET
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
174
616
252
12,030
21,181
10,512
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
154,014
192
14.1
9.2
10.5
93
185
186
450
2.5
228
579
20
6,045
14,253
7,333
4.985.8
120
240
584
983
1,992
8,714
722
NI NA I 1,417
Zn NA 43,992
Sm'/h
c
*
*
*
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngSm3'
ngSm3"
ng&m 3"
ng^m3"
ngSm3"
ng/Sm5'
mg/Sm3'
jigySm3'
ufl/Sm3"
jig/Sm3*
tig/Sm3]
jig/Sm3"
|ifl/Sm3"
jig/Sm3"
jig/Sm3*
W/Sm3
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
ND
NO
ND
ND
12
6,432
ND
10
8
184
6,712
1,247
0.04
337
1,623
26
10
8.7
409
9,3<5
12.8S4
0.45
693
3,242
ND
0.029
ND
ND
15
6.0
10
12
8
245
660
785
0.01
3$:
1,200
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
W'S
Mfl'8
W8
WI'O
W'Q
rt'fl
We
Ml'8
-------
116
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Furnace
Dollar Inlat
Economist Outlet
Air Heater Outlet
UNDERGRATE : OVERF1RE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
184
1,020
60S
367
190
62:38
SO. 65
kibm
c
c
c
c
%
%
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
INTERMEDIATE LOAD / VERY POOR OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT05
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
HHV
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
6b
Aa
C
-Hg
Ni
Zn
POEHEATBI
MJET
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
HA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
SPRAY
DRYER IM.FT
146,831
189
13.3
1.7
11.0
539
148
169
469
52.4
C80
1.281
20
1Sฃ01
113,568
111.97S
4,457.86
122
230
527
623
1,429
14,28*
634
2,030
11,169
Sm"/h
c
%
%
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ng/Sm**
ng/Sm3'
ng/5msฐ
ngSm3'
ngSm3'
ngSm3'
mg/Sm5'
|ig/Smsฐ
u8/Sm3]
ug/Sm3*
(ij/Sm3ฐ
ng/Sm3'
lig/Sm3;
}ig/Sm9
ufl/Sm3'
(ig/Sm3
Corrected to
12KCO2.
ASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Aa
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
OTTO*
AIM
2JS2S
CRATE
UFTMGS
103
NO
ND
NO
ND
15
76
1.1
10.5
6
196
3,835
1,913
ND
294
1,153
25.5
8.1
11
454
9S6
3,881
2.0
1,136
1,789
ECOMO4UZER
ASM
13J
0.43
NO
ND
10
475
13
15
5.9
330
679
949
0.02
1,289
1,408
kg*
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng'S
W'fl
WJ'B
jig/g
ps'g
HB'a
WJ'fl
M'fl
-------
117
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Furnace
Boiler Inlet
Economizer Outlet
Air Heeler Outlet
UNDERQRATE : OVERFIRE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
211
1,025
574
377
194
50:50
60.16
klb/h
c
c
c
c
%
%
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
NORMAL LOAD / GOOD OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT 08/09/11
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
KHV
TRACE OROANICS
PCOD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
28,170
23.7
5,704
3J
a 34
270
5.9
452
4,640
3J
1.9
2.1
66
683
429
0.116
52
286
kg/h
X wet, tired
Btu/lb, wet
mg/tonne
mgAonne
mg/tonne
mgAonne
mg/tonne
mg/tonne
gAonne
g /tonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
FLUE GAS
QAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
-COj
CO
-NO.
-602
HCI
THC
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCOF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTICULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
PREHEATER
LET
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
200
1,297
100
12,373
38,966
44,827
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NI NA
Zn NA
SPRAT
offrEnปuT
147,879
194
15.5
7.7
11.8
83
185
179
461
3.3
125
591
33
5,482
14,322
16,462
4,207.21
135
211
694
984
2.531
5,164
650
805
44,333
Sm'/h
c
*
*
^t
Ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngSm3"
ng/Sm3*
ngSm3"
ng/Sm3"
ng^m3"
ngฃm3'
mg/Sm3"
uQ/Sm3*
|ig/Sm3'
ng/Sm3'
ug/Sm3"
lig/Sm3'
ug/Sm3'
ng/Sm3]
mj/Sm3"
(ig/Sm3
Corrected to
ASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCOD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Ae
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
BOTTOM
ASK
3,123
1 ORATE
trmat
10ซ
0.10
0.17
NO
NO
2.5
16
1.9
10
7
204
4,545
2,399
ND
211
1,395
37
11
10
282
2,337
9.733
0.98
401
2.277
ECOMXIBER
ASH
15.5
OJK1
0.38
NO
ND
13
14
3.2
11
7.3
400
1^40
923
0.14
377
1.933
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
Hfl'8
Hfl'fl
Hfl'fl
fiQ/g
^ig/g
HS'8
^ig/g
Cfl'0
Hfl'8
-------
118
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Fumซce
Boiler Inlet
Economizer Outlet
Air Heater Outlet
UNDERGRATE : OVERRRE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
220
1.033
579
376
202
50:30
58.87
kfb/n
c
c
C
C
%
%
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
NORMAL LOAD / POOR OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT 03/04/07
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
HHV
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Al
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
28,289
23.8
SJW3
3.9
0,058
NO
702
580
5,542
7.9
4.8
3.5
56
100
246
0.052
58
167
kg/h
%, wet, M fired
Btu/lb, wet
mg/tonne
mgAonne
mg/tonne
mgAonne
mgAonne
mgAonne
g/lonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
-CO,
CO
-NO,
SO2
HCI
THC
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
KB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTICULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
PREHEATEH I SPRAT
HUT | DRYER INLET
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
390
1,ซ32
269
13,954
S8.2S6
88,66$
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
153,452
199
16 O
7.2
12.0
308
168
188
430
13.9
196
732
11
6,944
24,106
53,846
4,049.4
60
186
552
539
1,531
10,211
594
503
35,563
Corrected to J^^^^^^ ^M^H
Sm'/h
c
%
S
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ng/Sm3*
ng^m3"
ng/5m3'
ng/Sm3"
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3'
mg/Sm3'
ug/Sm3'
(ig/Sm3'
ug/Sm3|
jig/Sm3'
|ig/Sm3'
|ig/Sm3[
ug/Sm3]
ng/Sm3'
ug/Sm3
SB** 1
ASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Aป
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
OTTOH
ASH
3,550
ORATE
STTMCS
115
ND
ND
ND
ND
11
161
0.4
8
7
232
2,781
1,601
0.103
172
1,200
45
8.7
11
337
1,540
7,712
337
4,205
ECONOMIZER
ASH
13.5
ND
0.35
ND
ND
11
78
8.9
12
7.0
307
606
94B
0.0 19
396
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ug/g
Ufl/Q
ug/g
Kfl'fl
uo/o
ug/g
ug/g
WJ'fl
-------
119
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Furnace
Boiler Inlet
Economizer Outlet
Air Heeler Outlet
UNOERQRATE : OVERFIRE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
235
1,049
807
387
197
47:53
62.73
Uta/h
c
c
C
C
%
k
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
HIGH LOAD / GOOD OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT12
REFUSE DERIViED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
HHV
TRACE ORGANICS
PCOD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
At
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
-Zn
27.964
20.0
6,615
tฃ
an
1M
53
558
11.169
7.3
3.7
3.0
11
5^86
124
O.OM
23
S.33S
kg/h
X wet, M fired
Btu/lb, wet
mg/tonne
mg/tonne
mg/tonne
mg/lonne
mgtonne
mgAonne
g/tonne
g/lonne
g/tonne
gAonne
g/tonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
gAonne
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
C02
CO
NO,
SOj
HCI
THC
TRACE OROANICS
PCOO
PCOF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTICULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
NI
Zn
Corrected to j
PREHEAT&l
MJET
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
1PHAT
143,620
201
18.3
6.4
12.9
105
180
198
470
6.1
67
215
34
6,027
16,636
16,208
3,383.05
173
247
562
745
1,112
4.036
658
523
J4.660
Sm'/h
c
*
%
S
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ng/Sm3'
ngSm3'
ng/Sm3'
ngSm3'
ng/Sm3'
ngSm3*
mg/Sm3'
ug/Sm3"
HB/Sm3'
jig/Sm3"
jig/Sm3'
ufl/Sm3"
Iปg/Sm3'
|ig/Sm3"
ufl/Sm3*
ug/Sm3
ASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCOF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Zn
OTTO*
AซH
S.280
ORATE
ITTMOS
106
NO
NO
NO
NO
NO
196
2.1
14
4
189
16,067
1,289
0.026
172
1,100
23
13
13
192
1,616
8,558
0.76
253
1,930
ECONOMIZE R
ASH
17.0
NO
0.11
NO
NO
10
NO
2.7
12
8.9
210
580
979
NO
260
1.349
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng'g
ng/g
W8
W8
Wfl
>4/g
ng/g
Kg/g
Md'g
pg/g
M/g
-------
120
COMBUSTION SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
STEAM FLOW
TEMPERATURE
Furnace
Boiler Inlet
Economizer Outlet
Air Hester Outlet
UNDERGRATE : OVERRRE AIR RATIO
EFFICIENCY
Output/Input
234
976
612
36S
IBS
43:57
62.87
Ub/h
c
c
C
c
s
%
COMBUSTION SYSTEM SUMMARY
HIGH LOAD / POOR OPERATING CONDITIONS
PT06
REFUSE DERIVED FUEL
FEED RATE
MOISTURE
HHV
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
St>
Aป
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pt>
-Hfl
Ni
-Zn
27^11
17 .2
6,881
13
ais
NO
NO
2,278
8,263
14.0
1.6
2.0
13
404
143
a034
13
357
kg/h
%, wet, fired
Btu/1b,wet
mgtonne
mg /tonne
mg /tonne
mg /tonne
mg/tonne
mg/lonne
gAonne
8 /tonne
g /tonne
g/tonne
g/lonne
gAonne
g/lonne
g/tonne
gAonne
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MOMTORS
-Oj
-COj
CO
NO,
-S02
HCI
THC
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCOF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTICULATE
TRACE METALS
St>
Aซ
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pt>
-Hj
Nl
Zn
Corrected to A
PREHEATtH
tcrr
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
BfUV
DRTER INLET
161,062
185
14.0
7.8
11.5
387
157
182
404
28.6
317
885
12
ป,403
41,568
88,626
3,308.08
51
184
437
353
1,264
7.229
S83
257
31,028
SmVh
c
%
%
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ng/Sm3"
ng/Sm3"
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3'
ngSm3"
ng/Sm3'
mg/Sm^
Wj/Sm3'
ng'Sm3!
jig/Sm3'
|ig/Sms[
pg/Sm3"
WJ/Sm3]
ng/Sm3]
Wj/Sm3'
|ig/Sm3
ASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE OflOAMICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
on on
MM
3,352
ORATE
fFTMOt
71
NO
NO
NO
ND
14
136
ND
7.8
46
1S8
1,121
1,016
0.32
86
1,261
44
8.4
12
284
11,534
16,828
1.0
303
2,788
ECONOMIZER
ASH
10.5
0.03
1.2
ND
ND
4.0
1,087
8.3
18
6.2
150
508
658
00)24
170
1,758
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
mj/g
^g/g
Wfl
jjg/g
WO
mj/g
WO
Kfl'fl
WJ'fl
-------
121
Appendix C
Air Pollution Control System Summary by Performance
Test Condition
-------
722
APC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SC^ SET POINT
SOO TEMP. SET POINT
PT07
LOW
120
"C
AIR POLLUTION CO^ROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
LOW FFO SO2 /LOW SDO TEPERATURE
PT07
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
o2
-C02
CO
-NO,
SOs
HCI
THC
TRACE ORQANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTI CU LATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
Hg
Ni
Zn
VRAT
OUTER M-ET
158,054
201
157
7.2
12.1
338
172
183
388
13.3
207
7ป6
17
7,074
25,168
51,774
4,229.8
55
176
515
520
1,428
5,877
584
427
34,312
Corr.rt.d la li^ffiM
ซwur
DRYER OUTLET
NA
124
NA
NA
11.1
NA
NA
127
10
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FABRIC
FI.TER OUTLET
172,766
106
18.9
9.4
10.4
411
NA
17
8
12.4
0.167
0.145
NO
108
22S
1,390
4.39
NO
NO
NO
8.4
NO
28
7.4
6.0
NO
^ii!ii^lllflliซ^ซll1&
Sm'/h
c
*
S
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngSm3'
ngSm3"
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3"
ngGm3*
ngSm3'
mg/Sm3'
jiQ/5m3'
jig/Sm3"
ug^m3"
(ig/Sm3]
)ig/Sm3"
ng/Sm3*
ug/Sm3'
(ig/Sm3*
|ig/Sm3
1214 CO 2.
AOLJ I FABnc
AOn | RLTGRASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE ORGAKICS
PCOD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
At
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
550
154
271
ND
941
4,897
1,882
9.3
17
80
147
323
3,051
37
249
8,200
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
Wo
Hfl'fl
HS'S
Hfl'B
Hfl'9
Hfl'fl
Kfl/fl
Hfl'fl
-------
123
ARC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SOj SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET POINT
mo
MEDIUM
120
-c
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
MEDIUM FFO SO2 /LOW SDO TEMPERATURE
PT10
FLUE GAS
a AS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-02
-COj
CO
-NO.
SO]
HCI
THC
TRACE OROANICS
PC DO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTI CU LATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hfl
Ni
Zn
** ^ .
(PflAV
DRYER tCET
158,978
193
13.8
9.2
10.5
77
186
194
429
1.6
243
424
13
6,170
16,196
6,289
4,531.2
156
210
S99
871
1,849
4,770
718
608
48,469
Tฎmmฎm
WRAY
DRYER OUTLET
NA
123
NA
NA
9,6
NA
NA
131
15
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FABRIC
RLTEH OUTLET
167,398
106
15 4
10.9
9.1
39
NA
74
19
1.9
0.181
0.103
NO
42
79
2,603
4M
NO
NO
NO
9.4
NO
43
8.4
2-2
NO
SmVh
c
%
X
s
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ng/Sm3'
ng*m3!
ng^m3"
ngSm3"
ngSm3'
ng^m3'
ng^nr
pg/Sm3"
ftg/Sm3"
(ig/Sms|
(ig/Sm3*
iig'Sffi'l
>ifl/Sm3'
)ig/Sm3]
|ig/Sm3'
^fl/Sm3
12% CO;,.
ASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
St>
At
Cd
O
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
f*anc
RLTERASM
1,166
27
47
NO
684
1,924
1,402
10
19
87
274
637
2.352
27
304
5,879
kg/I)
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
Hg/g
H8'8
ng'fl
ng/fl
R9'9
Hfl/8
MB'fl
ffl'8
HB'8
-------
124
APC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SO2 SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET POINT
cm
HIGH
120
pros
HIGH
120
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
HIGH FFO S02 /LOW SOO TEMPERATURE
PT 02/05
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-02
CO2
CO
-NO,
SO2
HCI
THC
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTI CULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
At
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Nl
Zn
"BAT
DSTERUrr
149,940
191
13.8
8.9
10.7
321
166
173
470
28.7
396
1,007
23
10,860
62,838
60,176
4,949
103
250
647
859
1,781
13.472
680
2,128
35,342
KSBSSSSSSS
WHAT
DRTCT OUTLET
NA
122
NA
NA
8.6
NA
NA
NA
50
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FABRIC
F1.TER OUTLET
159.958
106
15 7
10.6
9.4
508
NA
112
20
18.5
0.225
0.622
NO
408
1,645
4,844
442
NO
NO
ND
15.1
ND
46.2
6.6
4.4
SmVh
c
%
%
It
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngSm3"
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3*
ngSm3'
ngซm3'
mg/Sm3"
Wj/Sm3"
|ig/Sm3'
jig/Sm3"
[ig/Sm3*
lig/Sm3'
|ig/Sm3'
pg/Sm3'
jifl/Sm3"
NA NO |ng/Sm3
i^^BH&Wii&Wf
Corrปcted to
12% CO 2-
ASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
FAMC*
FKTCTAป
429
96
71
NO
1,085
2.870
8,437
9.0
15
70
264
431
1,ป87
25
744
5,463
kgm
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
|ig/g
|ig/g
Hfl's
|ig/g
HO'S
ffl'S
HS'O
MB'g
|ig/g
PT 05 only
-------
125
ARC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SOj SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET POINT
PTM
LOW
190
,
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
LOW FFO SO2 /MEDIUM SDO TEMPERATURE
PT06
ASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE ORQANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
oa
Cr
Cu
Pt
-Hg
Ni
Zn
FABKC
RLTB1ASH
1439
227
282
NO
1,684
6,095
7,431
10
19
96
154
374
3,666
36
374
9,788
kfl/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
Hg/g
ne'e
l
-------
726
APC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SOj SET POINT
SOO TEMP. SET POINT
PT1S
MEDIUM
190
PT13
MEDIUM
190
PT14
MEDIUM
190
-c
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
MEDIUM FFO SO2 /MEDIUM SDO TEMPERATURE
PT 12/13/14
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
-COj
CO
-NO,
S02
HCI
THC
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
TRACE OROANICS
PC DO
PC OF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
g/5mr
g/Sm3]
j/Sm3'
"
ASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
Aป
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
FABdC
RLTERASH
724
102
111
NO
1,218
1332
4,083
\iS
18
118
207
483
2,81 2
38
384
6,338
kgm
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
Hfl'g
W3'8
H8!9
KB'g
Hg/g
H9/g
HO'fl
ffl'Q
hg/g
-------
727
APC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SOj SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET POINT
PTM
HIGH
190
-C
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
HIGH FFO SOj/MEDIUM SDO TEMPERATURE
PT08
FLUE GAS
QAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
-C02
CO
NO,
SO]
HCI
THC
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PARTI CU LATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A.
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Nl
Zn
IPtttT
DRYER ICET
150,203
199
16.3
7.5
11.8
8S
183
184
538
3.0
211
851
24
7,071
20,226
10,259
4,745.4
133
224
832
862
2,436
4,648
646
406
ปCflAY
ORYEHOunn
NA
142
NA
NA
11
NA
NA
164
44
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
rune
FITIH OUTLET
164,013
116
180
8.6
10.4
35
NA
126
41
1.6
0.286
0.467
7
112
180
2,386
3.88
NO
NO
NO
31.4
NO
40
4.2
66.7
Sm'/h
c
%
%
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm'l
ng^m3'
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3'
ngSm3"
fng/SrTr
ng/Sm3*
lifl/Sm3"
|ig/Sm3"
lig/Sm3]
jig/Sm3"
(ig/Sms|
(ifl/Sm3'
rt/Sm3'
43.550 I NA I NO | |ig/Sm3
ACU 1 F*BXC
ASH 1 FILTER MM
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A>
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pt>
-Kg
Ni
Zn
434
62
86
NO
728
1,636
2,905
12.7
22
62
210
717
2,438
25
382
6,738
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
HS'B
(jg/g
HD/S
HB'fl
|ig/g
CB'fl
HB'B
-------
128
APC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SOj SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET PCX NT
PTO)
LOW
IBS
PT11
LOW
165
'C
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
LOW FFO SOj/HIGH SDO TEMPERATURE
PT 03/11
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
O2
-COj
CO
NO,
SO2
HCI
THC
TRACE ORQANICS
PC DO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PART1COLATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
A*
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Nl
Zn
PfUV
DRYER M-ฃT
147,186
199
16 1
7.4
114
219
168
187
416
104
161
611
42
6,159
20,798
47,066
4,313
79
214
694
579
1,908
11,479
622
466
42,014
ORYCTOUTIFT
NA
165
NA
NA
11.0
NA
NA
107
15
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FABRK
Finn OUTLET
161,525
140
15 2
9.5
10.5
249
NA
17
21
8.6
O.S47
0.285
27
294
192
3,686
5.60
ND
ND
ND
8.3
ND
43
19.6
i.O
ND
Sm'/h
c
*
%
%
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngซm3'
ngSm3]
ng^m3"
ngiSm 3-
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sm3'
mg/Sm3'
jig^Sm3'
jig/Sm3"
ug^m3*
Wj/Sm3'
ug/Sm3"
ng/Sm3'
ng/Sfn3"
(ig/Sm3'
(ig/Sm3
ASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE OROANICS
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
A.
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hfl
Ni
Zn
FABfK*
FU.TBIASH
2,140
49
100
ND
704
2,225
1,087
10
18
97
240
679
2.405
30
439
6,687
kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/0
H8/g
(ifl'g
ng/8
ng/g
HB'9
ng/g
Kfl'g
ng/g
'PT11 only
-------
729
ARC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFO SC^ SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET PCX NT
PTM
MEDIUM
165
"C
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
MEDIUM FFO SO2 /HIGH SDO TEMPERATURE
PT04
QAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
_C02
CO
-NO.
SOt
HCI
THC
TRACE ORG ANICS
PC DO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
ng/Sm'*
ngSrn'"
ng/Sms'
ngSm3
ASH
ASH RATE (dry)
TRACE ORQANICS
PCOO
PCOF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Ni
Zn
FASKC
FILTER AW
1.385
84
172
NO
1,058
3,320
1306
8.6
20
86
179
388
3,413
48
228
6,467
kg4t
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
fig'S
HB/g
HB'8
H8'8
H8/B
ng/g
ng/g
ng'g
MS'9
-------
130
ARC SYSTEM
OPERATING CONDITIONS
RUN
FFOSCj SET POINT
SDO TEMP. SET POtNT
PTW
HIGH
165
c
AIR POLLUTION CONTROL SYSTEM SUMMARY
HIGH FFO SO2 /HIGH SDO TEMPERATURE
PT09
FLUE GAS
GAS
FLOW
TEMPERATURE
MOISTURE
CONTINUOUS
MONITORS
-Oj
-C02
CO
NO,
SOj
HCI
THC
TRACE ORCANICS
PCDO
PCDF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
PART1CULATE
TRACE METALS
Sb
As
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Hg
Nl
Zn
PfUY
OflYERM-ET
146.255
191
17.5
7.6
11.9
92
188
178
432
5.4
71
378
6
4348
11,329
32,421
3,893.7
159
196
668
1,491
3,219
2,592
(44
1,574
46,159
!^&b4lg&^&8$5g
IPRAT
DRYBl OUTLET
NA
170
NA
NA
11.1
NA
NA
159
146
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
NA
FABRIC
FITER OUTLET
163,144
140
153
9.7
10.4
72
NA
189
M
8.5
0.582
0.495
14
113
391
2,438
8.79
NO
NO
NO
11.1
NO
39
14.1
5.2
NA NO
Sm'/h
c
*
S
s
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ppm
ngSm3'
ng/Sm3"
ng/Sm3]
ngSm3"
ng/Sm3'
ngSm3"
mg/Sm3'
jig/Sm3"
pg/Sm3"
&ig/Sm3"
tig/Sm3"
(ig/Sm3]
(ig/Sm3]
ng/Sm3"
(ig/Sm3*
(ig/Sm3
Corrtct*d to
12%CO2.
ACU Fซปc
A5H | RLTBtASH
ASH RATE ( dry)
TRACE ORGANICS
PCDD
PC OF
PCB
CB
CP
PAH
TRACE METALS
Sb
At
Cd
Cr
Cu
Pb
-Kg
Nl
Zn
1.317
112
222
NO
1.266
4,336
4,780
13
21
119
287
632
4.545
37
415
8,497
Kg/h
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
ng/g
fO'O
H8/g
ca's
fO'fl
Wa
fO/g
HO '8
MS/g
HS'fl
-------
131
Appendix D
Symbols and Abbreviations
SI Prefixes
Prefix
mega
kilo
hecto
deca
unit
deci
centi
milli
micro
nano
pico
Symbol
M
k
h
da
-
d
c
m
^
n
P
Multiplication Factor Exponent
1000000 rrlO6
1000 =l(f
100 =102
10 = 101
1 =10ฐ
0.1 =10-'
0.01 = 10-2
0.001 = 10-3
0.000001 =lCr6
o.ooooooooi =io-9
o.oooooooooooi =io-12
Units
Symbol
Mass/Weight
g
tonne
Ib
Length
m
ft
Volume
L
m3
Sm3
cm3
ft3 or cf
Time
s
m (min)
h(h)
Temperature
ฐC
ฐF
Pressure
bar
Pa
psig
Unit
gram
metric tonne
pound
metre
foot
litre
cubic metre
standard cubic metre
cubic centimetre
cubic foot
second
minute
hour
degree Celsius
degree Farenheit
bar
pascal
pounds/square inch gauge
Comments
-
1 tonne = 1 Mg
1 pound = 453. 592 g
-
1 ft = 0.3048m
.
lm3 = 1000L
at standard conditions 25ฐC and 101 .325 kPa
1 ft3 = 0.02832 m3
-
1 min = 60 s
1 h = 3600 s
ฐC = 5/9(ฐF-32)
ฐF = 9/5 (ฐC + 32)
-
lPa=10'5bar
1 psig = 6.894 kPa
-------
732
Sampling and Analytical Terminology
XAD-2
GC
MS
BCD
MID
MM5
CT
PT
QA/QC
Amberlite Resin used to absorb organics
Gas Chromatography
Mass Spectrometry
Electron Capture Detector
Multiple Ion Detection
Modified Method 5
Characterization Test
Performance Test
Quality Assurance/Quality Control
Compounds
PCDD
PCDF
PCB
PAH
THC
TOX
CP
CB
CO
CO2
02
SO2
HC1
TSP
NaOH
KMnO4
H2O
H2SO4
HN03
Na2SO4
HC1O4
Ca(OH)2
Polychlorinated Dibenzo-pora-dioxins
Polychlorinated Dibenzofurans
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons
Total Hydrocarbons
Total Organic Halides
Chlorophenols
Chlorobenzenes
Carbon Monoxide
Carbon Dioxide
Oxygen
Sulphur Dioxide
Hydrogen Chloride
Total Suspended Particulate or Paniculate Matter
Sodium Hydroxide
Potassium Permanganate
Water
Sulphuric Acid
Nitric Acid
Sodium Sulphate
Perchloric Acid
Calcium Hydroxide
-------
133
Metals
Cd
Be
Mo
Ca
V
Al
Mg
Ba
K
Na
Zn
Mn
Co
Cu
Ag
Fe
Pb
Cr
Ni
Si
Ti
B
P
Hg
As
Sb
Bi
Se
Te
Sn
Cadmium
Beryllium
Molybdenum
Calcium
Vanadium
Aluminum
Magnesium
Barium
Potassium
Sodium
Zinc
Manganese
Cobalt
Copper
Silver
Iron
Lead
Chromium
Nickel
Silicon
Titanium
Boron
Phosphorus
Mercury
Arsenic
Antimony
Bismuth
Selenium
Tellerium
Tin
Miscellaneous
ND
ppm
0
ฑ
<
>
ID
d
S
Not Detected
part per million
Degree (angle or temperature)
plus or minus
less than
greater than
Induced Draft (fan)
dry
standardized gas conditions
-------
134
Acronyms
AA atomic absorption
ANC acid neutralization capacity
APC air pollution control
API air preheater inlet
APO air preheater outlet
BA bottom ash
CEM continuous emissions monitoring
DAS Data Acquisition System
EFW energy-from-waste
FF fabric filter
FFA fabric filter ash
FFO fabric filter outlet
FID flame ionization detection
GFC gas filter correlation
GS grate siftings
ICP inductively coupled plasma
LOI loss-on-ignition
MS mass spectrometry
MWC municipal waste combustion
NDUV nondispersive ultraviolet
NDIR nondispersive infrared
OFA overfire air systems
OSR overall stoichiometric ratio
PHI preheater inlet
-------
755
RDF refuse-derived fuel
RSR reduced stoichiometric ratio
RW-OFA . . . rear-wall overfire air
SAS Statistical Analysis System
SBEP sequential batch extraction procedure
SCE sequential chemical extraction
SD spray dryer
SDA spray dryer atomizer
SDI spray dryer inlet
SDO spray dryer outlet
SR stoichiometric ratio
VOST volatile organic sampling train
Organizations
APHA American Public Health Association
ASME American Society of Mechanical Engineers
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
CARB California Air Resources Board
CE Combustion Engineering
EPA Environmental Protection Agency - United States of America
NITEP National Incinerator Testing and Evaluation Program
-------
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Bouievacd, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
-------
PRINTED IN CANADA
-------