"E ON 0£J> 0? RE^CTIVI^Y CRI'i^RI^ IN CONTROL 0? ORGANIC
'.MISSIONS POR KEDUC7IOK OF AIllCSPIIEKIC OXIDAS'.'S
Koni'coring .r.nd Data Analvnis Division
Ofi'lce of Ail Quality Planning and Suan
Office of Air and Waste Management
Environmental Sciences Research L
Office of Research and Development
Research Triangle Park, N.C.
August 13, 1975
-------
K
-'"' '" ""''"•! AGENCY
-------
UNITED S".Ai ' :' •',;'/:.-.?•-'; ..YC TAL F!",OTUCTIOW Ai YY'CY
SUBJECT: r;equ&ct for RsvJrTu ' V "C-'.( i C!C Y ,- :.;, <'.€
Rejctivity Critt'("lJ ^tandarrf^
TO" **
Air and Hazardous Mattrl «1 s Oivirion Directors, RC'^'^I^M^^^*'-^ i-5"^;^
In my memo to yen; duttc' Aunu: t t"» 197C, subject, "Stationary
Source Hydrocarbon Control » EFA-RVF Status Report," 1 incMcctad -
that OAQPS ciid the Hnvirorjiisntal Sciences Research Laboratory (£SRL),
RIP v/ere drafting a ciuiderine ^cuine-nt on the use of photochemical
reactivity concepts ir: iJ.o control cf atmospheric oxidants. The,
draft has been completed and is enclcsGd. I would appreciate your
review and comments on the draft pr.i'ticularly suggestions or any
comments you may have on making it noro useful to'stste e.nd local
air pollution control agencies. I wculd appreciate your comments
by August 31, 1975, if at all possible, I am also sending the
reactivity classification tables to selected individuals in industry
who have a knowledge of photochsirncal reactivity for technical
review arid Dr. Paul Altshuller} ESRL, is forwarding these saii:e
tables to the Air Pollution Chemistry and Physics Advisory Committee
for their review.
It is impprtant to note that this guideline does not recommend
revision of any of the current SIP's. fha maifj purpose of the docu-
ment is to bring together the latest information v/e have on photo-
chemical reactivity and to formulate a uniform EPA policy towards
3ts use. The guidelines can, of course, be utilized in writing new
SIP's when and if the need arises* Hone cf the current, SIP's,"to
my knowledge, is generally inconsistent with the guidance offered
in the documents at least for the near term. Some undoubtedly vjill
have to be changed in the future as we learn more about the part
organic emissions play in the formation of atmospheric oxidants.
cc: k£rifGvr.Er,ent Directors, Region? I-X
S&A Directors, Regions I-X
P. Altshuller
R, Bsum
0. Hi dinner
M. Hirsch
R. Strelow
W. Talley
E. Tuerk
R. Wilson
EPA ronn 13iC-i (Rss. t~Ti)
-------
OX'OF-j-3?;.:•: 01° (>oi; OP ya^., . :r\ /', / o-rTirrj^ IF CONTROL o? O)':AM:CC
The concept of clc^oniGyring organic compounds accord-
ing to their photochemical react!vi-ty was-born out of oarly
smog changer studies which chowocl that different co:npoxa"'5.~-
gave rise to different amounts of ozone and ox id ant.7 when
irradiated with simulated sunlight. Those, studies lee1 to
separating organics into reactive and non-reactive compounds -
from a photochemical point of view - and suggested the option
of selective emission control as..a possible alternative tc
control of all sources of organic compounds.
To date, various state, and local agencies have issued
control regulations.based on the reactivity concept. At
best, these.regulations have been merely inconsistent, but
at worst, recent studies show them to be based on a too
simple interpretation of "reactivity data." Thus, some regu-
lations call for control of all sources of organic emissions,
while others call for control of only "reactive organics,"
•the definition differing, however, among the various jurisdictic
EPA.has issued guidelines concerning use of the reactivity
concept in control of emissions (Appendix B, Requirements
for Preparation Adoption and Submittal "of Implementation
Plans, FR 36, 153, 15495, August 14, 1971). These guide-
lines are now inadequate both because they addressed sol\*ent
emissions only, and because new studies have provided additional
information that casts doubt on the technical basis for portions
of Appendix B. The purpose of this document is to review
the reactivity concept in the light of the latest laboratoi.
findings, and to-present EPA's current position regarding ujt
of the data in controlling formation of photochemical oxidants.
Ho State Implementation Plan (SIP) need be revised at the presei
tinv: because of the issuance of this document, but new SIPs shoi
take advantage of the concepts contained herein.
Studies are continuinc on the reactivity of: the organic
compounds and on their conversion to oxidants. Whan the rer.v.lt
of these studies indicate that changes in thin guideline are
needed, revisions will be issued.
-------
OP ORGANIC COMPOUND
CLASSIFICATION
Since control oi: ornr.nio coir.poxmd emissions has as its
-main purpose- inin.irnizing the production of photochemical
pxidants•• t it is only logical chat" reactivity "of organic _com-
pounds be defined in teriTtS of their ability"to form oxid'ants*"
Because of the enormous complexity of atmospheric processes,
however, the reactivities of .Individual organic pollutants
cannot be determined frora atmospheric measurements. Rather,
reactivities must be determined from smog chamber experiments,
Most of the reactivity data presently available were
obtained from smog chamber studies carried out several years
ago. Test conditions in those studies were chosen to simulate
an extremely simplified picture of atmospheric oxidant forma-
tion processes. That is, air containing the test organic
compound and NO at prescribed concentrations was irradiated
X
for six hours with fluorescent lamps simulating sunlight at
Los Angeles summer mid-day intensity.. . These conditions approx:
mate the simple case of emissions which"are discharged during
the early morning hours and react in -situ until the early
afternoon. Reactivity relations obtained under such experi-.
mental conditions, however, have only limited significance
for reasons related mainly to the initial HC and NO concentra-
X
tions and to the irradiation conditions used.
This is evident from the following description of. the
course of events in the chamber. There app.ear to be two main
stages of chemical reactions. In the first stag'e, the impor-
tant process is the hydrocarbon-promoted conversion of NO
to NO-. . The second stage., in which oxidants build up in tha
atmosphere, begins after the NO has been oxidized to MO?.
For a given organic reactant, then, higher concentrations of
NO and/or shorter irradiation times will delay or prevent maxi-
mum oxidant formation. Conversely, higher initial HC-to-NOv
concentration ratJos and/oi- longer irradiation times will maxi-
mize oxidant formation. The latter exoerimental conditions
-------
would give a -higher photc>c.u;-nlcal reactivity value fcr .a
given compound than vavf'.r: the former. T-bs significance of
the. current reactivity" d,-,ta i.\'v
-------
situation thai: ha< b-f.n studied, and found .to be of .con-
cern is tha'c r;r-ifjcu by the passage of a high pressure
- .. system. Within svcb. f; pyctem—typically covering
several thou.sard square ni3.es—-emissions from -all
urban (and- nonujiban) sources disperse and mix relatively
rapidly, stay aloft for perhaps several days, and forra
a fairly uniform "blanket" of oxidants that afflicts
the entire area in the high pressure cell -when the pollu-
tants 'are brought dovm to the ground. ~
—Both in the Los Angeles -basin case-and the Mid-West
areas case, the aerometric data established that the
organic-to~NO, ratio in the ambient air can be much
j£
higher than the ratios used in the smog chamber studies,
Thus, the measured ratios/were, in general, higher
in. the more reacted air masses, and., carbon atom-tp~NQ
X
ratios of 100 or higher have been observed.
The most important implications of these findings are
(a) that the orga'nic-to~NO ratio and" irradiation conditions
-------
current EPA think troy :•<••;--'" '>'J optimum use of reactivity
criteria in contra." , ~i-\.:zc<-*zti:, ':bat organic compounds should
be categorized intu l-birr.-'-'- .inactivity classes -defined as
follows:
Class__I ; • OrcsaniCfc-. yielding little, if any/ Q-,
low " vmcler typical urban conditions *
reactivity
Class ^11: . Organi.cs which give a.n intermediate yield
medium. . of O-. vithin the first solar day.
reactivity
Organics which give very high yields of
high reactivity . O^ within a few hours of irradiation. .
This classification is based on data where organic concentratio
is typical of urban atmospheres . . The molecular organic con-
centrations would be in the range of 1 to 4 ppm.
Table 1 lists various chemical families
and some individual compounds in these three categories. (It
is important to observe the footnotes to this table.) Table
2 is an alphabetical listing of selected high-volume .
organic compounds. manufactured, in the U.S. with a column
indicating the reactivity category into which they fall. Sines
many of these, compounds have never 'been examined in a smog
chamber. for their photochemical reactivity, they cannot be
categorized with confidence, as footnotes to this table
indicate. • Furthermore, even some of the organics tested
cannot" be categorized with confidence because of
inconsistencies in the experimental data. .
Thus, Table lf as well as Table 2, should be considered
as only a tentative categorization of compounds according to
their photochemical reactivity. It is correct to the best of
our knowledge at the present time. It will undergo revisions
with advancement of that knowledge. Even so, the tables are
very useful in developing a hydrocarbon control strategy based
on the reactivity concept. It is our belief that organic
-------
compounds not listed in Tr'^r-: ;•: c:onld be classified by
referring to "tile general family classi'f £cation~as given in
Table 3 . If an orrniiic compound cannot be classified by use of
either Table 1-or Table 2, the Office of Air Quality Planning
ancl Standards, in cooperation with Environmental Sciences
Research Laboratoryr Research -Triangle Park, JS.C.., will provide
an appropriate classification.
Under the State Impleirieritation 'Plans, the amount of hydro-
carbon control in an area is determined by the amount of oxidan
observed in the area. - Procedures for determining the necessary
hydrocarbon emission reduction have been provided in CFR 51.14(
and Appendix J of PR 3j6.:158' August 14, ^1971. Nothing in this
present guideline on reactivity changes those proced\:res. The.
reactivity information provided here is to be used only for
identifying the organic compounds which should be considered fc
control, and the control credit which can be given for- various
compound substitution strategies.
USE OF THF REACTIVITY CONCEPT
Prom the foregoing discussion, it is clear that the photo-
chemical reactivity-of the organic compounds can influence the
oxidant pollution situation ^in several ways. Control strate-
gies^ can thus be based on recognizing, in Table 1, that the
most^rej£tive__organic compounds_j(Cl.ass_III_)_ wlilproduce '
oxidants rapidly in the vicinity_of their release,- before they
are transported to distant areas downwind. These are the ...com-
pounds which produce the major fractionof oxidants fcund with:
the urban source areas. The compounds in the medium reactivity
category (Class II) , on the other hand, will produce__only a
moderate amount of oxidants on the day of their_rel_ease. They
will'" con tribute to the oxidants found downwind of _thsir releasi
point on sxibsequent days and may contribute__tg_ q_x_idant_. levels
observed in downwind cities.
The meteorology and source distribution in an area are
important in the use of reactivity information. Since there
-------
seasonal differences :'.;.• vaotoorology , it is possible U:at
there may be seasonal alternatives for hydrocarbon control i'n
an area,- too. For. exeiaple, if organic compounds of Class Til
will form relatively largo concentrations of oxidants in the
vicinity of their release, their emissions must be- closely.
controlled unless" the relea?>e point is very isolated, or unless
the temperature does not .gen er ally rise above 65°F, or unless
the frequency of cloud cover would prevent the entrance of
ultra-violet radiation to initiate the photochemical process.
The current procedure of basing the amount of hydrocarbon contr
on observed oxidant helps account for these differences .
Generally Class JT^_(mejli^J__^^
compounds both should b_e_JbjLe..al^eA-_ajS_reajc t iye or gan i gs c_e-.pabl e
of forming oxidant anastld_b^^nj2lj^ of
the amount of control needed . Whenever a Class II compound can
be substituted for a Class III, an obvious benefit relative to
photochemical oxidant will result, especially in "the geographic
vicinity of the emission. Therefore, such substitution should
be considered as a valuable interim measure providing additions
time for sources to 'develop and apply the required degree of
control of reactive organics. or substitution of Class I com-
pounds .
It is conceivable that in some situations full credit as c
permanent control measure could be given for the substitution
of 'Class "II for Class III. These would only involve, isolated •
sources or. cities in an area of rapid, unidirectional wind -
transport and excellent dispersion 'or vhere photochemical
reactivity is very low. In these rare situations, it is
possible that dilution would overwhelm the long-term formation
of oxidant. This should be' considered -the unusual situation
and a case-by-case documentation required.
In p_rinciple,__emission of Class I compounds need not be
considered nor controlled under any conditions— with respect
-------
to their foin-ir^' photcc:v;.i-ii<. ul or.: ciar.tc. From this point of
view, they are exeinp_t .^-'c:/ ^,?^'."':•<-!_ rG_duotipn__cpntrpi calcula-
tions, such as Appendix J or proper ii.cna3 roll-back. Therefore;,
so long as an industrial procos:,__f^cv^:_not
compound to" a temperaturc^ abcv^ 175°J^/_njD
^®_^£E§H^£^_^P_ ^;^LP?£'-3--Ts- (":'"& temperature of 175°F is
one v;hich is generalJy oonsidereJ. to be incapable of forming
photochemically reactive compounds by either decomposition of,
or synthesis from, other organic compounds,) Again, it
is important to restate that this freedom from restriction
applies only to potential oxidant formation. Other reasons,
such as odor or toxicity for example, could dictate the
application of control devices to a process. (However,
these would not be regulated under the State Implementation
Plans.) Substitution of Class I compounds for Class II or
Class III compound thus may be of potentially great benefit bo^
oxidant reduction and as a cost-effective control strategy,
On the other hand, emission of any quantity__of__any-:-C-l»ss II
or Class III compound from an__induB trial process must__be_ con-
sidered only an interim measure. From this point of view, all
Los Angeles "Rule 66"-type regulations are tentative. V7e do
not suggest changing at this time these regulations which are
already • incorporated in SIPs, however. As temporary measures
leading to the reduction of reactive organic emissions,.they
serve a useful purpose.. They are effective while reformulating.
process solvents or developing control devices.
In the long run, however, the reduction of organic compounds
according to Appendix J (modified by omitting Class I low
reactivity compounds from the emission inventory) must be
followed. ' -
Those state and local air pollution control agencies whicV
are considering adopting regulations governing organic solvent
emissions similar to the Los Angeles "Rule 66," may want to
consider modifying those regulations in view of the reactivity
classification of organic compounds presented in this document.
For example, parts (b) and (c) of that rule could be modified
to relax restrictions
-------
on Class I~ compound?:, as they are listed in Table 1 of "this
present; document. Furtherr part (k) which defines a photo-
chemically reactive solvent, oov.ld be modified as.follows: .
"A photochemical ly xoc'Ct;,ive solvent is any solvent
with an aggreg-ate of raoro than 12_££££SHt. °^ •*-4cs total
"volume composed of the cherrdcal compounds classified
'below or which exceeds; any of the following individual
percentage composition limitations, referred to the
total volume of the solvent:
1. A combination of hydrocarbons, alcohols, esters,
or ketones having an olefinic or cycloolefinic
type of unsaturation, and of aliphatic aldehydes,
ethers, cellosolves, cellosolve acetates, tri-
& tetraalkyl benzenes: 5 percent
2. A combination of dialkyl benzenes: 8 percent
3. A combination of monoalkyl bensenes except tert-
alkyl benzenes, ketones having branched hydrocar-
bon structures, trichloroethylene: 20 percent
4. A combination of paraffins or cycloparaffins
with four or more carbon atoms to the molecule,
n-alkyl .ketones with four or more carbon atoms
to the molecule, primary or secondary alkyl
acetates with three or more carbon atoms to the
molecule: 40 percent" -
' Although there will 'continue to be controversy over any
definition of reactivity and its use in control strategies,
these guidelines provide a uniform Agency policy and represent
the latest scientific findings from both laboratory and field
studies. These guidelines should be used principally in
developing new SIPs. It is not Agency policy to revise
existing State Implementation Plans for O. just to make them
conform to these guidelines on reactivity. The current plans
generally are not inconsistent with the guidance being
-------
provideds arid often thr.- E^^sti tut.Ions required effectively
implement the Class III to Clcsr> II interim measures.
-------
Table 1. Reacl; \vil.y 'Cj '.ii;c. \ficatioA of - Organics
Baso>\ oir ff--b bwpcj Chamber Studies
Class I
(Low Reactivity)
Ci-C3 Paraffins
Acetylene ^
Benzene \^~
Benzaldehyde ^
Acetone
Methanol
Tert-alkyl alcohols ^
Phenyl acetate v'
Methyl benzoate NX"
Ethyl Amines ^^
Dimethyl forrnamide /
Perhalogenated ^
hydrocarbons
Partially halogenated
paraffins
Phthalic Anhydride**
Phthalic Acids**
Acetonitrile*
Acetic Acid
Aromatic Amines
Hydroxyl Amines
Naphthalene*
Chlorobenzenes*
Nitrobenzene s*
Phenol*
das;.; II
rptn ]:eactiv.i,ty)
Class III
(High Reactivity)
MonQ~i-.ort--3.lkyl benzenes <•'
Cyclic-Ketones r>
Alky.l acetates £•
2 -N itrcpropai -,e
C^+~Paraffins
Cycloparaffins ~"
n-alkyl Ketones a
M-methyl pyrrolidone BJ
N,N-dimethyl acetamide-^
Alkyl Phenols*
Methyl phthalates**
All other aromatic hydr
carbons &. t &
All.Olefinic hydrocarbc
(including partially he
genated) &-, \L ,
Aliphatic aldehydes '"
Branched alky.1 Ketones
Cell'osolve acetate &
Unsaturated Ketones £
Primary 5 secondary
-------
Table 2
No.
Compound
Name
1 Acetic Acid.
2 Acetic Anhydride
3 AcetaidehydG
4 Acetone
5 Acetone Cyanohydrin
(2-methylIactonitrile)
6 Acetonitrile (Methyl
Cyanide)
7 Acetylene(excluding
CaC2-Chemical only)
8 Acrylic Acid
9 Acrylonitrile (Vinyl
Cyanide)
10 Adipic Acid
11 Aniline (Aminobenzene).
12 Benzene (Chemical)
13 Bisphenol-A
14 Butadiene
15 n-Butane
16 Iscbutane
17 1 & 2 Butanes
18 Isobutylene
19 n-Butanol (n-butyl
alcohol)
20 2-Butoxyethariol
21 n-Butyl Acetate
activity
a be gory
I
I
III
I
I**
I*
I
III**
III**
III**
I
I
II*
III
II
II
III
III
III
III
II
Production in" Mil:
Ibs/yr (Year) (Rf
2277
1573
1400
2073
484
135
400
950
1400
1520
553
8000
388
3666
2331
659
1508
1611
540
133.3
95
(1974 (1)
"(1970 MH
1973(D
1974(1)
1968(3)
1970(7)
1974(1)
19?3(4)
1974 (1)
- 1974 (1)
1974 (1)
1974(1)
1974 '15
1974 (1)
1970^7'
1968(3)
1968(3)
1968(3)
1974(D
1970 (7'
1970(7
-------
Table. 2 (continued)
Compound Reactivity
No.
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Name
Sec Butyl Alcohol
Tertiary Butyl Alcohol
Carbon Disulfide
(carbon bisulfide)
Carbon Tetrachloride
(Tetrachloromethane)
Chloroform
(Trichloromethane)
Mono Chlorobenzene
p~di-Chlorobenzene
1,3, -Dichloropropene
& 1, 2-Dichloropropene
Cumene
(Isopropylbenzene)
Cyclohexane
Cyclohexanol
Cyclohexanone
Diethylene Glycol
Di- (2-ethylhexyl)
phthalate
Diisodecyl Phthalate
Dimethyl terephtha-
late. (DMT)
Epichlorohydrin
(l-chloro-2, 3, epoxy-
propane)
Category
III
I
I**
!**
I
I*
I*
III
III
II
III
III
III*
III**
III**
II**
III**
Production in Millie
Ibs/yr
525
1000
768
1014
301
403
77.3
60
3000
2384
481
783.4
335
435
153.3
2714
495 .
(Year) (i
1974(4)!5)
1970 ( "
1972(13)
1974(1)
1974(D
f i -*\
1972 ^ '
1972
1970 ( ;)
1974 (6)
1974(1)
1968 (3)
19?2(13)
19?3(1)
1970 !7)
1970(7)
1973U3)
1974C4HS>
-------
Table 2 (continued)
No.
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
Compound Reactivity
Name Category
Ethane (chemical
conversion only)
Ethanolamines
(mono,di & tri)
Ethyl Acetate
Ethyl Alcohol
(Ethanol)
Ethyl Benzene
Ethyl Chloride
(Chloroethane)
2-Ethoxyhexanol
Ethylene (chemical
conversion only)
Ethylene
dibroraide
' Ethylene dichloride
(1, 2/dichloroethane)
Ethyl Ether
(diethyl ether)
Ethylene Glycol
'Ethylene Oxide
2-Ethylhexanol
•
Fluorocarbon 11
(Tr ichlorof luoromethane )
Freon 11, F-ll
I
III**
II
III
III
I
I
III
III
I
I
III
III*
III**
III
I
Production in Millie
Ibs/yr (Year) (Re
2056
305
170
1741
7020
660
205
23,587
334
7721
-
131
3079+
3956
402
347
1968(3)
-
1974 (!)
1974(1)
1974 (13)
1974(1>
1974 (14)
1970(7)
1974 (1)
1573(12)
1974(14)
1974(4)(5)
1974(1)
1974(1)
1974(1)
n d }
1974 U4)
-------
Table 2 (continued)
Compound Reactivity Production" in Mil? ii
No.
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
Name
Fluorocarbon 12
(Dichlorodif luoro-
methane) Freon 12
Fluorocarbon 22
(Monochlorodi-
fluoromethane) Freon 22
Fluorocarbon 113
trichlorotr if luoro-
ethane
Fluorocarbon 114
(dichlorotetrafluoro-
ethane)
Formaldehyde (100%)
Glycerine (Glycerol)
Formin (Hexamethylene-
tetramine)
Heptenes/ mixed
1,6 Hexanediamine
Hydrogen Cyanide
Isodecyl Alcohol
Isoprene - -
Isoprophl Alcohol
n-propyl alcohol
Maleic Anhydride
Methanol (Methyl
Alcohol)
Category
I
I
I
I
III
III*
III**
III
III**
— .
Ill
III
III
III
III**
I
Ibs/yr
503
141
59
1
23
2152
360
95
274
854.4
300
147
401
1905
83.1
295
6789
(Year) (K
1974(14!
1974 <"»
1574 <14>
1974 <">
1974 (1>
1Q73(13)
1970<7'
1968 (3>
1970 (7J
1963(2)
1970<7'
1974(4)(5)
1974 <7!
1970(7)
1973(1)
1974(1!
-------
-------
Table 2 (continued)
No.
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78 •
79
80
81
82
83
S4
.85
86
Compound
Name
Methyl Chloride
(Chloromethane )
Methylene Dichloride
(Methylene Chloride)
Methyl Ethyl Ketone
(MEK)
Methyl Isobutyl
Ketone (MIBK)
Methyl Methacrylate
Solvent N apt ha
Napthalene
Nitrobenzene
n-octyl-n-decyl.
phthalate
Nonyl Phenol
(ethoxylated)
Perchloroethylene
(Tetrachloroethylene)
Phenol
Phosgene (Carbonyl
Chloride)
Phthalic Anhydride
Propane
Propylene
Propylene Glycol
Reactivity
Category
I
I
II
!
Ill
III**
III
I*
I*
III**
II*
I
I*
„
I*
I
III '
III
Production
Ibs/yr
458
590
506
161
640
8288.4
535
655
200
177.9
731
2450
637
1030
' ' 9608. 3
10,011
537
,in Millie
(Year) (He
1974 «>
1974 (1>
1974 (1>
1974(1>
1973 <"
1S70<7>
1970 (7)
1968(3'
1970!7'
1970<7>
1974(1)
1974 (1)
M -SV
1972 UJ)
1974(1>
1970 <7)
1974 (1)
1974 (1!
-------
Table 2 (continued)
No.
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
Compound > Reactivity
N&me ' Category
Propylene Oxide
Styrene (Phenyl
ethylene)
Terephthalic Acid
Terephthalic Acid,
Dimethyl Ester
Tetrapropylene
(mix of C,? olefins)
Toluene
Toluene Ddisocyanates
2,4, & 2,6 (TDI)
1,1/1 Trichloroethane
(methylchloroform)
Trichloroethylene
Triethylene glycol
Vinyl Acetate
Monomer (VAM)
Vinyl Chloride
Monomer (VCM)
in & Mixed xylenes
(excluding purified
o & p)
o-xy3 ene
1,2 dimethylbenzene
p-xylene
III**
III
I**
II**
III
III
117**
I
III
III*
III*
III
III
III
III
Production in Millie
Ibs/yr (-Year) (R<
1780
6190
900
1309
384
7000
641
590
434
93.6
1403
-
5604
485
1048
2677
1974 (1)
1974(1)
1973 {13)
1968{3)
1964(6)
1974 (!)
1974 ^
1974 (1)
1974(1)
1973 (12)
1973(1)
1974 (1)
1972(12)
•
1974(1>
1974(1>
(1,4 dimethylbenzene
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^n.'l::c^c,r.t-.l Pr-otection Agency
P3?;icn V, Library
?co s-uch Pica-burn Street
Chic,-.-:-, Illinois 6060H
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U.B. Not Included in tliis 3:'.:.'_ £.::o foly;^"G and other high molecular
wcight compounds o£ very lov vo'.y ti.'. icy. Alro net included
arc natural products, sar-.h c\s tv.'-xc-:r
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