vironmental Protection
jncy
Research And Development
(8703)
EPA600-R-94-158
January 1995
Annual Report Of The
Research Grants Program
1994
Office Of Exploratory Research
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INTRODUCTION
The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in its unique
role, provides the joint protection of environmental quality and human health through
effective regulations and policy decisions. As effective environmental policies rely on
sound science, EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) is committed to
providing the best possible products in the areas of research, development, and technical
support. A significant challenge is to support long-term research that anticipates future
environmental problems and strives to fill significant gaps in knowledge relevant to
meeting regulatory goals.
Since 1980, the Office of Exploratory Research* within ORD has operated a
competitive, peer-reviewed, extramural investigator-initiated research grants program to
promote close cooperation with the scientific community and support basic research on
environmental issues. Funding for the program has fluctuated between $5 million and
$25 million per year, and funding in FY 1994 was $21 million. Applications for FY 1994
research grants were received in response to an annual General Solicitation for
Applications, which focuses on broad environmental fields such as biology, chemistry,
physics, engineering, and socioeconomics. This document provides a summary of the
1994 research grants within this program.
Over the next three years, ORD plans to expand its extramural grants program.
The funding level for the program will be an estimated $44 million in FY 1995 and is
expected to grow further in subsequent years with the goal of achieving an annual
funding level of $100 million. If fully implemented, such an expanded program would
enable funding of about 200 new grants every year, with a typical grant lasting three
years. Through special solicitations called Requests for Applications (RFA's), EPA will
solicit proposals in well-defined, high priority research areas. For FY 1995 these RFA's
will focus on areas where risk assessors are most in need of new concepts, data, and
methods, as well as socioeconomic projects related to pollution prevention.
EPA also is working with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to jointly solicit
and evaluate proposals under this program, and it is expected that this partnership with
NSF will lead to both agencies providing funding for innovative research in
environmental science and engineering. EPA and NSF have agreed on broad topical
areas of interest to both agencies: technology for a sustainable future, contingent
valuation and environmental policy, and water and watersheds.
* In 1995, as part of an ORD reorganization, OER became the Environmental
Sciences Research Division (ESRD) within the National Center for Environmental
Research and Quality Assurance. Another new division, the Environmental
Engineering Research Division (EERD) within this Center, is now responsible for the
administration of grants related to engineering research and technology
development.
1
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
5- Ubrary (PL-12J)
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All grants are selected on the basis of technical merit, budget, and a well-balanced
research program. Grants selection follows a review of each proposal by experts in the
relevant fields. Ad hoc technical review groups, chaired by scientists or engineers
outside EPA, meet periodically to evaluate the merits of proposals.
The progress of each grant is given in technical reports or by the publication of
scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. Grantees will be expected to participate in
EPA-sponsored workshops and seminars featuring their work accomplishments.
Requests for information on ORD's research grants program should be directed
to:
Melinda L. McClanahan, Ph.D.
Associate Director for Science
National Center for Environmental Research
and Quality Assurance
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington DC 20460
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CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF AWARDS 4
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 10
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (AIR) 22
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (WATER) 26
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 31
ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOECONOMICS 35
«} INDEX 37
V
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LIST OF AWARDS—1994
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Page
The Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on the Reproduction,
Growth, Behavior, Fitness, and Survivorship of Coastal
Fishes. R82-1143-010 10
The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Marine Species.
R82-1191-010 10
Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Lignin-
Derived Macromolecules. R82-1192-010 10
Artificial Stable RNAs: A Novel Approach for Monitoring
Genetically Engineered Microorganisms. R82-1205-010 11
Long-Term Variation in Fish Assemblages of Warm-Water
Stresses: Natural Variations and Approaches to Detecting.
Variation. R82-1224-010 11
Small Mammal Population Responses to Multiple Stressors.
R82-1230-010 12
Ecology of Hyporheic and Groundwater Communities: Distribution,
Response, and Recovery from Disturbances. R82-1250-010 12
Metabolism of Methylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by
Microorganisms. R82-1251-010 12
Biochemistry of Chloroaromatic Pollutant Degradation by the Wood
Rotting Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. R82-1269-010 12
Kinetic Studies of 4-Chlorobenzoyl CoA Dehalogenase.
R82-1274-010 13
Activity and Regulation by UV-light of DNA Repair
Functions of Declining and Persistent Amphibian
Populations. R82-1275-010 13
Transport, Degradation, and Survival of Free and Encapsulated
Microbial Cells in a Heterogeneous Subsurface Environment.
R82-1284-010 14
Immunotoxicity: A Sensitive Biomarker for Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbon Exposure. R82-1368-010 14
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Page
Effect of DNA Sequence Divergence on Gene Transfer Between
Bacterial Species. R82-1388-010 14
Development of Specific Gene Probes for Giardia Spp. to Resolve
Zoonotic Origin of Water-Borne Giardiasis. R82-1404-010 15
Degradation of Alkyl Halides by Nitrifying Bacteria Associated
with Soil. R82-1405-010 15
Integrated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes: Wetland
Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and Agriculture. R82-1671-010 15
Potential Ecological Effects of Baculovirus Pesticides on
Nontarget Insect Species. R82-1864-010 16
Effects of Metals on Immunological Dysfunction and Metalliothionein
Modulation in Hemocytes and Oysters Infected with Perkinsus marinus:
A Characterization of Putative Environmental Biomarkers.
R82-2282-010 16
Treehole Communities as Bioindicators of Forest Stemflow
Pollution and Ecosystem Stress. R82-2298-010 17
Simultaneous Microbial Detoxification of Chromium and Organic
Pollutants. R82-2307-010 17
Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by Plants.
R82-2329-010
17
Analysis of Photosynthetic Markers of Stress Caused by Plant
Exposure to UV-B Light. R82-2346-01018 18
Field and Microcosm Studies for Evaluating the
Bioremediatiion Potential of Genetically
Engineered Microorganisms in Aquifers. R82-2393-010 18
Assessing the Response of Three Pine Species to Ozone,
Utilizing the Antioxidants Ethylenediurea and Sodium
Erythobate. R82-2405-010
18
Investigation of Linkages Between Biomarker Indicators
and Population-Level Responses. R82-2407-010 19
Studies on the Mechanisms Underlying Lichen Sensitivity
to SO2 and Ov R82-2455-010 19
Aquatic Invertebrate Succession in Freshwater Marshes:
An Evaluation of Acquired Function in Created and
Restored Wetlands. R82-2467-010 19
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Page
Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic Acid Herbicides
Coupled to Denitrification. R82-2487-010 19
Comparative Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Metabolism and
Genotoxicity in Two Ictalui id Fishes. R82-2509 20
Expression and Functional Roles of the Maize MnSod
Multigene Family During Development and Under
Environmental Stress. R82-2546-010 20
A Molecular Approach for the Study of Environmental
Carcinogenesis. R82_2913 20
Use of Remotely Sensed Data on Phenological Activity
and Heterogeneity to Detect Changes in Grassland
Species Composition in Response to Stress.
R82-3605-010 21
Testing the Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index
Across Biogeographic Regions. R82-3606-010 21
A Novel Approach for Assessment of Anthropogenic
Disturbance: A Search for Bacterial Indicator
Species in Southwestern Streams and Rivers.
R82-3749-010 21
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (AIR)
Determination of Trace Atmospheric Gases by
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). Size-Selecting
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particles
by CE-Based Analyzer. R82-1117-010 22
Advanced Modeling of Concentration Fluctuations.
Reactive Plumes Surface Inhomogeneity. R82-1210-010 23
Development of New Techniques for Atmospheric
Profiling of Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products Using
Kites as "Sky Hooks" 22
Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Interactions Related to
Tropospheric Ozone Formation-Destruction Processes.
R82-1256-010 22
Applications of Receptor Modeling to Time Series
Data for Aerosol Chemical Components. R82-1288-010 22
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Page
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion
and Relative Diffusion. R82-1340-010 23
Development of New Isotopic Techniques for
Resolution of the Atmospheric N2O Budget. R82-2264-010 23
A Study of Absorptive Gas/Particle Partitioning
to Ambient Aerosol Organic Material. R82-2312-010 23
2 to 5 urn Room-Temperature Semiconductor Multiquantum
Well Tunable Photodetectors for Ultrasensitive
Detection of Hazardous Pollutants. R82-2351-0102 23
Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Heterogeneous Ozone
Destruction. R82-2453-010 24
Influence of Organic Films on Reactivity and Hydroscopicity
of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol. R82-2476-010 24
Development of Multivariate Receptor Models for the
Determination of the Sources of Airborne Pollutants.
R82-2482-010 24
Absorption of Sulfuric Dioxide by Circulating and
Oscillating Drops. R82-2518-010 24
Characterizations of Motor Vehicle Emissions. R82-2562-010 25
ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (WATER)
Quantitative Analysis Directly from Matrices
Using TOF-SIMS. R81-9809-010 26
Configuration and Sorption Properties of Two Synthetic
Humic Substance Analogs: Polymaleic Acid and Pyrene-
Labeled Polyacrylic Acid. R81-9866-010 26
Integrated Subsurface Imaging for Hydrologic Site
Characteristics. R81-9885-010 26
Reactive Contaminant Transport in Variable Density
Flow Systems. R81-9976-010 27
NMR for Diagnostic Testing of Solidified Hazardous
Waste. R82-0024-010 27
Using Cadmium-113 Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy to Study
Cation Binding by Organic Matter. R82-0277-010 27
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Page
Solventless Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Water
with Solid-Base Microextraction. R82-0459-010 28
Sorption and Transport of HOCs in Aquatic '
Systems. R82-0944-010 28
Chemically Selective Fiber Optic Detection and
Characterization of Aqueous Impurities. R82-1325-010 28
Development of Extraction and HPLC Methods Based on
Enhanced-Fluidity Liquids for the Analysis of Polar
Contaminants in Sand, Soil, and Sediments. R82-1359-010 29
Geostatistical Analysis of Solute Transport in Alluvial
Fan Facies. R82-1400-010 29
Development of a Portable Gas Chromatograph-Mass
Spectrograph (GC- MS) with a Microbore Column and an
Array Deractor for Field Measurements.
R82-2605-010 29
ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Heavy Metals in a
Sludge Amended Agroforestry System. R81-9996-010 31
Development of an Adaptive Methodology for On-Line
Computerized Modelling and Read Time Control of
Wastewater Treatment Facilities. R82-0181-010 31
Engineering of Oxidation and Granular Activated
Carbon Treatment Processes to Meet New Objectives
in Drinking Water Treatment. R82-0184-010 31
Development of an Economic Treatment System to Detoxify
Organic Chemicals. R82-0921-010 31
Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil Complexing
Agents Incorporating Metal Recovery and Chelator
Recovery. R82-1050-010 32
VUV-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry as a
Combustor/Incinerator Diagnostic Tool. R82-1206-010 32
Fate of Bromide Ion and Bromide Compounds in Water
Treatment. R82-1245-010 32
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Page
Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean up Toxic
Metal-Contaminated Soils and Water.
R82-1550-010 33
Fabrication and Evaluation of Fiber Optic
Photoreactors for the Photocatalytic Degradation
of Organic Contaminants and the Photoplating
Stripping of Heavy Metals.
R82-2591-010 33
ENVIRONMENTA1 SOCIOECONOMICS
Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution in
Heterogenous Conditions. R82-2334-010 35
Enforcement and Monitoring of Environmental
Laws: An Experimental Examination of
Compliance with Pollution Standards. R82-2363-010 35
Liability-Based Funding and Superfund Clean-up
Strategies: PRP Involvement and the Pace of
Progress. R82-2368-010 35
Verbal Protocol Analysis of Cost Valuation Responses.
R82-2446-010 36
Characterizing and Interpreting Perceived Ecological
Risk. R82-2464 36
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SUMMARY OF AWARDS 1994: ABSTRACT
ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY
R82-1143-010
The Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on the
Reproduction, Growth, Behavior, Fitness
and Survivorship of Coastal Fishes
Institution: University of West Florida
Principal Investigator: Stephen A. Bortone
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $319,771
The purpose of this project is to determine the impact
of Kraft Mill Effluent (KME) on the life history
attributes and fitness of coastal fishes. Through a
series of field observations and controlled laboratory
exposures to KME, three livebearing and one
egglaying coastal fish species will be examined to
determine the extent to which various concentrations
of KME affect their life history attributes. The
degree of masculinization of female livbearing fishes
will be documented in the laboratory and the field.
These observations will be correlated with
manipulated concentrations of KME. A behavioral
bioassay will be developed to permit a quick and
inexpensive assessment of the presence and impact of
KME on aquatic organisms. The impact that KME
exposure has on subsequent generations of fishes,
removed from KME, will permit the determination of
the long-term impact that KME may have on
livebearing and egglaying coastal fishes.
Additionally, historical field collections of these fishes
will be examined to give perspective to the long-term
impacts that KME may have had on some coastal
aquatic fish communities. By carefully examining the
life history attributes of KME exposed fishes, the
researchers can determine the potential that KME has
on altering the fitness of selected fish species.
R82-1191-010
The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Marine
Phytoplankton Species
Institution: University of Miami
Principal Investigator: Larry Brand
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $373,417
The purpose of this project is to determine the effects
of ultraviolet-B radiation on marine phytoplankton
species. Because of differences among species,
environmental perturbations often cause changes in
species composition in a planktonic community long
before a significant change in composite
characteristics such as standing stock biomass or
primary productivity occurs. The researchers propose
to examine and compare a wide variety of
phytoplankton species in their sensitivity to UV-B to
determine which species are most sensitive and if
future increases in UV-B will lead to a significant
shift in phytoplankton species composition, which
could disrupt marine food webs at higher trophic
levels. The research will emphasize the use of truly
representative species in a realistic light regime that
takes into account the entire UV-B: UV-A: PAR
spectrum that is found at various depths, and the
temporal fluctuations in light that phytoplankton
experience as a result of hydrographic vertical mixing.
R82-1192-010
Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Action of
Lignin-Derived Macromolecules
Institution: University of California, Davis
Principal Investigator: Gary N. Chen-
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $311,413
The objectives of this project are to determine the
specific biological effects on developing marine
organisms and the mechanisms of action of lignin-
derived macromolecules (LDMs) which are present in
various pulp mill effluents. The researchers will
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utilize early life stages of potentially impacted
organisms of economic and ecological importance,
which are also excellent model systems for
investigating mechanisms of action of toxicants at the
cellular and subcellular levels. In Objective I, the
researchers will investigate the specific effects of
LDMs on (1) sea urchin sperm functions, (2) specific
events during sea urchin embryonic development, and
(3) temporally and mechanistically distinct events
during algal gametophyte development. These
biological effects will be investigated using LDMs
from different sources, which possess different
physical and chemical characteristics. In Objective II,
the researchers will determine the cell types affected
and the subcellular distribution of LDMs at the target
sites and correlate this with effects on intracellular ion
regulation (Objective III). Finally, in Objective IV,
the researchers will determine if LDM effects
development by perturbing cell surface receptor-ligand
interactions. These objectives will be accomplished,
in part, by using morphological analyses at the light
and electron microscopic levels, high resolution
techniques for localizing LDMs at target sites, and
intracellular ion probes together with quantitative
subcellular imaging of living cells (or cells in
embryos), which have been sublethally affected by
LDMs, using scanning laser confocal microscopy.
R82-1205-010
Artificial Stable RNAs: A Novel Approach for
Monitoring Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms
Institution: University of Houston
Principal Investigator: George E. Fox
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $199,795
The purpose of this project is to address the
remaining technical problems that stand in the way of
practical testing of the use of artificial stable RNAs to
serve as the target using standard rRNA detection
technology. Of first priority is the modification of
the existing prototype cassettes such that
nonribosomal target sequences can be readily added
to the stable RNA product. Once this is
accomplished, the utility of the system will be
demonstrated by incorporating a target sequence
which is known to be of potential value in
environmental monitoring. Secondly, it is clear that
in practical applications, E. coli is not in general the
most suitable host for genetically engineered
microorganisms (OEMs) that would be used in the
environment. It will typically be necessary to be able
to readily transfer the cassette system to other hosts.
A second major project goal then will be the
development of rather standard procedures for doing
this. To that end, cassettes will be transferred to one
or more species of Vibrio. Finally, an abbreviated
version of the cassette will be inserted into two
Pseudomonas strains that have been engineered by
another group and already shown to be effective in
realistic microcosms. The key issue here is to
determine whether or not the RNA will accumulate to
an adequate level when a weaker promoter is used.
R82-1224-010
Long-Term Variation in Fish Assemblages of
Warm-Water Stresses: Natural Variance and
Approaches to Detecting Variation
Institution: University of Oklahoma
Principal Investigators: William J. Matthews;
Frances P. Galwick
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $221,238
The purpose of this project is to assess amounts of
change in the composition of natural stream fish
communities at various spatial scales and over
ecologically brief (monthly or seasonal) as well as
long (multigenerational) periods of time. At all scales
the researchers will survey fish by underwater
observation or seining in order to document in detail
all of the fish species present and their relative
abundance in the community, matching present-day
sampling techniques with those used in these sites in
previous collections over the last 20+ years. At the
most finely-grained focus (individual habitat units;
monthly) the researchers will evaluate changes in
composition offish assemblages in individual pools of
one small stream over a period of one year. At an
intermediate spatial and temporal grain, the
researchers will quantify changes in fish composition
across seasons and years at numerous (6-12)
individual sites (i.e., 200-300 m reaches) in one
upland stream and one prairie stream over a period
spanning 20-25 years. At the broadest special scale
the researchers will measure changes in midwestern
and southwestern fish communities at approximately
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80 stream sites from Iowa and Nebraska southward
through Texas, and compare the present-day
communities to those that existed in 1978. At all
spatial and temporal scales, the fish communities that
exist today will be compared with those that were
present during surveys of those streams by one of the
investigators during the last 20 years, in order to
provide a measure of natural changes in fish
communities.
R82-1230-010
Small Mammal Population Responses to Multiple
Stressors
Institution: University of California
Principal Investigator: William Z. Lidicker
Project Period: 1 year
Project Amount: $100,920
By using the species gray-tailed vole (Microtus
canicaudus} as a model organism, the researchers will
simulate the effects of habitat fragmentation by
creating small, closed populations in seminatural field
enclosures. Also, they will simulate the effects of
population bottlenecks by reducing the genetic
variation of populations through inbreeding. Three
types of genetic populations with average inbreeding
coefficients (F) similar to what may occur under some
natural population bottlenecks will be created in
captivity by mating voles of known relatedness: (1)
highly-inbred (F of about 0.7), (2) moderately in-bred
(F of about 0.2), and (3) outcrossed (not inbred
relative to founder population). In a series of
experiments conducted both in the laboratory and in
the field, the researchers will test the susceptibility of
individuals and populations with varying degrees of
genetic variability to multiple environmental stressors.
In laboratory experiments they will test how exposure
to realistic levels of organophosphate pesticides,
nematode parasites, or both types of stressors affect
acute pesticide toxicity, parasite resistance, and social
dominance in males. In the field they will examine
population growth rates, extinction rates, and
demographic responses of the variously inbred
populations before and after pesticide applications.
R82-1250-010
Ecology of Hyporheic and Groundwater
Communities: Distribution,
Recovery from Disturbance
Response, and
Institution: Arizona State University
Principal Investigator: Stuart G. Fisher
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $67,322
The purpose of this project is to explore the
proposition that deserts support widespread, thriving
flowing-water ecosystems beneath surface-dry
channels, protected from evaporation loss and intense
heat. The research will be done on the hyporheic
ecosystem of the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. The
researchers will determine the distribution of the
community in regional space and its response to
drying by examining a suite of streams on a
continuum of flow permanence. They will also
describe the ecological conditions required to support
such a community and its capacity to respond to
stress associated with low-oxygen and elevated-
temperature conditions. Finally, they will investigate
the mechanisms utilized by members of this
community to persist in the face of devastating natural
disturbance in the form of scouring flash floods and
protracted drought.
R82-1251-010
Metabolism of Methylated Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms
Institution: State University of New York
Principal Investigator Harish C. Sikka
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $375,906
The specific aims of the project are to (1) determine
the kinetics of degradation of 2-methylfluoranthene
and 5-methylchrysene by Pseudomonas paucimobilis,
strain EPA505, which is capable of degrading
unsubstituted higher-molecular-weight PAHs, (2)
characterize and quantitaie the products resulting from
the metabolism of 2-MeF and 5-MeC by P.
paucimobilis, and (3) investigate the metabolism of
fluoranthene and chrysene by P. paucimobilis as
above in order to assess the influence of methyl
substitution on the microbial metabolism of the parent
hydrocarbons.
R82-1269-010
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Biochemistry of Chloroaromatic Pollutant
Degradation by the Wood Rotting Fungus
Phanerochaete ckrysosporium
Institution: Oregon Graduate Institute of
Science & Technology
Principal Investigator M. H. Gold
Project Period: 3 Years
Project Amount: $380,799
The purpose of this project is to continue studies on
the biochemistry of Chloroaromatic degradation by
Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The research plan
has four objectives: (1) continuation of the
researchers' investigations of chlorophenol
metabolism by P. chrysosporium specifically
elucidating the reactions and enzymes involved in the
degradation of 2,4,6-trichloro- and pentachlorophenol,
(2) examination of the oxidation mechanism involved
in the degradation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids and
their corresponding phenoxypropionic acids, (3)
examination of the oxidation mechanism of a variety
of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p-
furans by fungal-generated peroxidase and by whole
fungal cultures, and (4) identification and
characterization of the intracellular dioxygenase(s) and
quinone reductase(s) which the researchers previously
demonstrated to be involved in the degradation of
chlorinated aromatics by P. chrysosporium.
R82-1274-010
Kinetic Studies of 4-Chlorobenzoyl CoA
Dehalogenase
Institution: University of Colorado
Principal Investigator: Shelley D. Copley
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $359,002
In this project the researchers describe studies of 4-
chlorobenzoyl CoAdehalogenase, an enzyme required
for biodegradation of 4-chlorobenzoate, a breakdown
product of some PCB congeners and some herbicides.
The4-Chlorobenzoyl CoA dehalogenase catalyzes the
replacement of a chlorine substitute on an aromatic
substrate with a hydroxyl group. The objectives of
this research program are to understand in detail how
the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and to define the
important interactions between the active site and
substrate molecules. A number of kinetic experiments
designed to provide insight into the mechanism and
substance specificity of the dehalogenase enzyme will
be done. The researchers plan to study the chemical
and physical processes occurring on the surface of the
enzyme using stopped-flow UV-vis and fluorescence
spectrometry. A major effort will be directed at
identifying the rate-determining step for the
dehalogenation reaction. The possibility that product
release is the rate-determining step will be evaluated
using rapid flow-quench experiments. The possibility
that the carbon-chlorine bond cleavage is the rate-
determining step will be evaluated by measuring the
"Cl-kinetic isotope effect. The researchers also plan
to explore the ability of the enzyme to catalyze
dehalogenation of a variety of chlorinated compounds
in order to determine the natural range of substrates
for the enzyme and to determine the role of various
parts of the substrate in binding and catalysis.
R82-1275-010
Activity and Regulation by UV-Hght of DNA
Repair Functions of Declining and Persistent
Amphibian Populations
Institution: Oregon State University
Principal Investigator: John Hays
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $359,002
The purpose of this project is to investigate what
effect the global change of increased terrestrial UV-B
irradiance, an expected result of stratospheric ozone
depletion, may have on the decline of certain
amphibian populations which are sensitive and are
providing "early warning" for other vertebrates.
Three aspects of certain observations will be
addressed. First, in order to determine whether
differences in oocyte and egg photolyase activity
reflect to some extent adaptive responses to exposure
to sunlight, the researchers will rear four frog and
toad species under room lighting, room lighting plus
UV-B, and sunlight: the African clawed frog, Xenopus
laevis, laboratory-reared specimens of which
previously showed very low photolyase levels in
oocytes; the Pacific tree frog, Hyla regilla, whose
populations are not in decline; the Cascades frog,
Rana cascadae; and the Western toad, Bufo boreas,
whose populations show severe declines. Each will
be reared from sexual immaturity to egg-laying
maturity, and photolyase levels in skin, muscle, liver,
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and oocytes (as they develop) and (finally) eggs,
assayed at intervals. Removal of cyclobutane
pyrimidine dimers from radiolabeled exogenous DNA
will be measured chromatographically. Second, in
order to determine whether the eleven species
previously studied differ significantly with respect to
other DNA repair activities in eggs or oocytes, the
researchers will measure two excision-repair activities,
using frozen tissues on hand and fresh specimens
from the wild. AP endonuclease will be assayed as
nicking of end-radiolabeled synthetic abasic DNA
(tetrahydrofuran-residue) substrate, and chemical-
adduct repair as repair synthesis (radiolabeled
nucleotide incorporation) in the vicinity of a defined
single acetylaminofluorene (AAF) adduct. Third, to
determine whether UV stimulation of photolyase
activity involves increased transcription, the
researchers will determine at which stages of
development UV-B exposure can stimulate oocyte
levels in oocytes, and measure photolyase mRNA
before and after UV. In order to measure the mRNA,
by hybridization ("Southern blotting") techniques
using a photolyase- gene DNA probe, the researchers
will clone the gene. They will construct a A,-phage
cDNA library for each species, which will
subsequently be generally available to investigators
studying amphibian decline. The researchers will
screen it for photolyase cDNA by hybridization with
a probe generated by polymerase chain reaction, using
conserved (microbial)-photolyase-sequence primers
and bulk amphibian DNA. The researchers will also
select for the photolyase gene by complementation of
microbial mutations.
R82-1284-010
Transport, Degradation, and Survival of Free and
Encapsulated Microbial Cells in a Heterogeneous
Subsurface Environment
Institution: University of Idaho
Principal Investigator: Ronald L. Crawford
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $304,492
The purpose of the project is to document the
feasibility of encapsulated-cell bioremediation for a
representative heterogeneous, confined aquifer
consisting of unconsolidated sediments. The research
will take place in a confined heterogeneous aquifer
underlying the University of Idaho's Plant Science
Farm. The aquifer ranges from about 1 to 1.5 meters
in thickness. It consists of interbedded silt, sand, and
gravel zones. The researchers will install additional
monitoring well clusters, aquifer characterization, and
hydraulic testing. Induced-gradient tracer tests will be
conducted using conservative ion tracers, a
chlorinated-phenol-degrading Flavobacterium (ATCC
39723) as free cells, encapsulated Flavobacterium
cells, and polystyrene microspheres. The final task
will be to correlate the results of the degradation and
survival experiments with the hydraulic testing and
tracer testing results.
R82-1368-010
Inununotoxicity: A Sensitive Biomarker for
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure
Institution: Clemson University Research
Foundation
Principal Investigators: R. L. Dickerson; G.
C. Cobb
Project Period: 2 year
Project Amount: $235,586
The purpose of the project is to demonstrate that
alterations in immunological parameters are more
sensitive biomarkers of exposure to polynuclear
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than is elevated
ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, the most
commonly used biomarker for exposure to these
chemicals. The project has three stages. In the first
stage, dose-response studies using laboratory-raised
deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, will be
conducted with 11 PAHs and 2,3,7,8-
tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The alterations in
macrophage phagocytosis, lymphocyte blastogenesis,
and spleen plaque-forming cell activity will be
measured. These parameters allow the assessment of
non-specific, humoral, and cell-mediated immune
status. Wildlife with a compromised immune system
are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections,
parasite infestations, and tumors than are animals with
an intact immune system. The second stage will
involve placing enclosures of deer mice on a PAH-
contaminated Superfund site. After two weeks on the
site, the mice will be euthanized and the same
immunological parameters measured and compared to
those of control animals. The third stage will consist
of capturing wild deer mice from contaminated sites
and measuring the same immune functions.
R82-1388-010
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Effect of DNA Sequence Divergence on Gene
Transfer Between Bacterial Species
Institution: Wesleyan University
Principal Investigator: Frederick M. Cohan
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $339,945
The purpose of the project is to investigate the
possibility of a general approach to the indirect
prediction of sexual isolation in bacteria recombining
principally by natural transformation. Using both
genomic DNA and a PCR-amplified segment of gene
rpoB as donor, the researchers found that the extent
of sexual isolation at locus rpoB was closely
predicted, over three orders of magnitude as a log-
linear function of sequence divergence, at that locus.
Because sexual isolation between a recipient and any
potential donor may be determined as a general
mathematical function of sequence divergence,
transformation is perhaps the only sexual system in
either the prokaryotic or the eukaryotic world in
which sexual isolation can be predicted for a pair of
species without having to perform the cross.
R82-1404-010
Development of Specific Gene Probes for Giardia
Spp. to Resolve Zoonotic Origin of Water-Borne
Giardiasis
Institution: University of Minnesota
Principal Investigator: Stanley L. Erlandsen
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $362,537
The purpose of this project is to develop and test a
gene probe that will have the resolution to identify
various species of giardia. The approach in this effort
is to investigate a unique section of the ribosomal
DNA (rDNA) that may be used to develop gene
probes which can distinguish infectious G. lamblia
(human), G. muris (mouse), and G. ardeae (bird).
From a library of the sequences of the small subunit
(SSU) of rDNA, the investigator will (1) develop a
library of additional rDNA sequences from several
human giardia isolates to select conserved regions for
developing rDNA probes that recognize all G. lamblia
isolates from humans, (2) construct new primer sets
for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications
that will facilitate sequencing base pairs 1-500 SSU
rDNA and the entire SSU gene, (3) use the specific
rDNA gene probes to screen potential candidates for
the zoonotic spread of giardiasis, (4) compare rDNAI
sequences from G. lamblia isolates to those from
animal giardia spp. for the purpose of designing
diagnostic species-specific probe for identifying
giardia from humans and animals; and (5) use
diagnostic rDNAI gene probes to identify giardia ssp.
recovered from environmental test samples collected
at sites of water-borne giardiasis outbreak.
R82-1405-010
Degradation of Alkyl Halides by Nitrifying
Bacteria Associated with Soil
Institution: Oregon State University
Principal Investigator: Daniel J. Arp
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $369,750
The purpose of this project is to evaluate the
oxidation of alkyl halides by ammonia oxidizers
associated with soils at population densities, and over
time courses that are closer to the realities of field
conditions. Toward this end, the following objectives
have been formulated to evaluate (1) the kinetics of
oxidation of methyl bromide and trichloroethylene by
Nitrosomonas europaea adsorbed to soil solids, (2)
the sustainability of these oxidations by N. europaea
under conditions of intact soil structure and
nonsaturated water, (3) the characteristics of alkyl
halide oxidation by the indigenous ammonia-oxidizing
population in soil. Two soils will be used in these
studies. One will represent subsurface aquifer solids
obtained from Moffet Naval Air Station in California,
and the other will represent surface agricultural soil
from Oregon. Two substrates will be used: methyl
bromide, which represents those compounds that can
be transformed into nontoxic carbon compounds; and
trichloroethylene, which represents those compounds
for which degradation leads to inactivation of cellular
functions.
R82-1671-010
Integrated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes:
Wetland Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and
Agriculture
Institution: Texas Tech University
Principal Investigators: Daryl L. Moorehead;
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Tony R. Mollhagen; Ernest B.
Fish
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $449,723
The purpose of this project is to examine the
relationships between stresses resulting from different
land use practices on the semi-arid Southern High
Plains of Texas (82,000 square km) and the biological
integrity of playa lakes, important centers of
biodiversity in this recently designated Federal
wetlands region. Play as are highly replicated
ecosystems (ca. 20,000 in the Texas Panhandle) for
which a level of sampling replication can be
incorporated in scientific investigations that is
impossible in studies of most other systems. The
researchers will address three aspects of biodiversity
(species richness, species diversity, and community
composition) as they relate to integrated properties of
ecosystem function. The approach of these
researchers will functionally link these aspects of
biodiversity within playas to surrounding landscape
features, emphasizing the effects of agricultural
activities. The species richness of macroinvertebrate
communities, as well as the proportional density of
species, will augment simple presence-absence data of
sensitive, indicator species to provide a
comprehensive and potentially more precise indicator
of the multiple stresses experienced by the playa
biota. Analyses of chemical characteristics of water
in the playas will provide the functional link between
surrounding land use practices and stressors acting on
biotic communities within playas; moreover, their
presence or concentrations may represent predictors
of biotic condition. The information collected will be
added to a developing Geographical Information
System (GIS) for the area, which will increase the
ability to predict the results of land uses on biotic
integrity within playas in this extensive region.
R82-1864-010
Potential Ecological Effects of Baculovirus
Pesticides on Nontarget Insect Species
Institution: Boyce Thompson Institute for
Plant Research
Principal Investigator: H. Alan Wood
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $195,870
The purpose of this project is to assess the potential
ecological impact of genetically enhanced baculovirus
(GEB) pesticides on nontarget insects using modern
techniques of biotechnology that will permit detection
of symptomless as well as pathogenic infections.
Procedures have been developed to survey a wide
range of insect species for susceptibility to infection
by the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis
virus (AcMNPV), Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis
virus (BmSNPV) Lymantria dispar nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (LoMNPVl), and Orgyia
pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV).
Inoculations will be made by hemocoelic injections
with the nonoccluded form and per os inoculations
with the pre-occluded form of recombinant isolates of
the four viruses. Each of the recombinant viruses will
have its polyhedrin gene replaced with genes coding
for [i-galactosidase, secreted alkaline phosphatase, or
luciferase under the control of the baculovirus
polyhedrin, ETL or plO gene promoters. Replication
of these viruses will initially be assessed based on
detection of the reporter gene products. Evidences for
virus replication will be further determined by
hybridization procedures and electron microscopy.
R82-2282-010
Effects of Metals on Immunological Dysfunction
and Metallothionein Modulation in Hemocytes and
Oysters Infected with Perkinsus marinus. A
Characterization of Putative Environmental
Biomarkers
Institution: University of Maryland
Principal Investigator: G. Roesijadi
Project Period: 1 year
Project Amount: $327438
The purpose of this project is to investigate
metallothionein as a potential indicator of metal
exposure and toxicity and altered immunological
responses as measures of immunotoxicity in response
to a variety of chemical exposures. Target
populations for environmental exposure to toxic
chemicals can be subjected to coincidental stress due
to chemical toxicity and disease. The interaction
between these general categories of stressors may
serve as more realistic determinants of environmental
health than either alone. Recently-conducted research
indicates that metallothionein function and
immunologicsal functions are highly integrated
processes in cells such as macrophages and
lymphocytes. A coordinated effort that examines the
role of both metallothieonein and indicators of
immune function during interactions between
lexicological and disease-related processes is expected
to provide valuable information on the potential utility
of these processes as environmental biornarkers.
Metallothionein synthesis and gene expression,
phagocytosis and the generation of reactive oxygen
species by hemocytes will be studied in the mollusc
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Crassostrea virginica under stress from parasitic
infection by the protozoan Perkinsus marinus and
exposure to metals cadmium and copper.
R82-2298-010
Treehole Communities as Bioindicators of Forest
Stemflow Pollution and Ecosystem Stress
Institution: Pennsylvania State University
Principal Investigator: W. A. Dunson
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $294,497
The purpose of this project is to study the interaction
between arthropod growth rates and treehole
hydroperiod under increased temperature in the field
and in the laboratory. The researchers will investigate
single species and community-level responses to
increases in hydrogen, sulfate and nitrate ions, metals,
low oxygen, elevated temperature, and shortened
hydroperiod using controlled environment microcosms
in the laboratory and in the field. Experiments will
incorporate natural and controlled variables designed
to examine the effects of stressors on community
interactions. The researchers will evaluate the impact
that natural levels of these stressors have on the
treehole community and the likely relationship of this
community to the forest ecosystem.
R82-2307-010
Simultaneous Microbial Detoxification of
Chromium and Organic Pollutants
Institution: University of Kentucky
Principal Investigator: Y. T. Wang
Project Period: 1 year
Project Amount: $153,459
The purpose of this project is to characterize the
interactions between chromium reducing bacteria and
other heterotrophic bacteria for the reduction of
hexavalent chromium and degradation of organic
contaminants. Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic
and is released to the environment by a large number
of industrial operations. Chromium and toxic organic
pollutants are found together in process wastewaters
from several major industrial operations including
metal finishing and leather tanning, as well as on
wood preserving sites. Hexavalent chromium may
also be present with many organic pollutants in
municipal wastewater. Groundwater contaminated by
both chromium and toxic organic compounds has also
been documented. The potential for biological
transformation of hexavalent chromium to the less
toxic trivalent form coupled with degradation of
organic compounds of environmental concern has just
been discovered in the researcher's laboratory.
Trivalent chromiuum is less soluble in most water
systems; consequently, great potential exists for
simultaneous and ultimate removal of chromium and
organic pollutants by biological processes. This
research is directed at gaining a better understanding
of biological reduction of hexavalent chromium
coupled with degradation of organic pollutants. The
effect of environmental factors on the rate and extent
of chromium reduction and pollutant degradation will
be evaluated using defined syntrophic associations
involving chromium reducers. Environmental factors
to be evaluated include redox potential, temperature,
pH, electron donors and acceptors, and microbial
species. Analytical techniques to use include gas
chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography,
ion chromatography, mass spectrometry, and atomic
adsorption spectrophotometry.
R82-2329-010
Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by
Plants
Institution: University of Washington
Principal Investigator: Milton P. Gordon
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $395,406
The principal objectives of this proposal are to
understand the mechanisms by which higher plant
species sequester and metabolize industrial pollutants
and to use this knowledge to develop natural
populations and genetically engineered plants for in
situ remediation of contaminated sites. Initial studies
will focus on two classes of priority pollutants,
chlorinated aromatics, represented by 2,4-
dichlorophenol (2.4DCP) and halogenated alkenes
represented by trichloroethylene (TCE), because
chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated solvents
comprise two large classes of common contaminants.
Endogenous mechanisms of xenobiotic detoxification
in plants will be studied. In a complementary effort,
novel pathways will be created through fission of
bacterial degradative pathways with metabolic
pathways extant in plants. Plants expressing bacterial
degradative pathways or possessing useful reclamation
properties will be examined for ability to enhance
microbially induced degradation in soils which have
been contaminated with 2,4DCP or TCE. The
researchers will employ the following strategies in
accomplishing these goals: (1) the uptake and
metabolic fate of TCE and 2,4DCP in plants will be
investigated; the metabolic conversion of xenobiotics
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by plants grown axenically and in natural soil will be
determined; special care will be taken to determine
the toxicity of the resulting compounds, and the
researchers will be alert to the possibility that the
metabolites have decreased or increased toxicity; the
nature of metabolites in plant detritus will also be
ascertained; (2) bacterial genes which lead to cleavage
of the aromatic rings of halogenated phenols will be
inserted into plants; the transgenic plants will be
examined for an enhanced ability to detoxify priority
pollutants, especially halogenated phenols and
chlorinated solvents.
R82-2346-010
Analysis of Photosynthetic Markers of Stress
Caused by Plant Exposure to UV-B Light
Institution: Washington State University
Principal Investigator: Gerald E. Edwards
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $180,014
The purpose of this project is to identify specific
physical and chemical changes in the proteins ribulose
1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and
phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and
specific changes in photochemistry induced by UV-B
light in plants having C3 and C4 photosynthesis. How
these changes are related to the damage and to the
losses in efficiency and the maximum capacity of
photosynthesis will be examined. Dramatic decreases
in Rubisco activity, and an unusual increase in the
apparent molecular mass of the large subunit of
Rubisco protein on exposure to UV-B light have been
reported in some C3 species. UV-B induced changes
in Rubisco and PEPC activity, content, state of
activation, and physical and kinetic properties will be
examined. The potential to use changes in Rubisco,
PEPC, and thylakoid membrane energization as
indicators of UV-B stress in temperate and tropical
species will be evaluated.
R82-2393-010
Field and Microcosm Studies for Evaluating the
Bioremediation Potential of Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms in Aquifers
Institution: University of Minnesota
Principal Investigator: Daryl F. Dwyer
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $294,195
The purpose of this project is to investigate the
ecological consequences of planned introductions of
genetically engineered microorganisms (OEMs) into
the environment, including their survival and
reproduction, interactions with indigenous organisms,
and effects on ecosystem functions. The researchers
plan to carry out such a procedure with three
laboratory bacteria: Pseudomonas sp. strain B13, P.
putida KT2440 (pWWO), and P. cepacia G4, plus
three respective derivatives, P. sp strain B13
FRl(pFRC20P), P. putida KT2440 (pWWO-EB62),
and P. cepacia G4 5223 PRI. All six bacteria degrade
environmental pollutants: the GEMs were designed
for enhanced catabolic capabilities. The research is
specifically designed to address issues concerning the
use of GEMs in aquifers, with these bacteria as
models. Fate (survival and transport) and activity
(pollutant degradation and impact on the native
microflora and ecosystem processes) will be studied.
Aspects of the study related to fate of microbes and
impact on the ecosystem will be used to gauge
potential risks associated with the use of GEMs in the
environment.
R82-2405-010
Assessing the Response of Three Pine Species to
Ozone, Utilizing the Antioxidants Ethylenediurea
and Sodium Erythorbate
Institution: University of Massachusetts
Principal Investigator: William J. Manning
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $367,212
This multi-investigator, multi-institution project will
explore the feasibility of the use of the antioxidants
ethylenediurea (EDU) and sodium erythorbate to
assess the effects of ambient ozone on growth of
three important pine species in their appropriate
geographic regions, with different levels of ambient
ozone and natural growing conditions. Eastern white
pine (Pinus strobus L,) will be investigated in western
Massachusetts, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in east
Texas, and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl.
ex. Laws) in southern California. All three
investigators will address the vital question: "Do
current levels of ambient ozone reduce growth of
important pine species in different geographic
locations?" In addition to overall objectives there are
subordinate interlocking objectives where investigators
will exchange tree seedlings or needle samples.
Research in Massachusetts will focus on colonization
of pine needles by endophytic fungi and their role in
colonization of ozone-injured or influenced needles.
Mineral nutrition, stomatal conductance and nitrogen
metabolism will be emphasized in Texas. Infra-red
thermography will be used in California to assess
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changes in gas exchange. Ozone-drought-antioxidant
interactions will be investigated as well.
R82-2407-010
Investigation of Linkages Between Biomarker
Indicators and Population-Level Responses
Institution: University of Rhode Island
Principal Investigator: David A. Bengtson
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $357,089
The purpose of the project is to test the fundamental
assumption that biomarkers are sensitive to lower
concentrations of a given toxicant than are organismal
or population responses (for the same species),
because the effect is at a more fundamental (cellular)
level. The researchers will test the assumption by
examining the relationships among concentrations of
a toxicant, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and their effects
on different biological levels of organization (cell,
tissue, organism population) in an estuarine fish
species, Menidia beryllina, in the laboratory, using an
energetics-based approach. Energetics-related
measurements can be made at the cellular,
organismal, and population levels so that a cause-and-
effect relationship should be discernable under ideal
laboratory conditions. Because PCP acts as an
uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, the energetic
basis of the toxicant effect at the cellular level should
be relatable to energetic measures made at higher
levels of biological organization. The researchers will
measure adenylate energy charge and activity of
oxidative enzymes at the cellular level and scope for
growth of the organismal level at different PCP
concentrations. They will also conduct a partial life-
cycle toxicity test to examine of PCP on reproductive
output by this species in relation to the amount of
energy invested in carcass, liver, and gonal growth.
Finally, matrix population projection models will be
used to examine population dynamics of the species
under different concentrations of PCP. Thus, the
researchers will be able to compare concentrations
that affect M. beryllina at the cellular level, the
organismal level, and the "ecologically relevant"
population level. Another goal of the project is to
provide a model research strategy that others might
use to study the linkages of biomarkers to
ecologically relevant indicators with other species,
toxicants, and higher levels of biological organization.
R82-2455-010
Studies on the Mechanisms Underlying Lichen
Sensitivity to SO2 and O3
Institution: Arizona State University
Principal Investigators: Thomas H. Nash; J.
Kenneth Hoober
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $353,381
This proposal focuses on the phycobiont by planning
experiments to examine the physical, physiological,
and biochemical aspects of lichen photosynthetic
response to O3 and SO2. Specifically, the objectives
are to (1) determine the concordance of gas exchange
and chlorophyll fluorescent data as response
parameters, (2) determine whether physical
differences in air pollutant absorption and/or
subsequent internal transfer to the phycobiont surface
account for the differential sensitivity among species,
(3) determine whether physiological and/or
biochemical difference in photosynthetic response
explain the differential sensitivity, and, finally, (4)
develop mechanistic models for understanding the
response of lichens to O3 and SO2.
R82-2467-010
Aquatic Invertebrate Succession in Freshwater
Marshes: An Evaluation of Acquired Function in
Created and Restored Wetlands
Institution: West Chestire University
Principal Investigator: G. Winfield Fairchild
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $129,519
The purpose of this project is to predict the "assembly
rules" for the aquatic invertebrate food web in man-
made marshes. The approach will be to compare
newly created marches of known age to natural
marshes that are morphometrically similar. There are
two questions to be answered: (1) does invertebrate
food web structure in created/restored wetlands reach
an endpoint comparable to the food webs of natural
wetlands? and (2) how does the presence of aquatic
vegetation influence succession in the invertebrate
community?
R82-2487-010
Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic
Acid Herbicides Coupled to Denitriflcation
Institution: Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey
Principal Investigator: Max Haggblom
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Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $347,810
The purpose of the project is to investigate the
anaerobic biodegradability of the chlorinated benzoic
acid herbicides Dicamba and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoate
and examine whether degradation can be coupled to
denitrification. Although reductive dechlorination of
Dicamba and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoate has been
demonstrated, there is no information on the influence
of alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate on
their biodegradability under anaerobic conditions.
Denitrifying enrichment cultures on Dicamba, 2,3,6-
trichlorobenzoate, and structurally related chlorinated
benzoic acids will be established using different
agricultural soils (with and without herbicide
application). Degradation rates will be evaluated and
biotransformation/biodegradation products identified.
In addition, the degradation of 3- and 4-
chlorobenzoate by denitrifying consortia will be
investigated.
R82-2509-010
Comparative Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon
Metabolism and Genotoxicity in Two Ictalurid
Fishes
Institution: Duke University
Principal Investigator: Richard T. Di Giulio
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $290,973
This project will exploit opportunities to explore in
depth, and from a comparative viewpoint, selected
aspects of the metabolism and genotoxic modes of
action of a representative polycyclic aromatic
hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The
objectives of this study are to (1) compare organ and
tissue distributions of BaP in a channel catfish,
Ictalurus punctatm, and brown bullhead, Ameriurus
nebulosus, following gavage and aqueous exposure;
(2) compare hepatic DNA damage in channel catfish
and brown bullhead following BaP exposure in vivo
and in cell culture; (3) determine and compare
mechanisms of BaP metabolism and activation to
mutagenic products in hepatic subcellular fractions of
the two species; (4) compare abilities of hepatic
fractions from these species to generate active oxygen
species (ROS) upon incubation with key BaP
metabolites; (5) elucidate and compare mechanisms of
BaP detoxification in these species; and (6) determine
the single and combined effects of in vivo exposure
to BaP and to chemical modulators (in separate
experiments, either 3,3'4,4' tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB)
or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) on BaP
metabolism, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in
these species.
R82-2546-010
Expression and Functional Roles of the Maize
MnSod Multigene Family During Development and
Under Environmental Stress
Institution: North Carolina State University
Principal Investigator: John G. Scandalios
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $365,970
The purpose of this project is to investigate the
functional role(s) of each of the four maize MnSods
in terms of their mitochondria! location and the
differential expression of the respective MnSod (Sod3)
genes during development and in response to
exogenous signals. The long-term goal is to elucidate
the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential
expression of these genes during development and in
response to oxidative stress. To do so, the
researchers have developed a functional bioassay
system using a yeast MnSod-deficient mutant to study
the biological function of the maize MnSODs. They
have successfully transformed and rescued the yeast
mutant, which is lethal in the presence of oxygen,
with the maize MnSOD-3. They will use gene
specific cDNA probes isolated for each maize
MnSOD to isolate and characterize each of the Sod3
genes comprising this interesting multigene family.
R82-2913-010
A Molecular Approach for the Study of
Environmental Carcinogenesis
Institution: University of Maine
Principal Investigator: Rebecca Van Beneden
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $359,705
The purpose of this project is to address the role of
oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the
development of tumors in Japanese medako, Oryzias
latipes, exposed to mixtures of environmental
toxicants. In their initial studies, the researchers will
expose medaka to low doses of diethylnitrosamine
(DEN) as an initiating carcinogen, followed by
exposure to a tumor promoter, trichloroethylene
(TCE), a ubiquitous groundwater contaminant. They
will then examine the mechanism of tumor induction
at the molecular level and compare their results with
those from rodent studies.
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R82-3605-010
Use of Remotely Sensed Data on Phenological
Activity and Heterogeneity to Detect Changes in
Grassland Species Composition in Response to
Stress
Institution: Kansas State University
Principal Investigator: John M. Briggs
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: 210,842
This project proposes to build upon the extensive
database available on prairie ecology and remotely
sensed data from the existing LTER program at
KPRNA and from the researchers' participation in
NASA's FIFE program, to develop a remote sensing-
based ecological indicator that will detect changes in
species composition within this and other grasslands
of the Central Plains region. This indicator will
detect both natural (year-to-year variation in
precipitation and temperature) and anthropogenic (i.e.
climate change, over-grazing, land-use practices)
stresses within grassland ecosystems. In addition, it
will be applicable to a large geographical region. The
researchers will correlate shifts in the timing of green-
up and/or senscense with meteorological data and
land-use practices to identify critical parameters that
result in vegetation responses. The approach will be
to conduct retrospective analyses relating areas of
known species composition, fire history, and
management practices on Konza Prairie to seasonal
patterns in remote sensing vegetation indexes. Once
this relationship between C3/C4 composition and
remotely sensed data is developed and quantitatively
tested for known areas, it will be used to extrapolate
across a broader geographic region.
R82-3606-010
Testing the Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index Across
Biogeographic Regions
Institution: Marine Biological Laboratory
Principal Investigator: Linda A. Deegan
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $386,228
The purpose of this project is to further the
development of the Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index
(EBI). The researchers propose to complete the
development of the EBI by using the index in
estuaries of a wide variety of anthropogenic stress in
several biogeographic regions and by following one
estuary in detail over several years. They will focus
on four objectives: (1) validation of the response of
fish communities to anthropogenic stress across a
broad range of estuaries and stress levels, (2)
extension of the EBI to several biogeographic regions,
(3) Differentiation between natural and anthropogenic
induced variation in fish communities and the EBI,
(4) exploration of a new metric to evaluate food web
changes.
R82-3749-010
A Novel Approach for Assessment of
Anthropogenic Disturbance: A Search for
Bacterial Indicator Species in Southeastern
Streams and Rivers
Institution: Kent State University
Principal Investigator: Laura Leff
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $318,046
In this project, investigation of diversity and
composition of the non-culturable fraction of the
assemblage will be performed using taxa-specific
probes developed from rRNA genes contained in
environmental DNA. The first objective of this
project is to determine if the culturable portion of the
bacterial assemblages collected from streams and
rivers in the Southeastern United States are
representative of the total bacterial assemblages from
these ecosystems. Sampling sites were selected based
on differences in extent and nature of anthropogenic
disturbances. To address this question, the abundance
of taxonomic groups of bacteria in the culturable and
total assemblages will be determined using labeled
oligonucleotide probes targeted to specific regions of
r-RNA. Taxa abundance in the total assemblage will
be determined by using in situ hybridization, and
abundances in the culturable assemblages colony
hybridization using cultivated bacterial strains. If the
cultural assemblage is representative of the total
assemblage, then the percentage of culturable bacteria
hybridizing a given taxonomic probe will the
percentage of bacteria hybridizing the probe during in
situ hybridization. Differences in taxa abundance
among sites will be related to differences in water
quality measurements. The second objective is to
use a methodologically advanced approach to search
for bacterial indicator species among the non-
culturable species. At sites in which cultural
assemblage is not representative rRNA genes will be
amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction from
mixtures of extracted nucleic acids, and selected 16S
rRNA genes will be sequenced. After comparison of
rRNA sequences to those published, the abundance of
selected taxa will be determined using in situ
hybridization.
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (AIR)
R82-1117-010
Determination of Trace Atmospheric Gases by
Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). Size-Selecting
Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particles by
CE-Based Analyzer
Institution: Texas Tech University
Principal Investigator: P. K. Dasgupta
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $353,188
The purpose of this project is to develop and apply
suppressed conductometry to two systems for the
analysis of gases and particles. For the gas analysis
system, soluble or reactive gases are sampled in a
microdroplet at the tip of a capillary for a period
of approximately one minuand then subjected to
suppressed conductometric capillary electrophoresis
separation (SuCCESS). For the particle analysis
system, sampled air is processed through a microscale
parallel plate wet denuder to remove gases. The
particles are then charged negatively, collected into a
positively charged droplet, and, after sampling,
subjected to analysis by SuCCESS.
R82-1210-010
Advanced Modeling of Concentration Fluctuations.
Reactive Plumes and Surface Inhomogeneity
Institution: University of Kentucky
Principal Investigator: Tate H. Tsang
Project Period: 3 Years
Project Amount: $224,395
The purpose of this project is to use Second-Order
Closure (SOC) and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) to
study three fundamental problems: concentration
fluctuations of pollutants, reactive plume modeling,
and the effects of different surface roughness and heat
flux on the boundary layer structure and plume
behavior. The researchers propose a highly
parallelizable time-splitting Least Squares Finite
Element Method (LSFEM).
R82-1252-010
Development of New Techniques for Atmospheric
Profiling of Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products
Using Kites as "Sky Hooks"
Institution: University of Colorado
Principal Investigator: John W. Birks
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $356,837
The purpose of this project is to improve a new
technique based on microcartridge sampling and
derivatization for important atmospheric constituents
including aldehydes and carboxylic acids. In addition,
vertical profiles will be made of hydrocarbon
oxidation products in the atmosphere using high
altitude kites for raising and lowering instrument
packages.
R82-1256-010
Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Interactions Relative to
Tropospheric Ozone Formation-Destruction
Processes
Institution: Boston College
Principal Investigator: Paul Davidowitz
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $335,401
The purpose of this project is to conduct a series of
experiments designed to study heterogeneous gas-
liquid interactions related to the tropospheric ozone
formation and destruction processes. The studies will
center on the heterogeneous interactions critical to the
chemistry of tropospheric ozone. Uptake and
heterogeneous reaction studies will be performed.
Special attention will be paid to the study of possible
heterogeneous sources and sinks for nitrous oxide
which is the principal precursor to ozone. Among the
heterogeneous processes to be studied are those that
might result in the volatilization of nitrous oxide from
nitric acid and ammonia. The results of these
experiments will provide the information required to
elucidate the role of heterogeneous reactions in the
tropospheric ozone formation-destruction processes
and will yield the paramneters necessary for proper
modeling of the relevant processes.
R82-1288-010
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Applications of Receptor Modeling to Time Series
Data for Aerosol Chemical Components
Institution: University of California, Los
Angeles
Principal Investigator: Sheldon Friedlander
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $287,900
The purpose of this project is to develop new
approaches for using time series data to understand
source/receptor relationships. The specific objectives
of the study are to (1) compile existing time series
chemical composition data into a composite data base;
(2) determine the statistical properties of the
composite data base and check for certain "universal"
features such as constancy of GSD; (3) extend the
continuity equation for mean square concentration
fluctuations in a turbulent atmosphere to aerosol
transport processes and investigate the effect of
stochastic processes on the GSD; (4) seek evidence of
multiple source contributions in the form of
multimodal frequency distributions for chemical
species; (5) evaluate frequency distributions of source
contributions using chemical mass balance (CMB)
methods and search for correlations among the
sources, and (6) use a new multivariate technique to
search for correlations among the sources and
compare these results with CMB results.
R82-1340-010
Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion and
Relative Diffusion
Institution: Georgia Institute of Technology
Principal Investigator: P. K. Yeung
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $174,028
The purpose of this project is to investigate the
processes of relative diffusion and dispersion of
passive contaminants in turbulent flows. This will be
accomplished by using the technique of direct
numerical simulation, which is based on exact
conservation equations. The primary focus is on the
fluid dynamical mechanisms associated with the
dispersion of concentration fluctuations.
R82-2264-010
Development of New Isotopic Techniques for
Resolution of the Atmospheric N2O Budget
Institution: University of California, San
Diego
Principal Investigator: Mark Thiemens
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $304,617
The purpose of this project is to utilize a high
precision multi-isotope ratio measurement technique
to identify sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). In this
study simultaneous measurements of all three stable
isotopes in N20 will be made. This information will
be used in assessing budgets of atmospheric N2O, an
environmental gas important in global climate and
stratospheric ozone issues.
R82-2312-010
A Study of Absorptive Gas/Particle Partitioning to
Ambient Aerosol Organic Material
Institution: Oregon Graduate Institution
Principal Investigator: James F. Pankow
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $309,863
The purpose of this project is to (1) study the basic
physical-chemical properties and composition (by
GC/MS and LC/MS) of organic phase material in
aerosol materials so as to better understand the role
and magnitude of absorption in gas particle (G/P)
partitioning in the atmosphere for important
compounds; (2) conduct field work involving gas and
particle sampling of organic compounds in urban
atmospheres under smoggy conditions to determine
the G/P partition coefficient values for those
conditions, and compare them with partition
coefficients for typical non-smoggy urban situations;
(3) construct and apply a mathematical model of
absorptive G/P partitioning for describing secondary
organic aerosol formation in the urban environment
and in areas affected by regional and long-range
transport of urban pollution.
R82-2351-010
2 to 5 pm Room-Temperature Semiconductor
Multiquantum Well Tunable Photodetectors for
Ultrasensitive Detection of Hazardous Pollutants
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Institution: Rutgers, The State University of
New Jersey
Principal Investigator: Jian Zhao
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount $372,527
The purpose of the project is to conduct a
fundamental investigation of a novel photodetector for
ultrasensitive hazardous gaseous pollutants
detection/monitoring in the 2 to 5 |um mid-IR
fingerprint region. The research will map out the
range of detection sensitivity and tunability as a
function of temperature up to 300K and the detection
of CHF3 CH4, NO2, and HCN.
R82-2453-010
Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Heterogeneous
Ozone Destruction
Institution: Tufts University
Principal Investigator: Mary Jane Shultz
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: 314,705
The purpose of this project is to perform laboratory-
based measurements to identify those materials
responsible for the heterogeneous activation of odd Cl
at mid-latitudes as well as identifying the combination
of materials most effective at sequestering the odd Cl,
a prime catalytic ozone destroyer. The work will
utilize spectroscopic techniques that have shown
promise as liquid probes to develop a molecular level
understanding for these interfaces. The nonlinear
spectroscopies chosen for this work are Second
Harmonic Generation and Sum Frequency Generation.
The primary substrate to be used is sulfuric acid since
recent evidence has implicated stratospheric sulfuric
acid aerosols as being important in mid-latitude ozone
destructive.
R82-2476-010
Influence of Organic Films on Reactivity and
Hydroscopicity of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol
Institution: New York University Medical
Center
Principal Investigator: Morton Lippmann
Project Period: 3 Years
Project Amount: $387,276
The purpose of this project is to determine the
influence of organic films on both the neutralization
reactivity by gaseous NH3 and thehydroscopic growth
of H2SO4 acid aerosols as a function of the film
thickness as well as of the particle diameter. The
particle diameter range will include 40 to 200 nm
covering relative humidities up to 95%. The high
relative humidity will simulate the conditions in
humid atmospheres and in human respiratory airways.
C12-C18 fatty acids will be used in this study since
they are not only highly surface active, but also exist
in the ambient atmosphere.
R82-2482-010
Development of Multivariate Receptor Models for
the Determination of the Sources of Airborne
Pollutants
Institution: Clarkson University
Principal Investigator: Philip K. Hopke
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $349,359
The purpose of this project is to test and evaluate the
application of multivariate statistical methods to solve
receptor modeling problems. These methods include
projection pursuit, artificial neutral networks, and
genetic algorithm. The exploration of the utility of
these methods in which an optimal data scaling
method is employed easily permits the incorporation
of a variety of constraints on the solution. Finally,
factor analysis methods for 1-way data tables have
been the subject of active development as both a
receptor model and a tool to solve other chemical
problems.
R82-2518-010
Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide by Circulating and
Oscillating Drops
Institution: University of Idaho
Principal Investigator: Tom Carleson
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $238,469
The purpose of this project is to conduct an
experimental and theoretical study of mass transfer to
circulating and oscillating water drops absorbing
sulfur dioxide from air. The experiments will involve
varying the droplet sizes, gas concentrations,
24
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oscillation frequencies, and gas flow rates. Existing
models will be tested and used to develop a new
model to assess the effect of circulation and
oscillation on the mass transfer process.
R82-2562-010
Characterizations of Motor Vehicle Emissions
Institution: University of Nevada
Principal Investigator: Barbara Zielinska
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $201,731
The purpose of the project is to conduct a
comprehensive diesel and gasoline emission sampling
program at emissions test facilities. Several classes of
paniculate and gaseous organic compounds, including
PAHs, long-chained alkanes, and polar organic
compounds will be sampled and measured in exhaust
from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Ambient roadside
emissions will also be sampled and similarity
analyzed. The new chemical profiles will be
evaluated according to their ability to distinguish
contributions of diesel and gasoline vehicles using
chemical mass balance receptor modeling.
25
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ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (WATER)
R81-9809-010
Quantitative Analysis Directly from Matrices
Using TOF-SIMS
Institution: University of Pittsburgh
Principal Investigator: David Hercules
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $376,040
The purpose of this project is to develop analytical
protocols for quantitative analysis of trace amounts of
organic compounds without prior separation from the
matrix. Focus will be on methods where the single
size is severely limited or analyses useful for
screening large populations. The technique to be used
is the newly developed time-of-flight secondary-ion
mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Fundamental
parameters important for trace quantitative
measurements will be investigated. In addition,
preliminary studies will be carried out aimed at
coupling TOF-SIMS with thin layer chromatography
for trace quantitative determinations. Development of
specific analytical methods will follow a standard
screening procedure. TOF-SIMS spectra of pure
compounds will be obtained and internal standards
evaluated and selected. Calibration curves will be
established in the absence of a matrix. Analysis on
real samples will be used to compare the TOF-SIMS
methodology with established methods Optimization
of TOF-SIMS protocols will be accomplished by
fundamental studies of factors important for
quantitation. The energy, intensity, mass, and
complexity of the primary ions will be investigated.
Analyte-substrate interactions will be studied to
improve ion-emission yields and to increase the
effective molecular weight range of the technique.
Detection limits will be optimized by using
micromanipulation techniques. A conservative
estimate of the ultimate detection limit for small
(MW=1000) peptides is 0.05 attomole.
R81-9866-010
Configuration and Sorption Properties of Two
Synthetic Humic Substance Analogs: Polymaleic
Acid and Pyrene-Labeled Polyacrylic Acid
Institution: Ohio State University
Principal Investigator: P. I. Yu-Ping Chin
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $303,421
The purpose of the project is to study two mimic
substance analogs, polymaleic acid (PMA) and
pyrene-labeled polyacrylic acid (PPA), in an effort to
understand better the interactions of particle-reactive
pollutants with colloids. These novel, synthetic
polymers resemble humic and fulvic acids, both
spectroscopically and in their ability to form
secondary and tertiary structures in response to
changes in solution pH and tonic strength. Moreover,
they are relatively easy to synthesize and characterize.
The configuration and sorption properties of PMA and
PPA will be studied under differential solution
conditions, and various nonpolar organic "probes" will
be utilized to study PMA/PPA-pollutant binding.
Specifically, these include (1) UV, visible,
fluorescence and Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy
to elucidate light absorption/emission properties; (2)
hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion
chromatography to determine the respective polarity
and size of the polymers; and (3) the sorption of
hydrophobic compounds to the polymers using
fluorescence quenching, dialysis, and batch
experiments. Additionally, microviscosity
measurements will be conducted to corroborate
observed changes in the configuration of the polymers
as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The
researchers will use the results of their work and
compare them to data obtained from similar
experiments (conducted in parallel) using humic and
fulvic acids.
R81-9885-010
Integrated Subsurface Imaging for Hydrologic Site
Characteristics
Institution: Stanford University
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Principal Investigators: Gary Navko; Rosemary
Knight
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $251,224
The purpose of this multidisciplinary study is to
develop methodologies for inexpensive high resolution
geophysical imaging of natural heterogeneity. The
images will be linked to hydraulic parameters through
the application of principles of rock physics. Ground
penetrating radar and high resolution surface-based
seismology will be used to provide images. These
images will be linked to hydraulic parameters using
sediment rock physics and geostatistical integration of
geophysical and hydrologic parameters. The research
would combine modeling, field data acquisition,
laboratory measurements, and integration techniques.
R81-9976-010
Reactive Contaminant Transport in Variable
Density Flow Systems
Institution: Ohio State University
Principal Investigator: Frank Schwartz
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $228,320
The purpose of this project is to study the behavior of
reactive contaminants being transported as a
constituent within dense plumes. These types of
plumes occur commonly in a variety of
hydrogeological settings, for example, due to the
disposal of wastes in uncontrolled landfills, in
hazardous waste disposal sites, and in deep formations
by injection. Specific objectives of the study are to
(1) conduct experiments with a two-dimensional flow
tank that will establish how reactive components of
plumes respond to processes of sorption and density-
driven flow, and (2) model processes at both
laboratory and field scales. The laboratory-scale
models will help in understanding the transport
processes in a controlled setting as well as in
providing data to validate the numerical modeling
approach. The field-scale mathematical models are
designed to demonstrate the importance of these
processes in actual contamination problems.
R82-0024-010
NMR for Diagnostic Testing of Solidified
Hazardous Waste
Institution: Louisiana State University and A
& M College
Principal Investigators: Frank K. Cartledge;
Leslie G. Butler
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $344,340
The purpose of this project is to diagnose
performance in solidification of hazardous wastes
using cementitious binders. Various capabilities of
nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy will
be developed for this purpose. NMR imaging in 3
dimensions and 1 dimension will allow determination
of the connectivity pattern iu the pore structure of the
solid and the determination of rates of water
infiltration into, and waste migration out of, solid
samples. Microscopic motions of both metal ions and
organics within the solid matrix can be determined
from the solid-state NMR, and the temperature
dependence of these motions can be converted into an
activation energy for migration from one site to
another or a minimum binding energy within the
matrix. Diffusion rates for organic materials within
the solid can be determined with a resolution to the
micron level or below. These non-invasive, non-
destructive NMRs thus can give direct information
about the binding of wastes in a solidified matrix, and
several kinds of data about pore structure and
diffusion which can have direct application to
modeling of waste transport (i,e, leaching) out of the
solid matrix. While NMR has been used previously
for characterization of cements nd solidified wastes.
recent advances in NMR technology hold the promise
of yielding much more detailed information on a
routine basis in much the same way that NMR is used
for diagnosis testing of materials and in medicine.
R82-0277-010
Using Cadmium-113 Nuclear Resonance
Spectroscopy to Study Cation Binding by Organic
Matter
Institution: Georgia Institute of Technology
Principal Investigator: Michael Perdue
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $267,273
The purpose of this project is to evaluate the potential
27
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of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy
as a tool for studying competitive cation binding by
natural organic matter (NOW). One of the common
isotopes of cadmium (113Cd) is observable by NMR.
The free cadmium ion produces a single sharp peak
in an NMR spectrum. If cadmium-NOM complexes
form and dissociate very slowly, a potentially
complex pattern of overlapping peaks will be obtained
in the NMR spectrum of a mixture of free and
complexed cadmium ions. If these reactions are very
fast, only an average NMR signal will be obtained.
NMR spectra will be obtained, if necessary, on cooled
or even supercooled samples to receive the signals of
free and complexed species. The NMR method will
be used to study effects of pH and ionic strength on
cadmium binding. The MNR measurements of free
and complexed cadmium will be compared with ion
selective electrode (ISE) measurements of free
cadmium ion. Cadmium-113 will also be used as a
probe ion to study the competitive binding of other
cations. The predictions of the competitive Gaussian
distribution model and others will be compared with
NMR estimates of free and complexed cadmium.
R82-0459-010
Solventless Extraction of Organic Pollutants from
Water with Solid-Base Microextraction
Institution: University of North Dakota
Principal Investigator: Steven Hawthorne
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $348,000
The purpose of this project is to investigate the use of
fused silica fibers coated with sorptive stationary
phases for the microextraction of nonpolar moderately
polar, and ionic organic pollutant from relatively
clean water (e.g., groundwaters and surface waters)
seawater, and highly polluted (e.g., waste stream)
waters. Sorption of the pollutants onto the sorbent
fiber is accomplished by simply dipping the fiber into
the water sample. After equilibrium is attained, the
analytes are recovered using thermal desorption by
inserting the fiber into a conventional heated GC
injection port, or (for thermally-labile phases) by
supercritical fluid extraction. The study will develop
the necessary theoretical framework to understand the
partitioning of organic analytes between water
(including the effect on Kp of matrix components
such as ionic strength pH and total dissolved
organics) and several different sorbent phases
immobilized to the silica fibers. Both non-selective
(e.g., methylsilicone) and selective (e.g.,polar phases
liquid crystalline phases) sorbents will be immobilized
to sorbent fibers and evaluated as will the effect of
film thicknesses on sorbent capacity, equilibration
time, and thermal desorption time. Finally, the ability
to perform quantitative determinations of pollutant
organics from both clean and highly polluted waters
will be rigorously tested, and the robustness of the
individual sorbents will be evaluated. Test analytes
will include a broad range of nonpolar (e.g.,fuel
hydrocarbons moderately polar (e.g., phenols and
anilines), and ionic analytes (e.g., acid herbicides and
surfactants).
R82-0944-010
Sorption and Transport of HOCs in Aquatic
Systems
Institution: University of California, Santa
Barbara
Principal Investigator: Wilburt Lick
Project Period: 2Vi years
Project Amount: $267,993
The purpose of this project is to measure equilibrium
partition coefficients and mass transfer rates of
selected hydrophobic organic contaminants to and
from sediments under well-controlled conditions, and
will include this information in numerically efficient
contaminant transport and fate models. The first
objective of this work is to characterize the effects of
physical parameters (shear aggregation, solids
concentration, floe, and particle sizes) on sorption
processes. Once the physical processes are
understood for one chemical, the researchers will
extend the experiments to other chemicals so as to
establish the relationship of sorption behavior to
physical-chemical properties such as solubility,
octanol-water partition coefficients and
molecular size.
R82-1325-010
Chemically Selective Fiber Optic Detection and
Characterization of Aqueous Impurities
Institution: University of California,
Riverside
Principal Investigator: E.L. Chronister
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Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $368,616
The purpose of this project is to develop linear arrays
of intrinsic single-component selective sensors on a
single optical fiber. The individual sensor elements
will be addressed through the use of very short light
pulses (e.g. 10 picoseconds), allowing
multicomponent sampling with a single optical fiber.
Alternatively, if the same chemical sensing element is
used at different points along the same fiber optic,
this would allow the creation of a sensor capable of
monitoring concentration gradients of a single species
along a very long path. Realistically the spacial
resolution of this system will be limited by the
interaction of the light impulses with the intrinsic
properties of the indicator molecules placed in each
sensor element. When fluorescence is used to provide
the analytical signal, the balance between the
sensitivity of the measurement (related to the quantum
efficiency of the fluorophore) and the temporal
response of the system (linked to the fluorescence
lifetime) will be optimized for the particular
requirements of the analytical problem. This
approach could ultimately be used to monitor several
molecular species in many hostile environments.
Several approaches will be studied to obtain the
requisite chemical selectivity necessary to make
meaningful measurements in complex environments.
Chemically-doped porous sol-gel glass films will be
deposited at specific points on the fiber optic to
provide simple sensor elements. Greater chemical
selectivity will be attained through direct chemical
derivatization of the silica surface. In more
sophisticated sensors, enzymes will be covalently
linked to the surface via a biotin/avidin/biotin
"molecular sandwich." The products of the enzyme-
catalyzed reaction (e.g., H+) will change the properties
of an adjacent fluorophore molecule, which will result
in the analytical signal. Development of this generic
strategy for the incorporation of enzymes as molecular
transducers for the analytical signal will provide a
basis for the production of a new class of fiber optic
sensing.
R82-1359-010
Development of Extraction and HPLC Methods
Based on Enhanced-Fluidity Liquids for the
Analysis of Polar Contaminants in Sand, Soil, and
Sediments
Principal Investigator: Susan Olesik
Institution: Ohio State Research Foundation
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $306,671
The purpose of this project is to use high fluidity
liquids to extract contaminants from sediments, soils,
and sands. The polar contaminants that will be
studied are very difficult, if not impossible, to extract
by supercritical fluid extraction. SFE, high-fluidity
liquid mixtures possess many of the positive attributes
of supercritical solvents, such as high diffusivity,
while maintaining the high solvent strength advantage
of common liquid solvents. The important variables
in high-fluidity liquid extraction will be determined.
Finally, the advantages of using high fluidity liquid
solvents for the extraction, separation, and analysis of
polar contaminants will be studied by developing a
complex method using these solvents to characterize
decarbonate fungicides and s-triazines in soils.
R82-1400-010
Geostatistical Analysis of Solute Transport in
Alluvial Fan Facies
Institution: University of California, Santa Cruz
Principal Investigator: Robert Anderson
Project Period: 3 year
Project Amount: $238,129
The purpose of this project is to use qualitative
geologic data to address current theoretical concerns
about the nature of heterogeneities in alluvial
sediments and their influence on uncertainty
in transport predictions. The study focuses on one
scale of heterogeneity, that of lenses or layers within
alluvial deposits. The goals of the proposed work are
to (1) use geostatistical analyses of qualitative
geologic information to describe the location and
spacial correlation of relatively high and low
permeability units in alluvial fan deposits and (2)
examine the effects of the structure of these units, i.e.,
layers and lenses with highly contrasting
permeabilities on simulated solute travel time
distributions. The study will focus on three locations
in an alluvial fan deposit in Santa Clara Valley, CA.
Sediments at these sites exhibit different sedimentary
structures and sediment compositions because of their
positions (proximal, medial, and distal) within the fan
deposits. The researchers will infer the occurrence of
relatively high and low permeability zones at the sites
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using soil classifications from descriptive borehole
logs and other sediment composition data. They will
then use binary indicator geostatistics to describe
special correlation in the occurrence of the regions
and to assess uncertainties in stratigraphic
interpolations and transport predictions. The research
will focus on four specific objectives: (1) description
of the spatial structure of relatively high and low
permeability zones at three locations in an alluvial fan
deposit, (2) description of the stratigraphic structure
nd sensitivity, (3) descriptions of small-scale changes
in hydraulic conductivity and sediment texture
associated with soil classification boundaries, and (4)
comparison of transport characteristics at the three
alluvial fan sites and examination of how uncertainty
in the stratigraphic interpolation produces uncertainty
in transport simulations.
R82-2605-010
Development of a Portable Gas Chromatograph-
Mass Spectrograph (GC-MS) with a Microbore
Column and an Array Deractor for Field
Measurements
Institution: California Institute of Technology for
Propulsion Laboratory
Principal Investigator: M.P. Shinha
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $259,500
The purpose of this project is to continue research on
the development of portable, high performance Gas
Chromatograph-Mass Spectrograph (GC-MS) to be
used for on-site, real-time measurements of pollutants.
The GC-MS system will be based on the technology
of microbore capillary column (SOn i.d.)
chromatography and miniaturized focal plane mass
Spectrograph. The capability of the GC-MS will be
extended for the analysis of compounds at low
concentration (-1 ppb). This will be accomplished by
increasing the sample volume, optimizing the
operating temperature of the GC column, and by the
proper selection of the carrier gas. A high sensitivity
ion source, a light-weight low-power-consuming
pumping system and personal computer-based data
system will also be developed. The performance of
the new instrument will be established for the analysis
of various priority pollutants.
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ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
R81-9996-010
Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Heavy Metals in
a Sludge-Amended Agroforestry System
Institution: Iowa State University
Principal Investigator: Michael Thompson
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $142,330
The purpose of this project is to determine the
potential for colloid-facilitated translocation through
soil of heavy metals applied with municipal sledge in
a setting where vegetation consists of both herbaceous
and woody crops. Two common field conditions may
make unreliable previous, laboratory-based predictions
of the fate of heavy metals applied to land with
sewage sludge: (1) dispersion of organomineral
colloids or discrete organic colloids and (2)
preferential flow of suspended soil colloids and/or
sludge in soil macropores. Even ions such as metals
that are strongly sorbed to the solid phase in soils
may be translocated if there is sufficient dispersion
and translocation of clay or soil organic matter. It is
not known which of the possible mechanisms of
colloid transport are most significant in the field
situation. The objectives of the proposed research are
to (1) document the occurrence or lack of heavy metal
transport through soils where digested sewage sludge
is applied as fertilizer to woody and herbaceous
biomass crops grown in an alley-cropping
(agroforestry) system; (2) correlate the degree of
mobilization of heavy metals (cadmium, copper,
nickel, and zinc) with environmental conditions, soil
properties, soil water characteristics, and vegetation;
and (3) identify the most significant mechanisms of
metal transport as influenced by macropore flow and
colloid dispersion under field conditions.
R82-0181-010
Development of An Adaptive Methodology for On-
Line Computerized Modelling and Real Time
Control of Wastewater Treatment Facilities
Institution: Marquette University
Principal Investigator: Vladimir Novotny
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $197,799
This project will investigate and develop adaptive
features of Real Time Control systems for
optimization of the operation of wastewater treatment
plants. The adaptability implies that the computerized
system used for control of the plants under transient
conditions will be able to adjust, in an optimum way,
to the changes in the input and system parameters.
This will lead to minimization or elimination of raw
wastewater overflows and by-passes and to
maintenance of optimal conditions. A costly
alternative to such operational schemes would be
structural enlargement of the plants.
R82-0184-010
Engineering of Oxidation and Granular Activated
Carbon Treatment Processes to Meet New
Objectives in Drinking Water Treatment
Institution: University of North Carolina
Principal Investigator: Francis A. Di Giano
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $208,432
This project is directed towards development of a
bench-scale experimental protocol that will permit a
way for engineers to design an ozone granular
activated carbon (GAC) system that biostabilizes
natural organic matter (NOM) and removes ozone
disinfection by-product (DPBs) of concern. The
biokinetics and adsorption of ozonated NOM and of
specific ozone DBFs will be quantified so that the
proper combination of ozone (or in combination with
H2O2) dosage and GAC contact time can be selected.
The success of the experimental protocol will be
measured by comparing the performance of a pilot-
scale system to the predictions from the branch-scale
tests.
R82-0921-010
Development of An Economic Treatment System to
Detoxify Organic Chemicals
Institution: University of Pennsylvania
Principal Investigator: Jean-Marc Bollag
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $375,000
31
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This project proposes research to evaluate the use of
dissected plant materials as catalytic agents for
decontaminating water and soil polluted with toxic
phenols and anilines. Decontamination will be
achieved through polymerization of the pollutants or
their binding to humus. Both of these processes are
caused by oxidative coupling reactions that can be
mediated by oxidoreductive enzymes. Since it has
been shown that the release of the original toxic
chemicals and the formed oligomeric complexes into
the environment is insignificant, oxidative coupling
reactions can be considered a safe method of
decontamination. To determine optimum conditions
for plant-mediated contamination, the researchers will
conduct a variety of tests under different reaction
conditions (pH, incubation time, temperature substrate
concentration, and amount and granulation of plant
material). Based on data obtained, the researchers
will develop specific application methods and design
procedures for the safe disposal of the used plant
materials. The plants which are enzymatically most
active will be tested in polluted water and soil under
laboratory and field conditions. To dispose of the
used plant materials, the researchers will subject them
to composting, plowing into soil, combustion, and,
possibly, even feeding to animals.
R82-1050-010
Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil by
Complexing Agents Incorporating Metal Recovery
and Chelator Recovery
Institution: University of Delaware
Principal Investigator: Herbert E. Allen
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $247,926
The purpose of this project is to address the extraction
of soils contaminated by cadmium (II), chromium
(III), and/or lead (II) by the addition of
ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or citrate.
The chelator and the metals will be recovered by
electrolysis. Preliminary tests with cadmium EDTA
demonstrated that over 95 percent recovery of both
EDTA and cadmium could be achieved by
electrolysis. The recovery of the chelator and the
metals after treatment of the soil is novel. Present
systems using EDTA have not been economically
viable due to the high cost of chemicals. The
researchers will optimize the concentration of chelator
to be used. At higher chelator concentrations, the
electrolysis cost will be minimized, but recovery of
the chelator from the soil will be less; consequently,
optimization is required. The soils to be studied will
encompass a variety of physical and chemical
characteristics including contaminant source, soil type,
and permeability. Operational factors that may affect
the metal extraction will be studied in batch and
column systems. These include chelator
concentration, pH, soil characteristics, contact time,
and competing ions in solution. Voltammetric
measurements will be used to establish the conditions
necessary for the recovery of the metal and the
chelator. Important variables include the electrode
material, solution pH, and the presence of dissolved
oxygen. The researchers will design and construct an
electrolysis cell and will evaluate the effect of
different electrode material deposition efficiency,
current requirement, and frequency of electrode
replacement. High current efficiency will be achieved
as a result of high mass transfer. A determination of
the recovery of metal and chelator will be made and
the ability of the recovered chelator to extract metals
from soil will be elevated. An integrated system,
incorporating soil extraction and electrolysis, with
recycling of the recovered chelator, will be set up.
The researchers plan to test this integrated treatment
system of several soils varying in properties and
metallic contaminants.
R82-1206-010
VUV-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry as a
Combustor/Incinerator Diagnostic Tool
Institution: Yale University
Principal Investigator: Lisa Pfefferle
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $373,121
This project proposes to develop and optimize the
VUV single-photon photo ionization time-of-flight
mass spectrometry (VUV-MS). It is a simple, highly
sensitive, real-time method for the simultaneous
detection and measurement of a wide range of labile
and stable species from hydrocarbon pyrolysis and
combustion processes. It will be used as a diagnostic
tool for analysis of hydrocarbon/halogenated
hydrocarbons for combustor/incinerator emissions and
continue over developments for studying hydrocarbon
oxidation and pyrolysis kinetics.
R82-1245-010
32
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Fate of Bromide Ion and Bromide Compounds in
Water Treatment
Institution: Purdue University
Principal Investigator: Dale W. Margerum
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $375,000
This project will examine in detail the possible
formation of bromate ion (a carcinogen), and
improved analytical methods, including capillary ion
electrophoresis, will be developed for its detection
and quantification. Studies of the chemical reactions,
kinetics, and products that result from chlorination,
bromochlorination, or ozonation treatment of water
which contains bromide ion or bromine compounds
are proposed. The reaction kinetics and mechanisms
of these systems will be determined in order to
indicate conditions that lead to bromate (BrO3)
formation and conditions that will prevent or
minimize its formation. In the presence of ammonia
and bromide ion, water chlorination leads to the
formation of haloamines. Much is known about the
chlorination; however, less is known about the
bromamines and very little is known about the
properties, toxicity, and chemical behavior of the
bromochloramines. Bromochloramine chemistry will
be determined, and analytical methods, such as
electrospray mass spectrometry, will be developed for
analysis of bromochloramines and related compounds.
Individual chemical reactions and their product will
be studied in order to understand their nature, and
knowledge of these reactions will permit analysis of
complex systems that exist under environmental
conditions.
R82-1558-010
Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean up Toxic
Metal-Contaminated Soils and Water
Institution: Rutgers University
Principal Investigator: Ilya Raskin
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $373,000
The goal of this project is to further the efficacy of
the use of plants to remove toxic metals from
contaminated soils. Preliminary work indicates that
the feasibility of this procedure has been demonstrated
using metal loaded onto artificial soil mix (sand plus
vermiculite). Both plant stems and roots picked up
large quantities of chromium and lead in this
preliminary testing. It is proposed that these studies
be continued on small green-house test plots using
actual metal contaminated soil from CERCLA sites In
the State of New Jersey. The preliminary work
indicated that mustard plants possessed superior
ability to remove metals from soil. Several species
within this family appear best, i.e. Brassica juncea
and Brassica carinata. For example, the former
accumulated 18 mg/g of stem while the latter
accumulated 115 mg/g root. Several other plants,
including grasses, also demonstrated favorable
aptitude for removal of metals. It was also
demonstrated that removal of metals by plants could
occur in a hydroponic type system; thus, the treatment
of liquid wastes and sludges containing metals is
possible and will be investigated in this study.
R82-2591-010
Fabrication and Evaluation of Fiber Optic
Photoreactors for the Photocatalytic Degradation
of Organic Contaminants and the Photoplating
Stripping of Heavy Metals
Institution: University of Wisconsin. Madison
Principal Investigator: Marc Anderson
Project Period: 3 years
Project Amount: $366,240
The purpose of this project is to develop a method to
overcome certain limitations for remediating sites that
suffer from environmental contamination or for
remediating hazardous waste streams. Only a few
commercial processes are available for remediating
such sites. These techniques, however, often produce
a variety of intermediate species, some of which are
even more hazardous than the original contaminant.
None of these techniques, furthermore, address
remediation of mixed wastes that contain both
hazardous organic species and heavy metals. Many
laboratory studies have demonstrated that TiO2-
mediated photocatalytic oxidation can completely
mineralize a wide variety of organic species to CO2,
H2O, and halide ions. Most photoreactors that are
designed for laboratory studies of this phenomenon
utilize aqueous suspensions of titania powders. For
commercial use such reactors must contain an
additional unit to separate the catalyst from the
purified water after the reaction is completed. The
resulting suspensions are often difficult to filter and
handle. This research will employ optical fibers as
the medium for transmitting optical radiation
throughout the photoreactor. If the individual fibers
in a bundled assembly of UV-transmitting optical
fibers can each be coated with a suitable thickness of
TiO2 catalyst, then it should be possible to fabricate
a photoreactor that would incorporate these coated
fibers. The resulting reactor would contain an
immobilized catalyst characterized by a large amount
33
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of active surface and by the ability of the light to direct the flow of electrons to a counterelectrode that
penetrate throughout the reactor. In this system, the is characterized by a high surface area. This
coating of Ti2 on the fiber acts as a photoanode. By electrode can then act as a collector of heavy metal
placing a biasing potential across the TiO2, one can ions present in solution.
34
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ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOECONOMICS
R82-2334-010
Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution in
Heterogeneous Conditions
Institution: University of California, Davis
Principal Investigator: Gloria Helfand
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $128,651
This project will extend economic studies of nonpoint
source (NFS) water pollution in two directions. First,
it will evaluate an alternative, more realistic, method
for control of NFS pollution—taxing one, rather than
all, inputs to pollution. Although regulating all inputs
that affect pollution is necessary to achieve pollution
reduction at least social cost, regulating one input
may be technically and administratively more feasible.
This research will examine which single input should
be regulated in a second-best policy environment, and
how much higher control costs are relative to more
efficient approaches. Second, it will incorporate
heterogeneous land conditions into this comparison to
reflect the reality that farmland is far from
homogeneous in response to inputs. An agronomic
model which predicts yields and effluent production
for specified inputs will be used to provide some
empirical results in addition to the theory.
R82-2363-010
Enforcement and Monitoring of Environmental
Laws: An Experimental Examination of
Compliance with Pollution Standards
Institution: University of Massachusetts,
Boston
Principal Investigator: Paul Brown
Project Period: 1 year
Project Amount: $28,216
This project will investigate the following issues
relevant to enforcement of environmental laws and
compliance with pollution standards: (1) the extent of
internalization of emission costs that could be
expected in the absence of governmental regulations,
(2) whether penalty levels based on recapturing the
benefits from noncompliance are sufficient for
reducing emissions, (3) the extent to which
compliance rates will decrease when sporadic as
opposed to frequent monitoring is utilized, (4) the
effect on emissions levels of increasing the emission
standard, (5) the responsiveness of compliance levels
to increases in penalties, (6) the effects of stochastic
monitoring and input on compliance rates, (7) the
relative effectiveness of threat and benefit messages
in enhancing compliance, and (8) the internalization
rates in highly competitive environments. A series of
laboratory experiments, which permit control that
field studies do not, will be utilized to address these
issues. In a modified public goods setting, individuals
will decide the percentage of emission costs to
internalize with the remainder of the costs being
passed on to the group. The key to this environment
is that although there is an incentive for each
individual to pass the costs on to the group, there is
a cooperative solution that is pareto optimal in which
members internalize all costs of emissions. Using this
basic framework, an emissions standard will be
implemented under a variety of different conditions.
Such studies should help establish a uniform code by
which the State agencies that now enforce and
monitor environmental laws can develop in order to
establish consistency in enforcement.
R82-2368-010
Liability-Based Funding and Superfund Clean-up
Strategies: PRP Involvement and the Pace of
Progress
Institution: University of California, Los
Angeles
Principal Investigator: Hilary Sigman
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $218,805
The project will investigate the empirical validity of
the concern that the Potentially Responsible Parties
(PRPs) influence both clean-up strategies that are
chosen for Superfund sites and the pace of clean-up
programs. The project will consist of two related
35
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components. In one part the researchers will model
remedy selection as a bargaining process between
public sector agencies responsible for clean-up and
private firms responsible for payment. Drawing on
the law and economics literature on out-of-court
settlement of legal disputes, the researchers will create
a structural model to predict sites at which PRPs will
choose to settle. At the same time, they will examine
the determinants of expenditure at the site using the
status of PRP funding as an endogenous explanatory
variable. The data will be analyzed by employing a
joint model wherein the PRPs' decision to fund clean-
up and the level of clean-up expenditure at the site
are simultaneously determined. The second
component will focus on an examination of
determinants of the pace of clean-up progress at
Superfund sites. A specialized hazard of the duration
of sites in each of the main stages of clean-up will be
developed and estimated. This model will allow the
researchers to examine the hypothesis that PRP-
funding influences the rate of progress. It will also
permit correction of the sample selection bias that
could result from assuming that sites that have
reached a given stage in the clean-up process
represent a random sample of all National Priorities
List sites.
R82-2446-010
Verbal Protocol Analysis of Cost Valuation
Responses
Institution: Research Triangle Institute
Principal Investigator: William Desvousages
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $238,510
The purpose of the project is to understand better how
individuals interpret and respond to contingent
valuation (CV) questions. The research will address
three issues: the reliability of the referendum
questions format, the importance of reminding
respondents about substitutes, and the sensitivity of
CV estimates of the scope of potential natural
resource injuries. An interdisciplinary team of
economists and psychologists will direct the research.
A verbal protocol methodology adapted from the field
of cognitive psychology will be used to provide
insights into thought processes that lead to observed
CV response. These protocols involve the process of
respondents "thinking aloud" while they answer the
CV questions. This process yields insights on both
the decision process that people use to answer
questions and the information they use as part of the
decision process. Protocols will follow a research
design that will enable the results to be useful for
both hypothesis testing and developing more general
insights about people's response patterns. Surveys will
be used to further test the findings of the verbal
protocol research.
R82-2464-010
Characterizing
Ecological Risk
and Interpreting Perceived
Institution: Decision Science Research
Institute, Inc.
Principal Investigator: Paul Slovic
Project Period: 2 years
Project Amount: $185,403
This project has two basic components: (1)
characterizing ecological risk perception, and (2)
interpreting these findings to provide insight for
ecological risk-management activities. A risk-
perception paradigm will be adapted to investigate the
underlying characteristics that explain differing public
perceptions of ecological risks. People will be asked
to rate, on a set of psychometric risk-perception
scales, a number of human activities and natural
hazards that are sources of potential ecological harm.
Data on individual characteristics of the raters (such
as "worldviews," value orientations, and attitudes
toward nature) will also be collected. The results will
be analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques
such as factor analysis to identify underlying factors
that explain differences in the perceived ecological
risk of different activities. The data will also be
analyzed to determine characteristics of individuals
that help shape personal risk-perception patterns.
36
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INDEX BY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR
Page
Allen, Herbert E.
Anderson, Marc
Anderson, Robert
Arp, Daniel J.
Bengtson, David A.
Birks, John W.
Bollag, Jean-Marc
Bortone, Stephen A.
Briggs, John M.
Brand, Larry
"Remediation of Metal Contaminated
Soil by Complexing Agents Incorporating
Metal Recovery and Chelator Recovery,"
University of Delaware
"Fabrication and Evaluation of Fiber Optic
Photoreactors for the Photocatalytic Degradation
of Organic Contaminants and the Photoplating
Stripping of Heavy Metals," University of
Wisconsin, Madison
"Geostatistical Analysis of Solute
Transport in Alluvial Fan Fades," University of
California, Santa Cruz
"Degradation of Alkyl Halides by
Nitrifying Bacteria Associated with
Soil,"Oregon State University
"Investigation of Linkages Between
Biomarker Indicators and Population-
Level Responses," University of Rhode Island
"Development of New Techniques for
Atmospheric Profiling of Hydrocarbon
Oxidation Products Using Kites as
"Sky Hooks," University of Colorado
"Development of An Economic Treatment
System to Detoxify Organic Chemicals,"
University of Pennsylvania
"The Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on the
Reproduction, Growth, Behavior,
Fitness, and Survivorship of Coastal
Fishes," University of West Florida
"Use of Remotely Sensed Data on
Phenological Activity and Heterogeneity
to Detect Changes in Grassland
Species Composition in Response to
Stress," Kansas State University
"The Effects of Ultraviolet-B
Radiation on Marine Phytoplankton
Species," Umiversity of Miami
32
33
29
15
19
22
31
10
21
10
37
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Page
Brown, Paul
Butler, Leslie G.
Carleson, Tom
Cartledge, Frank K.
Cherr, Gary N.
Chin, P. I. Yu-Ping
Chronsiter, E. L.
Cobb, G. C.
Cohan, Frederick M.
Copley, Shelley D.
Crawford, Ronald I.
"Enforcement and Monitoring of
Environmental Laws: An Experimental
Examination of Compliance with Pollution
Standards," University of Massachusetts,
Boston
"NMR for Diagnostic Testing of
Solidified Hazardous Waste,"
Louisiana State University
"Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide by
Circulating and Oscillating Drops,"
University of Idaho
"NMR for Diagnostic Testing of
Solidified Hazardous Waste,"
Louisiana State University
"Biological Effects and Mechanisms
of Action of Lignin-Derived
Macromolecules," University of California,
Davis
"Configuration and Sorption Properties
of Two Synthetic Humic Substance Analogs:
Polymaleic Acid and Pyrene-Labeled
Polyacrylic Acid," Ohio State University
"Chemically Selective Fiber Optic
Detection and Characterization of
Aqueous Impurities," University of California,
Riverside
"Immunotoxicity: A sensitive Biomarker
for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Exposure," Clemson University Research
Foundation
"Effect of DNA Sequence Divergence on
Gene Transfer Between Bacterial Species,"
Wesleyan University
"Kinetic Studies of 4-Chlorobenzoyl
Co A Dehalogenase," University of Colorado
"Transport, Degradation, and Survival
35
27
24
27
10
26
28
14
14
13
38
-------
Dasgupta, P. K.
Davidowitz, Paul
Deegan, Linda A.
Desvousages, William
Dickerson, R. L.
of Free and Encapsulated Microbial Cells in a
Heterogeneous Subsurface Environment,"
University of Idaho
"Determination of Trace Atmospheric
Gases by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE).
Size-Selecting Sampling and Analysis
of Atmospheric Particles by CE-Based
Analyzer," Texas Tech University
"Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Interactions
Relative to Tropospheric Ozone Formation-
Destruction Processes," Boston College
"Testing the Estuarine Biotic Integtrity
Index Across Biogeographis Regions," Marine
Biological Laboratory
"Verbal Protocol Analysis of Cost
Variation Responses," Research Triangle
Institute
"Immunotoxicity: A sensitive Biomarker
for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon
Esposure," Clemson University Research
Foundation
Page
14
22
22
21
36
14
Di Giano, Francis A.
Di Giulio, Richard T.
Dunson, W. A.
Dwyer, Daryl F.
"Engineering of Oxidation and Granular
Activated Carbon Treatment Processes to
Meet New Objectives in Drinking Water
Treatment," University of North Carolina
"Comparative Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon
Metabilism and Genotoxicity in Two Ictalurid
Fishes," Duke University
"Treehole Communities as Bioindicators ov
Forest Stemflow Pollution and Ecosystem
Stress," Pennsylvania State University
"Field and Micrcosm Studies for Evaluating the
the Bioremediation Potential of Genetically Engineered
Microorganisms in Aquifers," University of Minnesota
31
20
17
18
Edwards, Gerald E.
"Analysis of Photosynthetic Markers of
Stress Caused by Plant Exposure to
UV-B Light," Washington State University
18
39
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Page
Erlandsen, Stanley L.
Fairchild, G. Winfield
Fish, Ernest B.
Fisher, Stuart G.
Fox, George E.
Friedlander, Sheldon
Galwick, Frances P.
Gold, M.H.
Gordon, Milton P.
Haggblom, Max
"Development of Specific Gene Probes
for Giardia Spp. to Resolve Zoonotic
Origin of Water-Borne Giardiasis,"
University of Minnesota
"Aquatic Invertebrate Succession in Freshwater
Marshes: An Evaluation of Acquired Function in
Created and Restored Wetlands," West Chestire
University
"Integrated Indicators of Stress in
Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a
Sea of Aridity and Agriculture," Texas
Tech University
"Ecology of Hyporheic and Groundwater
Communities: Distribution, Response, and
Recovery from Disturbance," Arizona State
University
"Artificial Stable RNAs: A Novel
Approach for Monitoring Genetically
Engineered Microorganisms," University of Houston
"Applications of Receptor Modeling to
Time Series Data for Aerosol Chemical
Components," University of California, Los Angeles
"Long-Term Variation in Fish
Asemblages of Warm-Water Stresses:
Natural Variance and Approaches
to Detecting Variation," University of Oklahoma
"Biochemistry of Chloroaromatic Pollutant
Degradation by Wood-Rotting Fungus
Phanerochaete chrysosporium," Oregon Graduate
Institute of Science & Technology
"Degradation of Environmental Pollutants
by Plants," University of Washington
"Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic
Acid Herbicides Coupled to Denitrification," The
State University of New Jersey
15
19
15
12
11
23
11
12
17
19
40
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Page
Hawthorne, Steven
Hays, John
Helfand, Gloria
Hercules, David
Hoober, Kenneth
Hopke, Philip K.
Knight, Rosemary
Leff, Laura
Lick, Wilburt
Lidicker, William Z.
Lippmann, Morton
Manning, William J.
"Solventless Extraction of Organic
Pollutants from Water with Solid-Base
Microextraction," University of North Dakota
"Activity and Regulation by UV-Light of
DNA Repair Functions of Declining and
Persistent Amphibian Populations,"Oregon State
University
"Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution in
Heterogeneous Conditions," University of
California, Davis
"Quantitative Analysis Directly from
Matrices Using TOF-SDVIS," University of Pittsburgh
"Studies on the Mechanisms Underlying
Sensitivity to SO, and O,," Arizona State University
"Development of Multivariate Receptor
Models for the Determination of the
Sources of Airborne Pollutants," Clarkson University
"Integrated Subsurface Imaging for
Hydrologic Site Characteristics," Stanford University
"A Novel Approach for Assessment of
Anthropogenic Disturbance: A Search for
Bacterial Indicator Species in
Southeastern Streams and Rivers," Kent State University
"Sorption and Transport of HOCs in
Aquatic Systems," University of California, Santa Barbara
"Small Mammal Population Responses
to Multiple Stressors," University of California
"Influence of Organic Films on
Reactivity and Hydroscopicity
of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol," New York University
Medical Center
"Assessing the Response of Three
Pine Species to Ozone, Utilizing
28
13
35
26
19
24
26
21
28
12
24
41
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Page
Margerum, Dale W.
Matthews, William J.
Mollhagen, Tony R.
Moorehead, Daryl L.
Nash Thomas J.
Navko, Gary
Novotny, Vladimir
Olesik, Susan
Pankow, James F.
Perdue, Michael
the Antioxidants Ethylenediurea
and Sodium Erythorbate, "University of
Massachusetts
"Fate of Bromide Ion and Bromide
Compounds in Water Treatment," Purdue University
"Long-Term Variation in Fish
Assemblages of Warm-Water Stresses:
Natural Variance and Approaches to
Detecting Variation," University of Oklahoma
"Integrated Indicators of Stress in
Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a
Sea of Aridity and Agriculture," Texas Tech
University
"Integtated Indicators of Stress in
Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a
Sea of Aridity and Agriculture," Texas Tech
University
"Studies of the Mechanisms Underlying
Lichen Sensitivity to SO2 and O,," Arizona State
University
"Integrated Subsurface Imaging for
Hydrologic Site Characteristics," Stanford University
"Development of an Adaptive Methodology
for On-Line Computerized Modelling and Real
Time Control of Wastewater Treatment
Facilities," Marquette University
"Development of Extraction and HPLC
Methods Based on Enhanced-Fluidity
Liquids for the Analysis of Polar
Contaminants in Sand, Soil, and
Sediments," Ohio State Research Foundation
"A Study of Absorptive Gas/Particle
Partitioning to Ambient Aerosol
Organic Material," Oregon Graduate Institution
"Using Cadmium-113 Nuclear Resonance
Spectroscopy to Study Cation Binding
18
33
11
15
15
19
26
31
29
23
42
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Page
Pfefferle, Lisa
Raskin, Dya
Roesijandi, G.
Scandalios, John G.
Schwartz, Frank
Shinha, M. P.
Shultz, Mary Jane
Sigman, Hilary
Sikka, Harish C.
Slovic, Paul
Thiemens, Mark
Thompson, Michael
Tsang, Tate H.
by Organic Matter," Georgia Institute of Technology 27
"VUV-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry as a Combuster/
Incinerator Diagnostic Tool," Yale University 32
"Photoremediation Using Plants to Clean Up Toxic Metal-
Contaminants and Water," Rutgers University 33
"Effects of Metals on Immunological Dysfunction and
Metallothionein Modulation in Hemocytes and Oysters
Infected with Perkinsus marinus: A Characterization of
Putative Environmental Biomarkers," University of
Maryland 16
"Expression and Functional Roles of the Maize MnSod
Multigene Family During Development and Under
Environmental Stress," North Carolina State University 20
"Reactive Contaminant Transport in Density Flow
Systems," Ohio State University 27
"Development of Portable Gas Chromatograph-Mass
Spectrograph (GC-MS) with a Microbore Column and an
Array Deractor for Field Measurements," California Institute
of Technology for Propulsion Laboratory 30
"Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Heterogeneous Ozone
Destruction," Tufts University 24
"Liability-based Funding and Superfund Clean-Up Strategies:
PRP Involvement and Pace of Progress," University of
California, Los Angeles 35
"Metabolism of Methylated Polynuclear Aromatic
Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms," State University of New
York 12
"Characterizing and Interpreting Perceived Ecological
Risk," Decision Research Institute, Inc. 36
"Development of New Isotopic Techniques for Resolution of
the Atmospheric N2O Budget," 23
"Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Heavy Metals in a Sludge-
Amended Agroforestry System," Iowa State University 31
"Advanced Modeling of Concentration Fluctuations,
43
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Page
Van Beneden, Rebecca
Wang, Y. T.
Wood, Alan H.
Yeung, P. K.
Zhao, Jian
Zielinska, Barbara
Reactive Plumes and Surface Inhomogeneity,"
University of Kentucky
"A Molecular Approach for the Study of Environmental
Carcinogenesis," University of Maine
"Simultaneous Microbial Detoxification of Chromium
and Organic Pollutants," University of Kentucky
"Potential Ecological Effects of Baculovirus Pesticides
on Nontarget Insect Species," Boyce Thompson Institute
of Plant Research
"Numerical Simulation of Turbulant Dispersion and Relative
Diffuision," Georgia Institute of Technology
"2 to 5 jim Room-Temperature Semiconductor Multiquantum
Well Tunable Photodectors for Ultrasensitive Detection
of Hazardous Pollutants," Rutgers, The State University
of New Jersey
"Characterization of Motor Vehicle Emission," University
of Nevada
22
20
17
16
23
23
25
U S Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J) n
77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th HOOT
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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