INTERSTATE POLLUTION OF OHIO RIVER

  PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA AREA
                        U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
                              AGENCY
                             REGION III

-------
        A REPORT ON POLLUTION



OF THE OHIO RIVER AND ITS TRIBUTARIES



 IN THE PITTSBURGH, PENNSYLVANIA AREA
U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY






             REGION HI
                1971
          Illinois  60S05

-------

-------
                       TABLE OF CONTENTS






                                                             PAGE




List of Tables                                                ill




List of Figures                                                iv




Introduction                                                    1




Summary                                                         3




Conclusions                                                     5




Recommendations                                                 7




Area                                                           11




Water Uses                                                     15




     Present Uses                                              15




     Water Uses as Defined by Water Quality Standards          20




     General Water Quality Criteria                            21




Sources of Waste                                               29




Effects of Pollution on Water Quality and Uses                 49




Effects of Pollution on Aquatic Life                           73




Bibliography                                                   90
                              ii

-------

-------
                          List of Tables


 1.  Current Approved Specific Criteria - Ohio River

 2.  Ohio's Proposed Temperature Criteria for the Ohio River

 3.  Sources of Municipal Wastes - Ohio River

 4.  Sources of Municipal Wastes - Monongahela River

 5*  Major Industrial Dischargers, Ohio River - Pennsylvania

 6.  Major Industrial Dischargers, Monongahela River * Pennsylvania

 7.  Other Industrial Dischargers, Ohio River - Pennsylvania

 8.  Other Industrial Dischargers, Monongahela River - Pennsylvania

 9.  Sampling Stations, Special Study - EPA - Ohio River, May-June 1970

10.  University of Pittsburgh Study,  Monthly Average Total  Coliform
     Density

11.  Total Coliform Density,  Ohio River and Tributaries

12.  Phenol Concentrations, Ohio River and Tributaries

13.  Chemical Analyses of Bottom Samples of Ohio River, May 1970

14.  Bottom Organisms Collected from the Ohio River from Pittsburgh,
     Pennsylvania, Downstream to East Liverpool, Ohio, May  1970

15.  Summary of Bottom Animals Collected From Basket Samplers  -
     Upper Ohio River, May-June 1970
                                iii

-------

-------
                          List of Figures


 1.  Location Map, Ohio and Honongahela River Systems,  Allenport to
     East Liverpool

 2.  Location of Sampling Stations and Mile Points (Ohio River)

 3.  Coliform Densities, Ohio River, May-June 1970

 4.  ORSANCO's D.O.-BOD Model of the Ohio River

 5.  Monthly Average Total Iron Concentrations, Ohio River,  1964-1965

 6.  Organic Carbon and Nitrogen Content of Sediment Samples from
     Ohio River, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Downstream to East Liverpool,
     May 1970

 7»  Summary of Algal Responses in Bio-assays, Ohio River, May-June 1970

 8.  Numbers and Composition of Attached Growths,  Ohio  River, May-June 1970

 9.  Numbers of Kinds of Organisms in Attached Growth Communities,
     Ohio River, May-June 1970

10.  Quantity of Chlorophyll in Attached Growth Communities, Ohio River,
     May-June 1970

11.  Location of Bottom Animal Sampling Stations,  Ohio  River, Pittsburgh,
     Pennsylvania to East Liverpool, Ohio, May 1970

12.  Bottom Animals Collected in Rock Basket Samplers,  Ohio  River,
     May-June 1970
                                iv

-------

-------
                        INTRODUCTION





     On the basis of reports, surveys or studies, the Administrator



of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, having reason to believe



that pollution from sources in Pennsylvania was endangering the health



or welfare of persons in Ohio and West Virginia, called a conference



of the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania, the States of Ohio and West Vir-



ginia, the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission (ORSANCO) and



the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EEd) on the interstate pol-



lution of the Ohio River in the Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania area.  The



conference was called in accordance with Section 10(d) of the Federal



Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 1160).



     The purpose of this report is to delineate the characteristics of



this pollution of the Ohio River, the municipal and industrial sources



of this pollution in Pennsylvania, the effects of this pollution upon



water quality and water uses; the adequacy of present wastewater treat-



ment facilities; and future abatement requirements.



     This report on pollution of the interstate waters of the Ohio



River is based upon:  previous reports; data and other materials ob-



tained from the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources,



ORSANCO, and the U. S. Geological Survey (USGS)j information fur-



nished by other Federal, State, and local agencies and individuals;



official records of the Department of the Interior; and data obtained



by EPA during field studies in May and June 1970, and February and



March 1971.

-------

-------
                           SUMMERY





     The Ohio River is formed by the confluence of the Allegheny



and Monongahela Rivers at Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and flows gen-



erally in a northwesterly direction to form the border between West



Virginia and Ohio at river mile 1*0.  This report considers the main-



stem of the Monongahela River from Allenport, Pennsylvania, at river



mile Vf, to Pittsburgh, at river mile 0, and the main stem of the



Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Virginia, at river mile



k2.  The area is highly industrialized and is noted for its heavy



concentration of iron, steel, and metal processing plants.



     The Ohio River from Pittsburgh to river mile U2 is used



principally for navigation and as an industrial water supply.  The



Ohio River in Pennsylvania is not used as a major municipal water



source because it contains high bacteria densities, high concentra-



tions of phenolic compounds and other materials that cause taste and



odor problems.  The water is generally unpalatable without extensive



water treatment.  Fishing and recreational use of the river have been



restricted by pollution.  The States of Pennsylvania, Ohio and West



Virginia have adopted specific criteria for the Ohio River in order



to protect legitimate uses as defined in their Water Quality Stand-



ards.  These criteria were approved by the Administrator of the



U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.

-------
     Unusually large loads of municipal and industrial wastes are



discharged to the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in Pennsylvania, af-



fecting the area covered by the conference.  The largest source of



municipal waste is the Allegheny County Sanitation Authority treat-



ment plant at Ohio River mile 3.1.  Industrial waste sources vary



considerably but the main sources are large iron, steel, and metal



processing plants, such as the plants operated by Jones and Laughlin



Corporation at Aliquippa, Crucible Steel Corporation at Midland,



Shenango, Inc. on Neville Island, several U. S. Steel plants and the



Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel plant at Monesson.  These municipal and



industrial wastes affect the water quality of the Ohio and Mononga-



hela Rivers by causing excessive bacteria densities; by depleting



the dissolved oxygen content of the Ohio River; by forming oily



sludges that are toxic to benthic microfauna; and by contributing



excessive loads of phenols, iron, oil, heat, settleable solids, imd



suspended solids.



     Aquatic life in these reaches of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers



is largely limited to pollution-tolerant fish and aquatic organisms.



The fish population is mainly comprised of those species that are not



.considered sport fishes, and pollution renders these fish inedible



because of fish flavor.  Benthic fauna consists of only pollution-



tolerant sludgeworms, and these are found in low numbers indicating



toxicity.

-------
                         CONCLUSIONS





     1.  The Ohio River is polluted by industrial and municipal



wastes, originating in Pennsylvania, and endangering the health



and welfare of persons in Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio.





     2.  The Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Virginia



is polluted by untreated and inadequately treated domestic wastes



that create bacterial pollution in the river; the coliform densi-



ties exceed the Federal-State Water Quality Standards criteria



almost continually.  The river can be used for a public water sup-



ply only with extensive treatment.  Use of the river for recreation



is hazardous to human health.





     3.  The Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Virginia



is polluted by untreated and inadequately treated organic wastes



from municipal and industrial sources that form toxic sludge de-



posits upon the river bottom and often deplete the dissolved oxy-



gen content of the river below levels necessary to support fish



and other aquatic organisms.  The dissolved oxygen content of the



river is often below the minimum concentration set in Pennsylvania's



Water Quality Standards.

-------
     U.  The Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Virginia



often contains high concentrations of phenolics, originating from



industrial discharges to the Ohio, Monongahela, and Allegheny Rivers



in Pennsylvania that cause fish flavor tainting and produce taste and



odor problems in municipal water supplies in Pennsylvania, West Vir-



ginia and Ohio.




     5.  The Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Virginia



is polluted by oil, originating from industrial sources in Pennsyl-



vania, that interferes with uses for recreation, fishing, and muni-



cipal water supplies.  Oily sludges, toxic to bottom animals, cover



much of the river bottom, and oils mark much of the shoreline.




     6.  The Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Virginia



is polluted by waste toxic to fish and aquatic organisms.  Popula-



tions of fish and other aquatic organisms are restricted to pollu-



tion tolerant species, and the fish which are present are inedible.




     7.  The temperature of the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester,



West Virginia during critical periods borders upon the maximum tem-



perature  permissable to sustain an adequate warm water fish popula-



tion.




     8.  Municipal and industrial discharges to tributaries of the



Ohio River in Pennsylvania, especially the Monongahela River, con-



tribute substantially to the water quality problems in the Ohio



River.

-------
                       BEOOMMEaiDATlPHS




It is reconnaended that:



     1.  All boroughs, townships and sanitation authorities in the



Commonwealth of Pennsylvania that discharge municipal wastes to the



Ohio River and its tributaries, except the Allegheny County Sanitary



Authority, provide a minimum of secondary treatment for all their



waste waters.  Such secondary treatment should provide a minimum of



an 85 percent reduction of both suspended solids and oxygen demand-



ing material throughout the year; the oxygen demanding material



measured by the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD,-) test.



     2.  The Allegheny County Sanitary Authority's treatment plant



at Pittsburgh provide, as a minimum, a 90 percent reduction of both



suspended solids and oxygen demanding material throughout the year.



The rate of discharge by this plant shall not exceed a BOD,- load of



20,000 pounds per day and a suspended solid load of U0,000 pounds



per day.



     3.  All industrial discharges to the Ohio River and its trib-



utaries in Pennsylvania be treated to reduce the organic waste load



by 85 percent as measured by the 5-day biochemical oxygen demand



(BOD5) test.



     k.  All municipal waste treatment plants in Pennsylvania that



discharge to the Ohio River and its tributaries should provide ade-



quate year-round disinfection of their waste water effluents.

-------
Adequate disinfection is that which provides an effluent which

will contain a concentration not greater than 200 per 100 ml of

fecal coliform organisms as a geometric average value nor greater

than 1»OO per 100 ml of these organisms in more than 10 percent of

the samples tested.

     5.  Waste waters discharged into the Ohio River and its

tributaries in Pennsylvania from municipal and industrial sources:

         a.  Shall not show irridescence nor contain more than

             10 mg/1 of total oil

         b.  Shall not contain amounts of the following sub-

             stances that will cause the concentration in the

             receiving stream to exceed the acceptable level

             as specified in the most recent edition of the

             USPHS Drinking Water Standards t

                   Arsenic                   Lead
                   Barium                    Nickel
                   Cadmium                   Phenols
                   Chromium, hexavalent      Selenium
                   Copper                    Silver
                   Cyanide                   Zinc

     6.  Waste waters from industrial and municipal sources that

discharge to the Ohio River or its tributaries in Pennsylvania riot

contain more than 7.0 mg/1 of total iron nor 1.0 mg/1 of manganese.

     7.  Waste waters from industrial and municipal sources that

discharge to the Ohio River and its tributaries in Pennsylvania shall

not contain material toxic or harmful to aquatic life.  Waste waters

are considered toxic if over half of the test organisms are fatali-

ties in a 96-hour bioassay.
                              8

-------
     8.  Waste waters from industrial sources that discharge to



the Ohio River and its tributaries contain no settleable solids



nor a concentration of suspended solids in excess of 30 mg/1.



     9.  All new and proposed expansions of existing thermal



electric power plants along the Ohio River and its tributaries



in Pennsylvania should include facilities for off-stream cooling



throughout the year.



    10.  All municipal and industrial waste sources in the con-



ference area have the required treatment facilities completed



and in operation by December, 1973 except where completion is



required earlier by the Federally approved water quality standards.



Interim dates for all waste sources in the conference area are to



be submitted to the conference chairman within three months.



    11.  Concentrations of all materials shall be determined



according to the procedures outlined in the latest edition of



Standard Methods.

-------
                                                       /y
    OHIO
WEST
VIRGINIA
             Figure  I
          Location  Map
         Principal Streams

        Allenport, Pennsylvania
                to
         C Hester, West Virginia
                                                             ALLENPORT ®V

-------
                            AREA



     The Monongahela River flows from northern West Virginia into


Pennsylvania near Point Marion, Pennsylvania and continues on a


northerly course for 91 miles to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania (Figure l),


At Pittsburgh, the Monongahela River joins the Allegheny River to


form the Ohio River.  The Ohio River then flows in a northwesterly


direction for 25 miles to its confluence with the Beaver River,


south of Beaver Falls, Pennsylvania.  From its confluence with the


Beaver, the Ohio River flows in a westerly direction for 15 miles


to the Pennsylvania-Ohio-West Virginia State boundary approximately


three miles east of East Liverpool, Ohio.  At this point, the river


leaves Pennsylvania and forms the border between the States of Ohio


and West Virginia.


     The area considered in this report is the main stem of the


Monongahela River from Allenport, Pennsylvania, at river mile Vf,


to its confluence with the Allegheny River at Pittsburgh and the


main stem of the Ohio River from Pittsburgh to Chester, West Vir-


ginia, at river mile k2.  The total population of townships and


boroughs adjacent to or near to the Monongahela and Ohio Rivers in


this area was approximately 1,100,000 in 1970, including 520,000


in the City of Pittsburgh.   A total population of 1,300,000 is


served by the Allegheny County Sanitary Authority (ALCOSAN) which

                             n                                  v
discharges to the Ohio River.   This disparity between population


and population and population served results from the many commu-


nities that are served by the ALCOSAN system but are located in
                             11

-------
neither the Ohio River nor Monongahela River basins.



     The Monongahela River at Charleroi, Pennsylvania drains an



area of 5»213 square miles, the drainage area increases to 7,38l



square miles at Pittsburgh.  The largest tributary to the river



in this area is the Youghiogheny River that drains an area of



1,768 square miles and flows into the Monongahela River at Mc-



Keesport, Pennsylvania.  Other major tributaries of the Mononga-



hela River in this area are Turtle, Pigeon and Peters Creeks that



drain lU?, 59 and 52 square miles, respectively.



     The Monongahela River has been canalized in this area with



three dams and navigation locks.  These structures provide a



9 foot channel for navigation.  Locks at Dams 2, 3, and k provide



vertical lifts of 8.7, 8.2 and 16.6 feet respectively at normal



pool for the Monongahela River.



     The Ohio River at Pittsburgh drains an area of 19,111 square



miles; the drainage area increases to 23,300 square miles at the



Pennsylvania State line.  In Pennsylvania, the Ohio River has been



canalized with three dams and navigation locks — Emsworth, Dasfa-



ields and Montgomery.  A fourth lock and dam, New Cumberland, is



located ik.h miles downstream from the State line.  A 9 foot chan-



nel is maintained here also.  The vertical lift at the Emsworth,



Dashields and Montgomery dams at normal pool are 17.5, 10.0 and



18.0 feet, respectively.
                             12

-------
     The area is heavily industrialized by basic steel,  metal,



processing and chemical plants that occupy the alluvial plain.



The availability of water transportation has made the area an



important terminal for barge traffic, especially for coal and



petroleum products.  The heavy concentration of steel producing



facilities in the immediate Pittsburgh area has earned Pittsburgh



the title of "Steel Capital of the World."
                             13

-------
                         WA.TER USES





PRESENT USES



     The Monongahela River from Allenport to Pittsburgh is



utilized principally for navigation and as an industrial and



municipal water supply.  The Ohio River in Pennsylvania is also



used for navigation and as an industrial water supply, but usage



as a municipal water supply is limited.  Both rivers are used



sparingly for recreation and for fishing, since these uses are



severely restricted by pollution.  There is presently no use of



the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in this area for hydroelectric



power and usage for irrigation has been negligible.





Municipal Water Supply



     The Monongahela River is used widely as a source of municipal



water.  About 623,000 people in this area are served by municipal



water systems that use the Monongahela River as a raw water source.



The South Pittsburgh Water Company alone serves about U80,000



people.  Other major municipal users are the Charleroi, Elizabeth



and North Versailles systems that serve 60,000; 37,600; and 16,000



people, respectively.



     The Ohio River in Pennsylvania is not used extensively as a



raw source for municipal water.  In Pennsylvania, only the City of



Midland uses the river as a raw water supply for approximately



7,000 people.  Midland's raw water intake is located approximately



four miles upstream from the Pennsylvania State line.
                             15

-------
East Liverpool, Ohio is the only other municipality in this area


to use the river as a raw water source; this system serves about


30,000 people.^  The extensive treatment used by the East Liver-


pool plant is Indicative of the problems encountered when using


the Ohio River as a raw water source.  Chlorine dioxide is used.


for disinfection because of its characteristic of effectively de-


stroying phenolic substances that cause taste and odor problems


in finished water.  The use of chlorine for disinfection of waters


containing phenolic substances results in objectionable taste atnd


odor in the finished water.  High concentrations of phenols and


other taste and odor causing materials necessitate the use of


carbon filters to remove the foulness from the water.  In the


winter months, even this extensive treatment proves ineffective

                                                 k
when phenol concentrations are high in the river.   All other


municipal systems in this area rely upon ground water from in-


filtration galleries, Ranney wells, or drilled wells for raw


water sources.



Fishing


     In the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, explorers, fron-


tiersmen, settlers, and naturalists were impressed with the abun-


dance and size of the fishes that they took from the Ohio River


as they descended the river from Pittsburgh.  Today, the river is


used for fishing although the use is limited by the type of fish
                             16

-------
population  (predominantly rough species such as carp, bullheads
and gizzard shad) and the edibility of the fish (caused by fish
tainting).  Fishermen are also reluctant to fish in the river
because of  the oil, scum, and debris that persists near major
municipalities and industries.  The Pennsylvania Fish Commission
does not stock either the Ohio or Monongahela Rivers, although
many tributary streams in the area are stocked.

Recreation
     Boating is the main recreational use of the Ohio and Mononga-
hela Rivers in Pennsylvania, although the use falls short of what
would be expected if the rivers were clean.  The Corps of Engineers
reports that the nine marinas, ramps, and/or docks along the 140
miles of Ohio River in Pennsylvania have a mooring capacity of
185 berths.  Similar figures for the kj miles of the Monongahela
River reveal that ik marinas, ramps and/or docks have a mooring
capacity of 226 berths.  For comparison, the Allegheny River from
Pittsburgh upstream to mile point to have a mooring capacity of
1657 berths at 33 facilities.5
     The oil, scum, and floating debris that persists in most
sections of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers limit their use for
contact recreation.  More important, although not visible, are
the dangerously high bacterial counts, indicative of the presence
of pathogenic organisms.  Bacteria densities often exceed the level
                             17

-------
which is considered hazardous for secondary, non-contact recreation
such as boating and fishing.

Industrial Water Supply
     The Ohio and Monongahela Rivers are used extensively by indus-
tries in this area as a source of process and cooling water.  Total
water use exceeds 6,2 billion gallons per day, of which approximately
three-fourths is used as once-through cooling water for thermal elec-
tric power generation.  Major iron and steel producers account for
approximately 20 percent of the industrial water use, the bulk of
which is also used for cooling purposes.  It has been estimated that
cooling water comprises approximately 80 percent of the total water
use in basic steel production, but reuse may alter the percentage
considerably.   The balance of the industrial water (approximately
5 percent) is used by metal processing plants, chemical plants,
petroleum processing plants, and various other operations.

Navigation
     Navigation is one of the most important uses of the Ohio and
Monongahela Rivers in Pennsylvania.  Along with the accompanying
industrial uses, navigation is an integral part of the economic
development along these two rivers.  The Corps of Engineers has
issued permits for a total of 171 river terminals from Allenport
to Pittsburgh on the Monongahela River and from Pittsburgh to mile
point i(2 on the Ohio River.
                             18

-------
     The following table lists the number of terminals capable
of handling specific materials:
               Material
         Oil and gasoline
         Stone, sand and gravel
         Coal and coke
         Iron and steel
         Industrial chemicals
          number of Terminals
                 29
                 35
                 29
                 23
                 15
The above listing is not additive in that many facilities have the
capability of handling two or more materials.  Terminals for moor-
                                                           •7
ing services and miscellaneous materials complete the list.
     Total tonnage by material type that passed through Lock No. 2
                                                    Q
on the Monongahela River during 1970 was as follows:
     Material
     Coal and coke
     Iron and steel
     Oil and gasoline
     All other
                    Total
Tonnage-1970
  1,167,000
  1,708,290
  2,722,380
 21,627,090
Similar data for the Emsworth Lock on the Ohio River is:
                                                        8
     Material
     Coal and coke
     Iron and steel
     Oil and gasoline
     All other
                    Total
 Tonnage-197P
  13,90^,350
   2,933,199
   3,217,200
   ^,021.100
  2*S 075,81*3
Percent
  Jk.l
   5.*
   7.9
  12.6
 100.0

 Percent
  57.7
  12.2
  13. fc
  16.7
 100.0
                             19

-------
The preceding table is indicative of the predominance of the coal



and steel industries in this area.



Irrigation



     Use of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in Pennsylvania for



irrigation is negligible.  In 1966, the Corps of Engineers  reported



that the Pittsburgh standard metropolitan statistical area, which



included the upper Ohio River basin plus the lower Monongahela, Al-



legheny, and Beaver River basins, used only 100 acre-feet per year



for irrigation.  For comparison, this volume of water would be



equivalent to an average annual flow of less than 0.2 cfs.9




WATER USES AS DEFINED BY WATER QUALITY STANDARDS



     In the submission of Water Quality Standards to the Adminis-



trator of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, the States



listed the uses for each interstate stream in order to determine



the applicable water quality criteria.  The following delineates



the uses of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers as given by each State's



Water Quality Standards.



Pennsylvania



     1.  Aquatic Life- Warm Water Fish



     2.  Water Supply - Domestic, Industrial, Livestock, Wildlife



                        and Irrigation



     3.  Recreation - Boating, Fishing, Water Contact Sports and



                      Natural Area



     U.  Other - Power, Navigation and Treated Waste Assimilation
                              20

-------
West Virginia








     1.  Water Contact Recreation



     2.  Water Supply, Public



     3.  Water Supply, Industrial



     k.  Water Supply, Agricultural



     5.  Propagation of Fish and Other Aquatic Life



     6.  Water Transport, Cooling and Power



     7*  Treated Wastes Transport and Assimilation



Ohio



     1.  Public Water Supply



     2.  Industrial Water Supply



     3.  Aquatic Life - Warm Water Fish



     k.  Recreation





GENERAL WATER QUALITY CRITERIA



     Each State's Water Quality Standards include general cri-



teria designed to protect the water uses of streams.  The follow-



ing are  the general criteria adopted by the respective States



and the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency:



Pennsylvania



     The water shall not contain substances attributable to muni-



cipal, industrial or other waste discharges in concentration or



amounts sufficient to be inimical or harmful to the water uses to



be protected or to human, animal, plant or aquatic life.  Specific
                             21

-------
substances to be controlled include, but are not limited to,  float-



ing debris, oil, scum, and other floating materials; toxic substances;



substances that produce color, tastes, odors or settle to form sludge



deposits.



West Virginia



     Certain characteristics of sewage, industrial wastes or  other



wastes or factors which render waters directly or indirectly  detri-



mental to the public health or unreasonably and adversely affect



such waters for present or future reasonable uses, are objectionable



in all the waters of the State.  Therefore, the State Water Resources



Board does hereby proclaim that the following general conditions are



not to be allowed in any of the waters of the State.



     No sewage, industrial wastes or other wastes entering any of



the waters of the State shall cause therein or materially contribute



to any of the following conditions thereof, which shall be the mini-



mum conditions allowable:



     1.  Distinctly visible floating or settleable solids,



         suspended solids, scum, foam or oily sleeks of



         unreasonable kind or quality;



     2.  Objectionable bottom deposits or sludge banks;



     3.  Objectionable odors in the vicinity of the waters;



     14-.  Objectionable taste and/or odor in municipal water supplies;



     5.  Concentrations of materials poisonous to man, animal or fish



         life;
                              22

-------
     6.  Dissolved oxygen concentration to be less than 3*0



         parts per million at the point of maximum oxygen



         depletion;



     7.  Objectionable color;



     8.  Objectionable bacterial concentrations;



     9.  Requiring an unreasonable degree of treatment for the



         production of potable water by modern water treatment



         processes as commonly employed.



Ohio



     Minimum conditions applicable to all waters at all places



at all times:



     1.  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial



         or other discharges that will settle to form putrescent or



         otherwise objectionable sludge deposits;



     2.  Free from floating debris, oil, scum and other floating



         material attributable to municipal, industrial or other



         discharges in amounts sufficient to be unsightly or de-



         leterious ;



     3.  Free from materials attributable to municipal, industrial



         or other discharges producing color, odor or other condi-



         tions in such degree as to create a nuisance;



     k.  Free from substances attributable to municipal, industrial



         or other discharges in concentrations or combinations which



         are toxic or harmful to human, animal or aquatic life.
                             23

-------
SPECIFIC WATER QU&LETY CRITERIA



     In addition to the general criteria, each State adopted



specific criteria to protect the vater uses of streams.   Specific



approved criteria adopted by the respective States and the U.  S.



Environmental Protection Agency for the Ohio River are listed in



Table 1.  The specific criteria for the Monongahela River in



Pennsylvania are identical to the specific criteria of the Ohio



River except that there is not a fluoride criterion for  the



Monongahela River.  Table 2 enumerates Ohio's proposed temperature



criteria for the Ohio River.

-------
•s
CO
a
1

•p
g
«
0
• .
£
UN
»
00
O
\d
*
O UN
ON od
i i
UN UN
UN \O
                                  CM
O
§
I
      CD iH
      0 -P
      M O
      ti JO
0 K
    g
    W

    I
£
            UN
            *
            CO

            I

            vO



            O
            •
            ON

            O
            •
            UN
          UN
          •
          oo


          O
          •
          vO
                       00
                                  I
                                                                     CO
                                                             o  en
                                    Jf
                                    CVI
          n

          I
          I
                I
                                                t
                                                       a
ti
                                                         £

                                                         !
                                                         o
                                                         a
                                                                   0
                                                                   bO


                                                                ,1
                                                                '  *
rag

                                                          O
                                                          a
                                                                    •  «
                                                                    0  0

                                                                    11
                                                                    P  P
                                                                     i  i
                                                                    *  *
                          25

-------
                      o

                      -sf
O

•HI
 I
 a
IT* ^5 ^5 ^5 ^5 ^^ ^?


O O H O O* O O
8

o*
                • I
                    8
                    u\

«
*c
•H
5

V




^
•
1 «
5 
-------
                           Table 2
Ohio's Proposed Temperature Criteria for the Ohio River
           Maximum Temperature (°F) During Month
                                  July          89
                                  August
                                  September
                                  October
                                  November
January
February
March
April
May
June
50
50
60
70
80
87
                                  December
89
87
78
70
57
                          27

-------

-------
                         SOURCES OF WASTES






GENERAL



        Waste discharges from municipal and industrial sources



have deleterious effects upon receiving waters in the conference



area.  Municipal wastes contain oxygen demanding materials that



can reduce dissolved oxygen in a stream; severe reduction of dis-



solved oxygen can limit or destroy fish, fish food organisms and



other aquatic life.  Municipal wastes also contain high numbers



of intestinal bacteria from man's excretions, including pathogenic



organisms.  Objectionable surface scums, sludge deposits and tur-



bidity in a stream may result from municipal waste discharges that



contain greasy substances, settleable solids and suspended solids.



        Industrial wastes may also contain oxygen demanding mate-



rials, settleable and suspended solids, and greasy substances and



oils.  In addition, some industrial wastes contain objectionable



chemicals and toxic substances that can taint fish flesh, kill



aquatic life and damage a water source for use as a municipal sup-



ply.  Industries use water extensively for cooling purposes.  Heated



waters reduce the dissolved oxygen saturation concentration of a



water body and increase the biochemical oxidation of organic wastes,



further reducing the dissolved oxygen content.



        Limited data are available on industrial and municipal dis-



charges to the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers in Pennsylvania, although



some sources have been documented quite thoroughly.  Personnel of
                              29

-------
 the U.  S.  Environmental Protection Agency obtained available data



 (1965 to present)  on these discharges from the files of the Penn-



 sylvania Department  of Environmental Resources.    Tables  3  and



k   list municipal  wastes sources  discharging to the Ohio and Mon-



 ongahela Rivers in the area.  Tables 5 and  6 are similar  listings



 for major  industrial discharges to the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers.



 Other industrial dischargers  to these Rivers are listed in Tables  7



and 8.
                               30

-------
                                                                  TABLE 3

                                                        SOURCES Of MOKCIHU WSTES

                                        OHIO BITER-PITTSBURGH TO EAST HVBRPOOL,  OHIO (Direr Mile Ha)
                                                                           Bacterial Io«di«
                                                                                                                 Oxygen Pound Loads
Hirer
Mile
3. IS
7.6R
8.6R
10. at
11. 3H
13. 9R
lit. 51
15.98
20. OL
20. 3R
21. 6R
2l».UL
25. OR
26. 2R
28. OR
36. 3B
Hame
Allegheny County
Sanitary Authority
Uxnont State Hospital
(Mllbuck Tup.)
Glenfield Borough
Coraopolls Borough
Osborne-Sewlckley Gorongha
Edgeworth-Leetsdale Borough
Crescent Twp. -Heights
Municipal Authority
Abridge Borough
Aliqnlppa Borough
Baden Borough
Corny Borough
Monaea Borough
Rochester-Rochester Tup.
(Rochester Municipal .Anth. )
BcftTcr Borough
Plant ll
Plant )fe
Borough Twp. MBA
(Inc. Vanport)
Midland Borough
Type of
Treatment
Primary -KJlg
Secondary -tClg
Hone
Intermediate 
9,900
"t.OOO
1,170
130
11,000
19,500
7,800
1,620
5,520
8.U50
H.880
250
1,880
5,200
979,260
0.0
0.1
1.0
O.It
0.1
0.0
1.1
2.0
0.8
0.2
0.6
0.9
0.5
0.0
0.2
0.5
100.0
 •All bacterial loads except that of the AICOSAH plant were estimated.

"All oxygen demand  loads were estimated except the following plants - ALCO8AH, Dixoont State Hospital, Coraopolis,  Osbone-Sewlckley, Edgeworth-
  Leetsdale, Crescent and Beaver Plant #2.
                                                       31

-------
           Table k



SOURCES OF MUNICIlftL
WASTES
River
Mile
12
Ik
16
18
20
25
29
32
3*
39
M
U3
1A
1*6
MONONGAHEIA RIVER-ALLERPORT
Population
Name Served
Duquesne
McKeesport
Dravosburg
G las sport
Clairton
Elizabeth Borough
New Eagle
Monongahela
Donora
Monesson
Charleroi
Belle Vernon
Fayette City
Allenport
15,000
75,000
3,000
6,500
16,000
3,200
2,620
8,390
31,500
18,U25
8,150
5,000
1,160
7,000
TO PITTSBURGH
Type of Treatment
Secondary + chlorination
Intermediate + chlorination
Secondary + chlorination
Secondary + chlorination
Primary + chlorination
Intermediate + chlorination
Secondary + chlorination
Primary + chlorination
Secondary + chlorination
None
Secondary + chlorination
Secondary + chlorination
Primary + chlorination
None
           32

-------
                                  TABLE 5
 5.2L
 6.UL







 6.9L



 7.2L



10.8L





11.3L





11.5L



15.2L






15.9R
Industry
Duquesne Light Co.
Reed Power Station
Marquette Cement Co.
Shenango, Inc.
USS Chemicals
HOPCO Chemical Co.
Neville Chemical Co.
Shenango, Inc.
Pittsburgh Forging Co.
Blaw-Kiiox Co.
Russel Birdsale & Ward
Duquesne Light Co.
Phillips Bower Station
H. K. Porter Co.
Discharge
MOD
1*06.0
0.6
28.0
2.0
0.17
0.15
k.O
l.U
1.0
0.3
U80.0
0.23
Constituents*
(pounds/day)
Heat
SS-2,100
ALK-88,000;
BOD20-lH,8005
CN-H80; Oil-X;
Phenols -280 ;
SS-9,380
ALK-1,000;
COD-1,000;
BOD-320;
V.S.-3,700;
SS-1,100
BOD-2,000;
D.S. -11,600;
dl-X
Phenols-X
Fe-200: Heat
Heat
Heat
CH-X
Heat
CN-X;Fe-X;
Zl»-X
Remarks
Coal
Spillage






Cooling
Water
Cooling
Water

Cooling
Water

                                   33

-------
                              TABLE 5 (cont.)
River
Mile

16.8L
17. OR


18. OR



23-OR



23.9L


23.9L



2k. OR

2l*.2L

2U.3L
26.5R
         Industry
Jones and Laughlin Steel Co.
Aliquippa Works
Wykoff Steel Co.
Armco Steel Corp
Armco Division
Pennsylvania-Central RR
Pittsburgh Screw & Bolt Co.
VASCO (Vanadium Alloy Steel
       Company)
Valvoline Oil Company

Pittsburgh Tube Company

Pittsburgh Tool Steel Wire Co.
Superior Drawn Wire
   0.06
                                     1.1
   0.27

   0.02
   0.01
              Critical
Discharge   Constituents*
  MSP       (pounds/day)   Remarks

  227.0    BOD-12,000;     pH 1.2 to


           CN-207 to 1&5;
           T.Fe-9,800 to 19,000;
           Oil-X;
           Phenols-151 to 28l;
           SS-28,000 to 29,000;
                      to 150,000;
    0.2


    8.0
                                            TS-250,000

                                            T.Fe-633;
                                            D.Fe-592

                                            800^-3,3*0;
                                            T.  Fe-530

                                            ABS-X;
                                            BOD-X;  D.S.-X;
                                            Oil-X
SO^-287

ALK-9,200;
T.Fe-133;
SS-1,670

Oil-230

ACD-X; Fe-X

D.Fe-60;
T.Fe-67;
SS-151*

T.Fe-168;
SO^-250;
SS-80
                           pH-12.2
                                                            pH-3.0

                                                            PH-3.0
                                                            pH-3.1

-------
                             TABLE 5 (cont.)
                                                           Criticaj
River
Mile
28. 1L
28. 5L
29. 7L
3*.5L
Industry
Westinghouse Electric Co.
St. Joseph Lead Company
Sinclair-Kbppers Company
Duquesne Light Co.
Discharge
MGD
0.45
109.7
70.0
150.0
Constituents*
(pounds/day)
•VLW
Heat-X;
SS-U,100
BOD-11,900
Heat
Remarks


pH-2.7 to
11. U
Cooling
36.5R
WASTE

ABS

ACD

ALK

BOD
CN   •

COD  •

Cr   •

D

River
            Shippingport Atomic
            Power Station

            Crucible Steel Company
                               *KEY TO TABLE

      CONSTITUENTS

       Alkylbenzene Sulfonate

       Acid, equivalents of

       Alkalinity, equivalents of

       Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 5-day

       Biochemical Oxygen Demand, 20-day

       Cyanide

       Chemical Oxygen Demand

       Chrome

       Dissolved
    66      Fe-22,800;
            011^10,000;
            Phenol-^33;
            SS-118,000
Fe  -  Iron

pH  -  Hydrogen Ion Concentration

S   -  Solids

SS  -  Suspended Solids

SO^ -  Sulfate

T   -  Total

V   -  Volatile

X   -  Insufficient data

Zn  -  Zinc
      Mile - Miles from Pittsburgh, R and L denote right or left bank
             looking downstream.
                                   35

-------
                                   TABLE 6
River
Mile

 7-9
10.9-11.3


13.2


lU.7-15.5



17.^-17.8


18.U-21.8



23.7


39.3-to.l*
                       MAJOR IHDtJSTRIAL DISCHARGERS

                 MONONQAHEIA RIVER-ALtBNPORT TO PITTSBURGH
          Industry
U, S. Steel - Homestead Works
U. S. Steel-Braddock
Edgar Thompson Works

U. S. Steel-Duquesne Works
U. S. Steel-McKeesport
National Tube Works
U. S. Steel-Irvin Works
U. S. Steel-Clairton Works
Pennsylvania Industrial
Chemical Company

Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel
Corp.-Monesson Plant
  Critical
Constituents*
(pounds/day)
Remarks
Phenol-127
Cyanide-178
Suspended Solids- 926*000  Granulated
                           Slug
Oil-X*

Phenol-8l
Cyanide-320

Rienol-l60
Cyanide-62

Phenol-25
Cyanide-90
Oil-X
Oil-3500
Fe-3200 "

Phenol-210
Oil-X
Tar-X

Phenol-U?
Phenol-2000
Cyanides-180
Suspended Solids-20,000
Oil-X
pH-2.7
*X-Insufflcient Data
                                   36

-------
 River
 Mile

 O.OR

 1.2R


 1.3R

 3.0L

 3.5L


 U.OR
 5.1L

 5.8L

 7.7L

 8.8L


10. 3L
                                  TABLE 7
                       OTHER INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGERS

                        OHIO RIVER - PENNSYLVANIA


            _ Name _

            Tri-Boint Ice Cream Company

            General Dynamics Corporation
            Liquid Carbonics Division

            Cowan Manufacturing Company

            Gordon Terminal Service Co.

            Federal Enamel and Stamp Co.
            (FESCO)

            Suburban Laundry


            National Cylinder Gas Co.
            Davis Island Yards

            Mat lack Inc.

            Gulf Oil Co.

            Vulcan Materials Co.

            Blaw-Khox Company
            Lewis Works

            Sterling Varnish Co.

            Elwin G.  Smith & Co., Inc.

            Bethlehem Steel Company

            Copper Range Company
            C.  G. Hussey & Company
                     rks
All wastes to ALCOSAN-I/

Cooling Water only


All wastes to ALCOSAK
Will connect to Bellevue
System

All wastes trucked away
All wastes to ALCOSAK

All wastes trucked away
Cooling water only
I/  Allegheny County Sanitary Authority
                                   37

-------
                                TABLE 7 (cont.)


River
Mile         	Same	     	Remarks

]A.8R        J & J Rocket Carwash, Inc.

15.9L        Gavlick Construction Company

16.OR        American Bridge Company

16.9L        H. K. Porter Company

16.9R        H. R. Robertson Company

28.5R        Petroleum Solvents, Inc.

33.8L        Shippingport Sand and Gravel Co.
                                    38

-------
                           TABLE 8
                OTHER INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGERS

          MOKONGAHEIA RIVER-ALLENK)RT TO PITTSBURGH

River
Mile                          Industry

 3.k                Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation

 5.7                American Oil

 7.0                Mesta Machine

 9.2                Ashland Oil Company

 9.U                Bethlehem Steel

13.8                Firth Sterling Steel Company

16.1                Boswell Oil Company

16.2                Gateway Asphalt Company

18.4                Copperweld Steel Company

21.8                Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation

24.5                Jones & Laughlin Steel Corporation

2^.7                Ashland Oil & Refining Company

30.3                U. S. Steel Corporation

30.7                Honongahela Iron and Metal Company

32.7                Monongahela Iron and Metal Company

38.9                Page Steel & Wire Company

*40.8                American Oil

U3.3                Guttman Oil Company

1*6.8                Wheeling-Pittsburgh Steel Company
                             39

-------
BACTERIAL LOADS (MONICIB&L)



        Coliform bacteria in raw and treated sewage are used to



indicate the density of sewage associated bacteria, including



disease-producing pathogens.  Though generally harmless in them-



selves, coliform bacteria have been considered indicators of the



presence of these pathogenic bacteria.  Bacteria loads are often



expressed in terms of a bacterial population equivalent (BPE),



which is the average amount of coliform bacteria normally contained



in sewage contributed by one person in one day.  One BPE is equal



to UOO billion coliform bacteria per day.



        Sewage treatment plants can drastically reduce the amount



of bacteria in sewage depending upon capacity, type of disinfection



practiced and the skill of the plant operators.  Table 3  is a list



of the major sewage treatment plants that discharge to the Ohio River



in Pennsylvania.   From the table, it can be seen that the ALCOSAN



system contributes 8^.1 percent of the bacterial load to the Ohio



River in Pennsylvania.  This load is equivalent to a raw sewage



discharge from 52,000 people.  Table U  shows that Mbnesson and



Allenport discharge untreated sewage from a total of 25,J*00 people



into the Monongahela River.




OXYGEN DEMANDING LOADS (MUNICIIfcL AND INDUSTRIAL)




        The oxygen demand of municipal and industrial wastes, as



measured by the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) test, indicates



their potential for reducing the dissolved oxygen of a  stream.

-------
BOD usually refers to a 5-day test (BODc), but in some cases vastes



are tested for 20 days (BOD20).  For sewage, the 5-day test usually



suffices.  The BOD loadings are often expressed in population equi-



valents  (PE), one population equivalent being equal to 0.1? pounds



per day of BOD,..  Occasionally, industrial waste loads are also ex-



pressed in population equivalents.



     Table 3 contains a tabulation of estimated population equiva-



lents of municipal discharges to the Ohio River in Pennsylvania.



The AIOOSAN plant at river mile 3.1 discharged the equivalent of



untreated wastes from approximately 900,000 people; this load



represented 9** percent of the total oxygen demand from all muni-



cipalities that discharged to the Ohio River in Pennsylvania.



ALCOSAN's discharge contained the equivalent of 121,000 pounds per



day of BOD .



     In 196? and 1968, the ALCOSAN plant discharged approximately



128,000 pounds per day of BOD^ from an influent load of less than



200,000 pounds per day.  For the future, the Commonwealth of Penn-



sylvania has restricted the total loadings from the ALCOSAN plant



to 60,000 pounds per day of BOD,..  This restriction, at present,



would call for a 70 percent reduction of the total load of 200,000



pounds per day (BOD,.).  The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is pres-



ently requiring all other municipal plants to install facilities to



removal 85 percent of the BODc.  ORSANOO's proposed effluent stand-



ards call for a 90 percent removal of BODc at the AI/COSAN plant.

-------
Information was not available on the oxygen demand loads from munici-



pal wastes along the Monongahela River in this area.   Using standard



sanitary engineering figures, however, it could be estimated that the



municipal systems in Table k  discharge about 16,000 pounds per day of



BOD,-, including U300 pounds per day in untreated sewage.



        The limited data available on industrial wastes indicate that



the total industrial oxygen demand may be greater than the municipal



oxygen demand after municipal secondary treatment facilities become



a reality.  Oxygen demand data from the Commonwealth showed that



only seven industrial plants accounted for an oxygen demand of ap-



proximately 60,000 pounds per day of BOD,.; the information was not



complete for these seven.  The Jones and Laughlin plant at Aliquippa



alone discharged about 27,000 pounds per day of BOP20 from the eight



of 3k outfalls for which data were available.  Shenango, Inc. on



Neville Island accounted for a daily load of 1^,800 pounds of BOD,*..



BOD loading data were not available from other major industries such



as the Crucible Steel Company plant at Midland.  These figures are



presented only to show the relative minimum loadings since complete



data were not available.  There was no information available on BOD



loadings from industries along the Monongahela River.




PHENOL SOURCES



        Coke, a major raw material in iron and steel production, is



made by heating coal in the absence of air.  Process water used to



quench the hot coke oven gas becomes burdened with many organic and
                              1*2

-------
inorganic materials, notably phenolic compounds.  These phenolic com-



pounds contaminate receiving waters if not removed from the waste



water.



        Some coke plant operations now use water containing phenols



as quench water for the hot coke.  Although this may reduce the load



of phenols discharged by the coke plant, it increases the loadings



from the blast furnaces that subsequently receive the coke.  A major



problem is that the great volumes of flue gas wash water containing



phenols from blast furnaces limit effective means of treatment as



compared to, smaller flows in the coke plant.



        Data concerning discharges of phenols in this reach of the



Ohio and Monongahela Rivers are scarce,  nevertheless, information



in the Commonwealth files indicates that approximately 1,000 pounds



of phenol per day enter the Ohio River.  The Crucible Steel plant at



Midland discharged ^33 pounds per day, while Jones and Laughlin, Ali-



quippa and Shenango, Inc. Neville Island, both accounted for 280



pounds per day.  Phenolic materials have been detected at other dis-



charges but data were incomplete.  EFft conducted an effluent sampling



program of major industries along the lower Monongahela River in early



1971.  Table 6  shows that approximately 2500 pounds per day of phenol



was discharged to the Monongahela River during this period.




OIL SOURCES




        Cold rolling mills in the steel industry use large volumes



of oil that often contaminate wastewaters.  Oils can also derive

-------
from machining operations, lubricating oils and various other metal



processing operations.  In addition, large volumes of gasoline,  oil



and oil derivatives are shipped, loaded and unloaded, on these navi-




gable streams.



        The Commonwealth's files contained information of oil loads



from only the Crucible Steel Company at Midland, -which discharged



about 10,000 pounds per day of oil in a water-oil emulsion.   EBfc



biologists, during the study in May-June, 1970, reported that



"masses of dense globs of oils were observed floating downstream



from a series of wastewater outfalls belonging to the Jones  and



Laughlin Steel Company at river mile  16.9.  Severe oil pollution



was apparent downstream from the Crucible Steel Company's wastewater



outfalls at river mile 36.3".n



        EEA's industrial effluent sampling program in early 1971



revealed that oil was evident in several industrial discharges to



the Monongahela River.  U. S. Steel's Irvin Works had a discharge



that contained about 3500 pounds per day of oil.




HEAT SOURCES



        The largest unnatural sources of heat to these two rivers



in this area were six thermal electric power plants.  The following



list shows the plants, their capacities and an estimated rate at



which heat is added to the rivers:

-------
                                                               Estimated
                                           Capacity         Heat Load Rate
          Name                           (megawatts)      (billion BTU's/hr)

Duquesne Light Co., Elrama Plant            U25                 2.29

West Perm Power Co., Mitchell Plant         W»9                 2.1*2

Duquesne Light Co., Reed Plant              180                 0.97

Duquesne Light Co., Hiillips Plant          315                 1.70

Duquesne Light Co., Shippingport             90                 0.76

St. Joseph Lead Company                     100                 0.5^

                              Total       1,559                 8.68

          The two plants along the Monongahela River, the Elrama and

     Mitchell Plants, would theoretically raise the temperature of the

     river kl.9° F during a low flow of 500 cfs.  The remaining plants

     in the above table would theoretically raise the Ohio River 5»^° F

     during a low flow of 3300 cfs.  Other heat sources were major iron

     and steel plants which use about 80 percent of their total water

     usage for cooling.

     SUSPENDED SOLIDS (MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL)

          Steel mills discharge large loads of suspended solids.  Flue

     gas wash waters from blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces con-

     tain high concentrations of suspended solids in their high flow

     discharges.  Process waters from rolling mills also contain con-

     siderable amounts of suspended solids.  Municipal treatment plants,

     depending on their removal efficiencies, are another source of sus-

     pended solids.

-------
        The largest municipal source of suspended solids in this



area was the A1X30SAN plant which discharged approximately 5k tons



per day.  Data were insufficient to obtain the total amount of sus-



pended solids from the other municipal treatment plants.



        From data available, industrial plants in this area dis-



charged about 83 tons per day of suspended solids into the Ohio



River.  Crucible Steel at Midland accounted for 59 tons per day of



suspended solids, Jones and Laughlin at Aliquippa was responsible



for Ik tons per day.  The U. S.  Steel Plant at Homestead discharged



about 1*50 tons per day of granulated slag into the Monongahela River.




IRON



        Acid wastewaters from pickling operations in metal proces-



sing plants contain considerable amounts of dissolved iron, both



from the pickling solution and the acid rinse waters.  Rolling



mills can discharge large quantities of suspended and settleable



iron oxides (mill scale).  In addition, flue gas wash waters from



blast furnaces and basic oxygen furnaces contain significant quanti-



ties of suspended iron.



        From the limited data available, the amount of iron dis-



charged to the Ohio River in this area was approximately 22 tons



per day.  The Crucible Steel Company plant at Midland discharged



about 11 tons per day; the Jones and Laughlin plant at Aliquippa



accounted for another 9 tons per day.  Data on the discharge of



iron were not available for most industries in this area.

-------
CYANIDES



     The discharge of cyanide to water bodies is critical to the



aquatic environment because of the toxic nature of the material.



Cyanides are present in wastewaters from coke plants, by-product



plants and blast furnace flue gas wash water.  Cyanides are also



used extensively in metal plating processes, thus becoming another



source of cyanides.



     The limited data available indicate that the Ohio River re-



ceives about 925 pounds per day of cyanides.  Information on cy-



anide discharges were available for only Shenango, Inc., on



Neville Island and Jones and Laughlin at Aliquippa; these load-



ings were If80 and M*5 pounds per day, respectively.  The efflu-



ent sampling program performed by EBA. in early 1971 showed that



about 1,000 pounds per day of cyanide were being discharged by



industries into the Monongahela River.

-------
                                                                   /y
      OKI 0
                             PE N N SY LVAN lA
 WEST
  VIRGINIA
      Figure 2

Locations of Sampling
Stations and Mil* Points
Pittsburgh to East Liverpool

-------
             EFFECT OF POLLUTION OH WITER QUALITY ARD USES



     Various studies and surveys have been made to define the effects



of pollution on water quality and water uses in the Ohio and Mononga-



hela Rivers in this area.  In addition, the U. S. Environmental Pro-



tection Agency maintains several sampling stations in the area as part


                                      19
of its Pollution Surveillance Program. -^



     Figure 2 atid Table 9 describe 22 stations that were sampled for



physical, chemical and bacteriological analysis by EPA in a special



study of the Ohio River in May and June, 1970.  Five of these stations



coincide with Pollution Surveillance stations that EPA has maintained



since 1968:



River

Mile                               Description



 0.5      Allegheny River at Sixth Street Bridge



 0.8      Monongahela River at Smithfield Street Bridge



16.0      Ohio River at South Heights, Pennsylvania



 3.0      Beaver River near mouth at Route 18 Bridge



Uo.2      Ohio River at Pennsylvania-West Virginia-Ohio State Line



Concurrent with the special study in May and June, 1970, the National



Field Investigations Center, made a study on the biological effects of



pollution in this section of the Ohio River.11



     The Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission maintains an



electronic monitor at South Heights, Pennsylvania, that provided addi-


            10

tional data.     The ORSANCO station is near the EPA surveillance station



at South Heights.   Another source of data was an intensive study done by



the University of Pittsburgh in l$6k and 1965 on water quality in the

-------
                               TABLE 9
                           SAMPLING STATIONS
                     SPECIAL STUDY-EPA-OHIO RIVER
                            May-June, 1970

                              Description                             M. P.

Allegheny River at Sixth Street Bridge                                 0.5

Monongahela River at Smithfield Bridge                                 0.8

Ohio River near Seaplane Dock                                          1.3

Chartiers Creek at Bridge near mouth                                   0.1

Ohio River-Back Channel of Brunot Island 9 Power Line                  2.8

Ohio River opposite M & 0 Dredging Company Dock                        U.2

Ohio River, Back Channel at" Neville Island @ P & LE RR Bridge          5.3

Ohio River, Back Channel at' Neville Island opposite Pittsburgh-        7.0
            DesMoines Dock

Ohio River, opposite Upstream Lock Wall Emsworth Dam                   6.0

Ohio River, opposite Downstream Arrival Point for Emsworth Dam         6.7

Ohio River, opposite Sewlckley Cfeast Guard Depot light                10.9

Ohio River, Upstream of Warning Light for Dashields Dam               13.0

Ohio River opposite American Bridge Dock                              16.0

Ohio River opposite C  C. Bunton Navigation Light                     22.5

Beaver River at Rt. 18 Bridge                                          3.0

Ohio River, Upstream of Vanport Highway Bridge                        28.0

Ohio River opposite Montgomery Dam Upper light                        31.1

Ohio River opposite Downstream Arrival Point for Montgomery Dam       32.2

Ohio River, Navigation Channel, opposite PhiHis Island Light         35-6

Little Beaver River at Highway Bridge near mouth                       0.1

Ohio River opposite East Liverpool Water Intake                       1*0.2

Ohio River opposite Chester, West Virginia Water Intake               1*2.0
                                 50

-------
Allegheny, Monongahela, and Ohio Rivers.1^  This study prorided data



at the Pollution Surveillance stations plus an additional station on



the Ohio River at Rochester, Pennsylvania, river ndle 25.2.





BACTERIAL POLLUTION



        Municipal sewage contains enormous numbers of bacteria, among



which there are frequently pathogenic bacteria, derived from human



excreta.  These pathogenic bacteria can cause gastro-intestinal di-



seases such as typhoid fever, dysentery and diarrhea.  Infectious



hepatitis, a virus disease, can also be caused by ingesting sewage-



polluted water.  Eye, ear, nose, throat or skin infections may result



from bodily contact with such water.   As the densities of pathogenic



bacteria are reduced by sewage treatment or forces of natural purifi-



cation, the hazards of contacting disease are proportionately reduced.



        Sewage also contains readily detectable coliform bacteria,



which typically occur in excreta or feces and are always present in



sewage-polluted water.  Though generally harmless in themselves, coli-



form bacteria have been.considered indicators of the presence of path-



ogenic bacteria.  The coliform group includes several types of bacteria



which may come from sources other than excreta.



        Testing for fecal coliform bacteria is becoming more popular



as an indicator of bacterial pollution because fecal coliform bac-



teria specifically inhabit the intestinal tract of man and warm-blooded



animals.  The presence of these organisms in water is positive proof
                              51

-------
of fecal contamination which may contain associated, disease pro-



ducing organisms.



Coliform Bacteria



     Presently, the States of Pennsylvania, West Virginia and Ohio



use the total coliform group as an indicator of bacterial pollution.



The State of Ohio is in the process of changing its recreational



criterion for bacteria to the fecal coliform group.  Specific bac-



terial criteria by State are listed in Table 1, on page 2*4-.



     The survey by the University of Pittsburgh in 196^-65 in-



cluded analyses for bacterial indicators.  Table 10 lists the



monthly average of the total coliform densities found in the Ohio,



Allegheny, and Monongahela Rivers.  Both the Ohio River at Rochester



and the Mbnongahela River at Pittsburgh exceeded Pennsylvania's



present recreational criterion of 1,000 total collforms per 100 ml



in all five months that were designated as recreational.  In addi-



tion, both rivers exceeded the municipal water supply criterion of



5,000 total coliforms per 100 ml in seven of 12 months.



     Pollution Surveillance of the U. S. Environmental Protection



Agency has taken monthly samples at five stations in this area since



June, 1968.  Table 11 is a tabulation of the total coliform densities



found in the monthly samples at these stations.  To date, the Mononga-



hela River at Pittsburgh has exceeded the bacterial criterion for rec-



reation in 10 of 13 recreational months; the water supply criterion



was exceeded in 10 of 23 months.  Data were similar at the Ohio River
                             52

-------
                          TABLE  10

               UNIVERSITY OF PITTSBURGH  STUDY
           MONTHLY AVERAGE TOTAL  COLIFORM  DENSITY
                      (Number per  100 ml)
River                   Ohio        Monongahela     Allegheny
River Mile              25.2             0.8             0.5

October, 19 6 ^          15,600           8',700           2,900
November                9,900          77,800          56,000
December                3,300          16,500           1,500
January, 1965           ^,800           2,300           2,100
February                3,900            320             570
March                   2,^00           1,300             8l8
April                   2,000           1,300             iH9
May                    25,300           3,100           5,300
June                   15,100          15,700           8,500
July                   13,800          26,600           7,600
August                 15,200          17,100           U,800
September               7,^00          1^,000          33,^00
Total Number of Samples    77              76              76
                         53

-------
                            BIBLE  11
U. 8. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY POLLUTION SURVEILLANCE
          Total Coliform Density - Monthly Sample
                   (Number pep 100 ml)
River Mile
Date
Jtme, 1968
July
August
September
October
November
December
January 1969
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January 1970
February
March
April
May
June
July
October
November
December
January 1971
March
April
May
June
July
Allegheny
River
0.5

610
15,000
7,1*00
1*0,000
1*2,000
20,000
3,200
1,800
2,300
790
1,800
6,1*00
1*2,000
13,000
500
23,000
21,000
22,000
22,000
7,300
1,300
690
-
30,000
25,000
2,l»00
5,500
5,200
l*,100
370
H.600
5,600
I*,UOO
33,000
7,200
Monongahela
River
0.8

520
2,800
50
26,800
270,000
100
50
^,300
3,100
160
2l*,000
6,000
31,000
1*00
7,600
28,000
23,000
390
1*1,000
2,700
760
780
-
U7.000
2,900
25,000
16,000
13,000
12,000
1,500
1,300
100
6,200
13,000
71,000
Ohio
River
16.0

33,000
7,800
320
33,000
37,000
1*0,000
3,500
1*,1*00
3,000
1*0,000
53,000
28,000
3>*,000
17,000
63,000
11,000
3U,000
53,000
63,000
3,700
3,200
790
-
96,000
25,000
5,200
77,000
68,000
13,000
2,600
1,200
5,700
69,000
31,000
-
Beaver
River
3.0




26,000
1*8,000
-
23,000
62,000
18,000
1,500
8,000
1*7,000
2,900
8,000
1,500
1,800
1*,100
26,000
1*H,000
6,100
19,000
11,000
7,800
7,800
22,000
9,500
22,000
160,000
61*,000
18,100
26,000
2,900
16,000
80,000
-
Ohio
River
1*0.2

2,200
2,200
6,000
3,300
18,000
85,000
15,000
1*0,000
5,1*00
»*,700
6,300
11,750
1,500
18,000
39,000
2,200
3,200
l*,100
10,800
3,6oo
U.100
3,500
1,
-------
station at river mile 16.  The Ohio River at this point exceeded



Pennsylvania's bacterial criterion for recreation in 11 of 12 months;



the water supply criterion was exceeded in 13 of 21 months   The



bacterial pollution of the Ohio River persists to the Pennsylvania-



Ohio -West Virginia State boundary.  The Ohio River at the State line



exceeded West Virginia's bacterial criterion in all samples; Ohio's



recreational criterion in all recreational months; and Ohio's bac-



terial criterion for water supply in more than 50 percent of the



samples.



        In the study of the Ohio River in May and June, 1970, total



coliform densities of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania exceeded the



5,000 per 100 ml bacterial criterion for water supply in ^3 of kk



samples (97.7 percent).  In the recreatt«mal period, the river's



total coliform density exceeded 1,000 per 100 ml in 179 of 180



samples (99 ^ percent).  Figure 3 shows the average total coliform



densities as plotted against river mile of the Ohio River.   The bar



graph shows that every sampling station downstream from the Allegheny



County Sanitation Authority treatment plant to river mile 16 had



average coliform densities in excess of 100,000 per ml.  These den



sities exceed Pennsylvania's water supply criterion by twenty-fold



and the recreational criterion by a hundredfold.  The river at one



station (river mile 6.7), had an average total coliform density of



over 600,000 per 100 ml or 600 times the approved bacterial criterion



for recreation in Pennsylvania.
                              55

-------
      H3AV39 311111
»3AI«  AN3H3311V

-------
     The bacterial pollution of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania per-



sisted to the State line.  The river at this point had total coli-



form densities that exceeded West Virginia's bacterial criterion in



all samples, Ohio's bacterial criterion for water supply in 11 of 15



samples, and Ohio's bacterial criterion for recreation in all samples.



Salmonella Bacteria



     To emphasize the sanitary significance of the indicator bacteria,



a pathogen study was made at selected sampling points during the 1970



survey.  While coliform densities indicate the magnitude of fecal pol-



lution which may contain disease-producing organisms, detection of



pathogenic Salmonella bacteria in water is positive proof that these



disease-producing bacteria are actually present.



     Modified Moore swab samples were studied for Salmonella at the



following stations:



River Mile          	Description



    0.5             Allegheny River at Sixth Street Bridge



    0.8             Monongahela River at Smithfield Street Bridge



    3.0             Beaver River at Route 18 Bridge



    b.2             Ohio River at Bellevue, Pennsylvania



   16.0             Ohio River at South Heights, Pennsylvania



   Uo.2             Ohio River at Pennsylvania State line




     Salmonella, an enteric pathogen, was isolated from all these



sampling stations,  proving  the existence of a health hazard.
                              57

-------
OXYGEN DEMAND AND DISSOLVED OXYGEN



        Domestic sewage and industrial wastes contain organic matter



that decomposes and exerts an oxygen demand on receiving waters;  this



demand subsequently reduces the dissolved oxygen content of receiving



streams unless replenished by the atmosphere or photosynthesis.   When



the oxygen demand exceeds the natural re-oxygenation rate of a stream,



the dissolved oxygen content of the stream can be depleted below the



level necessary to support fish and other aquatic organisms.



        ORSANCO's continuous monitoring of the Ohio River water at



South Heights, Pennsylvania, provides an hourly analysis of the dis-



solved oxygen content in the river for 1966, 1967, 1968 and 1969.



ORSANCO reported for these years the percent of days when the daily



minimum dissolved oxygen (i. e., hourly value) did not go below



k.O mg/1 as 83.5 percent, 91-0 percent, 92.0 percent and 95 percent,



respectively.  In essence, this means that for 60 days in 1966,  33



days in 1967, 29 days in 1968 and 18 days in 1969, the minimum hourly



dissolved oxygen content of the Ohio River was below k.O mg/1, Penn-



sylvania's dissolved oxygen criterion.   The data for 1966 are not com-



plete in that the monitor was inoperative for most of the time during



the critical months of July, September and October.   ORSANCO's October



report for 1969 indicates that the dissolved oxygen content of the river



at South Heights had a minimum of 2.2 mg/1 and a minimum daily average




of 2.6 mg/1.  The ORSANCO report also states that the criterion waa met



only 68 percent of the month.

-------
     ORSANCO has developed a D.O.-BOD mathematical model for the



Ohio River in the Pittsburgh area.-1--*  The model projects a dissolved



oxygen content of 2.7 mg/1 at river mile 5k.k, based upon ALOOSAN's



present loading of 1^*0,000 Ib/day of BOD,-, a river temperature of



87° F*, and a critical flow of 5,000 cfs.(Figure k).  If it were



assumed that the BODc at river mile 0 were 1.5 mg/1, a figure that



approximates the average BOD in the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers,



then the dissolved oxygen content at river mile 5^.^ would drop to



1.6 mg/1.  These projections neglect all other municipal and indus-



trial organic loads to the Ohio River in Pennsylvania.
        r


     The State of Pennsylvania has restricted ALCOSAN's total load



to the Ohio River at 60,000 Ib/day of BOD^ (i.e., 70 percent reduc-



tion of present raw waste load) upon completion of secondary treatment.



According to the D.O.-BOD model, this load would reduce the dissolved



oxygen of the river at river mile 5ktk to k.3 ng/1, when the loads of



the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers are included, but other sources



are neglected.  It may be deduced from the ORSANOO model that the load-



ings from municipal and industrial sources will reduce the dissolved



oxygen content of the river at river mile 5^.^ below acceptable cri-



teria with ALOOSAN discharging 60,000 Ib/day of BOD^.



PHENOLS



     Phenolic materials have plagued municipal water users of the



Ohio River for years.  Chlorination of finished water containing ex-



cessive phenols imparts a medicinal taste and odor to the water.  Ex-



perience has shown that phenolic concentrations in the Ohio and Monon-



gahela Rivers are at a maximum in the winter months when the biological
                             59

-------
                                                                              CM
                       GO ao
= CO
   ~
   CO
                                                                              CM
                                                                              CM
                         aim dHAiu iv (I/DW!  -Q-
                                                                  CM
                                    60

-------
degradation is retarded by cold water temperatures.  The following



data, from the University of Pittsburgh study in 196^-1965, illus-



trates the phenolic problem in this area, especially during the



winter months:
River
Monongahela
Youghiogheny
Monongahela
Allegheny
Ohio
River
Mile
1*3.3
35.5
0.8
0.6
25.2
Phenolic
Minimum
0
0
0
0
0
Concentration (part
Maximum
10
9
127
16
46
Average
2
2
23
2
10
;s per billion)
Average (Dec-Apr)
1
2
H5
3
21
The data shows that phenolic concentrations were minimal at river mile



1*3.3 on the Monongahela River and river mile 35.5 on the Youghiogheny



River but greatly increased as the Monongahela River approached the



Point in Pittsburgh.  The data also showed that the average phenolic



concentrations during the winter months were about double the yearly



average for the Monongahela River station at river mile 0.8 and the



Ohio River at river mile 25.2.  Although the University of Pittsburgh



study was carried out several years ago, the data serves to show the



changes of phenolic concentrations in the river systems in the Pitts-



burgh area.



     More recent data gathered by the U. S. Environmental Protection



Agency's Pollution Surveillance, as shown in Table 12, illustrates



the violations of Pennsylvania's phenolic criterion of 0.005 rag/1



for the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers.  The Monongahela River at river
                             61

-------
              TABLE  12

U. S. ENVIRONMENTAL HROTECTION AOENCT
Fhenol Concentration - Monthly Sample
River Mil*
Date
June, 1968
July
August
September
October
November
December
January, 1969
February
March
April
May
June
July
August
September
October
November
December
January, 1970
February
Iferch
April
»y
June
July
October
November
December
January, 1971
March
April
May
June
July
Average
Average
(Dec.Wlpril)
Allegheny
River
0.5

.002
.000
.000
.001*
.003
.003
.000
.056
.027
.063
.013
.010
.001
.000
.003
.000
.003
.016
.030
.oc*
.010
.005
.003
.001
.010
.000
.001
.00*
.005
.005
.005
.002
.005
.000
.009
.021
Monongahela
River
0.8

.002
.000
.003
.001
.0*
.01*6
.045
.056
.027
.063
.013
.010
.001
.000
.003
.000
.003
.016
.030
.0*9
.056
.001*
.Oil*
.000
.009
.000
.001*
.007
.013
.020
.009
.022
.006
-
.016
.031*
Ohio
River
16.0

.001-
.000
.001
.003
.000
.006
.009
.009
.026
.02>*
.010
.000
.002
.003
.OOH
.000
.003
.003
0.13
.026
.026
.000
.001*
.001
.001
.000
.000
.005
.003
.022
.003
.009
.005
.003
.007
.013
Beaver
River
3.0

-
-
-
.001
.005
-
.007
.009
.026
.021*
.010
.000
.002
.003
.001*
.000
.003
.003
0.13
.026
.026
.000
.001*
.001
.001
.000
.000
.009
.Oil*
.008
.029
.001*
.006
.003
.008
.Oil*
Ohio
River
1*0.2

.003
,000
.001*
.ook
.001
.006
.006
.010
.021
.007
-
.010
.001*
.OOi*
.009
.003
.003
.003
.005
.060
.013
.009
.006
.000
.000
.009
.005
.009
.011
.017
.016
.007
.007
-
.008
.016
         62

-------
mile 0.8 had a maximum phenolic concentration of 0.063 mg/1 and an



average winter concentration of phenols of 0.03^ mg/1 for the period



of record.  The Ohio River at the State line had a maximum concentra-



tion of 0.060 mg/1 of phenols and an average winter concentration of



0.016 mg/1 of phenols.  The Ohio River at this point consistently ex-



ceeded the phenolic criteria of the States of West Virginia and Ohio



(i.e., 0.001 and 0.005 mg/1 respectively), especially in the winter



months.  The special study in the warm months of May and June, 1970



showed low phenolic concentrations at most sampling stations.



OIL POLLUTION



     Oil pollution is the most visible form of pollution in the Ohio



and Mbnongahela Rivers in this area.  Surface oil destroys the aes-



thetic value of the river and restricts its use for recreation.  Most



of the complaints lodged by citizens to the U. S. Environmental Pro-



tection Agency about this area are in reference to floating surface



oils.  Oils also coalesce with natural sediment and other suspended



material to form bottom deposits that are toxic to bottom animals,



thus restricting the use of the river for aquatic life.



     During the special study in May and June, 1970, biologists re-



ported that masses of oil were being discharged from the Jones and



Laughlin Steel Corporation plant at Aliquippa (river mile 16.9) and



from the Crucible Steel Corporation plant at Midland (river mile 36.3).



These oils were traced to the State line and were still evident three



miles downstream from the State line.  Comparison of surface oils, at
                             63

-------
the State line to the oil below the Jones and Laughlin plant by



infra-red spectroscopy showed the oils to be almost identical.  Oil



from the Crucible Steel plant, which discharges a water-oil emulsion,



was not detected below the State line on the surface.



     The biologists also collected sediment samples which were ana-



lyzed for oil.  Sediment oil concentrations (Table 13) ranged from



1 to 12 times greater than concentrations reported in the literature



to be toxic to bottom animals.    Only pollution-tolerant sludgeworms



were found living in the sediments, and their low number indicated



toxic conditions.  Oil concentrations in the sediment were as high as



21,200 parts per million.  Comparison of sediment oils near the Cru-



cible Steel plant (river mile 36.5) and at the State line (river mile



1»Q.2) to the water-oil emulsions present at the surface near the Cru-



cible plant's outfall by infra-red spectroscopy showed that "all three



samples may have originated from the same source.  '



HEAT POLLUTION AND TEMPERATURE



     Heated discharges to a river are a form of pollution when in-



creased river temperatures adversely affect aquatic life and the



ability of a stream to assimilate treated organic wastes.  High water



temperatures reduce  the oxygen content of a stream by reducing the



dissolved oxygen saturation concentration and by increasing the rate



of biochemical oxidation of organic waste.

-------
                          Chemical Analyses of Bottom Sediments
                          of Ohio River,, May 1970
River
Mile
4.0
7.0
9.0**
10.8
13.0
18.9
22.5
28.0
31.0
33.0
36.5
37.5
40.2
43.5
Tributaries
Monongahela R,
(M-0.9)
Cbartiers Creelv
(2.4-0.3)
Beaver R.
(25.5-0.5)
Little Beaver R.
(39.5-0.2)
Left
Carbon
mg/gm
Sediment*
59.0
12.0
80.0
90.0
-
69.0
80.0
96.0
82.0
-
51.0
-
123.0
51.0

74.0
44.0
69.0
45.0
Shore Samples
Nitrogen
mg/gm
Sediment*
1.6
0.6
2.5
2.5
-
3.1
2.7
2.9
2.8
-
1.2
-
1.9
1.6

2.1
3.1
2.3
3.1
Oil
mg/gm
Sediment*
6.3
0.8
3.1
7.7
-
10.1
10.3
6.6
20. 4
-
1.9
-
4.2
5.1

10.0
7.7
13.5
1.9
Right
Carbon
mg/gm
Sediment*
-
-
-
89.0
76.0
-
-
17.0
-
10.0
99.0
94.0
59.0
71.0

66.0



Shore Samples
Nitrogen
mg/gm
Sediment *
-
«•
-
2.5
3.6
-
-
0.6
-
0.5
3.8
2.8
2.5
1.8

2.5



Oil
mg/gm
Sediment
-
-
-
6.2
12.5
-
-
1.4
-
0.8
21.2
10.3
8.1
4.7

10,5



 *  Dry Weight
**  Back channel of Revr.lle Island
 -  No Sample, Bottori Secured of Sedimentz
                              65

-------
     Total industrial water use of the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers



in this area exceeds 6.3 billion gallons per day, of which approxi-



mately three-fourths is used for once-through cooling water for



thermal electric power generation.  Cooling water for three major



iron and steel producers could account for an additional 15 percent



of the total water use.  Present projections show that thermal elec-



tric power capacity will double every 10 years on the national average.



In this reach of the Ohio River in Pennsylvania, this duplication of


                                                     ift
capacity is expected to occur in the next five years. °  This alarming



increase of thermal power capacity poses a threat to water quality in



the Ohio River.  These waters cannot accept heated waste waters with-



out quality degradation and sacrifices of beneficial uses.



     Although current detailed temperature data for these reaches of



the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers are limited to a few sources, they



indicate that a problem exists now.  The University of Pittsburgh



study reported a 5.U° F rise in the annual mean temperature of the



Ohio River at Ambridge in water year 1965 as compared to U. 8. Geo-



logical Survey records for 19Ulf-1951.  The study also revealed that



the Monongahela River at Belle Vernon had an average temperature of



78.0° F during August, 1965, and a maximum temperature of 82.U° F.



During this same month, the Monongahela River station at Pittsburgh



had an average temperature of 87*8° F and a maximum temperature of



91.U° F.  EPA's Pollution Surveillance data also shows the Monongahela



River at Pittsburgh reached a temperature of 91.^° F during the same



month.
                             66

-------
     ORSANOO's continuous monitor at South Heights has detepted a
maximum temperature of 85*8° F in August, 1968; EX&'s data shows a
maximum of 86.0° F at this station during the same month.  Another
monitor at Stratton, Ohio showed the highest temperature recorded
(87.9° F) in the entire Ohio River in 1968.  The monitor is located
ill miles downstream from the Pennsylvania State line, and there are
no major heat sources in this reach.
IRON
     Iron is relatively insoluble in the presence of oxygen at the
pH ranges common to these sections of the Ohio and Mbnongahela Rivers.
Dissolved iron discharged into the river would tend to flocculate as
ferric hydroxide.  Eventually, the ferric hydroxide will settle to
coat exposed surfaces and to form sludge deposits that destroy aqua-
tic life.  During high flows, scouring action will re-suspend much
of the iron from the bottom.
     In addition to ferric hydroxide, many steel plants and metal
processing plants discharge insoluble iron oxides in their wastewaters.
These oxides usually settle to form sludge deposits near the discharge
point.  Iron oxides, however, are also re-suspended by high river ve-
locities and are subsequently deposited far from the original point
of discharge.
     For many years, it was thought that high iron concentrations in
the upper Ohio River were the result of acid mine drainage in the Al-
legheny and Monongahela River basins.  A study sponsored by ORSANOO
on the upper Ohio River during and immediately after the extended
                             67

-------
steel shut-down in 1959 showed that "dissolved iron concentrations

at most stations during the shut-down averaged 0.1 ppm (parts per

million); after start-up of the niills, concentrations were two to

seven times that value."-^  Therefore, iron in the upper Ohio River

Basin is not solely due to acid nine drainage.

     The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania has set a total iron criterion

for the Ohio and Monongahela Rivers of 1.5 mg/1.  Figure 5 is a plot

of the average monthly total iron concentrations and river flows for

the Ohio River at Rochester in the 196^-65 period.  Pennsylvania's

criterion was violated on the average for all months from December

through April.  The correlation between iron concentration and river

flows is probably due to the re-suspension of deposited iron from the

river bed.

     EPA's Pollution Surveillance data on iron concentration showed

the following since June, 1968:
                                   Total Iron Concentration (ng/l)
River
Monongahela
Allegheny
Ohio
Ohio
River Mile
0.8
0.5
16.0
Uo.o
Minimum
0.1
0.1
0.1
0.2
Maximum
2.6
2.7
3.7
5.8
Average
1.1
1.0
0.9
1.3
Of particular importance is the fact that the maximum and average

total iron concentrations actually increase rather than decrease as

the river approaches the State line.  This increase results from the

addition of large amounts of iron to the Ohio River in this area.
                             68

-------
     70
     60
     50
-"  40
*  30
    20
    10
            I	I
                                       FIGURE 5
                       OHIO RIVER AT ROCHESTER. PENNSYLVANIA
 I     I     I     I    I     I     I    I     I    I     I     I
                      )EC.  JAN.   FEB.  MAR.  APR
                                      1	L   1    J
I
OCT.  NOV.  DEC.  JAN.   FEB.  MAR.  APR.  MAY  JUNE  JULY   AUG. SEPT.
   1964      • «•	 1965
                                                                         6.0
                                                                        5.0
                                                                        4.0   *
                                                                        3.0
                                                                        2.0
                                                                        1.0
                                    69

-------
SLUDGE DEPOSITS



     Sludge deposits on a stream bottom are Indicative of either



inadequately treated municipal or industrial wastes or a combination



of both.  Sludge deposits, apart from aesthetic considerations,  re-



strict the development of a desirable fauna in a stream.



     The biological study of the Ohio River in May and June,  1970



showed that bottom sediments in this area contained toxic concentra-



tions of oil and concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen typ-



ical of organic sludge originating from inadequately treated  sewage



waste water (Figure 6).  The reported concentrations of organic  car-



bon and nitrogen in the sediments and the absence of strong odors of



decomposition indicated that these sludges were not undergoing active



decomposition.  Toxic concentrations of oil in the sediment inhibited



the development of a benthic fauna conducive to the biological decom-



position of nitrogenous wastes.  Specific effects of sludge deposits



are included in the discussion of BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AND ORGANISMS



section of this report titled EFFECTS OF POLLUTION OH AQUATIC LIFE.
                             70

-------




125

100
75
mg/gm SEDIMENT
iv> yi
D 01 O




—

—
—
1 1







. 1

0
00
cc
o
o


\

1 1 1 1 1
•••CARBON 5
'/////, NITROGEN ^
* SCOURED BOTTOM ^
^
LEFT BANK ^

!
I
5 10


5 10
SI * * 1
1
I

\.

N
1.

|
1
i
<*
^
<*
^ -
i
—
—
1 I
i h
15 20 25 30 35 40 45
RIVER MILE

15 20 25 30 35 40 45
| 1 *' * ' I ' | '
1
i i'
25
*:O
50
75
IOO
—
—


_



SI * * 1
l






\ \
I







I
§ RIGHT BANK
|

^



1 \ \ 1 1
I
5
«
1
^
%:
Uj
^

o
£
o



j
1 :
—


_


1
    FIGURE 6 • ORGANIC CARBON AND NITROGEN CONTENT OF SEDIMENT SAMPLES FROM OHIO RIVER,
                PITTSBURGH, PA.  DOWNSTREAM TO E. LIVERPOOL OHIO, MAY 1970.
                                  71

-------
            EFFECTS OF BDLLUCTOH ON AQUATIC UFE





     EB&. conducted a biological survey of the Ohio River in Pennsyl-



vania in May and June 1970 to identify the effects of pollutants on



aquatic life.  Six major areas of concern were investigated:  algae,



attached growths, nutrients, bottom organisms and substrate, fish



life and fish flesh tainting.  Analysis of each of these areas can



reflect the impact of pollution on the aquatic environment.  The



suspended algae, or phytoplankton, are important because they are



part of the basis of the food-chain that ends with fish)  they add



oxygen to the water through the process of photosynthesis; they re-



move oxygen from the water through the process of respiration; and



if super-abundant, they may create nuisances and impart objectionable



taste and odors to water supplies.  The attached growths of micro-



organisms perform the same environmental roles as the suspended algae,



but they "monitor" the continuing changes in quality of the over-



passing water.  Nutrients in water are important when they support



super-abundant plant life, so it is necessary to study the avail-



ability of nutrients.  The community of bottom organisms is part of



the vital link between algae and fish in the food chain.  The compo-



sition of these communities is an excellent indicator of water qual-



ity conditions.  The composition of the substrate strongly affects



these communities.  The substrate is also the place where fishes de-



posit their delicate eggs to incubate.  Fish are the top of the food



pyramid in the aquatic ecosystem.  The species, number and quality
                             73

-------
of fishes that inhabit a stream reflect the water quality of that



body of water.  Waste water effluents have been known to taint



flavors of fish flesh.  To identify such waste sources, fish with



acceptable flavor were exposed upstream and downstream from sus-



pected sources.  Such a test procedure shows the direct influence



of pollution.



SUSFEIDED ALGAE



     According to historical data, the upper Ohio River does not



support algae populations typical of rivers with similar character-



istics.  Pollution sensitive algae occurred rarely;  the populations



were predominantly pollution-tolerant.  Occasionally samples had no



algae, indicating toxic conditions.



     Samples collected in May 1970 contained very low numbers of



algae, ranging from 162 to 6^3 cells per milliliter.  The number of



algal cells and the quantity of chlorophyll both increased downstream,



indicating an increase in the viability and photosynthesis potential



of the algae.



     Water samples collected in May 1970 were bio-assayed to deter-



mine their potential for algal growth.  Only five of 22 samples sus-



tained algal growth for the duration of the 17-day test.20  Eleven



samples supported short term growth, but growth was  stimulated and



sustained by addition (at seventh day) of nitrogen and phosphorus.



Six of the samples were toxic to the inoculated algae.  ResultSi of



the assays are summarized in Figure 7.  Waters from  the Allegheny



and Monongahela Rivers were toxic to the test algae.  Toxicity to

-------
                                                     CO
                                                     cs
75

-------
algae persisted in the Ohio River downstream of the confluence.



Downstream from the Allegheny Sanitary Authority discharge,  the



waters were not toxic to the the test algae, and contained suffi-



cient nutrients to stimulate the growth of algae for the 17-day



test period.  Downstream from Dashields Dam, the river waters were



short of nutrients for algal growth with the exception of the water



sample from the West Virginia-Pennsylvania State line which was



toxic to the test algae.  This sample contained large quantities of



oil and emulsifiers which can be toxic to aquatic life.



ATTACHED GROWTHS



     Attached growths collected during this study reflected condi-



tions from mid-May to mid-June.  These growths were predominantly



the more pollution-tolerant blue-green algae at most of the sampling



stations (Figure 8).



     Downstream of the ALCOSAN waste effluent, there was a reduction



in both the number of cells and number of kinds of attached growths.



Protozoa, which thrive where there is an abundance of bacteria and



microscopic sewage particles, made up a significant part of the  popu-



lation.



     As the decomposing organic material released nutrients, the



attached forms responded with an increase in numbers and chlorophyll



content (Figures 9 and 10).  Further downstream, the data are similar



to those observed upstream of the organic source.  This indicated



that the effects of the organic discharge were no longer manifested
                             76

-------
U3AIU   V13HV9NONOIH  I
    ajonbs  jad  S"H30  SQNVSnOHl
         77

-------
V13H V9NONOW
                                                               CO
                                                               z
                                                               CO


                                                               •oC
                                                               C9
                                                               oe
                                                               C9

                                                               Li-
                                                               es

                                                               CO
          o
          cvi
                    JO

-------
UJ
2
2
<
X
O
coz


2 O

_»
0)2
— O

UJ ^~

dS

UJ <
2 2

— CJ
                         M-I3HVDNONOW
                   U3AIU  AN 3 H 03 ll V
                         I      i      i
     O
     00
                  o
                  (0
o
ro
                                                    I   i
O
OJ
                                                             UJ
                                                             a:
                                                             UJ
                                                             I
                                                             o
                                                                 C0
    J848UI sjonbs jad  SUJDJSIUJUJ _  llAHdOdOlHO
                       79

-------
or were masked by other discharges.



HOTRIENTS



     According to historical data, excessive quantities of iron in



and added to the upper Ohio River may be reducing the availability



of phosphorus for algal growths.  Iron tends to precipitate at the
                                                       f{ '


confluence of the Monongahela and Allegheny Rivers.   The precipi-



tating iron can either react with or absorb phosphate ions or phos-



phorus.  The reactions are the cause for the shortage of nutrients



observed in the algal bio-assays.  Nitrogen would not be a limiting



nutrient'since there is usually an abundance of inorganic nitrogenous



compounds.



BOTTOM SEDIMENTS AHD ORGANISMS



     Bottom sediments in the study area contained toxic concentra-



tions of oil.  Concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen in the



sludge were typical of organic sludge originating from inadequately-



treated sewage wastewater.  Concentrations of organic carbon and ni-



trogen in bottom sediments increased from river mile 3*1- downstream



to at least river mile 1+3.0 (Figure 6 on page ?l).



     The reported concentrations of organic carbon and nitrogen in



the sediments and the absence of strong odors of decomposition indi-



cate that these sludges were not undergoing active decomposition.



Toxic concentrations of oil in the sediment inhibited the develop-



ment of a benthic fauna conducive to the biological decomposition of



nitrogenous wastes.  Only pollution-tolerant aludgeworms were found



living in the sediments, and their low numbers indicated conditions
                             80

-------
of toxicity.  Figure 11 illustrates the locations of the benthic



sampling points,and Table Ik lists the bottom fauna composition.



     In addition to the direct quantitative bottom sampling,



artificial rock substrates21 were installed for a four-week period



in May and June.  These artificial substrates were suspended off



the bottom  and provided a habitat for colonization by bottom ani-



mals that was not affected by variations in sediment or bottom



materials.  Figure 12 and Table 15 summarize the populations of animals



found inhabiting these baskets.  With the exception of sludgworms,



the samples generally contained few organisms.  Pollution-sensitive



animals were only rarely found.  The low number of kinds and the low



populations at most sampling points suggest the presence of toxic



materials.  Though ALCOSAN discharges organic materials at mile point



3«2, animals that would increase their population because of the in-



creased food supply were found in low numbers indicating the presence



of toxic materials.  At three points, the baskets contained large num-



bers of organisms (Figure 12); these were primarily worms.  Each of



these areas are below significant sources of iron-bearing waste waters.



Precipitation of iron on the rocks or the growth of filamentous iron



bacteria would provide soft materials on the rocks and in the crevices.



These soft materials provided a more suitable substrate than rocks for



the burrowing pollution-tolerant worms.



FISH BDRJIATJONS



     The number of kinds of fish inhabiting waters are an indication
                             81

-------
C9

-------




















o
h -P
A)
C rt
p" H
T1 w
ft 1)

O -P
•H tQ
§ i
g r^

L( *

>,-(
*tf d
0) 0
43 >
O H
4) p»
rH 0}
.0 9
O OJ
04
a "
1 t
1 3
to ,0
0 -P

f ?
O Ck
.p
•p a
& &





















0
a

o
CO
OJ



in
OJ

PC
1 1 1 1 1 1 O O

ij
K

1 1 1 4 1 OJ C4 rH
I 1 1 1 1 UN UN H



J
CO CO H
1 1 1 1 1 -* -=fr
ik


1 1 1 1 1 1 O O


^
o\|
COl J
Hi

O
VO
H

O
on
K


*


K
1 1 1 1 1 1 O O
1 1 1 1 1 1 O O
1 1 1 1 1 1 O O



1 1 1 1 1 1 O O

1 1 1 i 1 in I/N H
rH

CO
o
t— o
ON H
PH

1 1 1 1 1 1 O O



^
1 1 1 1 1 1 O 0
s? m

S H * 1

* S oj w

CO CO H
1 1 1 1 1 H H

•rl »4 ONI
H A)
0 >•

" K
8 * o
<0
& g "
0) -H
s 15
J -p
CO

"i <"?
W ITv


1-3

1 1 1 1 1 1 O O

pa

^

CO ' CO H
1 1 1 1 1 H H

1 1 1 1 1 1 O O



K

1 1 1 1 1 1 O 0


*
UN


O
"*



ON
OJ

K
0 O H
1 1 1 1 1 H H

i-q
*
K
1 1 1 1 1 1 O O
1 1 1 1 1 1 O O

•J
1 1 1 1 1 in UN H


«

1 1 1 1 1 1 O 0

*
^

1 1 1 1 1 1 O O


°?
rH
K

H!

o s
m
If
o

-» -=!• rH
1 1 1 1 1 H rH

1 1 1 1 1 OJ OJ rH
01 dj
g 31 JS) m fli «£j »s^ -s^.
O 50 0) CO "o 3 CO m «H rH • iH
+5 3 4) *o *H W ^ SO Co +J CO
O M *|j*j *O H "jj 4* $-* "^.S
bO W *So flS flG OtD 'tfS CQ CQ
'O 2 oj 3 OJ 2
SO h .p 4J H
CQ O P^ i-3 CQ



















































T3
§
U
03

§ "«
43 c
& 1
(4
P «
•A &
. .





83

-------































,
•p
§
o
3

13
9
2



















•3
||!
d -H

c
£
£
 <1> 1
•p Oj > IA
•H 4) -H •
hj pq (Tj ON

t,

•H
K
£
OJ

PP

IA
H
1
IA
tA
CM
IA
cq
ta H H /» a ovio 0-9
a &<3 a Q 03 >-H 4>> -pa
.« d ss ll ll II 1s 1«
•a 3 o 3 cu 3
E) o h 5 eu H
X CO O PL< M CQ














































13
o
u
CO
! 1
fe ^
p- o
•H B)
*M I'M

* s




-------
f
        I
                                          H3A IU
                                                            7 3H V9NONOW
                                                     H3A lid  AN3HO311V
                                                                                    in
                                                                                    ro
                                                                                    O
                                                                                    to
                                                                                    in
                                                                                       LU
                                                                                       Q-
                                                                                       £
                                                                                       CE
                                                                                    -  2
                                                                                       X
                                                                                       O
                                                                                    in
                                                                                 — o
in       o


    SDMI*  JO
                         m
                                            O
                                            O
o
o
PJ
                                                                  do
                                          85

-------
              River Mile  -
ORGANISM:
Diptera  (True Plies)
  Chironcraidae (Midges) pqpae
  Chironcmidae       larvae
    Ablabesmyia malloohi
    Conchapelopla
    Psectrocladius sp. 3 Rob.
    P. sp. It- Rob.
    P. flavus gr.
    Criootopus bicinctus gr.
    C. junus
    C. trifasciatus gr.
    Diplocladius sp. 1
    Polypedilum sp.
    P. scalaervum
    Parachironomus abortivus ?
    P. pectinatellae
    Dicrotendipes nervosus
    D. neonodestus
    D. incurvus gr.
Ephemeroptera (Mayflies)
    Stenonema integrum
Pleooptera (Stoneflles)
    Perlesta placida
Odonata
  Zygoptera (Damselflies)
    Enallagpia exsulans
Crustacea
  Isopoda (Sowbugs)
    Asellus sp.
  Amphipoda (Scuds)
    Crangonyx sp.
  Decapoda (Crayfish)
    Orconectes sanborui
Oligochaeta (Segmented Worms)
Table 15.   Stmmary of Bottoo Animals Collected fron
          Basket Samplers-dipper Ohio River
                    Hay-June, 1970
                     No. /Basket

                  6-2   9.1   9-1   16.7   22.3   26.0   51-7
 3
12
             26
              6
                                             2
                                             6

                                             2
                                             8

                                            12
2
2
6
 5
 1
23

 2

 1
                                               37.0   kQ.2
                                                16
                    88
Naididae - 5
Nematoda (Roundvorms)
Mollusca
Gastropoda (Snails)
Physa sp.
Bryozoa (Moss Animals)
Fredericella sp. -
Flumatella sp. -
Coelecterata (Hydras)
Hydra sp. -
Hydracarina (Water Mites) 1
1 IX) 11 35 75 35^ 670
3 - 1


1

X
.

X
	
10
-


-

X
X

-
-
81
2


-

X
X

-
-
16 1000 21
.


.

X
X

X
.

Total Individuals 5 8
Total Taxa 1* 3
3 16 20 & 82 '" 39^ 709
3 5 7 11 5 6 9
37
12
122
10
32 11X& 37
<* 3 5
                 *A - Allegheny River; M - Monongahela River.
                  X - present
                                                                    86

-------
of the water quality.  Since 1957, a number of fish studies have been


                                          12 22 23
conducted in this reach of the Ohio River.  >&t>c->   These have in-



volved sampling the populations in the lock chambers at the Emsworth,



Dashield, and Montgomery Dams*



     A July 1959 study at Montgomery Locks and Dam produced 21 fish



species, which is the greatest number collected in the lock chamber



samples in this section of the river.  This study was conducted fol-



lowing closure of the steel industries by strike,  Krumholz and



MLnckley^ compared the 1959 studies (before and after the strike)



and concluded that after the industry shutdown, there was an improve-



ment in water quality accompanied by an increase in the variety and



abundance of fishes.  Further, they showed the principal difference



in species composition  was the occurrence of pollution sensitive



fishes that invaded the previously polluted area, presumably from



nearby unpolluted waters.  Six of these species, collected in the



study after the industry closure, were not collected previously in



the lock chambers, nor have they been collected since.



     There was a marked increase in the total weights and total num-



ber of individuals in the sample results during the 1967-69 study



over the 1957-59 study.  Fish production was greater in this section



of the Ohio River in the late sixties than in the late fifties.



     The species composition of the 1967-69 studies is dominated



by carp and bullheads.  This condition indicates that the water



quality favors the more pollution-tolerant fish.  A few pollution-
                             87

-------
sensitive fishes, notably the longperch darter and the walleye,  were



collected in the 1967-69 study.  The important sport and commercial



fishes such as channel catfish, the sunfishes and walleyes have



never comprised over 10 percent of the fish population.



FISH TAIHTING



     Channel catfish of acceptable flavor were placed in the Alleg-



heny, Monongahela and Ohio Rivers at various points.  After three



days exposure, the fish were retrieved and subjected to a panel



taste test.  The panel scored the flavor of each sample on a 7-point



scale ranging from 7, no unnatural flavor, to 1, very extreme, unnaccept-



able flavor.  Fish flesh having scores of 5 to 7 were considered to have



acceptable  flavors.



     The flavors of catfish exposed one mile upstream from the Ohio



River confluence in the Allegheny and Monongahela Rivers were unac-



ceptable.  Excepting at two exposure points (river mile U.9 and



lU.5), all catfish exposed along the left bank of the Ohio River in



the study reach acquired unacceptable flavors.  Along the left bank



of the Ohio River, particularly bad unacceptable flavors were ac-



quired by exposed catfish at the following points:  (l)  downstream



from the waste outfall of Shenango, Inc., at river mile 5.8 (score



3.8);  (2)  dowstream from waste outfalls of the Jones and Laughlin



Steel Company at river miles 17.9 (score 3.2), 19.3 (toxic), and 22.2



to 2k.2 (scores 3.8 to 3.9);  (3) downstream from waste outfalls of



the Pittsburgh Tube Company and Monaca sewage treatment plant at

-------
mile 28.b (score 3*2); and (k) downstream from waste outfalls of



the Sinclair-Kbppers Company at river miles 29.8 (score 3.6) and



30.0 (score 3.0).



     All test fish exposed along the right bank of the Ohio River



in the study reach acquired flavors that were not acceptable.  Along



the right bank of the Ohio River, particularly bad unacceptable



flavors were acquired by exposed catfish at the following points:



(l) downstream from the point of discharge from the Allegheny County



Sanitary Authority sewage treatment plant at river mile 3.2 (score



3.6);  (2) downstream from the mouth of tributary Legionville Run at



river mile 18.8 (score 3.9);  (3) downstream from waste outfalls of



the Penn-Central Railroad Company at river mile 2I.k (score 3.8);



(U) downstream from the waste discharge of the Borough sewage treat-



ment plant at river mile 28.2 (score 3.7);  (5) downstream from waste



discharges from the Midland sewage treatment plant and Crucible Steel



Company at river miles 36.6 (score 2.8) and 39.3 (score 3.8).  Ohio



River waters at the State boundary lines (river mile 40.0) imparted



unacceptable flavors to exposed catfish.
                             89

-------

-------
                           BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.  U. S. Bureau of the Census, "U. S. Census of Population, 1970.
    Number of Inhabitants, Pennsylvania."  Final Report PC(l)-UOA.
    U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C.  1971.

2.  Shroyer, Edward.  Personal interview with George Brinsko, Plant
    Superintendent, Allegheny County Sanitary Authority of inventory
    municipal wastes.  Federal Water Quality Administration, Wheeling,
    West Virginia.  May 2, 1970.

3.  U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.  "Municipal
    Water Facilities, 1963 Inventory."  Public Health Service
    Publication Ho. 775 (revised), Vols. 2, 3, and 5.  U. S. Govern-
    ment Printing Office, Washington, D. C.  196>.

U.  U. S. Government memorandum from G. V. Bryant to J. W. Ferguson.
    Federal Water Quality Administration, Wheeling, West Virginia.
    August k, 1970.

5.  U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River.  "Ohio River and
    Tributaries - Small Boat Harbors, Ramps, landings, etc."
    Corps of Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio.  April 1970.

6.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
    Control Administration.  The Cost of Clean Water.  Vol. Ill,
    FWPCA Publication No. I.W.P.-l.  U. S. Government Printing
    Office, Washington, D. C.  September 1967.

7.  U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River.  "River Teiminals,
    Ohio River and Tributaries."  Corps of Engineers, Cincinnati,
    Ohio.  April 1970.

8.  U. S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River.  Unpublished data.
    Corps of Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio.

9.  U, S. Army Engineer Division, Ohio River,  'fthio River Basin
    Comprehensive Survey."  Appendix F, Agriculture,,   Corps of
    Engineers, Cincinnati, Ohio.  1966.
                              91

-------
10.  Official file of the Pennsylvania Department of Health,
     Region V, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

11.  U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Quality
     Administration.  "Effects of Waste Water Discharges on
     Aquatic Life of the Ohio River (Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
     to Pennsylvania State boundary).   FWQA, Cincinnati, Ohio.
     1970.

12.  U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Unpublished data.

13.  Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission. Yearbooks.
     ORSAHCO, Cincinnati, Ohio.  1965-1969.

Ik.  Shapiro, M. A., Audelman, J. B.,  and Morgan, P. V.
     "Intensive Study of the Water at  Critical Points on the
     Monongahela, Allegheny, and Ohio  Rivers in the Pittsburgh,
     Pennsylvania Area."  Report to the Federal Water Pollution
     Control Administration, Project No.  PH-86-6U-124.  Uni-
     versity of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.  1966.

15.  Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission.
     "DO-BOD Model Study for the Pittsburgh Area." ORSANCO,
     Cincinnati, Ohio. 1970

16.  McCauley, R. N. "The Biological Effects of Oil Pollution
     in a River."  Limnology and Oceanography, Vol. 11, p. ^75-
     486.  Amer. Soc. of Lim. & Ocean., Inc., Lawrence, Kansas.
     1966.

17.  U. S. Government memorandum from F.  K. Kawahara to
     I. L. Dickstein.  Federal Water Quality Administration,
     Cincinnati, Ohio. June 15, 1970.

18.  National Coal Association.  "Steam Electric Plant Factors."
     National Coal Association, Washington, D. C. 1969.

19.  Anonymous.  "River-quality Conditions During a 16-week
     Shutdown of Upper Ohio Valley Steel Mills." ORSANCO,
     Cincinnati, Ohio.  1961.

20.  Anonymous.  "Provisional Algal Assay Procedure."  Joint
     Industry/Government Task Force on Eutrophication.  1969.
                                     92

-------
21.  Anderson, J. B. and Mason, W. T., Jr.  "A Comparison of Benthic
     Macroinvertebrates Collected by Dredge and Basket Sampler."
     Journal Water Pollution Control Federation, Vol. kt p. 252-
     259.  JWPCF, Washington, D. C.  1969.

22.  Kranholz, L. A., Charles, J. R., and Minckley, W. L.  "The
     Fish Populations of the Ohio River.  In:  Aquatic Life Resources
     of the Ohio River."  ORSANCO, Cincinnati, Ohio.  1962.

23.  Krumholz, L. A. and Minckley, W. L.  "Changes in Fish Population
     in the Ohio River Following Temporary Pollution Abatement."
     Transaction American Fisheries Society, Vol 93» P« 1-5.
     Amer. Fish. Soc., Lawrence, Kansas,
                                93

-------

-------