vironmental Protection jncy Research And Development (8703) EPA600-R-94-158 January 1995 Annual Report Of The Research Grants Program 1994 Office Of Exploratory Research ------- INTRODUCTION The mission of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), in its unique role, provides the joint protection of environmental quality and human health through effective regulations and policy decisions. As effective environmental policies rely on sound science, EPA's Office of Research and Development (ORD) is committed to providing the best possible products in the areas of research, development, and technical support. A significant challenge is to support long-term research that anticipates future environmental problems and strives to fill significant gaps in knowledge relevant to meeting regulatory goals. Since 1980, the Office of Exploratory Research* within ORD has operated a competitive, peer-reviewed, extramural investigator-initiated research grants program to promote close cooperation with the scientific community and support basic research on environmental issues. Funding for the program has fluctuated between $5 million and $25 million per year, and funding in FY 1994 was $21 million. Applications for FY 1994 research grants were received in response to an annual General Solicitation for Applications, which focuses on broad environmental fields such as biology, chemistry, physics, engineering, and socioeconomics. This document provides a summary of the 1994 research grants within this program. Over the next three years, ORD plans to expand its extramural grants program. The funding level for the program will be an estimated $44 million in FY 1995 and is expected to grow further in subsequent years with the goal of achieving an annual funding level of $100 million. If fully implemented, such an expanded program would enable funding of about 200 new grants every year, with a typical grant lasting three years. Through special solicitations called Requests for Applications (RFA's), EPA will solicit proposals in well-defined, high priority research areas. For FY 1995 these RFA's will focus on areas where risk assessors are most in need of new concepts, data, and methods, as well as socioeconomic projects related to pollution prevention. EPA also is working with the National Science Foundation (NSF) to jointly solicit and evaluate proposals under this program, and it is expected that this partnership with NSF will lead to both agencies providing funding for innovative research in environmental science and engineering. EPA and NSF have agreed on broad topical areas of interest to both agencies: technology for a sustainable future, contingent valuation and environmental policy, and water and watersheds. * In 1995, as part of an ORD reorganization, OER became the Environmental Sciences Research Division (ESRD) within the National Center for Environmental Research and Quality Assurance. Another new division, the Environmental Engineering Research Division (EERD) within this Center, is now responsible for the administration of grants related to engineering research and technology development. 1 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 5- Ubrary (PL-12J) ------- All grants are selected on the basis of technical merit, budget, and a well-balanced research program. Grants selection follows a review of each proposal by experts in the relevant fields. Ad hoc technical review groups, chaired by scientists or engineers outside EPA, meet periodically to evaluate the merits of proposals. The progress of each grant is given in technical reports or by the publication of scientific papers in peer-reviewed journals. Grantees will be expected to participate in EPA-sponsored workshops and seminars featuring their work accomplishments. Requests for information on ORD's research grants program should be directed to: Melinda L. McClanahan, Ph.D. Associate Director for Science National Center for Environmental Research and Quality Assurance U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington DC 20460 ------- CONTENTS Page LIST OF AWARDS 4 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY 10 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (AIR) 22 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (WATER) 26 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING 31 ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOECONOMICS 35 «} INDEX 37 V ------- LIST OF AWARDS—1994 ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY Page The Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on the Reproduction, Growth, Behavior, Fitness, and Survivorship of Coastal Fishes. R82-1143-010 10 The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Marine Species. R82-1191-010 10 Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Lignin- Derived Macromolecules. R82-1192-010 10 Artificial Stable RNAs: A Novel Approach for Monitoring Genetically Engineered Microorganisms. R82-1205-010 11 Long-Term Variation in Fish Assemblages of Warm-Water Stresses: Natural Variations and Approaches to Detecting. Variation. R82-1224-010 11 Small Mammal Population Responses to Multiple Stressors. R82-1230-010 12 Ecology of Hyporheic and Groundwater Communities: Distribution, Response, and Recovery from Disturbances. R82-1250-010 12 Metabolism of Methylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms. R82-1251-010 12 Biochemistry of Chloroaromatic Pollutant Degradation by the Wood Rotting Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium. R82-1269-010 12 Kinetic Studies of 4-Chlorobenzoyl CoA Dehalogenase. R82-1274-010 13 Activity and Regulation by UV-light of DNA Repair Functions of Declining and Persistent Amphibian Populations. R82-1275-010 13 Transport, Degradation, and Survival of Free and Encapsulated Microbial Cells in a Heterogeneous Subsurface Environment. R82-1284-010 14 Immunotoxicity: A Sensitive Biomarker for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure. R82-1368-010 14 ------- Page Effect of DNA Sequence Divergence on Gene Transfer Between Bacterial Species. R82-1388-010 14 Development of Specific Gene Probes for Giardia Spp. to Resolve Zoonotic Origin of Water-Borne Giardiasis. R82-1404-010 15 Degradation of Alkyl Halides by Nitrifying Bacteria Associated with Soil. R82-1405-010 15 Integrated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and Agriculture. R82-1671-010 15 Potential Ecological Effects of Baculovirus Pesticides on Nontarget Insect Species. R82-1864-010 16 Effects of Metals on Immunological Dysfunction and Metalliothionein Modulation in Hemocytes and Oysters Infected with Perkinsus marinus: A Characterization of Putative Environmental Biomarkers. R82-2282-010 16 Treehole Communities as Bioindicators of Forest Stemflow Pollution and Ecosystem Stress. R82-2298-010 17 Simultaneous Microbial Detoxification of Chromium and Organic Pollutants. R82-2307-010 17 Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by Plants. R82-2329-010 17 Analysis of Photosynthetic Markers of Stress Caused by Plant Exposure to UV-B Light. R82-2346-01018 18 Field and Microcosm Studies for Evaluating the Bioremediatiion Potential of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms in Aquifers. R82-2393-010 18 Assessing the Response of Three Pine Species to Ozone, Utilizing the Antioxidants Ethylenediurea and Sodium Erythobate. R82-2405-010 18 Investigation of Linkages Between Biomarker Indicators and Population-Level Responses. R82-2407-010 19 Studies on the Mechanisms Underlying Lichen Sensitivity to SO2 and Ov R82-2455-010 19 Aquatic Invertebrate Succession in Freshwater Marshes: An Evaluation of Acquired Function in Created and Restored Wetlands. R82-2467-010 19 ------- Page Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic Acid Herbicides Coupled to Denitrification. R82-2487-010 19 Comparative Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Metabolism and Genotoxicity in Two Ictalui id Fishes. R82-2509 20 Expression and Functional Roles of the Maize MnSod Multigene Family During Development and Under Environmental Stress. R82-2546-010 20 A Molecular Approach for the Study of Environmental Carcinogenesis. R82_2913 20 Use of Remotely Sensed Data on Phenological Activity and Heterogeneity to Detect Changes in Grassland Species Composition in Response to Stress. R82-3605-010 21 Testing the Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index Across Biogeographic Regions. R82-3606-010 21 A Novel Approach for Assessment of Anthropogenic Disturbance: A Search for Bacterial Indicator Species in Southwestern Streams and Rivers. R82-3749-010 21 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (AIR) Determination of Trace Atmospheric Gases by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). Size-Selecting Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particles by CE-Based Analyzer. R82-1117-010 22 Advanced Modeling of Concentration Fluctuations. Reactive Plumes Surface Inhomogeneity. R82-1210-010 23 Development of New Techniques for Atmospheric Profiling of Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products Using Kites as "Sky Hooks" 22 Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Interactions Related to Tropospheric Ozone Formation-Destruction Processes. R82-1256-010 22 Applications of Receptor Modeling to Time Series Data for Aerosol Chemical Components. R82-1288-010 22 ------- Page Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion and Relative Diffusion. R82-1340-010 23 Development of New Isotopic Techniques for Resolution of the Atmospheric N2O Budget. R82-2264-010 23 A Study of Absorptive Gas/Particle Partitioning to Ambient Aerosol Organic Material. R82-2312-010 23 2 to 5 urn Room-Temperature Semiconductor Multiquantum Well Tunable Photodetectors for Ultrasensitive Detection of Hazardous Pollutants. R82-2351-0102 23 Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Heterogeneous Ozone Destruction. R82-2453-010 24 Influence of Organic Films on Reactivity and Hydroscopicity of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol. R82-2476-010 24 Development of Multivariate Receptor Models for the Determination of the Sources of Airborne Pollutants. R82-2482-010 24 Absorption of Sulfuric Dioxide by Circulating and Oscillating Drops. R82-2518-010 24 Characterizations of Motor Vehicle Emissions. R82-2562-010 25 ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (WATER) Quantitative Analysis Directly from Matrices Using TOF-SIMS. R81-9809-010 26 Configuration and Sorption Properties of Two Synthetic Humic Substance Analogs: Polymaleic Acid and Pyrene- Labeled Polyacrylic Acid. R81-9866-010 26 Integrated Subsurface Imaging for Hydrologic Site Characteristics. R81-9885-010 26 Reactive Contaminant Transport in Variable Density Flow Systems. R81-9976-010 27 NMR for Diagnostic Testing of Solidified Hazardous Waste. R82-0024-010 27 Using Cadmium-113 Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy to Study Cation Binding by Organic Matter. R82-0277-010 27 ------- Page Solventless Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Water with Solid-Base Microextraction. R82-0459-010 28 Sorption and Transport of HOCs in Aquatic ' Systems. R82-0944-010 28 Chemically Selective Fiber Optic Detection and Characterization of Aqueous Impurities. R82-1325-010 28 Development of Extraction and HPLC Methods Based on Enhanced-Fluidity Liquids for the Analysis of Polar Contaminants in Sand, Soil, and Sediments. R82-1359-010 29 Geostatistical Analysis of Solute Transport in Alluvial Fan Facies. R82-1400-010 29 Development of a Portable Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrograph (GC- MS) with a Microbore Column and an Array Deractor for Field Measurements. R82-2605-010 29 ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Heavy Metals in a Sludge Amended Agroforestry System. R81-9996-010 31 Development of an Adaptive Methodology for On-Line Computerized Modelling and Read Time Control of Wastewater Treatment Facilities. R82-0181-010 31 Engineering of Oxidation and Granular Activated Carbon Treatment Processes to Meet New Objectives in Drinking Water Treatment. R82-0184-010 31 Development of an Economic Treatment System to Detoxify Organic Chemicals. R82-0921-010 31 Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil Complexing Agents Incorporating Metal Recovery and Chelator Recovery. R82-1050-010 32 VUV-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry as a Combustor/Incinerator Diagnostic Tool. R82-1206-010 32 Fate of Bromide Ion and Bromide Compounds in Water Treatment. R82-1245-010 32 ------- Page Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean up Toxic Metal-Contaminated Soils and Water. R82-1550-010 33 Fabrication and Evaluation of Fiber Optic Photoreactors for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants and the Photoplating Stripping of Heavy Metals. R82-2591-010 33 ENVIRONMENTA1 SOCIOECONOMICS Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution in Heterogenous Conditions. R82-2334-010 35 Enforcement and Monitoring of Environmental Laws: An Experimental Examination of Compliance with Pollution Standards. R82-2363-010 35 Liability-Based Funding and Superfund Clean-up Strategies: PRP Involvement and the Pace of Progress. R82-2368-010 35 Verbal Protocol Analysis of Cost Valuation Responses. R82-2446-010 36 Characterizing and Interpreting Perceived Ecological Risk. R82-2464 36 ------- SUMMARY OF AWARDS 1994: ABSTRACT ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY R82-1143-010 The Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on the Reproduction, Growth, Behavior, Fitness and Survivorship of Coastal Fishes Institution: University of West Florida Principal Investigator: Stephen A. Bortone Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $319,771 The purpose of this project is to determine the impact of Kraft Mill Effluent (KME) on the life history attributes and fitness of coastal fishes. Through a series of field observations and controlled laboratory exposures to KME, three livebearing and one egglaying coastal fish species will be examined to determine the extent to which various concentrations of KME affect their life history attributes. The degree of masculinization of female livbearing fishes will be documented in the laboratory and the field. These observations will be correlated with manipulated concentrations of KME. A behavioral bioassay will be developed to permit a quick and inexpensive assessment of the presence and impact of KME on aquatic organisms. The impact that KME exposure has on subsequent generations of fishes, removed from KME, will permit the determination of the long-term impact that KME may have on livebearing and egglaying coastal fishes. Additionally, historical field collections of these fishes will be examined to give perspective to the long-term impacts that KME may have had on some coastal aquatic fish communities. By carefully examining the life history attributes of KME exposed fishes, the researchers can determine the potential that KME has on altering the fitness of selected fish species. R82-1191-010 The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Marine Phytoplankton Species Institution: University of Miami Principal Investigator: Larry Brand Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $373,417 The purpose of this project is to determine the effects of ultraviolet-B radiation on marine phytoplankton species. Because of differences among species, environmental perturbations often cause changes in species composition in a planktonic community long before a significant change in composite characteristics such as standing stock biomass or primary productivity occurs. The researchers propose to examine and compare a wide variety of phytoplankton species in their sensitivity to UV-B to determine which species are most sensitive and if future increases in UV-B will lead to a significant shift in phytoplankton species composition, which could disrupt marine food webs at higher trophic levels. The research will emphasize the use of truly representative species in a realistic light regime that takes into account the entire UV-B: UV-A: PAR spectrum that is found at various depths, and the temporal fluctuations in light that phytoplankton experience as a result of hydrographic vertical mixing. R82-1192-010 Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Lignin-Derived Macromolecules Institution: University of California, Davis Principal Investigator: Gary N. Chen- Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $311,413 The objectives of this project are to determine the specific biological effects on developing marine organisms and the mechanisms of action of lignin- derived macromolecules (LDMs) which are present in various pulp mill effluents. The researchers will 10 ------- utilize early life stages of potentially impacted organisms of economic and ecological importance, which are also excellent model systems for investigating mechanisms of action of toxicants at the cellular and subcellular levels. In Objective I, the researchers will investigate the specific effects of LDMs on (1) sea urchin sperm functions, (2) specific events during sea urchin embryonic development, and (3) temporally and mechanistically distinct events during algal gametophyte development. These biological effects will be investigated using LDMs from different sources, which possess different physical and chemical characteristics. In Objective II, the researchers will determine the cell types affected and the subcellular distribution of LDMs at the target sites and correlate this with effects on intracellular ion regulation (Objective III). Finally, in Objective IV, the researchers will determine if LDM effects development by perturbing cell surface receptor-ligand interactions. These objectives will be accomplished, in part, by using morphological analyses at the light and electron microscopic levels, high resolution techniques for localizing LDMs at target sites, and intracellular ion probes together with quantitative subcellular imaging of living cells (or cells in embryos), which have been sublethally affected by LDMs, using scanning laser confocal microscopy. R82-1205-010 Artificial Stable RNAs: A Novel Approach for Monitoring Genetically Engineered Microorganisms Institution: University of Houston Principal Investigator: George E. Fox Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $199,795 The purpose of this project is to address the remaining technical problems that stand in the way of practical testing of the use of artificial stable RNAs to serve as the target using standard rRNA detection technology. Of first priority is the modification of the existing prototype cassettes such that nonribosomal target sequences can be readily added to the stable RNA product. Once this is accomplished, the utility of the system will be demonstrated by incorporating a target sequence which is known to be of potential value in environmental monitoring. Secondly, it is clear that in practical applications, E. coli is not in general the most suitable host for genetically engineered microorganisms (OEMs) that would be used in the environment. It will typically be necessary to be able to readily transfer the cassette system to other hosts. A second major project goal then will be the development of rather standard procedures for doing this. To that end, cassettes will be transferred to one or more species of Vibrio. Finally, an abbreviated version of the cassette will be inserted into two Pseudomonas strains that have been engineered by another group and already shown to be effective in realistic microcosms. The key issue here is to determine whether or not the RNA will accumulate to an adequate level when a weaker promoter is used. R82-1224-010 Long-Term Variation in Fish Assemblages of Warm-Water Stresses: Natural Variance and Approaches to Detecting Variation Institution: University of Oklahoma Principal Investigators: William J. Matthews; Frances P. Galwick Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $221,238 The purpose of this project is to assess amounts of change in the composition of natural stream fish communities at various spatial scales and over ecologically brief (monthly or seasonal) as well as long (multigenerational) periods of time. At all scales the researchers will survey fish by underwater observation or seining in order to document in detail all of the fish species present and their relative abundance in the community, matching present-day sampling techniques with those used in these sites in previous collections over the last 20+ years. At the most finely-grained focus (individual habitat units; monthly) the researchers will evaluate changes in composition offish assemblages in individual pools of one small stream over a period of one year. At an intermediate spatial and temporal grain, the researchers will quantify changes in fish composition across seasons and years at numerous (6-12) individual sites (i.e., 200-300 m reaches) in one upland stream and one prairie stream over a period spanning 20-25 years. At the broadest special scale the researchers will measure changes in midwestern and southwestern fish communities at approximately 11 ------- 80 stream sites from Iowa and Nebraska southward through Texas, and compare the present-day communities to those that existed in 1978. At all spatial and temporal scales, the fish communities that exist today will be compared with those that were present during surveys of those streams by one of the investigators during the last 20 years, in order to provide a measure of natural changes in fish communities. R82-1230-010 Small Mammal Population Responses to Multiple Stressors Institution: University of California Principal Investigator: William Z. Lidicker Project Period: 1 year Project Amount: $100,920 By using the species gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus} as a model organism, the researchers will simulate the effects of habitat fragmentation by creating small, closed populations in seminatural field enclosures. Also, they will simulate the effects of population bottlenecks by reducing the genetic variation of populations through inbreeding. Three types of genetic populations with average inbreeding coefficients (F) similar to what may occur under some natural population bottlenecks will be created in captivity by mating voles of known relatedness: (1) highly-inbred (F of about 0.7), (2) moderately in-bred (F of about 0.2), and (3) outcrossed (not inbred relative to founder population). In a series of experiments conducted both in the laboratory and in the field, the researchers will test the susceptibility of individuals and populations with varying degrees of genetic variability to multiple environmental stressors. In laboratory experiments they will test how exposure to realistic levels of organophosphate pesticides, nematode parasites, or both types of stressors affect acute pesticide toxicity, parasite resistance, and social dominance in males. In the field they will examine population growth rates, extinction rates, and demographic responses of the variously inbred populations before and after pesticide applications. R82-1250-010 Ecology of Hyporheic and Groundwater Communities: Distribution, Recovery from Disturbance Response, and Institution: Arizona State University Principal Investigator: Stuart G. Fisher Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $67,322 The purpose of this project is to explore the proposition that deserts support widespread, thriving flowing-water ecosystems beneath surface-dry channels, protected from evaporation loss and intense heat. The research will be done on the hyporheic ecosystem of the Sonoran Desert of Arizona. The researchers will determine the distribution of the community in regional space and its response to drying by examining a suite of streams on a continuum of flow permanence. They will also describe the ecological conditions required to support such a community and its capacity to respond to stress associated with low-oxygen and elevated- temperature conditions. Finally, they will investigate the mechanisms utilized by members of this community to persist in the face of devastating natural disturbance in the form of scouring flash floods and protracted drought. R82-1251-010 Metabolism of Methylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms Institution: State University of New York Principal Investigator Harish C. Sikka Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $375,906 The specific aims of the project are to (1) determine the kinetics of degradation of 2-methylfluoranthene and 5-methylchrysene by Pseudomonas paucimobilis, strain EPA505, which is capable of degrading unsubstituted higher-molecular-weight PAHs, (2) characterize and quantitaie the products resulting from the metabolism of 2-MeF and 5-MeC by P. paucimobilis, and (3) investigate the metabolism of fluoranthene and chrysene by P. paucimobilis as above in order to assess the influence of methyl substitution on the microbial metabolism of the parent hydrocarbons. R82-1269-010 12 ------- Biochemistry of Chloroaromatic Pollutant Degradation by the Wood Rotting Fungus Phanerochaete ckrysosporium Institution: Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology Principal Investigator M. H. Gold Project Period: 3 Years Project Amount: $380,799 The purpose of this project is to continue studies on the biochemistry of Chloroaromatic degradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium. The research plan has four objectives: (1) continuation of the researchers' investigations of chlorophenol metabolism by P. chrysosporium specifically elucidating the reactions and enzymes involved in the degradation of 2,4,6-trichloro- and pentachlorophenol, (2) examination of the oxidation mechanism involved in the degradation of chlorophenoxyacetic acids and their corresponding phenoxypropionic acids, (3) examination of the oxidation mechanism of a variety of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzo-p- furans by fungal-generated peroxidase and by whole fungal cultures, and (4) identification and characterization of the intracellular dioxygenase(s) and quinone reductase(s) which the researchers previously demonstrated to be involved in the degradation of chlorinated aromatics by P. chrysosporium. R82-1274-010 Kinetic Studies of 4-Chlorobenzoyl CoA Dehalogenase Institution: University of Colorado Principal Investigator: Shelley D. Copley Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $359,002 In this project the researchers describe studies of 4- chlorobenzoyl CoAdehalogenase, an enzyme required for biodegradation of 4-chlorobenzoate, a breakdown product of some PCB congeners and some herbicides. The4-Chlorobenzoyl CoA dehalogenase catalyzes the replacement of a chlorine substitute on an aromatic substrate with a hydroxyl group. The objectives of this research program are to understand in detail how the enzyme catalyzes the reaction and to define the important interactions between the active site and substrate molecules. A number of kinetic experiments designed to provide insight into the mechanism and substance specificity of the dehalogenase enzyme will be done. The researchers plan to study the chemical and physical processes occurring on the surface of the enzyme using stopped-flow UV-vis and fluorescence spectrometry. A major effort will be directed at identifying the rate-determining step for the dehalogenation reaction. The possibility that product release is the rate-determining step will be evaluated using rapid flow-quench experiments. The possibility that the carbon-chlorine bond cleavage is the rate- determining step will be evaluated by measuring the "Cl-kinetic isotope effect. The researchers also plan to explore the ability of the enzyme to catalyze dehalogenation of a variety of chlorinated compounds in order to determine the natural range of substrates for the enzyme and to determine the role of various parts of the substrate in binding and catalysis. R82-1275-010 Activity and Regulation by UV-Hght of DNA Repair Functions of Declining and Persistent Amphibian Populations Institution: Oregon State University Principal Investigator: John Hays Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $359,002 The purpose of this project is to investigate what effect the global change of increased terrestrial UV-B irradiance, an expected result of stratospheric ozone depletion, may have on the decline of certain amphibian populations which are sensitive and are providing "early warning" for other vertebrates. Three aspects of certain observations will be addressed. First, in order to determine whether differences in oocyte and egg photolyase activity reflect to some extent adaptive responses to exposure to sunlight, the researchers will rear four frog and toad species under room lighting, room lighting plus UV-B, and sunlight: the African clawed frog, Xenopus laevis, laboratory-reared specimens of which previously showed very low photolyase levels in oocytes; the Pacific tree frog, Hyla regilla, whose populations are not in decline; the Cascades frog, Rana cascadae; and the Western toad, Bufo boreas, whose populations show severe declines. Each will be reared from sexual immaturity to egg-laying maturity, and photolyase levels in skin, muscle, liver, 13 ------- and oocytes (as they develop) and (finally) eggs, assayed at intervals. Removal of cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers from radiolabeled exogenous DNA will be measured chromatographically. Second, in order to determine whether the eleven species previously studied differ significantly with respect to other DNA repair activities in eggs or oocytes, the researchers will measure two excision-repair activities, using frozen tissues on hand and fresh specimens from the wild. AP endonuclease will be assayed as nicking of end-radiolabeled synthetic abasic DNA (tetrahydrofuran-residue) substrate, and chemical- adduct repair as repair synthesis (radiolabeled nucleotide incorporation) in the vicinity of a defined single acetylaminofluorene (AAF) adduct. Third, to determine whether UV stimulation of photolyase activity involves increased transcription, the researchers will determine at which stages of development UV-B exposure can stimulate oocyte levels in oocytes, and measure photolyase mRNA before and after UV. In order to measure the mRNA, by hybridization ("Southern blotting") techniques using a photolyase- gene DNA probe, the researchers will clone the gene. They will construct a A,-phage cDNA library for each species, which will subsequently be generally available to investigators studying amphibian decline. The researchers will screen it for photolyase cDNA by hybridization with a probe generated by polymerase chain reaction, using conserved (microbial)-photolyase-sequence primers and bulk amphibian DNA. The researchers will also select for the photolyase gene by complementation of microbial mutations. R82-1284-010 Transport, Degradation, and Survival of Free and Encapsulated Microbial Cells in a Heterogeneous Subsurface Environment Institution: University of Idaho Principal Investigator: Ronald L. Crawford Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $304,492 The purpose of the project is to document the feasibility of encapsulated-cell bioremediation for a representative heterogeneous, confined aquifer consisting of unconsolidated sediments. The research will take place in a confined heterogeneous aquifer underlying the University of Idaho's Plant Science Farm. The aquifer ranges from about 1 to 1.5 meters in thickness. It consists of interbedded silt, sand, and gravel zones. The researchers will install additional monitoring well clusters, aquifer characterization, and hydraulic testing. Induced-gradient tracer tests will be conducted using conservative ion tracers, a chlorinated-phenol-degrading Flavobacterium (ATCC 39723) as free cells, encapsulated Flavobacterium cells, and polystyrene microspheres. The final task will be to correlate the results of the degradation and survival experiments with the hydraulic testing and tracer testing results. R82-1368-010 Inununotoxicity: A Sensitive Biomarker for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure Institution: Clemson University Research Foundation Principal Investigators: R. L. Dickerson; G. C. Cobb Project Period: 2 year Project Amount: $235,586 The purpose of the project is to demonstrate that alterations in immunological parameters are more sensitive biomarkers of exposure to polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) than is elevated ethoxyresorufin-O-deethylase activity, the most commonly used biomarker for exposure to these chemicals. The project has three stages. In the first stage, dose-response studies using laboratory-raised deer mice, Peromyscus maniculatus, will be conducted with 11 PAHs and 2,3,7,8- tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin. The alterations in macrophage phagocytosis, lymphocyte blastogenesis, and spleen plaque-forming cell activity will be measured. These parameters allow the assessment of non-specific, humoral, and cell-mediated immune status. Wildlife with a compromised immune system are more susceptible to bacterial and viral infections, parasite infestations, and tumors than are animals with an intact immune system. The second stage will involve placing enclosures of deer mice on a PAH- contaminated Superfund site. After two weeks on the site, the mice will be euthanized and the same immunological parameters measured and compared to those of control animals. The third stage will consist of capturing wild deer mice from contaminated sites and measuring the same immune functions. R82-1388-010 14 ------- Effect of DNA Sequence Divergence on Gene Transfer Between Bacterial Species Institution: Wesleyan University Principal Investigator: Frederick M. Cohan Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $339,945 The purpose of the project is to investigate the possibility of a general approach to the indirect prediction of sexual isolation in bacteria recombining principally by natural transformation. Using both genomic DNA and a PCR-amplified segment of gene rpoB as donor, the researchers found that the extent of sexual isolation at locus rpoB was closely predicted, over three orders of magnitude as a log- linear function of sequence divergence, at that locus. Because sexual isolation between a recipient and any potential donor may be determined as a general mathematical function of sequence divergence, transformation is perhaps the only sexual system in either the prokaryotic or the eukaryotic world in which sexual isolation can be predicted for a pair of species without having to perform the cross. R82-1404-010 Development of Specific Gene Probes for Giardia Spp. to Resolve Zoonotic Origin of Water-Borne Giardiasis Institution: University of Minnesota Principal Investigator: Stanley L. Erlandsen Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $362,537 The purpose of this project is to develop and test a gene probe that will have the resolution to identify various species of giardia. The approach in this effort is to investigate a unique section of the ribosomal DNA (rDNA) that may be used to develop gene probes which can distinguish infectious G. lamblia (human), G. muris (mouse), and G. ardeae (bird). From a library of the sequences of the small subunit (SSU) of rDNA, the investigator will (1) develop a library of additional rDNA sequences from several human giardia isolates to select conserved regions for developing rDNA probes that recognize all G. lamblia isolates from humans, (2) construct new primer sets for polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplifications that will facilitate sequencing base pairs 1-500 SSU rDNA and the entire SSU gene, (3) use the specific rDNA gene probes to screen potential candidates for the zoonotic spread of giardiasis, (4) compare rDNAI sequences from G. lamblia isolates to those from animal giardia spp. for the purpose of designing diagnostic species-specific probe for identifying giardia from humans and animals; and (5) use diagnostic rDNAI gene probes to identify giardia ssp. recovered from environmental test samples collected at sites of water-borne giardiasis outbreak. R82-1405-010 Degradation of Alkyl Halides by Nitrifying Bacteria Associated with Soil Institution: Oregon State University Principal Investigator: Daniel J. Arp Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $369,750 The purpose of this project is to evaluate the oxidation of alkyl halides by ammonia oxidizers associated with soils at population densities, and over time courses that are closer to the realities of field conditions. Toward this end, the following objectives have been formulated to evaluate (1) the kinetics of oxidation of methyl bromide and trichloroethylene by Nitrosomonas europaea adsorbed to soil solids, (2) the sustainability of these oxidations by N. europaea under conditions of intact soil structure and nonsaturated water, (3) the characteristics of alkyl halide oxidation by the indigenous ammonia-oxidizing population in soil. Two soils will be used in these studies. One will represent subsurface aquifer solids obtained from Moffet Naval Air Station in California, and the other will represent surface agricultural soil from Oregon. Two substrates will be used: methyl bromide, which represents those compounds that can be transformed into nontoxic carbon compounds; and trichloroethylene, which represents those compounds for which degradation leads to inactivation of cellular functions. R82-1671-010 Integrated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and Agriculture Institution: Texas Tech University Principal Investigators: Daryl L. Moorehead; 15 ------- Tony R. Mollhagen; Ernest B. Fish Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $449,723 The purpose of this project is to examine the relationships between stresses resulting from different land use practices on the semi-arid Southern High Plains of Texas (82,000 square km) and the biological integrity of playa lakes, important centers of biodiversity in this recently designated Federal wetlands region. Play as are highly replicated ecosystems (ca. 20,000 in the Texas Panhandle) for which a level of sampling replication can be incorporated in scientific investigations that is impossible in studies of most other systems. The researchers will address three aspects of biodiversity (species richness, species diversity, and community composition) as they relate to integrated properties of ecosystem function. The approach of these researchers will functionally link these aspects of biodiversity within playas to surrounding landscape features, emphasizing the effects of agricultural activities. The species richness of macroinvertebrate communities, as well as the proportional density of species, will augment simple presence-absence data of sensitive, indicator species to provide a comprehensive and potentially more precise indicator of the multiple stresses experienced by the playa biota. Analyses of chemical characteristics of water in the playas will provide the functional link between surrounding land use practices and stressors acting on biotic communities within playas; moreover, their presence or concentrations may represent predictors of biotic condition. The information collected will be added to a developing Geographical Information System (GIS) for the area, which will increase the ability to predict the results of land uses on biotic integrity within playas in this extensive region. R82-1864-010 Potential Ecological Effects of Baculovirus Pesticides on Nontarget Insect Species Institution: Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research Principal Investigator: H. Alan Wood Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $195,870 The purpose of this project is to assess the potential ecological impact of genetically enhanced baculovirus (GEB) pesticides on nontarget insects using modern techniques of biotechnology that will permit detection of symptomless as well as pathogenic infections. Procedures have been developed to survey a wide range of insect species for susceptibility to infection by the Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV), Bombyx mori nuclear polyhedrosis virus (BmSNPV) Lymantria dispar nuclear polyhedrosis virus (LoMNPVl), and Orgyia pseudotsugata nuclear polyhedrosis virus (OpMNPV). Inoculations will be made by hemocoelic injections with the nonoccluded form and per os inoculations with the pre-occluded form of recombinant isolates of the four viruses. Each of the recombinant viruses will have its polyhedrin gene replaced with genes coding for [i-galactosidase, secreted alkaline phosphatase, or luciferase under the control of the baculovirus polyhedrin, ETL or plO gene promoters. Replication of these viruses will initially be assessed based on detection of the reporter gene products. Evidences for virus replication will be further determined by hybridization procedures and electron microscopy. R82-2282-010 Effects of Metals on Immunological Dysfunction and Metallothionein Modulation in Hemocytes and Oysters Infected with Perkinsus marinus. A Characterization of Putative Environmental Biomarkers Institution: University of Maryland Principal Investigator: G. Roesijadi Project Period: 1 year Project Amount: $327438 The purpose of this project is to investigate metallothionein as a potential indicator of metal exposure and toxicity and altered immunological responses as measures of immunotoxicity in response to a variety of chemical exposures. Target populations for environmental exposure to toxic chemicals can be subjected to coincidental stress due to chemical toxicity and disease. The interaction between these general categories of stressors may serve as more realistic determinants of environmental health than either alone. Recently-conducted research indicates that metallothionein function and immunologicsal functions are highly integrated processes in cells such as macrophages and lymphocytes. A coordinated effort that examines the role of both metallothieonein and indicators of immune function during interactions between lexicological and disease-related processes is expected to provide valuable information on the potential utility of these processes as environmental biornarkers. Metallothionein synthesis and gene expression, phagocytosis and the generation of reactive oxygen species by hemocytes will be studied in the mollusc 16 ------- Crassostrea virginica under stress from parasitic infection by the protozoan Perkinsus marinus and exposure to metals cadmium and copper. R82-2298-010 Treehole Communities as Bioindicators of Forest Stemflow Pollution and Ecosystem Stress Institution: Pennsylvania State University Principal Investigator: W. A. Dunson Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $294,497 The purpose of this project is to study the interaction between arthropod growth rates and treehole hydroperiod under increased temperature in the field and in the laboratory. The researchers will investigate single species and community-level responses to increases in hydrogen, sulfate and nitrate ions, metals, low oxygen, elevated temperature, and shortened hydroperiod using controlled environment microcosms in the laboratory and in the field. Experiments will incorporate natural and controlled variables designed to examine the effects of stressors on community interactions. The researchers will evaluate the impact that natural levels of these stressors have on the treehole community and the likely relationship of this community to the forest ecosystem. R82-2307-010 Simultaneous Microbial Detoxification of Chromium and Organic Pollutants Institution: University of Kentucky Principal Investigator: Y. T. Wang Project Period: 1 year Project Amount: $153,459 The purpose of this project is to characterize the interactions between chromium reducing bacteria and other heterotrophic bacteria for the reduction of hexavalent chromium and degradation of organic contaminants. Hexavalent chromium is highly toxic and is released to the environment by a large number of industrial operations. Chromium and toxic organic pollutants are found together in process wastewaters from several major industrial operations including metal finishing and leather tanning, as well as on wood preserving sites. Hexavalent chromium may also be present with many organic pollutants in municipal wastewater. Groundwater contaminated by both chromium and toxic organic compounds has also been documented. The potential for biological transformation of hexavalent chromium to the less toxic trivalent form coupled with degradation of organic compounds of environmental concern has just been discovered in the researcher's laboratory. Trivalent chromiuum is less soluble in most water systems; consequently, great potential exists for simultaneous and ultimate removal of chromium and organic pollutants by biological processes. This research is directed at gaining a better understanding of biological reduction of hexavalent chromium coupled with degradation of organic pollutants. The effect of environmental factors on the rate and extent of chromium reduction and pollutant degradation will be evaluated using defined syntrophic associations involving chromium reducers. Environmental factors to be evaluated include redox potential, temperature, pH, electron donors and acceptors, and microbial species. Analytical techniques to use include gas chromatography, high pressure liquid chromatography, ion chromatography, mass spectrometry, and atomic adsorption spectrophotometry. R82-2329-010 Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by Plants Institution: University of Washington Principal Investigator: Milton P. Gordon Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $395,406 The principal objectives of this proposal are to understand the mechanisms by which higher plant species sequester and metabolize industrial pollutants and to use this knowledge to develop natural populations and genetically engineered plants for in situ remediation of contaminated sites. Initial studies will focus on two classes of priority pollutants, chlorinated aromatics, represented by 2,4- dichlorophenol (2.4DCP) and halogenated alkenes represented by trichloroethylene (TCE), because chlorinated aromatics and chlorinated solvents comprise two large classes of common contaminants. Endogenous mechanisms of xenobiotic detoxification in plants will be studied. In a complementary effort, novel pathways will be created through fission of bacterial degradative pathways with metabolic pathways extant in plants. Plants expressing bacterial degradative pathways or possessing useful reclamation properties will be examined for ability to enhance microbially induced degradation in soils which have been contaminated with 2,4DCP or TCE. The researchers will employ the following strategies in accomplishing these goals: (1) the uptake and metabolic fate of TCE and 2,4DCP in plants will be investigated; the metabolic conversion of xenobiotics 17 ------- by plants grown axenically and in natural soil will be determined; special care will be taken to determine the toxicity of the resulting compounds, and the researchers will be alert to the possibility that the metabolites have decreased or increased toxicity; the nature of metabolites in plant detritus will also be ascertained; (2) bacterial genes which lead to cleavage of the aromatic rings of halogenated phenols will be inserted into plants; the transgenic plants will be examined for an enhanced ability to detoxify priority pollutants, especially halogenated phenols and chlorinated solvents. R82-2346-010 Analysis of Photosynthetic Markers of Stress Caused by Plant Exposure to UV-B Light Institution: Washington State University Principal Investigator: Gerald E. Edwards Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $180,014 The purpose of this project is to identify specific physical and chemical changes in the proteins ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (Rubisco) and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxylase (PEPC), and specific changes in photochemistry induced by UV-B light in plants having C3 and C4 photosynthesis. How these changes are related to the damage and to the losses in efficiency and the maximum capacity of photosynthesis will be examined. Dramatic decreases in Rubisco activity, and an unusual increase in the apparent molecular mass of the large subunit of Rubisco protein on exposure to UV-B light have been reported in some C3 species. UV-B induced changes in Rubisco and PEPC activity, content, state of activation, and physical and kinetic properties will be examined. The potential to use changes in Rubisco, PEPC, and thylakoid membrane energization as indicators of UV-B stress in temperate and tropical species will be evaluated. R82-2393-010 Field and Microcosm Studies for Evaluating the Bioremediation Potential of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms in Aquifers Institution: University of Minnesota Principal Investigator: Daryl F. Dwyer Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $294,195 The purpose of this project is to investigate the ecological consequences of planned introductions of genetically engineered microorganisms (OEMs) into the environment, including their survival and reproduction, interactions with indigenous organisms, and effects on ecosystem functions. The researchers plan to carry out such a procedure with three laboratory bacteria: Pseudomonas sp. strain B13, P. putida KT2440 (pWWO), and P. cepacia G4, plus three respective derivatives, P. sp strain B13 FRl(pFRC20P), P. putida KT2440 (pWWO-EB62), and P. cepacia G4 5223 PRI. All six bacteria degrade environmental pollutants: the GEMs were designed for enhanced catabolic capabilities. The research is specifically designed to address issues concerning the use of GEMs in aquifers, with these bacteria as models. Fate (survival and transport) and activity (pollutant degradation and impact on the native microflora and ecosystem processes) will be studied. Aspects of the study related to fate of microbes and impact on the ecosystem will be used to gauge potential risks associated with the use of GEMs in the environment. R82-2405-010 Assessing the Response of Three Pine Species to Ozone, Utilizing the Antioxidants Ethylenediurea and Sodium Erythorbate Institution: University of Massachusetts Principal Investigator: William J. Manning Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $367,212 This multi-investigator, multi-institution project will explore the feasibility of the use of the antioxidants ethylenediurea (EDU) and sodium erythorbate to assess the effects of ambient ozone on growth of three important pine species in their appropriate geographic regions, with different levels of ambient ozone and natural growing conditions. Eastern white pine (Pinus strobus L,) will be investigated in western Massachusetts, loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) in east Texas, and ponderosa pine (Pinus ponderosa Dougl. ex. Laws) in southern California. All three investigators will address the vital question: "Do current levels of ambient ozone reduce growth of important pine species in different geographic locations?" In addition to overall objectives there are subordinate interlocking objectives where investigators will exchange tree seedlings or needle samples. Research in Massachusetts will focus on colonization of pine needles by endophytic fungi and their role in colonization of ozone-injured or influenced needles. Mineral nutrition, stomatal conductance and nitrogen metabolism will be emphasized in Texas. Infra-red thermography will be used in California to assess 18 ------- changes in gas exchange. Ozone-drought-antioxidant interactions will be investigated as well. R82-2407-010 Investigation of Linkages Between Biomarker Indicators and Population-Level Responses Institution: University of Rhode Island Principal Investigator: David A. Bengtson Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $357,089 The purpose of the project is to test the fundamental assumption that biomarkers are sensitive to lower concentrations of a given toxicant than are organismal or population responses (for the same species), because the effect is at a more fundamental (cellular) level. The researchers will test the assumption by examining the relationships among concentrations of a toxicant, pentachlorophenol (PCP), and their effects on different biological levels of organization (cell, tissue, organism population) in an estuarine fish species, Menidia beryllina, in the laboratory, using an energetics-based approach. Energetics-related measurements can be made at the cellular, organismal, and population levels so that a cause-and- effect relationship should be discernable under ideal laboratory conditions. Because PCP acts as an uncoupler of oxidative phosphorylation, the energetic basis of the toxicant effect at the cellular level should be relatable to energetic measures made at higher levels of biological organization. The researchers will measure adenylate energy charge and activity of oxidative enzymes at the cellular level and scope for growth of the organismal level at different PCP concentrations. They will also conduct a partial life- cycle toxicity test to examine of PCP on reproductive output by this species in relation to the amount of energy invested in carcass, liver, and gonal growth. Finally, matrix population projection models will be used to examine population dynamics of the species under different concentrations of PCP. Thus, the researchers will be able to compare concentrations that affect M. beryllina at the cellular level, the organismal level, and the "ecologically relevant" population level. Another goal of the project is to provide a model research strategy that others might use to study the linkages of biomarkers to ecologically relevant indicators with other species, toxicants, and higher levels of biological organization. R82-2455-010 Studies on the Mechanisms Underlying Lichen Sensitivity to SO2 and O3 Institution: Arizona State University Principal Investigators: Thomas H. Nash; J. Kenneth Hoober Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $353,381 This proposal focuses on the phycobiont by planning experiments to examine the physical, physiological, and biochemical aspects of lichen photosynthetic response to O3 and SO2. Specifically, the objectives are to (1) determine the concordance of gas exchange and chlorophyll fluorescent data as response parameters, (2) determine whether physical differences in air pollutant absorption and/or subsequent internal transfer to the phycobiont surface account for the differential sensitivity among species, (3) determine whether physiological and/or biochemical difference in photosynthetic response explain the differential sensitivity, and, finally, (4) develop mechanistic models for understanding the response of lichens to O3 and SO2. R82-2467-010 Aquatic Invertebrate Succession in Freshwater Marshes: An Evaluation of Acquired Function in Created and Restored Wetlands Institution: West Chestire University Principal Investigator: G. Winfield Fairchild Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $129,519 The purpose of this project is to predict the "assembly rules" for the aquatic invertebrate food web in man- made marshes. The approach will be to compare newly created marches of known age to natural marshes that are morphometrically similar. There are two questions to be answered: (1) does invertebrate food web structure in created/restored wetlands reach an endpoint comparable to the food webs of natural wetlands? and (2) how does the presence of aquatic vegetation influence succession in the invertebrate community? R82-2487-010 Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic Acid Herbicides Coupled to Denitriflcation Institution: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Principal Investigator: Max Haggblom 19 ------- Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $347,810 The purpose of the project is to investigate the anaerobic biodegradability of the chlorinated benzoic acid herbicides Dicamba and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoate and examine whether degradation can be coupled to denitrification. Although reductive dechlorination of Dicamba and 2,3,6-trichlorobenzoate has been demonstrated, there is no information on the influence of alternative electron acceptors, such as nitrate on their biodegradability under anaerobic conditions. Denitrifying enrichment cultures on Dicamba, 2,3,6- trichlorobenzoate, and structurally related chlorinated benzoic acids will be established using different agricultural soils (with and without herbicide application). Degradation rates will be evaluated and biotransformation/biodegradation products identified. In addition, the degradation of 3- and 4- chlorobenzoate by denitrifying consortia will be investigated. R82-2509-010 Comparative Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Metabolism and Genotoxicity in Two Ictalurid Fishes Institution: Duke University Principal Investigator: Richard T. Di Giulio Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $290,973 This project will exploit opportunities to explore in depth, and from a comparative viewpoint, selected aspects of the metabolism and genotoxic modes of action of a representative polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH), benzo[a]pyrene (BaP). The objectives of this study are to (1) compare organ and tissue distributions of BaP in a channel catfish, Ictalurus punctatm, and brown bullhead, Ameriurus nebulosus, following gavage and aqueous exposure; (2) compare hepatic DNA damage in channel catfish and brown bullhead following BaP exposure in vivo and in cell culture; (3) determine and compare mechanisms of BaP metabolism and activation to mutagenic products in hepatic subcellular fractions of the two species; (4) compare abilities of hepatic fractions from these species to generate active oxygen species (ROS) upon incubation with key BaP metabolites; (5) elucidate and compare mechanisms of BaP detoxification in these species; and (6) determine the single and combined effects of in vivo exposure to BaP and to chemical modulators (in separate experiments, either 3,3'4,4' tetrachlorobiphenyl (TCB) or tert-butyl hydroperoxide (tBOOH) on BaP metabolism, DNA damage, and oxidative stress in these species. R82-2546-010 Expression and Functional Roles of the Maize MnSod Multigene Family During Development and Under Environmental Stress Institution: North Carolina State University Principal Investigator: John G. Scandalios Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $365,970 The purpose of this project is to investigate the functional role(s) of each of the four maize MnSods in terms of their mitochondria! location and the differential expression of the respective MnSod (Sod3) genes during development and in response to exogenous signals. The long-term goal is to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying the differential expression of these genes during development and in response to oxidative stress. To do so, the researchers have developed a functional bioassay system using a yeast MnSod-deficient mutant to study the biological function of the maize MnSODs. They have successfully transformed and rescued the yeast mutant, which is lethal in the presence of oxygen, with the maize MnSOD-3. They will use gene specific cDNA probes isolated for each maize MnSOD to isolate and characterize each of the Sod3 genes comprising this interesting multigene family. R82-2913-010 A Molecular Approach for the Study of Environmental Carcinogenesis Institution: University of Maine Principal Investigator: Rebecca Van Beneden Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $359,705 The purpose of this project is to address the role of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in the development of tumors in Japanese medako, Oryzias latipes, exposed to mixtures of environmental toxicants. In their initial studies, the researchers will expose medaka to low doses of diethylnitrosamine (DEN) as an initiating carcinogen, followed by exposure to a tumor promoter, trichloroethylene (TCE), a ubiquitous groundwater contaminant. They will then examine the mechanism of tumor induction at the molecular level and compare their results with those from rodent studies. 20 ------- R82-3605-010 Use of Remotely Sensed Data on Phenological Activity and Heterogeneity to Detect Changes in Grassland Species Composition in Response to Stress Institution: Kansas State University Principal Investigator: John M. Briggs Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: 210,842 This project proposes to build upon the extensive database available on prairie ecology and remotely sensed data from the existing LTER program at KPRNA and from the researchers' participation in NASA's FIFE program, to develop a remote sensing- based ecological indicator that will detect changes in species composition within this and other grasslands of the Central Plains region. This indicator will detect both natural (year-to-year variation in precipitation and temperature) and anthropogenic (i.e. climate change, over-grazing, land-use practices) stresses within grassland ecosystems. In addition, it will be applicable to a large geographical region. The researchers will correlate shifts in the timing of green- up and/or senscense with meteorological data and land-use practices to identify critical parameters that result in vegetation responses. The approach will be to conduct retrospective analyses relating areas of known species composition, fire history, and management practices on Konza Prairie to seasonal patterns in remote sensing vegetation indexes. Once this relationship between C3/C4 composition and remotely sensed data is developed and quantitatively tested for known areas, it will be used to extrapolate across a broader geographic region. R82-3606-010 Testing the Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index Across Biogeographic Regions Institution: Marine Biological Laboratory Principal Investigator: Linda A. Deegan Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $386,228 The purpose of this project is to further the development of the Estuarine Biotic Integrity Index (EBI). The researchers propose to complete the development of the EBI by using the index in estuaries of a wide variety of anthropogenic stress in several biogeographic regions and by following one estuary in detail over several years. They will focus on four objectives: (1) validation of the response of fish communities to anthropogenic stress across a broad range of estuaries and stress levels, (2) extension of the EBI to several biogeographic regions, (3) Differentiation between natural and anthropogenic induced variation in fish communities and the EBI, (4) exploration of a new metric to evaluate food web changes. R82-3749-010 A Novel Approach for Assessment of Anthropogenic Disturbance: A Search for Bacterial Indicator Species in Southeastern Streams and Rivers Institution: Kent State University Principal Investigator: Laura Leff Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $318,046 In this project, investigation of diversity and composition of the non-culturable fraction of the assemblage will be performed using taxa-specific probes developed from rRNA genes contained in environmental DNA. The first objective of this project is to determine if the culturable portion of the bacterial assemblages collected from streams and rivers in the Southeastern United States are representative of the total bacterial assemblages from these ecosystems. Sampling sites were selected based on differences in extent and nature of anthropogenic disturbances. To address this question, the abundance of taxonomic groups of bacteria in the culturable and total assemblages will be determined using labeled oligonucleotide probes targeted to specific regions of r-RNA. Taxa abundance in the total assemblage will be determined by using in situ hybridization, and abundances in the culturable assemblages colony hybridization using cultivated bacterial strains. If the cultural assemblage is representative of the total assemblage, then the percentage of culturable bacteria hybridizing a given taxonomic probe will the percentage of bacteria hybridizing the probe during in situ hybridization. Differences in taxa abundance among sites will be related to differences in water quality measurements. The second objective is to use a methodologically advanced approach to search for bacterial indicator species among the non- culturable species. At sites in which cultural assemblage is not representative rRNA genes will be amplified using Polymerase Chain Reaction from mixtures of extracted nucleic acids, and selected 16S rRNA genes will be sequenced. After comparison of rRNA sequences to those published, the abundance of selected taxa will be determined using in situ hybridization. 21 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (AIR) R82-1117-010 Determination of Trace Atmospheric Gases by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). Size-Selecting Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particles by CE-Based Analyzer Institution: Texas Tech University Principal Investigator: P. K. Dasgupta Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $353,188 The purpose of this project is to develop and apply suppressed conductometry to two systems for the analysis of gases and particles. For the gas analysis system, soluble or reactive gases are sampled in a microdroplet at the tip of a capillary for a period of approximately one minuand then subjected to suppressed conductometric capillary electrophoresis separation (SuCCESS). For the particle analysis system, sampled air is processed through a microscale parallel plate wet denuder to remove gases. The particles are then charged negatively, collected into a positively charged droplet, and, after sampling, subjected to analysis by SuCCESS. R82-1210-010 Advanced Modeling of Concentration Fluctuations. Reactive Plumes and Surface Inhomogeneity Institution: University of Kentucky Principal Investigator: Tate H. Tsang Project Period: 3 Years Project Amount: $224,395 The purpose of this project is to use Second-Order Closure (SOC) and Large Eddy Simulations (LES) to study three fundamental problems: concentration fluctuations of pollutants, reactive plume modeling, and the effects of different surface roughness and heat flux on the boundary layer structure and plume behavior. The researchers propose a highly parallelizable time-splitting Least Squares Finite Element Method (LSFEM). R82-1252-010 Development of New Techniques for Atmospheric Profiling of Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products Using Kites as "Sky Hooks" Institution: University of Colorado Principal Investigator: John W. Birks Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $356,837 The purpose of this project is to improve a new technique based on microcartridge sampling and derivatization for important atmospheric constituents including aldehydes and carboxylic acids. In addition, vertical profiles will be made of hydrocarbon oxidation products in the atmosphere using high altitude kites for raising and lowering instrument packages. R82-1256-010 Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Interactions Relative to Tropospheric Ozone Formation-Destruction Processes Institution: Boston College Principal Investigator: Paul Davidowitz Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $335,401 The purpose of this project is to conduct a series of experiments designed to study heterogeneous gas- liquid interactions related to the tropospheric ozone formation and destruction processes. The studies will center on the heterogeneous interactions critical to the chemistry of tropospheric ozone. Uptake and heterogeneous reaction studies will be performed. Special attention will be paid to the study of possible heterogeneous sources and sinks for nitrous oxide which is the principal precursor to ozone. Among the heterogeneous processes to be studied are those that might result in the volatilization of nitrous oxide from nitric acid and ammonia. The results of these experiments will provide the information required to elucidate the role of heterogeneous reactions in the tropospheric ozone formation-destruction processes and will yield the paramneters necessary for proper modeling of the relevant processes. R82-1288-010 22 ------- Applications of Receptor Modeling to Time Series Data for Aerosol Chemical Components Institution: University of California, Los Angeles Principal Investigator: Sheldon Friedlander Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $287,900 The purpose of this project is to develop new approaches for using time series data to understand source/receptor relationships. The specific objectives of the study are to (1) compile existing time series chemical composition data into a composite data base; (2) determine the statistical properties of the composite data base and check for certain "universal" features such as constancy of GSD; (3) extend the continuity equation for mean square concentration fluctuations in a turbulent atmosphere to aerosol transport processes and investigate the effect of stochastic processes on the GSD; (4) seek evidence of multiple source contributions in the form of multimodal frequency distributions for chemical species; (5) evaluate frequency distributions of source contributions using chemical mass balance (CMB) methods and search for correlations among the sources, and (6) use a new multivariate technique to search for correlations among the sources and compare these results with CMB results. R82-1340-010 Numerical Simulation of Turbulent Dispersion and Relative Diffusion Institution: Georgia Institute of Technology Principal Investigator: P. K. Yeung Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $174,028 The purpose of this project is to investigate the processes of relative diffusion and dispersion of passive contaminants in turbulent flows. This will be accomplished by using the technique of direct numerical simulation, which is based on exact conservation equations. The primary focus is on the fluid dynamical mechanisms associated with the dispersion of concentration fluctuations. R82-2264-010 Development of New Isotopic Techniques for Resolution of the Atmospheric N2O Budget Institution: University of California, San Diego Principal Investigator: Mark Thiemens Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $304,617 The purpose of this project is to utilize a high precision multi-isotope ratio measurement technique to identify sources of nitrous oxide (N2O). In this study simultaneous measurements of all three stable isotopes in N20 will be made. This information will be used in assessing budgets of atmospheric N2O, an environmental gas important in global climate and stratospheric ozone issues. R82-2312-010 A Study of Absorptive Gas/Particle Partitioning to Ambient Aerosol Organic Material Institution: Oregon Graduate Institution Principal Investigator: James F. Pankow Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $309,863 The purpose of this project is to (1) study the basic physical-chemical properties and composition (by GC/MS and LC/MS) of organic phase material in aerosol materials so as to better understand the role and magnitude of absorption in gas particle (G/P) partitioning in the atmosphere for important compounds; (2) conduct field work involving gas and particle sampling of organic compounds in urban atmospheres under smoggy conditions to determine the G/P partition coefficient values for those conditions, and compare them with partition coefficients for typical non-smoggy urban situations; (3) construct and apply a mathematical model of absorptive G/P partitioning for describing secondary organic aerosol formation in the urban environment and in areas affected by regional and long-range transport of urban pollution. R82-2351-010 2 to 5 pm Room-Temperature Semiconductor Multiquantum Well Tunable Photodetectors for Ultrasensitive Detection of Hazardous Pollutants 23 ------- Institution: Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey Principal Investigator: Jian Zhao Project Period: 3 years Project Amount $372,527 The purpose of the project is to conduct a fundamental investigation of a novel photodetector for ultrasensitive hazardous gaseous pollutants detection/monitoring in the 2 to 5 |um mid-IR fingerprint region. The research will map out the range of detection sensitivity and tunability as a function of temperature up to 300K and the detection of CHF3 CH4, NO2, and HCN. R82-2453-010 Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Heterogeneous Ozone Destruction Institution: Tufts University Principal Investigator: Mary Jane Shultz Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: 314,705 The purpose of this project is to perform laboratory- based measurements to identify those materials responsible for the heterogeneous activation of odd Cl at mid-latitudes as well as identifying the combination of materials most effective at sequestering the odd Cl, a prime catalytic ozone destroyer. The work will utilize spectroscopic techniques that have shown promise as liquid probes to develop a molecular level understanding for these interfaces. The nonlinear spectroscopies chosen for this work are Second Harmonic Generation and Sum Frequency Generation. The primary substrate to be used is sulfuric acid since recent evidence has implicated stratospheric sulfuric acid aerosols as being important in mid-latitude ozone destructive. R82-2476-010 Influence of Organic Films on Reactivity and Hydroscopicity of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol Institution: New York University Medical Center Principal Investigator: Morton Lippmann Project Period: 3 Years Project Amount: $387,276 The purpose of this project is to determine the influence of organic films on both the neutralization reactivity by gaseous NH3 and thehydroscopic growth of H2SO4 acid aerosols as a function of the film thickness as well as of the particle diameter. The particle diameter range will include 40 to 200 nm covering relative humidities up to 95%. The high relative humidity will simulate the conditions in humid atmospheres and in human respiratory airways. C12-C18 fatty acids will be used in this study since they are not only highly surface active, but also exist in the ambient atmosphere. R82-2482-010 Development of Multivariate Receptor Models for the Determination of the Sources of Airborne Pollutants Institution: Clarkson University Principal Investigator: Philip K. Hopke Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $349,359 The purpose of this project is to test and evaluate the application of multivariate statistical methods to solve receptor modeling problems. These methods include projection pursuit, artificial neutral networks, and genetic algorithm. The exploration of the utility of these methods in which an optimal data scaling method is employed easily permits the incorporation of a variety of constraints on the solution. Finally, factor analysis methods for 1-way data tables have been the subject of active development as both a receptor model and a tool to solve other chemical problems. R82-2518-010 Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide by Circulating and Oscillating Drops Institution: University of Idaho Principal Investigator: Tom Carleson Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $238,469 The purpose of this project is to conduct an experimental and theoretical study of mass transfer to circulating and oscillating water drops absorbing sulfur dioxide from air. The experiments will involve varying the droplet sizes, gas concentrations, 24 ------- oscillation frequencies, and gas flow rates. Existing models will be tested and used to develop a new model to assess the effect of circulation and oscillation on the mass transfer process. R82-2562-010 Characterizations of Motor Vehicle Emissions Institution: University of Nevada Principal Investigator: Barbara Zielinska Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $201,731 The purpose of the project is to conduct a comprehensive diesel and gasoline emission sampling program at emissions test facilities. Several classes of paniculate and gaseous organic compounds, including PAHs, long-chained alkanes, and polar organic compounds will be sampled and measured in exhaust from gasoline and diesel vehicles. Ambient roadside emissions will also be sampled and similarity analyzed. The new chemical profiles will be evaluated according to their ability to distinguish contributions of diesel and gasoline vehicles using chemical mass balance receptor modeling. 25 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL CHEMISTRY AND PHYSICS (WATER) R81-9809-010 Quantitative Analysis Directly from Matrices Using TOF-SIMS Institution: University of Pittsburgh Principal Investigator: David Hercules Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $376,040 The purpose of this project is to develop analytical protocols for quantitative analysis of trace amounts of organic compounds without prior separation from the matrix. Focus will be on methods where the single size is severely limited or analyses useful for screening large populations. The technique to be used is the newly developed time-of-flight secondary-ion mass spectrometry (TOF-SIMS). Fundamental parameters important for trace quantitative measurements will be investigated. In addition, preliminary studies will be carried out aimed at coupling TOF-SIMS with thin layer chromatography for trace quantitative determinations. Development of specific analytical methods will follow a standard screening procedure. TOF-SIMS spectra of pure compounds will be obtained and internal standards evaluated and selected. Calibration curves will be established in the absence of a matrix. Analysis on real samples will be used to compare the TOF-SIMS methodology with established methods Optimization of TOF-SIMS protocols will be accomplished by fundamental studies of factors important for quantitation. The energy, intensity, mass, and complexity of the primary ions will be investigated. Analyte-substrate interactions will be studied to improve ion-emission yields and to increase the effective molecular weight range of the technique. Detection limits will be optimized by using micromanipulation techniques. A conservative estimate of the ultimate detection limit for small (MW=1000) peptides is 0.05 attomole. R81-9866-010 Configuration and Sorption Properties of Two Synthetic Humic Substance Analogs: Polymaleic Acid and Pyrene-Labeled Polyacrylic Acid Institution: Ohio State University Principal Investigator: P. I. Yu-Ping Chin Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $303,421 The purpose of the project is to study two mimic substance analogs, polymaleic acid (PMA) and pyrene-labeled polyacrylic acid (PPA), in an effort to understand better the interactions of particle-reactive pollutants with colloids. These novel, synthetic polymers resemble humic and fulvic acids, both spectroscopically and in their ability to form secondary and tertiary structures in response to changes in solution pH and tonic strength. Moreover, they are relatively easy to synthesize and characterize. The configuration and sorption properties of PMA and PPA will be studied under differential solution conditions, and various nonpolar organic "probes" will be utilized to study PMA/PPA-pollutant binding. Specifically, these include (1) UV, visible, fluorescence and Fourier Transform IR spectroscopy to elucidate light absorption/emission properties; (2) hydrophobic interaction and size exclusion chromatography to determine the respective polarity and size of the polymers; and (3) the sorption of hydrophobic compounds to the polymers using fluorescence quenching, dialysis, and batch experiments. Additionally, microviscosity measurements will be conducted to corroborate observed changes in the configuration of the polymers as determined by fluorescence spectroscopy. The researchers will use the results of their work and compare them to data obtained from similar experiments (conducted in parallel) using humic and fulvic acids. R81-9885-010 Integrated Subsurface Imaging for Hydrologic Site Characteristics Institution: Stanford University 26 ------- Principal Investigators: Gary Navko; Rosemary Knight Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $251,224 The purpose of this multidisciplinary study is to develop methodologies for inexpensive high resolution geophysical imaging of natural heterogeneity. The images will be linked to hydraulic parameters through the application of principles of rock physics. Ground penetrating radar and high resolution surface-based seismology will be used to provide images. These images will be linked to hydraulic parameters using sediment rock physics and geostatistical integration of geophysical and hydrologic parameters. The research would combine modeling, field data acquisition, laboratory measurements, and integration techniques. R81-9976-010 Reactive Contaminant Transport in Variable Density Flow Systems Institution: Ohio State University Principal Investigator: Frank Schwartz Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $228,320 The purpose of this project is to study the behavior of reactive contaminants being transported as a constituent within dense plumes. These types of plumes occur commonly in a variety of hydrogeological settings, for example, due to the disposal of wastes in uncontrolled landfills, in hazardous waste disposal sites, and in deep formations by injection. Specific objectives of the study are to (1) conduct experiments with a two-dimensional flow tank that will establish how reactive components of plumes respond to processes of sorption and density- driven flow, and (2) model processes at both laboratory and field scales. The laboratory-scale models will help in understanding the transport processes in a controlled setting as well as in providing data to validate the numerical modeling approach. The field-scale mathematical models are designed to demonstrate the importance of these processes in actual contamination problems. R82-0024-010 NMR for Diagnostic Testing of Solidified Hazardous Waste Institution: Louisiana State University and A & M College Principal Investigators: Frank K. Cartledge; Leslie G. Butler Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $344,340 The purpose of this project is to diagnose performance in solidification of hazardous wastes using cementitious binders. Various capabilities of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy will be developed for this purpose. NMR imaging in 3 dimensions and 1 dimension will allow determination of the connectivity pattern iu the pore structure of the solid and the determination of rates of water infiltration into, and waste migration out of, solid samples. Microscopic motions of both metal ions and organics within the solid matrix can be determined from the solid-state NMR, and the temperature dependence of these motions can be converted into an activation energy for migration from one site to another or a minimum binding energy within the matrix. Diffusion rates for organic materials within the solid can be determined with a resolution to the micron level or below. These non-invasive, non- destructive NMRs thus can give direct information about the binding of wastes in a solidified matrix, and several kinds of data about pore structure and diffusion which can have direct application to modeling of waste transport (i,e, leaching) out of the solid matrix. While NMR has been used previously for characterization of cements nd solidified wastes. recent advances in NMR technology hold the promise of yielding much more detailed information on a routine basis in much the same way that NMR is used for diagnosis testing of materials and in medicine. R82-0277-010 Using Cadmium-113 Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy to Study Cation Binding by Organic Matter Institution: Georgia Institute of Technology Principal Investigator: Michael Perdue Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $267,273 The purpose of this project is to evaluate the potential 27 ------- of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy as a tool for studying competitive cation binding by natural organic matter (NOW). One of the common isotopes of cadmium (113Cd) is observable by NMR. The free cadmium ion produces a single sharp peak in an NMR spectrum. If cadmium-NOM complexes form and dissociate very slowly, a potentially complex pattern of overlapping peaks will be obtained in the NMR spectrum of a mixture of free and complexed cadmium ions. If these reactions are very fast, only an average NMR signal will be obtained. NMR spectra will be obtained, if necessary, on cooled or even supercooled samples to receive the signals of free and complexed species. The NMR method will be used to study effects of pH and ionic strength on cadmium binding. The MNR measurements of free and complexed cadmium will be compared with ion selective electrode (ISE) measurements of free cadmium ion. Cadmium-113 will also be used as a probe ion to study the competitive binding of other cations. The predictions of the competitive Gaussian distribution model and others will be compared with NMR estimates of free and complexed cadmium. R82-0459-010 Solventless Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Water with Solid-Base Microextraction Institution: University of North Dakota Principal Investigator: Steven Hawthorne Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $348,000 The purpose of this project is to investigate the use of fused silica fibers coated with sorptive stationary phases for the microextraction of nonpolar moderately polar, and ionic organic pollutant from relatively clean water (e.g., groundwaters and surface waters) seawater, and highly polluted (e.g., waste stream) waters. Sorption of the pollutants onto the sorbent fiber is accomplished by simply dipping the fiber into the water sample. After equilibrium is attained, the analytes are recovered using thermal desorption by inserting the fiber into a conventional heated GC injection port, or (for thermally-labile phases) by supercritical fluid extraction. The study will develop the necessary theoretical framework to understand the partitioning of organic analytes between water (including the effect on Kp of matrix components such as ionic strength pH and total dissolved organics) and several different sorbent phases immobilized to the silica fibers. Both non-selective (e.g., methylsilicone) and selective (e.g.,polar phases liquid crystalline phases) sorbents will be immobilized to sorbent fibers and evaluated as will the effect of film thicknesses on sorbent capacity, equilibration time, and thermal desorption time. Finally, the ability to perform quantitative determinations of pollutant organics from both clean and highly polluted waters will be rigorously tested, and the robustness of the individual sorbents will be evaluated. Test analytes will include a broad range of nonpolar (e.g.,fuel hydrocarbons moderately polar (e.g., phenols and anilines), and ionic analytes (e.g., acid herbicides and surfactants). R82-0944-010 Sorption and Transport of HOCs in Aquatic Systems Institution: University of California, Santa Barbara Principal Investigator: Wilburt Lick Project Period: 2Vi years Project Amount: $267,993 The purpose of this project is to measure equilibrium partition coefficients and mass transfer rates of selected hydrophobic organic contaminants to and from sediments under well-controlled conditions, and will include this information in numerically efficient contaminant transport and fate models. The first objective of this work is to characterize the effects of physical parameters (shear aggregation, solids concentration, floe, and particle sizes) on sorption processes. Once the physical processes are understood for one chemical, the researchers will extend the experiments to other chemicals so as to establish the relationship of sorption behavior to physical-chemical properties such as solubility, octanol-water partition coefficients and molecular size. R82-1325-010 Chemically Selective Fiber Optic Detection and Characterization of Aqueous Impurities Institution: University of California, Riverside Principal Investigator: E.L. Chronister 28 ------- Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $368,616 The purpose of this project is to develop linear arrays of intrinsic single-component selective sensors on a single optical fiber. The individual sensor elements will be addressed through the use of very short light pulses (e.g. 10 picoseconds), allowing multicomponent sampling with a single optical fiber. Alternatively, if the same chemical sensing element is used at different points along the same fiber optic, this would allow the creation of a sensor capable of monitoring concentration gradients of a single species along a very long path. Realistically the spacial resolution of this system will be limited by the interaction of the light impulses with the intrinsic properties of the indicator molecules placed in each sensor element. When fluorescence is used to provide the analytical signal, the balance between the sensitivity of the measurement (related to the quantum efficiency of the fluorophore) and the temporal response of the system (linked to the fluorescence lifetime) will be optimized for the particular requirements of the analytical problem. This approach could ultimately be used to monitor several molecular species in many hostile environments. Several approaches will be studied to obtain the requisite chemical selectivity necessary to make meaningful measurements in complex environments. Chemically-doped porous sol-gel glass films will be deposited at specific points on the fiber optic to provide simple sensor elements. Greater chemical selectivity will be attained through direct chemical derivatization of the silica surface. In more sophisticated sensors, enzymes will be covalently linked to the surface via a biotin/avidin/biotin "molecular sandwich." The products of the enzyme- catalyzed reaction (e.g., H+) will change the properties of an adjacent fluorophore molecule, which will result in the analytical signal. Development of this generic strategy for the incorporation of enzymes as molecular transducers for the analytical signal will provide a basis for the production of a new class of fiber optic sensing. R82-1359-010 Development of Extraction and HPLC Methods Based on Enhanced-Fluidity Liquids for the Analysis of Polar Contaminants in Sand, Soil, and Sediments Principal Investigator: Susan Olesik Institution: Ohio State Research Foundation Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $306,671 The purpose of this project is to use high fluidity liquids to extract contaminants from sediments, soils, and sands. The polar contaminants that will be studied are very difficult, if not impossible, to extract by supercritical fluid extraction. SFE, high-fluidity liquid mixtures possess many of the positive attributes of supercritical solvents, such as high diffusivity, while maintaining the high solvent strength advantage of common liquid solvents. The important variables in high-fluidity liquid extraction will be determined. Finally, the advantages of using high fluidity liquid solvents for the extraction, separation, and analysis of polar contaminants will be studied by developing a complex method using these solvents to characterize decarbonate fungicides and s-triazines in soils. R82-1400-010 Geostatistical Analysis of Solute Transport in Alluvial Fan Facies Institution: University of California, Santa Cruz Principal Investigator: Robert Anderson Project Period: 3 year Project Amount: $238,129 The purpose of this project is to use qualitative geologic data to address current theoretical concerns about the nature of heterogeneities in alluvial sediments and their influence on uncertainty in transport predictions. The study focuses on one scale of heterogeneity, that of lenses or layers within alluvial deposits. The goals of the proposed work are to (1) use geostatistical analyses of qualitative geologic information to describe the location and spacial correlation of relatively high and low permeability units in alluvial fan deposits and (2) examine the effects of the structure of these units, i.e., layers and lenses with highly contrasting permeabilities on simulated solute travel time distributions. The study will focus on three locations in an alluvial fan deposit in Santa Clara Valley, CA. Sediments at these sites exhibit different sedimentary structures and sediment compositions because of their positions (proximal, medial, and distal) within the fan deposits. The researchers will infer the occurrence of relatively high and low permeability zones at the sites 29 ------- using soil classifications from descriptive borehole logs and other sediment composition data. They will then use binary indicator geostatistics to describe special correlation in the occurrence of the regions and to assess uncertainties in stratigraphic interpolations and transport predictions. The research will focus on four specific objectives: (1) description of the spatial structure of relatively high and low permeability zones at three locations in an alluvial fan deposit, (2) description of the stratigraphic structure nd sensitivity, (3) descriptions of small-scale changes in hydraulic conductivity and sediment texture associated with soil classification boundaries, and (4) comparison of transport characteristics at the three alluvial fan sites and examination of how uncertainty in the stratigraphic interpolation produces uncertainty in transport simulations. R82-2605-010 Development of a Portable Gas Chromatograph- Mass Spectrograph (GC-MS) with a Microbore Column and an Array Deractor for Field Measurements Institution: California Institute of Technology for Propulsion Laboratory Principal Investigator: M.P. Shinha Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $259,500 The purpose of this project is to continue research on the development of portable, high performance Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrograph (GC-MS) to be used for on-site, real-time measurements of pollutants. The GC-MS system will be based on the technology of microbore capillary column (SOn i.d.) chromatography and miniaturized focal plane mass Spectrograph. The capability of the GC-MS will be extended for the analysis of compounds at low concentration (-1 ppb). This will be accomplished by increasing the sample volume, optimizing the operating temperature of the GC column, and by the proper selection of the carrier gas. A high sensitivity ion source, a light-weight low-power-consuming pumping system and personal computer-based data system will also be developed. The performance of the new instrument will be established for the analysis of various priority pollutants. 30 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING R81-9996-010 Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Heavy Metals in a Sludge-Amended Agroforestry System Institution: Iowa State University Principal Investigator: Michael Thompson Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $142,330 The purpose of this project is to determine the potential for colloid-facilitated translocation through soil of heavy metals applied with municipal sledge in a setting where vegetation consists of both herbaceous and woody crops. Two common field conditions may make unreliable previous, laboratory-based predictions of the fate of heavy metals applied to land with sewage sludge: (1) dispersion of organomineral colloids or discrete organic colloids and (2) preferential flow of suspended soil colloids and/or sludge in soil macropores. Even ions such as metals that are strongly sorbed to the solid phase in soils may be translocated if there is sufficient dispersion and translocation of clay or soil organic matter. It is not known which of the possible mechanisms of colloid transport are most significant in the field situation. The objectives of the proposed research are to (1) document the occurrence or lack of heavy metal transport through soils where digested sewage sludge is applied as fertilizer to woody and herbaceous biomass crops grown in an alley-cropping (agroforestry) system; (2) correlate the degree of mobilization of heavy metals (cadmium, copper, nickel, and zinc) with environmental conditions, soil properties, soil water characteristics, and vegetation; and (3) identify the most significant mechanisms of metal transport as influenced by macropore flow and colloid dispersion under field conditions. R82-0181-010 Development of An Adaptive Methodology for On- Line Computerized Modelling and Real Time Control of Wastewater Treatment Facilities Institution: Marquette University Principal Investigator: Vladimir Novotny Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $197,799 This project will investigate and develop adaptive features of Real Time Control systems for optimization of the operation of wastewater treatment plants. The adaptability implies that the computerized system used for control of the plants under transient conditions will be able to adjust, in an optimum way, to the changes in the input and system parameters. This will lead to minimization or elimination of raw wastewater overflows and by-passes and to maintenance of optimal conditions. A costly alternative to such operational schemes would be structural enlargement of the plants. R82-0184-010 Engineering of Oxidation and Granular Activated Carbon Treatment Processes to Meet New Objectives in Drinking Water Treatment Institution: University of North Carolina Principal Investigator: Francis A. Di Giano Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $208,432 This project is directed towards development of a bench-scale experimental protocol that will permit a way for engineers to design an ozone granular activated carbon (GAC) system that biostabilizes natural organic matter (NOM) and removes ozone disinfection by-product (DPBs) of concern. The biokinetics and adsorption of ozonated NOM and of specific ozone DBFs will be quantified so that the proper combination of ozone (or in combination with H2O2) dosage and GAC contact time can be selected. The success of the experimental protocol will be measured by comparing the performance of a pilot- scale system to the predictions from the branch-scale tests. R82-0921-010 Development of An Economic Treatment System to Detoxify Organic Chemicals Institution: University of Pennsylvania Principal Investigator: Jean-Marc Bollag Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $375,000 31 ------- This project proposes research to evaluate the use of dissected plant materials as catalytic agents for decontaminating water and soil polluted with toxic phenols and anilines. Decontamination will be achieved through polymerization of the pollutants or their binding to humus. Both of these processes are caused by oxidative coupling reactions that can be mediated by oxidoreductive enzymes. Since it has been shown that the release of the original toxic chemicals and the formed oligomeric complexes into the environment is insignificant, oxidative coupling reactions can be considered a safe method of decontamination. To determine optimum conditions for plant-mediated contamination, the researchers will conduct a variety of tests under different reaction conditions (pH, incubation time, temperature substrate concentration, and amount and granulation of plant material). Based on data obtained, the researchers will develop specific application methods and design procedures for the safe disposal of the used plant materials. The plants which are enzymatically most active will be tested in polluted water and soil under laboratory and field conditions. To dispose of the used plant materials, the researchers will subject them to composting, plowing into soil, combustion, and, possibly, even feeding to animals. R82-1050-010 Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil by Complexing Agents Incorporating Metal Recovery and Chelator Recovery Institution: University of Delaware Principal Investigator: Herbert E. Allen Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $247,926 The purpose of this project is to address the extraction of soils contaminated by cadmium (II), chromium (III), and/or lead (II) by the addition of ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) or citrate. The chelator and the metals will be recovered by electrolysis. Preliminary tests with cadmium EDTA demonstrated that over 95 percent recovery of both EDTA and cadmium could be achieved by electrolysis. The recovery of the chelator and the metals after treatment of the soil is novel. Present systems using EDTA have not been economically viable due to the high cost of chemicals. The researchers will optimize the concentration of chelator to be used. At higher chelator concentrations, the electrolysis cost will be minimized, but recovery of the chelator from the soil will be less; consequently, optimization is required. The soils to be studied will encompass a variety of physical and chemical characteristics including contaminant source, soil type, and permeability. Operational factors that may affect the metal extraction will be studied in batch and column systems. These include chelator concentration, pH, soil characteristics, contact time, and competing ions in solution. Voltammetric measurements will be used to establish the conditions necessary for the recovery of the metal and the chelator. Important variables include the electrode material, solution pH, and the presence of dissolved oxygen. The researchers will design and construct an electrolysis cell and will evaluate the effect of different electrode material deposition efficiency, current requirement, and frequency of electrode replacement. High current efficiency will be achieved as a result of high mass transfer. A determination of the recovery of metal and chelator will be made and the ability of the recovered chelator to extract metals from soil will be elevated. An integrated system, incorporating soil extraction and electrolysis, with recycling of the recovered chelator, will be set up. The researchers plan to test this integrated treatment system of several soils varying in properties and metallic contaminants. R82-1206-010 VUV-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry as a Combustor/Incinerator Diagnostic Tool Institution: Yale University Principal Investigator: Lisa Pfefferle Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $373,121 This project proposes to develop and optimize the VUV single-photon photo ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (VUV-MS). It is a simple, highly sensitive, real-time method for the simultaneous detection and measurement of a wide range of labile and stable species from hydrocarbon pyrolysis and combustion processes. It will be used as a diagnostic tool for analysis of hydrocarbon/halogenated hydrocarbons for combustor/incinerator emissions and continue over developments for studying hydrocarbon oxidation and pyrolysis kinetics. R82-1245-010 32 ------- Fate of Bromide Ion and Bromide Compounds in Water Treatment Institution: Purdue University Principal Investigator: Dale W. Margerum Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $375,000 This project will examine in detail the possible formation of bromate ion (a carcinogen), and improved analytical methods, including capillary ion electrophoresis, will be developed for its detection and quantification. Studies of the chemical reactions, kinetics, and products that result from chlorination, bromochlorination, or ozonation treatment of water which contains bromide ion or bromine compounds are proposed. The reaction kinetics and mechanisms of these systems will be determined in order to indicate conditions that lead to bromate (BrO3) formation and conditions that will prevent or minimize its formation. In the presence of ammonia and bromide ion, water chlorination leads to the formation of haloamines. Much is known about the chlorination; however, less is known about the bromamines and very little is known about the properties, toxicity, and chemical behavior of the bromochloramines. Bromochloramine chemistry will be determined, and analytical methods, such as electrospray mass spectrometry, will be developed for analysis of bromochloramines and related compounds. Individual chemical reactions and their product will be studied in order to understand their nature, and knowledge of these reactions will permit analysis of complex systems that exist under environmental conditions. R82-1558-010 Phytoremediation: Using Plants to Clean up Toxic Metal-Contaminated Soils and Water Institution: Rutgers University Principal Investigator: Ilya Raskin Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $373,000 The goal of this project is to further the efficacy of the use of plants to remove toxic metals from contaminated soils. Preliminary work indicates that the feasibility of this procedure has been demonstrated using metal loaded onto artificial soil mix (sand plus vermiculite). Both plant stems and roots picked up large quantities of chromium and lead in this preliminary testing. It is proposed that these studies be continued on small green-house test plots using actual metal contaminated soil from CERCLA sites In the State of New Jersey. The preliminary work indicated that mustard plants possessed superior ability to remove metals from soil. Several species within this family appear best, i.e. Brassica juncea and Brassica carinata. For example, the former accumulated 18 mg/g of stem while the latter accumulated 115 mg/g root. Several other plants, including grasses, also demonstrated favorable aptitude for removal of metals. It was also demonstrated that removal of metals by plants could occur in a hydroponic type system; thus, the treatment of liquid wastes and sludges containing metals is possible and will be investigated in this study. R82-2591-010 Fabrication and Evaluation of Fiber Optic Photoreactors for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants and the Photoplating Stripping of Heavy Metals Institution: University of Wisconsin. Madison Principal Investigator: Marc Anderson Project Period: 3 years Project Amount: $366,240 The purpose of this project is to develop a method to overcome certain limitations for remediating sites that suffer from environmental contamination or for remediating hazardous waste streams. Only a few commercial processes are available for remediating such sites. These techniques, however, often produce a variety of intermediate species, some of which are even more hazardous than the original contaminant. None of these techniques, furthermore, address remediation of mixed wastes that contain both hazardous organic species and heavy metals. Many laboratory studies have demonstrated that TiO2- mediated photocatalytic oxidation can completely mineralize a wide variety of organic species to CO2, H2O, and halide ions. Most photoreactors that are designed for laboratory studies of this phenomenon utilize aqueous suspensions of titania powders. For commercial use such reactors must contain an additional unit to separate the catalyst from the purified water after the reaction is completed. The resulting suspensions are often difficult to filter and handle. This research will employ optical fibers as the medium for transmitting optical radiation throughout the photoreactor. If the individual fibers in a bundled assembly of UV-transmitting optical fibers can each be coated with a suitable thickness of TiO2 catalyst, then it should be possible to fabricate a photoreactor that would incorporate these coated fibers. The resulting reactor would contain an immobilized catalyst characterized by a large amount 33 ------- of active surface and by the ability of the light to direct the flow of electrons to a counterelectrode that penetrate throughout the reactor. In this system, the is characterized by a high surface area. This coating of Ti2 on the fiber acts as a photoanode. By electrode can then act as a collector of heavy metal placing a biasing potential across the TiO2, one can ions present in solution. 34 ------- ENVIRONMENTAL SOCIOECONOMICS R82-2334-010 Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution in Heterogeneous Conditions Institution: University of California, Davis Principal Investigator: Gloria Helfand Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $128,651 This project will extend economic studies of nonpoint source (NFS) water pollution in two directions. First, it will evaluate an alternative, more realistic, method for control of NFS pollution—taxing one, rather than all, inputs to pollution. Although regulating all inputs that affect pollution is necessary to achieve pollution reduction at least social cost, regulating one input may be technically and administratively more feasible. This research will examine which single input should be regulated in a second-best policy environment, and how much higher control costs are relative to more efficient approaches. Second, it will incorporate heterogeneous land conditions into this comparison to reflect the reality that farmland is far from homogeneous in response to inputs. An agronomic model which predicts yields and effluent production for specified inputs will be used to provide some empirical results in addition to the theory. R82-2363-010 Enforcement and Monitoring of Environmental Laws: An Experimental Examination of Compliance with Pollution Standards Institution: University of Massachusetts, Boston Principal Investigator: Paul Brown Project Period: 1 year Project Amount: $28,216 This project will investigate the following issues relevant to enforcement of environmental laws and compliance with pollution standards: (1) the extent of internalization of emission costs that could be expected in the absence of governmental regulations, (2) whether penalty levels based on recapturing the benefits from noncompliance are sufficient for reducing emissions, (3) the extent to which compliance rates will decrease when sporadic as opposed to frequent monitoring is utilized, (4) the effect on emissions levels of increasing the emission standard, (5) the responsiveness of compliance levels to increases in penalties, (6) the effects of stochastic monitoring and input on compliance rates, (7) the relative effectiveness of threat and benefit messages in enhancing compliance, and (8) the internalization rates in highly competitive environments. A series of laboratory experiments, which permit control that field studies do not, will be utilized to address these issues. In a modified public goods setting, individuals will decide the percentage of emission costs to internalize with the remainder of the costs being passed on to the group. The key to this environment is that although there is an incentive for each individual to pass the costs on to the group, there is a cooperative solution that is pareto optimal in which members internalize all costs of emissions. Using this basic framework, an emissions standard will be implemented under a variety of different conditions. Such studies should help establish a uniform code by which the State agencies that now enforce and monitor environmental laws can develop in order to establish consistency in enforcement. R82-2368-010 Liability-Based Funding and Superfund Clean-up Strategies: PRP Involvement and the Pace of Progress Institution: University of California, Los Angeles Principal Investigator: Hilary Sigman Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $218,805 The project will investigate the empirical validity of the concern that the Potentially Responsible Parties (PRPs) influence both clean-up strategies that are chosen for Superfund sites and the pace of clean-up programs. The project will consist of two related 35 ------- components. In one part the researchers will model remedy selection as a bargaining process between public sector agencies responsible for clean-up and private firms responsible for payment. Drawing on the law and economics literature on out-of-court settlement of legal disputes, the researchers will create a structural model to predict sites at which PRPs will choose to settle. At the same time, they will examine the determinants of expenditure at the site using the status of PRP funding as an endogenous explanatory variable. The data will be analyzed by employing a joint model wherein the PRPs' decision to fund clean- up and the level of clean-up expenditure at the site are simultaneously determined. The second component will focus on an examination of determinants of the pace of clean-up progress at Superfund sites. A specialized hazard of the duration of sites in each of the main stages of clean-up will be developed and estimated. This model will allow the researchers to examine the hypothesis that PRP- funding influences the rate of progress. It will also permit correction of the sample selection bias that could result from assuming that sites that have reached a given stage in the clean-up process represent a random sample of all National Priorities List sites. R82-2446-010 Verbal Protocol Analysis of Cost Valuation Responses Institution: Research Triangle Institute Principal Investigator: William Desvousages Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $238,510 The purpose of the project is to understand better how individuals interpret and respond to contingent valuation (CV) questions. The research will address three issues: the reliability of the referendum questions format, the importance of reminding respondents about substitutes, and the sensitivity of CV estimates of the scope of potential natural resource injuries. An interdisciplinary team of economists and psychologists will direct the research. A verbal protocol methodology adapted from the field of cognitive psychology will be used to provide insights into thought processes that lead to observed CV response. These protocols involve the process of respondents "thinking aloud" while they answer the CV questions. This process yields insights on both the decision process that people use to answer questions and the information they use as part of the decision process. Protocols will follow a research design that will enable the results to be useful for both hypothesis testing and developing more general insights about people's response patterns. Surveys will be used to further test the findings of the verbal protocol research. R82-2464-010 Characterizing Ecological Risk and Interpreting Perceived Institution: Decision Science Research Institute, Inc. Principal Investigator: Paul Slovic Project Period: 2 years Project Amount: $185,403 This project has two basic components: (1) characterizing ecological risk perception, and (2) interpreting these findings to provide insight for ecological risk-management activities. A risk- perception paradigm will be adapted to investigate the underlying characteristics that explain differing public perceptions of ecological risks. People will be asked to rate, on a set of psychometric risk-perception scales, a number of human activities and natural hazards that are sources of potential ecological harm. Data on individual characteristics of the raters (such as "worldviews," value orientations, and attitudes toward nature) will also be collected. The results will be analyzed using multivariate statistical techniques such as factor analysis to identify underlying factors that explain differences in the perceived ecological risk of different activities. The data will also be analyzed to determine characteristics of individuals that help shape personal risk-perception patterns. 36 ------- INDEX BY PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR Page Allen, Herbert E. Anderson, Marc Anderson, Robert Arp, Daniel J. Bengtson, David A. Birks, John W. Bollag, Jean-Marc Bortone, Stephen A. Briggs, John M. Brand, Larry "Remediation of Metal Contaminated Soil by Complexing Agents Incorporating Metal Recovery and Chelator Recovery," University of Delaware "Fabrication and Evaluation of Fiber Optic Photoreactors for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Organic Contaminants and the Photoplating Stripping of Heavy Metals," University of Wisconsin, Madison "Geostatistical Analysis of Solute Transport in Alluvial Fan Fades," University of California, Santa Cruz "Degradation of Alkyl Halides by Nitrifying Bacteria Associated with Soil,"Oregon State University "Investigation of Linkages Between Biomarker Indicators and Population- Level Responses," University of Rhode Island "Development of New Techniques for Atmospheric Profiling of Hydrocarbon Oxidation Products Using Kites as "Sky Hooks," University of Colorado "Development of An Economic Treatment System to Detoxify Organic Chemicals," University of Pennsylvania "The Impact of Paper Mill Effluent on the Reproduction, Growth, Behavior, Fitness, and Survivorship of Coastal Fishes," University of West Florida "Use of Remotely Sensed Data on Phenological Activity and Heterogeneity to Detect Changes in Grassland Species Composition in Response to Stress," Kansas State University "The Effects of Ultraviolet-B Radiation on Marine Phytoplankton Species," Umiversity of Miami 32 33 29 15 19 22 31 10 21 10 37 ------- Page Brown, Paul Butler, Leslie G. Carleson, Tom Cartledge, Frank K. Cherr, Gary N. Chin, P. I. Yu-Ping Chronsiter, E. L. Cobb, G. C. Cohan, Frederick M. Copley, Shelley D. Crawford, Ronald I. "Enforcement and Monitoring of Environmental Laws: An Experimental Examination of Compliance with Pollution Standards," University of Massachusetts, Boston "NMR for Diagnostic Testing of Solidified Hazardous Waste," Louisiana State University "Absorption of Sulfur Dioxide by Circulating and Oscillating Drops," University of Idaho "NMR for Diagnostic Testing of Solidified Hazardous Waste," Louisiana State University "Biological Effects and Mechanisms of Action of Lignin-Derived Macromolecules," University of California, Davis "Configuration and Sorption Properties of Two Synthetic Humic Substance Analogs: Polymaleic Acid and Pyrene-Labeled Polyacrylic Acid," Ohio State University "Chemically Selective Fiber Optic Detection and Characterization of Aqueous Impurities," University of California, Riverside "Immunotoxicity: A sensitive Biomarker for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure," Clemson University Research Foundation "Effect of DNA Sequence Divergence on Gene Transfer Between Bacterial Species," Wesleyan University "Kinetic Studies of 4-Chlorobenzoyl Co A Dehalogenase," University of Colorado "Transport, Degradation, and Survival 35 27 24 27 10 26 28 14 14 13 38 ------- Dasgupta, P. K. Davidowitz, Paul Deegan, Linda A. Desvousages, William Dickerson, R. L. of Free and Encapsulated Microbial Cells in a Heterogeneous Subsurface Environment," University of Idaho "Determination of Trace Atmospheric Gases by Capillary Electrophoresis (CE). Size-Selecting Sampling and Analysis of Atmospheric Particles by CE-Based Analyzer," Texas Tech University "Heterogeneous Gas-Liquid Interactions Relative to Tropospheric Ozone Formation- Destruction Processes," Boston College "Testing the Estuarine Biotic Integtrity Index Across Biogeographis Regions," Marine Biological Laboratory "Verbal Protocol Analysis of Cost Variation Responses," Research Triangle Institute "Immunotoxicity: A sensitive Biomarker for Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Esposure," Clemson University Research Foundation Page 14 22 22 21 36 14 Di Giano, Francis A. Di Giulio, Richard T. Dunson, W. A. Dwyer, Daryl F. "Engineering of Oxidation and Granular Activated Carbon Treatment Processes to Meet New Objectives in Drinking Water Treatment," University of North Carolina "Comparative Mechanisms of Hydrocarbon Metabilism and Genotoxicity in Two Ictalurid Fishes," Duke University "Treehole Communities as Bioindicators ov Forest Stemflow Pollution and Ecosystem Stress," Pennsylvania State University "Field and Micrcosm Studies for Evaluating the the Bioremediation Potential of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms in Aquifers," University of Minnesota 31 20 17 18 Edwards, Gerald E. "Analysis of Photosynthetic Markers of Stress Caused by Plant Exposure to UV-B Light," Washington State University 18 39 ------- Page Erlandsen, Stanley L. Fairchild, G. Winfield Fish, Ernest B. Fisher, Stuart G. Fox, George E. Friedlander, Sheldon Galwick, Frances P. Gold, M.H. Gordon, Milton P. Haggblom, Max "Development of Specific Gene Probes for Giardia Spp. to Resolve Zoonotic Origin of Water-Borne Giardiasis," University of Minnesota "Aquatic Invertebrate Succession in Freshwater Marshes: An Evaluation of Acquired Function in Created and Restored Wetlands," West Chestire University "Integrated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and Agriculture," Texas Tech University "Ecology of Hyporheic and Groundwater Communities: Distribution, Response, and Recovery from Disturbance," Arizona State University "Artificial Stable RNAs: A Novel Approach for Monitoring Genetically Engineered Microorganisms," University of Houston "Applications of Receptor Modeling to Time Series Data for Aerosol Chemical Components," University of California, Los Angeles "Long-Term Variation in Fish Asemblages of Warm-Water Stresses: Natural Variance and Approaches to Detecting Variation," University of Oklahoma "Biochemistry of Chloroaromatic Pollutant Degradation by Wood-Rotting Fungus Phanerochaete chrysosporium," Oregon Graduate Institute of Science & Technology "Degradation of Environmental Pollutants by Plants," University of Washington "Anaerobic Degradation of Chlorinated Benzoic Acid Herbicides Coupled to Denitrification," The State University of New Jersey 15 19 15 12 11 23 11 12 17 19 40 ------- Page Hawthorne, Steven Hays, John Helfand, Gloria Hercules, David Hoober, Kenneth Hopke, Philip K. Knight, Rosemary Leff, Laura Lick, Wilburt Lidicker, William Z. Lippmann, Morton Manning, William J. "Solventless Extraction of Organic Pollutants from Water with Solid-Base Microextraction," University of North Dakota "Activity and Regulation by UV-Light of DNA Repair Functions of Declining and Persistent Amphibian Populations,"Oregon State University "Regulating Nonpoint Source Pollution in Heterogeneous Conditions," University of California, Davis "Quantitative Analysis Directly from Matrices Using TOF-SDVIS," University of Pittsburgh "Studies on the Mechanisms Underlying Sensitivity to SO, and O,," Arizona State University "Development of Multivariate Receptor Models for the Determination of the Sources of Airborne Pollutants," Clarkson University "Integrated Subsurface Imaging for Hydrologic Site Characteristics," Stanford University "A Novel Approach for Assessment of Anthropogenic Disturbance: A Search for Bacterial Indicator Species in Southeastern Streams and Rivers," Kent State University "Sorption and Transport of HOCs in Aquatic Systems," University of California, Santa Barbara "Small Mammal Population Responses to Multiple Stressors," University of California "Influence of Organic Films on Reactivity and Hydroscopicity of Sulfuric Acid Aerosol," New York University Medical Center "Assessing the Response of Three Pine Species to Ozone, Utilizing 28 13 35 26 19 24 26 21 28 12 24 41 ------- Page Margerum, Dale W. Matthews, William J. Mollhagen, Tony R. Moorehead, Daryl L. Nash Thomas J. Navko, Gary Novotny, Vladimir Olesik, Susan Pankow, James F. Perdue, Michael the Antioxidants Ethylenediurea and Sodium Erythorbate, "University of Massachusetts "Fate of Bromide Ion and Bromide Compounds in Water Treatment," Purdue University "Long-Term Variation in Fish Assemblages of Warm-Water Stresses: Natural Variance and Approaches to Detecting Variation," University of Oklahoma "Integrated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and Agriculture," Texas Tech University "Integtated Indicators of Stress in Playa Lakes: Wetland Ecosystems in a Sea of Aridity and Agriculture," Texas Tech University "Studies of the Mechanisms Underlying Lichen Sensitivity to SO2 and O,," Arizona State University "Integrated Subsurface Imaging for Hydrologic Site Characteristics," Stanford University "Development of an Adaptive Methodology for On-Line Computerized Modelling and Real Time Control of Wastewater Treatment Facilities," Marquette University "Development of Extraction and HPLC Methods Based on Enhanced-Fluidity Liquids for the Analysis of Polar Contaminants in Sand, Soil, and Sediments," Ohio State Research Foundation "A Study of Absorptive Gas/Particle Partitioning to Ambient Aerosol Organic Material," Oregon Graduate Institution "Using Cadmium-113 Nuclear Resonance Spectroscopy to Study Cation Binding 18 33 11 15 15 19 26 31 29 23 42 ------- Page Pfefferle, Lisa Raskin, Dya Roesijandi, G. Scandalios, John G. Schwartz, Frank Shinha, M. P. Shultz, Mary Jane Sigman, Hilary Sikka, Harish C. Slovic, Paul Thiemens, Mark Thompson, Michael Tsang, Tate H. by Organic Matter," Georgia Institute of Technology 27 "VUV-Photoionization Mass Spectrometry as a Combuster/ Incinerator Diagnostic Tool," Yale University 32 "Photoremediation Using Plants to Clean Up Toxic Metal- Contaminants and Water," Rutgers University 33 "Effects of Metals on Immunological Dysfunction and Metallothionein Modulation in Hemocytes and Oysters Infected with Perkinsus marinus: A Characterization of Putative Environmental Biomarkers," University of Maryland 16 "Expression and Functional Roles of the Maize MnSod Multigene Family During Development and Under Environmental Stress," North Carolina State University 20 "Reactive Contaminant Transport in Density Flow Systems," Ohio State University 27 "Development of Portable Gas Chromatograph-Mass Spectrograph (GC-MS) with a Microbore Column and an Array Deractor for Field Measurements," California Institute of Technology for Propulsion Laboratory 30 "Stratospheric Sulfate Aerosols and Heterogeneous Ozone Destruction," Tufts University 24 "Liability-based Funding and Superfund Clean-Up Strategies: PRP Involvement and Pace of Progress," University of California, Los Angeles 35 "Metabolism of Methylated Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbons by Microorganisms," State University of New York 12 "Characterizing and Interpreting Perceived Ecological Risk," Decision Research Institute, Inc. 36 "Development of New Isotopic Techniques for Resolution of the Atmospheric N2O Budget," 23 "Colloid-Facilitated Transport of Heavy Metals in a Sludge- Amended Agroforestry System," Iowa State University 31 "Advanced Modeling of Concentration Fluctuations, 43 ------- Page Van Beneden, Rebecca Wang, Y. T. Wood, Alan H. Yeung, P. K. Zhao, Jian Zielinska, Barbara Reactive Plumes and Surface Inhomogeneity," University of Kentucky "A Molecular Approach for the Study of Environmental Carcinogenesis," University of Maine "Simultaneous Microbial Detoxification of Chromium and Organic Pollutants," University of Kentucky "Potential Ecological Effects of Baculovirus Pesticides on Nontarget Insect Species," Boyce Thompson Institute of Plant Research "Numerical Simulation of Turbulant Dispersion and Relative Diffuision," Georgia Institute of Technology "2 to 5 jim Room-Temperature Semiconductor Multiquantum Well Tunable Photodectors for Ultrasensitive Detection of Hazardous Pollutants," Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey "Characterization of Motor Vehicle Emission," University of Nevada 22 20 17 16 23 23 25 U S Environmental Protection Agency Region 5, Library (PL-12J) n 77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th HOOT Chicago, IL 60604-3590 44 ------- ------- |