United States
            Environmental Protection
            Agency
Office of Research and
Development
Washington DC 20460
&EPA      CZAEM User's
EPA/600/R-94/I 74
September 1994
            Modeling Capture
            Zones of Ground-Water
            Wells Using Analytic
            Elements

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                                                             EPA/600/R-94/174
                                                             September 1994


                            CZAEM  USER'S  GUIDE

MODELING CAPTURE ZONES OF  GROUND-WATER WELLS  USING ANALYTIC ELEMENTS
                                       by
                       O.D.L. Strack  -  Principal Investigator
                                  E.I. Anderson
                                   M.  Bakker
                                   W.C.  Olsen
                                   J.C.  Panda
                                 R.W.  Pennings
                                  D.R.   Steward
                             University  of Minnesota
                           Minneapolis,  Minnesota  55455
                                   CR-818029
                                  Project  Officer
                               Stephen R. Kraemer
                      Processes and Systems Research Division
                 Robert  S.  Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
                              Ada, Oklahoma 74820
                    This study was conducted  in cooperation with
                                Indiana  University
                     School  of Public  and Environmental Affairs
                            Bloomington, Indiana  47405
        ROBERT S. KERR ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
                 OFFICE  OF  RESEARCH AND  DEVELOPMENT
                U.S.  ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION AGENCY
                            ADA, OKLAHOMA 74820
                                                              Printed on Recycled Paper

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                                           NOTICE


     The work presented in this  document  has  been funded wholly  (or in part)  by the U.S.  Envi-
ronmental  Protection Agency  under cooperative  agreement  CR-818029  to  Indiana  University. It
has  been subjected  to  Agency review and approved for publication. Mention of trade names or
commercial products does  not constitute endorsement  or recommendation for use.
     All  research projects making conclusions or recommendations based on environmentally related
measurements and funded by  the U.S.  Environmental Protection Agency  are required  to  participate
in the Agency  Quality Assurance Program.  This  project did  not  involve  environmentally related
measurements and did  not involve  a Quality Assurance  Plan.
     The material introduced in the User's Guide should be fully understood prior to the application
of the computer program CZAEM  to field problems.  Both the creation  of the  conceptual aquifer
model and  the  interpretation   of  this  program's output  require an  understanding of the Analytic
Element Method and its implementation  in CZAEM Interpretation  of  the output generated by
the CZAEM program is the sole  responsibility  of the user.

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                                         FOREWORD

     EPA is charged by Congress  to  protect the Nation's  land, air,  and water  systems. Under a
mandate of national environmental laws focused on  air and  water quality,  solid waste management,
and  the control  of toxic substances, pesticides, noise, and radiation, the Agency strives to  formulate
and  implement actions which lead to a compatible balance between human activities  and the  ability
of natural  systems to support and  nurture life.
     The Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory  is  the  Agency's  center for expertise
for investigation of the  soil and  subsurface environment. Personnel at the Laboratory are responsi-
ble for management  of  research  programs to:  (a) determine the  fate,  transport,  and transformation
rates of pollutants in the  soil,  the  unsaturated and  the saturated zones  of the subsurface environ-
ment;  (b) define  the processes to be  used in characterizing the soil  and subsurface environments
as a receptor  of pollutants; (c)  develop techniques for predicting  the effect of pollutants on  ground
water, soil,  and indigenous organisms; and  (d) define  and demonstrate  the  applicability of using
natural  processes,  indigenous to  the  soil  and subsurface environment,  for  the protection  of  this
resource.
     The Capture Zone  Analytic  Element Model  CZAEM  is a  practical, PC-based ground-water
analysis  tool  that  allows for the definition  of the  areas  contributing recharge  to pumping  wells,
including the  influence of rivers,  streams, and other surface  water bodies.  The solution is  based on
a new technique for ground-water  modeling known  as  the  analytic element method. Capture zone
definition is fundamental in  the  design of remediation systems  for  source  containment or pump-
and-treat of contaminated  ground  water,  and also  in the  delineation of protection areas  around
drinking water wells.
                                           linton W. Hall, Director
                                          Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory
                                            111

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                                         ABSTRACT


     The computer program CZAEM is  designed  for elementary capture zone analysis, and is  based
on  the  analytic  element method.  CZAEM is applicable  to  confined and/or unconfined flow  in
shallow aquifers;  the  Dupuit-Forchheimer assumption  is  adopted.  CZAEM  supports  the following
analytic elements: uniform flow, uniform infiltration over a circular area, wells,  and line-sinks. The
line-sinks  can be  used to simulate streams and the boundaries of lakes and rivers.
     The program will  generate and plot the envelopes of capture  zones, the boundaries of capture
zones corresponding  to different times, dividing streamlines  including  stagnation points,  stream-
lines, and  piezometric  contours.
     A tutorial is provided  to  introduce the user to CZAEM and  consists  of two parts, each with
three examples.  Part  A  is  concerned  with introducing the  user  to  the  primary  capabilities  of
the program along with  elementary  modeling  techniques. Part B  is  aimed  at  advanced modeling
techniques  and commands.  It  is  explained  at  the  end of  part B  how to obtain hardcopy  output
from  the  program.
                                               IV

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                                TABLE OF  CONTENTS

Notice                                                                                  ii
Foreword                                                                               iii
Abstract                                                                               iv
Figures                                                                                vii
Acknowledgment                                                                       viii

Introduction                                                                            1
Background                                                                              1
The Analytic Element Method                                                            1
The Computer Program CZAEM                                                         2
Installation                                                                              3

                               CZAEM TUTORIAL   PART A

Example 1  Uniform Flow with a Well                                                    4
    Entering the program CZAEM                                                        5
    Entering aquifer data                                                                 6
    Solution and generation of contour plots                                               8
    Entering and analyzing the proposed well                                             10
    Exiting the program CZAEM                                                        12
Example 2 Well near a River                                                            12
    Entering line-sinks                                                                  13
    calculating the head at any point                                                    15
    Entering the well                                                                   16
    Saving a solution                                                                   17
    Influence of the reference point                                                       17
    Determining a well's water source using pathlines                                      18
Example 3 Critical Pumping Level for a Well                                            21
    Creating capture zones                                                             21
    Interpretation of Figure 3.1                                                          24
    Determining a well's water source using capture zones                                 24
Summary of Part A                                                                    26

                               CZAEM TUTORIAL - PART B

Example 4  Contaminant Pumpout System                                               29
    Obtaining results using CHECK                                                     31
    Determining capture zones for multiple wells                                          35
    Well water travel times                                                             36
    Moving wells in graphics  mode                                                      38
Example 5 Data Manipulation and Model Refinement                                     40
    Using input files                                                                   40
    Saving grid files                                                                    41
    Comparing grids                                                                   42
    Obtaining results using the cursor in CAPZONE                                      44
    Validity of Solutions                                                                15

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Example 6 Data File and Graphics Control                                               45
    Accessing multiple data files contiguously                                             45
    Entering rainfall                                                                    46
    Window manipulation and saving capture zone and time zone boundaries                46
Obtaining a hardcopy of graphical output                                                 49

References                                                                              52


Command Summary                                                                    53
                                            VI

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                                         FIGURES

Figure 1.1 Site map for Example 1                                                          4
Figure 1.2 Conceptual model of the aquifer                                                  5
Figure 1.3 Contour plot of the phreatic surface                                              9
Figure 1.4 Piezometric contours with the well present                                       11
Figure 1.5 The water beneath the field does not enter the well                               12
Figure 2.1 Site map for Example 2                                                         13
Figure 2.2 Conceptual model of the aquifer                                                 14
Figure 2.3 Plot of piezometric contours, well not present                                     16
Figure 2.4 Contours with the well present, reference point at (-2000, 4000)                   18
Figure 2.5 Contours with the well present, reference point at (1,1)                            19
Figure 2.6 Contours with the well present, reference point at (-2000, 5000)                   20
Figure 2.7 Several pathlines from the well generated by < WGENERATE > begin at the
          well and end at the line-sink, showing that the well does capture river water   21
Figure 3.1 Capture zones generated for a well discharge of 1500 mVday                      23
Figure 3.2 Capture zones generated for a well discharge of 1000 mVday                      25
Figure 3.3 Capture zones generated for a well discharge of 970 mVday                       27
Figure 3.4 Capture zones generated for a well discharge of 990 mVday                       27
Figure 4.1 Site map for Example 4                                                         29
Figure 4.2 Conceptual model of the aquifer                                                 30
Figure 4.3 Existing conditions' uniform flow with reference head of 129.84 meters at
          (-750  -875)                                                                   31
Figure 4.4 Existing conditions, uniform flow with reference head of 133.586 meters at
          (-2000 -2000)                                                                 33
Figure 4.5 Contours with the well present                                                  35
Figure 4.6 Subzones drawn for the well                                                     36
Figure 4.7 Subzone curves for both wells                                                   37
Figure 4.8 Twenty year time zones for Wells 1 and 2                                        38
Figure 4.9 Twenty year time zones for the fronts, with a front velocity factor of 1.1            39
Figure 5.1 Case of Example 3 with refined line-sinks                                        43
Figure 5.2 Refined line-sink grid minus the original line-sink grid                            44
Figure 6.1 Model of existing conditions (plot; d 10)                                          46
Figure 6.2 Model of proposed conditions  (plot; 780 5)                                       47
Figure 6.3 Well-field subzones                                                             49
                                            vn

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                                 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS


    The authors  express their  appreciation  to  the  volunteer group of "guinea pigs" who did the
beta testing  of the code. The code and documentation were much improved after technical reviews
provided by Mr. Paul  van der Heijde, Dr. Jeffrey  Johnson,  and Dr. Randall  Charbeneau. Ms.
Chursey  Fountain provided  editorial  review of the documentation.
    This report was typeset by MS-TftX, the TgXnacro  system of the American Mathematical
Society.
                                             vin

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                                         INTRODUCTION
     The Wellhead Analytic  Element Model (WhAEM)  package,  a capture zone  delineation  tool for
wellhead protection  and pollution containment, is the result of a  cooperative agreement between the
USEPA, the Indiana University  at  Bloomington, and the  University of Minnesota at Minneapolis.
The package consists of two executable: the first contains the graphical pre-processor GAEP  along
with  a  manual describing  its use; the second  contains the computer program CZAEM  Capture
Zone Analytic  Element  Model.  The latter program's intended use  is for the  modeling of problems
where the  flow is generated  by few  (say  50) features  (small-scale problems), either together with
GAEP,  or  by itself. The integrated WhAEM package is described in USEPA (1994).
     The presented  tutorial  deals with the use  of CZAEM as a  stand-alone  program, along with
some applications to elementary problems.

                                         BACKGROUND

     The objective of the  project was to develop  algorithms for  determining, in relatively simple
settings,  the envelopes  of capture zones  of wells.  The capture  zone envelope  of a well  contains
all  water that  will reach the well,  given  an infinite time period.  Capture zones are divided into
sub-capture zones (called  subzones in the program), according to the source of the water in the
zone  (for example, a section of a river or  a recharge well.  ) Also  of interest are  capture zones for a
certain time period,  called time  zones in  the  programs. The  capture zone for a given time period
of length / is defined as that portion  of a capture zone containing all water that reaches the well
within a time period of /. As far as the authors know, the  program CZAEM is the first program
that  fully computes  and displays the  boundaries  of  the  capture zone envelope,  subzones, and time
zones, including dividing streamlines and  stagnation points, for any well in  the  flowfield.
     CZAEM  is  intended  primarily for small-scale applications  that can be handled  with little
effort and  without the  need for an advanced  computer model.  It will generate  useful information
for such problems, mostly in graphical form,  and hopefully will  increase the understanding of the
shape and  extent  of capture zones.  As CZAEM was not  written with complex  problems in  mind,
it  is  recommended  that applications be limited  to  relatively simple problems.  Complex problems
should be  dealt  with by professionals with  access to more powerful computer  programs. This
document contains  a brief description of the method  on which CZAEM  is based, the  analytic
element method,  a brief description of the  program, and  the tutorial.

                              THE ANALYTIC ELEMENT METHOD

     The analytic element method is based on  the superposition of analytic functions.  Each  of these
functions satisfies the fundamental equations for  ground-water flow exactly and  has properties that
make it  suitable  to  model  a certain feature of  the  aquifer.  The  method is described in detail by
Strack (1989).
     Although simple in principle, the  analytic  element method has grown into a complex  framework
of many  specially  developed functions,  eliminating most of the limitations that used  to be associated
with  analytical models. The analytic element  method differs  fundamentally  from most  of  the
classical  numerical  techniques.  Important  differences are:
  1.  The aquifer  is  unbounded  in the  horizontal  plane.
 2.  The solution  is  analytical,  and therefore  no  interpolation is  required for computing heads  or
     velocities.  This allows the  user  to create contour  plots and  streamlines for  any part of the
     aquifer, varying in size  from several  square feet to hundreds  of square miles.

                                                1

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  3.  There  is no numerical dispersion. Inaccuracies, for example in capture zone  boundaries,  are
     due  solely  to  approximations  made  in the  conceptual  model  and its  implementation in  the
     program.

     The  application of the method in CZAEM  is  elementary, and contains  only  a few analytic
elements.  These  elements  can be used to  simulate  river boundaries,  streams, lakes, wells, uniform
flow, and uniform infiltration over a  circular  area. The elements used to model river  boundaries,
streams,  and lakes are called  line-sinks. Line-sinks  are  mathematical functions designed  such that
they simulate a constant  rate of extraction  along  a  line between the  end points  of  the  line-sink.

     The  line-sinks  may  be used to model flow  from a stream into an  aquifer, with the ground-
water table below the stream bottom.  In  this  case the strength  of the  line-sink  (defined as  the
extraction rate  per unit length)  can be estimated from the head  in  the  stream  and the  resistivity
of the stream bottom.  The  stream  is  then divided into sections,  chosen  such  that the  infiltration
approximates the  computed  infiltration rate  of the stream.

     Another application  of line-sinks  is  to  model constant-head boundaries of rivers,  lakes, or
streams.  In this  application, the model is  approximate  in  that  the program  computes  the strength
of each  line-sink  section to match the value  of head  entered.  A fine subdivision  in line-sink
segments  will render  a better approximation of the real  extraction  rate along  the stream than a
coarse one.

     The  well function is  used  to  model   wells  with  either  given  head  or  given  discharge.  The
solution  generated  by  these well functions is  accurate, even  in the  neighborhood of the  well, as
there is  no numerical  discretization.

     The uniform  flow function adds a uniform component  to the  far-field (this is the flow pattern
far away from  the area  modeled.) Finally,  the function  for  radial infiltration (called the rain
function  in  the program)  may be used to  simulate uniform infiltration inside a circle.

                             THE COMPUTER PROGRAM  CZAEM

     The  computer  program CZAEM is  an  enhanced version of the computer program SLWL
(Strack, 1989) with the capability  added to generate capture zones of wells.  The program is  fully
modular;  the main modules  are  the following:
  1.  AQUIFER,  for the input  of aquifer data,
  2.  GIVEN, for  the input of uniform  flow and rain.
  3.  REFERENCE, for the input of the head at one point  in the  aquifer.
  4.  WELL, for the input and implementation  of wells.
  5.  LINESINK,  for the  input and  implementation of  line-sinks.
  6.  GRID,  for the generation  of grids of values of piezometric heads, to be contoured.
  7.  PLOT, for  the generation of piezometric  contours.
  8.  TRACE, for  the  generation of streamlines.
  9.  CAPZONE,  for the  generation  of capture zones.
 10.  CURSOR, for the retrieval  of  data using graphical  input.
 11.  CHECK, for the  retrieval of data using  keyboard input.
 12.  IO,  for the binary input and output of solutions

     All  of these  modules, with  the exception of CAPZONE,  existed prior to the present project.
The  module CAPZONE is written in FORTRAN.  The  listing of this  module is available separately

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from  the  USEPA.  In  order  to facilitate  implementation in  other  computer programs, it is  indicated
in the listing where and how functions  providing necessary data to the module  are  to be  called.

     The  user  interface  of CZAEM (modeled after  SLWL)  is  a command-line  interface.  Such  an
interface differs from many of the current mouse-driven interfaces. It has the advantage  of flexibility,
but requires a  longer learning period.  Prospective  users  of CZAEM  unfamiliar with the  analytic
element method or with the command-line interface of SLWL are urged to take the time to follow
the examples in the tutorial.  These examples are designed  specifically to guide  the  user through
the use of  CZAEM progressively introducing several aspects of the program. A study of the first
three  examples  is  considered  pre-requisite  (preferably by  hands-on  application)  before  application
of CZAEM  The final two examples are used to  introduce some of the more advanced  features of
the program.
    In order to simplify  the user interface,  the  command  lines  and menus  are  reduced to contain
only the commands used  in this  tutorial. Other commands, useful  for  more  advanced applications,
are available but  are  left out of the menus. All commands, however,  are listed  in the help files
provided with the program.  Everywhere  in CZAEM  the user may obtain a brief help  summary for
a command by  typing the command word in the  current menu followed by a space  and a question
mark.  A  list  of the  commands  that are available in a module  will be displayed by entering the
command word help.

                                         INSTALLATION

    An installation batch file called czinst.bat   is  supplied  with the program CZAEM To install
the program onto a hard  drive, change  to the disk drive  containing the  diskette and type
    czinst  a c
where  a  represents the  disk drive containing the  diskette and c  represents the hard drive destina-
t  ion.  Further  information regarding  installation of  the program  and  supported  printer  devices is
contained  in the file read.me.  It  is recommended to read this file prior to installation.

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                               CZAEM  TUTORIAL  - PART  A

                          EXAMPLE  1.  UNIFORM  FLOW WITH A WELL

     A fanner wishes to engage in  organic farming to complement  his regular farming practices. In
order to comply with regulations, he must irrigate his organic crops  with ground water  that does
not contain the  chemicals  that are placed on his other fields. It is estimated that a minimum of 60
cubic meters of water per day  is necessary to  make the venture profitable. Therefore the  following
is  required:

  1.  Field characterization to determine  aquifer parameters.
 2,  A model to represent existing  flow conditions.
 3.  An analysis of flow  conditions due  to the addition of the irrigation  well.

     Four monitoring wells  were installed to  determine  the aquifer  parameters (Figure  1.1).  Soil
tests  indicate that the  permeability and porosity  are  6  m/day  and  0.3,  respectively. Surface
elevations  are relatively uniform  at  250 m above  sea level.  Boring  logs show the distance to  a
confining soil layer from the surface  to be 100 m.  These values, including ground-water  elevations
from  the  monitoring  wells,  allow for a model conceptualization  of the aquifer (Figure 1.2). It  is
necessary to  enter all values in consistent length and time measurements  (i. e.,  if the  discharge were
given in units of gallons per minute, it  would have to be converted  to  cubic  meters per  day prior
to  entering).  The next  step  is to implement  this  representation in CZAEM
                      Monitoring Well 1
                           = 200.5 m
(-350,350)
                                  (-150,350)
                (-350,150)
                   (-150,150)
                                                       Monitoring Well 2
                                                         4>i = 200.0 m
                                                              •
                                                          (250,250)
                                       Proposed Well
                                       Q = 60 m3/day
                        (-250, -250)
                             •
                       Monitoring Well 3
                        z = 200.5 m
                                           (250, -250)
                                               •
                                        Monitoring Well 4
                                          ^4 = 200.0 m
                              Figure 1.1  Site map for Example 1.

                                                4

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             MW# 1
             i = 200.5 m
        100m
                        ELEV = 250 m
                                                        Q = 60 m3/day
                        MW#2
                       2 = 200.0 m
permeability = 6 m/day

    porosity =0.3
                            250m
        • 250 m •
                                      Well radius = 0.15m
                          Figure  1.2  Conceptual model  of the  aquifer.


Entering the program CZAEM
     Change  to the CZAEM directory, which  contains the  executable file  czaem.exe.

     A:\  >D:
     D:\  >CD CZAEM

Where D:  represents the disk drive where  CZAEM  is installed.  Enter  CZAEM  by typing

     D: \  CZAEM>CZAEM

     Before entering any data, a brief description of CZAEM'S structure  is in order. On your screen
is the MAIN  menu of command words

     \\\   Module-MAIN MENU           Level'O    Routine*INPUT            ///
     ENTER COMMAND  WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM  ANY MENU
          [(X1.Y1.X2,Y2)///]    
                                                    [FILE]
                                             
             (NUMBER OF POINTS)                     
                                                
                                                  
                                                 
                                                              

Words in  angular  brackets,  '< >', are commands; words in parentheses,  '(  )',  are  required  argu-
ments; words  in square brackets, '[ ]',  are optional arguments; and a slash, '/', indicates  alternatives.
Type only the command  word  and arguments, not the brackets.  Some  of the  commands perform
a function immediately,  and some access other modules. If you enter another module,  you may
return to  the  previous  module  by typing

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followed  by an  enter.  Only  the  initial characters of the command words need  to  be entered, as
many  as  required to be unique  (four is the  maximum  you may have to  enter, but you  can enter
more  if you wish). In this tutorial, the command  is  commonly  abbreviated

     ret

Throughout this first problem, the full names of the  bracketed  terms  shall be typed out;  in  subse-
quent  examples in this tutorial, only the significant  letters shall be used.

Entering aquifer data.
     We enter  the aquifer parameters  in the module AQUIFER. Enter the module with the com-
mand . Note that  all data must be input with consistent units.  Enter

     aquifer

CZAEM  responds with

     \\\  Module-AQUIFER            Level-1    Routine=INPUT             ///
     (PERM)(THICK)(ELEVATION) (POROSITY)
     

The  permeability  and  porosity may be  entered  directly:

     permeability  6
     porosity 0.3

     Note that  the numbers and letters  need only be separated  by  a space,  This is also  true for
commands that require two values  or more.  In  addition,  values may  be  entered  using exponential
form (e.g., 0.6el  and 300e-4).

     The  command  requires as the argument  the  actual vertical  extent of the
aquifer (Figure  1.2).  is the elevation of the bottom of  the aquifer above  sea level (or any
datum you  chose).  Enter

     thickness  100
     base  150

Note that BASE and POROSITY have default  values of 0  and 0.3,  respectively.  Default values
are used if the user does not  enter parameter values. To return to the MAIN module, enter

     return

CZAEM will respond by displaying the MAIN menu

     \\\   ModuIe=MAIN MENU           Levei^O    Routine=IriFUT            ///
     ENTER COMMAND WORD FOLLOWED BY ? FOR BRIEF HELP FROM ANY MENU
          [(X1,Y1,X2,Y2)///]   
                                                 [FILE]
                                           
             (NUMBER OF POINTS)                    
                                              
                                                
                                               
                                                            

Next enter the module GIVEN

     given

CZAEM responds with

     \\\   Module=GIVEN              Level=l    Routine=INPUT            ///
     (DISCHARGE)[ANGLE](X,Y.RADIUS,RATE)

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This module is where  certain elements with given  strengths  (i.e., known discharges)  are  defined.
The only element we can calculate at this point is uniform flow, or UNIFLOW. This value represents
the  amount of  ground water  flowing  per unit  length  of aquifer. To compute the uniform  flow
components, use three  of the  four  monitoring  well water elevations  and locations in conjunction
with the Dupuit formulae  for unconfined flow
                                                  - v3)
     where
                 Qx = magnitude of flow in the x-direction
                 Qy = magnitude of flow in the y-direction
                 Qa = magnitude of flow in the direction of angle a
                  k = permeability
                 i = head at location (ii,j/i)
                 ^2 = head at location (3:2,2/2)
                 03 = head at location (0:3,^3)
                  b = base elevation
                  a = angle between direction of flow and  the x axis (0 to 360°)
(see Strack  [1989]). UNIFLOW consists of a constant  discharge  per  unit width  of  aquifer (mag-
nitude)  and  a  direction  (angle).  The  magnitude  is  the  resultant of Q^and Qrand the  angle  is
measured from  O to 360  degrees where O  is the positive  x-axis on  the standard coordinate system
(O  is due East). Here we  have  the following:
                               6[(200.5 - ISO)2 - (200 - ISO)2]
                         Qx ~         2[250-(-250)J         ~
                               _ 6[(200 - ISO)2 - (200 - ISO)2]
                            Qy ~        2[250 - (-250)]
                                \Qa\ = \/0.30152 + O2 = 0.3015
To  enter,  type:
    UNIFLOW 0.3015  0
Note  that the term angle  in the command line is  surrounded by  [ ]; this  indicates  that it  is an
optional value  and has  a  default.  The  default value is 0.  Therefore,  you  could  have just  typed
UNIFLOW 0.3015. Return  to  the MAIN  module:

                                               7

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     The amount of information entered  thus far can adequately describe the  shape of the phreatic
surface. We must fix the elevation  of that surface  at some point by specifying a known head at a
known location. We shall use  monitoring well number 3  as our  reference point as  follows
     reference

CZAEM responds  with
     (X,  Y,REFERENCE HEAD)

You must  enter  the  coordinates  and ground-water elevation  at the reference  point.  From Figure
1.1,  enter
     -250 -250  200.5

     More thought must go  into the choice of the reference point than appears in this first example.
Its effect is to  control the  amount of water that  comes  from infinity  (i.e., very far  away).  When
fixing the reference point, the  value of head at this location shall remain unchanged no matter what
other elements are  placed in proximity.  This issue  will become  more clear in following examples.
Note for  now that  a  reference point is required  to solve any ground-water  flow problem with
CZAEM

Solution and generation  of contour plots.
     The final step in completing the model of existing flow conditions is to solve for all unknowns.
To do this, enter
CZAEM responds  with
     ITERATION   1
     SOLVING    1 EQUATIONS
     10  .

     Head  and discharge  may  now be explicitly determined everywhere.  We will  make  a contour
plot  of the head on  the  screen. Our region,  or window,  shall be  four  square  kilometers centered
around  the  proposed  well.  Enter the coordinates of  the  lower left-  and upper right-hand comers
as follows:

     window  -2000  -2000  2000 2000

We choose the number of  points,  distributed  uniformly  within this window,  at which to compute
heads.  Higher numbers yield higher resolution  from  the  contouring routine  used  for  interpolation.
This grid should not be  confused  with the  mesh in  a numerical technique  such as finite elements
or finite differences. It is best to specify the  grid with values  between 20 and 50 (maximum 150).
Enter
     grid 50

CZAEM responds  with
     10	
     20	
     30	
     40	
     50	
     60  .

-------
A beep  indicates completion of  calculations. To view  the  flow field, enter
     plot
Note that a solution,  window,  and grid must be specified prior to  any plot.  Plot options  and limits
are  displayed
     EFAULT  [NUMBER OF LEVELS]  AYOUT
      (MIN LEVEL  [INCRENENT  {><>}]  [MAX LEVEL]
      (MAX LEVEL  [DECREMENT  { [<0}] [MIN LEVEL]
     MIN.  LEVEL=  1.9820S2+0   MAX.   LEVEL=    2.022123E+02
At  this time, we are not interested in  specific contours,  so we use the default option and  ask for
twenty  levels to  be plotted between the  extreme values. Enter
       d 20
CZAEM  responds  with
     START  LEVEL   1.983000E+02  INCREMENT    2.000000E-01 PRESS  ENTER
This  shows  the value  of head  at  which contouring  starts and the contour interval.  When using
default, the contours  will be drawn from  lower to higher head due  to the positive  increment. Press
[enter] to view  the flow field.
       [enter]
                        Figure 1.3  Contour  plot of the phreatic  surface.
     The plot has straight contours as we move in the direction of flow. The results reflect uniform
flow. Press [enter] to return to the MAIN  command line  after viewing  the  model  of existing flow
conditions.

-------
Entering and  analyzing the  proposed  well.
     Enter the module WELL  from  MAIN
 CZAEM  responds  with

     \\\  Module=WELL               Level = l    Routine=INPUT             ///
     

     The  problem  specifies a given  discharge. Figure  1.1  indicates that  the well is placed at the
 center of the  coordinate system and Figure 1.2 shows the well to  have a radius of 0.15 m.  We  wish
 to enter a well with a known discharge.

     given

 CZAEM  responds  with

     \\\  Module=WELL               Level=l    Routine=WELL  GIVEN        ///
      (X,Y,DISCHARGE)  [RADIUS][[LABEL]]

 Following the instructions  of the command line, enter

       0  0  60  0.15
      return

     After entering  a new element  (the well), we must find a new solution, and again grid and plot
 to see the effects.  We shall  also zoom in on the area of interest.  It is important to  enter the new
 window size prior to gridding, otherwise the plot for  the previous  window will be  placed over the
 new window  giving erroneous  results.

     solve
     window  -500  -500 500 500
     grid  50
     plot
       d 20
        [enter]

     Notice the  drawdown around the well  (Figure  1.4).  Press [enter]  to return to the MAIN
command line,  and enter the module  TRACE

      [enter]
     trace

 CZAEM  responds  with the command  line

     \\\  Module=TRACE;                 Level=l     Routine=INPUT             ///
      [ (xl,Yl,x2,Y2)//     /]  [TOLERANCE ]  (/)
     
-------
                    Figure  1.4  Piezometric  contours with  the well present,

     Assuming that the mass  of  the chemicals applied to  the crops is negligible with respect to the
original flow, any streamlines passing under the crops represents the path of chemicals through the
aquifer. It would be  beneficial  to  identify the  boundary  of the crops in question.  To draw a map
of the field boundary, return  to  the MAIN module  and enter the module MAP
    map

CZAEM responds with  the  command  line

     \\\   Module=MAP                Level = l     Routine=INPUT            ///
      (ON/OFF) 

To  view the map on the screen with each plot,  set the  option on

      plot on

We draw  the  crop boundary using  the  command  . Start  at  one corner of the field and
draw a  line from comer to comer,  completing the drawing  by entering the first  corner again.  MAP
will prompt for each set of  coordinates.

      curve
          -350 150
          -350 350
          -150 350
          -150 150
          -350 150
     return

    Return to the module TRACE  and  move the cursor along the boundary to see if any chemically
influenced  water enters the well (Figure 1.5).


                                               11

-------




                Figure 1.5  The water beneath the field  does  not enter the well.


Exiting the  program  CZAEM
    To exit CZAEM return to the MAIN module  and type

    stop

This returns control to  DOS.


                              EXAMPLE  2.  WELL NEAR  A RIVER

    A high capacity well  with  a diameter of 0.6 m and a pumping rate of 1500 mVday  is proposed
to be  placed near a river at a fixed location. We are asked  to determine whether or not the well will
capture river water.  The  hydrogeologic information is  shown  in  Figures 2.1 and 2.2.  The aquifer
parameters  are  the  following: permeability 5  m/day,  thickness  50  m, base elevation  0  m, porosity
0.25,  uniform  flow 0.5  m3/(m  day)  at 30°. In addition,  piezometric head measurements  are known
at different points along the river.

    In CZAEM enter the following data  using consistent units from the MAIN command line

    aqui
       perm 5
       thick 50
       base 0
       poro 0.25
      ret
    given
       uni  0.5  30
      ret
                                               12

-------
                                    32m
                  (-1500,1500)
(-600.1300)

   ,33m
                                                                     (500,200)
                            Uniform Flow
                        Qa = 0.5 m3/(m day)
                                                   Proposed Well
                                                 Q = 1500 m3/day
                                                       (500, -800)
                                                               (800,-1
                                                                      39m
                                                                               (1100,-1000)
                                                                                    .40 m
                                                                         (1500,-1800)
                              Figure 2.1 Site map for Example 2.

Entering   line-sinks.
     A river is  simulated in CZAEM by a series of line-elements called line-sinks.  We first need
to break a  river into  straight  line segments. Each line  segment will be entered in the  model  as  a
line-sink. River  discharge into or out of the aquifer is assumed to be constant  along each segment
The  discharge is either known a  priori  or is calculated  by specifying the head  at  the center of the
line-sink resulting  in  given or  head-specified line-sinks, respectively.  A given  line-sink  extracts
a fixed amount of water per  unit length of line-sink without placing  any restriction on the head
distribution  along the line-sink;  a head-specified line-sink  also  extracts a fixed  amount  per unit
length but  creates a control point at its center which makes  it possible to solve for the discharge
such  that the head  at  the control  point equals that  entered.   Given  line-sinks  are  entered in
a similar fashion as  wells. The input  of  head-specified line-sinks is outlined  below. Enter  the
module LINESINK
CZAEM responds  with
                                               13

-------
    Uniform Flow
    Qa = 0.5 m3/(m day)
      a = 30°
                                   •=1500
                                              50m
                                                permeability = 5 m/day
                                                     porosity = 0.25
                                                                     ELEV = 0 m
                   Well radius = 0.10 m
                         Figure 2.2  Conceptual  model  of the aquifer.
     \\\   Module=LINE-SINK          Level=l     Routine=INPUT
      [/]  [TOL] 
Line-sinks  with known strengths  are  entered  through the  command  ,  and those with
known  heads through the command .  We have head-specified  line-sinks; type
       head
CZAEM responds  with
     \\\   Module=LINE-SINK  Level=l   Routine=LINE-SINK
     (XI,Y1,X2,Y2,HEAD)[[LABEL]]
CZAEM requests  the coordinates  of the starting point (XI,Yl), the  coordinates of the  endpoint
(X2,Y2), and the  head at the midpoint of each  line-sink (HEAD),  in  that order.  For clarity,  start
at any one end of a series of contiguous line-sinks and enter them in order of occurrence.  We  start
from  the north end  of the river and enter the  first line-sink
         -1500 1500 -600  1300  32

After a line-sink  is entered,  CZAEM  prompts for another  line-sink.
     \\\  Module=LINE-SINK  Level=l   Routine=LINE-SINK  HEAD     ///
     (XI,Yl,  X2,  Y2)  ,  HEAD)[[LABEL]]

Although the command  line  is  not displayed, it is  still  active, and  we may  at any  time  enter
 to  begin  a head  specified  line-sink,  to  see  the command  line, or
 to return to the MAIN  module. Enter the remaining line-sinks and  return to the
MAIN module
         -600
         -200
1300
 900
-200
 200
900  33
500  34
                                               14

-------
          200    500   500   200  35
          500   200  500   -800   37.5
          500   -800   800  -1000  38
          800  -1000  1100  -1000  39
         1100  -1000  1500  -1800  40
      ret
     We have  returned to the MAIN module.  A visual check of our data entries  is possible with
the command .  In this case we choose  a window with  a lower left corner at (-1500,
-1500) and  the  upper right corner at (1500,1500).
     window  -1500  -1500 1500 1500
To view a layout of all the elements, type
     layout

When  finished viewing, press  [enter]  to return to MAIN.
     The  last  piece  of information required is the reference  point.  In  this example the  reference
point is  used as  a  calibrating parameter, rather  than  as  a point of given  location  and head  as in
Example  1. Analytic element  models such as CZAEM do  not require  a bounded  model  but deal
with an  infinite  domain.  The  flow of  water from far away (infinity) can  be used to  approximate
physical  sources and sinks that are  present in the  real aquifers but not represented in the model
explicitly. This  flow of water is regulated via the head specified at  the  reference point. The more
the physical sources or sinks  are included in the  model the less the influence of the reference  point.
Since  the  reference point  is  often used to approximate  complex  features that are far away  and
left out of the  model,  its use as  a calibration tool  requires some experience with  analytic element
models. The reference  point should be  chosen far enough away from the  area of  interest  that the
head is not expected  to  change appreciably due to the introduction  of any new  element (e.g.,  a
well). We first use a point with  coordinates (-2000,4000) and a head of 40 m as the reference  point.
     ref
       -2000 4000  40
Solve,  grid, and plot the solution  (Figure  2.3).
     solve
     grid  50
     plot
       d
       [enter]
We assume for now that the model  closely matches  observed heads.
Calculating  the head  at  any point.
     We  can determine the head at any point in  the  aquifer through the module CHECK. We type
     check

CZAEM  responds with
     \\\  Module = CHECK              Level = l    Rout ine= INPUT              ///
     < AQUI FEE >< GI VENx REFERENCE >< WELL XL INS S INK >
     (X,Y)(X,Y)

This is the CHECK module menu.  Enter
     head 1 1
CZAEM  responds with

                                                15

-------
                   Figure  2.3  Plot of piezometric  contours,  well  not present,
                X            Y          HEAD
       l.OOOOOOE+00   l.OOOOOOE+00  3.718284E+01

followed  by the command line. Enter

     head  -2000  5000
CZAEM  responds with
               x             Y          HEAD
      -2.00000000E+03 5.000000E+03  3.975401E+01
     Note the heads  at  these  two points for future  use.  With only  uniform flow  present, entering
either  of these  heads at  their respective  locations as the  REFERENCE  would  result in  identical
solutions. Return  to  the MAIN module.
Entering  the  well.
     We now solve the problem with the original  reference  point  and the well present.  First,  we
will  reduce the  window size so that we may examine more closely the changes due  to the well.

     window -1000 -1000 1000 1000

To enter the well,  type

     well
       given
         0  0  1500 0.3
      ret
                                                16

-------
Since the well affects the  flow field, we must solve again
     solve

Saving  a solution.
     It is often desirable to save  a  solution for later use.  The  command   is used for that
purpose  and  stores all  current information in a  binary  file. We  save  this solution for retrieval later;
enter
CZAEM  responds with

     OOLOTIOMXGRIDXBOTHXRETOHIO

To  select  SOLUTION, type

     sol

CZAEM will request a file  name

     {to  abort}

Enter  the  filename

     ex2.sol

If the file ex2. soi   does  not already exist,  CZAEM  responds with

     SOLUTION FILE  HAS BEEN  WRITTEN
     PROBLEM:   UNNAMED

If the file already  exists, CZAEM will offer you a prompt to overwrite the file or abort the command.
The name  and extension are  arbitrary. The directory  under which the  file ex2.soi   is  placed  is
CZAEM unless otherwise specified.

     In order to view the new solution, enter

     grid 50
     plot
       d
       [enter]

Observe the changes in the  piezometric  contours  due to  the  well (Figure 2.4).  Press [enter]  to
return  to the MAIN module.

Influence  of  the reference  point.
     We will now examine the effect of the reference point  on the solution. First choose the reference
point at  (1,1) with a head of 37.1828  (these are values that we determined using  CHECK).

     ref
       1 1 37.1828
     solve
     grid  50
     plot
       34  4
       [enter]

This plot is  shown in Figure  2.5.  Comparing Figures 2.4  and 2.5,  we  see that the  influence  of the
reference point on the piezometric  contours  is major, because we entered a well near the reference
point.


                                                17

-------
         Figure  2.4   Contours with the well present, reference point at (-2000,  4000).


     Now we  see what happens when we enter  (-2000,5000) as our reference point with a head of
39.7540  (the  second  point  determined in CHECK)

     ref
       -2000 5000 39.7540
     solve
     grid 50
     plot
       26 2
       [enter]

This plot is reproduced in Figure 2.6 and is nearly  identical to the one in Figure  2.4 even though
the reference  points are different; the influence of the well is insignificant  at both  reference points.
This confirms that  the reference point must always be chosen sufficiently far  away  so that elements
in the  model  do not  influence the head  at the reference point significantly.

Determining  a well's water  source  using pathlines
     We  are now prepared to  answer the  question: will the well  capture the river water? We retrieve
the original solution  and data saved  in  the file ex2.soi   by  the  use of the  command .
From the MAIN command line,  enter

     read

CZAEM responds  with

     
                                               18

-------
              Figure 2.5 Contours  with the well present, reference point at (I, 1).
Enter

      solution

CZAEM responds  with
      PLEASE ENTER FILENAME;  TO ABORT

Enter

      ex2.sol

CZAEM responds  with
     SOLUTION FILE HAS BEEN READ
     PROBLEM:  UNNAMED

     CZAEM has read  in the binary  file with all the elements entered at the time of saving. Since
the problem was  solved  prior to  saving, the parameter values have also  been  read  in. CZAEM
returns to the MAIN menu after reading in the  file.

     There  are  several ways to determine whether the well draws river  water in  CZAEM here  we
shall use the technique of tracing the particle pathlines in  a backward fashion starting at the well.
Enter TRACE  by  typing
Streamlines  are traced in the direction of flow by default. We set it to backward tracing with the
command .  Backward tracing  from  the  well is  achieved by  the command

                                               19

-------
          Figure 2.6 Contours  with the well present,  reference point at  (-2000,  5000).

.  Note that to return to  forward  tracing one  must  type .
We must first enter PLOT, or LAYOUT; here we choose PLOT as it  will produce the piezometric
contours.  We enter PLOT  exactly as we" did from  the  MAIN menu.
       plot
         d
          [enter]
CZAEM  plots the  picture  on the screen and gives the following  menu:
     \\\   Module=TRACE;                Level=l    Routine=INPUT             ///
      [ELEVATION]  []
      (#   LINES) [ELEVATION] 
     {TO  BACKSPACE,  PRESS <  }
The  cursor appears at the center of the screen (in  this case directly  over the well).
     With the cursor positioned at the well, first switch  backward tracing  on
     backward on
Now  the command   may be  used.  This command  has  one  required parameter
and one  optional parameter.  The required parameter  is the number of pathlines  generated from  the
well  and the optional parameter is the  vertical elevation in the  well from which  they will originate.
The  default elevation is the bottom  of the aquifer.  We  choose the number of traces to be  20 by
typing
       wgen 2 0
You  will  see pathlines  starting  from the well  and  going  back  toward their original source  (Figure
2.7).   The well is  seen to  be drawing some  of its  water from the river.  We conclude that  the

                                               20

-------
proposed discharge  is not feasible without drawing  river water. To return to the  MAIN menu and
exit  CZAEM  enter
      ret
     stop
     Figure 2.7 Several pathlines from  the  well generated by <  WGENERATE > begin at
                   the well and end at the line-sank, showing that the well does capture river
                   water.

                    EXAMPLE 3. CRITICAL PUMPING LEVEL  FOR A WELL

     This  example expands  on the problem  presented  in  Example  2 and  introduces the  module
CAPZONE.  We will determine the critical pumping level  of the well, defined here as the  largest
discharge  not  capturing  river water.  In Example  2, the well is entered with a discharge of 1500
mVday, and is  drawing  water from  the  river.  We will  use    to  view the  current
solution, then adjust  the  well discharge until  the critical level is reached.

     Since the  current problem has few  elements,  it will be sufficient  to  use  from
the outset to evaluate each  well  pumping level. For larger problems, it  may  be more  efficient to
use    or    for  the  first iterations.
Creating capture  zones.
     Begin by   entering  CZAEM  and reading in the binary  file describing Example 2. From  the
MAIN command line enter
     read
       solution
       ex2.sol
                                             21

-------
The binary file  with all  elements  entered  in  Example 2  and  the  parameter values  determined by
  has been read  in. Enter
     grid 50
       trace

CZAEM  responds  with

     \\\  Module=TRACE;                 Level=l     Routine=INPUT             ///
     [(XI,Y1,X2,Y2)///][TOLLERANCE](/)
     

We  enter the  module CAPZONE  from  within TRACE  and type
CZAEM  responds  with
     EFAULT  (NUMBER  OF  LEVELS]  AYOUT
     (MIN  LEVEL  [INCREMENT  {>0}]  [MAX  LEVEL]
     (MAX  LEVEL  [DECREMENT  {<0}]  [MIN  LEVEL]
     MIN.  LEVEL=    2,506159E+01  MAX.  LEVEL=    4.225655E+01

We  can enter the  desired  levels,  request  default  levels  ,  or just  get a  layout  .  For this
example enter

           d
            [enter]

We  are now in the CAPZONE module, and  the menu  is

     \\\ Module=CAPUTRE ZONE;                 Level=l    Routine=INPUT     ///
      [ (XI, Y1,X2, Y2) ///] 
      (LINES) 
     [[VELOCITY   FACTOR]/](#  LINES)[COLOR1][2][3]
     (FILE)(FILE){TO  BACKSPACE,  PRESS  <  }

CZAEM is in graphics mode,  and  the backspace  key  is  no longer active.  It  is  replaced by  the
less-than sign (<).  We  are  about  to  let CZAEM determine  the  capture  zone envelopes  for  the well
and  streamlines  dividing  the  capture zone  into  subzones.  Before discussing  the meaning  of these
curves,  we  will generate them on the screen.  Move the  cursor over the  well and enter the command
. Since  the  well  is  centered  in the  current  window and therefore  already  coincides
with the cursor,  we enter
CZAEM  responds with

     UNCONFINED:  X,Y,   PHREATIC  SURFACE  4.066071E-02  4.066071E-02  2.551642E+01
     CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE 1:   CREATING INITIAL PATHLINES FROM THE WELL
          10	
          20	
          30  .
     CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE 2:   DETERMINING LOCATION OF  STAGNATION POINTS
          10	
          20	
          30  .
     CALCULATING  SUBZONES  PHASE  3:   FILLING SUBZONE BUFFERS
          10	

                                                 22

-------
           Figure  3.1  Capture zones generated for a well discharge  of 1500 nf/day.

CZAEM computes  the  capture zone envelope  curves and plots them along with all dividing stream-
lines  (Figure 3.1).

    Dividing  streamlines  either pass through stagnation  points  (points where no  flow occurs  in
any direction)  and  end at the well,  or  separate unique  source areas for the selected well.  The
envelope  curves  bound the entire  area  supplying water  to  the well.  CZAEM distinguishes each
individual element  (e.  g.,  a line-sink  in a river stretch)  as  a  unique  source  of water. CZAEM's
                                            23

-------
search for dividing streamlines, envelope  curves,  and distinct sources terminates  at the current
window  boundary. In order to obtain meaningful results  within  CAPZONE,  the window must be
chosen large enough to include  all of the important sources and the stagnation  points.
     The window boundary is identified  by CZAEM as the source of any  water entering the well
originating from  far away.

Interpretation  of  Figure  3.1.
     The capture zone envelope  for the well consists of envelope curve d, the line-sink,  and curve
T> below (Figure 3.1). The source area  is divided  into  two subzones, one  whose source is the
window  edge, and one whose source is  the line-sink.  The  source areas are delineated by  dividing
streamlines B, C, and T>. Curve C and  the upper  part of curve D are intended  to be a single
dividing  streamline distinguishing  the two source zones,  so why are they  plotted  distinctly  rather
than  as  one? CZAEM tries  to  plot  dividing  streamlines starting from  stagnation points, which
worked for line  B. However, the stagnation  point which should have  been used for drawing lines  C
and T> is discarded  by CZAEM  because  it  is within a tolerance distance  of the  line-sink; CZAEM
plots  the nearest  dividing  streamlines from each source  instead.  These are  separated by  1/200'th
of the well's discharge, which is generally  well within modeling  precision.  The  lower part of D is
thus inside  of the actual  envelope curve  by less than  1/200'th  of the well's  discharge and can be
taken as the working  envelope curve.

Determining a well's water  source  using capture  zones.
     The amount  of water  supplied by the  river can be found using the command 
CZAEM responds  with

     SOURCE  DISTRIBUTION FOR  WELL  NUMBER  1
     SUBZONE  NUMBER     SOURCE TYPE        SOURCE  NUMBER       % OF WATER
            1        WINDOW BOUNDARY                            79.5
            2        LINE-SINK STRING            5              20.1
     PRSSS THE ENTER KEY TO CONTINUE

     The current pumping  level is  too high; 20 percent of the well water originates from the river.
We will next try a pumping level of 1000 mVday. Return to the Well module, reset, enter the well
with the new strength,  solve, grid, and regenerate  the  capture zones.  Note that    erases
all  input data within  the  current  module. This  command  requires confirmation.

       ret
     ret
     well
       reset
       yes
       given
         0 0  1000 0.3
     ret
     sol
     grid 50
     tra
       cap
         d
         [enter]
         sub


                                               24

-------
           Figure  3.2  Capture zones generated for a  well discharge of WOO nf/day.

     At this  pumping  level, the capture  zone still intersects  the  river (Figure 3.2). Enter
CZAEM will report  that  about 1.5 percent of the water  is  coming  from the line-sink. We  next
repeat  the  above procedure to  reset the  pumping level to  970 m3/day. Enter
        ret
      ret
    well
       reset
       yes
       given
        0 0 970 0.2
      ret
    solve
    grid 50
    trace
       CAPZONE
        d
         [enter]
        sub
    At this pumping  level,  the capture zone just misses the river  (Figure 3.3).
    Next try  a pumping level of 990 mVday. Enter
        ret
      ret
    well
       reset
       yes
                                               25

-------
       given
           0  0
      ret
     solve
     grid  50
     trace
       CAPZONE
        d
         [enter]
        sub
     The capture zone boundary now ends at the  line-sink  (Figure 3.4); The command< SOURCE>
reports  that all  the water  is coming from uniform flow. Enter
     What  does it  mean  that the envelope  ends at  the  line-sink  but the line-sink is  not identified
as a source? Recall that  CZAEM determines the contributions from each source with  a precision of
1/200'th of the well's discharge; flow from the  line-sink must therefore be less than that amount.  No
dividing  streamlines are drawn to demarcate the source  zones since only one source  is found.  The
envelope curve  is  drawn  from the  stagnation  point  toward  the  line-sink  and  stops  there because
CZAEM detects the change  in  flow  direction at  the  line-sink.  As  in  the  first  plot, there is  no
stagnation point recorded  at the line-sink, thus the envelope  curve is not continued.

     We  conclude  that  the critical pumping  level is between 970  and 990  mVday. Note that  this
solution is based on an oversimplified representation of the river  reach supplying water to the well.
In the advanced tutorial  lessons  (Example 5) we  will see  that refining the model can change  this
estimate.  The  modeling process normally  includes  successive  refinement of the model  until changes
in the results  are within  modeling accuracy.

                                     SUMMARY OF PART A

     In the  first three  tutorial exercises  we have  introduced elementary modeling techniques  and
the display  of capture  zones  with the following CZAEM commands
AQUIFER:
GIVEN:
REFERENCE
WELL:
LINESINK:
SOLVE
CHECK:
WINDOW:
MAP:
LAYOUT
GRID
PLOT:
LAYOUT
TRACE :


SAVE:
READ:
PERMEABILITY, POROSITY, THICKNESS, BAS:
UNI FLOW

GIVEN
HEAD

HEAD
XI, Yl X2,Y2
CURVE, POINT, PLOT ON


D, L

TRACE
PLOT: WGENERATE, BACKWARDS ON/OFF
CAPZONS: SUBZONE, SOURCE
SOLUTION
SOLUTION
    RESET
    STOP
                                               26

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 Figure  3.3   Capture zones generated  for  a well discharge of 970  m'/day
Figure 3.4 Capture zones generated for a well discharge of 990 m3/day.
                                   27

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     In the remaining examples, we will  introduce  more  advanced modeling techniques,  and the
following  CZAEM commands:
     GIVEN:       RAIN
     LINESINK:    GIVEN, STRING   ON/OFF
     CHECK:       AQUIFER,GIVEN,REFERENCE,DISCHARGE,CONTROL,SUMNARY
                 WELL:       RANGE
                 LINESINK:   RANGE,STRING,  ENDS,  BVAL,  DISCHARGE
     WINDOW:      ALL,  POP,  PUSH
     TRACE:       CURSOR ON/OFF
                 SET:        MAXSTEP,  FRONT  ON/OFF,  MARKER,  TIME
                 LAYOUT:     BASE,  SURFACE,  COORDINATE,  WLL,  TOL,  MENU
                 CAPZONE:    COORDINATE,  BASE,  SURFACE,  TIMEZONE,  NLINE
                            PAGE,  COLOR,  BSAVE,  BREAD
     CURSOR:      LAYOUT:     WLMOVE,  LSMOVE
     SWITCH:      PREFIX,  INPUT/OUTPUT/MESSAGES/ERROR,  LOG ON/OFF,  CALL,
                 BACK
     SAVE:        GRID,  BOTH
     READ:        GRID,  BOTH,  DIFGRID
     PSET:        PRINTER,  SCREEN,  PALETTE,  MOUSE ON/OFF
     We strongly encourage  you to complete the advanced tutorial lessons,  but you  should now be
able to apply CZAEM effectively to many  small-scale practical problems as a  stand-alone  program.
                                                 28

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                              CZAEM  TUTORIAL  -  PART B

                       EXAMPLE  4.  CONTAMINANT  PUMPOUT SYSTEM

    A contaminant plume has been identified  in  a  confined aquifer upgradient of a rural  subdivi-
sion. To  avoid contamination of private wells,  the contaminant is to be pumped out of the aquifer.
Field  studies have  identified the plume limits and  estimated  aquifer properties.  Three monitoring
wells  have  been installed to evaluate  local ground-water flow conditions. A proposed  pumpout
system is to place a well  at  coordinates (100,20) of discharge rate  220 mVday  (Figure  4. 1).
                           Monitoring Well 2
                            t = 128.29 m
                             (-542,750)
                                       (-500,568)
          (-800,-200) +
                                               (-300,0)
    Proposed Well
*  Q = 220 m3/day
T-*. • (100,20)
   x
                                                                         Monitoring Well 3
                                                                          <*3 = 126.58 m
                                                                                •
                                                                            (500, -500)
          Monitoring WeU 1
            , = 129.84 m
                          •     V
-------
  2.  Adding  a  discharge well or wells downgradient  of the  contaminant, strong enough to  capture
     the  entire  plume.
  3.  Determining time  capture zones  to  estimate the pumping  time  required to capture the entire
     plume  assuming no  longitudinal  dispersion.
     The strength  of the  initial uniform flow  may  be determined from  the monitoring  wells as  in
Example 1.  The results follow:

                             Qx = 0.0966 m3/(m day)
                             Qy = 0.0259 m3/(m day)
                             Qa = 0.100 m3/(rn day)     (a = 15°)

     To  model the  existing site conditions,  input  the  aquifer  parameters  (Figure  4.2)  and given
strength  elements  (i.e., uniform  flow). Using  consistent units of measure, enter
                  > 1
           4>i = 129.84 m
                  Q
  MW # 2
02 = 128.29 m
  O
                                                  Well radius = 0.10 m
                                                                                         > i
                         Figure  4.2  Conceptual model  of the  aquifer.
     aquifer
      perm 2
      thick 20
      base 100
      poro 0.25
     ret
     giv
      uni 0.1 15
     ret

     To complete the model of existing conditions, a reference point where the head is known must
be entered. Here, as in Example 1, a good  choice is one of the monitoring wells. We  will choose
MW#1.


                                               30

-------
     ref
       -750 -875 129.84
     We must solve,  set a window size, grid,  and plot the  existing conditions  to  view the results
 (Figure  4.3).
     solve
     window -1000  -1000  1000  1000
     grid 40
     plot
       d 20
        [enter]
     Figure 4.3 Existing  conditions:  uniform flow  with reference  head of 129.84  meters
                    at (-750,  -875).

Obtaining results  using CHECK.
     At this point it  is useful to test our  model to make  sure that it reflects observed  conditions.
Modules  CHECK and CURSOR  provide  two  means of  testing results.  Here  we will introduce
CHECK;  CURSOR  will  be discussed later.  The  module CHECK  allows the user to check input
data as well  as model  results,  including  point values of head  and discharge.  We will begin by
checking  point values, Enter the module by typing
     check

CZAEM  responds  with
     \\\   Module=CHECK               Level=l    Routine=INPUT
     
      (X, Y)  (X, Y) 

                                               31

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     A good test for the model  is to see whether it reproduces the observed heads at the monitoring
wells.  Type  "head"  followed by the coordinates  of MW#2:
     head  -542 750

CZAEM  responds  with
               X             Y          HEAD
      -5.420000E+02   7.500000E+02  1.282863E+02

Now, check  the head  at  MW#3:
     head  500  -500

CZAEM  responds  with
               X             Y          HEAD
       5.000000E+02  -5.000000E+02  1.265788E+02

We  can also check the discharge  at  any point in the aquifer.  As uniform flow  is the only element
contained  in the current  model, discharge will  be the same throughout the flowfield. Check the
discharge  at  the  origin.
     discharge 0  0

CZAEM  responds  with
     X        , Y           0. OOOOOOE+OOO.  OOOOOOE+00
     QX        , QY          9.659258E-02   2.588191E-02

     The  results  are  consistent with the  field  data.  Commands ,  ,
,  , ,  and   in module CHECK allow  the user to
check input data.  Enter  each command to check your input.  Only the first four commands apply
to the  current model.  When you  are finished, return to the MAIN menu,
     The model of existing  conditions is now complete.   To  test the proposed pumpout system
design,  a well must  be added near  the  plume,  Ideally,  the  reference point should be  far enough
away from the area of interest so that  elements  added to the model  (in this  case  a  well) have a
minimal  effect on the head  at the reference point.  Here,  the  reference point must be moved away
from the area of interest. The problem is easily  handled in this simple case. Use the above model
to check the  head far from the plume. A reasonable choice here may be ( -2000,-2000).
     ohe
      head -2000 -2000

CZAEM computes  the  head  at the  entered coordinates and  responds
               X             Y          HEAD
      -2.000000E+03  -2.000000E+03  1.335864E+02

Return to the MAIN menu.
     ret

Use  the results to set a new reference point at -2000, -2000.
     ref
      -2000  -2000 133.586

     CZAEM stores only one reference  point. Adding the reference  point  at  -2000,-2000 replaces
the previous  reference point.  Solve, grid, and  plot  the revised solution (Figure 4.4).

                                              32

-------
      solve
      grid  40
      plot
        d  20
          [enter]
      Figure  4.4   Existing conditions: uniform How with reference head of 133.586 meters
                    at (-2000,  -2000).

     The solution  should  be exactly  the  same as the prior solution.  To verify this,  enter the check
module and once  again check the heads at the monitoring wells using the same command sequence
as before, If the data has been entered correctly,  the results will be  consistent with the field  data.

     Now use MAP to identify visually the  plume  and  monitoring wells on the screen.  The  com-
mand   is  used to show the  locations of the monitoring  wells  (Figure  4.1). Field data
provide coordinates  of points on  the perimeter  of the  plume  (Figure  4.1),  which  are plotted  with
< CURVE>,

    map
      plot on
      point
       -750 -875
       -542  750
        500 -500
       curve
       -500  568
       -300    0
       -583 -891
       -800 -200
       -500  568


                                               33

-------
Check the locations of the  input data using the  layout command from the MAIN menu.
     layout

The  layout of the various elements of the model will appear on the screen without the head contours.

     The  proposed pumpout  system includes a well at  coordinates (100, 20)  withdrawing  220
mVday. To  check that  the  system  captures the entire plume,  add the well to the model  from the
MAIN menu by  entering
     well
       giv
        100  20  220  0.1
      ret

Solve, and grid the results.
     solve
     grid  40

     Several methods may be used to check the adequacy of the well.  The simplest method  is to
use  the command   in the module TRACE to  draw forward  pathlines  from the plume
boundary  to the well. A second approach  is to use  in the module TRACE to
draw backward pathlines from the  well. The  approach we will  use here is to enter  CAPZONE  from
the module  TRACE. Once in module  CAP ZONE  use the command  to  generate the
capture zone envelopes  for  the well.  Input the following  sequence
     trace
       CAPZONE
        d
         [enter]

The  contoured  solution  will be plotted  on the  screen (Figure 4.5).

     Move the  cursor to the  discharge well.  Use the [insert]  key  to reduce the cursor step  size.
Create the subzones for the well
     subzone

The  capture zone envelope will be displayed  on the screen, Figure 4.6. The entire plume is captured
by the well. The pumpout system  appears  to be adequate,  but  we will check conditions at the well
for any possible  problems.  Return  to the MAIN module  and  enter  the  CHECK module,
       ret
      ret
     check
       head 100  20

CZAEM responds  with
               X            Y         HEAD
       l.OOOOOOE+02   2.000000E+01   1.181211E+02

     Note  that the head at the well is below the  elevation  of the confining unit; flow near the well
is  unconfined. CZAEM handles  cases  of  combined  confined/unconfined  flow  directly—the  solution
is  correct. However, you  may wish to maintain  confined  conditions at  the well. To achieve  this,
the discharge  of the well  must be reduced.  The plume  may still  be captured while maintaining
confined conditions by adding a second discharge well downgradient from the first. We will reduce

                                              34

-------
                         • I
                         v
                          Figure 4.5 Contours  with  the  well present.

the discharge  of Well 1 to 110 mVday  and add  a second well discharging at  the  same rate 200
meters downgradient  from the  first.  Return to  the MAIN menu and reset Well  1;
      ret
    well
      reset
      y
      giv
        100 20 110  0.1
Well 2  may be  added directly at this point
        293.2 71.76  110 0.1
Determining capture zones for  multiple  wells.
    We  again wish  to use the module CAPZONE to  determine the capture zone envelopes for the
two discharge wells using the command , but this time  we  will use layout and  not
plot  the  contours.
     solve
     tra
       cap
        1
         [enter]
Move the cursor to the leftmost well (from now on we will refer to the leftmost discharge  well as
Well 1 and the rightmost discharge well as Well 2).
     sub
                                              35

-------
                           Figure 4.6   Subzones drawn for the well.

The capture zone envelope for Well 1 will be recomputed and displayed.  Move the cursor to Well 2.
The  capture zone  envelope for Well 2 will be displayed (Figure  4.7). Note that the entire plume
lies  within the combined  capture zone envelope  for both wells.  Return to the MAIN menu and
enter module CHECK to see that both wells remain in confined conditions.

Well water travel  times.
     Additional pertinent information may be obtained from  CZAEM  Next, we will generate  time
capture zones for each discharge well to determine how long the wells must operate for their capture
zones to  reach the plume. A time zone provides the zone of water that a well will capture if operated
for a specified period of time.  For example,  the water at the  edge  of a five-year time zone will be
captured  by the  well if  it  pumps continuously for five  years. Return to module CAPZONE  from
the MAIN module.
     trace
      cap
         1
         [enter]

Move the cursor to Well 1 and  enter the command  
     time

CZAEM  responds with
     CALCULATING SUBZONES PHASE 1:
                                   CREATING INITIAL PATHLINES FROM THE WELL
                                              36

-------
                           Figure 4.7  Subzone  curves  for both  wells.
        20 ........
        30  .
     CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE 2: DETERMINING  LOCATION OF  STAGNATION POINTS
        10 .........
        20 .........
        30  .
     CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE  3:   FILLING SUBZONS BUFFERS
        10 .........
     ENTER   [TIME  STEP]  [MAXIMUM  TIME] ,  OR
     EDRAW LAST TIME ZONES,  OR EFAULT TIME ZONES, ORXIT
     MINIMUM AND  MAXIMUM  TIMES  FOR CAPTURE  ZONE:  O.OOOOOE+00  4.7S038E+04
     You may enter   for default  to generate ten equal increment  time zones on the screen.
CZAEM determines the increment based on window  size.  Here we will enter a starting time zone
and five increments of twenty years each (7300 days)
       7300  7300  36500
     CZAEM  computes  and draws  the  capture zones  in  20-year  increments. Note that for Well 1,
more than 20 years  of  continuous  pumping are required to reach the plume.  Move the cursor to
Well  2 and repeat
     time
       7300  7300 36500
Twenty-year time zones will be displayed for Well 2 (Figure 4.8). We see that 60 years of continuous
pumping  are  required to  reach the plume.  The time zones  computed  so far  are  based on  water
velocity. CZAEM allows  the  user  to  input  a  contaminant front  velocity  as  a  factor  of the  water
velocity. The  velocity factor is capable  of describing  hydrodynamic  dispersion (Strack,  1992) and

                                                37

-------
sorption  and must  be determined by field studies. Here we will  assume a factor of 1.1  has been
determined.  While  in module CAPZONE,  set a front velocity factor.
     front on 1.1
                       Figure 4.8   Twenty year time zones for  Wells 1 and 2

     Now move the  cursor to Well  1 and  enter the   command.
     time
      7300 7300 36500
New time zones  are computed based on the velocity of the front and  plotted over the  previously
computed time zones.  Move the  cursor to Well  2 and repeat (Figure  4.9).  Note that time  zones
with or without a front factor do  not provide information  as  to how long pumps must  operate to
capture all of a contaminant; only the time required for the contaminant front to reach the well is
provided.

Moving wells in  graphics  mode.
    The pumpout system described here requires long periods of continuous  pumping before ever
reaching the contaminant. To refine the design, the user may wish to move the discharge wells  closer
to the  plume and/or examine different combinations of wells and  discharges.  This may be done by
resetting the wells as was previously done, or it may  be done  directly on the graphics screen using
the command   in module CURSOR.  Exit both  CAPZONE  and  TRACE,  return  to
the MAIN command line, enter CURSOR,  and draw a layout  as follows:
       ret
     ret
     cursor
                                             38

-------
      Figure 4.9  Twenty-year time zones  for  the  fronts,  with a  front  velocity factor of  1.1.

       lay
         [enter]
Move the cursor to  Well 1
     wlmove
CZAEM responds with
     PLEASE  RE-POSITION CURSOR AND  PRESS  ENTER
Move the cursor to  the  location where you wish to place the well.  If the cursor was not  originally
close to the well, CZAEM will  prompt the user to set a new tolerance.
     WELL NOT FOUND;  MOVE CURSOR CLOSER OR  RESET TOLERANCE
Enter
     TOL
CZAEM responds with
     PLSASE  RE-POSITION CURSOR AND  PRESS  ENTER
Move the cursor one  step and enter
      [enter]
A new tolerance is  now set  and CZAEM  responds
     RTOL=   5.000000E+01
Now move  the cursor to  the  well and  enter 

                                               39

-------
     Wlmove

CZAEM  responds with

     PLEASE  RE-POSITION CURSOR AND PRESS ENTER

Move the cursor to a new position where you wish to place the well and press enter.

     [enter]

The well  is moved to  the  new position and CZAEM responds with

     DISCHARGE-SPECIFIED   WELL  NR   1
     POSITION CHANGED FROM
       0.100000E+03   0.200000E+02
     To
      -0.166633E+03  -0.832S61E+02
     CURSOR  POSITION  (X,Y):   -0.166633E+03  -0.832S61E+02

     Solve,  grid  and plot to check  the  results. Note  that    allows the  user to change
the well  location  and discharge  simultaneously  simply  by  entering the new discharge following
.  This process  may be repeated until an optimal design is obtained.


                 EXAMPLE  5. DATA MANIPULATION  AND MODEL REFINEMENT

     Example  5 will build on the model created  in Examples  2 and 3.  The model  will  be refined
and entered via a  data file  instead  of via the  keyboard.

Using  input  files.
     The input  file exampies.dat   is  included  in the CZAEM  directory and  is  listed  below:

      *  input echo  off
      ret
    win -1000 -1000 1000 1000
     aqui
      perm    5
      thick  50
      base    0
      por   0.25
      ret
    giv
      uni  0.5  30
      ret
     line
      head
        -1500  1500  -600  1300   32
          -600  1300  -200   900   33
          -200   900   200   500   34
          200   500   500   200   35
          500   200   500  -800   37.5
          500  -800   800 -1000   38
          800  -1000  1100 -1000   39
          1100  -1000  1500 -1800   40
      ret
    ref
      -2000  4000   40
    well
      given
        0 0 1000 0.3
        ret
     solve
     swi


                                               40

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       end
The asterisk  (*) indicates a comment statement and  CZAEM shall  disregard  all information to
the right of the asterisk  on that line.  The data file  applies to Examples 2  and 3  with a well
discharging  1000  mVday. To  confirm this,  start  CZAEM and  enter module  SWITCH from the
MAIN  command line.
CZAEM  responds  with
     \\\  ROUTINE SWITCH                                                ///
     [(PREFIX)]
      [ [FILE  NAME] [LOGICAL  UNIT]
      (FILENAME) 

The command PREFIX sets the  DOS directory where files are either  read  or sent.  The CZAEM
directory  is currently  the  default and is  specified by  the file initaem.dat.   The  second set of
command words in SWITCH  dictates how and where to send input data and program feedback.
Further information on these features is  contained  in  the  help  file  in this module.  When a file is
read in,  the input  and any  CZAEM  error messages will scroll quickly up the monitor.  To record
this  information to a file, enter
     log  on examples. log

This creates  a  transcript of all  information  displayed  on  the  screen (aside  from  graphics) which
may be consulted  after exiting or when using  PAUSE  from the  MAIN menu. If the  command LOG
ON  is not followed by a file name,  the information is sent to the file iog.dat  by default. To  read
in the data file, enter  either
     call  example5.dat

or
     ret
     swi  example5.dat

Both of these command sequences  accomplish the same.  It  is important to  do only  one or the
other,  otherwise the data will be  superimposed. We must  RESET  from the  MAIN  command  line
before calling in the  same data  file the second time.  Try reading  in  the  data both ways.  Also,
remove the asterisks on the first  two lines and read in the file to see the effects of the command
INPUT ECHO  OFF.  Note that  INPUT  ECHO OFF is disabled  after reading  each file and  only
the input  is not displayed (the solve response is still shown on the monitor).

Saving grid  files.
     Enter   50 and plot.  Notice  that the  results are the same as in Example 3  where the
data were  entered  manually.  After viewing, enter c SAVE>;  save  the  current  grid by typing
     save
       grid

CZAEM responds  with
     {to  abort}

Enter  the  filename
     soll.gSO

                                               41

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The  filename  is arbitrary and the extension  (.§50) reflects the  number  of  grid points  chosen.
     Now we will  refine the model elements. Recall that head-specified line-sinks  approximate
a  constant head  boundary along  each  line  segment by  specifying the head  at  the midpoint  and
determining  a constant  discharge  rate along  the  segment.  The  results are approximate as the
head  matches only  at  the midpoint. To  refine the model  we divide the long line-sink nearest the
well into  several smaller head-specified  line-sinks. This provides more  control points  and a better
approximation along the bank.  Field data provides the new information. Exit  CZAEM and replace
the line-sinks by editing the data file  exanpies.dat  with  the following:
line
string on
head
-1500
-600
-200
200
400
500
500
500
500
470
460
500
530
600
800
1100
ret

1500
1300
900
500
300
-100
-200
-325
-400
-300
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-1000


-600
-200
200
400
500
500
500
500
470
480
500
530
600
800
1100
1500


1300
900
500
300
-100
-300
-325
-400
-500
-600
-700
-800
-900
-1000
-1000
-1800


32
33
34
34
35
36
36.
37
37
37.
37.
37.
38.
38.
39
40





.7
.5
.0
.5
.0
.2
.3
.4
.8
.0
.2



Save the file with the new data, enter CZAEM and read in the file with the   command.
     switch  exemple5 .dat

     A command present in the data file  which has not yet been explained is the 
command in the module  LINESINK.  Line-sinks may  act  as  sources to  a well  (Example  3)  and
subzones will be computed for each line-sink segment.  This requires much computational  time
and generates data which  may  not be of interest. For example, each line  segment will be identified
as an individual source; often  a user will  only be  interested in the total amount of water pumped
from a river, not the amount pumped from small segments. The    command is  used
to link line-sink segments together which will then act  as  a single source  in subzone computations.

Comparing  grids.
     Enter  50  and plot the  results  in the module  CAP  ZONE. Create subzones and  note
that the well no longer draws river water at a discharge of 1000  mVday (Figure  5.1). Refining the
line-sinks has improved our model and we  can now determine  a safe pumping level more  accurately.
The  subzone boundary has changed  significantly due to the refinements, but the user may wish to
know the extent to which heads have changed  in the refined model.

     Return  to the  command  line of the  MAIN  module  and enter the  module READ. We  will
contour  the  difference  between the  original model and  the  refined model by entering
     read

CZAEM responds with
     

                                              42

-------
                     Figure  5.1  Case  of Example 3  with refined line-sinks.
enter
     difgrid
CZAEM  responds with
     PLEASE ENTER  FILENAME;   TO ABORT
enter the  filename of the grid previously saved
     soll.gSO
CZAEM  responds with
     GRIDFILE HAS  BEEN SUBTRACTED FROM CURRENT  GRID
and  control returns to the MAIN  command line. Enter the  module  PLOT  and CZAEM  responds
with
     EFAULT[NUMBER  OF   LEVELS]AYOUT
     (MIN  LEVEL  [INCREMENT  {>0}]  [MAX LEVEL]
     (MAX  LEVEL  [DECREMENT  {<0}]  [MIN LEVEL]
     MIN.  LEVEL=   -9.516754E-01 MAX. LEVEL=    9.555435E-02
These  numbers represent  the minimum and maximum head differences  between the  two models.
Contour the  difgrid  by entering
     d 10
and  observe the  graphical results (Figure 5.2). We see  that the greatest difference in head  occurred
at the river where the contour  lines are concentrated the most  (here the head is approximately  1

                                                43

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              Figure 5.2 Refined line-sink  grid minus  the original line-sink  grid.

meter less in the refined  model than  in  the  original model). When  using DIFGRID to examine
head differences, both the  number  of grid points and the window  size must  be the same between
models.

Obtaining results using the  cursor  in  CAPZONE.
     Several additional options exist within module  CAPZONE to check results. Regrid the original
solution from  the MAIN command line and enter the module CAPZONE. Position  the cursor over
the well and enter
      coordinate
      surface
      base

and  CZAEM  responds  with
      2.235174E-05   2.235174E-05
     UNCONFINED:  X,Y, PHREATIC  SURFACE  2.235174E-05  2.235174E-05  2.924427E+01
     X,Y,BASE      2.235174E-05  2.235174E-05   O.OOOOOOE+00

respectively. Now return to  TRACE and  enter
     cursor off

This moves control from  the cursor to the keyboard. Enter  CAPZONE and  generate  a plot of
the solution (grid again if you wish to see piezometric  contours  instead of difference  contours).
SURFACE and BASE may still be used to check data, but the commands must be followed  by the
coordinates of the point to be  checked. Check  the phreatic  surface elevation at  coordinates (500,
500). Enter

                                               44

-------
     surface 500 500

CZAEM responds  with
     UNCONFINED:  X,Y,  PHREATIC SURFACE 0.  OOOOOOE+00  0.  OOOOOOE+00  2.924426E+01

Note that SUBZONE, TIMEZONE,  and WGENERATE  may  also be used  in  CURSOR OFF mode
by  following the command  with  coordinates  of the well of interest.

Validity  of Solutions.
     Sometimes  a solution  appears  to  be correct  when observing the graphics, but  may  not be
valid. A clear  example of this is a  well which pumps the water table below the  aquifer base or
below the actual vertical extent of the well. Checking the validity of a  solution is always necessary,
CHECK,  CURSOR,  SURFACE, BASE,  and COORDINATE  have already been introduced as
methods of checking  a solution.  Here we will introduce CONTROL in the module CHECK,  Note
that CONTROL appears in check levels  1  and 2.  CONTROL  allows the user to check input and
computed values at control points. Entering  CONTROL from check level  1  will produce a listing
of  all control point coordinates,  specified heads, and computed heads. Large differences between
specified and computed values indicate erroneous results.  Return to the MAIN  command line and
enter the  module  CHECK.  Enter CONTROL  and  observe CZAEM'S  response. Now, enter check
level 2 by  entering LINESINK  and  CONTROL. Only  the line-sink control  points are listed.  The
CONTROL  command  is  also located within REFERENCE in  the  CHECK module.

                      EXAMPLE 6.  DATA FILE  AND GRAPHICS CONTROL

     A  city  located adjacent to a large river is expanding  its corporate boundaries and developing
an  industrial park. The  city maintains two water  supply  wells each operating  at 100 million  gallons
per year; the existing wells are inadequate to handle new  demands. Three new wells  are proposed,
and their  locations have  been  determined previously. The  city wishes to enforce land-use  zoning
near  the proposed well-field to protect  its  water  supply from contamination.  The  existing  and
proposed well-fields are to  be modeled and  time zones  delineated  to aid in zoning  decisions.

Accessing  multiple  data  files contiguously.
     Data  files  have been compiled  for the  model  using an  ASCII editor  and are  included in the
CZAEM directory. While  data files can always be created in this manner, they  can also be produced
with the assistance of the Geographic Analytic Element  Pre-processor (GAEP)  developed by  Kelson
et.  al,  1993. The  data  files  and  descriptions follow:
  map.dat      contains  township  and range  lines,  corporate boundaries,  and proposed
                industrial  park  limits;
  iine.dat     contains  line-sinks which model the major river and tributary near the city;
  exist.dat    contains  aquifer  parameters, rain, and  existing well data;  and
  we 11. dat    contains  proposed  well  information.
  caii.dat     contains call commands to  the preceding  data files.

     Use of the data  files will be taught by  example.  The user  is encouraged  to  examine  and
evaluate each data file line by line and to run the example by using caii.dat  and by  calling  each
data file individually.  The model  area is larger than previous  examples, consisting of 12 townships.
Township  boundaries  are  included in the map.dat   file. Consistent English units (feet,  days) are
used  in this problem.
     From the MAIN command line, enter the module  SWITCH and read in the data

                                              45

-------
       call call, dat
The can.dat  file  includes calls  to map.dat,   line.dat,  and  exist.dat.  All data will scroll past
the screen and control will return to the keyboard at the MAIN command line. All  elements for
reproducing existing conditions  have been read in.  Solve, grid the solution, and plot the  model of
existing  conditions (Figure 6.1).
                    Figure 6.1 Model of existing conditions  (plot;  d 10).
Entering  rainfall.
     All elements in the model of the existing conditions have been discussed previously  except for
.  The RAIN element models a constant infiltration rate  over  a circular area; the user
must provide centroid  coordinates,  a radius over which  the infiltration  acts,  and  an  infiltration
rate  in units of length  per time. The circle in Figure 6.1  shows the  area of infiltration. 
is contained  in the module GIVEN.  The  command for the present model may be  found
in data file  exist.dat.  Note  that   by itself creates  a  mound of water  in  the  northwest
portion of the model.

Window  manipulation and saving capture  zone  and  time  zone  boundaries.
     The proposed conditions  may now  be evaluated. Return to the module SWITCH  and call the
data file containing  the proposed well information.
      call
       well.dat

The data  are read and  control is returned to the  keyboard at the MAIN  command line.  Solve  and
grid the solution (Figure 6.2).

                                              46

-------

                   Figure  6.2    Model of proposed conditions  (plot;  780 5).

    Within module CAPZONE move  the  cursor to the northernmost  well and enter .
CZAEM responds  with
    CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE 1:
    CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE 2:
    CALCULATING  SUBZONES PHASE 3:
                                  CREATING INITIAL PATHLINSS  FROM THE WELL
                                  DETERMINING LOCATION OF STAGNATION POINTS
                                  FILLING  SUBZONE BUFFERS
     CAPTURE ZONES CAN NOT  BE CREATED:
       NO  STAGNATION POINTS FOUND IN THE WINDOW,  CHANGE WINDOW SIZE

The  scale  of the current window is too  large to evaluate  the  stagnation  point caused  by the well.
To produce a subzone, we must reduce the window size. First, store the current window plot with
the   command. Enter
     win  push

The   command stores  the current window in  a stack;  the    command
recalls the  last window which  has been stored in the stack. Now, reduce the window  size with  the
  command.  Position the  cursor  at  the  lower left  corner  of the township  containing  the
well. Enter
     wn

CZAEM responds  with
     PLEASE REPOSITION  CURSOR AND  PRESS  ENTER OR ANY OTHER KEY  TO ABORT

Move the cursor upward and to the right. The cursor  will drag a box with a lower left hand comer
at  the initial position of the cursor.  Move the  cursor until the box encloses the  area  of interest
(the  area in which you would expect  the subzone to be created  - in this case, the entire township
                                              47

-------
containing the well)  and press enter. The  new window will  be zoomed  in on  and a layout will  be
displayed. Before  creating  the  subzone with the  command, enter
     bsave
The   command opens a file which stores all computed subzone and time zone boundaries.
CZAEM responds with
     to  abort
Enter the filename
     well.bnd
All subzones created will be  saved  in weii.bnd  until the user leaves module CAPZONE or enters
the   command. Leaving  CAPZONE closes the file; entering   erases  the  file.
The  saved  file may  be recalled by  the   command.  Now, move  the cursor to  the  well
and  create  the subzone with the   command. When the subzone  is created,  return  to the
large  scale  window by entering
     win pop
The  original large-scale window will appear with  the  subzone drawn around  the  northernmost
well.  Now, instead of using  to create a  smaller window around the remaining four wells,
use  the   command.  Enter
    windov  34000  22000 87000  75000
The new window containing the four remaining wells will appear with a  layout.  Create subzones for
each well. This time we will return to a large-scale  window by using the  command.
Enter
     win all
A large-scale  window  which includes all  elements will appear with the  subzones included (Figure
6.3). The shapes  of the subzones appear in teardrop  form and are  finite, In  this model, rain is the
only source  of water in the area of interest.
     Recall  that subzone computations end  at the  border of the  window in which they are computed.
As a result, subzone boundaries  may be incomplete when viewed within a larger window.
    Recall  that   was entered before creating any  subzones, but we have  not yet needed
.  Computed boundaries  will  remain  on screen until  the module CAPZONE is left  or
the   command is used.  To demonstrate the  use of    exit  CAP ZONE  and
TRACE.  Reset the window size
    window  0 0 130000 130000
Enter CAPZONE  and plot  the  layout.  Note that the proper layout appears, but  the  subzones are
no longer present. To reproduce the subzones, read  the boundary  file weii.bnd.
    bread
CZAEM responds with
      to  abort
Enter the filename
    well.bnd
The  subzones  are displayed on the screen. Now  create time  zones  for each well on which the city
will  base land-use planning.

                                             48

-------
                L ..
                              Figure  6.3    Well-jield subzones.
Obtaining  a  hardcopy  of graphical  output.
     To obtain a  hardcopy of Figure  6.1, we must  route  the  output  to  a printer  instead of the
screen. When CZAEM  was installed on your computer, you were prompted for the type of printer
device you  use. It is assumed here that  you chose a postscript  device  and therefore will  create a
postscript  file instead of directly accessing a printer.  This operation is done in the module PSET.
Return to the  MAIN module and  enter  PSET.
        ret
       ret
     pset

                                              49

-------
CZAEM  responds with the  command  line
     \\\ ROUTINE SET PLOT  MODE                                          ///
      (NUMBER)  (/) 
To print, type
       printer
     ret
     plot
       d  10
       [enter]
       [enter]
       [enter]
This will create  a postscript  file  of the  plot called piot.ps.   CZAEM  sends all the  graphics to  the
file instead of the screen.  To  redirect graphical  output  to  the  screen, enter
     pset
       screen

To  produce the hardcopy,  exit  CZAEM  and print by typing

       ret
     stop
     print  piot.ps

Note that no  plot  appears  on the screen as graphical output is  redirected to the file.  This poses a
difficulty  in  creating plots in TRACE and  CAPZONE,  where  the  cursor is  used to identify wells
or  starting points  of  streamlines.

     To obtain hardcopies of streamline traces and capture  zones, we first create the plots with the
screen as the  graphical output  device  and record  our input onto a file.  We then  direct  graphical
output to the printer and retrace  our steps  to  produce the  plot using  the recorded  input  file as a
guideline. In this way we can locate the  cursor  at desired locations without seeing it on the  screen.
We  turn  the  cursor off prior  to creating  the  printer  file,  and manually enter  the  coordinates  of
where to  begin trace lines or capture zones.

     To create the plot on the  printer of the subzone boundaries for the well  at (6.4e4,4.3e4) for
the  window  34000220008700075000, enter the  following  commands:

     window 34000 22000  87000 75000
     grid  50
     pset
       printer
       ret
     trace
       cursor off
       capzone
        d
         [enter]
         [enter]
         6,4e4  4.3e4 subzone
         ret
       ret
     stop

Entering the coordinates 6.4e4,4.3e4  in front of  the subzone command has the  same effect as moving
the cursor to  the  well  at that location.  The hardcopy is  produced  in the  same  manner  as before.

     The remaining commands  in PSET are as  follows. The command   followed  by
the number 1, 2,  3, or 4  results in different combinations  of  line colors in graphical output. The


                                                50

-------
command  will enable or disable the use of a mouse for cursor movement  in graphics
mode.  If your PC  supports a  mouse, CZAEM defaults the command MOUSE to  ON  unless
otherwise specified in the file initaem.dat.  For  consistency  with this tutorial,  the  line 'mouse off
was  placed in the file.  To default to MOUSE ON,  remove the indicated line  in  the initaem.dat
file.  The command  is explained in the  ASCII file read, me in  the  CZAEM directory.
                                             51

-------
                                       REFERENCES

Kelson, V. A.,  H.  M. Haitjema, S.R. Kraemer,  1993.  GAEP: a geographic preprocessor for ground-
    water flow modeling,  Hydrological Science &  Technology, 8(1-4):  74-83.

Strack, O.D.L. Groundwater Mechanics,  Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, N. Y., 1989.

Strack, O. D. L.,  1992: A mathematical  model for dispersion with a moving front in groundwater,
     Water Resources Research, 28 (11),  2973-2980.

USEPA  1994.  Program documentation  for  WhAEM Wellhead  Analytic Element  Model),  Robert
      S.  Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, Ada, OK, in press.
                                              52

-------
                                      COMMAND  SUMMARY
Command
Aquifer
      permeability
      thickness
      base
      porosity
      reset

      help
      return
Given
      uniflow
      rain

      reset
      help
      return
Reference
Well
      given
      reset
      help
      return
Linesink
      given

      head
      string

      tolerance

      reset
      help
      return

Solve
Check
      aquifer
            summary
            return
      given
            summary
            uniflow
            rain
Description

input module for  aquifer parameters
Hydraulic  conductivity in [L/T];  default is  1.0
Thickness  of the aquifer; default  is 1.0
Elevation of the aquifer base;  default is 0.0
Effective porosity;  default is 0.3
Clears all  the  input  data in module AQUIFER;  resets to
  default values
Extended help for the module AQUIFER
Exit to the MAIN menu
Input module for uniform flow and infiltration
Uniform far field component
infiltration  or evaporation rate at the  top of  the  aquifer
  in  [L/T]
Clears all  the input  data in module GIVEN
Extended help for  the module GIVEN
Exit to the MAIN menu
Enter the  reference  point parameters
Input module for wells
Well with  given discharge
Clear all the well  input data
Extended help  for  the module WELL
Exit to the MAIN  menu
Input module for line-sink
Line-sinks  with  given discharge (per unit length  of the
  line-sink)
Line-sinks  with  head  specified at the  midpoint
Make a series of line-sinks to be  treated as  one  source in
  CAPZONE
Tolerance used for joining the nodes of line-sinks when
  STRING  is ON
Clear all the line-sink input data
Extended help  for  the module LINESINK
Exit to  the MAIN  menu
Solve the  current problem
Check the  solution and the  input data
Check module for  aquifer parameters
General information  on aquifer
Exit to  the CHECK  menu
Check module  for  uniform flow  and infiltration  parameters
General information  on uniform  flow  and infiltration
General information on uniform flow
General information  on rainfall
Page(s)
6,12,30
6
6
6
6

24

5-6
6-7
7

46
24

5-6,7-8
8,15,17-18,32-33
10,16,34-35
10,16
24,35

5-6,10
13-15,42

14
14

42

39
24

5-6,14
8,10,17
15,31,45
32

5-6,32
32
                                               53

-------
 Check
            help
            return
      reference
            control
      well
return

summary
range
input
control
            help
            return
      line sink
            summary
            range
            string
            ends
            bval
            discharge
            control

            help
            return
      head
      discharge
      control

      summary
      help
      return
Window
Map
      curve
      point
      plot
      reset
Extended help for  GIVEN  commands
Exit to the CHECK  menu                                  5-6,32
Check module for  reference point  parameters                32-33,45
Comparison of the condition  at the reference point with
  the  computed value                                       45
Exit to the CHECK  menu                                  5-6
Check module for well parameters                           32
General  information on wells
Specify the start  and end well numbers to be checked
Display locations and radii of all wells
Display  the control  point conditions  and the computed,
  values for the wells                                       45
Extended help for  WELL  commands
Exit to the CHECK  menu                                  5-6
Check module for  line-sink parameters                      32
General  information on line-sinks                           45
Specify the start  and end line-sink  numbers to be checked
Displays all the  string  information
Display end coordinates of  line-sinks
Display boundary conditions of line-sinks
Display discharges of the  line-sinks
Display the control  point conditions  and the computed
  values for the line-sink                                    45
Extended help for  LINESINK commands
Exit to the CHECK menu                                  5-6
Display the head value  at a point                           15,32,34
Display the discharge components at a point                32
Comparison of conditions at the control points  with
  computed values                                          32,45
General  information about  all  the modules
Extended  help  for the module CHECK
Exit to MAIN menu                                        5-6,32

Set the viewing area;                                       8,10,46-48
WINDOW ALL sets the viewing area to include ALL
  elements;                                                 48
WINDOW PUSH saves the window  setting  and              47
WINDOW POP  retrieves  the window settings               47,48
(in the order in which they  were saved via PUSH);
WINDOW without  any options displays the current
  viewing  area

Input module  for a map or  diagram of the modeled area     11,33
Begin  entry of curve coordinates                            11,33
Begin  entry of point coordinates                            33
Turn display of the map ON or OFF                        11
Clear all the MAP  input                                    24
                                              54

-------
Map
      help
      return
Layout


Grid


Plot
Trace
      window
      tolerance
      cursor
      switch
            prefix
            input
            output
            messages

            error
            log
            call
            back
            help
            return
      set
            maxstep

            backward
            front
      marker
            help
            return
      plot

            base
            surface
            coordinate
            trace
            backward
            wgenerate

            wll
            tol
            command
Extended help for the  module  MAP
Exit to MAIN menu                                        5-6
Plot all  the  elements within the current  window on the
  screen                                                     15,34

Compute head values at the nodes of a mesh; used by
  PLOT  to  create head  contours                             8

Plot the contours computed by grid  on the screen           9

Determine streamlines  or  capture  zones                      10,19
See  extended help for  this command
Tolerance used for determining which well the cursor  is on   39
See  extended help for  this command                         44
Input/output operations                                    40-41,42,45
Specify DOS path for  the  input and output files             41
Read a data file.  With  ECHO,  copy  input  to a  file           41
Write output to a file.  With ECHO copy output to a  file
Write messages to a file. With ECHO  copy messages  to  a
  file
Write errors  to a file. With ECHO copy  errors to a file
Create a  log of all input/output  operations                  41
Read a data file                                             41,45.46
Return control to an input file from SWITCH
Extended help for the  module  SWITCH                     41
Exit from SWITCH module                                 5-6
Set  TRACE options
Set the maximum step  size for tracing the particle
  pathlines
Set pathlines to be  trace in the backward  direction           19
Activate  computation of solute front; requires  an optional
  velocity  factor multiplied  by  the  average  velocity to
  compute the front position.                                37-38
See  extended help  for this  command
Extended  help for SET commands
Exit to the  TRACE menu                                   5-6
Plot the  piezometric contours and  allow  user to trace
  pathlines                                                  10,20
Display base of the aquifer at the cursor location            44
Display surface of the  aquifer at the cursor location          44
Display coordinates  of  the  cursor location                    44
Determine  and display  streamline  through  cursor location    10,34
Enable backward  tracing  of pathlines                        19-20
Generate a specified number of pathlines from a well by
  backward  tracing                                          19-20,34
Set the lower left  comer of the  new window                  47
Set the tolerance for well  identification graphically           39
Display command words                                     14
                                              55

-------
Trace
            menu
            return

      layout

            base
            surface
            coordinate
            trace
            backward
            wgenerate

            wll
            tol
            command
            menu
            return
      capzone
            coordinate
            base
            surface
      window
            wll
            subzone
            timezone
            source
            nline

            page
            help
            command
            ret urn
            front

            wgenerate

            color
           bsave

           bread

      help
      return
Exit to the TRACE menu
Exit to the MAIN menu

Display layout of elements  and allow user to trace
 pathlines
Display base of the aquifer at the cursor location
Display surface  of the aquifer at  the cursor  location
Display coordinates of the  cursor location
Determine and  display   streamline through  cursor  location
Enable  backward  tracing of pathlines
Generate  a specified number of pathlines from a well by
 backward  tracing
Set the lower left  corner of the new window
Set the tolerance  for well identification graphically
Display command  words
Exit to the TRACE menu
Exit to the  MAIN menu
Draw capture zones for a well
Display coordinates of the  cursor location
Display base of the aquifer at the cursor location
Display surface  of the aquifer at  the cursor  location
See extended help for this  command
Set the lower left  corner of the new window
Create subzones for the  well  at the cursor position
Create time zones for the well  at the cursor position
List the sources contributing water to the well
Specify number  of pathlines to be used to determine  the
 capture  zones
Clear the  screen and erase BSAVE file  contents
Extended  help for CAPZONE  commands
Display the  CAPZONE  commands
Exit to the TRACE menu
Set the velocity  factor for the solute front used in drawing
 the time zones
Generate  a specified number of pathlines from a well  by
 backward  tracing
Specify colors for different line types;
COLOR1:  dividing streamlines
COLOR2:  time  zones,
COLORS:  subzone envelopes.
Specify a file into which subsequent  capture zone
 boundaries will be saved
Clear screen, Read BSAVEd file,  and draw  capture zone
 boundaries
Extended  help for the module  TRACE
Exit to  the MAIN menu
5-6
5-6,21
20
44
44
44
10-11,34
19-20

19-20,34
47
39
14
5-6
5-6,21
22,34,35,44
44
44
44

47
22,34,35-36,46-48
36-38
24,26
14
5-6

37-38

19-20,34
48

48

5-6
                                              56

-------
 Cursor
      tolerance
      switch
      plot
prefix
input
output
messages

error
log
call
back
help
return

coordinates
head
discharge
tolerance

wlmove
      Ismove
            wll
            command
            menu
            return
      layout
            coordinates
            head
            discharge
            tolerance
            wlmove
      Ismove
            wll
            command
            menu
            return
      help
      return
Help
Switch
      prefix
 Enter  CURSOR  module for graphical  data  retrieval         31,38
 Set the tolerance with which the  cursor can detect an
  element                                                  39
 input/output  operations                                   40-41,42,45
 Specify DOS  path  for the input and output  files             41
 Read a data file. With ECHO,  copy  input to a file          41
 Write  output to a file. With ECHO copy output to a file
 Write  messages to  a file. With  ECHO  copy  messages to  a
  file
 Write  errors to a file. With ECHO copy errors to a file
 Create a  log  of all input/output operations                  41
 Read a data file                                            41,45,46
 Return control to an  input  file  from SWITCH
 Extended  help for  the module  SWITCH                    41
 Exit from SWITCH module                                5-6
 Plot the piezometric  contours and activate  cursor
 Display the coordinates  of the  cursor location               44
 Display the head at the  cursor  location
 Display the discharge at the cursor location
 Set the tolerance with which the cursor can detect  an
  element                                                   39
 Move  a well and optionally change its  discharge;  also
  identify  a  well by its number                              38-40
 See extended  help  for this command
 Set the lower  left comer of the  new window                 47
 Display the command words in the module  CURSOR       14
 Exit to the  CURSOR menu                                5-6
 Exit to the  MAIN  menu                                    5-6
 Display layout of elements  and  activate cursor
 Display the coordinates of the  cursor location                44
 Display the head at the  cursor  location
 Display the discharge at the cursor location
 Set the tolerance with which the cursor can detect  an
  element                                                   39
 Move  a well and optionally change its  discharge;  also
  identify a well by its number                               38-40
 See extended  help for this command
 Set the lower  left corner  of the new window                 47
Display the command words in  the module  CURSOR       14
Exit to the  CURSOR menu                                 5-6
Exit to the  MAIN menu                                    5-6
Extended  help  for  CURSOR commands
Exit to the  MAIN menu                                    5-6

Extended  help  for the command words

Enter  SWITCH module                                     40-41,42,45
 Specify DOS path for the  input and  output files             41
                                              57

-------
Switch
      input
      output
      messages

      error
      log
      call
      back
      help
      return
Save
Read
Pause

Reset
Pset
      printer
      screen
      driver
      palette
      mouse
      help
      return
Read a data file.  With ECHO, copy input to a file          41
Write output to a file. With  ECHO copy output to a file
Write messages to a file. With ECHO copy  messages to a
  file
Write errors to  a  file. With ECHO copy errors to a file
Create  a  log of  all input/output operations                  41
Read a data file                                            41,45,46
Return  control to an  input file from SWITCH
Extended  help for the module SWITCH                     41
Exit from SWITCH module                                 5-6

Save  a  solution or grid  in  binary format for future use       17,41
Reset the program and retrieve a  solution or grid            18-19,42-43
Pause from CZAEM to  access DOS                         41

Clears the program  of all  the input data                     24,41

Sets the  graphical  output                                   49-51
Sends graphical output to the printer or a file               50
Sends  graphical output to  the screen                        50
see read.me file for  details
Sets the color attributes  of the  screen  (NUMBER=  1,2,3 or 4)
Turns the mouse on or off                                  51
Extended  help for the module PSET
Exit from the  PSET  module                                5-6
stop
Exit the program
12
                                               58
                                                       •U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1994 - 550-001/00196

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