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                       TABLE OF  CONTENTS

                                                              Page
INTRODUCTION                                                    1
STREAM FLOWS FOR DISSOLVED -OXYGEN CONTROL                      3


     THE MODEL YEAR                                             5


     FOR EXISTING CONDITIONS                                    7


     WITH IMPROVEMENTS IN EFFECT                                8


STREAM FLOWS FOR ABS CONTROL                                   10


STREAM FLOWS FOR .COLIFORM CONTROL                              12


SUMMARY                                                        lU


TABLES


FIGURES
                                                V- I*"*"'' '"""' '   ''
                                                                         *»•-.

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                        LIST OF TABLES

     NO.                   TITLE

      1   Estimated Annual Average Flow — Sanitary and Ship Canal
          at Lockport (SOT. $22/SS291.l)  To Maintain a Dissolved
          Oxygen Concentration of 3-0 mg/1 in Mainstem of Upper
          Illinois River System—Plows Based on Existing Conditions
          During Study Periods

      2   Estimated Required Annual Average Flow—Sanitary and
          Ship Canal at Lockport (SOT. 22: SS 291.1)—To Maintain
          a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1 in Mainstem of Upper
          Illinois River System—Flows Based on Existing Conditions
          During Study Period With. Recommended  Measures in Effect

      3   Known Sources Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loads—Upper
          Illinois River System Mainstem

      k   Estimated Mid-Station Biochemical Oxygen  Demand Changes—
          Upper Illinois River System Mainstem

      5   Net Bottom Sludge-Dissolved Oxygen Demand—Based on
          Difference Between Observed and Calculated DO Drop
          Between Consecutive Sampling Stations—Upper Illinois
          River System Mainstem

      6   Summary of Assets and Liabilities in  Upper Illinois River
          System Mainstem from Wilmette (NS 3^0.7)  to Lockport
          (SS 291.1)—Existing Conditions

      7   Model Year from Monthly Study Periods "by  Great Lakes-
          Illinois River Basin Project—Average Temperatures of
          Main Channel at Lockport

 8a,b,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  April-May 1961

 9a,b,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements  Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  April-May 1961

10a,b,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  June.' 1961

lla,b,c   Dissolved Oxygen Balance Summary With Improvements Plus
          Stream Flows to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1—
          Sampling Period:  June 1961

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                 LIST OP TABLES--continued

    NO.                    TITLE

12a,t>,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  July 1961

13a,"b,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3*0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  July 1961

     }c   Biochemical Oxygen Demand Balance Summary With Improve-
          ments Plus Stream Flows to Maintain a DO Concentration
          of 3.0 mg/1--Sampling Period:  August 1961

    3,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  August 1961

l6a,"b,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  January 196~2

17a,t>,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3'0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  January 1962                               ,

     18   Estimated Sources Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loads With
          Improvements Plus Stream Flows to Maintain a DO
          Concentration of 3.0 mg/1 DO

19a,b     Estimated Annual Average Dilution Requirements for ABS

20a,"b     Mains tern—Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)

21a/b,c   Estimated Effects of Chlorination of All Sewage (4) and
          Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (MSB)
          Effluents (5) on Coliform Densities in UIRS

     22   Upper Illinois River System--Hydraulics for Five Model
          Study Periods--Existing and Improved Conditions

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                     LIST OF FIGURES

               UPPER ILLINOIS RIVER SYSTEM

NO.                       TITLE

 1.  Integration of Pollution Loads—April-May '6l

 2.  Measured Dissolved Oxygen--April-May '61

 3»  Integration of Pollution Loads—June '6l

 k,  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—June '61

 £f  Integration of Pollution Loads—July '6l

 6.  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—July '61

 7.  Integration of Pollution Loads—August '61

 8,  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—August '61

 9.  Integration of Pollution Loads—January '62

10.  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—January '62

11.  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—April-
     May '61

12 .  Calculated Dissolved. Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—April-May !6l

13.  Integration of Pollution Loads--'With Improvements
     Plus Stream.Flows-to-. Maintain-3^0-tng/l -DO—June- '6l

lU.  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—June ' 61

15.  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—July '6l

16.  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0'mg/1 DO—July "6l

17.  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—August '61

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                LIST OF FIGURES-Continued
N0._                       TITLE

18..  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—August '61

19*  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain  3.0 mg/1 DO—Jan. '62

20.  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to- Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—January "62

21.  Calculated and Measured ABS  Profiles

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                        INTRODUCTION
       This report presents the results of estimates of total
stream flows, as" measured at Lockport dam, required to maintain.
improved -water quality in the system of channels "between Lake
Michigan and the confluence of the Des Plaines River with the
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal- -exclusive of the Calumet-Sag
channel.  Results are given for two situations :  l) existing
conditions of waste inputs to the streams, and 2) existing'
conditions modified "by the assumed implementation of certain
improvement measures as discussed in Public Health Service reports
entitled, "Recommended Measures for Improving Water Quality", (l)
and "Effects on Water Quality of Recommended Improvement Measures"
(2).

       The data on which these computations are based are set
forth in the report on "Water Quality Conditions" (3).  Field
survey data specifically utilised covered the following month-
long sampling periods :  April-May 1961, June 19^1, July 19^1,
August 1961, and January 1962.

       The water quality goals used in estimating flow require-
ments in this report are as follows :

       Coliforms ;
           Interim Goal — Monthly geometric mean coliform density
           of 10,000 per 100 milliliters.
           Ultimate Goal — Maximum coliform density of
           100 milliliters on the basis of monthly geometric
           means, and further, the density of 5,000 coliforms
           per 100 milliliters should not "be exceeded in more
           than 20/o of the samples examined during any one month.
       Dissolved Oxygen;
           Interim Goal™-Not less than 3.0 milligrams per liter
           (mg/1)

           Ultimata Goal—Not less than 5«0 mg/1

       Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABSjj
           Not more than 0.5 mg/l Just "below the confluence of
           the Des Plaines River -with the Kankakee River

       Previous reports have set forth "Recommended Measures for
Improving Water Quality" (l) and have evaluated the "Effects on


 Numbers in parentheses, thus (l), refers to References listed at
 end of Report,

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Water Quality of Recommended Improvement Measures" (2).  The
reduced organic loads set forth, in the latter rep'ort have been
used in estimating stream flows that would be required if the
recommended improvements are accomplished.

       In the waterway system known as the Calumet-Sag, from
Calumet Harbor to the Blue Island Lock,, there are frequent, very
low flows and reversals of flows.  These conditions complicate the
application of accepted water quality relationships that exist in
normal flowing streams.  Prom the results of laboratory analyses
and flow measurements available, it is "evident that additional
stream flows will be needed for water quality control in the
Calumet-Sag system.  An undetermined portion of the additional
flows required at Lockport should properly be assigned to the
Calumet-Sag Channel.  Such a diversion of flows would not
materially affect the estimates' of total requirements given herein,
since the critical points for quality control in the whole system
are located farther downstream.

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          STREAM HOWS BASED ON DISSOLVED OXIGM CRITERION
     Domestic sewage and organic industrial wastes are stabilized by
a combination of physical, chemical,  and biological actions.  Under
natural aerobic stream conditions, self-purification- action satisfies
the oxygen requirements of organic pollution loads, thus converting
the substances to non-putrefactive material.  When the dissolved
oxygen has been totally depleted, anaerobic decomposition of unstable
organic material takes place—accompanied by the release of odorous
gases, and generally undesirable conditions which tend to impair and
discourage most water uses.   Thus, biological transformations under
aerobic conditions are desired.   In the Upper Illinois River System,
serious shortages of dissolved oxygen exist in certain reaches during
critical times of the year.   These levels have been below 3.0 mg/1 on
the basis of monthly averages, and zero daily results are common in
the summer.  The desired DO level may be maintained by control and
reduction of organic pollution,  by added stream flow, by aeration of
the stream itself, or by a combination of these measures.

     Biological action and the accompanying oxygen utilization vary
with temperature, being greater in the warm summer months and lower
in the colder winter months.  As a result, the average amount of
stream flow needed to maintain a desirable minimum dissolved oxygen
(DO) concentration will vary from month to month and from year to
year.

     The estimation of flows necessary to maintain dissolved oxygen
concentration at or above 3.0 mg/1 has been based upon the critical
minimum dissolved oxygen concentration determined in dissolved oxy-
gen-biochemical oxygen demand (Dt-BOD) balance computations.  The
discussion and computations in the analysis of DO results under exis-
ting conditions during five month-long study periods are presented in
Chapter IX of the report on "Water QualityJlondiMons." (3) and the
cor^r^a^ions are summarized in BOD-DO Tables IK-k to IX-13 of that
report.  For existing conditions with recommended improvement measures
in effect, the computations are summarized in Tables 8 through 1J of
this report.

     The BOD-DO balance  computations include consideration of changes
in BOD and DO between sampling stations.  These mid-station effects
can be positive or negative in their influence on BOD and DO tests at
sampling stations.  The computations include the effects of flowing
demand (dissolved and suspended material having a BOD) sludge deposits,
reaeration, the influences of tributary inflows, known industrial
wastes, the major treatment plants, and some unknown source loads.
The known source loads during existing conditions are summarized in
Table 3.  The estimated source loads under improved conditions are
summarized in Table 18.

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     The BOD satisfied in the waterway as it flows "between stations
is identified as satisfied flowing demand,,  and is illustrated in the
figures "Integration of Pollutional Loads", for existing and improved
conditions.  The BOD satisfied between stations would "be the difference
in the ordinates at consecutive stations if there were no mid-station
changes.  With mid-station changes, the flowing demand that is satis-
fied is'the sum of the two ordinate changes in the two steps "between
the consecutive stations.   The downward sloping' line to the right il-
lustrates BOD that is "being satisfied by the oxygen assets of the
stream.

     The mid-station changes are shown as being in the middle of each
reach.  This is for convenience in computations only.   These mid-
station changes are mainly from storm spillage, bottom sludge demands
and industrial waste loads.   The computations for calculated mid-
station loads under existing conditions are summarized in Table h.

     The oxygen demands of sludge deposits  are based on changes in
the DO profile and the computed or otherwise determined values for
the flowing demand and reaeration for each  reach of the stream.  Drops
in the DO profile indicate a reduction in the oxygen assets, and in
the absence of other known demands are attributed to sludge demands.
The calculated oxygen demands that are attributed to bottom sludge
demands for existing conditions are summarized in Table 5.  A detail-
ed discussion of bottom sludge oxygen demand is presented in the re-
port on "Water Quality Conditions" (3) Chapter IX, "The Impact of
Waste Loads on the Stream."

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The Model Year

        For estimating required flows, it was necessary to
develop conditions of stream flow, load, and temperature.
These are the principal variables affecting water quality
parameters.  Estimates were made by developing what is
termed a Model Year, defined as a year in which the flow,
load, and temperature for each month approximates as close-
ly as possible the average stream flow, organic loading
and temperature from a selected study period of record.

        The Model Year of twelve months was developed from
the average temperatures of the main channel at Lockport,
as observed by the Project for its five sampling periods,
and from the average temperatures for each of the twelve
months of the four years 1959-1962, inclusive, obtained
from MSB reports.

        On this basis of temperatures, the sampling period
of April-May 1961, was considered to be representative of
the model months of April, May, October, and November.
The June 1961, sampling period was considered representa-
tive of the model month of June.  The July 1961, sampling
period was considered to represent the months of July and
September in the model.  The August 1961, sampling period
represents August; and the January 1962, sampling period
represents the model months of December, January, February,
and March.  Basic temperature data used in developing the
Model Year are shown in Table 7.

        The estimates of stream flows to meet dissolved
oxygen requirements have been based upon evaluation of
pollution loads, flows, sludge demands, atmospheric re-
aeration, temperatures, and the reduction in stream load-
ings by the recommended improvement measures.  With agree-
ment reached between calculated and observed oxygen, it is
possible to estimate required stream flows with confidence.
An intricate and dynamic biochemical process, sensitive to
environmental changes is involved.  Furthermore, this
process takes place in a complex waterway system.  These
factors tend to increase the difficulties of making esti-
mates.  Nevertheless, the results secured by the method
used are believed to present a reasonably accurate pre-
diction of the flow requirements necessary to achieve the
conditions outlined.

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        The estimates given herein of flows required for
DO control do not provide for unusual conditions such as
occurred in September 1961.  In that month the abnormally
high local runoff produced stream flows in excess of the
amount required for water quality maintenance; neverthe-
less, the flow was chargeable against allowed diversion.
Efficient utilization of allowed diversion would be assist-
ed by the proposal for balancing flows over a water year
starting March 1, rather than a calendar year.  This was
discussed in the previously-cited report on measures for
improving water quality (1),

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                                                               7
Stream Flows Required for Existing Conditions
       Existing conditions are considered to be those reflected
by the results obtained during the five month-long study periods
through the model year concept.   After the BOD-DO balance compu-
tations were completed, the additional stream flows required to
bring in additional DO was as an approximation by a direct dilution
computation.  This method was given a check in one instance by a
BOD-DO balance computation and found to agree reasonably well.
As indicated by need a more accurate estimate can be developed
by successive approximations as  was done in estimating stream
flows required with improvements in effect.

       The BOD-DO balance summaries for existing conditions for
the five study periods are in Table IX-4 to IX-13, of Chapter IX
of the report on "Water Quality Conditions" (3).  The BOD and DO
profiles are shown on Figures 1 through 10.  Ihe summary of assets
and liabilities for the five study periods is given in Table 6.

       The low points for monthly average DO for the study periods
used to make up the Model Year were as follows:

            Study Period        Minimum DO           Station

            April-May J6l        0.58 nig/1            SS 292.1
            June '61             0.39  "              SS 296.2
            July !6l             1.01  "              MB 325.8
                                 0.21  "              SS 296.2
            Aug. J6l             0.26  "              MB 325.8
                                 0.36  "              ss 296.2
            Jan. '62             4.92  "              SS 291.1

       Estimates were made of stream flows required to maintain
a DO concentration of 3-0 mg/1 for each of the five study periods.
For four of these periods, additional flow would be needed.  In
January,  flow could be reduced.  The model year estimates as
developed, are shown in Table 1.

       The required annual average total flow needed at Lockport
to maintain a DO concentration of 3-0 mg/1 was estimated to be
     cfs.  This would be distributed as follows:

            Des Plaines River Watershed Runoff        170

            Domestic Pumpage and Return              1790

            Additional Flow Required to Maintain
            3.0 mg/1 DO

            Total Flow at Lockport

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                                                                8
Stream Flows Required With Improvemeiats_in Effect

       The report on "Effects on Water Quality of Recommended
Improvement Measures" (2) evaluated these effects in terms of
pounds of BOD removed as measured at the facility.  The following
is largely quoted from the summary of that report with an adjacent
column added to indicate the effect of the recommendation on
reducing the pollution load in the mainstem of the Upper Illinois
River System.  Hie difference represents the natural purification
"between the facility and the mainstem.

                                   Estimated Pollution Reduction
                                   "by Recommended Improvement
                                   Measures in Pounds of Ultimate
                                   BOD/day
Adequate secondary treatment at
16 communities or institutions
that are tributary to the river
system "between Lake Michigan
and Lockport.

Chlorination of MSB sewage
treatment plant effluents.

Connection of known inadequately
treated industrial wastes to
secondary treatment facilities,
or adequate on-site treatment
between Lake Michigan and
Lockport.

Storm Relief Correction

Enactment and action under an
ordinance allowing MSD to assess
sewer service charges based on
quantity and characteristics of
industrial wastes to induce
industries to decrease waste
discharges to sewage treatment
plants.

Planned additional capacity at
MSD treatment plants to decrease
storm spillage at the plants.
                                   At Facility
                  In Mainstem
 10,000


 38,000
 26,000

 32,000
 10,000
  6,000
  5,000


 35,000
 22,000

 32,000
 10,000
  6,000
                       TOTALS
122,000
110,000

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       The effects of the recommended improvements as outlined
above were integrated into "balances,, and "by successive approxi-
mations, the additional flow needed for the DO objective was
obtained.

       With improvements in effect and adjusted stream flows, the
computed DO for four of the five study periods was "below 3.0 mg/1.
Hie fifth study period was in January 1962, when the minimum DO
was above 3«0 mg/1,  Again, "by successive approximations, this
time with added stream flows, the DO level was "brought up to 3«0
mg/1 in the critical reaches.

       The estimated required flows for the DO concentration of
3,0 mg/1 were used to make up the model year of 12 months based
upon five months of sampling study.  The summaries are in Table 2,
and the flow distribution summaries are in Table 22.

       With the improvement measures in effect, the required
annual average total flow at Lockport to maintain a DO concen-
tration at or above 3-0 mg/1 throughout the channel system was
estimated to be 3,760 cfs.  This would be distributed as fellows:

            Des Plaines Eiver Watershed Runoff         170

            Domestic Pumpage and Return               1790

            Additional Plow Required to Maintain
            3.0 mg/1 DO.

            Total Flow at Lockport

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                                                                 10
                     DILUTION TO MEET ABS GOALS
                                            f
       Alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) is the common name for a group
of similar compounds that are present in most synthetic detergents.
Most of the ABS molecules are highly resistant to biological degra-
dation.  Sewage treatment processes have little effect on molecules
that have resisted biological treatment.  These molecules also
resist subsequent biological action in the stream.

       The recommended limit for ABS of the U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards is a maximum concentration of 0.5
mg/1.  This limit has been selected with application at Station
I.R, 271.6; just below the confluence of the Des Plaines River
with the Kankakee River.

       Sampling of the Upper Illinois River System for ABS was
limited to samples taken from the three MSD sewage plant effluents
in September 1961, and to samples from the mainstem of the river in
January 1962.  The estimated annual average additional flow required
to attain the recommended objective is based upon the September 1.961,
samplings.  Table 20 show the summaries of the September 1961, sampl-
ings and the January 1962, samplings.  This data is summarized as
follows:

1.  The September 1.961., plant-measured concentrations of ABS were
    projected downstream to Station IR 271-6.

2.  The ABS input to the stream in September 1961 was adjusted for
    storm overflow.  During that month, there were very heavy rain
    storms in the Chicago area.   The yearly average flow at Lockport
    in 1961 was 3^-11 cfs; the September flow was 5000 cfs.  An
    estimate was made for the ABS that went from the combined
    sewers directly into the river thru the storm overflows without
    going through the treatment plants.  The adjusted total ABS
    input to the stream system in the Chicago area was an estimated
    26,100 pounds per day, annual average.  Projected downstream,
    this figure corresponds to a yearly average ABS concentration
    of 0.77 mg/1 at Station IR 271.6.

3«  The river system was sampled in January 1962, at which time
    the average load in transport at Station SS 300-5 was found to
    be 25,700 pounds of ABS per day.  The close agreement of this
    figure with the previously-cited 26,100 pounds per day seems to
    confirm the reasonableness of the estimates.

For Existing Conditions

       To reduce the computed ABS concentration of 0.77 mg/1 to
0.5 mg/1 would require an additional dilution flow of ij-330 cfs.

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                                                                 11

The total flow-at Station IR 271-6 would then be 12360 cfs, and the
corresponding flow at Lockport would be 77^-0 cf s •

       The summaries of the computations for the estimated average
annual dilution requirements for ABS at Station IR 271-6, the control
point, and at Lockport Dam, are shown in Table 19-

With Recommended Improvements in Effect

       The recommended improvements for small treatment plants
industrial waste treatment; and industrial waste ordinance would
have practically no influence on ABS in the river system.  The
treatment plant improvements recommended., consisting of chlorination
of final effluent, would not reduce the ABS content of discharged
effluents significantly.  The dilution needs to secure ABS control
would be the same as for existing conditions, as discussed above.

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                                                            12

              DILUTION TO MEET COLIFORM GOALS
       In an earlier report "Effects on ¥ater Quality of
Recommended Improvement Measures" (2) it was pointed out that
coliform densities in the Upper Illinois River System could be
reduced by instituting1 chlorination.  It was shown that chlorina-
tion of the effluents at the existing MSB plants alone would not
fully achieve the coliform goals even though all sewage originating
in the Metropolitan Sanitary District were treated and chlorinated,
and that consideration should also be given to the feasibility of
chlorinating the main channel of the Upper Illinois River System
at strategic locations.  Estimates of expected coliform density
at the various sampling points were presented in Table 2 of the
aforementioned report (2),  This table is repeated here as
Table 21, and shows in Column 4 the estimated coliform levels
that might be achieved if all sewage were treated and chlorinated,
and in Column 5 the alternative wherein only sewage now reaching
the MSD plants is assumed to be treated and chlorinated.

       A review of the estimated levels in Column 4 shows several
locations which, would be above the levels of 10,000 coliforms
per 100 ml required to meet the interim goal established and that
nearly all locations would be above the ultimate goal of 5*000
coliforms per 100 ml.

       It is apparent that these goals would not be achieved with-
out certain additional measures to reduce the coliform density.
The additional measures that could be applied would be the further
dilution of waters of the main channels of the Upper Illinois
River System with the cleaner waters of Lake Michigan or possibly
the direct chlorination of the main channels at strategic points.

       In considering the attainment of the coliform goals by
increasing stream flow,  the quality of the water available must
be considered as well as the coliform density in the main channel.
In column k of Table 21, the estimated coliform densities at
sample points HB 331.^,  WB 329.0 and NB 325.8 are at or above the
recommended levels.  The water available at NS 3^-0.7 contains an
average density of 200 per 100 ml.  The highest density, at
m 325.8, of 25,000 must be reduced to 10,000 to meet the interim
goal, and to 5;000 to meet the ultimate objective.  Calculations
on "a straight dilution basis of the amount of dilution water
required to achieve these goals are illustrated as follows:

   Sampling  Present average flow,  Total Plow in cfs needed to
     Point            cfs             meet coliform goals of

                                    10,000/100 ml   5,000/100 ml
   HB 325.8          119li.               3,020          6,170

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                                                            13
To achieve these goals at EB 325.8 would require 1830 cfs
additional dilution, at the Wilmette intake for the interim goal
of 10,000 coliforms/100 ml, and ^970 cfs additional dilution for
the ultimate goal of 5000 coliform/100 ml.  ¥ith the present
average flow at Wilmette of TOO cfs, the additional flow require-
ments would "be nearly tripled to meet the interim goal,  and would
be seven times greater to meet the ultimate goal.

       Similar computations for the Cal-Sag Channel show need for
a four-fold increase in flow (600 cfs to 2860 cfs) to meet the
interim goal of 10,000 coliforms per 100 ml and up to 9250 cfs to
meet the ultimate goal of 5000 coliforms per 100 ml for that
section of the main channel of the Upper Illinois River System.
These additional flows might exceed the capacity of the channels
to carry the additional water.

       In view of the excessive flow requirements and "because
other means for controlling coliform densities can be exercised,
this method of control may be considered impractical.

       The practicability of chlorination to reduce coliform
densities to satisfactory levels has been long accepted and
practiced by public health authorities.  The use of this technique
to control coliform densities in the main channels of the Upper
Illinois River Systeza would be technically feasible.  Chlorine
requirement, techniques of application and control, and economic
considerations remain to be developed.  One further advantage of
this technique would be the continuous control that would be
possible, which would tend to smooth out large fluctuations in
coliform density, particularly as a result of storm water runoff.

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                                                                  llj.
                              SUMMARY

     This report recognizes that,  even with the recommended measures
in effect, additional stream flows will "be required for water quali-
ty control in the Upper Illinois River System.   Estimates have been
made to show the stream flow that would he neededj  first, under ex-
isting and, second, under improved, conditions.  The summaries are
for the two conditions on the "basis of yearly averages computed from
observations during five month-long study periods.   The estimates
predict the action of a complex biochemical process based on observed
conditions.  While this procedure is not exact, the estimates are
believed reliable.

     Summaries of the conclusions for maintaining a DO concentration
at or above 3.0 rng/1 are in Tables 1 and 2.   Accordingly, the mini-
mum yearly average stream flow under existing conditions would be
2i)-90 cfs, and a total flow at Lockport of 1)450 cfs.  With the improve-
ment measures in effect, the minimum yearly average stream flow re-
quired would be 1800 cfs, and total flow at Lockport 3760 cfs.  No
provision has been made in these estimates for unusual rainfalls.
Replacing the calendar year with a water year,  running from March
first, as the period for balancing allowed annual diversion, would be
more effective for water quality control.  Permission to balance over
a period of more than one year would also be advantageous, to compen-
sate for times of abnormal weather.

     To meet the ABB objective, the computations indicate that there
would be needed an additional flow of i|-300 cfs, and a total flow at
Lockport of 7700 cfs.  The required flows under the improved condi-
tions would be the same as under existing conditions.  In view of the
advances in research toward developing biodegrabable detergents, such
development promises a more practical solution to this problem than
does increasing stream flows.

     The additional stream flow needed to attain the coliform objec-
tive may be impractical; chlorination of plant effluents and consid-
eration of chlorination of the mainstem offer some promise.

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                                                                 15
                             REFERENCES
1.  Recommended Measures for Improving Water Quality, Great Lakes-
    Illinois River Basins Project., U. S. Public Health Service.,
    January 1963-

2.  Effects on Water Quality of Recommended Improvement Measures,
    (companion report to Reference 1., above")"!         "

3-  Water Quality Conditions, Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins
    Project, U. S. Public Health Service, January 1963.

k.  Special Report on Water Quality Goals for the Upper Illinois
    River System.

5«  Hurwitz, E., and others.  "Assimilation of ABS by an Activated
    Sludge Treatment Plant Waterway System", Journal, Water
    Pollution Control Federation, 32, 1, p. 1111, October 1960.

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-------
905R63102

-------
                       TABLE OF  CONTENTS

                                                              Page
INTRODUCTION                                                    1
STREAM FLOWS FOR DISSOLVED -OXYGEN CONTROL                      3


     THE MODEL YEAR                                             5


     FOR EXISTING CONDITIONS                                    7


     WITH IMPROVEMENTS IN EFFECT                                8


STREAM FLOWS FOR ABS CONTROL                                   10


STREAM FLOWS FOR .COLIFORM CONTROL                              12


SUMMARY                                                        lU


TABLES


FIGURES
                                                V- I*"*"'' '"""' '   ''
                                                                         *»•-.

-------
                        LIST OF TABLES

     NO.                   TITLE

      1   Estimated Annual Average Flow — Sanitary and Ship Canal
          at Lockport (SOT. $22/SS291.l)  To Maintain a Dissolved
          Oxygen Concentration of 3-0 mg/1 in Mainstem of Upper
          Illinois River System—Plows Based on Existing Conditions
          During Study Periods

      2   Estimated Required Annual Average Flow—Sanitary and
          Ship Canal at Lockport (SOT. 22: SS 291.1)—To Maintain
          a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1 in Mainstem of Upper
          Illinois River System—Flows Based on Existing Conditions
          During Study Period With. Recommended  Measures in Effect

      3   Known Sources Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loads—Upper
          Illinois River System Mainstem

      k   Estimated Mid-Station Biochemical Oxygen  Demand Changes—
          Upper Illinois River System Mainstem

      5   Net Bottom Sludge-Dissolved Oxygen Demand—Based on
          Difference Between Observed and Calculated DO Drop
          Between Consecutive Sampling Stations—Upper Illinois
          River System Mainstem

      6   Summary of Assets and Liabilities in  Upper Illinois River
          System Mainstem from Wilmette (NS 3^0.7)  to Lockport
          (SS 291.1)—Existing Conditions

      7   Model Year from Monthly Study Periods "by  Great Lakes-
          Illinois River Basin Project—Average Temperatures of
          Main Channel at Lockport

 8a,b,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  April-May 1961

 9a,b,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements  Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  April-May 1961

10a,b,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  June.' 1961

lla,b,c   Dissolved Oxygen Balance Summary With Improvements Plus
          Stream Flows to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3«0 mg/1—
          Sampling Period:  June 1961

-------
                 LIST OP TABLES--continued

    NO.                    TITLE

12a,t>,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  July 1961

13a,"b,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3*0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  July 1961

     }c   Biochemical Oxygen Demand Balance Summary With Improve-
          ments Plus Stream Flows to Maintain a DO Concentration
          of 3.0 mg/1--Sampling Period:  August 1961

    3,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  August 1961

l6a,"b,c   BOD Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3-0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  January 196~2

17a,t>,c   DO Balance Summary With Improvements Plus Stream Flows
          to Maintain a DO Concentration of 3'0 mg/1—Sampling
          Period:  January 1962                               ,

     18   Estimated Sources Biochemical Oxygen Demand Loads With
          Improvements Plus Stream Flows to Maintain a DO
          Concentration of 3.0 mg/1 DO

19a,b     Estimated Annual Average Dilution Requirements for ABS

20a,"b     Mains tern—Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABS)

21a/b,c   Estimated Effects of Chlorination of All Sewage (4) and
          Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago (MSB)
          Effluents (5) on Coliform Densities in UIRS

     22   Upper Illinois River System--Hydraulics for Five Model
          Study Periods--Existing and Improved Conditions

-------
                     LIST OF FIGURES

               UPPER ILLINOIS RIVER SYSTEM

NO.                       TITLE

 1.  Integration of Pollution Loads—April-May '6l

 2.  Measured Dissolved Oxygen--April-May '61

 3»  Integration of Pollution Loads—June '6l

 k,  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—June '61

 £f  Integration of Pollution Loads—July '6l

 6.  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—July '61

 7.  Integration of Pollution Loads—August '61

 8,  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—August '61

 9.  Integration of Pollution Loads—January '62

10.  Measured Dissolved Oxygen—January '62

11.  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—April-
     May '61

12 .  Calculated Dissolved. Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—April-May !6l

13.  Integration of Pollution Loads--'With Improvements
     Plus Stream.Flows-to-. Maintain-3^0-tng/l -DO—June- '6l

lU.  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—June ' 61

15.  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—July '6l

16.  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0'mg/1 DO—July "6l

17.  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—August '61

-------
                LIST OF FIGURES-Continued
N0._                       TITLE

18..  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—August '61

19*  Integration of Pollution Loads—With Improvements
     Plus Stream Flows to Maintain  3.0 mg/1 DO—Jan. '62

20.  Calculated Dissolved Oxygen—With Improvements Plus
     Stream Flows to- Maintain 3.0 mg/1 DO—January "62

21.  Calculated and Measured ABS  Profiles

-------
                        INTRODUCTION
       This report presents the results of estimates of total
stream flows, as" measured at Lockport dam, required to maintain.
improved -water quality in the system of channels "between Lake
Michigan and the confluence of the Des Plaines River with the
Chicago Sanitary and Ship Canal- -exclusive of the Calumet-Sag
channel.  Results are given for two situations :  l) existing
conditions of waste inputs to the streams, and 2) existing'
conditions modified "by the assumed implementation of certain
improvement measures as discussed in Public Health Service reports
entitled, "Recommended Measures for Improving Water Quality", (l)
and "Effects on Water Quality of Recommended Improvement Measures"
(2).

       The data on which these computations are based are set
forth in the report on "Water Quality Conditions" (3).  Field
survey data specifically utilised covered the following month-
long sampling periods :  April-May 1961, June 19^1, July 19^1,
August 1961, and January 1962.

       The water quality goals used in estimating flow require-
ments in this report are as follows :

       Coliforms ;
           Interim Goal — Monthly geometric mean coliform density
           of 10,000 per 100 milliliters.
           Ultimate Goal — Maximum coliform density of
           100 milliliters on the basis of monthly geometric
           means, and further, the density of 5,000 coliforms
           per 100 milliliters should not "be exceeded in more
           than 20/o of the samples examined during any one month.
       Dissolved Oxygen;
           Interim Goal™-Not less than 3.0 milligrams per liter
           (mg/1)

           Ultimata Goal—Not less than 5«0 mg/1

       Alkyl Benzene Sulfonate (ABSjj
           Not more than 0.5 mg/l Just "below the confluence of
           the Des Plaines River -with the Kankakee River

       Previous reports have set forth "Recommended Measures for
Improving Water Quality" (l) and have evaluated the "Effects on


 Numbers in parentheses, thus (l), refers to References listed at
 end of Report,

-------
Water Quality of Recommended Improvement Measures" (2).  The
reduced organic loads set forth, in the latter rep'ort have been
used in estimating stream flows that would be required if the
recommended improvements are accomplished.

       In the waterway system known as the Calumet-Sag, from
Calumet Harbor to the Blue Island Lock,, there are frequent, very
low flows and reversals of flows.  These conditions complicate the
application of accepted water quality relationships that exist in
normal flowing streams.  Prom the results of laboratory analyses
and flow measurements available, it is "evident that additional
stream flows will be needed for water quality control in the
Calumet-Sag system.  An undetermined portion of the additional
flows required at Lockport should properly be assigned to the
Calumet-Sag Channel.  Such a diversion of flows would not
materially affect the estimates' of total requirements given herein,
since the critical points for quality control in the whole system
are located farther downstream.

-------
          STREAM HOWS BASED ON DISSOLVED OXIGM CRITERION
     Domestic sewage and organic industrial wastes are stabilized by
a combination of physical, chemical,  and biological actions.  Under
natural aerobic stream conditions, self-purification- action satisfies
the oxygen requirements of organic pollution loads, thus converting
the substances to non-putrefactive material.  When the dissolved
oxygen has been totally depleted, anaerobic decomposition of unstable
organic material takes place—accompanied by the release of odorous
gases, and generally undesirable conditions which tend to impair and
discourage most water uses.   Thus, biological transformations under
aerobic conditions are desired.   In the Upper Illinois River System,
serious shortages of dissolved oxygen exist in certain reaches during
critical times of the year.   These levels have been below 3.0 mg/1 on
the basis of monthly averages, and zero daily results are common in
the summer.  The desired DO level may be maintained by control and
reduction of organic pollution,  by added stream flow, by aeration of
the stream itself, or by a combination of these measures.

     Biological action and the accompanying oxygen utilization vary
with temperature, being greater in the warm summer months and lower
in the colder winter months.  As a result, the average amount of
stream flow needed to maintain a desirable minimum dissolved oxygen
(DO) concentration will vary from month to month and from year to
year.

     The estimation of flows necessary to maintain dissolved oxygen
concentration at or above 3.0 mg/1 has been based upon the critical
minimum dissolved oxygen concentration determined in dissolved oxy-
gen-biochemical oxygen demand (Dt-BOD) balance computations.  The
discussion and computations in the analysis of DO results under exis-
ting conditions during five month-long study periods are presented in
Chapter IX of the report on "Water QualityJlondiMons." (3) and the
cor^r^a^ions are summarized in BOD-DO Tables IK-k to IX-13 of that
report.  For existing conditions with recommended improvement measures
in effect, the computations are summarized in Tables 8 through 1J of
this report.

     The BOD-DO balance  computations include consideration of changes
in BOD and DO between sampling stations.  These mid-station effects
can be positive or negative in their influence on BOD and DO tests at
sampling stations.  The computations include the effects of flowing
demand (dissolved and suspended material having a BOD) sludge deposits,
reaeration, the influences of tributary inflows, known industrial
wastes, the major treatment plants, and some unknown source loads.
The known source loads during existing conditions are summarized in
Table 3.  The estimated source loads under improved conditions are
summarized in Table 18.

-------
     The BOD satisfied in the waterway as it flows "between stations
is identified as satisfied flowing demand,,  and is illustrated in the
figures "Integration of Pollutional Loads", for existing and improved
conditions.  The BOD satisfied between stations would "be the difference
in the ordinates at consecutive stations if there were no mid-station
changes.  With mid-station changes, the flowing demand that is satis-
fied is'the sum of the two ordinate changes in the two steps "between
the consecutive stations.   The downward sloping' line to the right il-
lustrates BOD that is "being satisfied by the oxygen assets of the
stream.

     The mid-station changes are shown as being in the middle of each
reach.  This is for convenience in computations only.   These mid-
station changes are mainly from storm spillage, bottom sludge demands
and industrial waste loads.   The computations for calculated mid-
station loads under existing conditions are summarized in Table h.

     The oxygen demands of sludge deposits  are based on changes in
the DO profile and the computed or otherwise determined values for
the flowing demand and reaeration for each  reach of the stream.  Drops
in the DO profile indicate a reduction in the oxygen assets, and in
the absence of other known demands are attributed to sludge demands.
The calculated oxygen demands that are attributed to bottom sludge
demands for existing conditions are summarized in Table 5.  A detail-
ed discussion of bottom sludge oxygen demand is presented in the re-
port on "Water Quality Conditions" (3) Chapter IX, "The Impact of
Waste Loads on the Stream."

-------
The Model Year

        For estimating required flows, it was necessary to
develop conditions of stream flow, load, and temperature.
These are the principal variables affecting water quality
parameters.  Estimates were made by developing what is
termed a Model Year, defined as a year in which the flow,
load, and temperature for each month approximates as close-
ly as possible the average stream flow, organic loading
and temperature from a selected study period of record.

        The Model Year of twelve months was developed from
the average temperatures of the main channel at Lockport,
as observed by the Project for its five sampling periods,
and from the average temperatures for each of the twelve
months of the four years 1959-1962, inclusive, obtained
from MSB reports.

        On this basis of temperatures, the sampling period
of April-May 1961, was considered to be representative of
the model months of April, May, October, and November.
The June 1961, sampling period was considered representa-
tive of the model month of June.  The July 1961, sampling
period was considered to represent the months of July and
September in the model.  The August 1961, sampling period
represents August; and the January 1962, sampling period
represents the model months of December, January, February,
and March.  Basic temperature data used in developing the
Model Year are shown in Table 7.

        The estimates of stream flows to meet dissolved
oxygen requirements have been based upon evaluation of
pollution loads, flows, sludge demands, atmospheric re-
aeration, temperatures, and the reduction in stream load-
ings by the recommended improvement measures.  With agree-
ment reached between calculated and observed oxygen, it is
possible to estimate required stream flows with confidence.
An intricate and dynamic biochemical process, sensitive to
environmental changes is involved.  Furthermore, this
process takes place in a complex waterway system.  These
factors tend to increase the difficulties of making esti-
mates.  Nevertheless, the results secured by the method
used are believed to present a reasonably accurate pre-
diction of the flow requirements necessary to achieve the
conditions outlined.

-------
        The estimates given herein of flows required for
DO control do not provide for unusual conditions such as
occurred in September 1961.  In that month the abnormally
high local runoff produced stream flows in excess of the
amount required for water quality maintenance; neverthe-
less, the flow was chargeable against allowed diversion.
Efficient utilization of allowed diversion would be assist-
ed by the proposal for balancing flows over a water year
starting March 1, rather than a calendar year.  This was
discussed in the previously-cited report on measures for
improving water quality (1),

-------
                                                               7
Stream Flows Required for Existing Conditions
       Existing conditions are considered to be those reflected
by the results obtained during the five month-long study periods
through the model year concept.   After the BOD-DO balance compu-
tations were completed, the additional stream flows required to
bring in additional DO was as an approximation by a direct dilution
computation.  This method was given a check in one instance by a
BOD-DO balance computation and found to agree reasonably well.
As indicated by need a more accurate estimate can be developed
by successive approximations as  was done in estimating stream
flows required with improvements in effect.

       The BOD-DO balance summaries for existing conditions for
the five study periods are in Table IX-4 to IX-13, of Chapter IX
of the report on "Water Quality Conditions" (3).  The BOD and DO
profiles are shown on Figures 1 through 10.  Ihe summary of assets
and liabilities for the five study periods is given in Table 6.

       The low points for monthly average DO for the study periods
used to make up the Model Year were as follows:

            Study Period        Minimum DO           Station

            April-May J6l        0.58 nig/1            SS 292.1
            June '61             0.39  "              SS 296.2
            July !6l             1.01  "              MB 325.8
                                 0.21  "              SS 296.2
            Aug. J6l             0.26  "              MB 325.8
                                 0.36  "              ss 296.2
            Jan. '62             4.92  "              SS 291.1

       Estimates were made of stream flows required to maintain
a DO concentration of 3-0 mg/1 for each of the five study periods.
For four of these periods, additional flow would be needed.  In
January,  flow could be reduced.  The model year estimates as
developed, are shown in Table 1.

       The required annual average total flow needed at Lockport
to maintain a DO concentration of 3-0 mg/1 was estimated to be
     cfs.  This would be distributed as follows:

            Des Plaines River Watershed Runoff        170

            Domestic Pumpage and Return              1790

            Additional Flow Required to Maintain
            3.0 mg/1 DO

            Total Flow at Lockport

-------
                                                                8
Stream Flows Required With Improvemeiats_in Effect

       The report on "Effects on Water Quality of Recommended
Improvement Measures" (2) evaluated these effects in terms of
pounds of BOD removed as measured at the facility.  The following
is largely quoted from the summary of that report with an adjacent
column added to indicate the effect of the recommendation on
reducing the pollution load in the mainstem of the Upper Illinois
River System.  Hie difference represents the natural purification
"between the facility and the mainstem.

                                   Estimated Pollution Reduction
                                   "by Recommended Improvement
                                   Measures in Pounds of Ultimate
                                   BOD/day
Adequate secondary treatment at
16 communities or institutions
that are tributary to the river
system "between Lake Michigan
and Lockport.

Chlorination of MSB sewage
treatment plant effluents.

Connection of known inadequately
treated industrial wastes to
secondary treatment facilities,
or adequate on-site treatment
between Lake Michigan and
Lockport.

Storm Relief Correction

Enactment and action under an
ordinance allowing MSD to assess
sewer service charges based on
quantity and characteristics of
industrial wastes to induce
industries to decrease waste
discharges to sewage treatment
plants.

Planned additional capacity at
MSD treatment plants to decrease
storm spillage at the plants.
                                   At Facility
                  In Mainstem
 10,000


 38,000
 26,000

 32,000
 10,000
  6,000
  5,000


 35,000
 22,000

 32,000
 10,000
  6,000
                       TOTALS
122,000
110,000

-------
       The effects of the recommended improvements as outlined
above were integrated into "balances,, and "by successive approxi-
mations, the additional flow needed for the DO objective was
obtained.

       With improvements in effect and adjusted stream flows, the
computed DO for four of the five study periods was "below 3.0 mg/1.
Hie fifth study period was in January 1962, when the minimum DO
was above 3«0 mg/1,  Again, "by successive approximations, this
time with added stream flows, the DO level was "brought up to 3«0
mg/1 in the critical reaches.

       The estimated required flows for the DO concentration of
3,0 mg/1 were used to make up the model year of 12 months based
upon five months of sampling study.  The summaries are in Table 2,
and the flow distribution summaries are in Table 22.

       With the improvement measures in effect, the required
annual average total flow at Lockport to maintain a DO concen-
tration at or above 3-0 mg/1 throughout the channel system was
estimated to be 3,760 cfs.  This would be distributed as fellows:

            Des Plaines Eiver Watershed Runoff         170

            Domestic Pumpage and Return               1790

            Additional Plow Required to Maintain
            3.0 mg/1 DO.

            Total Flow at Lockport

-------
                                                                 10
                     DILUTION TO MEET ABS GOALS
                                            f
       Alkyl benzene sulfonate (ABS) is the common name for a group
of similar compounds that are present in most synthetic detergents.
Most of the ABS molecules are highly resistant to biological degra-
dation.  Sewage treatment processes have little effect on molecules
that have resisted biological treatment.  These molecules also
resist subsequent biological action in the stream.

       The recommended limit for ABS of the U. S. Public Health
Service Drinking Water Standards is a maximum concentration of 0.5
mg/1.  This limit has been selected with application at Station
I.R, 271.6; just below the confluence of the Des Plaines River
with the Kankakee River.

       Sampling of the Upper Illinois River System for ABS was
limited to samples taken from the three MSD sewage plant effluents
in September 1961, and to samples from the mainstem of the river in
January 1962.  The estimated annual average additional flow required
to attain the recommended objective is based upon the September 1.961,
samplings.  Table 20 show the summaries of the September 1961, sampl-
ings and the January 1962, samplings.  This data is summarized as
follows:

1.  The September 1.961., plant-measured concentrations of ABS were
    projected downstream to Station IR 271-6.

2.  The ABS input to the stream in September 1961 was adjusted for
    storm overflow.  During that month, there were very heavy rain
    storms in the Chicago area.   The yearly average flow at Lockport
    in 1961 was 3^-11 cfs; the September flow was 5000 cfs.  An
    estimate was made for the ABS that went from the combined
    sewers directly into the river thru the storm overflows without
    going through the treatment plants.  The adjusted total ABS
    input to the stream system in the Chicago area was an estimated
    26,100 pounds per day, annual average.  Projected downstream,
    this figure corresponds to a yearly average ABS concentration
    of 0.77 mg/1 at Station IR 271.6.

3«  The river system was sampled in January 1962, at which time
    the average load in transport at Station SS 300-5 was found to
    be 25,700 pounds of ABS per day.  The close agreement of this
    figure with the previously-cited 26,100 pounds per day seems to
    confirm the reasonableness of the estimates.

For Existing Conditions

       To reduce the computed ABS concentration of 0.77 mg/1 to
0.5 mg/1 would require an additional dilution flow of ij-330 cfs.

-------
                                                                 11

The total flow-at Station IR 271-6 would then be 12360 cfs, and the
corresponding flow at Lockport would be 77^-0 cf s •

       The summaries of the computations for the estimated average
annual dilution requirements for ABS at Station IR 271-6, the control
point, and at Lockport Dam, are shown in Table 19-

With Recommended Improvements in Effect

       The recommended improvements for small treatment plants
industrial waste treatment; and industrial waste ordinance would
have practically no influence on ABS in the river system.  The
treatment plant improvements recommended., consisting of chlorination
of final effluent, would not reduce the ABS content of discharged
effluents significantly.  The dilution needs to secure ABS control
would be the same as for existing conditions, as discussed above.

-------
                                                            12

              DILUTION TO MEET COLIFORM GOALS
       In an earlier report "Effects on ¥ater Quality of
Recommended Improvement Measures" (2) it was pointed out that
coliform densities in the Upper Illinois River System could be
reduced by instituting1 chlorination.  It was shown that chlorina-
tion of the effluents at the existing MSB plants alone would not
fully achieve the coliform goals even though all sewage originating
in the Metropolitan Sanitary District were treated and chlorinated,
and that consideration should also be given to the feasibility of
chlorinating the main channel of the Upper Illinois River System
at strategic locations.  Estimates of expected coliform density
at the various sampling points were presented in Table 2 of the
aforementioned report (2),  This table is repeated here as
Table 21, and shows in Column 4 the estimated coliform levels
that might be achieved if all sewage were treated and chlorinated,
and in Column 5 the alternative wherein only sewage now reaching
the MSD plants is assumed to be treated and chlorinated.

       A review of the estimated levels in Column 4 shows several
locations which, would be above the levels of 10,000 coliforms
per 100 ml required to meet the interim goal established and that
nearly all locations would be above the ultimate goal of 5*000
coliforms per 100 ml.

       It is apparent that these goals would not be achieved with-
out certain additional measures to reduce the coliform density.
The additional measures that could be applied would be the further
dilution of waters of the main channels of the Upper Illinois
River System with the cleaner waters of Lake Michigan or possibly
the direct chlorination of the main channels at strategic points.

       In considering the attainment of the coliform goals by
increasing stream flow,  the quality of the water available must
be considered as well as the coliform density in the main channel.
In column k of Table 21, the estimated coliform densities at
sample points HB 331.^,  WB 329.0 and NB 325.8 are at or above the
recommended levels.  The water available at NS 3^-0.7 contains an
average density of 200 per 100 ml.  The highest density, at
m 325.8, of 25,000 must be reduced to 10,000 to meet the interim
goal, and to 5;000 to meet the ultimate objective.  Calculations
on "a straight dilution basis of the amount of dilution water
required to achieve these goals are illustrated as follows:

   Sampling  Present average flow,  Total Plow in cfs needed to
     Point            cfs             meet coliform goals of

                                    10,000/100 ml   5,000/100 ml
   HB 325.8          119li.               3,020          6,170

-------
                                                            13
To achieve these goals at EB 325.8 would require 1830 cfs
additional dilution, at the Wilmette intake for the interim goal
of 10,000 coliforms/100 ml, and ^970 cfs additional dilution for
the ultimate goal of 5000 coliform/100 ml.  ¥ith the present
average flow at Wilmette of TOO cfs, the additional flow require-
ments would "be nearly tripled to meet the interim goal,  and would
be seven times greater to meet the ultimate goal.

       Similar computations for the Cal-Sag Channel show need for
a four-fold increase in flow (600 cfs to 2860 cfs) to meet the
interim goal of 10,000 coliforms per 100 ml and up to 9250 cfs to
meet the ultimate goal of 5000 coliforms per 100 ml for that
section of the main channel of the Upper Illinois River System.
These additional flows might exceed the capacity of the channels
to carry the additional water.

       In view of the excessive flow requirements and "because
other means for controlling coliform densities can be exercised,
this method of control may be considered impractical.

       The practicability of chlorination to reduce coliform
densities to satisfactory levels has been long accepted and
practiced by public health authorities.  The use of this technique
to control coliform densities in the main channels of the Upper
Illinois River Systeza would be technically feasible.  Chlorine
requirement, techniques of application and control, and economic
considerations remain to be developed.  One further advantage of
this technique would be the continuous control that would be
possible, which would tend to smooth out large fluctuations in
coliform density, particularly as a result of storm water runoff.

-------
                                                                  llj.
                              SUMMARY

     This report recognizes that,  even with the recommended measures
in effect, additional stream flows will "be required for water quali-
ty control in the Upper Illinois River System.   Estimates have been
made to show the stream flow that would he neededj  first, under ex-
isting and, second, under improved, conditions.  The summaries are
for the two conditions on the "basis of yearly averages computed from
observations during five month-long study periods.   The estimates
predict the action of a complex biochemical process based on observed
conditions.  While this procedure is not exact, the estimates are
believed reliable.

     Summaries of the conclusions for maintaining a DO concentration
at or above 3.0 rng/1 are in Tables 1 and 2.   Accordingly, the mini-
mum yearly average stream flow under existing conditions would be
2i)-90 cfs, and a total flow at Lockport of 1)450 cfs.  With the improve-
ment measures in effect, the minimum yearly average stream flow re-
quired would be 1800 cfs, and total flow at Lockport 3760 cfs.  No
provision has been made in these estimates for unusual rainfalls.
Replacing the calendar year with a water year,  running from March
first, as the period for balancing allowed annual diversion, would be
more effective for water quality control.  Permission to balance over
a period of more than one year would also be advantageous, to compen-
sate for times of abnormal weather.

     To meet the ABB objective, the computations indicate that there
would be needed an additional flow of i|-300 cfs, and a total flow at
Lockport of 7700 cfs.  The required flows under the improved condi-
tions would be the same as under existing conditions.  In view of the
advances in research toward developing biodegrabable detergents, such
development promises a more practical solution to this problem than
does increasing stream flows.

     The additional stream flow needed to attain the coliform objec-
tive may be impractical; chlorination of plant effluents and consid-
eration of chlorination of the mainstem offer some promise.

-------
                                                                 15
                             REFERENCES
1.  Recommended Measures for Improving Water Quality, Great Lakes-
    Illinois River Basins Project., U. S. Public Health Service.,
    January 1963-

2.  Effects on Water Quality of Recommended Improvement Measures,
    (companion report to Reference 1., above")"!         "

3-  Water Quality Conditions, Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins
    Project, U. S. Public Health Service, January 1963.

k.  Special Report on Water Quality Goals for the Upper Illinois
    River System.

5«  Hurwitz, E., and others.  "Assimilation of ABS by an Activated
    Sludge Treatment Plant Waterway System", Journal, Water
    Pollution Control Federation, 32, 1, p. 1111, October 1960.

-------
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