STATUS REPORT ON THE
CALUMET AREA POST ACTION SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FOR THE PERIOD
JANUARY THROUGH JUNE 196?
ILLINOIS-INDIANA
U. S. Department of the Interior
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
Great Lakes Region
Chicago Program Office
August 196?
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
TABLE OF CONTENTS I
LIST OF FIGURES,MAPS & TABLES II & III
INTRODUCTION 1
BACKGROUND 2
Authority and Organization 2
Purpose and Scope 2
Criteria 3
DESCRIPTION OF AREA 4
DESCRIPTION OF PROGRAMS 5
Stream and Harbor Sampling Program 5
Beach Sampling Program 5
Automatic Monitoring Program 5
Biological Sampling Program 5
CONCLUSIONS 9
Recommendations to the Conferees 9
WATER QUALITY 11
Beach Sampling Program 11
Stream, Harbor and Water Intake Sampling Program 16
Station 1 - Grand Calumet River at Pennsylvania R.R. Bridge 18
Station 2 - Indiana Harbor Canal at 151st St. 23
Station 3 - Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road 28
Stations 4, 5 & 6 - Indiana Harbor 35
Station 7 - Grand Calumet River at Indiana Harbor Belt R.R.Br. 44
Station 8 - Little Calumet River at Wentworth Ave. 4-9
Stations 9 & 10 - Wolf Lake and Outlet 55
Stations 11, 12 & 13 - Calumet Harbor 63
Station 14 - Gary West Water Intake 73
Station 15 - East Chicago Water Intake 75
Station 16 - Hammond Water Intake 75
Station 17 - Dunne Crib Water Intake 79
BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING PROGRAM % 82
UNITED STATES STEEL LANDFILL SURVEILLANCE 86
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LIST OF FIGURES, MAPS AND TABLES
Page No.
LOCATION MAP - CALUMET AHEA 6
LOCATION MAP - BEACH SAMPLING PROGRAM 10
Table B-l - Beach Sampling Results 12
Figure B-l - Total Coliforms 1966 and 1967 13
B-2 - Fecal Coliforms 1966 and 1967 I1*
B-3 - Fecal Streptococci 1966 and 1967 15
LOCATION MAP - Stations 1, 2 and 3 17
Figure 1 - Bacterial Results - Station 1 19
Figure 2 - Chemical Results (total iron, phenol)-Station 1 20
Figure 3 - Chemical Results (cyanides, sulphates)-Station 1 21
Table 1 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 1 22
Figure k - Bacterial Results - Station 2 25
Figure 5 - Chemical Results (total iron,phenol)-Station 2 26
Table 2 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 2 27
Figure 6 - Bacterial Besults - Station 3 30
Figure 7 - Chemical Results (iron,phenol) - Station 3 31
Figure 8 - Chemical Results (cyanide, D.O.)-Station 3 32
Table 3 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 3 33
LOCATION MAP - Stations 4, 5 and 6 3k
Figure 9 - Bacterial Results - Station k 36
Figure 10-Bacterial Results - Station 5 37
Figure 11-Bacterial Results - Station 6 38
Figure 12-Chemical Results (iron, phenol)-Station 6 39
Table k - Chemical Quality of Water - Station k kO
Table 5 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 5 4l
Table 6 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 6 k2
LOCATION MAP - Stations 7 and 8 1*3
Figure 13-Bacterial Results - Station 7 ^5
Figure l4-Chemical Results (D.O.,total PO^) - Station 7 W»
Figure 15-Chemical Results (Nflo, Dis.Solids)- Station 7 47
Table 7 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 7 W
Figure l6-Bacterial Results - Station 8 50
Figure 17-Chemical Results(NHq, Dis. Solids)- Station 8 51
Figure 18-Chemical Results (DO, tot. PO^) - Station 8 52
Table 8 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 8 53
II
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Page No.
LOCATION MAP - Stations 9 and 10 5^
Figure 19-Bacterial Besults - Station 9 56
Figure 20-Bacterial Results - Station 10 57
Figure 21-Chemical Results (MBAS, tot. POj^) - Station 9 58
Figure 22-Chemical Results (MBAS, tot. POl^) - Station 10 59
Table 9 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 9 60
Table 10- Chemical Quality of Water - Station 10 6l
LOCATION MAP - Stations 11, 12 and 13 62
Figure 23-Bacterial Results - Station 11 6k
Figure 24-Bacterial Results - Station 12 65
Figure 25-Bacterial Results - Station 13 66
Figure 26-Chemical Results (iron, dis.solids) - Station i_L 67
Figure 27-Chemical Results (NH3, tot. POl^) - Station 13 68
Table 11 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 11 69
Table 12 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 12 70
Table 13 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 13 71
LOCATION MAP - Stations 14, 15, 16 & 1? 72
Table Ik - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 14 7^
Table 15 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 15 77
Table 16 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 16 78
Table 17 - Chemical Quality of Water - Station 17 80
LOCATION MAP - Biological Survey 8l
Table 18 - Comparison of Bendy Samplers with Standard Dredges 814-
Table 19 - Phytoplankton Results 85
TABLE LF-1 - U.S. STEEL LANDFILL SURVEILLANCE RESULTS 86
in
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INTRODUCTION
This report on the changes in water quality in the Calumet Area is
the fourth in a series of semi-annual reports made by the Calumet Area Sur-
veillance Project of the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(FWPCA). Previous reports covered the periods July to December 19&5* January
to June 1966 and July to December 1966. This report covers January to June
1967 and includes a section on the beach surveillance program which covers
data collected during July 1.967.
The waters reported on include the Grand Calumet River, the Indiana
Harbor Canal, Indiana Harbor, the Little Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Wolf
Lake Outlet, Calumet Harbor and the lower end of Lake Michigan. Beaches in-
clude Rainbow Beach, two Calumet Park Beaches, Hammond Beach, Whiting Beach,
East Chicago Beach and the Hammond Beach on Wolf Lake.
The cooperation provided by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board, the Illinois Sanitary Water Board, the Metropolitan Sanitary District
of Greater Chicago, the United States Coast Guard, U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers and others in supplying valuable information and facilities is
gratefully acknowledged.
FWPCA personnel who participated include:
Robert J. Bowden, Director
Anne Byrne, Microbiologist
Joseph V. Slovick, Sampler-Hydraulics Technician
William J. Degutis, Sampler-Monitor Technician
Daniel Chorowicki, Aquatic Sampler
Lillian Ehlert, Secretary
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BACKGROUND
Authority and Organization
A conference on pollution of the interstate waters of the Grand
Calumet River, Little Calumet River, Calumet River, Wolf Lake, Lake Michi-
gan and their tributaries, called by the Secretary of Health, Education and
Welfare under the provisions of Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act (33 USC 466 et. seq.) was held in Chicago, Illinois March 2-9,
1965.
Paragraph No. Ik- of the Conclusions and Recommendations of the
Conferees for this conference provided that "Surveillance will be the primary
responsibility of the Indiana Stream Pollution Control Board, the Illinois
Sanitary Water Board and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago.
The Department of Health, Education and Welfare will make available a resident
technical group and visiting groups of experts which will assist the State
agencies and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago at such
time as requested by them."
The State of Indiana, on April 6, 1965> and the State of Illinois, on
April 16, 1965, requested an extensive sampling program by the Federal govern-
ment to monitor the water quality in the Calumet Area. The Metropolitan
Sanitary District has not formally requested a sampling program, but has
requested laboratory assistance in the analysis of samples they have collect-
ed and in special studies they have conducted on chlorination of the effluent
from their sewage treatment plant. The Calumet Area Surveillance Project was
organized in the latter part of June 1965 to fulfill the requirements of
paragraph No. 14 and the requests of the states.
On January 1, 1966 the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
was created within the Department of Health, Education and Welfare and
incorporated the surveillance project.
On May 10, 1966 the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration was
transferred from the Department of Health, Education and Welfare to the U. S.
Department of the Interior.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of the Calumet Area Surveillance Project is to assess the
progress in the abatement of pollution in the conference area in cooperation
with appropriate state and local agencies. This is being accomplished through
a sampling program to monitor the water quality at various locations within
the conference area and a series of electronic water quality monitors to con-
tinuously monitor the water quality at selected key points in the basin.
Streamflow measurements are being made so that laboratory analyses in milli-
grams per liter can be converted to pounds per day. The information obtained
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through federal, state and local sampling programs and the information fur-
nished by the industries to the state or other responsible agencies on the
quality and quantity of their waste flows are evaluated.
Reports are prepared and presented to the Conferees and reconvened
conferences on the current water quality and the progress toward abatement of
the pollution.
Criteria
The conclusions drawn in this report regarding water quality conditions
in the Calumet Area are made relative to certain specific water quality
standards. These standards, which are referred to throughout the report, are
those proposed by the State of Indiana and approved by the Secretary of the
Interior on July 18, 1967.
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DESCRIPTION OF AREA
The Calumet area is a flat plain located at the southern end of Lake
Michigan and includes the Calumet-Little Calumet River system, the Grand Calu-
met-Indiana Harbor Canal system, Wolf Lake and its outlet. It includes
approximately 7^2 sq.. miles and forms a part of the continental divide be-
tween the Mississippi River Basin and the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence River
Basin. Approximately 60$ of the area drains to Lake Michigan and the remain-
ing kQfy drains to the Mississippi River by way of the Illinois River system.
Despite this fact the area is not well drained. There are large, marshy,
low-lying areas which are subject to flooding during and after heavy rainfalls.
The streams are sluggish and meandering except where they have been artifi-
cially maintained and/or supplemented by industrial or municipal waste flows.
The Grand Calumet and the Little Calumet Rivers both traverse the
divide. On the Grand Calumet the divide is normally located at the Hammond,
Indiana Sewage Treatment Plant outfall. Approximately two thirds of the
effluent flows west into the Calumet River in Illinois and one third flows
east to the Indiana Harbor Canal and Lake Michigan. Rainfall and lake level
conditions can cause the divide to shift to either the east or the west.
The location of the divide on the Little Calumet River is not definite
and varies over a distance of several miles in the vicinity of Highland,
Indiana. The western portion flows to the Gal-Sag Channel in Illinois which
connects the system to the Illinois River. The eastern portion flows to Lake
Michigan by way of Burns Ditch which discharges to the lake near Ogden Dunes,
Indiana.
Flow in the Calumet River is controlled by the O'Brien Lock and is
directed from Lake Michigan to the Gal-Sag Channel except during periods of
heavy flooding or unusually low lake levels.
The Indiana Harbor Canal connects the Grand Calumet River to Lake
Michigan. The Grand Calumet River east of the Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant
outfall is tributary to Lake Michigan through the canal.
WoLf Lake is located on the Illinois-Indiana state line between
Chicago, Illinois and Hammond, Indiana. The original outlet from Wolf Lake
to Lake Michigan has been blocked and an outlet to the Calumet River in
Chicago has been constructed. The city of Hammond maintains a park which
occupies most of the Indiana shoreline of the lake. This park and the lake
are extensively used for recreation. The Illinois portion of the lake is a
part of the Wolf Lake Conservation Area.
Cities and Industries
The major population centers in the area are East Chicago, Gary,
Hammond and Whiting in Indiana; and Calumet City, Chicago Heights and a part
of the south side of Chicago in Illinois. The area is highly industrialized.
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There are ten major steel mills including the United States Steel Corporation's
Gary Works, Gary Sheet and Tin Mill, Youngstown Sheet and Tube Company, and
Inland Steel Company in Indiana; and United States Steel's South Works, the
Wisconsin Steel Company, the Interlake Iron Corporation, the Republic Steel
Corporation and the Acme Steel Company in Illinois. There are five petroleum
refineries including the American Oil Company, the Cities Service Petroleum
Company, the Mobil Oil Company, and the Sinclair Refining Company in Indiana;
and the Clark Oil and Refining Co. in Illinois. Other industries include
Lever Brothers, Union Carbide Chemical, E. I. Du Pont, M & T. Chemicals, Ameri-
can Maize and a large number of smaller concerns.
These industries are located in three major groups. One group is
concentrated along the Calumet River in Illinois. Another is along the Indiana
Harbor Canal; and the third is in Gary, Indiana and discharges to the head-
waters of the Grand Calumet River. These three groups make the Calumet Area
one of the most important industrial centers in the nation and also one of
the most significant from the standpoint of water pollution.
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DESCRIPTIOH OF PROGRAMS
Stream and Harbor Sampling Programs
Seventeen stream, harbor and water intake stations were scheduled to
"be sampled on a weekly basis to determine chemical and microbiological quali-
ty, during the period January to June 1967. Thirteen of these were sampled
during the entire period. The remaining four are lake stations that required
a boat for sampling, and were not sampled before May 5> 196? due to ice and
inclement weather on the lake. The results of this sampling program are the
basis for this report. The sampling locations are indicated on maps dispersed
throughout this report, preceding the discussion of the results for each
station.
Beach Sampling Program
Sampling on seven beaches in the area was initiated on May l£, 1967
and will continue on a twice weekly basis until September 15, 1967. Six of
these beaches are located on lake Michigan and one on Wolf Lake. A map show-
ing the location of these beaches is on page 10 . Five of the beaches were
sampled at their mid-points in water approximately three feet deep. Rainbow
Beach and Calumet Inner Beach were each sampled at two locations. Samples
were collected on Tuesday and Thursday of each week and analyzed for total
coliforms, fecal coliforms and fecal streptococci. This program was coordina-
ted with the beach sampling programs of the Chicago Park District and the
Indiana State Board of Health and data was distributed freely among the
agencies.
Automatic Monitoring Program
Many operations of the industries in the basin result in discharge of
wastes on a batch basis. This may occur at various times, depending on the
operations of the industry. These discharges and accidental spills of oil
or other pollutants could, pass into Lake Michigan or down the Illinois River
unobserved by a once-a-week sampling program. As the general quality of the
waters in the area improve these spills will become more significant. Such
spills will be detrimental to water uses which otherwise would be supported
by the improved water quality.
A system of 2l4-hour automatic water quality monitors is being established
in the area to detect such spills. Two of these instruments are in place and
four more will be installed before the spring of 1968. A centralized computer
station for the efficient handling of data from these instruments has been
proposed to make the system an on-time system with a short reaction time. An
on-time system is a system capable of detecting and reacting to pollution as
soon as it occurs.
Biological Sampling Program
The kinds and number of aquatic plants and animals inhabiting a particu-
lar body of water reflect the quality of the water that prevails in the area.
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Those that inhabit the bottom reflect the quality that existed in the past.
Some organisms are capable of withstanding polluted conditions and will
multiply rapidly -when competition from other less tolerant organisms is elimin-
ated. These pollution tolerant organisms include sludge worms, bloodworms,
leaches, blue green algae and pulmonate snails. In an unpolluted environment
the number of these organisms is restricted by competition from other species
but when the other species are killed off by pollution they multiply rapidly.
Therefore, the continuous or sudden introduction of toxic wastes, settleable
solids or oxygen consuming materials alters the composition of the benthic
population. A balanced benthic population is not restored immediately upon
the return of optimum water quality because the lengths of the life cycles
of these organisms vary from weeks to years. This fact makes it possible to
detect slugs of pollution that have passed through a sampling station.
In order to develop a more uniform and reliable biological sampling
technique an experimental program using artificial substrates has been es-*
tablished. During April 1967 five Dendy type samplers were placed in streams
of various quality in the Calumet Area. Regular bottom samples using a
Peterson dredge were collected when the Dendy samplers were retrieved. A re-
port on the results of this program is included in this report.
8
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Industrial pollution in the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor
Canal System has become more severe since 1965. The findings indicate that
concentrations of iron> cyanide and phenolic compounds were all higher than
in 1965.
2. Bacterial quality in the Grand Calumet River-Indiana Harbor Canal
System is still unsatisfactory.
3. Floating oil was consistently reported at all stations on the Grand
Calumet River Indiana Harbor Canal System.
k. The water quality in the western portion of the Grand Calumet River
at the state line improved slightly during the summer of 1966 hut deterior-
ated during the winter due to an increased amount of raw or -.^adequately treat-
ed sewage reaching the stream. The stream did not meet the standards at any
time.
5. Overflow from combined sewers associated with heavy rainfalls during
April and May of 1967 caused a significant increase in bacterial counts at
all stations.
6% The water quality in the Little Calumet River has improved since
1965, but the stream is still subject to severe pollution from combined sewer
overflows and does not meet the standards.
7« Wolf Lake is a high quality body of water, suitable for all water
uses but is threatened by high nutrient concentrations. Except for nutrients
there was substantial compliance with the standards.
' 8. The water quality at the East Chicago and Hamnond water intakes
meets some of the standards but is affected by wastes from Indiana Harbor and
direct discharges to the lake causing violation of the standards for ammonia,
total phosphates, iron, phenol and threshold odors.
9. The water quality at Chicago's Dunne Crib and the Gary water intake
did not meet the standards for chlorides, ammonia, total phosphate, iron,
phenol and threshold odor.
10. The water quality at Chicago beaches was satisfactory except during
early July and during periods of easterly winds when such winds locked in the
contamination that might otherwise have been carried away.
11. Oil and grease was consistently found in samples from all of the
water intakes.
12. The large number of alewives that died and were washed onto the
beaches caused a severe odor and aesthetic problem but did not cause immediate
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increases in the bacterial counts. Decaying fish may have caused the increased
counts during July.
13. The water quality at Indiana beaches was not satisfactory, due to
wastes from Indiana Harbor and direct discharges to Lake Michigan.
Recommendations to the Conferees
'SV'^v^ •*•• That numerical criteria for total iron, cyanide, sulphate and oil
tlae included in the standards adopted for the Grand Calumet River.
a
'2. That the criteria for ammonia in open Lake Michigan waters be re-
viewed in light of the high levels routinely found in the lake and the
f. recommendations in the Laboratory Committee's report on ammonia.
- 3. That the criteria for MBAS be reviewed in light of the limitations
of the laboratory analytical procedure reported in Standard Methods.
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WATER QUALITY
Beach Sampling Program
Six Lake Michigan beaches in the Calumet Area are being sampled twice
each week for bacterial quality during the 1967 bathing season. This program,
which started on May 18, 1967 and will continue until September 15, 1967,
includes Rainbow Beach, Calumet Park Inner Beach, Calumet Park Outer Beach,
Hammond Beach, Whiting Beach and East Chicago Beach. Rainbow Beach and
Calumet Park Inner Beach are each sampled at two points. In addition, the
Hammond Beach on Wolf Lake is being sampled.
Samples are obtained in four feet of water at elbow depth by samplers
who wade into the lake wearing rubber waders. The purpose of the rubber waders
is to prevent contamination of the sample by the sampler. The samples are
immediately stored on ice and are processed by the laboratory within a few
hours of collection. Samplers record the following information at the time of
collecting the sample: number of bathers within 100 feet, air temperature,
water temperature, wind speed and direction, height of waves, cloud and weather
conditions and any other factors that may affect water quality.
Samples collected by the Surveillance Project are processed in the
Chicago Program Office by means of the membrane filter (MF) method to determine
total coliform, fecal coliform and fecal streptococci.
The laboratory methods followed are in accordance with the procedure
established in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater"
(12th ed). Pecal coliform determinations are made by the MF method, using
M-FC broth base (Difco) with Rosolic acid as an indicator. This method was
developed by -^Idreich et al at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center
in Cincinnati, Ohio.
The criteria for determining satisfactory water quality for bathing at
the Calumet Area beaches are the following:
a. The water quality is satisfactory if MP colifonns are less than
1000 and MF fecal streptococci are less than 100 per 100 milliliter(ml) of
sample.
b. The water quality is satisfactory if MF colifonns are between 1000
and 5000 and MF fecal streptococci are less than 20 per 100 ml of sample.
An average of the five most recent counts is used to determine if the
water quality is satisfactory.
Results
This report considers the results of the beach sampling program up to
the end of July 1967. The next semi-annual report will consider the entire
^teldreich et al '65, J.A.W.W.A., 57:2:208-214, Feb.
11
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1967 swimming season.
Table B-l and Figures B-l, B-2 and B-3 on pages 12 through 15 compare the
beaches during the period May 18, 196? to July 27, 1967 with a similar period
in 1966. Table B-l indicates no significant change in water quality at the
beaches. There are two exceptions; the Calumet Park Outer Beach met the criteria
more often in 1967> On the other hand, East Chicago Beach did not meet the
criteria as often as in 1966. Rainbow Beach and the two Calumet Park Beaches
met the criteria until the beginning of July when several very high counts
were made. During this period there were a large number of partially decomposed
alewives on the beaches and in the water. It has been considered a possibility
that the high coliform counts during July may have been related to the decom-
posing fish; however, studies directed at confirming this fact have thus far
been inconclusive. During the last week of July the alewives disappeared. At
this time the coliform counts returned to a level which meets the criteria.
The correlation between winds with an easterly component and the high
counts which was noted in 1966 continued in 1967- In addition, the easterly
winds lock in contamination that might otherwise be carried away from the
beaches.
Hammond Beach, Whiting Beach and East Chicago Beach are still heavily-
polluted. This is due to the combined sewer overflows that discharge in the
area and the beaches' proximity to the mouth of the heavily polluted Indiana
Harbor. Wolf Lake continued to meet the criteria during the first half of
the 1967 bathing season.
TABLE B-l
BEACH SAMPLING RESULTS
Rainbow-75th
Rainbow-77th
Calumet Outer
Calumet Inner-
99th
Calumet Inner-
100th
Hammond
Whiting
E. Chicago
Wolf Lake
May
No. of
Samples
18
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18
18
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IB
18
18
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1966
31-July 28
No. of
Failures
7
8
14
10
12
17
18
10
0
f> of
Failures
39
44
78
56
67
9^
100
56
0
1967
May IB-July
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20
20
20
20
20
20
20
7
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5
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10
18
14
16
0
27
of
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35
40
25
45
50
90
70
80
0
12
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FIGURE B-3
LEGEND
(20) NO. TIMES SAMPLED (20)
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-<- MINIMUM
1966 DATA
Maximum Permitted
'{Total Coli.
-------
Stream, Harbor and Water Intake Sampling
Thirteen stream and harbor stations and four Lake Michigan water in-
takes were scheduled to be sampled for bacterial and chemical quality during
the first six months of 1967. Samples were collected once each week except
that stations requiring a boat could not be sampled during severe weather.
All stream stations were sampled at midstream except for the monitor stations,
Numbers 6 and 11, which were sampled at the water quality monitor intake. The
samples for bacterial analyses were taken at a depth of one foot. The samples
for chemical analyses were taken at mid-depth or 10 feet in the case of navi-
gable channels. All water intake samples were taken from the raw water tap
at each of the water filtration plants.
All samples were immediately preserved and/or iced where required in
accordance with procedures established in "Standard Methods for Examination of
Water and Wastewater, 12th Edition, 1965." Laboratory analyses on samples
subject to deterioration were initiated on the day they were collected.
Bacterial analyses were performed as described on page 11.
Chemical analyses were performed in accordance with methods agreed upon
by the Calumet Area Enforcement Laboratory Directors Committee.
In the following discussion criteria have been applied to some stations
for which they were not specifically designated in the Water Quality Standards
previously referred to. This was done for data evaluation purposes only.
Where stations were not designated as control points and had no specific cri-
teria established the most applicable and reasonable criteria were used.
16
-------
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Station 1 - Grand Calumet River at the Pennsylvania R.R. Bridge
This station is located approximately two miles downstream from the
United States Steel Company's complex at Gary, Indiana. The bulk of the flow
is industrial waste from this complex with some combined sewer overflows from
the city of Gary, Indiana.
Figure 1 on page 19 shows that the improvement in the bacterial quality
of the stream still does not meet the criteria. April and May of 1967 were
unusually wet months in the Calumet Area and caused increased discharges of
stormwater overflows from the city of Gary which resulted in higher counts
during these months. It appears that the goals set by the State of Indiana
cannot be reached until a solution is found for the problem of combined sewer
overflows.
The industrial waste problem at this station continued to grow more
severe. Figures 2 and 3 on pages 20 and 21 and Table 1 on page 22 show
increased amounts of iron, phenols and cyanide in the stream. All of these
are constituents of steel mill wastes. Sulphates have not decreased since
the beginning of the surveillance in 1965. Occasional high concentrations
of sulphate accompanied by a low pH indicate the presence of spent pickling
liquor. The latest detected incident of this occurred on March 5> 19&7-
This indicated that the deep well was not in satisfactory operation at that
time.
The continued discharge of industrial wastes to the stream caused a
considerable amount of sedimentation. During May and June of 1967 this sedi-
mentation raised the level of the river to a point where it reportedly over-
topped the outer weirs of the bypass structures on the Gary's combined
interceptor sewers. This reportedly resulted in excessive pumping by the city
of Gary and threatened to cause serious flooding at the r>ewage treatment plant
and in the city. The steel company subsequently dredged a large amount of
material from the river and pumped it to storage lagoons, lowering the river
by six inches to one foot, thereby temporarily relieving the problem.
18
-------
CAUUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION I
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
Illnij. Criterio \ SPC 8)
find. Criteria SPC
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
_—«... FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately tour samples per month.
1965
1967
-------
I—100
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Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 2
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION I
Grand Calumef River at
Pennsylvania R.R. Bridge
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo,Illirtois
20
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FIGURE 3
21
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION I
Grand Calumet River ot
Pennsylvania R.R Bridge
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lok.es Region Chicago.Tllmois
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-------
Station 2 - Indiana Harbor Canal at 151st St.
This station is located immediately downstream of the point where the
eastern and western portions of the Grand Calumet River converge to form the
Indiana Harbor Canal. The quality of the water entering the canal which
eventually reaches Lake Michigan is measured at this point. Effluents from
the Gary, Hammond and East Chicago sewage treatment plants as well as effluents
from several industries on the Grand Calumet River affect this point. All
of the sewage treatment plants are chlorinating their effluents at present.
Figure k on page 25 shows that the bacterial quality still did not
meet the criteria. Figure k also shows an increase in bacterial counts during
April, May and June of 1967. This increase may "be explained by three factors:
the heavy rainfall during April and May which increased the flow from combined
sewer overflows, the increased temperature of the water and an experiment which
was conducted at the Gary sewage treatment plant to determine if coke mill
wastes from the U. S. Steel complex could be treated at the plant. The treat-
ment of these wastes by the activated sludge process resulted in a great
reduction in cyanide and phenol content but produced a very high concentration
of ammonia in the plant's effluent. This ammonia combined with the chlorine
to form chloramines, thereby greatly reducing the effect of the chlorination
process. The plant did not have sufficient chlorination capacity to produce
a free residual, therefore the bacterial counts in the effluent were high.
The increase in industrial wastes noted at Station 1 is also evident
at Station 2. Figure 5 on page 26 and Table 2 on page 27 show the increased
concentrations of iron and phenol. During January and February of 1967 phenol
concentrations were 100 micrograms per liter (ug/l) higher than during January
and February of 1966 in spite of slightly higher water temperatures. On
March 1, 1967 a, heavy slug of phenolic materials was found at this station.
The concentration was 16,750 ug/l and the sample had a strong odor. The
Hammond and East Chicago water treatment plant operators were notified and a
special sampling run was made on March 2, 1967 but the estuarial effect of
Lake Michigan on the canal dispersed the slug and made it impossible to trace.
Phenol concentrations at the downstream stations were only slightly higher
than normal for that time of the year. Moderately high threshold odors were
reported by the East Chicago and Hammond water filtration plants during the
following week. An investigation by the Indiana Stream Pollution Control
Board revealed that the slug originated at the United States Steel Company in
Gary when an employee "mistakenly discharged the wrong vat to the river."
Low pH values accompanied by high concentrations of sulphates indicate
that this station is still affected by discharges of pickling liquor wastes.
Samples from this station were composited on a monthly basis and analyzed
for heavy metals. The following table compares the average values for July
to December 1966 and January to June 1967:
23
-------
July-Dec 1966 Jag-June 1.967
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1 less than 0.005 mg/1
Copper 0.07 " 0.03
Chromium 0.07 " 0.05 "
Potassium 4.6 " k.6
Manganese 0.24 " O.if-7 "
Lead 0.14 " O.l6
Nickel 0.03 " 0.03 "
Zinc 1.17 " 1.20
Sodium 18 " 20
Arsenic less than 1 ug/1 30 ug/1
Except for arsenic the data does not indicate any increase or decrease
in the concentrations of these elements. During 1967 arsenic was detected
in March, April and May. None was found during January,, February or June.
It is probable that these results represent slugs that were caught by the
samplers. It is possible for such slugs to be missed by a weekly sampling
program; therefore this arsenic is probably not a new contaminant but one
that was periodically present but not detected during 1966.
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 2
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greot Lakes Region Chicago,Ilhnois
10'
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LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
— — -—• FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly averages.
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Station 3 - Indiana Harbor Canal at Dickey Road
Station 3 is located at Dickey Road Bridge on the Indiana Harbor Canal.
This station is downstream from the St. George Branch of the Indiana Harbor
Canal and receives the wastes from all of the refineries which discharge to
the canal system.
Fluctuating lake levels cause the canal to act as an estuary in this
area. The water level in the canal fluctuates two to three feet every six
hours. Flow is often upstream at Dickey Road. The net discharge is estimated
to be 1100 to 1200 cubic feet per second (cfs) toward Lake Michigan.
Figure 6 on page 30 indicates declining bacterial counts until April
1967 when they rose sharply. This rise was due to the combined sewer overflows
caused by heavy rainfalls that occurred during these months and to the higher
summer temperatures.
The recently approved water quality standards permit a maximum total
coliforni count of 5000 per 100 nl and an annual average of not more than 2000
per IX ml. During January to June 1967 the maximum coliform count was
1,500,000 per 100 ml with an average of 325,880 per 100 ml. It is evident that
a great deal must be done to meet these goals, particularly in respect to com-
bined sewer overflows.
The extent of the industrial pollution problem is indicated by comparing
the standards for iron, cyanide, dissolved solids and phenolic compounds with
the existing levels in the stream. Table 3 on page 33 indicates that the
existing levels for each of these parameters were many times higher than the
standards. Figures 7 and 8 on pages 31 and 32 indicate that concentrations of
these pollutants have increased during the past two years.
Low dissolved oxygen was an increasing problem at this point. During
June 1967 zero dissolved oxygen was found in two of four samples. The dis-
solved oxygen was less than 1.0 milligrams per liter (mg/l) after the beginning
of May. During 1966 dissolved oxygen contents less than 1.0 mg/l were not
found until June 3-
Samples from this station were composited on a monthly basis and
analyzed for heavy metals. The following table compares the average values
for July to December 1966 and January to June
28
-------
July-Dec 1966 Jan-June 1967
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1 less than 0.005 nog/1
Copper 0.08 " 0.05 "
Chromium 0.04 " 0.01 "
Potassium 4.5 " 4.8
Manganese 0.22 0-32
Lead 0.06 " 0.07
Nickel 0.03 " 0.04
Zinc 0.63 " 0.52 "
Sodium 21 " 24
Arsenic less than 1 ug/1 6 ug/1
As at Station 2, the data does not indicate a definite trend. Signi-
ficant arsenic was found in only the March 1967 composite, indicating that
a slug was detected. It is probable that such slugs existed but were missed
during 1966.
29
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 3
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo^llinois
FIGURE 6 =~
+
(Ind. Criteria SPC7)
Annual Average
(Ind. Criteria SPC7)
(Ind.Crit SPC7)
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
__-.-. FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data bated on monthly averages.
ApproKHftately four samples per month.
1967
-------
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FIGURE 8
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 3
Indiana Harbor Canal
at Dickey Road Bridge
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region ChicagoJIIinois
32
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Stations 4, $ and 6 - Indiana Harbor
Indiana Harbor was sampled, at three points. Station 4 is located at
the mouth of Indiana Harbor Canal, upstream of the Inland Steel and Youngstown
Sheet and Tube ship turning basins. Station 5 is located immediately downstream
of the ship turning basins and downstream of all industrial discharges to the
harbor. The average dry weather flow to Lake Michigan past this station is
2JOO cfs, but under certain wind and lake level conditions lake water is backed
up into the harbor creating the effect of an estuary. Station 6 is located at
the east breakwall inner light which is about 150 feet from Station 5 and con-
tains a water quality monitoring station.
Stations k and 5 a^e boat stations and cannot be sampled in rough wea-
ther. During 1967 they were not sampled until May 5 and were missed several
times thereafter. A comparison of the monthly data from Station 5 and 6 re-
veals that there is no essential difference in water quality between the two
points. Therefore sampling of Station 5 was discontinued as of July
Figures 9, 10 and 11 on pages 36, 37 and 38 indicate that bacterial
counts at these three stations did not meet the standards. The high counts
during May and June were probably due to overflows from combined sewers result-
ing from the heavy rainfalls.
Tables U and 5 °n pages kO and 4l show high iron, cyanide and phenol
concentrations at each of these points which indicate the continued presence
of heavy industrial pollution.
Station 6 is the control point designated by the Indiana Stream Pollu-
tion Control Board for the Indiana Harbor Canal. Table 6 on page k2 and Figure
12 on page 39 compare the proposed criteria with the actual water quality for
the past two twelve-month periods. The criteria for temperature is being met.
The median pH is below the range required by the criteria. In general the
criteria for dissolved oxygen is met. This is because most of the oxygen de-
mand is satisfied before the wastes reach this point and higher quality water
from Lake Michigan often intrudes into the harbor. The criteria for sulphates,
chlorides, ammonia and phosphate were not met. The most serious problems are
iron, cyanides and phenols. The criterion for iron has often been violated
and the criteria for phenols and cyanides were extensively violated during the
colder months.
The bacterial criteria were violated in more than 95$ of the samples.
Many of the subjective criteria such as those calling for freedom from floating
oil, floating solids and debris, odor and turbidity were also violated. The
samplers reported floating oil on almost every sampling run and the waters
often are turbid and have an unpleasant odor.
35
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10
CAUJMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 4
U.S DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Greot Lokes Region Chicago,Illinois
FIGURE 9
Moximum
*
\
v
Annual Average
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
<
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1965
S
2
1966
(Ind Crit SPC7) —
. (Ind Crit SPC7)
.
o 01 o CL o e
-> u- 5 < s a
1967
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 5
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo^Illinois
10'
10
10
I I *
1965
>
o
LEGEND
TOTAL COLfFORMS
— — — — FECAL COLIFORMS
• FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly overa9es.
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37
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1967
-------
CAUJMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 6
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAJ_ WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo,Illinois
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
\ (Jnd.Cnt. SPC71
(Ind.Crit. SPC7)
(IndCnt SPC7)
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four camples p«r month
-------
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Station 7 - Grand Calumet River at the Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. Bridge
This station is located on the Grand Calumet River in Illinois within
a few hundred yards of the Illinois-Indiana state line and reflects the amount
of pollution crossing the state line. It is one of the water quality control
points established by the Calumet Area Technical Committee.
The dry weather flow in this portion of the stream consists of effluent
from the Hammond sewage treatment plant and industrial effluent from a steel
mill and several smaller industries.
Figure 13 on page 45 indicates that the December 1966 increase in bact-
erial levels reported in the previous report continued into the first week of
1967 after which the counts dropped one order of magnitude to the levels
achieved between July and November of 1966. The higher counts noted in June
1967 once again reflected the results of combined sewer overflows. Figure 13
also shows that at no time did the counts meet the standards.
Figures 14 and 15 on pages 46 and 47 indicate the concentrations of
dissolved oxygen, total phosphate, ammonia and dissolved solids at Station 7.
The dissolved oxygen, normally high in winter in an unfrozen stream, dropped
sharply during December and January. It is evident that there was heavy
sewage pollution during December 1966. The reported bypassing by the Hammond
sewage treatment plant is the most likely cause.
Table 7 on page 48 compares the actual water quality with the criteria
established by the Calumet Area Conferees and proposed by both the states of
Indiana and Illinois. The criteria for water temperature and pH were met.
Dissolved oxygen increased during the last twelve months so that the criteria
were met except on one occasion when the minimum value of 0.50 mg/1 was re-
corded. The mean for the period May 1966 to September 1966 was 3-03 nig/l*
which just meets the criterion of 3.0 mg/1. The criteria for BOD, chlorides,
MBAS, ammonia, dissolved solids and phenols were violated many times.
The subjective criteria requiring freedom from floating oil, floating
solids and debris, sludge banks and obnoxious odors were often violated.
Samplers reported these conditions on many occasions.
Samples from this station were composited on a monthly basis and analyzed
for heavy metals. The following table compares the average values for July
to December 1966 and January to June 1967.
July-Dec 1966 Jan-June 1967
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1 less than 0.005 mg/1
Copper 0.03 " 0.02 "
Chromium (total) 9-3 " 8-6
Potassium less than 0.005 " less than 0.005 "
Manganese 0.09 " 0.22
Lead less than 0.005 " 0.04 "
Nickel 0.01 " 0.02
Zinc less than 0.04 " 0.10 "
Sodium 79 88
Arsenic less than 1 uj/1 8 ug/1
44
-------
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cc
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1965
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 7
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo,Illinois
FIGURE 13
Maximum
Maximum
(Ind. Criteria SPC 8)
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
•—-— FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
W.' k >•
o a. o
5 < S
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a. o o
1966
w w >> u
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5 < 5 =»
1967
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1965
1966
Ooto bosed on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 7
Grand Calumet River at
|n-diano Harbor Belt R.R.Bridge
U.S.OEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region ChicagoJIhnois
-------
X
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1966
1967
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FIGURE 15
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 7
Grand Calumet River at
Indiana Harbor Belt R.R.Bridge
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
-------
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Station 8 - Little Calumet River at Wentworth Ave.
The Wentworth Avenue Station monitors the wastes in the Little Calumet
River flowing from Indiana to Illinois. The station is located approximately
one-half mile downstream from the state line and is one of the control points
established by the Calumet Area Technical Committee.
Figure 16, page 50 indicates that the bacterial counts at Station 8 did
not meet the water quality standards. The primary problem on the Little Calumet
River is combined sewer overflows; therefore, the heavy rainfall during April
and May caused the bacterial counts to rise sharply. The completion of the
south side interceptor sewer which will direct much of the sewage to the
.Hammond Sewage Treatment Plant should improve the condition of the river.
Figures 17 and 18 and Table 8 on pages 51,52 and 53 show that there
has been little significant variation in the remaining parameters. Dissolved
oxygen is slightly higher in 1967 but the minimum of 2.0 mg/1 was violated
three times during June. BOD, MBAS, ammonia, cyanide and phenols are often
higher than the maximum permitted by the criteria.
Suspended material in the stream varies widely with flow. During high
flow periods suspended material can be over 800 mg/1 and when the stream is low,
less than 10 mg/1. The average, however, has not changed significantly since
1965.
The criteria call for the stream to be substantially free of floating
oil, floating solids and sludge banks. Floating oil and solids have frequently
been observed during 1967 and gas bubbles indicate the presence of sludge banks.
/
Biological sampling of the river bottom at this station revealed a very
large population of sludgeworms but little else which indicates extensive
organic pollution.
Samples from this station were composited on a monthly basis and analyzed
for heavy metals. The following table compares the average values for July to
December 1966 and January to June 1967.
July-Dec 1966 Jan-June 1967
Cadmium less than 0.005 mg/1 less than 0.005 ™g/l
Copper 0.07 " 0.03 "
Potassium 6.8 " 5-3 "
Chromium (total) 0.06 " 0.02 "
Manganese 0.23 " 0.23 "
Lead 0.02 " 0.04
Nickel 0.20 " 0.08
Zinc 0.03 " 0.09 "
Sodium 68 " 1*0
Arsenic less than 1 ug/1 8 ug/1
Most of these changes are not significant but the one for total chromium
is interesting because Simmons Co., the only industry upstream of this
sampling station, discharges chromium as part of their wastes.
-------
CAUUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 8
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago.Illinois
IQ'
FIGURE 16 —
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DC
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a.
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tr
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I02
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3
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3
<
a)
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1965
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
— FECAL COLIFORMS
— FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Data based on monthly averages.
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Stations g and 10 - Wolf Lake and Outlet
Wolf Lake, which is located on the Indiana-Illinois state line, has
been sampled at two points. Station 9 is directly on the state line which
runs along a causeway that bisects the lake. This station monitors the quali-
ty of the water crossing the state line and has been established as a control
point by the Calumet Area Technical Committee. Station 10 is located on the
Wolf Lake outlet at Carondolet Avenue about 3000 feet downstream from Wolf
Lake and monitors the quality of the water leaving the lake.
The bacterial quality of Wolf Lake and its outlet was good. At the
state line bacterial counts met the criteria on all occasions during the first
six months of 1967. This is shown on Figure 19, page 56 . The outlet met
the criteria on all but one occasion in June when there was a heavy rainfall
on the sampling day. This is shown on Figure 20, page 57 . The beach at
121st Street in Hammond has been sampled twice each week since May 18, 1967
for bacterial quality, as was indicated on Table B-l on page 12 . It met
the criteria on all occasions.
The dissolved oxygen concentration in the lake and its outlet was
adequate for all uses. The minimum, as Tables 9 and 10, pages 60 and 6l
indicate, found in the lake over the past two years was 7.1 mg/1 and 5.9 mg/1
in the outlet.
Foam was observed on the lake on several occasions. Analyses of this
foam revealed that the MBAS concentration was no more than that of the surround-
ing water and was far below the amount to cause foaming. It was concluded,
therefore, that the foam was due to natural causes. Figures 21 and 22 show
the concentrations of MBAS and phosphates.
The concentrations of ammonia and phosphates in the lake were above the
standards.
On May 16, 1967 the concentration of phenolic compounds in the lake in-
creased from its normal level of less than 5 ug/1 to 57 ug/1 and did not
subside until June. On May 31, 1967 a discharge of dark brown material was
observed coming from an outfall just south of the Indianapolis Boulevard
bridge over Wolf Lake. The outfall was sampled and 7^ ug/1 of phenol compounds
were found. The source of this discharge is being investigated.
55
-------
10"
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 9
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greet Lakes Region Chicogo,Jllinois
FIGURE 19
I05
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
to
Data based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month.
A '
1965
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1966
1967
GPO 8O4—863—6
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 10
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Greot Lokes Region Chicogo^Tllinois
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
FIGURE 20
Doto based on monthly averages.
Approximately four tamples per Month.
1965
5T
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1967
r— 0.50
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 21
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL
STATION
Wolf L
at Slate
RESULTS
9
ake
Line
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo,I!lmois
-------
I—0.20
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1965
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a o 5
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1966
1967
Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four somples per month.
FIGURE 22
59
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION 10
Wolf Lake Outlet
ot Carondolet Avenue
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.Illmois
-------
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Stations 11, 12 and 13 - Calumet Harbor
Calunet Harbor was sampled at three points. Station 11 is located at
the mouth of the Calumet River immediately adjacent to the north pierhead
light. Station 12 is located at the mouth of the Calumet River at midstream.
The purpose of these stations is to monitor the quality of the water entering
the river from the harbor. Station 13 is located in mid-harbor approximately
3500 feet from the mouth of the river. This station monitors the quality of
the water flowing from Lake Michigan to the river. Stations 12 and 13 re-
quire a boat for sampling and therefore can be sampled only when weather permits.
A comparison of the data from Stations 11 and 12 revealed that they are essen-
tially the same- in terms of water quality. Sampling at Station 12 has, there-
fore, been discontinued as of July 1967•
Operation of the O'Brien Lock shown on the location map for Stations
11, 12 and 13, page 62 tends to isolate the lower end of the Calumet River
by reversing the natural flow of the river. Under these conditions water flows
from the lake to the river most of the time. For this reason it can be stated
that most of the pollution in the harbor and at the river mouth originates in
the immediate area.
Figures 23, 2k- and 25, on pages 6k-, 65 and 66 show that the bacterial
quality in this area is generally satisfactory. No criteria have been estab-
lished specifically for the harbor but the criteria for Lake Michigan Inner
Harbor Basins can reasonably be applied and are used for comparison purposes.
At Stations 11 and 12 the maximum of 5000 total coliforms per 100 ml was exceed-
ed on only one occasion during the first six months of 1967 and the arithmetic
average of 1500 per 100 ml is within the allowable limit. The criteria for fecal
streptococci (100 per 100 ml) was violated approximately 25$ of the time. This
indicates that whatever pollution is present is fresh in nature. The only
known sources of human wastes are ships using the harbor.
The major industrial pollution problem in the area is iron discharged
by the U.S. Steel Corporation's South Works, which often discolors the entire
area. Phenols were generally within the limit set by the criteria (50 ug/l)
except for a period in January and February when they were high for a two-week
period. Except for ammonia nitrogen, all of the other criteria were met. Con-
centrations of these and other parameters measured at Stations 11, 12 and 13
are shown on Figures 26 and 27 and Tables 11, 12 and 13 on pages 69 through 71
Samples from Station 11 were composited on a monthly basis and analyzed
for heavy metals. The following table gives the average values for the first
six months of 1967.
Cadmium less than 0.005 nig/1
Copper 0.0k
Potassium 3.9 "
Chrome less than 0.005 "
Manganese 0.22 "
Lead 0.0k
Nickel 0.03
Zinc 0.09 "
Sodium 8 "
Arsenic 6 ug/l
63
-------
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION II
US. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicogo.Illinois
FIGURE 23
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Annual Average
i \
|(Ind. Criteria SPC 6)1
Data based on monthly overages.
Approximately four samples per month
GPO 804—863—5
-------
CAIDMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 12
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
FIGURE 24 —
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
(Ind. Criteria SPC 6)
Annuol Average
(Ind.Crit. SPC 6)
(Ind. Grit. SPC 6)
Data based on monthly overages,
Approximately four famples per month.
CO
1965
-------
10°
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2 io4
cc.
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CO
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10
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1965
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
BACTERIAL RESULTS
STATION 13
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN
Great Lakes Region Chicago,Illinois
LEGEND
TOTAL COLIFORMS
FECAL COLIFORMS
FECAL STREPTOCOCCI
Maximum
ttnd. Grit. SPC 6)
Oota based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
•O ^
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i966
66
FIGURE 25 —
and. Grit. SPC 6) —
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1967
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1966
1967
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1965
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1966
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1967
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Data based on monthly averages.
Approximately four samples per month.
FIGURE 26
67
CALUMET AREA SURVEILLANCE PROJECT
CHEMICAL RESULTS
STATION II
Calumet Harbor
North Pierhead Light
U.S.DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMIN.
Great Lok.es Region Chicogo.Illinois
-------
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1967
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PO 804—863—^
-------
Station lh - Gary West Water Intake
The Gary West water intake is one of the control points designated by
the Calumet Area Technical Committee for Lake Michigan open waters. The in-
take is located at a point remote from major sources of pollution and is
exposed to the predominate clockwise current in the southern end of the lake.
The water is of a high quality and should reflect the characteristics of the
open waters of Lake Michigan.
The "bacterial quality of the water was good during the first six months
of 1967. The water quality standards for total coliforms (maximum 2500 per
100 ml; average 200 per 100 ml) was met on every occasion. The standards for
fecal streptococci (maximum 25 per 100 ml) was met on all "but four occasions.
As indicated on Table 14 on page 7^- chemical quality of the water was
also good although several criteria were not met. The criteria for ammonia
and phosphates tentatively established by the Technical Committee were adopted
as Water Quality Standards by the State of Indiana. The concentrations found
in the lake at Station 14 exceed these standards.
The maximum sulphate and dissolved solids were within the range permit-
ted by the standards but the averages were slightly above those required by the
standards. The standards for iron and chloride were not met which may indicate
that surface drainage from the U.S. Steel complex in Gary affected the lake
during the period of heavy runoff.
In the previous report is was stated that the pH was consistently below
the range required by the criteria. At that time samples were being taken into
the laboratory to be tested for pH. It was believed that because the samples
were iced and tested within a few hours of collection there would be no change
in pH. Comparisons of laboratory results with field measurements on the same
sample revealed that the pH measured in the field was 0.3 to 0.6 units higher
than the laboratory pH. All pH values are now being measured in the field when
the sample is collected.
73
-------
TABLE 'ik
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION Ik - GARY WEST WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 512.2
Parameter
Water Temp. °C
pH
Conductivity umho/cm
Alkalinity mg/1
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates "
Chlorides "
MBAS "
NH3-N )
N02+N03-N)tot.N
Org.N )
Sol P04
Total POj,.
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease
Phenol ug/1
Turbidity units
Color "
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.1*
9.0 7.7
-
-
80% sat
_
-
50
15
0.20
0.05*
o.oi**
-
o.oi**
0.30
0.025
-
200
1.3
8.1-8.1*
-
-
.90$ sat. -
-
-
23
8
0.05
0.02*
-
0.03*
0.15
-
162
1.0
Free from floating oil
3.0*
No contrast
1.0*
with
natural appearance
15
8
•^tentative
5
1*
Aug. 1966- June
Max Min Mean
22
8.5
335
120
ll*.8o
2.9
22.0
37
26
0.14
0.28
0.54
0.50
0.18
0.2k
3-9
0.01
li*9
215
0.1*0
i*.8
5-0
1*9.0
20.0
60.0
Data
1
7.1
21*0
90
i*.90
0.1
2.0
16
7
0.02
0.01
0.05
0.01
0.01
0.02
0.05
0.00
3
112
0.12
0.0
0.0
0.6
0.0
1-5
based
9
-
287
106
11.00
1.5
10.7
21*
11
0.05
0.08
0.27
0.23
o.oi*
0.08
0.57
0.00
18
175
0.29
0.8
1.1*
11.0
3.5
6.1
on 1*8
1967
Median
10
7-9
290
107
11.25
1-5
10.0
23
10
0.05
0.06
0.27
0.21*
o.oi*
0.06
0.35
0.00
10
172
0.32
0.5
1.0
9.0
3.5
315
samples
-------
Stations 15 and 16 - East Chicago Water Intake and Hammond Water Intake
The East Chicago and the Hammond water intakes are the two control
points designated by the Calumet Area Technical Committee for inner harbor
basins. These control points have been adopted for the Indiana Water Quality
Standards.
The East Chicago water intake (Station 15) is located east of the mouth
of Indiana Harbor. It is often affected by wastes discharged from Indiana
Harbor despite the prevailing northwesterly current. North and west winds
often cause adverse currents which carry wastes to the intake.
Table 15 on page 77 compares the results for the period August 1966
thru June 1967 with the Standards. The bacterial quality of the water is fairly
good although the standard for fecal streptococci was violated 2.k% of the time.
The dissolved oxygen concentration was sufficient for all water uses.
Nitrogens and phosphates are far above levels designated by the Standards.
Standards for parameters indicating domestic pollution (BOD, coliforms, MBAS,
dissolved solids) were all met, but the criteria for parameters indicating
industrial pollution (iron, phenol, ammonia) were not. This was consistent
with the conditions found in Indiana Harbor and the Indiana Harbor Canal.
The Hammond water intake (Station l6)is located west of Indiana Harbor
in the path of the prevailing current from the harbor. It is therefore much
more seriously affected by wastes from the harbor. In addition it can be
affected by combined sewer overflows which discharge to Late Michigan in the
vicinity.
During the last week of January and the entire month of February bacter-
ial counts, turbidity and suspended solids were very high at Station l£. This
indicates that combined sewer overflows to the lake resulted from the heavy
snows during that period. The bacterial counts also rose sharply in June
after a period of heavy rains.
Except for these higher bacterial counts the pattern was the same as
at the East Chicago Water Intake (Station 15). As Table l6 on page 78
indicates the nutrients and industrial parameters (except cyanide) all violated
the standards. Standards for MBAS, dissolved solids and dissolved oxygen were
met.
The standard for cyanide (an industrial waste) was met at both stations
15 and 16 because, given time, cyanide breaks down in water and the time it
takes for an individual slug of pollution to reach the intakes is considerable.
This time is lengthened by the estuarial nature of the harbor and canal which
causes considerable mixing, particularly during periods of northerly winds.
At both stations the standards for threshold odor and turbidity were often
violated while those for fluoride and true color were met.
The superintendents of both the East Chicago and the Hammond water
filtration plants were informed of the heavy slug of phenol detected in the
Indiana Harbor Canal on March 1, 1967.(see previous discussion on page 23 ).
75
-------
A special sampling run on March 2 failed to detect the slug but the threshold
odor records of the plants reveal both had periods of higher than normal odors
during the next few weeks. It is not possible to say whether or not the
caused these odors but it must certainly have been a contributing factor.
76
-------
TABLE 15
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 15 - EAST CHICAGO WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 516.9
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N
NO2+N03-N
Org. N
Sol POjj.
Total PO^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease
Phenol
Turbidity
Color
°C
umho/cm
zng/1
ft
11
M
Tl
II
tt
M
It
(1
II
M
II
n
n
n
t!
n
us/1
units
11
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9.0
-
-
-
-
-
75
30
0.30
0.12*
-
-
-
0.10*
0.30
0.1
-
230
1.3
7.5 8.0-8.5
_
_
65$ sat. 80$ sat.-
_
_
35
16
0.10
0.05*
_
_
_
0.05*
0.15
_
187
1.0
Free from floating oil
5.0*
2.0*
No contrast with
natural appearance
15
20*
5
8*
*tentative
Aug. 1966 -June
Max Min Mean
21
8.4
360
132
17.05
6.0
68
36
19
0.16
0.80
0.60
1.19
0.07
1.00
22.00
0.02
464
211
.50
4.8
16
160.0
50
175-0
0
7.4
245
86
8.30
0.2
3
16
7
0.01
0.02
0.00
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.05
0.00
1
77
.14
0.0
0
0.6
0
1.5
9
-
296
105
14.29
1.8
15
26
11
0.06
0.18
0.27
0.32
0.05
0.12
1.12
0.00
33
171
.29
1.0
3
13.0
5
46.9
Data based on 48
19^7
Median
8
7-8
300
106
13.90
1-7
10
25
10
0.06
0.15
0.26
0.29
0.04
0.08
0.37
0.00
12
174
.28
0.6
1
8.0
4
9.0
samples
77
-------
TABLE 16
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION 16 - HAMMOND WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 527-2
Parameter
Water Temp.
PH
Conductivity
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
HBAS
NHj-N
N02+N03-N
Org. N
Sol PO^
Total PO^
Iron
* Cyanide
Sus. Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease
Phenol
Turbidity
Color
°C
umho/cm
mg/1
M
\\
\\
\\
M
It
n
ti
ti
n
"
rr
M
It
n
n
n
ug/l
units
11
Threshold Odor "
Recommended Criteria
Max
29.4
9.0
-
-
-
-
-
75
30
0.30
0.12*
-
-
-
0.10*
0.30
0.1
-
230
1.3
Free
5.0*
Min Mean Median
7.5 8.0-8.5
_
_
65$ sat. 80$ sat. -
Aug. 1966 -June
Max
22
8.1
345
119
14.35
5.5
35
16
0.10
0.05*
_
.
_
0.05*
0.15
-
187
1.0
from floating oil
2.0*
No contrast with
natural appearance
15
20*
5
8*
32
38
20
0.20
0.38
0.76
0.73
0.07
0.32
5.90
0.02
202
275
0.46
5.4
29
180.0
15
800
Min
0
7.2
245
80
5-70
0.9
2
13
8
0.02
0.03
0.05
0.05
0.01
0.03
0.04
0.00
2
87
0.16
0.0
0
0.6
0
4
Mean
9
-
296
106
10.63
1.7
13
25
11
0.07
0.17
0.31
0.33
0.05
0.10
0.78
0.00
24
174
0.27
1.0
4
15.4
5
56
1967
Median
7
7.8
300
107
10.60
1.9
13
26
10
0.07
0.16
0.26
0.32
0.04
0.09
0.52
0.00
13
173
0.28
0.9
2
8.0
4
30
*tentative
Data based on 48 samples
78
-------
Station 17 - Dunne Crib Water Intake
The Dunne Crib water intake supplies water to the city of Chicago's
South District Water Filtration Plant and is the second control point desig-
nated by the Calumet Area Technical Committee for open Lake Michigan water.
The Calumet Harbor breakwater protects this intake from pollution originating
in the Calumet Area so that the water quality at this point is better than at
any of the other water intakes previously mentioned.
The bacterial quality of the water is good. The criterion for total
coliforms and the criterion for fecal streptococci was violated only twice
during the first six months of 1967.
The dissolved oxygen concentration was high and the oxygen demand
was low. Table 17 on page 80 shows that several of the chemical criteria,
especially the nutrients, were violated.
The criteria for chlorides, ammonia, total phosphates, iron, dissolved
solids and phenol were also violated. This may have resulted from long periods
of turbulent weather which is known to cause higher concentrations of many of
the chemical constituents in the lake.
79
-------
TABLE IT
CHEMICAL QUALITY OF WATER
STATION IT - SOUTH DISTRICT DUNNE CRIB WATER FILTRATION INTAKE-LM 536.4
Parameter
Water Temp.
pH
°C
Recommended Criteria
Max Min Mean Median
29.4
9.0
7.7 8.1-8.4
Conductivity umho/cm -
Alkalinity
DO
BOD
COD
Sulphates
Chlorides
MBAS
NH3-N )
N02+N03-N)tot
Org. N
Sol POj^
Total POj^
Iron
Cyanide
Sus . Solids
Dis. Solids
Fluorides
Oil & Grease
Phenol
Turbidity
Color
mg/1
1!
"
II
M
II
II
II
.N"
It
M
M
II
ft
M
tt
It
11
ug/1
units
"
Threshold Odor "
-
- 8
-
-
50
15
0.20
0.05*
o.o4*
-
o.o4*
0.30
0.025
-
200
1.3
Free
3.0*
-
0$ sat. 90$ sat. -
_
_
23
8
0.05
0.02*
-
0.03*
0.15
-
162
1.0
from floating oil
1.0*
No contrast with
natural appearance
15
8
5
4
Aug. 1966-June
Max Min Mean
23
8.5
350
120
16.30
3-0
18
32
17
0.12
0.33
0.92
0.70
0.25
0.21
3-90
0.01
135
205
.50
6.7
9
160.0
10
50.0
3
7.2
250
88
6.5
0.2
2
13
8
0.01
0.01
0.05
0.02
0.01
0.02
0.01
0.00
1
37
.16
0.0
0
0.6
0
1.5
12
-
288
106
12-33
1.2
10
23
10
0.05
0.08
0.25
0.24
0.04
0.07
0.4l
0.00
17
165
.30
0.9
1
29.3
3
7.8
1967
Median
12
7.9
290
108
13-20
1.1
8
23
9
0.04
0.05
0.22
0.23
0.04
0.05
0.23
0.00
7
168
.26
0.9
l
4.5
3
5.0
*tentative
Data based on 48 samples
80
GPO 8O4—863—3
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BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING PROGRAM
For the purpose of the biological sampling program five stations were
selected from the seventeen regular sampling stations utilized by the Calumet
Area Surveillance Project. The five selected represent a wide variety of water
quality conditions.
Station 1 (Grand Calumet River-east) represents a stream highly polluted
by industrial wastes.
Station 7 (Grand Calumet River-west) represents a stream highly polluted
by industrial and municipal wastes.
Station 8 (Little Calumet River) represents a stream heavily polluted
by combined sewer overflows.
Station 9 (Wolf Lake) represents a relatively pollution-free lake.
Station 10 (Wolf Lake Outlet) represents a relatively pollution-free
stream.
On April 13, 19&7, Dendy-type samplers containing sand, shell and saw-
dust substrates were set on the bottom at each of the five stations. This
permitted the gathering of information on biological conditions at various
locations in the Calumet Surveillance Area during the spring of 1967. The
effectiveness of sampling benthic organisms by the Dendy sampler was compared
with that of two conventional bottom sampling devices, the Eckman dredge and
the Petersen dredge. A previous study during October 1966 indicated that the
Dendy sampler did not quantitatively sample the benthic organisms as well as
the other two samplers. The samplers were set for a period of 1^ days after
which time they were retrieved and examined for various organisms that had
been attracted to the various substrates. At the time (April 27, 19&7) each
of the Dendy samplers was retrieved, a bottom sample was collected in the
vicinity with either an Eckman dredge or a Petersen dredge. A surface water
sample also was collected at each of the sites for phytoplankton analysis.
The Dendy sampler at Wolf Lake (Station 9) was destroyed by fishermen or
vandals.
All samples were analyzed by personnel of the Biology Laboratory,
Chicago Program Office during the period May-June, 1967- Results are shown in
Tables 18 and 19 on pages Qk and 85.
Benthos
Table 18 indicates that pollution tolerant organisms, especially the
Tubificidae (sludgeworms) were taken at all stations except the Wolf Lake
Outlet (Station 10) by both sampling devices. At Station 10, both the Dendy
sampler and the Petersen dredge took species less pollution-tolerant than
sludgeworms.
The numbers of sludgeworms taken at the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
Bridge (Station 7) by Dendy and Eckman samplers were quite similar. An oil
film was noted on the surface of the water at this station. The number of
sludgeworms taken by Eckman Dredge at the Pennsylvania Railroad (Station l)
and at the Wentworth Avenue Bridge (Station 8) far exceeded the number of
82
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these organisms collected by the Dendy sampler at the same sites.
Table 18 indicates that materials used as substrates on the Dendy sampler
vary considerably in their effectiveness in luring benthic organisms. In the
present study, sawdust was most effective for collecting sludgeworms, followed
by shells and then by sand. The kinds of organisms collected on the three
substrates were quite similar.
In conclusion, it was noted that pollution-tolerant organisms, especially
sludgeworms, were taken by both samplers at all stations except the Wolf Lake
outlet. These worms indicate pollution in the streams at these sites.
In comparing the effectiveness of the Dendy samplers with the other two
samplers, it was noted that the numbers of the organisms taken by either the
Eckman dredge or the Petersen dredge far exceeded those taken by the Dendy
sampler at the same sites. This difference in numbers of organisms collected
by the samplers was noted in the previous study. Therefore, it has been con-
cluded that, although the Dendy sampler may qualitatively sample a stream fairly
well, it is not as effective in quantitatively sampling a body of water for
benthic organisms as is either the Eckman dredge or the Petersen dredge.
Phytoplankton
Table 19 shows the presence of all algal groups except green filamentous
algae in Wolf Lake. Fewer groups were represented in the samples collected
from the Little Calumet River (Station 8) and Grand Calumet River (Station l).
However, considerable numbers of green flagellates, mainly Euglena were recorded
in Little Calumet River at the Wentworth Avenue Bridge. This indicates that
some organic enrichment such as sewage is entering the stream above this station.
Fewer numbers of algae were found in the Grand Calumet River. A heavy film of
oil was noted on the surface of the stream at the Indiana Harbor Belt Railroad
Bridge (Station 7). The water in the stream at the Pennsylvania Railroad Bridge
(Station 1) was turbid with some reddish colored material and an oil film was
noted on the surface.
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United States Steel Landfill Surveillance
During March 1967 the United States Steel Company at Gary, Indiana began
work on a 330 acre landfill in Lake Michigan. Shortly thereafter the mayor of
Gary expressed concern about the possibility of excessive turbidity or other
adverse effects.on the municipal beach at Gary being caused by the landfill
operation. A weekly surveillance of the beach and landfill area has been es-
tablished with the concurrence of the State of Indiana.
Samples from a series of ten points were analyzed for turbidity and pH,
As of July 20, 1967 no adverse effects on the Gary beaches, attributable to the
landfill operation, have been observed. The following table presents the results
of this program. Turbidity is in Standard Jackson turbidity units.
U. S. STEEL LANDFILL
20 April - 20 July,1967
Station
Max
1 33-0
2 11.0
3 11.0
k 9.0
5 9.0
6 22.0
7 27.5
8 37.0
9 32.5
10 45.0
Turbidity
Min
1.2
0.7
0.7
1.2
1.3
1-3
1.2
1.2
1.2
1.0
Mean
6.8
3.0
3-3
3-0
2.8
7-3
5.6
8.0
8.5
9-5
PH
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8.fc
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8.2
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Data
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7-7
7.3
7.5
7»5
7-5
7-5
7.7
7.1
7-3
7.6
based on
Median
8.0
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7.9
7-9
10 samples
86
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GPO 8O4—863—2
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