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FEDERAL GUIDELINES
  PRETREATMENT OF POLLUTANTS
         INTRODUCED INTO
         PUBLICLY OWNED
        TREATMENT WORKS
            OCTOBER 1973
                   U.S. BtTlroaasntfcl ?r«tection
                     i 5.
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
     OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS
          WASHINGTON,D.C. 20460

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                               FOREWORD
     In response to the Federal  Water Pollution Control  Act Amendments
of 1972 (P.L. 92-500), this country has  undertaken an unprecedented
program of cleaning up our Nation's waters.   There will  be a sub-
stantial .investment by Federal,  State,  and local  government as  well  as
by private industry in treatment works  to achieve the goals of  the Act.
It is important that the investment in  publicly owned treatment
works be protected from damage and interference with  proper operation.

     These guidelines were developed by  the Environmental  Protection
Agency in accordance with Section 304(f)  of the Act.   It is important
to note the clear requirements in the Act that there  be  both national
pretreatment standards, Federally enforceable,  and pretreatment
guidelines to assist States and  municipalities  in developing local
pretreatment requirements.  Some factors  in pretreatment are not
amenable to a national standard.  The Environmental  Protection  Agency
therefore encourages the establishment  of local  pretreatment require-
ments, tailored to the conditions at a  specific publicly owned  treat-
ment works.  Such requirements are considered essential  to ensure
compliance with permits issued under the  National  Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System.

     The guidelines were the subject of  numerous  extensive reviews,
both within the Government and by affected segments of the public.
All of the many comments were carefully  considered in arriving  at
this publication.  It is the intention  of the Environmental  Protection
Agency to revise these guidelines from  time to time as additional
technical  information becomes available  and as  industrial  effluent
guidelines are issued pursuant to Section 304(b)  of the  Act.  The
most valuable source of information for  revisions, however,  will be
actual  experiences of those using the guidelines.   All users  are
encouraged to submit such information to  the Director of the Municipal
Waste Water Systems Division, Office of  Air and Water Programs,
Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.   20460.
                             {/
                             Actin
cting Administrator

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I
             INTRODUCTION
Page No,

      1
              1.   Purpose
              2.   Authority
              3.   Definitions
              4.   The Federal Water Pollution Control
                     Amendments of 1972

SECTION II   EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS AND NPDES PERMITS

              5.   NPDES Municipal Permits
              6.   Effluent Limitations for Publicly
                     Owned Treatment Works

SECTION Mi  JOINT TREATMENT AND PRETREATMENT

              7.   Joint Treatment
              8.   Pretreatment Policy
              9.   Federal Pretreatment Standards

SECTION IV   STATE AND LOCAL PRETREATMENT
                  REQUIREMENTS

             10.   Objectives
             11.   Pretreatment Information
             12.   Pretreatment Ordinance
             13.   Example Calculations
             14.   Other Considerations

         A   Pretreatment Standards (40 CFR 128)

         B   Secondary Treatment Information
                  (40 CFR 133)

APPENDIX C   Information on Materials Which Inhibit
                  Biological Treatment Systems
APPENDIX

APPENDIX
                                                           1
                                                           1
                                                           2
                                                           3
                                                           4
                                                           5
                                                           6
                                                           7
                                                           7

                                                          10
     10
     10
     13
     14
     15

    A-1

    B-1
                                                         C-1

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS
                         (cont inued)
APPENDIX D   Information on Pretreatment Unit
                  Operat ions

             Annex  1-Paper and Allied Products
             Annex  2-Dairy Products
             Annex  3-Textiles
             Annex  4-Seafoods
             Annex  5-Pharmaceutical s
             Annex  6-Leather Tanning and
                         F i ni sh i ng
             Annex  7-Sugar
             Annex  8-Petroleum Refining
             Annex  9-Meat Products
             Annex 10-Grain Milling
             Annex 11-Fruit and Vegetable
             Annex 12-Beverages
             Annex 13-Plastic and Synthetic
                         Materials
             Annex 14-Blast Furnaces, Steel Works,
                         and Rolling and Finishing
             Annex 15-Organic Chemicals
             Annex 16-Metal Finishing
             Annex 17-Other Industries
                         Inorganic Ferti1izer
                         Electric and Steam
                            Generat ion
                         Alumi num
                         Flat Glass, Cement,
                            Lime, Concrete
                            Products, Gypsum,
                            and Asbestos
                         Inorganic Chemicals
                         Industrial Gas Products
Page No.

  D-1-1
  D-1-1
  D-2-1
  D-3-1
  D-4-1
  D-5-1
  D-6-1

  D-7-1
  D-8-1
  D-9-1
 D-10-1
 D-11-1
 D-12-1
 D-13-1

 D-14-1

 D-15-1
 D-16-1
 D-17-1
 D-17-2
 D-17-6
 D-17-8
D-17-10
D-17-1 2

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                      Federal  Guidelines
             Pretreatment of Pollutants  Introduced
              Into Publicly Owned  Treatment Works
                                                       SECTION I

                                                    INTRODUCTION
1 .   Purpose

    These guidelines are established  to assist municipalities,
    States, and Federal  agencies in developing requirements  for
    the pretreatment of  wastewaters which are discharged  to  pub-
    licly owned treatment works.  The Guidelines  also explain
    the relationship between pretreatment and the effluent
    limitations for a publicly owned  treatment works.

    The U.S.  Environmental  Protection Agency (EPA)  has published
    Pretreatment Standards in 40 CFR  128 (Appendix A). The  stan-
    dards will  be enforceable by the  EPA.  These  guidelines
    provide technical information useful  to States and municipal-
    ities in  establishing pretreatment requirements to supplement
    the Federal pretreatment standards.

2.   Author!ty

    Authority for these  guidelines is contained in Section 304(f)
    (1) of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act  Amendments of
    1972 (the Act), which states:

         "For the purpose of assisting States in  carrying out
         programs under  Section k02 of this Act,  the Adminis-
         trator shall publish . . . guidelines for pretreatment
         of pollutants which he determines are not susceptible  to
         treatment by publicly owned  treatment works.   Guidelines
         under this subsection shall  be established to control
         and  prevent the discharge ...  of any pollutant which
         interferes with, passes through, or otherwise is in-
         compatible with such works".

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3.   Defi n i t ions

    Compatible Pollutant:

    Biochemical oxygen demand,  suspended  solids,  pH,  and  fecal
    coliform bacteria, plus additional  pollutants  identified  in
    the NPDES permit if the publicly  owned  treatment  works was
    designed to treat such pollutants,  and  in  fact  does  remove such
    pollutants to a substantial  degree.   The term  substantial
    degree is not subject  to precise  definition,  but  generally
    contemplates removals  in the order  of 80 percent  or  greater.
    Minor incidental removals in the  order  of  10  to 30 percent are
    not considered substantial.   Examples of the  additional  pollutants
    which may be considered compatible  include:

               Chemical oxygen  demand
               Total organic carbon
               Phosphorus  and phosphorus  compounds
               Nitrogen and nitrogen  compounds
               Fats, oils, and  greases  of animal  or vegetable
               origin (except as prohibited where  these  materials
               would interfere  with the operation  of  the  publicly
               owned treatment  works).

    Incompatible pollutant:

    Any pollutant which is not  defined  as a compatible pollutant.

    Joint Treatment Works:

    Treatment works for both non-industrial and  industrial waste-
    water.

    Major Contributing Industry:

    A major contributing industry is  one  that:  1)  has a  flow of
    50,000 gallons or more per  average  work day;  2) has  a flow
    greater than five percent of the  flow carried  by  the  municipal
    system receiving the waste; 3)  has  in its  waste a toxic  pol-
    lutant in toxic amounts as  defined  in standards issued  under
    Section 307 (a) of the Act; or k) has a significant  impact,
    either singly or in combination with  other contributing
    industries, on a publicly owned treatment  works or on the
    quality of effluent from that treatment works.
                               -2-

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Pretreatment:

Treatment of wastewaters from sources before introduction
into the joint treatment works.

The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments ofJ972

The Act established a national system for preventing, reducing,
and eventually eliminating water pollution.  The ultimate goal
is to eliminate the discharge of pollutants into the navigable
waters of the United States.

Under the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES), all point sources  (including publicly owned treatment
works) must obtain a permit for the discharge of wastewaters
to the navigable waters of the United States.

The Act further requires that, as a minimum intermediate ob-
jective, all point sources other than publicly owned treatment
works treat their wastewaters by the application of the best
practicable control technology.   Subsequently, the minimum
requirement for industrial wastewaters would be the application
of best available treatment technology.  For publicly owned
treatment works,  the initial objective is secondary treatment,
followed by best  practicable treatment technology.

Monitoring for compliance with effluent limitations and pre-
treatment requirements will be in accordance with EPA guide-
lines established under Section J>Qk and implemented under
Section 308 of the Act.
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                                                      SECTION  II

                              EFFLUENT LIMITATIONS  NPDES  PERMITS

5-  NPDES Municipal  Permits

    Procedures developed under Section ^02 of the Act will  provide
    the details for  implementation  of permit programs.  The purpose
    of the following discussion is  to highlight the relation be-
    tween the permit programs and the pretreatment  standards and
    gui de1ines.

    Under the National  Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
    (NPDES),  all  point  sources (including publicly  owned  treat-
    ment works) must obtain a permit for the discharge of waste-
    waters to the navigable waters  of the United States.  Permits
    will not  be required for industrial  sources discharging into
    publicly  owned treatment works.

    The pretreatment standards (Appendix A) will be directly en-
    forceable by EPA on industry.

    The effluent limitations for a  pollutant in the discharge  from
    a publicly owned treatment works will be individually deter-
    mined by  the permitting agency, based on information  supplied
    by the municipality.  These effluent limitations will be in-
    cluded in the discharge permit  issued to the municipality  for
    the publicly owned  treatment works.

    Additionally  the permit for a  publicly owned treatment works
    will require provisions for adequate notice to  the permitting
    agency of:

    a.  New introductions into such works of pollutants from
        any source which would be a new source as defined
        in Section 30o of the Act if such source were dis-
        charging pollutants.

    b.  New introductions of pollutants  into such works from a
        source which would be subject to Section 301 of the
        Act if it were  discharging  such  pollutants.

    c.  A substantial change in volume or character of pol-
        lutants being introduced into such works by a source
        already discharging pollutants into such works at the
        time the permit is issued.
                               -k-

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    This notice will include information on the quantity and quality
    of the wastewater introduced by the new source into the publicly
    owned treatment works, and on any anticipated impact on the
    effluent discharged from such works.

    The permit programs developed under Section A02 of the Act
    should be consulted for details regarding permit application.

6.  Effluent Limitations for Publicly Owned Treatment Works

    There are various sources of effluent limitations, including:

    a.  Effluent limitations for publicly owned treatment
        works (Section 301(b) of the Act).  Secondary treatment
        information is contained in ^0 CFR Part 133 (Appendix B).

    b.  Toxic Effluent Standards or Prohibitions (Section 307
        (a) of the Act) .

    c.  Water Quality Standards (Section 303 of the Act).
          o

    The most stringent limitation for each pollutant will govern.
                             -5-

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                                                 SECTION I I I

                            JOINT TREATMENT AND PRETREATMENT

Joint Treatment

Joint treatment of industrial  and municipal wastewaters in  the
same treatment works is generally a desirable practice.  Treat-
ment of the combined wastewaters can benefit the environment,
the municipality, and industry if properly designed and oper-
ated.

Some of the advantages of joint treatment are:

     a.  Increased flow which  can result in reduced ratios  of
         peak to average flows.

     b.  Savings in capital  and operating expenses due to the
         economics of large-scale treatment facilities.

     c.  Better use of manpower and land.

     d.  Improved operation (larger plants are potentially
         better operated than  smaller plants).

     e.  Increased number of treatment modules with resultant
         gains in reliability  and flexibility.

     f.  More efficient disposal of sludges resulting from
         treatment of wastewaters containing compatible
         pollutants.

In some cases, the characteristics of the industrial wastewaters
may be beneficial in the publicly owned treatment works proc-
esses.  For example, some industrial wastewaters contain organic
material but are devoid of the nutrients required for biological
treatment.   In joint biological treatment the nutrients are
present in the domestic wastewater and consequently do not  have
to be added (as they would in  separate industrial treatment).
For a plant required to remove nutrients, the joint biological
treatment of nutrient-free organic industrial wastes would  re-
sult  in lower amounts of nutrients to be removed in a subsequent
process.

There may be characteristics present, however,  which make a
wastewater not susceptible to  joint treatment if introduced


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    directly into the municipal system.  In such cases, it will be
    necessary to pretreat the wastewater.

8.  Pretreatment Policy

    The following are basic pretreatment policy considerations used
    in developing these guidelines:

         a.  Joint treatment of domestic wastewaters and adequately
             pretreated industrial wastewaters is encouraged where
             it is the economical  choice.

         b.  In-plant measures to  reduce the quantity and strength
             of industrial  wastewater flows can be beneficial to
             joint treatment, and  should be encouraged.

         c.  Pretreatment for removal of compatible pollutants is
             not required by the Federal pretreatment standards.

         d.  In recognition of the broad spectrum of industries,
             waste constituents, and treatment plants, State and
             municipal pretreatment  requirements should be based
             on an individual analysis of the permitted effluent
             limitations placed on a publicly owned treatment
             works and on the potential for adverse effects on
             such works.

9.  Federal Pretreatment Standards

    EPA has issued standards in 40 CFR Part 128 for pretreatment
    of pollutants introduced into  publicly owned treatment works
    (Appendix A).  These standards are designed to protect the
    operation of a publicly owned  treatment works and to prevent
    the introduction of pollutants into publicly owned treatment
    works which would pass  through such works inadequately
    treated.

    The pretreatment standards are intended to be national in
    scope, i.e. generally applicable to all situations.  In many
    cases, it will be necessary for  a State or a municipality to
    supplement the Federal  Standards with additional pretreatment
    requirements which take into account local conditions.  The
    purpose of these guidelines is to provide information to States
    and municipalities to assist in  the development of these
    supplemental pretreatment requirements.  The following para-
    graphs describe the basis and  extent of the Federal pretreat-
    ment standards.

                                  -7-

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Section 128.131 of the Standards (Appendix A) is designed to
protect the operation of publicly owned treatment works.
Wastes which are prohibited from introduction into publicly
owned treatment works are listed.  This Section is applicable
to non-domestic users only.

Section 128.133 is designed to prevent the introduction of
incompatible pollutants to publicly owned treatment works
which would pass through such works inadequately treated.
Any pollutant that is not a compatible pollutant as defined in
Section 128.121 is by definition incompatible.  Section 128.133
is applicable only to "major contributing industries" as
defined.  Pretreatment is required for incompatible pollutants
to the levels of best practicable control technology currently
available as defined for industry categories in guidelines
issued pursuant to Section 30^(b) of the Act.  Provision  is
made for the Administrator to segment the industrial users of
municipal systems as a special category for the purposes  of
defining best practicable control technology currently avail-
able.  Provision is also made to permit a less stringent  pre-
treatment standard for an incompatible pollutant if the munic-
ipality is committed in its NPDES permit to remove a specified
percentage of the incompatible pollutant.  These requirements
are based on the premise that incompatible pollutants introduced
into a publicly owned treatment works generally should not
pass through such works in amounts greater than would be permitted
for direct discharge.

Biochemical oxygen demand, suspended solids, pH, and fecal
coliform bacteria, which are defined as compatible, are the
pollutants used to describe the effluent quality attainable
by secondary treatment in 40 CFR Part 133 (Appendix B).  Not
later than July 1, 1977, secondary treatment effluent limita-
tions must be met by all publicly owned treatment works which
discharge into navigable waters unless more stringent effluent
limitations are necessary to ensure compliance with water quality
standards or toxic effluent standards.

The terms compatible and incompatible pollutant should not be
misinterpreted.  For incompatible pollutants, Jt will be
necessary for  the municipality to assess the capabilities of
its treatment works  in order to determine whether  it can make
a commitment in its NPDES permit to remove some percentage
of the  incompatible pollutants  in the treatment works.  Such
a commitment might be made  if there is some removal of in-
compatible pollutants  in the treatment works which occurs as
an incident to the removal of compatible pollutants.  In this
case  it must be determined  that the incidental  removal can be
                          -8-

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relied upon and will  not cause harm to the treatment works or
interfere with its operation (including sludge handling and
disposal  processes).

There will also be situations when the Federal pretreatment
standards (without credit for removal  in the publicly owned
treatment works)  will not be sufficient to protect the opea-
tion of the publicly  owned treatment works.   This might be
the case when the quantity of an incompatible pollutant intro-
duced by all  major contributing industries would result in a
concentration of the  pollutant in the influent to the treat-
ment works which would inhibit the performance of the treat-
ment process.  In such a case, the municipality would have to
supplement the Federal standards.

Pretreatment  for removal of compatible pollutants is not re-
quired by the Federal pretreatment standards.  This is based
on the premise that pretreatment facilities should not be
required for  removal  of compatible pollutants as a substitute
for adequate  municipal waste treatment works.  This, however,
does not preclude State or local pretreatment requirements
for compatible pollutants.  Pretreatment of wastewaters con-
taining compatible pollutants may be necessary in the form of
spill protection or flow equalization in order to ensure
compliance with the Federal pretreatment standards and per-
mitted effluent limitations.
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                                                        SECTION  IV

                                                   STATE AND  LOCAL
                                         PRETREATMENT  REQUIREMENTS
10.   Ob j ect i ves
     The Act specifically provides  for pretreatment  requirements
     established by State or local  law not  in  conflict  with  the
     Federal standards in Appendix  A.   The  Federal  standards were
     established on the basis  that  each publicly  owned  treatment
     works may require pretreatment by users,  consistent with
     applicable State or municipal  law.  The State  or  local  pre-
     treatment requirements  can  recognize specific  factors  (such
     as treatment processes  and  plant  capacities) which would not
     be national in scope.

11.   Pretreatment Information

     Pretreatment information  has  been compiled,  in appendices to
     these guidelines, as a  data source to  assist municipalities
     and others in arriving  at effective pretreatment  requirements
     to supplement the Federal pretreatment standards  for a  specific
     publicly owned treatment  works.   This  subsection  describes
     the information available,  how it was  developed,  and  its applica-
     tion.

          a.  Information on Materials which Inhibit Biological
              Treatment Processes

     The information in Appendix C  identifies  concentrations of
     various materials which can inhibit four  types of biological
     treatment processes:  activated sludge, trickling filter,
     anaerobic digestion, and  nitrification.  This  information was
     derived from data reported in  the technical  literature.  Docu-
     mented information on this subject is  limited, especially for
     the synergistic effects of many pollutants present in  the
     wastewaters.  Caution must be exercised In applying  the data
     to a specific situation.   Appendix C should  be used  as  a
     guide  to evaluate when  more detailed study is  necessary.

     In practice, the concentrations of the materials  in  the influent
     to the publicly owned treatment works  should be determined.
     Comparison with the concentrations in  Appendix C  will  indicate
     whether or not there may be problems.   If the influent  waste-
     water  concentration is  close to the inhibitory concentration


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in Appendix C, then further study may be necessary.   The
wastewaters must be analyzed to determine the presence of
inhibitory materials and their potential impact on treatment
plant performance.  This includes consideration of intermittent
batch discharges, variations in concentration,  and back-
ground levels already present in the wastewater.   When inhibi-
tory material is present, testing the public water supply will
provide an indication of a domestic source of the inhibitory
material.  However, it must be realized that materials of
this type can also be added during domestic water usage.

If information is not given in Appendix C concerning a suspected
inhibitory material, it may be necessary to obtain additional
data.  Potential sources of such data include works  treating
similar wastes or the results of  treatability studies.

     b•  Information on Industrial Wastewater Characteristics
         and Pretreatment Unit Operations

The information in Appendix D identifies wastewater  characteris-
tics and pretreatment unit operations for twenty-two industrial
groups.  Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are
significant to the joint treatment design are indicated.  Also,
the unit operations which may be necessary to meet the pre-
treatment requirements are listed.  It is emphasized that the
listed unit operations are not mandatory.  It is  anticipated
there will  be cases when not all  unit operations  shown will
be needed and other cases where additional  unit operations
will  be needed.

For each of sixteen industries in Appendix D a brief summary
is provided concerning the nature of the industry, industrial
practices,  and pretreatment information.

Appendix D groups the industries in terms of Standard Industrial
Classification Codes.  These codes are as contained  in the 1972
edition of the Standard Industrial Classification Manual pre-
pared by the Executive Office of Management and Budget.   The
Manual is available from the Superintendent of Documents,
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.  C.  20k02.  For some
industry groups, subgroups with common pretreatment  characteristics
have been identified.
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The following industry groups are included in Appendix D:

     Paper and Allied Products
     Dairy Products
     Texti1es
     Seafoods
     Pharmaceuticals
     Leather Tanning and Finishing
     Sugar
     Petroleum Refining
     Meat Products
     Grain Mi 11 ing
     Fruit and Vegetables
     Beverages
     Plastic and Synthetic Materials
     Blast Furnaces, Steel Works, and Rolling and Finishing
     Organic Chemicals
     Metal Finishing
     Inorganic Fertilizers
     Electric and Steam Generation
     Aluminum
     Flat Glass,  Cement, Lime, Concrete Products, Gypsum,  and
        Asbestos
     Inorganic Chemicals
     Industrial Gas Products

The major data sources used to characterize the wastewater
i nclude:

     (1)  Industrial effluent guidance documents developed by
          EPA.

     (2)  EPA research reports.

     (3)  Information in the technical literature.

Most of the data were derived from EPA publications; other
sources were used to fill in data gaps.  Ranges of different
waste constituents present in industrial  wastewaters were
designated on the basis of a review of the data available.

The following classification system was used to describe the
characteristics of industrial wastewaters in relation to domestic
wastewaters:
                            -12-

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Low
200
: 300
200
15
: 6
Average
200-300
300-450
200-300
15-25
(acid) 6-9
Extremely
Hiqh Hiqh
300-1,000 > 1,000
450-1,500 > 1,500
300-1,000 > 1,000
> 25
> 9 (alkaline) -
                    	Class i fi cat ion
     Waste
     Const i tuents

     BOD , mg/L
     COD; mg/L
     SS, mg^L
     Temp.,  C
     PH

     The wastewater characteristics  information  can  be used  to
     identify conditions  which should be carefully evaluated  when
     establishing pretreatment requirements for  a specific industry
     and in  the design of the joint  treatment  works.   The list of
     wastewater characteristics can  be used as a guideline for
     developing a wastewater testing program for a particular industry.

     For industrial  wastewaters from each  industry group or  pre-
     treatment sub-group, pretreatment unit operations generally
     considered necessary for three  types  of municipal  secondary
     treatment processes  are identified.   These  processes are:

          1.   Suspended biological systems  (activated  sludge  process
              including modifications,  aerated lagoon  process).

          2.   Fixed biological  systems (trickling filter and  modi-
              fications,  rotary disc).

          3.   Independent physical/chemical  system  (chemical  addition,
              sedimentation, pH adjustment,  filtration,  carbon
              adsorption).

     Before  application of  the pretreatment  unit operations  infor-
     mation,  full consideration must be given  to Federal  pretreat-
     ment standards, permit effluent limitations, relative flow
     ratios,  and pollutants which could inhibit  biological  processes.

12.   Pretreatment Ordinance

     National requirements  for major contributing  industries
     will  be  controlled under the pretreatment standards  (Appendix A).
     However, it is important that no discharge, from  any source,
     to the  publicly owned  treatment works  cause physical  damage,
     interfere with treatment processes, or result in  a  violation
     of effluent limitations.  There must,  therefore,  be a  legal
     basis for regulating and controlling  all  discharges  to  the
     publicly owned treatment works.   A municipal ordinance or

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     statute,  embodying  the pretreatment  principles  in  these  guide-
     lines,  would meet  this requirement.   it  may  be  necessary to
     establish a local  system which  will  allocate waste loads to
     industrial  users  so that biological  treatment processes  are
     not inhibited and  to ensure  that  effluent  limitations are met.

     Detailed  information and suggested formats are  readily available
     regarding ordinances to regulate  the use of  sewers and the waste-
     waters  discharged  to them.   Many  States  and  regional authori-
     ties have published instructions  or  model ordinances.  These
     sources should be  consulted  for comprehensive information on
     ordinance preparation.  The  ordinance should then  be adapted
     to local  conditions and to the  pretreatment  principles in
     these guidelines.

13.   Examp1e Ca1cu1 at ions

     When the  Federal  pretreatment standards  (Appendix  A) govern,
     industrial  users will  be able to  determine their pretreatment
     requirements with  other information  which  is publicly avail-
     able.  However, when effluent limitations  (such as water quality
     standards or toxic effluent  standards) govern for  a particular
     pollutant,  then the pretreatment  requirements may  have to be
     made more stringent than the Federal  standards, so that  effluent
     limitations are met.  In this case,  it will  be  necessary for
     the municipality  to allocate loads of these  pollutants which
     the industry or industries will be permitted to introduce
     into the  municipal  system.

     There are numerous  ways to accomplish waste  load allocation.
     Some large municipalities, where  there are many industries of
     the same  type and  similar size, specify  an allowable pollutant
     concentration to  be met by all  users.

     Another method would be to allocate  waste  loads in proportion
     to the  waste load  which would be  allowable  if the  Federal
     pretreatment standards governed.  This procedure  is illustrated
     in the  following  example:

          Wastewater flow                          8  MGD

     Major Contributing  Industries:

        Industry X
           Production                                 100 tons/day
          Wastewater flow                           1  MGD
          Wastewater contains incompatible pollutant  I


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  Industry Y
      Production                                200 tons/day
      Wastewater flow                           1 MGD
      Wastewater contains incompatible pollutant I

The guidelines for best practicable control technology
currently available for pollutant I  are:

Industry X                           1.0 pounds/ton
Industry Y                           1.5 pounds/ton

The Federal pretreatment standards for the major contributing
industries would be as follows (the municipality is not
committed  in its NPDES permit to remove any percentage of the
incompatible pollutant I):

Industry X:  100 tons/day x 1.0 pound/ton = 100 pounds/day

Industry Y:  200 tons/day x 1.5 pound/ton = 300 pounds/day

             Total                          ^00 pounds/day

However, the municipality makes a determination, based on an
evaluation of the permitted effluent limitations for the treat-
ment works, that it can accept a total  of only 280 pounds per
day of incompatible pollutant I.  If the allocation is in propor-
tion to the quantity of pollutant each could have introduced
under the Federal pretreatment standards, then:

Pollutant  I Allocation to Industry X =


     j£fi   (280) = 70 pounds/day

Pollutant  I Allocation to Industry Y =
     ^~ (280) = 210 pounds/day

Other Considerations

The sample calculations presented in the immediately preceding
Subsection show one method for determining waste load alloca-
tions.  However, in addition to ensuring that the effluent limi-
tations are met, it is necessary to evaluate the industrial
wastewaters to ensure that there is no interference with the
publicly owned treatment works operation.


                            -15-

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Some of the factors to be evaluated are:

     a.  Conformance with Federal  pretreatment  standards
         (Appendix A).

     b.  Compatibility with the entire treatment  works,
         including sewers,  pumping stations,  and  sludge  handling
         and disposal.  Potential  for the following types  of
         interference should be considered:

         (1)  Severe corrosion damage.

         (2)  Significant deposits or abrasion  which would
              substantially reduce the design capacity of  sewers
              and wet wells or which would cause  structural
              col lapse.

         (3)  Pollutant concentration in  sludges  such that
              sludge handling, stabilization, or  disposal
              is adversely affected.

     c.  Cost-effectiveness of treatment  in  the publicly
         owned treatment works compared with pretreatment.

     d.  Possible presence of materials,  in  significant  con-
         centrations, which could inhibit the treatment  process
         (see Appendix C).

     e.  Need for pretreatment unit operations  discussed in
         Section IV-Subsection 11  and in  Appendix D.

     f.  Applicability of more stringent  State or local  pretreat-
         ment requirements which govern.

     g.  Need to conduct treatability studies or  test programs
         to verify findings.
                             -16-

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               APPENDIX A
                  THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1973

                  WASHINGTON, D.C.

                  Volume 38 • Number 215



                  PART III
                  ENVIRONMENTAL
                     PROTECTION
                       AGENCY
                    WATER PROGRAMS
                    Pretreatmcnt Standards
No, 216—Pt, 111——1
                 A-l

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30982
     RULES  AND  REGULATIONS
  Title 40—Protection of the Environment
     CHAPTER I—ENVIRONMENTAL
         PROTECTION AGENCY
    SUBCHAFTER D—WATER PROGRAMS

PART 128—PRETREATMENT STANDARDS
  On July  19,  1973, notice  was pub-
lished in the FEDERAL REGISTER that  the
Environmental Protection  Agency was
proposing standards  for pretreatment of
pollutants   introduced   into  publicly
owned treatment works pursuant  to sec-
tion 307(b) of the Federal Water Pollu-
tion Control Act Amendments of 1972
(the Act). Written comments on the pro-
posed rulemaking  were invited and  re-
ceived from interested parties and  the
public. In addition, a public hearing was
held in Washington,  D.C., on September ,
26,  1973. The Environmental Protection
Agency has carefully considered all com-
ments received  and  the record  of  the
public  hearing.  All  written  comments
and a transcript of  the public hearing
are on file with the Agency. As indicated
below, the regulation has been modified
in response  to some of  the  comments.
The following  discussion also outlines
the reasons why other suggested changes
were not made.
  Under section 307 (b) of the Act, Fed-
eral pretreatment standards are designed
to achieve two purposes: (1)  To protect
the operation of publicly owned treat-
ment works, and (2/to prevent the dis-
charge of pollutants  which pass through
such works inadequately treated.
  Section 128.131 sets forth a number of
prohibitions designed to protect the op-
eration  of  publicly  owned   treatment
works.   The  prohibitions are self-ex-
planatory.  One  commenter  suggested
that § 128.131 is deficient in  that  it fails
to impose specific  numerical limitations
on  the discharge of  pollutants that  in-
terfere  with  the operation  of publicly
owned  treatment  works. However,  the
Agency  has been  unable to  formulate
such specific numerical  limitations.  In
the  first place,  the   data  that  are
presently available  are  not  considered
sufficient  to  support uniform national
standards prescribing  permissible con-
centrations  of  particular pollutants  in
publicly owned treatment works.  More-
over, the degree that any pollutant  in-
terferes with the operation of a publicly
owned  treatment works  depends  on
the concentration  of   pollutant   in
the treatment   works  itself,   rather
than the concentration  in  each user's
effluent.  But for  a  national pretreat-
ment standaard to be  workable  and
enforceable, it must  prescribe the qual-
ity  of the user's effluent; otherwise,  the
user will not know what steps he must
take to  comply with the standard. It is
impossible in  a uniform national pre-
treatment standard to relate the quality
of the user's effluent to the concentration
of  various  pollutants in the publicly
owned treatment works, since this rela-
tionship will vary  in each sewer  system
depending on the  quantity of the user's
effluent as compared  with the quantity of
other effluents in the  system.
  Section 128.133 is based on the premise
that pollutants which pass through pub-
licly owned treatment works in amounts
greater than would  be permitted as a
minimum  treatment  requirement   for
similar industrial sources discharging di-
rectly to navigable waters should be con-
sidered adequately treated. The fact that
a discharger chooses to use a municipal
sewer  system, rather than  discharging
his   wastes  directly  to the  navigable
waters, should not  as a matter of general
principle involve a penalty to the en-
vironment.
  On the basis of this premise, § 128.133
requires  users in  industrial categories
subject to effluent guidelines issued under
section 304(b) of the  Act, which are
discharging incompatible  pollutants  to
publicly  owned  treatment works,   to
adopt  best practicable control technol-
ogy currently available, as defined by the
Administrator pursuant to  section 304
(b) of the Act.
  During  the public comment period,
questions were raised as to whether the
effluent limitations guidelines  would  be
appropriate in all cases for application to
users  of   publicly  owned  treatment
works.  The Agency recognizes that  for
some industrial categories  it may   be
necessary to  further  refine the effluent
limitations guidelines to deal with prob-
lems that may arise in the application of
such  guidelines to  users  of  publicly
owned treatment  works.  However, the
Agency believes that any adjustments re-
quired  for particular industrial catego-
ries should be considered  in connection
with the promulgation of the individual
effluent guidelines,  rather than in the na-
tional  pretreatment standard. Accord-
ingly, when effluent limitations guidelines
are promulgated for individual industrial
categories, the Agency will also propose
a separate provision for their application
to users of publicly owned treatment
works.   Additional language has  been
added  to § 128.133  to clarify this intent.
  It was unclear  whether § 128.133  as
proposed covered sources that  would be
new sources if they were discharging di-
rectly into the navigable waters. Section
307(c)  of the Act requires promulgation
of separate pretreatment  standards  for
such sources. Pursuant to section 307(c),
the Agency has proposed pretreatment
standards for such sources in connection
with its proposal of new source  perform-
ance standards under Section 306 of  the
Act. Accordingly, §  128.133 has been mod-
ified to make it clear that it covers only
sources that  are not subject to section
307(c)  of the Act.
  Section 128.133 allows a credit for  the
percentage removal of  an incompatible
pollutant to which the publicly owned
treatment works is committed in its per-
mit. To insure the basis for allowing such
credit,  a commitment with respect to a
percentage removal of  an incompatible
pollutant will be included in the permit
at the  request of  a municipality  where
a basis for such  commitment can   be
demonstrated.
  Some commenters suggested that the
credit  in  § 128.133 for removal at  the
joint treatment works, where there is a
commitment to  such removal  in  the
NPDES permit, is unrealistic, since mu-
nicipalities will be unwilling to enter into
such commitments. However, in order to
achieve the goal  of preventing the dis-
charge   of   incompatible  pollutants
through municipal systems in  amounts
greater than the minimum requirements
if  the  discharge  were directly  into the
navigable waters,  it is necessary that the
required reduction be contained in an
enforceable  commitment  either on  the
part of the industrial user or the joint
treatment  works. The industrial  user
should not  be relieved of the  commit-
ment to achieve  the required degree of
reduction except  to the extent  that the
joint treatment works is able to assume
a commitment to remove the pollutant.
  One commenter suggested that users
should be required to comply with toxic
effluent standards under section  307(a)
of the Act, as well as the requirement of
best practicable control technology cur-
rently available under section 301 (b) and
304(b) of the Act. However, toxic effluent
standards will be designed  to protect
aquatic life in  the receiving  body  of
water from both  acute and chronic ef-
fects. Acute effects will be covered by
concentration standards  while  chronic
effects will be covered by  weight limita-
tions. Both types of  standards will be
applicable to the discharge from the pub-
licly owned treatment works. Toxic efflu-
ent standards will  not be designed to
protect sewer systems, and thus it would
not be appropriate to  apply them to dis-
charges into the  system.  To the extent
that toxic  materials  in  the users' dis-
charges interfere with the operation of
publicly owned   treatment works,  the
problem can  be otherwise addressed
under  these standards   (§ 128.131)  or
under local standards using the pretreat-
ment  guidelines  issued  under  section
304(f)  of the Act. While toxic materials
in the  users'  discharge may appear in
the  sludge  generated by the publicly
owned treatment works, the Agency has
no basis for making a national deter-
mination that the resultant sludge dis-
posal problem is any worse  than  the
problem that  would  be  created if  the
individual users removed the toxics from
their effluent and disposed of the result-
ant  materials  individually.  This  is a
factor which  must  be  determined by
State and local authorities, taking into
account the capabilities  of their sludge
disposal system and the pollutants pres-
ent in the wastes from industrial users.
  The  presence  of toxic pollutants  in
toxic amounts is  utilized  in the regula-
tion in order to identify "major  con-
tributing industries" for purposes of the
pretreatment  requirements for  incom-
patible pollutants. The purpose here is to
identify  industrial users  whose effluent
is significant enough to warrant the im-
position of controls based on best prac-
ticable  control   technology  currently
available without undue administrative
burden, rather than to indicate that it
is  appropriate to impose  toxic  effluent
standards on industrial users.
                             FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL.  38, NO. 215—THURSDAY,  NOVEMBER 8,  1973


                                                        A-2

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                                             RULES  AND  REGULATIONS
                                                                        30983
  The definition  of  "compatible  pollut-
ant"  has been broadened to recognize
the fact that some joint treatment works
are designed to achieve substantial re-
moval of pollutants  other than the four
pollutants listed in the definition in the
proposed  regulation (BOD, suspended
solids, pH, and fecal coliform bactena).
Where the  joint  treatment works was
designed to and does achieve substantial
removal of a pollutant, it is not appropri-
ate to require  the industrial  user  to
achieve best practicable control tech-
nology  currently  available, since this
would lead to an uneconomical duplica-
tion of treatment facilities. While the
term  "substantial removal" is not sub-
ject to precise definition, it generally con-
templates removals  in the  order of  80
percent or greater. Minor incidental re-
movals in the order of 10 to 30 percent
are not considered "substantial".
  There was a diversity of comments  on
the length of the time for compliance
and its relation to the promulgation of
the definition of best practicable  control
technology currently available. The Act
requires that pretreatment must  specify
a time for compliance not to exceed three
years from the date of promulgation. The
Agency has concluded  that  a period not
greater than three years from the date
of promulgation is appropriate for com-
pliance for § 128.131. For Section  128.133
the same period is also considered an ap-
propriate time for compliance. However,
the standard set forth in § 128.133 will
not be complete until promulgation of
the separate provision, as  required  by
Section 128.133, setting forth the applica-
tion  to  pretreatment of  the   effluent
limitations  guideline  for  a  given in-
dustrial category.
  Accordingly,  § 128.140  provides  that
the period of compliance with §  128.133
will not commence for any  particular
category of user until promulgation of
that separate provision. Section  128.140
has been further modified to establish an
interim requirement for commencement
of construction, and a requirement for
compliance reports. It was concluded that
without such requirements,  timely com-
pliance with the pretreatment standard
might be unenforceable as  a practical
matter.
  Some commenters questioned the need
for these pretreatment standards or the
relationship between these standards and
local  pretreatment programs. It is im-
portant to note the clear requirements in
the Act that there be both national pre-
treatment standards, Federally enforce-
able, and EPA pretreatment  guidelines to
assist  States  and  municipalities  in
developing local pretreatment programs.
The Agency recognizes that in some cases,
these pretreatment standards may not be
sufficient to protect the operation of a
publicly  owned treatment  works or to
enable the  treatment  works to  comply
with the terms of its  NPDES permit. This
may be the case, for example, when the
terms of the  permit   for  the publicly
owned treatment  works are dictated  by
water quality standards or  toxic stand-
ards.  In such cases, the State or munici-
pality may have to impose more stringent
pretreatment standards  under State or
local  laws than  are  specified in these
regulations  to  enable compliance  with
NPDES permits issued to publicly owned
treatment works.  The agency considers it
essential  that  such local  pretreatment
requirements be established for each sys-
tem where necessary to ensure compli-
ance with the NPDES permit.
  Pretreatment guidelines will be  pub-
lished, pursuant to section 304 (f) of the
Act, to assist the  States and municipali-
ties in establishing their own pretreat-
ment  requirements.

  Effective date. This regulation will be-
come  effective December 10, 1973.
                     JOHN QTJARLES,
               Acting Administrator.

  NOVEMBER 1, 1973.

  NOTE.—The EPA pamphlet, Pretreatment of
Discharges to Publicly Owned  Treatment
Work,  is filed as part of the original docu-
ment.
Sec.
128.100
128 101
128 110
128 120
128 121
128 122
128.123
128.124
128.125
128.130
128.131
128.132
128 133
128 140
Purpose
Applicability.
State or local law.
Definitions.
Compatible pollutant.
Incompatible pollutant.
Joint treatment works.
Major contributing industry.
Pretreatment.
Pretreatment standards.
Prohibited wastes.
Pretreatment  for compatible  pol-
  lutants.
Pretreatment for incompatible pol-
  lutants
Time for compliance.
  AUTHORITY: Sec. 307(b) Pub. L. 92-500; 86
Stat. 857 (33 U.S C 1317).

§ 128.100   Purpose.
  The provisions of this part implement
section 307 (b) of the Federal Water Pol-
lution Control Act Amendments of 1972
(Public Law 92-500) hereinafter referred
to as "the Act".

§ 128.101   Applicability.
  The standards set  forth in § 128.131
apply to all non-domestic  users of pub-
licly owned treatment works. The stand-
ard set forth in § 128.133 applies only to
major contributing industries.

§ 128.110   State or local law.
  Nothing in this part shall  affect  any
pretreatment requirement established by
any State or local law not in conflict with
any standard established pursuant to this
Part. In  particular cases, a  State or
municipality, in order to meet the effluent
limitations in a NPDES permit for a pub-
licly owned  treatment  works may find it
necessary to  impose  pretreatment  re-
quirements stricter than those contained
herein.

§ 128.120   Definitions.
  Definitions of terms used in this part
are as follows:

§ 128.121   Compatible pollutant
  For purposes of  establishing Federal
requirements for pretreatment, the term
"compatible pollutant" means biochem-
ical  oxygen  demand,  suspended  solids,
pH and fecal coliform bacteria, plus ad-
ditional  pollutants   identified  in  the
NPDES permit  if  the publicly  owned
treatment works was designed to treat
such pollutunts,  and in fact does remove
such pollutants  to a substantial degree.
Examples of such additional pollutants
may include:
Chemical oxygen demand.
Total organic carbon.
Phosphorus and phosphorus compounds.
Nitrogen and nitrogen compounds.
Pats, oils, and  greases of animal or vegeta-
  ble  origin  except  as  prohibited  under
  i 128.131 (c).

§ 128.122   Incompatible pollutant.
  The  term  "incompatible pollutant"
means any pollutant which is not a com-
patible pollutant as defined in § 128.121.

§128.123  Joint treatment works.
  Publicly  owned  treatment works for
both   non-industrial   and   industrial
wastewater.

§ 128.124  Major contributing industry.
  A  major contributing industry  is an
industrial user  of  the publicly  owned
treatment works that;  (a) Has a flow
of 50,000  gallons  or more  per  average
work  day; (b) has a flow greater than
five percent of  the flow carried by the
municipal system  receiving  the  waste;
(c) has in its waste, a to'xic pollutant in
toxic  amounts as  defined in standards
issued under section 307(a) of the Act;
or (d) is  found by the permit issuance
authority, in  connection with the issu-
ance  of an  NPDES  permit to the pub-
licly  owned  treatment  works receiving
the waste, to have significant  impact,
either singly  or in  combination  with
other contributing industries, on that
treatment works or upon the quality of
effluent  from that treatment works.

§ 128.125  Prelreatment.
  Treatment   of   wastewaters   from
sources before introduction into the joint
treatment works.

§ 128.130  Pretreatment standards.
  The following sections  set forth pre-
treatment standards for pollutants  intro-
duced into publicly owned treatment
works.

§128.131  Prohibited wastes.
  No waste introduced into a publicly
owned treatment  works shall interfere
with the operation or performance  of the
works. Specifically, the following wastes
shall not be introduced into the  publicly
owned treatment works:
   (a) Wastes which create a fire or ex-
plosion  hazard  in  the publicly  owned
treatment works.
  (b) Wastes which will cause corrosive
structural damage  to treatment works,
but in no case wastes with a pH lower
than 5.0, unless  the works is designed to
accommodate such wastes.
   (c) Solid or viscous wastes in amounts
which would  cause  obstruction to  the
flow in sewers, or other interference with
the  proper operation  of  the publicly
owned treatment works.
                              FEDERAL REGISTER,  VOL. 38, NO. 215—THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 8, 1973
                                                        A-3

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30984
      RULES  AND  REGULATIONS
  (d) Wastes at a flow rate and/or pol-
lutant discharge rate which is excessive
over relatively short time periods so that
there is a treatment process upset and
subsequent loss of treatment efficiency.
§ 128.132  Prctrcatmem  Cor  compatible
     pollutant*.
  Except as required by § 128.131, pre-
treatment for removal of compatible pol-
lutants is not  required by these regula-
tions. However, States and municipalities
may require such pretreatment pursuant
to section 307 (b) <4) of the Act.
§ 128.133  Prctreatmenl  for  incompati-
     ble pollutant*.
  In  addition  to the prohibitions  set
forth in  § 128.131,  the pretreatment
standard for incompatible pollutants in-
troduced into a  publicly owned treat-
ment works by a major contributing in-
dustry not subject to section 307
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               APPENDIX B
                 FRIDAY, AUGUST 17, 1973
                 WASHINGTON, D.C.

                 Volume 38 • Number 159


                 PART II
                 ENVIRONMENTAL
                     PROTECTION
                       AGENCY
                   WATER PROGRAMS

                     Secondary Treatment
                        Information
No. 159—Pt. II	1
                 B-l

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 22298
      RULES AND  REGULATIONS
    Title 40—Protection of Environment
     CHAPTER I—ENVIRONMENTAL
         PROTECTION AGENCY
     SUBCHAPTER D—WATER PROGRAMS
  PART 133—SECONDARY TREATMENT
             INFORMATION
   On April 30,1973, notice was published
 in  the FEDERAL REGISTER that the En-
 vironmental Protection Agency was pro-
 posing information on secondary treat-
 ment  pursuant to section 304(d)(l)  of
 the Federal  Water  Pollution  Control
 Act Amendments of  1972   (the  Act).
 Reference should be made  to the  pre-
 amble of the proposed rulemaking for a
 description of the purposes and intended
 use of  the regulation.
  Written  comments  on the proposed
 rulemaking  were invited and received
 from  interested  parties. The Environ-
 mental Protection  Agency  has care-
 fully considered  all  comments received.
 All written comments are on file with the
Agency.
  The regulation has  been  reorganized
 and   rewritten  to  improve  clarity.
 Major changes that  were made as a re-
 sult of  comments  received are sum-
marized below:
  (a)  The terms  "1-week"  and   "l-
month" as used  in § 133.102 (a)  and
 (b)  of the  proposed  rulemaking have
 been changed to  7 consecutive days and
30  consecutive days respectively  (See
 § 133.102 (a), (b),and (c)).
  (b)  Some comments indicated that the
proposed rulemaking  appeared  to  re-
QUire 85 percent removal of  biochemical
oxygen demand  and  suspended solids
only in cases  when a treatment works
would  treat a substantial portion of ex-
tremely high strength industrial waste
 (See § 133.102(g)  of the  proposed rule-
making) . The intent was that in no  case
should the percentage removal  of  bio-
chemical oxygen demand and suspended
solids in a 30 day period be less than 85
percent. This has been clarified in the
regulation. In  addition, it has been ex-
pressed as percent remaining rather than
percent removal  calculated  using  the
arithmetic means of the values  for in-
fluent  and effluent samples  collected in
a 30 day period  (See  § 133.102(a)  and
(b)).
  (c) Comments  were made as  to the
difficulty of achieving 85 percent removal
of biochemical oxygen demand and sus-
pended solids  during  wet weather for
treatment works receiving  flows from
combined  sewer  systems.  Recognizing
this,  a paragraph  was  added   which
will allow waiver  or  adjustment of that
requirement on  a  case-by-case basis
(See§ 133.103(a)).
  (d)  The definition of a 24-hour com-
posite  sample  (See  § 133.102(c)  of the
proposed  rulemaking) was deleted from
the regulation. The sampling require-
ments  for publicly owned  treatment
works  will be  established in guidelines
issued  pursuant to sections  304(g)  and
402 of the Act.
  (e) In 1133.103 of the proposed rule-
making, it was recognized that secondary
 treatment processes are subject to upsets
 over which little or no control may be
 exercised. This  provision has  been de-
 leted. It is no longer considered necessary
 In this regulation since procedures for
 notice and review of upset incidents will
 be included in discharge  permits issued
 pursuant to section 402 of the Act.
  (f) Paragraph (f)  of § 133.102 of the
 proposed rulemaking, which relates to
 treatment works which receive substan-
 tial portions of  high strength industrial
 wastes, has been rewritten for clarity. In
 addition, a  provision has  been added
 which limits the use of the upwards ad-
 justment provision to only those cases in
 which the flow or loading from an indus-
 try category exceeds 10 percent of the
 design flow  or loading of  the treatment
 works. This intended to reduce  or elimi-
 nate  the administrative  burden which
 would be involved in  making insignifi-
 cant  adjustments  in the  biochemical
 oxygen  demand and  suspended solids
 criteria (See § 133.103(b)>.
  The  major  comments  for  which
 changes  were not made  are discussed
 below:
  (a) Comments were received which
 recommended that  the  regulation  be
 written to allow effluent limitations to be
 based on the treatment necessary to meet
 water quality standards. No change has
 been made in the regulations because the
 Act  and its legislative history clearly
 show that the regulation  is  to be based
 on the capabilities of secondary treat-
 ment technology and not ambient water
 duality effects.
  (b) A  number of  comments  were re-
 ceived which pointed out that waste sta-
 bilization ponds alone  are not generally
 capable of achieving the proposed efflu-
 ent quality in terms  of suspended solids
 and fecal coliform bacteria. A few com-
 menters expressed the opposite view. The
 Agency is of the opinion that with proper
 design (including solids separation proc-
 esses and disinfection in some cases)  and
operation, the  level  of effluent quality
 specified  can be achieved  with waste
stabiLzation ponds. A technical bulletin
will be published in the near future which
will provide  guidance on the design and
operation of waste stabilization ponds.
  (c)  Disinfection must be employed in
order to  achieve the  fecal coliform bac-
teria levels specified. A few commenters
argued that disinfectant is not a second-
ary  treatment process and therefore the
fecal  coliform  bacteria  requirements
should be deleted. No changes were made
because disinfection is considered by the
Agency to be an important element  of
secondary treatment which Is necessary
for  protection of public health   (See
 § 133,102(0).
  Effective date. These regulations shall
 become effective on August 17, 1973.
                    JOHN QTJARLES,
               Acting Administrator
  AUGUST 14, 1973.
   Chapter I of title 40 of  the  Code of
 Federal Regulations is amended by add-
 In? a new Part 133 as follows:
 Sec.
 133.100  Purpose.
 133.101  Authority.
 133.102  Secondary treatment.
 133.103  Special considerations.
 133.104  Sampling and test procedures.
  AOTHORITV: Sees. 304()(1), 301(b) (1) (B),
 Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amend-
 ments, 1972, PX. 92-500.

 § 133.100   Purpose.
   This part provides information on the
 level   of  effluent   quality   attainable
 through the  application of  secondary
 treatment.
 § 133.101   Authority.
   The  information  contained  in  this
 Part is provided  pursuant to  sections
 304(d) (1) and 301(b) (1) (B) of the Fed-
 eral   Water   Pollution  Control   Act
 Amendments  of 1972,  PL  92-500 (the
 Act).
 § 133.102   Secondary treatment.
  The following paragraphs describe the
 rninimum level of effluent quality attain-
 able by secondary treatment in terms of
 the parameters biochemical oxygen de-
 mand,  suspended  solids, fecal coliform
 bacteria and  pH.  All requirements for
 each parameter shall be achieved except
 as provided for in § 133.103.
  (a) Biochemical oxygen demand (five-
 day).  (1) The arithmetic  mean of the
 values for effluent samples collected In a
 period of 30 consecutive days shall not
 exceed  30 milligrams per liter.
   (2) The arithmetic mean of the val-
 ues for effluent samples collected  in a
 period  of seven consecutive days shall
 not exceed 45 milligrams per  liter.
  (3) The arithmetic mean of the val-
 ues for effluent samples collected  in a
 period of 30 consecutive days shall not
 exceed 15 percent of the arithmetic mean
 of  the  values for influent samples col-
 lected at approximately the same times
 during  the same period  (85 percent re-
 moval).
  (b) Suspended solids.  (1) The arith-
 metic  mean  of the values  for effluent
 samples collected in a period of 30 con-
 secutive days shall  not  exceed 30 milli-
 grams per liter.
  (2) The arithmetic mean of the val-
 ues for effluent samples collected in a
 period of seven consecutive days shall
 not exceed 45 milligrams per  liter.
  (3) The aritnmetic mean of the val-
 ues for effluent samples collected In a
 period of 30  consecutive days shall  not
exceed 15 percent of the arithmetic mean
 of the values  for influent samples col-
lected at approximately the same times
 during the same period (85 percent re-
moval) .
  (c) Fecal coliform bacteria. (1)  The
 geometric mean of the value for effluent
samples collected In a period of 30 con-
 secutive days shall  not exceed 200 per
 100 miUiUters.
                               FEDERAL REGISTER, VOL, 36, NO. 1 59-—FRIDAY, AUGUST 17,  1973


                                                       B-2

-------
   (2) The geometric mean of the values
for effluent samples collected In a period
of seven consecutive days shall not ex-
ceed 400 per 100 milliliters.
   (d) pH. The effluent values for pH shall
remain within the limits of 6.0 to 9.0.
§133.103  Special considerations.
   (a)   Combined   sewers.   Secondary
treatment may not be capable of meet-
ing the percentage removal requirements
of paragraphs (a) (3)  and  (b)(3)  of
§ 133.102 during wet weather in  treat-
ment works  which receive flows from
combined sewers (sewers which are de-
signed to transport both storm  water
and  sanitary sewage). For such  treat-
ment works, the decision must be made
on a case-by-case basis  as to  whether
any attainable percentage removal level
can be denned, and if so what that level
should be.
     RULES AND REGULATIONS

  (b) Industrial wastes. For certain in-
dustrial categories, the discharge to nav-
igable waters of biochemical oxygen de-
mand  and suspended solids permitted
under sections 301(b) (1) (A) (i) or 306 of
the Act may be less stringent than the
values  given in  paragraphs (a)(l). and
(b) (1)  of § 133.102. In cases when wastes
would be introduced from such an indus-
trial category  into  a publicly  owned
treatment works, the values for biochemi-
cal oxygen demand and suspended solids
in  paragraphs  (a) (1)  and  (b)(l) of
§ 133.102 may  be adjusted upwards  pro-
vided that: (1) the permitted discharge
of such pollutants, attributable to the
industrial category, would not be greater
than  that  which  would  be  permitted
under  sections 301(b) (1) (a) (i)  or 306
of the  Act if  such industrial category
were to discharge directly into the navi-
gable waters, and (2) the flow or  loading
                                22299

of such pollutants introduced by the in-
dustrial category exceeds 10  percent of
the design flow or loading of the publicly
owned treatment works.  When such an
adjustment is made, the  values for bio-
chemical oxygen demand or  suspended
solids in paragraphs (a) (2) and (b) (2)
of § 133.102 should  be  adjusted propor-
tionally.
§ 133.101  Sampling and  test procedure-..
  (a) Sampling  and test procedures for
pollutants listed in  § 133.102 shall  be in
accordance with guidelines promulgated
by the Administrator  pursuant  to sec-
tions 304(g) and 402 of the Act.
  (b) Chemical  oxygen demand (COD)
or total organic carbon (TOO may be
substituted for biochemical oxygen •de-
mand (BOD)  when a  long-term BOD:
COD or BOD:TOC correlation has been
demonstrated.
  [FB Doc 73- X'7194 Filed  8-16-73;8.45 am]
                              FEDERAL REGISTER,  VOL. 38, NO.  159—FRIDAY,  AUGUST 17, 1973
                                                     B-3

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                     Appendix C

       Information on Materials which Inhibit
           Biological Treatment Processes
The following paragraphs comprise a discussion of the sources
of information on various materials, which inhibit biological
treatment systems, presented in this Appendix.

Coppe r

Rudolfs  (1) has indicated that copper in raw sewage at 1  mg/L
either inhibited or retarded the aerobic metabolism.  Barth,
et al  (2), and McDermott, et al (3) have shown, from pilot-
plant studies, that continuous addition of 1.0 mg/L of copper
is the threshold value for activated sludge.  The maximum
concentration of copper that can be received continuously with-
out having a detectable effect on common parameters for
effluent quality is 1.0 mg/L (3).  Where there is concern
about turbidity, a concentration of 0.8 mg/L of copper
appears  to be the upper limit beyond which an effluent on
pilot-plant studies conducted with copper sulfate and copper-
cyanide  complex additions.

When four-hour slug doses of copper were added to the activated
sludge system, the performance was affected when the copper
concentration in the feed approached 75 mg/L  (2,3,^).  The
same studies have indicated that heavy metals present in
sewage (whether alone or in combination) affected the nitri-
fication process and that no acclimation was possible.
Kalabina, et al (5) have indicated that copper fed as copper
sulfate  inhibited nitrification when the concentration of
copper exceeded 0.5 mg/L.  They also recommended a copper
concentration of less than 0.1  mg/L in raw sewage for bio-
logical  treatment.

With respect to anaerobic digestion, a copper concentration of
10 mg/L  in raw sewage affected gas production in the digestion
of primary sludge (2).  When anaerobic digestion of combined
primary  and secondary sludges was involved, a copper concentra-
tion of  5 mg/L in raw sewage affected the digestion process  (2).
However,  other reports indicated that copper concentrations in
the range of 0.2 mg/L to 2.5 mg/L in raw sewage were deleterious
to the anaerobic digestion process (1,5)-
Zinc

McDermott,  et al  (6)  and Barth,  et al  (2),  have shown from
pilot-plant studies that zinc (either  in the form of ZnSOj, or
in the form found in  a typical  alkaline cyanide plating bath)
added to raw sewage produced similar effects on biological

                           C-l

-------
systems.  The maximum level  of zinc that will not produce a
significant effect on treatment efficiency was indicated as
being between 2.5 and 10 mg/L when continuously added to the
biological  system.

When zinc at a concentration of 160 mg/L was added as a slug
dose over a four-hour period, a serious reduction in treatment
efficiency was observed.  The same authors have shown that
the anaerobic digestion process was retarded when the zinc
concentration in raw sewage reached 20 mg/L.  This concentra-
tion is in agreement with those reported by Rudolfs (1).  Other
investigators have indicated a maximum concentration of 5
mg/L Zn in raw sewage to prevent decrease in gas production
in the anaerobic digestion process (7,8).

Zinc concentrations of approximately 0.5 mg/L in raw sewage
have been reported to inhibit nitrification process (9).
Lead

Rudolfs (1) has indicated that lead in raw sewage at concentrations
of about 0.1 mg/L will inhibit or retard the aerobic biological
metabolism.  This is  in agreement with the values reported by
Kalabina from studies conducted using lead sulfate (5).

Kalabina also studied the effects of lead on nitrification
process and showed that 0.5 rng/L of lead in raw sewage
inhibited the nitrification process (5).
Cadmi urn

Mosey (10,11) reported that cadmium ions, added to experimental
digesters, have a threshold value (for adverse effect on
biologic treatment processes) of 0.02 mg/L and occurs at a
carbonate ion concentration of 2 x 10~5 moles/L.  The results
also showed that the toxicity of cadmium to anaerobic digestion
was pH-dependent when the pH was greater than 7.0 and
independent of the pH when the pH was less than 7.0.

The foregoing results were based on laboratory studies, and
the cadmium concentrations refer only to those present in
the digester.
Boron and Arsenic

Banerji, et al (12) studied the effects of boron added in
slug doses to activated sludge treatment.  The results
indicated that a slug dosage of 10 mg/L in raw waste adverse!
affected the performance of aerobic metabolism.  However,
Rudolfs  (1) indicated that boron in raw sewage affected the

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performance of activated sludge and trickling filters at
much lower levels (1.0 mg/L and less).  He also indicated
that the addition of arsenic at concentrations of approximately
k mg/L to digesting sludge inhibited or retarded the performance
of digesters.
Chromi urn

Rudolfs (1) indicated that chromium was toxic to activated
sludge and trickling filter processes when the raw sewage
contained 3 mg/L total  chromium.   It was pointed out that
when the total chromium in raw sewage was in the range of
1-5 mg/L, the anaerobic digestion process was significantly
retarded.

However, the pilot-plant results  of Barth, et al (2) indicate
that a continuous dosage of 10 mg/L of chromate chromium was
required before the aerobic process deteriorated.  With respect
to slug dosage, the activated sludge pilot-plant was able to
withstand up to 500 mg/L of chromate chromium when applied over
a four-hour period (13).  Their studies also showed that the
anaerobic digestion process was affected when the hexavalent
chromium in raw sewage exceeded 50 mg/L.  These values were
significantly higher than those reported by Rudolfs (1).
According to Rudolfs, hexavalent  chromium concentrations at
1.0 mg/L in raw sewage affected trickling filter process,  and
at the 1-50 mg/L level  the anaerobic digestion process was
affected.

It is important to point out here that the toxicity of heavy
metals on biological  systems is closely associated with sulfate
concentrations in raw wastewater  and therefore should not be
compared directly with one another without considering the
concentration of the sulfate ion.  Unfortunately, the studies
did not report the sulfate concentrations necessary for making
such a comparison.

With respect to the nitrification process, Whiteland, et al
(14) have reported that the nitrification process was severely
affected when the hexavalent chromium in raw sewage was in
the range of 2 to 5 mg/L.
Nickel
Pilot-plant studies conducted with continuous addition of
NiSO/j in raw sewage indicated that nickel  concentrations at
2.5, 5,  and 10 mg/L affected both biological  treatment efficiency
and effluent clarity (15).  The results indicated that nickel
doses of 1  mg/L on a continuous basis can  be tolerated by aerobic
biological  processes.   However, it is important to point out
                            C-3

-------
that most of the nickel reaching the aeration process passed
through the effluent in soluble form (2,3).  These results
also indicated that the anaerobic digestion process was very
resistant to nickel in the sludges.  Primary sludges containing
up to 40 mg/L of nickel digested satisfactorily.

However, other reports indicate (8) that nickel concentrations
of 2 mg/L in raw sewage would be inhibitory to the anaerobic
digestion process.   In addition, the nitrification process
will be severely inhibited when the nickel  concentration is
approximately 0.5 mg/L (9).
Cyan i des

Coburn (16) reported that 5 mg/L of cyanide in raw wastewater
(discharging continuously) interfered with activated sludge
treatment.  In trickling filter studies, cyanide in raw sewage
at 30 mg/L produced poor effluent quality.  However, when the
cyanide concentration was only 10 mg/L, 98 to 100 percent of
the cyanide was destroyed in the trickling filter (7).  These
levels are higher than those reported by Rudolfs (1).   According
to Rudolfs, 1  to 2.0 mg/L of cyanide (as HCN) in raw sewage
affected  the performance of the activated sludge, trickling
filters,  and anaerobic digestion processes (1,16).   Generally,
however,  secondary biological  treatment processes can oxidize
the cyanide if acclimatized (17).  Rudolfs (1) has  also reported
that the  nitrification process was inhibited when the cyanide
(HCN)  concentration in raw sewage reached 2 mg/L.
Sulfides and Sulfates

Pohland and Kang (18) reported in their review of literature
on anaerobic processes that when the sulfate concentration
exceeded 500 mg/L,  the gas production was greatly reduced.
Similar results were also reported indicating that sulfate
concentrations of 300 mg/L are toxic to anaerobic digestion.
The sulfate toxicity was related to the reduction to sulfides
during digestion (17).

Lawrence,  et al (19) and Rudolfs (20) have reported that
sulfide concentrations in the range of 150-200 mg/L in the
digester feed would  reduce gasification considerably.
Ammo n i a

Prague, et al (21) reported that ammonia concentrations in
the range of 1,500-3,000 mg/L inhibited the anaerobic digestion
process.  When the ammonia concentration reached 3,000 mg/L,
the feed sludge became strongly toxic to the digestion process.

-------
This is in agreement with the values reported by Rudolfs (1).
The concentration of ammonia refers to that present in the
influent to the digesters of accumulated in the digesters.

Sodium Chloride
The presence of sodium chloride in raw sewage or in the
digester has been reported to produce deleterious effects
both in aerobic biological systems and in anaerobic digesters.
Rudolfs has indicated that the gas production in anaerobic
digestion will be greatly reduced when the Nad  concentration
reaches 50,000 mg/L in digesters (1).  Studies conducted by
Kincannon (22) indicated that the laboratory-scale aerobic
biological system was greatly affected at NaCl concentrations
of 10,000 mg/L in raw wastewater.  Similar results were reported
by Lawton and Eggert (23) in the case of trickling filters.

Chloroform

Ghosh  (11), in a review of the anaerobic digestion process
literature, reported that chloroform addition to digesters
on a continuous basis produced noticeable effects at a concen-
tration of 10 to 11 mg/L.  When chloroform application was
as a slug dosage, the anaerobic process was adversely affected
at 1  mg/L concentration in the feed.

Free Oi1
Free oil of petroleum origin, at concentrations in the range
of 50-100 mg/L, has been reported as interfering with aerobic
biological treatment (2*1,25).  The oil  concentrations were
measured according to the API Manual using CCI^ extraction (26)
The measurement of free oil using the API  procedure may also
include oily materials of animal and vegetable origin.

Other Cations (Na+. K+, Ca+, and Mg++)

Malina (2?) has presented data on the effects of several
cations on anaerobic digestion.  The results indicated that:
Ca+H~ strongly inhibited anaerobic digestion at a concen-
tration of 8,000 mg/L;  Mg++ at a concentration of 2,000 mg/L;
K+ at 12,000 mg/L; and Na+ at 8,000 mg/L.   These results were
in close agreement with those reported  by Kugelman and
McCarty (28).
                           C-5

-------
Chlorinated Organic Compounds

The effect of several chlorinated organic compounds, at very
low concentrations, on anaerobic digestion of biological
sludges is marked, and constitutes a warning that a close
watch must be kept on the disposal of these compounds.
Jackson, et al (29) have summarized the results on toxicity
of various chlorinated organic compounds, as indicated  in
Table C-1.  These results indicate that chlorinated compounds
can be toxic to anaerobic digestion at levels varying between
0.1 to 20 mg/L.  The degree of inhibition will  depend on the
particular chemical itself.  Further studies are required to
determine the long-term effects of chlorinated  organic  com-
pounds on municipal biological treatment processes when they
are present separately or in various combinations.
                              C-6

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                                 REFERENCES
 1.   Rudolfs,  W.,  "Review of Literature on Toxic Materials Affecting
     Sewage Treatment Processes,  Streams,  and BOD Determinations",
     Sewage and Industrial  Wastes,  22,  9,  1157-1191  (1950).

 2.   Barth, E.B.,  et al,  "Summary Report on the Effects of Heavy Metals
     on the Biological  Treatment  Processes",  Journal  WPCF, 37,  1,
     86-96 (1965).

 3.   "Interaction  of Heavy Metals and Biological Sewage Treatment Processes",
     Public Health Service Publication  No. 999-WP-22, U.S. Dept. of Health,
     Education and Welfare,  Cincinnati, Ohio  (May,  1965).

 4.   McDermott, G.N.,et  al,  "Copper and Anaerobic Sludge Digestion",
     Journal  WPCF,  35,  5, 655-662 (1963).

 5.   Kalabina, M. ,  et al . "Effect of Copper and Lead  Bearing Wastes on
     the Purification of Sewage", Water and Sewage Works,  93, 1, 30
     (1946).

 6.   McDermott, G.N., et al, "Zinc in Relation to Activated Sludge and
     Anaerobic Digestion",  Proc.  17th Industrial Waste Conference,
     Purdue University,  Rafayette,  Ind., 46J-475 (1962).

 7.   "The Effect of Industrial  Wastes on Sewage Treatment", Publication
     No. TR-13, Hew England  Interstate  Water  Pollution Control  Commission,
     Boston,  Mass.  (1965).

 8.   Nemerow,  N.L., "Theories and Practices of Industrial  Waste Treatment",
     Add!son-Wiley Publ i shing Company,  Reading, Mass. (1963).

 9.   Air and  Water News,  5,  40, 8-9 (October  11, 1970.

10.   Mosey, F.E.,  "The Toxicity of Cadmium to Anaerobic Digestion:   Its
     Modification  by Inorganic Ions", Water Pollution Control (G-B),
     70, Part 5,  584-598 (1971).

11.   Ghosh, S., "Anaerobic Processes - Literature Review", Journal  WPCF.
     44, 6, 948-959 (1972).

12.   Banerji,  S.K., et al.  "Effect of Boron on Aerobic Biological  Waste
     Treatment",  Proc.  23rd  Industrial  Waste  Conference, Purdue University,
     Lafayette, Ind., 956-965 (1968).

13.   Moore, W.A.,  et al,  "Effects of Chromium on the  Activated  Sludge
     Process", Journal WPCF, 33,  1,  54-72  (1961).

14.   Whiteland, A.B., et al, "Pilot Plant  Experiments on the Effects of
     Some Constituents of Industrial  Wastewaters on Sewage Treatment",
     Water Pollution Control (G-B),  70, 626-643 (1971).

15.   McDermott, G.N., et al, "Nickel  in Relation to Activated Sludge
     and Anaerobic  Digestion Processes", Journal  WPCF,  37, 2, 163-177
     (1965).
                                   C-7

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16.  Coburn, S.E., "Limits for Toxic Wastes in Sewage Treatment",
     Jour. Sew. Works. 2±, 3, 522-524 (1949).

17.  "Controlling the Effects of Industrial Wastes on Sewaqe Treatment",
     Publication No. TR-15, New England Interstate Water Pollution
     Control Commission, Boston, Mass. (1971).

18.  Pohland, F.G., and Kang, S.J., "Anaerobic Processes - Literature
     Review." Jour. WPCF. 43. 6, 1129-1134 (1971).

19.  Lawrence, A.W., et al, "The Effects  of Sulfide on Anaerobic Treat-
     ment ," ^rojEj^J^yLJlll^J^Sif—P-Hlfi*  Purdue University, Lafayette,
     Ind., 343-357 (1964).

20.  Rudolfs, W., and Amberg, H.R., "White Water Treatment, II.   Effect
     of Sulfides on Digestion."  Sew, and Ind. Wastes. 24, 10,  1278-1287
     (1952).

21.  Dague, R.R., et al, "Digestion Fundamentals Applied to Digester
     Recovery - Two Case Studies."  Jour. WPCF. 4_2, 9, 1666-1675 (1970).

22.  Kincannon, D.F., "Studies on the Effects  of Sodium Chloride on
     Activated Sludge."  Ph.D. Thesis, Oklahoma State University, Still-
     water, Okla.  (1965).

23.  Lawton, G.W., and Eggert, C.V., "Effect of High Sodium Chloride
     Concentration on Trickling Filter Slimes."  Jour. WPCF, 29, 11,
     1228-1242 (1957).

24.  Beychok, M.R., "Aqueous Wastes from  Petroleum and Petrochemical
     Plants."  John Wiley & Sons, New York (1967).

25.  "Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes,"  Volume on Liquid  Wastes,
     American Petroleum Institute, New York (1969).

26.  "Manual on Disposal of Refinery Wastes,"  Vol. IV - "Sampling and
     Analysis ot Wastewater," American Petroleum Institute, New York
     (1957).

27.  Malina, J.F., "Anaerobic Waste Treatment," Unpublished Report.

28.  Kugelman, I.J., and McCarty, P.L., "Cation Toxicity and Stimulation
     in Anaerobic Waste Treatment - II.  Daily Feed Studies," Proc. 19th
     Ind. Waste Conference, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.,  667-686
     (1964).
                                  C-f

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29.  Jackson,  S.,  Phil,  D.,  and Brown,  V.  M.,  "Effect  of  Toxic  Wastes
     on Treatment  Processes  and Watercourses."  Proceedings  of  the
     Annual  Conference,  The  Institute of Water Pollution  Control,
     Douglas,  Isle of Man,  England (1969).

30.  McCarty,  P.  L.,  "Anaerobic Waste Treatment Fundamentals;
     Part 3, Toxic Materials and Their Control."  Jour.  Public
     Works (Nov.  1964).

31.  Wheatland,  A. B., Bell, M. G. W.,  and  Atkinson, A.,  "Pilot
     Plant Experiments on the Effects of Some  Constituents of
     Industrial  Waste Waters on Sewage Treatment."  Jour.  Inst.
     of Sew. Purif.,  No. 6 (1971).

32.  Pettet, A.  E. J., and  Mills, E.  V., "Biological Treatment  of
     Cyanide with  and without Sewage."  Jour.  Appl.  Chem., 4
     (Aug. 195^).
                                   C-9

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                                                      Table C-1
                                  Information on Materials Which  Inhibit Biological
                                                 Treatment Processes
                           Aerobic Processes
Pollutant                   	

Copper                           1.0
Zinc                             5.0
Chromium (Hexavalent)             2.0
Chromium (Trivalent)             2.0
Total Chromium                   5-0
Nickel                           1.0
Lead                             0.1
Boron                            1.0
Cadmium                            *
Silver                           O.OJ

Vanadium                         10
Sulf ides (S "•)                      *
Sulfates ( SO, ")                    *
Ammonia                            *
Sodium (Na~)                       *

Potassium (K~)                     *
Calcium CCa")                     *
Magnes ium (Mg~ ")                   *
Aery lonitri te                      *
Benzene                            "•
Carbon Tetrachloride               *

Chloroform                       18.0
Methylene Chloride                 *
Peintachloropheno1
1,1,1-Trichloroethane              *
Tr ichlorof1uoromethane             *
Trichlorotrif1uoroethane
Cyanide (HCN)                      *
Total oil (Petroleum origin)     50
                                                                              0.5
                                                                              0.5
                                                          Concentration ,   mg/L

                                                 Anaerobic Digestion     N!tr!ficat ion
1.0
5.0
5.0
2000"
5.0
2.0
*

0.022
"t"

•it
100^
500
1500"
3500

2500
2500
loog
5.PT
5°2

o.i2
1.0
o.k
1.0"
0.7
5.o2
1.0
50
                                                                               *
                                                                               *

                                                                               *
                                                                               *
                                                                               *
                                                                               *
                                                                               *
                                                                               *
                                                                               *
                                                                                            References
                                                                                            (29)
                                                                                            (io)ri9)(2o)
                                                                                            (I0)(l7)fl8)(19)(20)
                                                                                            (I7)(l8)f30)
                                                                                            (27)(28)(30)
                                                                              2.0
                                                                              50
                                                                                             (29)
                                                                                             (l)  (16)  (17)
                                                                                             (2*0  (25)  (26)
* Insufficient data
3
 Concentrations  refer to those present  in raw wastewater unless  otherwise indicated.
2
 Concentrations  apply to the  digester influent only.   Lower values  may be required for protection of
 other treatment process units.

 Petroleum-based oil  concentration  measured according  to the API  Method 733-58 for determing

 volatile and  non-volatile oily materials.   The inhibitory level  does not apply to oil  of
 direct animal or vegetable origin.
                                                          C-10

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                                      PAPER AND ALLIED  PRODUCTS

1 .   Industry Description

    This  industry  includes  Standard  Industrial Classifications
    (SIC)  2610,  2620,  2630, 2640,  2650,  and 2660.  These  clas-
    sifications  include the manufacture  of pulp from  wood,  rag,
    and other cellulose fibers  and the manufacture of paper,
    paperboard,  and building products.  The manufacture of
    converted paper and paperboard products from  purchased  paper
    is not included since  it involves  a  relatively dry  process,
    whose  wastewater flows  and  loadings  are not significant  to
    the design of  municipal systems.   Therefore,  the  plants
    making converted paper  and  paperboard  products are  excluded.

    The manufacture of paper and  allied  products  involves the
    preparation  of wood and other raw  materials,  separation  and
    recovery of  cellulose  fibers,  and  blending of the fibers
    with  proper  additives  to produce "furnish", which is  formed
    into paper.  The additives  include:   sizing materials such
    as alum and  resins, sodium  aluminate,  and wax emulsions;
    synthetics,  such as acrylics,  isocyanates, and fluocarbons;
    and fillers  such as clays,  calcium carbonate  and  sulfate,
    talc,  barium sulfate,  aluminum compounds, and titanium
    oxide.  When fillers are used, retention aids (starches
    or synthetic resins) are added to  increase the retention
    of the filler.

    The principal  operations involved  in the manufacture  of
    pulp and paper are:

        Wood Preparation
        Pulping  (mechanical, chemical, semi-chemical , and
          dei nking)
        Pulp Washing and Screening
        Stock Preparation
        Paper Making

    The pretreatment sub-groups for this industry are as  follows:

        Integrated pulp and paper mills  using mechanical  pulping
        processes  (bleached and unbleached)

        Integrated pulp and paper mills  using chemical  pulping
        processes  (unbleached)
                               D-1-1

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        Integrated pulp and paper mills  using chemical  pulping
        processes (bleached)

        Integrated pulp and paper mills  using deinked pulp

        Paper and paperboard mills

        Building products mills

2.  Industrial  Practices

    The following industrial  practices can significantly influence
    pretreatment:

        Pulping Process

        The pulping process determines the pulp yield and quality,
        and the probable organics loss in the wastewater from a  pulp
        mill.  (Mechanical  pulping results in minimum dissolution
        of wood components, while chemical pulping solubilizes  the
        non-cellulose components  of  wood tannins,  lignins,  wood
        sugars, and hemieellulose).

        Recovery and Reuse of Spent  Cooking Liquor

        Most chemical pulping processes  involve recovery and reuse
        of spent cooking liquor and  therefore do not generate
        significant quantities of wastewater (1).   The  dissolved
        organics present in the  liquor usually are burned in the
        chemical recovery furnace.  The only pulping process where
        the spent cooking liquor is  not  suitable for recovery is
        the calcium-base acid sulfite process.  The spent cooking
        liquor from this process, with the dissolved organics,  is
        generally discharged with other process wastes.

        Bleachi ng

        When the desired quality of  the final product  requires
        bleaching of pulp recovered  from wood, it is usually done
        by the addition of oxidizing chemicals, such as chlorine,
        chlorine compounds, peroxides, and hydrosulfites.  The
        oxidizing chemicals react with the non-cellulose portion
        of the pulp, rendering it soluble in water or in alkaline
        solutions.  As a result, the bleaching step adds to the
        wastewater volume and pollutant loading.
                               D-1-2

-------
        In-Plant Pollution  Control  Methods

        Control  of  spills and  leaks,  and  recovery  and  reuse  of
        chemicals constitute the  major  pollution control  practices
        within  the  paper and allied products  industry.  The  extent
        of  pretreatment  required  is largely dependent  on  the extent
        and effectiveness of the  in-plant control  processes  adopted.

3.   Wastewater  Characteristics

    The characteristics  of  the process  wastewaters from each pre-
    treatment sub-groups are shown  in Table D-1-1.

    Integrated  pulp and  paper mills generally operate  continuously
    throughout  the  year  except for the  shutdowns for preventive
    maintenance and equipment  repair and  replacement.   Modern
    practice is to  employ continuous  pulping  processes,
    however some mills are  still  using  batch  pulping processes which
    result  in  intermittent  discharges of wastewater.   In  addition, some
    older mills (generally  relatively small,  less  than  100 tons/day)
    operate only 3  to  5  days per  week.

    The overall  wastewater  characteristics  from wood pulping pro-
    cesses  may  vary seasonally because  of the changes  in  charac-
    teristics of wood  and variations  in the temperature of the
    water.   The volume and  characteristics  of the  process waste-
    water depend upon  the degree  of water reuse, chemical  recovery
    systems, and the type and  quality of  paper involved.

    The wastewaters generated  from the  paper  and allied products  in-
    dustry  contain  BOD,  COD, suspended  solids, dissolved  solids,
    color,  acidity  or  alkalinity, and heat.   Chemical  pulping
    processes may produce wastewaters with  heavy metals (Cr, Ni,
    Hg, Pb, Zn).  If pulp bleaching is  part of the operation, the
    wastewaters may contain additional  heavy  metals (Hg)  and dis-
    solved  solids (chlorides). Mercury may be present  in the
    caustic used in pulping and bleaching operations.   Zinc  is
    used in the bleaching of ground wood  pulp. Chromium, nickel,
    and iron may be introduced from the corrosion  of process equip-
    ment .

    When spent  cooking  liquor recovery  is not practiced,  the waste-
    waters  may  be acidic  (pH 2 to 3)  and  have high concentrations
    of dissolved organics and  inorganics.   The solubilized organics
    and the type of cooking liquor will determine  the  characteristics
    of the  wastewater.


                               D-1-3

-------
Major considerations in the joint treatment of paper and  allied
products industrial  wastewaters with domestic wastewaters are
the high chlorine demand and nutrient deficiency (phosphorus
and nitrogen).  These characteristics would significantly in-
fluence the kinetics and design of joint treatment  facilities.
Information available on the joint treatment of paper and allied
products wastewaters indicate the following effects:

    a.  When neutral sulfite semichemical  pulping wastewater
        exceeded approximately 10 percent  of the total  flow
        to a publicly owned treatment works, a retardation
        in the rate of BOD exertion was observed (3).  Under
        such circumstances, the kinetic parameters  and oxygen
        requirements should be established by specific in-
        vestigation.

    b.  The activated carbon adsorption process can not be
        substituted for the biological processes to reduce
        BOD.

    c.  Attempts to use the trickling filter process (stone
        and plastic media) for the treatment of paper mill
        wastes have achieved only relatively low removals
        (kO-60 percent BOD removal).  This has been at-
        tributed primarily to high organic loading  and filter
        clogging with fibers (k).

    d.  Paper mill wastewaters exhibit high chlorine demand
        values (20-60 mg/L), even after secondary treatment.
        Depending on the ratio of paper mill wastes to do-
        mestic wastes, larger chlorination facilities may be
        requi red.

    e.  When paper mill waste sludge forms a significant portion
        (approximately 60 percent) of total sludge, longer
        digestion periods are required for anaerobic digestion  (5)

The only exceptions to the wastewater and  treatability charac-
teristics noted in the preceding discussion are the wastewater
generated from the converted paper and paperboard manufacturing
segment of the industry, which segment uses relatively dry pro-
cesses.  Since the process wastewaters from this type of plant
are very low in volume and contain as major constituents only
BOD and suspended solids, they are readily treatable in municipal
systems.
                           D-1-4

-------
Pretreatment

The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
various types of joint treatment processes are shown in
Table D-1-2.

The neutralization requirements depend primarily on the
pulping process and on the related recovery and reuse
practices.  When spent cooking liquor is discharged to
municipal  sewers, special  care must be taken to insure
control of pH, organic shock loads, and color (if present).
If bleaching is part of the operation, pH adjustment may
be necessary before mixing with other wastes.  Spills of
spent liquors and pulp washing water may introduce shock
loads of pH and organic material if their discharge into
the municipal sewer system is not carefully controlled.
In the absence of effective in-plant control procedures,
adequate equalization and  extensive pH and conductivity
control may be required to protect the operation of a
joint treatment facility.

The heavy metal concentrations in the paper and allied
products industry wastewaters are very low and generally
do not require pretreatment.  Nevertheless, their levels
should be determined to insure that effluent limitations
are not exceeded where heavy metals are a significant
factor.
                           D-1-5

-------
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                         REFERENCES

1.  "Industrial  Waste Survey of the Paper and Allied Products
    Industries" Contracts #68-01-0022 and 68-01-0012,  Environ-
    mental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. (Unpublished)

2.  "Paper Mills Industry Wastewater Profile," F.W.P.C.A.  Contract
    #14-12-10, F.W.P.C.A. (November 1967).

3.  "Combined Treatment of Sanitary Sewage and Semichemical  Pulp
    Mill Waste," Technical Builetin #42, National  Council  for
    Steam Improvement (1951).

4.  "Industrial  Wastewater Control," (Edited by)  Gurnham,  F.C.,
    Academic Press, New York  (1965).

5.  "Joint Municipal and Semichemical Pulping Waste Treatment,"
    Water Pollution Control  Research Series, Publication No.  ORD 1
    (July 1969).
                            D-1-8

-------
                                     DAIRY PRODUCTS  INDUSTRY

 1.   Industry  Description

 This  industry includes Standard  Industry Classifications  (SIC)
 2021,  2022, 2023,  202k, 2026, and 50A3.  These classifications
 include bulk  handling, packaging, and processing  (pasteurizing,
 homogenizing,  and  vitaminizing) of milk, and the manufacture
 of  dairy products  including  butter, cheese,  ice cream, con-
 densed evaporated  milk, and  dry milk and whey.

 The manufacture of dairy products involves receiving and stor-
 ing  raw milk,  separation of  excess cream, pasteurization and
 homogenization, fluid milk packaging, and making butter, ice
 cream, and cheese.   In the separation step, excess cream may
 be  skimmed off in order to standardize the butter fat content,
 or  the raw milk may be separated by centrifuge into cream
 and skim milk.  Separated cream is then used in butter or ice
 cream making, while the skim milk may be used in the production
 of  cottage cheese and non-fat dry milk solids.  Natural
 cheese (i.e., not cottage cheese) is made with whole milk.

 Some  of these processes generate by-products which may be re-
 covered and utilized  in other food manufacturing operations.
 Buttermilk, skim milk, and whey are produced from butter and
 cheese making.  The  regional market potential for these by-
 products often determines the amount of  in-plant  recovery.

 The dairy  industry is a year-round operation.  Raw-milk re-
 ceiving stations handle milk from the local  farms for subse-
 quent  transfer to  tank trucks.  These stations are operated
 on  an  intermittent daily basis.  The rest of the  industry
 will operate  either continuously or on an intermittent basis
 depending on  the economics of the individual facility.  In
 general, larger processing plants tend to be integrated plants
 producing more than one product.

 The pretreatment sub-groups  for this industry are as follows:

     Cottage  and Natural Cheese Products
     Milk Handling and Products.

 2.  Industrial Practices

 Product recovery is the major method for reducing wastewater
 loadings.   The dairy  industry,  however,  must maintain sani-
 tary conditions and this tends  to limit  the amount of waste-
water recycle which is practicable.
                           D-2-1

-------
The following industrial  practices can have a major impact
on the wastewater characteristics:

     Whey Handling

     Whey can be condensed and dried,  and used as  a food and
     feed supplement.  However, there  are inherent diffi-
     culties in  drying the acid whey derived from  cottage
     cheese because of its lactic acid content.

     Operating Procedures

     Spillage, overflow,  and leakage caused by improperly
     maintained  equipment and poor operating procedures  can
     result in major pollutional loads due to the  concen-
     trated nature of the dairy products, e.g., whole milk
     has a BOD over 100,000 mg/L (0.8  pounds of BOD for  every
     gallon of milk lost) (1).

     Clean i ng

     High efficiency in sanitizing operations is important
     to minimize the usage of sanitizers and detergents.  In
     addition, rinses can be collected and used as make-up
     water for sanitizers (2).  Milk processing lines should
     be sloped to central collection points so that the  milk
     product may be collected before the lines are sanitized.

3.  Wastewater Characteristics
The characteristics of the process wastewaters from each pre-
treatment sub-group are shown in Table D-2-1.

Daily wastewater flows are characterized as intermittent be-
cause some major unit processes, e.g., cheese and butter
making, are batch, and because milk processing equipment must
be shut down daily for sanitizing to maintain rigid health
standards.  Relatively clean water may be a substantial
portion of the total wastewater from a dairy plant.  These
waters are from condensers, refrigeration compressors,  milk
coolers, and air conditioning systems.

The major types of wastewaters from the dairy industry  are:

     1.  Wash and rinse water from cans, tank trucks, equip-
         ment, and floors.  In general, the pH of the waste-
         water will be affected by the cleaning compound
                         D-2-2

-------
          (either acid or alkali) and the proportion of the
         wash water in the total plant wastewater flow.

     2.  By-products  (such as buttermilk, skim milk, or whey)
         they are sewered rather than recovered.  Buttermilk
         and skim milk have BOD values as high as 70,000 mg/L,
         while the BOD of whey is 50,000 mg/L (3).

     3.  Entrainment from evaporators and the sewering of
         spoiled or damaged products.

The wastewaters generated in the dairy industry can be char-
acterized generally as containing high concentrations of BOD,
COD, and IDS.  Settleable solids are not an important con-
sideration in most dairy wastewaters, since all  the organic
material is in a colloidal or dissolved state.  However, sand
or other gritty material may be present from tank truck wash-
ings (k) .  Cheese wastewaters, on the other hand, have higher
concentrations of settleable solids due to the presence of
curd sol ids.

Design considerations in the joint treatment of dairy and
domestic wastewaters are the high chlorine demand and the
presence of surface-active agents, coliforms, and high-
septicity potential.  In addition, cheese production waste-
waters are usually nitrogen-deficient.  Septicity should be
a consideration in the design of any equalization or clari-
fication facilities.  Wastewater temperature normal ly would
not be a consideration because of dilution in the municipal
collection system.

Low-rate trickling filters are generally not effective in
treating dairy wastes, because these wastes produce large
quantities of biological solids which clog the filters.
This problem can be overcome by high hydraulic loading and
high rec i rculat ion rates  (3) •

**•  Pretreatment
The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
various types of joint treatment facilities are shown in
Table D-2-2.

In general, dairy wastes are amenable to biological  as well
as to chemical treatment if equalization and neutralization
are provided as pretreatment for the dairy wastes.  As the
ratio of dairy waste to domestic waste increases »  the need

                            D-2-3

-------
for the suggested pretreatment also increases markedly.
Where whey is present,  it may be necessary to control  the
rate of discharge and to provide nutrient supplements  at the
joint treatment plant.
                            D-2-A

-------
                               Table D-2-1
Cha racteri st i cs

Industrial  Operation
FLOW
BOD
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyanide
Chlorine Demand
PH

Color
Turbidi ty
Explosives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents
Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Sol ids
Volat i1e Organics
Pesticides

Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfi des

Oi1 and Grease
Coli form
                       Wastewater Characteristics
                             Da i ry Products

                           Milk  Handling
                           Milk  Products

                           Year-round  (BATCH)
                           INTERMITTENT
                           Average-HIGH
                           Low-Average
                           Average-HIGH

                           Average-HIGH
                           PRESENT
                           Absent
                           HIGH
                           ACID  TO ALKALINE

                           HIGH
                           High
                           Absent
                           Absent
                           PRESENT

                           PRESENT
                           Absent
                           HIGH
                           Absent
                           Absent

                           Present
                           Adequate
                           Normal-High
                           Absent
                           Absent

                           Present
                           PRESENT
Natural and Cottage
   Cheese Product

Year-round (BATCH)
INTERMITTENT
EXTREMELY HIGH
Average-EXT. HIGH
HIGH

EXTREMELY HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
HIGH
ACID TO ALKALI
NE
HIGH
High
Absent
Absent
PRESENT

PRESENT
Absent
HIGH
Absent
Absent

Present
DEFICIENT  ,
Normal-High^
Absent
Absent

Present
PRESENT
 There are possible bio-static effects in the joint treatment plant
 attributable to large amounts of sanitizers and detergents in the
 dairy products wastewater.
^Temperature equal to or higher than domestic wastewater.  May
 design but not harmful to joint treatment processes.
                                                               affect
NOTES:   Characteristics which may require pretreatment  or are
        significant to joint treatment plant design are shown
        UPPER CASE.
                                                               n
        Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all
        Practices described under Section D-2.
                                                     the Industrial
                             D-2-5

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                             D-2-6

-------
                         REFERENCES
1.  "Proceedings Second National  Symposium on Food Processing
    Wastes", Denver, Colorado, Environmental  Protection Agency,
    Water Pollution Control Research Series 12060 (March, 1971).

2.  "The Cost of Clean Water,  Vol.  III. Industrial Profile
    No. 9 - Dairies", Federal  Water Pollution Control
    Administration, Washington, D.C.  (June, 1967).

3.  "Study of Wastes and Effluent Requirements of the Dairy
    Industry", Contract No. 68-01-UU23, Environmental  Protection
    Agency, Washington, D.C. (Unpublished).

k.  "Industrial  Wastewater Control".   (Edited by) Gurnham, C.F.,
    Academic Press, New York (1965,).
                          D-2-7

-------
                                              TEXTILE INDUSTRY

1.   Industry Description

This industry includes Standard Industry Classifications (SIC)
2231,  2250, 2260, 2270, 2284, and 2297.

The textile industry involves the manufacture of fabrics from
wool,  cotton, and synthetic fibers;  the synthesis or spinning
of synthetic fibers is not included  in this group, but rather is
included under synthetic organic chemicals.  Of the three major
textiles, wool represents the smallest market and synthetic
textiles the largest.

The major unit processes of the woolen textile industry include
scouring, dyeing, fulling, carbonizing,  bleaching, and weaving.

Raw wool is scoured to remove grease and dirt.  The process
employs a detergent and mild alkali  at temperatures of 130°F.
This operation is responsible for 55-75 percent of the total
BOD load from wool finishing (1).

The dyeing process uses dyes, dyeing assistants, (e.g. acetic
acid,  ammonium sulfate), and dye carriers containing heavy
metals.  The dye carriers will  be present only if the wool
is being combined with a synthetic fabric, which requires a
dye carrier to facilitate dye penetration  (2).

Various chemicals (e.g. sulfuric acid, hydrogen peroxide, and
olive oil) may be added before and during the fulling operation.
These chemicals then enter the wastewater during a subsequent
washing step.

Carbonizing impregnates the wool with sulfuric acid to remove
any traces of vegetable matter.  Bleaching may then be accom-
plished, with either sulfur dioxide, hydrogen peroxide, or
optical brighteners.

The major unit processes employed in the cotton and synthetic
textile industry include sizing, weaving, desizing, scouring,
dyeing, and finishing.  Chemicals used in the sizing process
include starch, polyvinyl alcohol, carboxymethy1 cellulose,
and polyacrylic acid.

After weaving, the fabric is desized using an acid enzyme re-
action.  Desizing removes the chemicals  added during sizing
by hydrolyzing them to a soluble form.
                          D-3-1

-------
During scouring cotton wax and other non-eel 1ulosic components
of cotton are removed by using hot alkaline solutions.   Synthetic
materials require only light scouring because of the absence of
chemical  impurities (3).

Both cotton and synthetic fabrics are treated with special
finishes, using formaldehyde and urea, and with fire retard-
ants, such as triaziridyl phosphine oxide.

The pretreatment sub-groups for this  industry are:

         Wool
         Cotton and Synthetic Fabrics

2.  Industrial Practices

The following industrial practices can significantly affect the
wastewater characteristics:

         Segregation of Waste Streams

         The segregation of waste streams permits recovery of
         heavy metals, caustic recovery and reuse, and control
         of toxic spills (such as dieldrin used for moth-
         proofing).  Many of the older textile mills have a
         common collection system with chemical reuse,  but the
         modern mills have a segregated collection system to
         permit chemical recovery and reuse.

         Alkaline Wool Scouring

         Alkaline wool scouring may be used in place of neutral
         scouring.   In alkaline scouring, soda ash is added to
         the wash water and subsequently combines with a portion
         of the wool grease to from natural soap.  This pro-
         cedure reduces the amount of detergent required and
         reduces the BOD and the concentration of residual
         surface-active agents.

         Chemical Sizing

         The substitution of polyvinyl alcohol or carboxy methyl-
         cellulose for starch in the sizing of cotton reduces the
         overall BOD in the wastewater.

         Pressure Dyeing Becks

         The use of pressure dyeing becks  in the place of atmospheric
         units permits reduction in the amount of dye carriers
         required thereby  reducing the BOD and heavy metal
         concent rations.

                              D-3-2

-------
3.  Wastewater Characteristics

The characteristics of the process wastewaters from each pre-
treatment sub-group are shown in Table D-3-1.

The textile industry generally operates continuously through-
out the year except for scheduled shutdowns.   However,  many
of the individual unit operations within the  industry are
batch oriented.  Daily wastewater flows are continuous  with
peak flows occurring if certain batch-type operations are
used.  The textile industry is usually in a state of flux,
with the manufacturing process continually being modified
to reflect changes in consumer trends.

Wastewaters generated in the textile industry are high  in
BOD, COD, TDS, and color.  For synthetics, dyeing results
in the largest BOD contribution, attributed to the use  of
dye carriers such as methyl naphthalene, biphenyl, and
orthophenyl phenol, all of which have a high  BOD.  For  cotton
finishing, desizing contributes about 45 percent of the total
BOD, scouring about 30 percent, and dyeing about 17 percent (1).
The most significant difference between wool  process wastewaters
and those from the rest of the industry is the release  of waste-
waters with high concentrations of suspended  solids and grease
from the wool-scouring operation.

Textile wastewaters can vary from slightly acid to highly
alkaline depending on the individual  processes carried  out
within the plant.  They generally are alkaline when caustic
scouring or mercerizing is involved.   Heavy metals such as
copper, chromium and zinc result from the use of certain
dye carriers in the dyeing operation of synthetic fabrics
and of blended fabrics, e.g. cotton and rayon.

k.  Pret reatment

The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
various types of joint treatment facilities are shown in
Table D-3-2.
                         D-3-3

-------
                                   Table D-3-1

                            Wastewater Characteristics
                                 Textile Industry
Characteristics

Industrial Operation

Flow
BOO
TSS
TDS
COD
Grit
Cyan ide
Chlorine
pH
Color
         Demand
Turbidity
Explos ives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents
Foaming

Heavy Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organics
Pestici des
Phosphorus

Ni t rogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides
0 i1 and G rease
Coli form (Fecal)
                                   Wool
                          Year-round (batch)
INTERMITTENT
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH
HIGH

PRESENT
Absent
HIGH
BASIC
HIGH

High
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Present

PRESENT
Present
Absent
Absent
PR SENT

DEFICIENT  2
Normal-High
Absent^
Absent
HIGH5
PRESENT
                                        -  Continuous
  Cotton and Synthetics

Year-round (batch)
INTERMITTENT
Average-HIGH
Low-AVERAGE
HIGH
Average-HIGH

Absent
Absent
HIGH
BASIC
HIGH

High
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Present

PRESENT
Present
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
              - Continuous
                                                          DEFICIENT  2
                                                          Normal-High
                                                          Absent-5
                                                          Absent
                                                          Absent-Present
                                                          Absent
 Wastewater flow characterized by an intermittent pattern over the day.
2
 Temperature equal to or higher than domestic wastewater.  May affect design but not
 harmful to joint treatment processes.

 Phenol may be present in dye carriers.
^
 Oil present in wastewaters from synthetic textiles only.

 Wool processing wastewaters contain high concentration of animal grease.

NOTES:  Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are significant to joint
        treatment plant design are shown  in UPPER CASE.
        Wastewater characteristics shown do not  reflect the  industrial practices
        described in  Section 2.

-------









































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D-3-5

-------
                         REFERENCES
1.  "State of the Art of Textile Waste Treatment".   Water
    Pollution Control Research Series, 12090 ECS;  Environmental
    Protection Agency, Washington,  D.C. (1971).

2.  "Industrial  Waste Studies Program - Textile  Mill Products",
    Environmental Protection Agency (Unpublished)

3.  "The Cost of Clean Water -Vol. Ill - Industrial Waste
    Profile No.  4 Textile Mill Products", Federal  Water Pollution
    Control Administration (September, 1967).
                            D-3-6

-------
                                             SEAFOODS INDUSTRY
1.   Industry Description

    This industry includes Standard Industry Classifications
    (SIC)  2031 ,  2036, and 209**

    The seafood  industry is made up of many processing centers,
    located along the United States coastlines, with a number
    of the larger plants remotely located with respect to
    neighboring  industry and population centers.  The annual
    U.S. catch  in 1968 was approximately A billion pounds
    (cleaned) with the catch being utilized as follows:  35%
    rendered,  301 marketed fresh, 20% canned, 10% frozen, and
    5% to miscellaneous processing (1).

    The seafood  industry involves the processing of numerous
    species of  seafood including:  mollusks (oysters, clams,
    and scallops); crustaceans (crabs and lobsters); and
    various species of both salt- and fresh-water fish.

    This industry uses the following major unit processes (1, 2)
    washing, eviscerating, dressing, processing, and rendering.
    Solid waste  from these processes is significant.  Average
    wastage for  all fish and shellfish is about 30% of body
    weight, with values ranging from zero for whole rendered
    fish to 85%  for some crabs (1).  Some boats eviscerate
    and clean fish at sea, thereby decreasing waste quantities
    at the shore-side processing plant.  Many plants use sub-
    stantial amounts of sea water for cleaning operations.

    Rendering  of whole fish and fish by-products produces fish
    meal, oil,  and solubles.  Currently, four c.lasses of
    rendering  processes are used:  dry, wet, solvent extract
    tion, and digestion.  Wet rendering is the most prominent
    process.  In this process, the by-products are cooked with
    steam, and  the material is pressed to yield a solid cake
    and press  liquor.  The liquor is centrifuged to obtain fish
    oil and stick water.  The stick water is evaporated to
    give condensed fish solubles.

    Because of  the similarity of the pollutants significant to
    pretreatment of wastewaters from the seafood industry,
    there are no separate pretreatment sub-groups for this
    industry.

2.   Industrial  Practices
    The following industrial practices can significantly
    influence the wastewater characteristics.

-------
    Solid Waste Handling

    The handling of the solid process  wastes  in  a  dry form
    substantially decreases  waste loadings  in  the  wastewater.

    Process Water Conservation
    New techniques may be introduced  to reduce the amount  of
    process water usage,  e.g.,  using  counter-current  washing.

3.   Wastewater Characteristics

    The characteristics of the  process wastewaters from the industry
    are shown in Table D-A-1.

    The seafood processing industry is seasonal,  but  wastewater
    flows are relatively  constant during operation.   Wastewaters
    include various auxiliary sources such as  cooling water and
    cooling waters from refrigeration systems.

    The wastewaters generated  from seafood processing contain  as
    major constituents BOD,  COD,  TSS, TDS, and oil.   The occurrence
    of the oil component  depends  on whether oily  or non-oily
    seafood is being processed  and the processing operations
    employed.   Considerations  of  significance  to  the  joint treat-
    ment of seafood wastewaters and domestic waste include high
    chlorine demand, the  presence of  surface-active agent, fecal
    coliform,  and high concentrations of chlorides and other dis-
    solved solids from sea water  usage within  the plant.

4.   Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations  which may be necessary for
    various types of joint treatment  facilities are shown  in
    Table D-*»-2.

    Very little treatability information is available for  seafood-
    processing wastewaters.   If seawater is used  as process water,
    a sufficient dilution of the  process water by domestic waste-
    water is required so that  dissolved solids and chlorides will
    not cause problems in a joint biological treatment plant.   When
    seawater  is used exclusively, the dilution ratio  should be
    about 3 parts domestic wastewater to 1 part seawater.   Oil
    separation may be a pretreatment  consideration if oily fish,
    such as tuna, sardines,  herring,  cod, haddock, halibut, etc.,
    are processed in a manner which results in significant quanti-
    ties of oil in the wastewater.
                               D-4-2

-------
                          Table D-4-1

                  Wastewater Characteristics
                       Seafood Industry
Character!sties

   Industrial  Operation
   Flow
   BOD
   TSS
   IDS

   COD
   Grit
   Cyanide
   Chlorine Demand
   pH

   Color
   Turb id i ty
   Explosives
   Dissolved Gases
   Detergents

   Foami ng
   Heavy Metals
   Colloidal Solids
   Volatile Organics
   Pesticides

   Phosphorus
   Ni trogen
   Temperature
   Phenol
   Sulfides

   Oi1 & Grease
   Coliform (Fecal)
   Coliform (Total)
Class i fication

SEASONAL
Conti nuous
Average-HIGH
Average-HIGH
Average-HIGH

Average-HIGH
Absent
Absent
Average-HIGH
Neutral

Average-HIGH
High
Absent
Absent
Present

Absent
Absent
Average-HIGH
Absent
Absent

Adequate
Adequate   ,
Normal-Hi gh
Absent
Absent

Average-HIGH2
PRESENT
PRESENT
 Temperature equal  to or higher than domestic wastewater.   May
 affect design but not harmful to joint treatment processes.
^Depending upon whether oily or non-oily seafood is being
 processed.

 NOTE:   Characteristics which may require pretreatment or  are
        significant to joint treatment plant design are shown
        in UPPER CASE.
        Wastewater characteristics shown reflect the handling
        and disposal  of solid wastes in dry form as described
        in Section  2.
                              D-k-3

-------


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                         REFERENCES
1.  "Current Practice in Seafoods Processing Waste Treatment",
    Water Pollution Control  Research Series, 12060 ECF,
    Environmental  Protection Agency, Washington,  D.C.  (April,
    1970).

2.  "Industrial  Wastewater Control".  (Edited by)  Gurnham,  C.F.,
    Academic Press, New York (1965).

-------
                                      PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRY

1 .   Industry Description

This industry includes Standard Industry Classifications
(SIC) 2831, 2833, and 283*t.  The industry produces medicinal
chemicals and pharmaceutical products, including some fine
chemicals which are marketed outside the pharmaceutical  industry
as intermediates.

In 1970, there were 1,300 producers of pharmaceuticals in the
United States, and 150 of these firms produced over 95% of the
industry's products (1).

In general, the pharmaceutical  industry may be divided into
two broad production categories;  chemical  synthesis products;
and antibiotics  (penicillin and steroids).

The manufacturing operations for synthesis  products may be
either dry or wet.   Dry production involves dry mixing,
tableting or capsuling, and packaging.  Process equipment is
generally vacuum cleaned to remove dry solids and then washed
down.

The production of wet synthesis products and antibiotics  is
very similar to fine chemicals  production,  and uses the
following major unit processes:  reaction,  extraction and
concentration, separation, solvent recovery, and drying.

Wet synthesis reactions generally are batch types followed by
extraction of the product.  Extraction of the pharmaceutical
product is often accomplished through solvents.  The product
may then be washed, concentrated and filtered to the desired
purity, dried, capsulized, and  packaged.

The production of antibiotics is restricted to a few of the
larger pharmaceutical  firms.  Some antibiotics are produced
in batch fermentation tanks in  the presence of a particular
fungus or bacterium.   The culture frequently is filtered
from the medium and marketed in cake or liquid form as an
animal  feed supplement (2).  The antibiotic is extracted
from the culture medium through the use of  solvents, activated
carbon, etc.  The antibiotic is then washed to remove res-
idual impurities, concentrated, filtered, and packaged.
                            D-5-1

-------
The pretreatment sub-groups  for this  industry  are as  follows:

         Synthes is
         Fermentat ion

2.   Industrial  Practices

The following industrial practices can significantly influence
the wastewater  characteristics:

     1.  Solvent recovery is practiced in both the synthesis
         and the fermentation products segment of the
         industry.  Certain products may require a high-purity
         solvent in order to achieve the required extraction
         efficiency required (3).  This increases the incentive
         for making the recovery process highly efficient.

     2.  Some solvent streams which cannot be recovered
         economically, are  incinerated.  Incineration is
         also used to dispose of "still bottoms" from
         solvent recovery units.

3.  Wastewater  Characteristics

The characteristics of the  process wastewaters from each pre-
treatment sub-group are shown in Table D-5-1.

The pharmaceutical plants operate continuously throughout
the year and are characterized by batch operations with
significant variations  in pollutional characteristics over
any typical operating period.

The major sources of wastewaters are product washings,
concentration and drying procedures, and equipment washdown.
Wastewaters generated from  the pharmaceutical industry can be
characterized as containing high concentrations of BOD, COD,
TSS, and volatile organics.  Wastewaters from some wet chemical
syntheses may contain heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Ni, V, Ag) or
cyanide, and generally have anti-bacterial  constituents,
which may exert a toxic effect on biological waste treatment
processes.

Considerations  significant  to the design of joint treatment
works are the highly variable BOD loadings, high chlorine
demand, presence of surface-active agents, and the possibility
of nutrient deficiency.
                            D-5-2

-------
k.  Pretreatment

The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
various types of joint treatment facilities are shown in
Table D-5-2.

The specific type and degree of pretreatment for heavy metals
and cyanide will be governed by the industrial  effluent
guidelines for the pharmaceutical  industry.  Cyanide removal
or control is especially important.

Pharmaceutical industries generate wastewaters  on an
intermittent basis and equalization may be needed as pre-
treatment.  When solvents are used for extraction,  solvent
removal can be accomplished by using gravity separation and
skimming.  Neutralization may be required to neutralize
acidic or alkaline wastewaters generated from the production
of specific pharmaceutical  products.
                       D-5-3

-------
                                    Table D-5-1

                            Wastewater Characteristics
                             Pharmaceutical  Industry
       Characteristics
  Synthes i s
      Fermentat ion
     Industrial Operation
     Flow
     BOD
     TSS
     TDS

     COD
     Grit
     Cyan i de
     Chlorine  Demand
     pH

     Color
     Turbidi ty
     Explosi ves
     Dissolved Gases
     Detergents

     Foami ng
     Heavy Metals
     Colloidal Solids
     Volatile  Organics
     Pestici des

     Phosophorus
     Ni trogen
     Temperature
     Phenol
     Sulfides

     Oi 1  & Grease
     Coliform  (Total)
Year-Round (BATCH)
INTERMITTENT
AVERAGE-HIGH
   HIGH
AVERAGE-HIGH

AVERAGE-HIGH
  Absent
 PRESENT
AVERAGE-HIGH
 ACID-BASIC

Average-High
   Average
   Present
    Absent
   PRESENT

   PRESENT
   PRESENT
    High
    HIGH
   Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
Normal-High1
   Absent
   Absent

Absent-Present
   Absent
 Temperature equal  to or higher than domestic wastewater.
 harmful  to joint treatment processes.
     Year-Round (BATCH)
     INTERMITTENT
     EXTREMELY HIGH
     EXTREMELY HIGH
     HIGH

     EXTREMELY HIGH
       Absent
       Absent
        HIGH
     ACID-BASIC

    Average-High
        High
       Present
        Absent
       PRESENT

       PRESENT
        Absent
       •  HIGH
         HIGH
        Absent

   DEFICIENT-HIGH
   DEFICIENT-HIGH
      Normal-Hi gh
        Absent
        Absent

     Absent-Present
     Absent-Present

May affect design but not
NOTES:   Characteristics  which may require pretreatment or are significant to joint
        treatment  plant  design are shown in  UPPER CASE.
        Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all  the Industrial  Practices described
        in Section 2.
                                          D-5-i*

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                                             0-5-5

-------
                         REFERENCES
1.  Lund, H.F., "Industrial  Pollution Control Handbook.",
    McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York (1971).

2.  "Industrial Wastewater Control",  (Edited by) Gurnham, C.F.,
    Academic Press, New York (1965).

3.  Rudolfs, W.,  "Industrial Wastes,  Their Disposal  and
    Treatment", Reinhold Publishing Corp., New York (1953).
                             D-5-6

-------
                       LEATHER TANNING AND FINISHING INDUSTRY

Industry Description

This industry includes Standard Industrial Classification (SIC)
3111.  This classification includes tanning, curing, and fin-
ishing hides and skins into leather.  The trend in the tannery
industry is toward greater centralization near large metropolitan
areas.  This results in an increased number of municipal treat-
ment plants treating tannery wastes.  Approximately 80 percent
of the output from tanneries is from cattle-hide processing,
with the remainder being pigskin,  calfskin, goatskin, and sheep-
skin processing (1).

The tanning process involves conversion of animal  hide and
skins into leather.  The grain layer and the corium portion of
the skins constitute the leather-making material and consist
mainly of the protein collagen.  During the tanning process,
the collagen fibers are reacted with tannin, chromium, alum,
or other tanning agents to form the leather.  Four basic oper-
ations are involved in tanneries:

     1.   Beam House
     2.   Tan House
     3.   Retan, color and fat liquor
     4.   Fi n i shing

The beam house operation involves:  storage and trimming of
hides; washing and soaking to remove dirt, salt, blood, manure
and non-fibrous proteins; green fleshing for the removal of
adipose fatty tissues and meat; unhairing to remove epidermis
and hair; bating to remove non-collagenous proteins; and pickling
in some current operations to stabilize and preserve the unhaired
stock for subsequent operations.  The beam house operation is
typical  of hide and skin processing with cattlehide processing
being the most important in the U.S.

The tan house operation consists of preparing the stock for
tanning.  Pickling is done to make the skin acid enough to pre-
vent precipitation of chromium during tanning.  Two types of
tanning are common in the United States:  vegetable tanning;
and chrome tanning.  Vegetable tanning, the older process, is
carried out in a solution containing plant extracts (such as
vegetable tannin) to produce heavy leathers such as sole leathers
and saddle leathers.  Light leathers, such as shoe upper leathers,
                            D-6-1

-------
    are usually chrome-tanned by immersion in a bath containing
    proprietary mixtures of basic chromium sulfate.

    Hides which have not been fully tanned in the chrome-tanning
    process may be retanned with either chrome, vegetable, or syn-
    thetic tanning agents.  The fat liquor process involves the
    addition of many types of oils and greases to the tanned hides
    to prevent cracking and to make the leather soft, pliable,
    strong, and resistant to tearing.   Coloring or dyeing of tanned
    leather may be done either before  or after fat liquoring and
    uses either natural or synthetic dyestuffs.  Finishing oper-
    ations such as drying, coating, staking,  and plating follow
    the foregoing wet processes.

    The pretreatment sub-groups for this industry are:

             Chrome Tanning
             Vegetable Tanning

2.  Industrial Practices

    In-plant pollution control techniques and chemical  recovery
    practices in tanneries vary depending on  the tanning process
    and the economics of chemical recovery systems.   In vegetable
    tanning, it is common practice to  recycle the tanning solution.
    (In chrome tanning, a number of tanneries are practicing re-
    cycling of tanning solution.)  Recovery of grease is normally
    practiced in pigskin and sheepskin tanneries.

    The wastewater characteristics from the unhairing process will
    depend on whether the industry is  practicing a "save hair" or
    "pulp hair" operation.  A low amount of sulfide (0.5 to 1.0
    percent of hide weight) removes the hair  with minimal damage,
    while a high amount (2 to 3 percent) pulps and partially dis-
    solves the hair.  The "save hair"  operation involves mechanical
    pulling and recovery of hair.  Dissolution of hair through
    chemical reactions is referred to  as "pulping" or "burning".

3.  Wastewater Characteristics

    The characteristics of the process wastewaters from each pre-
    treatment sub-group are shown in Table D-6-1.

    Most sub-processes within the tanneries are batch operated,
    and, therefore, the wastewater flow and characteristics
    fluctuate during the industry operation.   In addition, week-end
                                D-6-2

-------
shutdowns in some tanneries will result in wastewater flow only
during weekdays.  The seasonal variations in wastewater flow
are limited to the variations in hide characteristics.  In
general, the waste characteristics and volume vary widely through-
out the day and throughout the week in tanneries.  The concen-
trated waste fractions (lime  liquors and spent tan solutions) are
derived from batch-type processes.  These fractions are therefore
discharged intermittently (2, 3. ^> 5).

Liquid process wastes are generated in tanneries from soaking
and washing, fleshing, unhairing, bating, pickling, tanning,
coloring, and fat liquoring.  Auxiliary wastewaters from tan-
neries result primarily from boiler blowdown and from cooling,
and represent only a minor fraction of the total waste load from
tanneries.  Therefore, only process waste streams are considered
for establishing wastewater characteristics and recommending
pretreatment.

The characteristics of wastewaters from tanneries vary according
to the type of hide processed and the tanning process (vegetable
or chrome tanning) used.   The tanning process is more of an art
than science, and as a result the wastewater characteristics
can vary widely-for the same type of hide and tanning process.
The process wastewaters from tanneries contain as major con-
stituents:  BOD, COD, chromium,  oil and grease, sulfide, sus-
pended and dissolved solids, alkalinity, hardness, color,  and
sodium chloride.  Significant pollutants that may be present in
tannery wastes include:  hair, hide, scraps, bits of flesh,
blood, manure, dirt, salts, suspended lime, soluble proteins,
sulfites, sulfides, amines, chromium salts, vegetable tannin,
soda ash, sugar and starches, oils, fats and grease, surface
active agents, mineral acids, and dyes (6) which contribute to
the BOD and COD.

In general, washing, fleshing, and unhairing operations produce
50 percent of the total volume and approximately 70 percent of
the pollutional load from tanneries.  The tanning process
generates from 5 to 20 percent of wastewater volume and loading
(1).  The dry finishing operations produce only minor quantities
of wastewater from clean-up operations.

The major wastewater sources from tanneries are the beam house
and the tan house operations.  The beam house wastewater is
highly alkaline due to the large quantities of lime used in the
process.  The wastewater  generated from the tan house is
                            D-6-3

-------
generally acidic due to the discharge of spent tanning solution.
Normally, these wastewaters are discharged to a common collecting
sewer before treatment or discharge to a municipal system.  The
unregulated batch dumping from bean house and tan house result
in a total waste stream with varying pH values.

Mixing alkaline waste streams (from the beam house)  with the
acidic chrome tanning wastes would result in partial precipi-
tation of chromium, which can be removed by clarification.
There is also the hazard of the evolution of H~S gas.  Average
chromium concentrations in the total tannery waste can be as
high as 300 mg/L in the chrome tanning process.

The other major pollutant in tannery waste is the effluent from
the lime-sulfide unhairing operation.  The concentration of
sulfides in tannery wastes may vary between 30 and 100 mg/L in
the total effluent (2).  The consequences of release of HLS gas
in the sewer lines and the effect of reducing characteristics
of the sulfides on biological treatment processes should be
taken into consideration in the design of joint treatment works.
Hydrogen sulfide is readily released from solution as a corrosive
and extremely toxic gas with an obnoxious odor.  By controlling
the pH of the solution above 10.0, the H?S release can be mini-
mized.   If the pH of the wastewater is expected to be lower,
the sulfide concentration should be reduced below 1.0 mg/L to
prevent H_S odor problems.

In general, tannery wastewaters are amenable to joint treatment
by conventional methods, if the industrial wastewater is ade-
quately pretreated.  Most available information on the combined
treatment of tannery and municipal wastewaters is from bench-
scale or pilot plant operations, rather than from full-scale
plant operation.  This information indicates that when the
tannery waste does not exceed about 10 percent of the total flow
and when the tannery discharge is regular and well equalized,
no difficulty with conventional sewage treatment is likely to
occur (7).  The tannery waste solids from the vegetable tanning
process can amount to approximately 30 percent before seriously
impairing gas production in anaerobic digestion.  However,
digestion of solids developed from chrome tannery wastes may
result in gradual build-up of chromium in the digester and
eventual failure of the process.
                            Q-6-k

-------
4.  Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
    various types of joint treatment processes are shown in Table
    D-6-2.  Screening to remove debris, equalization to provide
    uniformity of effluent, and neutralization with precautions
    for possible generation of hydrogen sulfide gas, to prevent
    excessively high pH values are generally necessary prior to
    discharge to a municipal  collection system.  Chemical  precipi-
    tation may be needed to reduce the amount of chromium in the
    effluent.

    The considerations in Table D-6-2 are based on the assumption
    of fat and grease recovery as a by-product.  Where this is not
    practiced, grease removal  facilities may also be needed.
                                D-6-5

-------
                                      Table D-6-1
Character? sti cs

Industry Operation
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyan!de
Chlorine Demand
PH

Color
Turbidi ty
Explosives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foaming
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organ? cs
Pesticides

Phosphorus
N? trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides

0!1 & Grease
Coliform  (Total)
      Wastewater Characteristics
Leather Tanning and Finishing Industry

         Chrome Tanning

         Year-Round (Batch)
         INTERMITTENT
         EXTREMELY  HIGH
         EXTREMELY  HIGH
         HIGH

         EXTREMELY  rilGH
         PRESENT
         Absent
         High
         ACID  - ALKALINE

         Present
         Present
         Absent
         Present
         Present

         Absent
         PRESENT
         Present
         Present
         Absent

         DEFICIENT
         Adequate
         Normal^
         Absent
         Present

         HI GH2
         Low
Vegetable Tanning

Year-Round (Batch)
INTERMITTENT
EXTREMELY HIGH
EXTREMELY HIGH
HIGH

hXTREMELY HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
High
AUD - ALKALINE

Present
Present
Absent
Present
Present

Absent
Absent
Present
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
Adequate
Normal^
Absent
Present

HIGH2
Low
 Temperature equal to domestic wastewater.
 Oil and grease  (animal origin) are significant only  in pigskin and sheepskin
 processing wastewaters.

NOTES:  Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are significant to
        joint treatment plant design are shown  in UPPER CASE.
        Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all  the  Industrial Practices
        described in Section 2.
                                       D-6-6

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                          REFERENCES
1.  "The Cost of Clean Water, Vol.  Ill,  Industrial  Waste Profiles
    No. 7 - Leather Tanning and Fisnishing," U.S.  Department  of
    the Interior, FWPCA (19&7).

2.  "Activated Sludge Treatment of  Chrome Tannery  Wastes," Water
    Pollution Control Research Series,  ORD-5,  U.S.  Department
    of the Interior, FWPCA, (19&9).

3.  Eye, D. J., Adldons, J. G., "Anaerobic - Aerobic Treatment
    of Spent Vegetable Tan Liquors  from a Sole Leather Tannery,"
    Proc. 23rd Industrial  Waste Conference,  Purdue University,
    126-139 (1968).

4.  Sproul, 0. J., Keshavan, K., and Hunter, R.  W. , "Extreme
    Removals of Suspended  Solids and BOD in  Tannery Wastes by
    Coagulation with Chrome Tan Dump Liquors," Proc. 21st
    Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 600-612
    (1966).

5.  Nemerow, N. L., and Armstrong,  A.,  "Combined Tannery and
    Municipal Waste Treatment," Proc. 21st Industrial Waste
    Conference, Purdue University,  447-467 (1966).

6.  "Effluent Requirements for the  Leather Tanning and Finishing
    Industry," by Stanley  Consultants,  Inc., Muscatine, Iowa,
    for the Water Quality  Office, Environmental  Protection
    Agency, Contract No. 68-01-0024 (Unpublished).

7.  Wims, F. J., "Treatment of Chrome Tanning Wastes for
    Acceptance by an Activated Sludge Process,"  Proc. 18th
    Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University, 534-54-9
    (1963).
                         D-6-8

-------
                                              SUGAR INDUSTRY

1 .   Industry Description

This industry includes Standard Industrial Classifications
(SIC) 2061, 2062, and 2063.  These classifications include
establishments engaged in the manufacture of raw sugar, syrup,
or finished (granulated or clarified) sugar from sugar cane,
and the manufacture of sugar from sugar beets.

Domestic cane sugars and beet sugars provide only about 55
percent of the total sugar consumed  in the United States.  The
remaining 4-5 percent of the sugar requirement is imported as
raw cane sugar from foreign countries.  The raw cane sugar
(approximately 96 percent purity) is further purified in local
sugar refineries in the United States (SIC 2062).

The production of raw sugar from sugar cane or refined sugar
from sugar beets essentially involves the washing or cleaning
of sugar cane or beets, extraction of sugar juice, precipitation
and filtration of impurities (using  lime and carbon dioxide),
evaporation, crystallization, and drying of sugar crystals.
Water is used in the process to wash the sugar cane or beets,
to dissolve or extract sugar, and for cooling purposes.

The manufacture of sugar from sugar beets produces beet pulp
and molasses as by-products.  The beet pulp is pressed and
dried for use as animal feed.  The molasses, containing soluble
non-sugars and some sugar, either is sold or is used in the
Steffen Process to recover additional sugar.  The Steffen
Process involves the treatment of molasses with lime to recover
additional sugar for recycle to the process.  Wastewaters are
typically added to the beet pulp and then dried, and sold as
animal  feed.  A recent survey of 14 plants using the Steffen
Process indicates that 5 plants use the Steffen Process waste
to produce monosodium glutamate, while the others concentrate
and dry the waste with beet pulp for use as animal feed (1).
A modification of the Steffen Process, with barium hydroxide
in place of the lime, is also used by some beet sugar plants
(2,3).

The production of refined sugar from raw cane sugar involves
washing the raw sugar to remove the molasses film from the sugar
crystals, solution of the washed sugar, clarification of the
solution by phosphoric acid-lime precipitation,  carbonation, and/or
pressure filtration, decolorization of the solution using
                           D-7-1

-------
powdered or granular carbon,  bone char or resins,  and evaporation
of the clarified and decolorized solution to yield crystalline
sugar.

The primary uses of water are to wash the decolorizing adsorbent
and to serve as a cooling and condensing medium in the evapor-
ating processes.  The first use produces an effluent, containing
BOD and frequently suspended solids (waste filter aid).  The
second use leaves the water essentially unchanged except for an
increase in temperature.

The principal by-product of the process is refinery molasses
which is now sold for animal feeding purposes.  Spent filter
aid is generally sent to authorized dump sites.  Waste bone
char  is sold to dealers for a variety of uses such as poultry
feeding.

Because of the similarity of the wastewaters from the sugar
industry, there are no separate pretreatment sub-groups for this
industry.

2.  Industrial Practices

The following industrial practices can significantly affect the
wastewater characteristics.

The production of cane sugar involves by-products such as
residual sugar cane fibers and blackstrap molasses.  The
residual fibers are generally used as fuel or  in the production
of fiberboard and paper products; the blackstrap molasses is
recovered and sold as such.  No additional waste loads result
from  the recovery or reuse of by-products (A-,5) •

The pulp press  liquor and evaporator condensates can be re-
cycled for use  in the flume-washing operation.

3.  Wastewater Characteristics

The rh,-racter i st ics of the process wastewaterr from the industry
are shown  in  Table D-7-1.  Sugar plants generally operate 2k
hours a day,  but because of the nature of tne  raw materials
(sugar cane and sugar beets), the domestic sugar industry oper-
ates  seasonally from 60 to 100 days a year.  The sugar refin-
eries processing domestic and imported raw sugar can operate
year-round.  The sugar plants generate wastewater on a contin-
uous  basis during operational periods.  However, the character-
                           D-7-2

-------
isties of the wastewater may fluctuate widely, becuase of
variations in sugar content of the raw materials at different
periods of the season.  The variations in sugar content of raw
materials are caused either by changes in weather conditions
or in the storage of raw material (sugar cane or beets).  In
addition, hourly variations in wastewater characteristics may
result from spills and leaks of sugar juice and from equipment
cleanups.

The process wastewaters originate from the following operations
in the production of raw cane sugar and refined beet sugar:

     1 .  Flume washing
     2.  Lime cake or slurry
     3.  Evaporator condensates
     4.  Spills, leaks, and floor washing

Process wastewaters originate from the following unit operations
in the refining of raw cane sugar:

     1.  Disposal of waste filter aid, carbonate cake,
         phosphoric acid  precipitation scums,  etc.

     2.  Washing of bone char and/or regeneration and re-
         using of resins.

     3.  Evaporator condensates.

The volume and characteristics of wastewater generated from
the foregoing operations will depend on the degree of recycle
practiced.  The overall process wastewaters generally contain
high concentrations of dissolved organics and suspended im-
purities, and are deficient in nutrients.  The process waste-
waters generated from each of the operations contain as major
waste constituents BOD, COD, suspended solids, and heat.  The
wastewaters generated from sugar refineries are similar to
those from sugar production from sugar cane and contain as
major pollutants BOD  and suspended solids.

In general, the sugar industry wastewaters are amenable to
treatment by joint treatment processes.  The seasonal operation
of some of the sugar plants and the widely-varying character-
istics of the wastewaters should be taken into consideration
in the design of joint treatment facilities.
                          D-7-3

-------
k.  Pretreatment

The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
various types of joint treatment facilities are shown in Table
D-7-2.

Many sugar plants treat their wastewaters in holding lagoons,
with controlled discharge of the lagoon effluent to municipal
collection systems.  The lagoons are effective for the removal
of suspended solids and grit present in the wastewater.  Typi-
cally, however, they are designed to remove only a small per-
centage of the BOD present in the raw wastewater (6).

The limited information available on the treatment of sugar
industry wastes indicates that equalization (to reduce the
fluctuations in organic loading), screening (to remove fibers),
and clarification (to separate lime slurry and grit) would be
needed as pretreatment before discharging these wastewaters to
municipal collection systems.  In addition, facilities for
supplemental nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) at the joint
treatment facility may be required.

-------
                      Table  D-?-1

             Wastewater Characteristics
                   Sugar Industry
Character 1st ics

Industrial Operation
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS
SEASONAL1
Continuous-Variable
Low-EXT. HIGH
Low-EXT. HIGH
HIGH
COD
Grit
Cyan ide
Chlorine Demand
PH

Color
Turb id i ty
Exp1os ives
D issolved Gases
Detergents

Foam i ng
Heavy Metals
Col 1oidal Sol ids
Volat ile Organ ics
Pest ic i des

Phosphorus
N i t rogen
Temperature
Phenol
Su1f ides

Oil & Grease
Col i form (Feca1)
Coli form (Tota1)
Low-EXT. HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
HIGH
Neutral

LOW-HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent
Low
Absent
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
HIGH
Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent
PRESENT
1   Industries which only process imported  raw cane  sugar
   operate year-round.

2. Temperature higher than domestic wastewater.   May affect
   design but not harmful  to joint  treatment  processes.

NOTES:  Characteristics  which may require pretreatment or are
       significant to joint treatment plant design  are shown
       in UPPER CASE.
       Wastewater characteristics shown reflect  all  the In-
       dustrial practices  described under  Section 2.
                         0-7-5

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-------
                          REFERENCES

1.   "State-of-Art ,  Sugarbeet Processing Waste Treatment," Water Pol-
    lution Control  Research Series,  12060 DSI 7/71, Environmental
    Protection Agency, Washington,  D.C. (1971)-

2.   Force, S.L.,  "Beet Sugar Factory Wastes and  Their Treatment -
    Primarily the Find ley System,"  Proc. 17th Ind.  Waste Conf.,
    Purdue University, 116-135 (196I7T

3.   Rogers, H.G., and Smith, L.H.,  "Beet Sugar Waste Lagooning,"
    Proc.  8th Ind.  Waste Conf.,  Purdue University,  136-1^7 (1953).

**.   Biglane, K.E.,  "Some Current Waste Treatment Practices in
    Louisiana Industry, "Proc. 13th  Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue
    University, 12-20
5.  "Industrial Wastewater Control," (Ed.) Gurnham, C.F., Academic
    Press, New York (1965).

6.  Kalda, D.C., "Treatment  of Sugar Beet Wastes by Lagooning,"
    Proc. 13th Ind. Waste Conf., Purdue University, 126-139 (1958).
                           D-7-7

-------
                                   PETROLEUM  REFINING  INDUSTRY

1.   Industry Description

    This industry includes  Standard  Industrial  Classification
    (SiC)  2911.   This  classification includes those  establishments
    primarily engaged  in  producing  gasoline,  kerosine,  fuel  oils,
    residual  fuel  oils,  lubricants,  and  other products  through
    distillation of  crude oil,  cracking,  or other  processes.
    Petroleum refining is a combination  of several  interdependent
    processes and operations, many  of  which are highly  complex.
    There  are at least twenty separate processes fundamental
    to the operation of a refinery  producing  the full spectrum
    of products  from crude  oil.

    The major operations  within  a  refinery include:  crude oil
    storage;  desalting; fractionation  by  pressure, atmospheric
    and vacuum distillation; thermal and  catalytic cracking;
    reforming; polymerization;  and alkylation.   Other incidental
    operations,  generally involving  separation  and finishing of
    the products to  specifications,  include acid treatment of
    lubricating  oil  stocks, sweetening of gasoline,  extraction,
    and stripping.   Storage of  crude oil  to provide  adequate
    working  supplies and  to equalize process  flow  involves the
    separation of  water and suspended  solids  from crude oil

    The first major  operation in a  refinery is  the crude oil
    desalting process  for removing  inorganic  salts and  suspended
    solids from  the  crude oil prior  to fractionation.   Water
    is used  in the desalting process as a sequestering  agent.

    The crude oil  after desalting is generally  passsed  through
    atomspheric  and/or vacuum distillation to separate  light
    overhead  products  (05 and lighter), side-stream  distillates,
    and  residual  crude oil.  Steam  is  used in this process,
    and  the  steam  condensate from the  overhead  accumulation  is
    discharged as wastewater.

    The heavy fractions removed during the crude oil fractionation
    and  distillation process can be  cracked using either thermal,
    catalytic, or  hydrocracking processes to  yield light oil
    fractions  such as  domestic heating oil.   The low-octane
    fractions  obtained from the foregoing processes  can be
    converted  to yield high-octane gasoline blending stock by
    reforming, polymerization, and/or  alkylation processes.
    The  reforming converts  naphthas  to finished high-octane
                            D-8-1

-------
    gasoline.   Reforming  is  a  relatively  clean  process  producing
    a low volume of dilute wastewater.  The  polymerization
    process produces wastewaters  containing  sulfide,  mercaptans,
    high pH materials,  and nitrogen  compounds.   Phosphoric
    acid or sulfuric acid  is used in the  polymerization process
    and generates solid wastes.   The alkylation process uses  a
    sulfuric acid or hydrofluoric acid  catalyst to  convert
    isoparaffins and olefins into high-octane motor fuel.
    Solvent refining is used in a refinery to extract lubricating
    oil  fractions and aromatics from feedstocks containing
    various types of hydrocarbons.

    A more detailed description of the  individual petroleum
    refining processes  is  included in the "Industrial Waste
    Profile" published  by  the  Federal Water  Pollution Control
    Administration (now EPA) (1).

2.  Industrial  Practices

    The petroleum refining  industry  uses  very  large quantities
    of water for process and cooling purposes.   Approximately
    90 percent  of the water  used  in  refineries  is for cooling
    purposes.   Lesser water  uses  include: steam generation
    (boiler-feed.), direct  processing, fire protection,  and
    sanitary uses.  Steam  is used in stripping  and  distillation
    processes,  where it comes  in  contact  with petroleum
    products,  thereby contributing to the total wastewater
    flow from refineries.

    Oily process wastes and  oil-free wastes  are collected
    separately  in some  refineries so that the oily  wastes can
    be treated  for oil  removal  before mixing with other waste
    streams.

    The spent caustics  and  spent  acids  are generally collected
    and sold or disposed  by  other means.   Few  refineries
    neutralize  these wastes  for discharge, to the wastewater
    collection  system.

    The sour water (condensates from various fractionation units)
    containing  sulfides and  ammonia  is  generally steam  or air-
    stripped before being  discharged to the  sewer  lines.  A
    survey of petroleum refining  industries  in  1967 indicates
    that approximately  85  percent of the  refineries strip the
    sour water  before discharging to sewer  lines.   Depending
    on the pH of the sour  water,  the stripping  can  reduce the
    sulfide and ammonia concentrations  in the final effluent.
                                  D-8-2

-------
In general, the in-plant control methods employed by the
industry (sour-water stripping, spent-caustic neutralization
and oxidation, slop oil recovery, etc.) will  determine
the final effluent characteristics and the level of pre-
treatment required for discharge to municipal collection
system.

The technological  advances in the refining process have
resulted in increasing amounts of by-product  recovery and a
reduction in wastewater loading.  Other advances in water
usage and cooling water recirculation have also resulted in
the reductions in volume of wastewater discharged per unit
volume of crude oil processed.  It has been reported that
the total effluent from older, typical, and newer refineries
are approximately 250,100 and 50 gal./bbl  of  crude oil
respectively.

The following  specific in-plant practices  are frequently
employed:

     a.  Sour-condensate stripping is used to remove sulfides
         (as hydrogen sulfide, ammonium sulfide, and
        polysulfides)  before  the wastewater enters the
        sewer.  The sour water is usually  treated by strip-
        ping with air, stream, or flue gas.  Hydrogen sulfide
        released from the wastewater can be recovered as
        sulfuric acid  or can  be burned in  a furnace.
        Hydrogen sulfides at  concentrations in the range of
        10 to  15 mg/L can cause upsets in  biological treat-
        ment plants (k) , and  removal  of sulfides from the
        sour water by stripping would prevent such upsets.

    b.  Spent  caustic  neutralization is applied to both
        phenolic and sulfidic waste streams,  but oxidation
        of spent caustics is  limited  to sulfide waste
        streams, since phenols inhibit the oxidation of
        sulfides in spent caustics.

    c.  Spent  acids (generally sulfuric) can  be recovered for
        reuse  or sold  to acid manufacturers,  thereby avoiding
        their  discharge to sewer systems.   Spent catalysts
        such as aluminum chloride and phosphoric acid can
        either be  regenerated for reuse or disposed of as
        landfi11.
                             D-8-3

-------
Wastewater Characteristics

The characteristics of the process wastewaters from the
industry are shown in Table D-8-1.  Practically all petroleum
refineries use gravity oil separators to recover free oil
from process effluents.  The effluents from gravity oil
separators are therefore used to define the wastewater
characteristics in the table.

The petroleum refineries operate on a continuous basis
throughout the year except for separate process shutdowns
for preventive maintenance and equipment repair and
rep  cement.  Many refineries have a segregated wastewater
collection system, with separate subsystems for clean
and polluted waste streams.  The 'clean1 waters may
include pollution-free cooling waters, boiler blowdown,
and cooling tower blowdown.

The characteristics of wastewater drawn from storage tanks
will depend on the quality of the crude oil stored  and may
contain dissolved inorganics, oil, and suspended solids.
The steam condensate from the overhead accumulator  can be
characterized as having oil, sulfides, mercaptans,  and
phenol.  If barometric condensers are used in vacuum
distillation, the condenser water will have very stable
oil in emulsion.  However, if the barometric condensers
are replaced by surface condensers, the condenser water
will be essentially free of oil.

The major wastewater from the alkylation process is the
spent caustic from the neutralization of the hydrocarbon
stream from the reactor.  Even though the spent acids are
recovered as salable by-product, leaks and spills of acid
catalysts could  reach  the  sewer  lines.  The major  pollutants
from the solvent refining processes include solvents such
as phenols, glycols, and amines.  Other processes for the
manufacture of waxes and asphalt, and for finishing and
blending of gasoline, produce relatively low volumes of
dilute wastewater.

In general, the most significant process wastewaters from
petroleum refining are:  crude oil  desalting waste, storage
tank draw-off, steam condensates, spent caustics, spent
acids, product losses, and leaks and spills of solvents
used in extraction processes.  The process wastev/aters,
                        D-8-4

-------
    which come in direct contact with petroleum hydrocarbons,
    contain free and emulsified oil, sulfides, phenols,  ammonia,
    BOD, COD, heavy metals, and alkalinity as major waste
    constituents.

    The presence of oil (free and emulsified) in the wastewater
    could vary between 30 and 200 mg/L in the effluent from API
    gravity separators (3).

    Refinery wastewaters generally are susceptible to conventional
    biological treatment methods after adequate pretreatment.
    In addition, phosphorus supplementation may be required in
    some cases to provide a nutrient-balanced system for
    biological treatment.   This supplemental  nutrient require-
    ment will depend on the phosphorus content of the cooling
    tower blowdown and its inclusion in the process wastewater.

k.  Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations for various types of joint
    treatment facilities are shown in Table D-8-2.

    These pretreatment operations were developed primarily
    from information on separate treatment of these wastewaters
    and assume the following industrial  practices:

         a.  Sour condensate stripping to reduce sulfides and/or
             ammonia
         b.   Spent-caustic neutralizati
                                       on
         c.  Spent-acid neutralization and recovery  or  disposal  by
             other means

         d.  Separate collection and  disposal  of  acid sludges,
             clay, and spent catalysts

         e.  Gravity separation of free oil  from  process  effluents
    Depending upon the in-plant control  methods  used  within  a
    refinery it may be necessary to add  sulfide  removal  and
    neutralization to the pretreatment  operations  listed in
    Table D-8-2.

    The oil  concentration in the wastewater  should  be reduced
    to approximately 50 mg/L in order to insure  trouble-free
    operation in secondary biological treatment  facilities.   In
                           D-8-5

-------
    addition, the presence of oil in a municipal  sewer would con-
    stitute a fire and explosive hazard.  For this reason, sewer
    ordinances generally have prohibited the discharge of refinery
    wastewaters to municipal facilities.  A 1967 survey Indicates
    that only 1 to 2 percent of the refineries discharge their
    effluent to municipal  treatment systems.

    Even though the current practice is to treat refinery effluent
    on-site, it appears that joint treatment with domestic wastes
    has a potential for adoption.  The heavy metals present in
    refinery effluents (As, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Fe, Pb, Ni, and Zn) are
    generally in such low concentrations that they would not be a
    problem for joint treatment.  If heavy metals reduction should
    be required by effluent guidelines, provisions should be made
    for their removal before discharging to municipal systems.  The
    biological sludge developed from refinery wastewaters can be
    thickened and dewatered by conventional methods (vacuum filters
    and centrifugation).

k.  Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary for
    various types of joint treatment facilities are shown in Table
    D-8-2.

    The technological advancements in the refining process have
    resulted in increasing amounts of by-product recovery and a
    concomitant  reduction in wastewater loading.  Other advances
    in water usage and cooling water recirculation have also re-
    sulted in the reductions in volume of wastewater discharged
    per unit volume of crude oil processed.

    The most prevalent in-plant treatment methods are sour-water
    stripping, neutralization and oxidation of spent caustics,
    ballast water treatment, and slop-oil recovery.  These measures
    substantially reduce the waste loadings and to a significant
    degree are required to protect subsequent treatment.  In addi-
    tion to these in-plant control methods, practically all of
    today's refineries use gravity oil separators to recover free
    oil from process effluents.  For these reasons and because
    the data available on raw wastewater characteristics are
    limited, the effluents from gravity oil separators are used
    to define the wastewater characteristics from petroleum refin-
    eries.
                                D-8-6

-------
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-------
                         REFERENCES


1.  "The Cost of Clean Waters, Volume III, Industrial Waste
    Profile No. 5, Petroleum Refining," U.S.  Department of the
    Interior, FWPCA, (196?).

2.  Nemerow, N.L., "Theories and Practices of Industrial Waste
    Treatment," Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc.,
    Reading, Mass. (1963).

3.  Beychok, M.R., Aqueous Wastes from Petroleum and Petrochemical
    Plants", John Wiley and Sons, New York, (196?).

k.  "Petroleum Refining Effluent Guidelines", Environmental
    Protection Agency,  Washington, D.C.  (Unpublished)
                             D-8-9

-------
                                       MEAT PRODUCTS  INDUSTRY
1 .   Industry Description

    This industry includes Standard  Industrial  Classification
    (SIC)  Nos.  2011,  2013,  2014,  and  209^.

    These  classifications  include slaughterhouses,  packing-
    houses,  processing plants  (beef,  poultry,  hog,  and  sheep),
    and rendering plants.

    Live animals are  usually held in  holding  pens  for  less
    than one day prior to  slaughter.   In  the  killing area,
    the animals are slaughtered  and  the carcasses  drained of
    blood.   The processes  of skinning,  defeathering or  dehairing,
    and eviscerating  follow the  slaughtering  of the animals.
    Depending on the  desired product,  carcasses may be  cut
    into smaller pieces, e.g.  hogs are cut  into parts  such as
    hams,  sides, loins,  and shoulders.  These parts may be
    further  processed (e.g. smoked or pickled), or they may
    be shipped directly to wholesalers without further  processing.

    Because  of the similarity  of the  wastewaters from meat
    products industry,  there are no separate  pretreatment sub-
    groups for this industry.

2.   Industrial  Practices

    The following industrial practices  can  significantly
    influence the wastewater characteristics:

        Sanitation Requirements

        Unlike most other  industries,  the food industry is
        required to maintain strict  sanitary  conditions, which
        limits the amount  of process  wastewaters that can be
        recycled.  The industry  practices in-plant recovery
        (e.g. blood or grease)  to reduce  wastewater strength.
        In most plants,  blood  is collected  and subsequently
        processed.  The recovery of blood represents an
        in-plant practice  which  is extremely  desirable  since
        whole blood represents a BOD  concentration of over
        150,000 mg/L  (1).

        In addition,  the dry handling  of  such  wastes as manure
        and  bedding materials  from holding  pens,  paunch
        manure from eviscerating, and meat  cuttings and
        trimmings will  significantly  reduce the quantity of
        waste materials discharged to the sewers.   Implementa-
        tion of these practices  will  affect the concentration
        and  quantity  of waste  constituents,  but not the
        quantity of wastewater.
                          D-9-1

-------
    Render!nq

    Rendering  is  a  major  unit  process where  in-plant
    modifications can  significantly  influence  the  pre-
    treatment  considerations.   Wet  and  dry  rendering  are
    two subprocesses presently used  within  the industry.
    In the wet process,  the meat by-products in  a  batch
    tank are cooked by direct  injection of  steam.   Dry
    rendering  uses  only heat,  and little wastewater is
    produced.   In wet  rendering, the solids  in the water
    phase are  screened out, and the  remaining  tank water
    may be evaporated  or  sewered.  The  tank  water  is  a
    major source  of organic pollution,  when  sewered,  and
    has a BOD  value of approximately 45,000  mg/L (2).
    Evaporation of  wet-rendering tank water  and  the
    installation  of entrainment separators on  barometric
    condensers may  reduce the  need  for  pretreatment of
    wet-rendering process wastewaters.

    Wastewater Segregation

    Wastewater originating within a  meat products  plant will
    generally  be  made  up  of wastewater  from  the  operations,
    sanitary wastes, and  wastewaters from auxiliary sources
    (e.g. cooling water from ammonia condensers  in the
    refrigeration systems).  Many large plants providing  their
    own complete  or partial treatment have  found it economical
    to segregate  wastewaters into blood, clean water, manure-
    free water, and manure waters.
Wastewater Characteristics

The characteristics of wastewaters from the meat products
industry are shown in Table D-9-1.  The meat products
industry is a year-round operation with daily operation
on an intermittent basis.  Plants  usually shut down daily
for an extensive clean-up period following the processing
period.   This practice results in  the generation of
intermittent wastewater flows.
Each plant may have a number of operations, depending on
the products and degree of processing.   However,  the
wastewaters generated from any meat products plant can
be characterized as containing high concentrations of
BOD, COD, TSS, TDS, and grease.  Washdown of holding pens,
mainly to remove manure and urine, will  add to the BOD
and suspended solids concentrations.
                     D-9-2

-------
The processes of skinning, defeathering or dehairing, and
eviscerating are sources of BOD, grease, and suspended
solids.  The disposal of paunch manure and the washing
of carcasses during eviscerating are particular operations
which generate substantial pollutants.  The processing
of hogs and fowl produce a floating solids problem
caused by hair and feathers.

Dressing and processing operations are minor wastewater
sources compared to the slaughterhouse operations.
Wastewaters from these operations contain grease and
solids originating from equipment washdown and product
losses.  Druing these operations, various trimmings, fat,
and fleshings are produced

Considerations in the joint treatment of meat product
wastewaters with domestic wastes are the high chlorine
demand, the presence of surface-active agents, fecal
coliform, intermittent flows, and the high septicity
potential due to the high organic content of meat product
wastewaters.  In general, meat product wastewaters are
amenable to either biological or chemical treatment.

Pretreatment

The pretreatment unit operations which may be necessary
for various types of joint treatment processes are shown
in Table D-9-2.

In addition to screening and free-floating grease removal,
various in-plant control practices, such as blood recovery,
and separate handling of paunch manure as solid waste
would greatly reduce the waste constituents in process
wa s t ewa t e r s (3) .

When  the ratio of meat product wastewater to domestic
wastewater is over 50 percent, pretreatment should
include equalization to reduce organic and hydraulic
fluctuations.  The equalization basin should be aerated
to prevent septic conditions.
                         D-9-3

-------
                          TABLE D-9-1

                 Wastewater Characteristics

                    Meat  Products  Industry
Character!sties

Industry Operation
Flow
BOD
TSS
TDS

COD
Grit
Cyanide
Chlorine Demand
pH

Color
Tu rb i d i ty
Explosives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organics
Pesticides

Phosphorus
N i trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides

Oil and Grease
Coli form (Fecal)
                                          Meat Products
                                          Year-round
                                                      .1
                                           INTERMITTENT
                                           HIGH-EXT.  HIGH
                                           HIGH
                                           HIGH

                                           HIGH  -  EXT. HIGH
                                           Absent
                                           Absent
                                           HIGH
                                           Neutral

                                           HIGH
                                           High
                                           Absent
                                           Absent
                                           Present

                                           Absent
                                           Absent
                                           HIGH
                                           Absent
                                           Absent

                                           Present
                                           Present     „
                                           Normal-Hi gh
                                           PRESENT3
                                           Absent

                                           PRESENT
                                           PRESENT
3
 Wastewater flow is intermittent over the day or week.
 >
 "Temperature equal  to higher than domestic Wastewater; may
 affect design but not harmful to joint treatment processes.

 Phenols may be present in sanitizers used for clean-up.
 NOTES:   Characteristics which may  require pretreatment or are
         significant to joint treatment plant design  in UPPER CASE.

         Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all  industry
         practices described  in Section 2.

-------




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-------
                      REFERENCES
1.  "The Cost of Clean Water,  Volume_lll,  Industrial  Profile
    No. 8 - Meat Products1,1 Federal  Water  Pollution Control
    Administration,  Washington,  D.C.,  (September 1967).

2.   "Industrial Waste Study of the Meat Products Industry",
    Contract No. 68-01-0031,  Environmental  Protection Agency,
    Washington, D.C., (unpublished).

3.   "Industrial Wastewater Control",  (Edited by) Gurnham,  C.F.,
    Academic Press,  New York (1965).
                         D-9-6

-------
                                                 GRA.j NI MjLL I NG I NDUSTRY

I .   Industry Description

    This industry includes Standard Industrial  Classification (SIC)
    2041 ,  2044, and 2046.   These classifications  include milling
    flour or meal from grains,  by either dry or wet processes.

    The major grain milling establishments process  corn, wheat or
    rice.   Dry corn milling involves grinding and processing  corn
    for the production of  corn  meal, flour,  grits,  and related
    products.  Wet corn milling involves the separation of corn
    into several  components such as starch,  syrup,  animal  feeds,
    and various other products.  Wheat milling  generally uses a
    dry cleaning process.   Par-boiling of rice  is a wet process
    for boiling rough rice to force nutrients in  the bran  into
    the grain.  The par-boiled  rice is then  milled  to  remove  the
    inedible hull and the  bran.

    Because of the similarity of the wastewaters  from  the  various
    segments of the grain  milling industry,  there are  no separate
    pretreatment sub-groups for this industry.

2.   Industrial Practices

    The following industrial  practices can significantly influence
    pret reatment.

         Dry Corn Mil 1 ing

    The smaller plants use dry  cleaning processes and  produce only
    ground whole corn meal.  The large plants,  however,  wash  the
    corn prior to tempering and milling, to  produce a  variety of
    products.  Water used  to wash the corn is separated in centri-
    fuges.   The spent wash water,  which constitutes the major
    wastewater source in a dry  grain milling operation,  is gen-
    erally screened before being discharged  to  the  sewers, and
    the screenings are recovered to prepare  animal  feeds.   If
    corn oil is also produced (only in larger mills),  steam and
    cooling water will  be  required to separate  the  oil  from the
    solvent by evaporation.  As a  result,  auxiliary wastewaters
    from water treatment,  boiler blowdown, and  cooling  water  will
    be discharged from mills  producing corn  oil.

        Wet Corn Mil 1i ng

    The dry cleaned corn is steeped first  in circulating water
    containing S0? for 30  to  40 hours.   The  light steep  water is
    removed and concentrated  by evaporation  for use in  preparing
    animal  feeds.   The evaporator  condensates and starch filtrates
                            D-10-1

-------
constitute major wastewater sources  from this  industry.   Small
quantities of wastewater are added to the above source from  equip-
ment cleaning and washing operations.  The starch  slurry  remaining
after the separation of hulls,  fiber, and germs is either used  as
starch or converted to syrup.   The conversion  of starch to acids.
Even though the conversion of starch slurry to syrup and  sugars
(dextrose, lactic acid, etc.)  generates large  quantities  of
wastewater, these are generally reused for steeping corn  and
therefore cause only small quantities of wastewater to be discharged.

     Wheat Mi 11 ing

The dry process for milling and cleaning wheat produces no
significant quantities of process wastewater.   Only 5 percent
of the wheat mills  in  the United States use water for clean-
ing wheat, and  these wastes are discharged to municipal  sewers.
The manufacture of bulgur may produce a wastewater stream if
the water  is drained from bulgur wheat.  However,  most mills
vent the moisture to the atmosphere during the drying and
therefore  do not produce any liquid wastes.   In general,
most grain mills processing wheat do not generate any liquid
wastes,and those that employ wet cleaning of wheat discharge
the wastewaters to municipal collection systems.  Only five
mills  (estimated)  in the United States make wheat starch  from
wheat  flour.  The wastewater from wheat starch production is
similar to those from corn starch preparation  (1).

     R ice  Mi 11 ing

Rice milling generates wastewater only from the par-boiling
operation.  The spent cooling water  is the principal waste-
water  generated from rice milling operations.   Auxiliary
wastewaters in  rice milling industry result from water soften-
ing and boiler  blowdown operations.  The process wastewater
(spent cooking  liquor)  is usually discharged to a municipal
collect ion system.

Wastewater Characteristics

The characteristics of  the wastewaters  from the grain milling
industry  are  shown  in  Table D-10-1.   Most grain mills generate
wastewater with similar  pollutants  and  treatability character-
istics.

Grain  mills discharge  wastewater varying  in concentration and
flow.  Most mills operate 5 to 7 days per week, and 2k hours/day,
and  the operations  are continuous batch-type.  As a  result, the
wastewater quantity and  characteristics  are subject to hourly
and  daily variations.   In addition,  the  starch-syrup  plants may

                             D-10-2

-------
    use different grains and product  mixes  at  various  times,  thus
    contributing to the variations  in wastewater volume and  loading.
    the wastewater is generally rich  in carbohydrates.   However,
    nutrient addition may be required for specific cases.

    The grain milling industry generates wastewater from wet clean-
    ing, oil extraction,and starch and syrup manufacturing opera-
    tions.  Depending on the product  mix and the type of grain used
    (corn, wheat, or rice), the wastewater characteristics vary
    widely within the industry.  In general, the wastewaters
    constituents include:  COD, BOD,  suspended solids,  heat, and
    acidity.  The BOD and COD of the  wastewater are attributed
    primarily to the presence of starch, carbohydrates, and
    protei ns (1,2).

k.  Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations  which may be necessary for
    various types of joint treatment  facilities are shown in
    Table 0-10-2.  The level of pretreatment required will  depend
    on the ability of the joint treatment facility to absorb
    shocks of varying wastewater volume and loading (3).  Waste-
    waters resulting from starch production are slightly acidic
    (pH k to 5)  and therefore may require neutralization prior
    to discharging to municipal systems (k).
                               D-10-3

-------
                    TABLE D-10-1

             Wastewater Characteristics
                Gra in M i11  Industry
Character!st ic
Industry Operation
F 1 ow
BOD
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyan ide
Chlorine Demand
PH

Col or
Tu rb id i ty
Explos ives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Col 1oida1 Solids
Volat ile Organ ics
Pest ic ides

Phosphorus
N i t rogen
Temperatu re
Phenol
Su1f ides
Near-Round
CONTINUOUS
HIGH- EXT. HIGH
Low-EXT.  HIGH
High

HIGH- EXT. HIGH
Present
Absent
High
ACIDIC-ALKALINE

Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent
Present
Low
Absent

Low-Adequate
Low-Adequate
High
Absent
Absent
Oil and G rease
Coli form (Tota1)
Absent
Present
   Higher temperature than domestic wastewaters.  May effect
   design but not harmful to joint treatment processes.
 NOTES:  Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are
         significant to joint treatment plant design are shown in
         UPPER CASE.

         Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all industrial
         practices described in Section 2.
                          D-10-4

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D-10-5

-------
                      REFERENCES
1.  "Industrial Waste Study Report - Grain MMlinq Industry",
    Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.,
    (unpubli shed).
2.  Ling, J.T.,
    Treatment", 	
    Conference, Purdue University, 5'5-525 (196?).
"Pilot Investigation of Starch - Gluten Waste
Proceedings 16th Industrial  Waste Conference,
3.  Willenbrink, R.V., "Waste Control and Treatment by a Corn
    and Soybean Processor", Proceedings 22nd Industrial Waste
    Conference, Purdue University, 515-525 (1967).
k.  Jeyfriend, C.F. ,
    Proceedings 23rd
     "Purification of
     Industrial  Waste
Starch Industry Wastewater",
Conference, Purdue
    University, 1103-1119 (1968).
                          D-10-6

-------
                                      FRUIT  VEGETABLE  INDUSTRY

1 .   Industry  Description

    This  industry  includes  Standard  Industrial  Classifications
    (SIC)  2033,  2034,  2035,  and  2037-   These industrial
    classifications  include  the  processing of  fruits and  veget-
    ables,  including cleaning, sorting,  sizing,  peeling,  stabiliz-
    ing,  and  final processing.

    Because of the similarity  of the  pollutants  significant  to
    pretreatment of wastewaters  from  the various  segments of the
    fruit  and vegetable  industry,  there  are  no separate pretreat-
    ment  sub-groups for  this industry.

    Washing is a unit  process  integral  to all  fruit and vegetable
    processing.  Wash  water  is used to  remove  dirt,  insects,
    and  residual pesticides.   Root crops, such as  potatoes and
    carrots,  have greater amounts  of  dirt than fruits  and
    vegetables grown above  ground.

    Sorting is performed  (usually  manually)  to remove  inferior
    fruits  and vegetables, which are  then directed into end
    products  which are not sensitive  to  appearance.  Conveyance
    between unit processes  is  often done in  flumes to  prevent
    damage  to the product and  to minimize the  deteriorating
    effect  that  air has on many  products, e.g.,  apples turn
    brown  in  the presence of air.

    Separation of fruits and vegetables  into desired size
    ranges  is generally performed  by  using mechanical  equipment.
    Peeling, when  required,  is  accomplished by either
    mechanical  abrasion, by  chemical  (lye) treatment, or by
    steam.  An  experimental  method of dry caustic peeling
    has  been evaluated  successfully  for pears, peaches,
    potatoes and beets  (1).  Mechanical abrasion utilizes
    contoured knife  peelers  adjusted  to maximize product yield
    for  the particular  size  of  product being processed.
    Steam and hot  lye peeling depend on water sprays to remove
    the  softened skin.  Hot  lye solutions may be sewered as
    frequently.as  after each work shift (2).

    The  peeling process represents a substantial source of
    pollutants, principally  soluble,  including:  sugars,
    starches, and  carbohydrates leached from the fruits and
    vegetables; and  insoluble waste  solids.  The form of the
    final product  is also a  factor in the relative quantity
    of pollutants  generated.  For example, fruits are generally
    marketed in a  whole, halved, quartered, or diced form.
    The  greater the  exposed  area (diced vs. halved), the
    greater the extent of leaching of pollutants from the product,

                            D-ll-1

-------
    Stabilizing of the fruit or vegetable to preserve its
    quality may be accomplished by blanching or pasteuriza-
    tion.   Blanching is accomplished with steam, to expel air
    and inactivate enzymes which would cause color
    change and wilting.  Generally, only juices and some
    commodities are pasteurized to prevent deterioration.

    Fruit  and vegetable processing can also include canning,
    frying, freezing, or dehydration.  Canning can also in-
    volve  cooking, which is done in a pressurized steam
    cooker; thereafter, the cans are cooled with water before
    being  labeled and packed in cartons.

2.  Industrial Practices

    The following industrial practices can significantly infl
    influence pretreatment:

      Trimming and Peeling Wastes

      Trimmings and other large solids should be handled as
      a dry solid waste and not sewered.  This practice
      would affect the pretreatment screening requirements.

      Wash Water Recycle

      A closed wash water recycle system with separate
      grit disposal will generally preempt grit removal
      as a pretreatment requirement.

      Peel ing Process

      The substitution of another peeling process for lye
      treatment may nullify the need for neutralization
      facilities for pH adjustment.

      Washing Operation

      Reduction of wastewater quantities is critical in
      order to obtain a minimal capital  investment for
      pretreatment facilities.  Counter-current flow
      during the washing operation has been credited with
      substantially  reducing the overall volume of wash
      water.   In addition,  low-volume, high-pressure
      sprays have been successfully employed  in various
      establishments.

3.  Wastewater Characteristics
    The characteristics of the wastewaters from the processing
    fruits and vegetables are shown in Table D-ll-1.  The
                              D-ll-2

-------
    Fruit and vegetable industry is a seasonal  operation,
    usually corresponding to the local  growling season.
    Within this industry one particular cannery may process
    more than one fruit or vegetable, e.g.  corn in summer
    and apples in the fall.   In addition, apples and potatoes
    are stored under controlled temperature and humidity,
    with the overall effect  of prolonging the industry
    operation.  This industrial category can be classified
    as a continuous operation, with the exception of fruits
    and vegetables that are  pickled or  cooded.   These latter
    processes are batch types.  In genera], the wastewaters
    from this industry are high in BOD, COD, TSS, and grit
    (3,4).

k.  Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations which may  be necessary
    for various types of joint treatment processes are shown
    in Table D-ll-2.  Water  re-use and  process  equipment with-
    in each plant will dictate the pretreatment and subsequent
    treatabi1ity.  In general, fruit and vegetable wastewaters
    are amenable to either biological or chemical treatment (5).

    Design consideration in  the joint treatment of vegetable and
    fruit wastewater with domestic wastes should include the
    high chlorine demand, presence of surface-active agents,
    nutrient deficiency, and pH variability.  Pesticides may
    have ever been sprayed with a long-life pesticide.  There
    is no substantial information at present on the measurable
    quantities of pesticides in the wastewaters.
                               D-ll-3

-------
                    TABLE D-l1-1
             Wastewater Characteristics
            Fruit and Vegetable Industry
Characterist?cs
           Operation
Industrial
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS
COD
Grit
Cyanide
Chlorine Demand
PH

Color
Turbidi ty
Explosives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organ!cs
Pesticides

Phosphorus
Ni trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides
Oil &
Fecal
      Grease
      Coliform
SEASONAL
INTERMITTENT
Average-EXTt
                                                 HIGH
Average-EXT, HIGH
Average-HIGH

Average-EXT. HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
Average-HIGH ,
ACID-ALKALINE
                                    Present (HIGH2)
                                    High
                                    Absent,
                                    Absent
                                    PRESENT
Absent
Absent
Average
Absent
Absent-Present

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT  ^
Normal-Hi gh
Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent
1.  Fruit and tomato wastes are generally acidic; however, the
      pH of the wastewater is affected by the peeling process,
      e.g., 1 ye peeling.
2.  Beet processing wastewaters are characterized by a red color.
3.  Free SO  may be dissolved in maraschino cherry brine.
4.  Temperature equal  to or higher than domestic wastewater.  May
      affect design but not harmful to joint treatment processes.

NOTES:   Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are
        significant to joint  treatment plant design are shown
        in UPPER CASE.
        Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all
        industrial practices described in Section 2.
                                                     the

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-------
                       REFERENCES
1.   Industrial  Waste Study - Canned and Frozen Fruits and
    Vegetables, Contract No. 68-01-0021,  Environmental
    Protection Agency,  Washington,  D.C. (unpublished).

2.   "Industrial Wastewater Control",  (Edited by)  Gurnham, C.F. ,•_
    Academic Press,  New York (1965).

3.   "Utilization of  Cannery Fruit Waste by Continuous Fermenta-
    tion", Bulletin  No. 207, Washington State Institute of
    Technology, Pullman, Washington (March 1950).

4.   "Treatment of Citrus Processing Wastes", Water Pollution
    Control  Research Series 12060,  Environmental  Protection
    Agency,  Washington, D.C. (1970).

5.   "The Cost of Clean  Water, Volume III,  Industrial  Waste
    Profile No. 6 -  Canned and Frozen Fruits and  Vegetables",
    Federal  Water Pollution Control Administration (June 1967).
                         D-ll-6

-------
                                           BEVERAGES  INDUSTRY
1 .   Industry Description

    This  industry includes  Standard  Industrial  Classification
    (SIC)  2082,  2083,  2084,  2085,  2086,  and  208?.

    These industrial  classifications include all  establishments
    engaged primarily in  the manufacture of  malt,  malt  beverages
    (ale,  beer,  and  malt  liquors), wines (table wine, dessert
    wine,  and brandy),  distilled  spirits,  bottled and canned
    soft  drinks,  and  flavoring extracts  and  syrups.

    The products  described  above  can be  classified under  two
    major groups  according  to their  basic manufacturing
    processes as:

    1.   Fermentation  Products (beer, wine, distilled  spirits,
        mal t)
    2.   Extraction Products (soft drinks,  flavors, and  extracts)

    The fermentation  products are made from  grains or fruits,
    while the extraction  products are made from flavor  sub-
    stitutes of  oils  such as cocoa,  vanilla, and  orange oil.
    The fermentation  products derived from grains are manu-
    factured by  cooking the grains,  fermenting the cooking
    liquor with  a yeast culture,  and separating the fermented
    alcohol by clarification and  filtration.

    The manufacturing processes used for the production of
    flavoring extracts and  syrups are proprietary in  nature.
    The basic processes for the recovery of  natural  flavoring
    can be listed as follows:

    1.   Steam distillation  and petroleum ether extraction
        (essenti al oils).

    2.   Expression (hydraulic pressing)  and  petroleum
        ether extraction  (fruit syrup).

    3.   Expression and evaporation  (jams).

    k.   Alcoholic extraction of vanilla  and  other tissue.

    The soft drink bottling and canning  plants use flavor extracts
    and purchased syrups.  The bottling  and  canning process
    involves bottle washing and sterilizing, mixing of  flavor
    extracts and syrup, carbonation, and filling.

    The pretreatment sub-groups for this industry are as  follows:
                         D-12-1

-------
        Malt,  malt beverage,  and  distilled  spirits  (except
        Industrial alcohol).

        Wine and brandy.

        Bottled and canned  soft drinks,  and  flavors  and  syrups.

2.   Industrial  Practices

    During the brewing and  fermentation  process,  malt  and
    hops are added to convert starch to  sugar  and to incor-
    porate a bitter taste to  the  product.  Water  is  used  in  the
    process for cooking,  cooling,  container  washing  and  other
    miscellaneous uses.   Both solid wastes and liquid  wastes
    are generated in the  process.   Spent grains,  excess  yeast,
    and spent  hops are the  solid  wastes, and are  generally
    hauled away or dried  for  livestock and  poultry feed.  The
    only variation of this  type of disposal  is where certain
    small  distilleries manufacturing distilled wine  or spirits,
    the stillage is discharged with other liquid  wastes.  Liquid
    process wastes result from fermentation, aging,  filtration
    and evaporation, and  washing  and clean-up  operations  (1,2).
    Liquid wastes are also  discharged from auxiliary operations
    such as cooling, boiler blowdown, and water softening.

    The fermentation process  results in  the  generation of
    "lees", which is a mixture of wine,  yeast  ceels, and
    other sediment.  The  lees is  considered  a  liquid or
    semi-liquid waste, which  is either discharged directly
    to the sewer or recovered in  the case of large wineries.
    In order to improve the quality of the wine,  the fermented
    liquid is  often processed by  a sequence  of racking,
    filtration, and fining  operations.  The  wastes from  racking
    (clarification) and filtration often produce  a sludge
    containing significant  quantities of wine. When these
    wastes are sewered,  they  add  significantly to the  BOD and
    solids concentration  of the wastewater.   Brandy  is produced
    by distillation of wine and condensation of the  overhead
    in order to obtain a  beverage with high  alcohol  content.
    The stillage from such  distillation  is  a very significant
    1 iqu id waste  (3 »^) •

    The manufacture of flavoring  extracts and  syrups also
    generates  both liquid and solid wastes.   Solid wastes are
    the residues after extraction of flavors and  syrups.  Waste-
    waters from normal extraction operations are:

    Fruit Expression:

        1.  Water used for  washing fruits.
        2.  Hydraulic press clean-up.
                         D-12-2

-------
    Evaporation:

        1.   Evaporator condensate.
        2.   Kettle wash water.

    Steam Distillation:

        1 .   Boiler blowdown.
        2.   Bottoms from packed column.

    The major wastewater sources in  the  bottling  industry  are
    the bottle washing and clean-up  operations.   Auxiliary
    wastewaters such as cooling,  air conditioning,  and  boiler
    blowdown are also generated (5).

    The predominant method of disposing  of liquid wastes from
    beverage plants is by discharging to municipal  sewerage
    systems.  A typical plant collects all  its wastewaters
    in a common sewer and discharges them to  municipal  sewers.

3.   Wastewater Character!sties

    The characteristics of process wastewaters from each
    pretreatment sub-group are shown in  Table D-12-1.

    The beverage industries generally operate throughout the
    year.   However, the volume of waste  production  and  the
    loading will  vary with the season depending upon product
    demand.  A recent survey of the  malt beverage industry
    indicates that wastewater volume and load both  peak during
    the summer months, and are lowest during  the  winter months.
    This is probably due to the scheduling of production in
    response to demand and usage.

    Major considerations in the joint treatment of  beverage
    wastewaters are the presence of  large particulate
    matter in suspension and the fluctuations in  hydraulic
    and organic loads.  The follwing is  a brief description
    of the wastewater from each pretreatment  group:

        1.   Malt Beverages and Distilled Spirits

        The wastewaters generated from the malt and malt
        beverages industries have as major constituents BOD,
        SS, pH and temperature.  The waste solids from  the
        malt house, and the excess yeast,  spent grains, and
        spent hops from the malt beverages industry are
        disposed of either by hauling away or by  on-site
        drying to make cattle feeds.   If the  spent  wet  grain
        is dried in the brewery,  the spent grain  liquid must
        be disposed of; generally,  it is discharged to
        municipal  sewers without pretreatment.
                          D-12-3

-------
     The distilleries produce wastewaters from cooking and
     fermentation of grains,  the stillage or slops from
     distilling operations,  and from washing and bottling
     operations.  The stillage from the distilleries
     contain yeast, proteins, and vitamins.   Depending
     upon the size of the plant, complete or partial
     recovery of stillage is  practiced.  The major
     constituents in distillery wastewaters  include BOD,
     suspended solids, acidity, and heat.

 2.  Wine and Brandy

     The wine and brandy industries produce  wastewaters
     from crusher-stemmer,  pressing, fermentation,
     clarification and filtration, distillation, and
     bottling operations.  Brandy is manufactured by
     distillation of wine and, therefore, results in the
     generation of stillage or "still slop".  The stillage
     is a very significant liquid waste in the manufacture
     of brandy.  The wastewaters are high in organics and
     have the potential  of introducing shock loads in joint
     treatment works (3)-

 3.  Soft Drinks, Flavors,  and Syrups

     The wastewaters generated from the manufacture of
     flavor extracts and syrups are generally discharged
     to municipal sewerage systems without treatment.
     Very little work, if any, has been done to delineate
     the characteristics of the wastewater from this
     segment of the industry.  The bottling  and canning
     of soft drinks generate  wastewaters primarily from
     bottle-washing operations.  These wastes contain
     BOD, suspended solids,  and alkalinity.   Some bottling
     industries practice recirculation of final rinse
     water for pre-rinsing,  thereby reducing the volume
     of wastewater discharged to the sewers  (5).

Pretreatment

Available information in the literature indicates that
pretreatment in the form of screening, grit  removal, and
equalization are practiced by some industries.

The pretreatment unit operations shown in Table D-12-2 are
based upon total process wastewater discharge from all unit
operations within the industry.  The addition of auxiliary
wastes (cooling, boiler blowdown, and water  softening)
will lower the strength of total effluent from the
industry.  In general, the wastewaters from  the beverage
industries are amenable to treatment by conventional
                      D-12-A

-------
processes, such as activated sludge and trickling filters.
The pretreatment unit operations recommended in Table D-12-2
are based on the assumption that the following in-plant
pollution control methods are practiced:

1.  Hauling or drying of spent grains, hops, and stillage.

2.  Separate solids-handling and disposal  of crusher-
    stemmer and pressing wastes.

Spent grains, hops, stillage, crusher-stemmer,  and pressing
wastes can be characterized as solid wastes rather than
liquid wastes.  Therefore, it is desirable to collect
them separately for disposal.

Wastes from the malt industry have been successfully
treated even when they constitute 4-5 percent of the
total flow and 76 percent of the total BOD loadings in
joint treatment works (2).  Similar results have been
reported for the joint treatment of malt beverage waste-
waters when they form 4.2 percent of the total  flow and
25 percent of the total  organic loading (2).   These results
suggest that in a well designed and well operated joint
treatment works, the beverages industrial  wastes are
similar to domestic wastes, and that the ratio of industrial
wastes to domestic wastes does not significantly influence
the treatability characteristics of the combined waste.
However, it may be necessary to provide supplemental
nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) in joint treatment
faci1i ties.
                    D-12-5

-------
                                                    TABLE  D-12-1

                                           Wastewater Characteristics
                                               Beverages Industry
Character!sties

Industry Operation
Flow
BOO
TSS
TDS

COD
Grit
Cyanide
Chlorine Demand
pH

Color
Turbidi ty
Explos ives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foaming
Heavy  Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organics
Pesticides

Phosphorus
Ni trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides

Oi1 and Grease
Col iform (Fecal)
Coli form (Total)
Malt Beverages and
P.isti1 led Spi r!ts

Year-round
INTERMITTENT-Continuous
HIGH
Low to H I GH
High

HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
No Data
ACID-NEUTRAL

Present
Present
Absent
Present,
Present

Present
Absent
Present
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
Normal-High'
Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent
Present
Wine and Brandy

SEASONAL
INTERMITTENT
HIGH-EXT. HIGH
Low to EXT. HIGH
High

HIGH-EXT. HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
No Data
ACID-ALKALINE

Present
Present
Absent
Absent
Present'*

Present"
Absent
Present
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
High'
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Present
             3
Soft Drinks Bottling

Year-round
INTERMITTENT
Average to HI GH
Low to HIGH
Low to High

Average to HIGH
PRESENT
Absent
No Data ,
ALKALINE5

Present
Present
Absent
Present
Present^*

Present
Absent
Present
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
Normal
Absent
Absent

Absent
Absent
Present
 Pollutants characteristics represent only Bottling Industry;  no data available for flavors and syrups.
 Malt beverages generate wastes on a continuous basis;  distilled spirits waste flow will  be cyclic.

3Alkaline pH due to caustic detergents used for bottle washing.
^Surface active agents are discharged primarily from bottle washing.
STemperature equal to or higher than domestic wastewater; may affect design but not harmful to
 joint treatment processes.

 NOTE:  Characteristics which may require pretreatment  or are significant to joint treatment
        plant design are shown in UPPER CASE.

        Wastewater characteristics shown reflect the industrial practices described in
        Section 2.
                                                          D-12-6

-------
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-------
                          REFERENCES
1.  'Industrial Waste Survey on Malt Liquor Industry, prepared
    for the Environmental Protection Agency by Aware, Inc.,
    Nashville, Tennessee (unpublished).

2. "Industrial Waste Survey of the Malt Industry',1 prepared for
    the Environmental Protection Agency by Aware, Inc.,
    Nashville, Tennessee (unpublished).

3. "Industrial Waste Survey of the Wine Industry',' prepared
    for the Environmental Protection Agency by Aware, Inc.,
    Nashville, Tennessee (unpublished).

4. "Industrial Waste Survey of Distilled Spirits Industry',1
    prepared for the Environmental Protection Agency by
    Aware, Inc., Nashville, Tennessee  (unpublished).

5. "A Report on Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks SIC 2086 and
    Flavoring Extracts and Syrups SIC 2087',' prepared for the
    Environmental Protection Agency by Aware, Inc.,  Nashville,
    Tennessee (unpublished).
                            D-12-8

-------
                    PLASTIC AND SYNTHETIC MATERIALS INDUSTRY

Industry Description

This industry includes Standard Industrial Classifications
(SIC) No. 2821, 2823, and 282^.  These classifications include
the manufacture of plastic and synthetic materials, but not
the manufacture of monomers, formed plastic products (other
than fibers), and paint formulations.  The manufacture of
resins used in paints is also included.

Plastics and resins are chain-like structures known chemically
as polymers.  All polymers are synthesized by one or more of
the following processes:  bulk, solution, emulsion, and
suspension.  After polymerization, the products undergo
separation, recovery, and finishing before being marketed.

There are numerous plastics and synthetics manufactured in
this industry.   For these guidelines, a national production
volume of greater than 50 million pounds per year was
selected as the criterion for inclusion of a polymer.

Based on the wastewater characteristics and treatability
information, the industry is divided into the following pre-
treatment sub-groups:
Pretreatment Sub-Group

          1
Rayon
Nylon
Fi bers
Fi bers
                                High- and Low-Density
                                   Polyethylene Resins
                                Urethane Resins
                                Polyolefin Fibers
                                Polyvinyl  Acetate
                                Polyvinyl  Alcohol
                                Polyester Fibers
                  Resins
                  Resi ns
                                Cel1ulosic  Resi ns
                                Cellophane
                                Polypropylene  Resins
                                Cellulose Acetate  Fibers
                                Polyvinyl Chloride Resins
                                Polystyrene
                                ABS,  SAN  Resins
                                Phenolic  Res i ns
                                Nylon Resins
                                Polyacetal  Resins
                                Acrylic  Fi bers
                        D-13-1

-------
2.   Industrial  Practices

    The following industrial  practices  can  significantly  influence
    the wastewater characteristics.

         Suspension Polymerization

    In suspension polymerization, a  monomer (e.g.  vinyl acetate)
    is dispersed in a  suspending medium consiting  of  a mixture  of
    water and suspending  agents  such as polyvinyl  alcohol,  gelatin,
    etc.  The suspension  is  heated,  and polymerization occurs.
    The polymer is then  separated  in a  centrifuge,  washed,  and
    dried in rotary driers.   The centrate  from the separation
    process may contain  suspending agents,  surface-active agents,
    catalysts,  (e.g.  benzoyl,  lauroyl)  and  small amounts  of unreacted
    monomer (1).
         Emulsion Polymerization
    Emulsion polymerization consists of solubi1ization  and  dispersion
    of the monomer in a  solvent  (e.g.,  water,  cyclohexane,  or
    tetrahydrofuran)  with  the appropriate  emulsifiers  (e.g., soaps
    or surfactants).   Before polymerization  occurs,  initiators
    such as persulfates,  hydrogen  peroxides, etc.  are added.  When
    polymerization is complete,  the product  is  a milk-like  latex
    of permanently dispersed polymer,  from which the polymer
    particles are recovered, generally  by  spray  drying  or by
    coagulation and centrifugation.

         Solution Polymerization

    Solution polymerization relies on  a solvent  to dissolve the
    monomer and catalyst.   After reaction,  the  polymer  is pre-
    cipitated using an antisolvent (e.g. n-hexane, methanol).
    The polymer is then  filtered and dried.

         Bulk or Mass Polymerization

    Bulk or mass polymerization  is different: from  the foregoing
    processes in that no carrier liquid is used.   Therefore, there
    is generally little  or no process  wastewater associated with
    this process.

    Wastewater Characteristics

    The characteristics  of the process  wastewaters from the
    manufacture of plastic and synthetic materials are  shown in
    Table D-13-1.
                             D-13-2

-------
    The plastic and synthetic materials industry is typically a
    continuous year-round operation.   Because it is technically
    and economically advantageous,  many firms manufacture several
    different, but related chemical products at one location.  For
    example, a typical  complex makes  ethylene,  polyethylene,
    sulfuric acid, ethyl  chloride,  ammonia,  nitric-acid and
    phosphoric acid (2).

    In group 1, the wastewater has  relatively high BOD, COD,  and
    TSS; heavy metals (Zn, Cu) and  synthetic fiber losses.   Group  ^
    wastewater has low BOD and COD, may be either acidic or
    alkaline, and has substantial  amounts of oil and polymer
    particles.  Group 3 is characterized as  either having no
    process water or as having process wastewater containing
    virtually no pollutants.   Group k wastewater has variable
    BOD and COD, may be either acidic or alkaline, and contains
    synthetic fibers.   Discharge of faulty batches from synthetic
    fiber plants may introduce shock  loads into the joint treat-
    ment fac i1i ty.

    Conditions significant in the design of  joint treatment
    facilities include high chlorine  demand,  the presence of
    surface-active agents, high solids concentrations, and
    nutrient deficiency.   The process diversity and complexity,
    as well as the proprieta'ry nature of many of the process
    chemicals, require that the pretreatment be established on
    a case-by-case basis  after thorough investigation.

k.   Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations  which may be necessary for
    various types of joint treatment  processes are shown in
    Table D-13-2.
                              0-13-3

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-------
                      REFERENCES
1.   "Industrial  Waste Study of the Plastic Materials and
    Synthetics Industry",  Environmental Protection Agency
    Contract No.  68-01-0030, Washington, D.C., (unpublished)

2.  "The Cost of Clean Water - Vol. Ill, Industrial Waste
    Profile No.  10 - Plastic Materials and Resins',' Federal
    Water Quality Administration  (October, 19&7).
                         D-13-6

-------
      BLAST FURNACES.  STEEL  WORKS.  AND ROLLING  AND FINISHING
1.   Industry Description

    This industry includes  Standard  Industrial  Classification
    (SIC)  3312.

    This classification  includes:  pig  iron  manufacture;
    manufacture  of ferroalloys  from  iron  ore and  from  iron
    and  steel  scrap;  converting pig  iron,  scrap iron,  and
    scrap  steel  into  steel;  hot rolling;  and cold  finishing.
    Blast  furnaces and by-product  (or beehive)  coke  ovens
    are  also included under  this category.   The complex
    and  interdependent operations  involved  in a steel  industry
    can  be listed as  follows:

    a.  Coke Works
    b.  Iron Works
    c.  Steel  Works
    d.  Hot  Forming
    e.  Cold Fi ni shi ng

    Significant  quantities of water  are used,  both for processing
    and  for  cooling purposes.   The steel  industry  generates
    greater  volumes of wastewater than any other  industry  (1).
    a.  Coke  Works

        Coke  is  used  in  large  quantities  for  the  production
        of pig iron.   Therefore,  most  large  iron  and  steel
        manufacturing operations  include  the  production  of
        coke  from coal.   There are  two  methods  generally
        used  for the  production of  coke:   1)  the  beehive
        process;  and  2)  the by-product  or chemical  recovery
        process.  The beehive  process  uses air  in  the coking
        oven  to  oxidize  the volatile organics  released  from
        coal  and to  recover the heat for  further  distillation.
        The by-product or chemical  recovery process  is
        operated in  the  absence of  oxygen, and  the  heat
        required for  distillation is provided  from  external
        fuel  sources.  Today,  the by-product  process  accounts
        for 99.9 percent of all metallurgical  coke.   Therefore,
        only  the by-product or the  chemical  recovery  process
        is described  in  detail.

-------
    In the by-product process,  coal  is heated in the
    absence of air to a temperature  at which the volatile
    matter is driven off.   At the end of coking cycle,
    the hot residual coke (2,000° F) is conveyed to a
    quenching station,  where it is cooled with a spray
    of water.  The off-gases from the coke oven are
    cooled in a cooling train,  where tar and ammonia
    liquor separate out.   The tar contains a large
    proportion of phenols removed from the furnace.  The
    ammonia is generally  recovered from the liquor in a
    still.

b.  Iron Works

    Iron is manufactured  from iron ore (iron oxide)
    in blast furnaces,  with carbon monoxide (from coke)
    as a reducing agent.   The major impurity (silica)
    in the iron ore is removed from the blast furnace
    as molten slag, through the use of limestone.

c.  Steel Works

    Steel is manufactured from pig  iron by adjusting the
    carbon content of the alloy to approximately 1 percent.
    The three principal steel-making units are the electric
    arc furnace, the open-hearth furnace, and the basic
    oxygen furnace.  The basic oxygen furnace produces
    approximately 50 percent of the total steel produced
    in the United States  (2).

    All three methods use the same  raw materials and
    produce similar wastes.  Pure oxygen or air  is
    used to refine  the hot  iron into steel by oxidizing
    and removing silicon, phosphorus, manganese, and
    carbon from the iron.

d.  Hot Forming

    The steel  ingot obtained from the furnace  is reheated
    to provide uniform temperature  for further processing
    or hot forming.  The ingot steel is generally processed
    in a blooming mill or slab mill  to form plates, sheets,
    strip, skelp, and bars.

e.  Cold  Fin i shi ng

    The cold finishing operations are used  for the conversion
    of hot-rolled products  to give  desired  surface, shape,
    or mechanical properties.  These operations  include
    pickling, cold  rolling,  tinplating, coating, shaping,
    and drawing to  make various finished products.

-------
        Integrated iron and steel  mills  may  operate many
        different subprocesses  generating wastewaters  of
        varying characteristics.   There  are,  however,  mills
        which are not integrated  and  which have  only a few
        of the foregoing manufacturing operations.

        The only two types  of waste stream susceptible to
        joint treatment are the coke  oven wastewaters  and
        the pickling liquor.   The other  process  wastes occur
        in such large quantities  and  contain only suspended
        impurities that it  is more logical to treat them on-
        site and discharge  directly to surface waters.

        Consequently, the pretreatment sub-groups for  this
        industry are:

            Coke Works
            Cold Finishing

2.   Industrial Practices

    The strong acid pickle  liquor,  containing iron  salts of
    mineral  acids, is usually collected  separately  for other
    means  of disposal or for  use  in waste treatment plants.
    The acid salts of iron  are  useful  either as  a flocculent
    aid, as a precipitating agent for phosphorus removal, or
    as a neutralizing agent in  waste  treatment plants. Any
    such use should be investigated before discharging the
    spent  pickle liquor as  a  waste stream.   Recovery of
    strong acid pickle liquor for reuse  is practiced in a
    limited number of cases for hydrochloric acid systems.

3.   Wastewater Characteristics

    The characteristics of  the  process wastewaters  from various
    operations within the steel  industry are shown  in  Table D-14-1

    The wastewaters generated in  steel industries vary widely
    between operations and  they are generally segregated for
    treatment.  Some older  steel  mills,  however,  still have
    common collection systems for discharging the total plant
    flow.   The steel  industry operates throughout the  year  and
    generates wastewaters over  a  2^-hour day. The volume and
    characteristics of wastewater are subject to hourly
    variations from batch dumping of  acid baths  and still
    bottoms.

    The major constituents  present in the wastewater are
    phenol,  cyanides, ammonia,  oil, suspended solids,  heavy
    metals (Cr,  Ni, Zn, Sn),  dissolved solids (chlorides,
    sulfates), acidity, and heat.   The process wastewaters
    are generally treated on-site before disposal.   Joint
    treatment of these wastes with municipal  wastes is limited
    to small installations, which handle only approximately
    5 percent of the overall  steel  industry.   This  is  probably
    due to the excessive volumes  of wastewater (12,000-25,000 gpm)
    generated by large integrated steel  mills (3).   A  significant

                         D-l^-3

-------
portion of the wastewater generated contains suspended
solids and dissolved solids that are inorganic in nature.
Most municipal treatment plants are not equipped to
handle or treat this type of wastewater.

The only two waste streams generally susceptible to
joint treatment are the coke oven wastewaters (ammonia
liquor, still bottoms, and light oil recovery wastewaters)
and the pickling liquor.  The other process wastewaters
are high in solids (sub-micron iron oxide dust)  and heavy
metals.  Pretreatment to reduce these waste constituents
generally results in an effluent which can be discharged
directly to surface waters, for which further joint treatment
is not cost effective.

The coke oven process wastewaters are amenable to biological
treatment when they constitute only a minor fraction
(approximately 25 percent) of the total wastewater flow
to the joint treatment facility (2).  The cyanide
concentration (with its resulting aquatic toxicity
characteristics) is the primary consideration in the
joint treatment of coke oven process wastes.

The following are characteristics of the process wastewaters:

The still bottoms, containing phenol, constitute the
major wastewater source from the coke oven process.
Since the beehive oven process utilizes the heat value
in the off-gases, only the quench water is discharged
as wastewater (l).  The gases (C02, CO, N, and HCN)
leaving the furnace are hot and contain dust particles.
The gases also contain water vapor and traces of hydrogen
sulfide.  In order to clean the exit gas from the blast
furnace operations, the gas is generally passed through
dust collectors, scrubbers, and coolers.  The water used
in the scrubbers and coolers is the primary wastewater
source  in iron manufacture.  The waste products from  this
process are slag and  the oxides of  iron released as sub-
micron dust particles.  Precipitators or venturi scrubbers
are used to clean the exit gas, and  the characteristics of
the wastewater discharged  from the process will depend
primarily on  the gas cleaning system.  If scrubbers are used,
the wastewater generated will be acidic in nature due  to
the presence of sulfur oxides in the exit gas.

Water is used under high pressure to remove scale and
for cooling purposes.   The primary wastewaters are the
                      D-14-4

-------
    scale-bearing waters and cooling waters containing
    primarily scale and oil.

    Steel pickling to remove oxides and scales is accomplished
    through solutions of h^SO^, HCI,  or hydrofluoric acid.  The
    pickled steel is then rinsed with water and coated with oil
    before proceeding to the next step.

    The cold rolling process involves passing unheated metal
    through rolls for reducing size  or thickness,  and improving
    the surface finish.

    Plating of steel  products is done electrolytical1y,  and
    is accomplished in either an alkaline or an acid electrolyte
    solution.   If acid electrolyte is used,  the process system
    will  consist of alkaline washing, rinsing,  pickling,
    plating,  quenching,  chemical treating,  rinsing,  drying,
    and oiling.   The most commonly used metallic  coatings are
    tin,  zinc, nickel,  chromium, cadmium,  copper,  aluminum,
    silver,  gold, and lead.   Wastewaters generated from
    cold finishing operations include:   rolling solutions,
    cooling water, plating wastes, pickling rinse waters,
    and concentrated waste-acid baths.   Rolling solutions and
    cooling water generally contain  oil and suspended solids
    as pollutants.  Plating wastes,  pickling rinse,  and
    concentrated acid baths may contain various heavy metals
    (Cr,  Cd,  Ni,  Zn,  Sn) as well as  cyanides,  acids,  and
    alkal i .

k.  Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations  which  may  be necessary for
    various  types of joint treatment  processes  are shown  in Table
    D-14-2.   Even though the wastewaters from the coke oven and
    cold  finishing operations are susceptible to  joint treatment,
    the effluent limitation values for cyanide  and heavy  metals
    must be considered in the design  of pretreatment facilities.
                        D-14-5

-------
                                                 TABLE  D-14-1

                                          Wastewater Characteristics

                       Blast Furnaces,  Steel  Works,  and Rolling  and  Finishing  Industry
Character! sties
           Operation
I ndustri al
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS
COD
Gri t
Cyanide
Chlorine Demand
pH

Col or
Turbidi ty
Explosives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Sol ids
Volati1e Organics
Pest ic ides
Coke Works

Year-round
INTERMITTENT
Low-Average
Low
Low

Low-Average
Present
PRESENT
High
Neutral

Absent
Present
Absent
Present
Absent

Absent
Absent
Present
Present
Absent
I ron Works

Year-round
Conti nuous
Low-Average
Low-Hi gh
Low

Low-Average
Present
Present
Low
Neutral

Absent
Present
Absent
Present
Absent

Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Steel  Works

Year-round
Conti nuous
Low
Average-Hi gh
Low

Low
Absent
Absent
Low
Neutral

Absent
Present
Absent
Present
Absent

Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent
Hot Formi ng

Year-round
Conti nuous
Low
Low-Hi gh
Low

Low
Absent
Absent
Low
Neutral

Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Absent

Absent
Present
Absent
Present
Absent
Cold Finishing

Year-round
INTERMITTENT
Low-Average
Low-High
High

Low-Average
Absent
PRESENT
Low
ACIDIC

Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
Present

Absent
PRESENT
Present
Present
Absent
Character! sties

Phosphorus
Ni trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides

Oi1 and Grease
Col i form (Total)
                       Coke Works

                       DEFICIENT
                       Adequate
                       HI GH
                       PRESENT
                       PRESENT

                       Present
                       Absent
                I ron Works

                DEFICIENT
                Adequate
                High
                Present
                Present

                Absent
                Absent
                Steel  Works

                DEFICIENT
                DEFICIENT
                High
                Absent
                Absent

                Absent
                Absent
                 Hot Forming

                 DEFICIENT
                 DEFICIENT
                 High
                 Absent
                 Absent

                 Present
                 Absent
                 Cold Finishing

                 DEFICIENT
                 DEFICIENT
                 High'
                 Present
                 Absent

                 PRESENT
                 Absent
 Temperature higher than domestic wastewater;  may  affect  design  but  not  harmful  to  joint  treatment.

NOTES:   Characteristics which may require pretreatment  or are significant  to  joint  treatment  plant
        design are shown in UPPER CASE.

     Wastewater characteristics  shown do not  reflect  industrial  practices  described in  Section  2.
                                                         D-14-6

-------











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                       REFERENCES
1.   Nemerow,  N.L.,  "Theories and Practices of Industrial
    Waste Treatment",  Addison-Wisiey Publishing Co.  Inc.,
    Reading,  Mass.  (1963).

2.   "Industry Profile  Study on Blast Furnace and Basic Steel
    Products",  Water Quality Office, Contract No.  68-01-0006,
    Environmental  Protection Agency, Washington, D.C.  (unpublished)

3.   "The Cost of Clean Water,  Vol.  Ill,  Industrial  Waste
    Profile No. 1,  Blast Furnaces and Steel  Mills",  U.S.  Dept.
    of the Interior, FWPCA (1967).
                         D-14-8

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                               ORGANIC CHEMICALS INDUSTRY
Industry Description

This industry includes Standard Industrial Classifications
(SIC) 2811, 2813, 2814, 2815, and 2818.

These classifications  include the manufacture of a wide
variety of products ranging from industrial  gases and
fertilizers to dyes, pigments, and petroleum compounds.

The total annual  production of organic chemicals in the
United States has been estimated to be 120 billion pounds
for the year 19&9.  A major portion of these chemicals
falls under Standard Industrial  Classifications 2815 and
2818.  The important products of the industry are those
derived from petroleum fractions.

The Organic Chemicals  industry consists of such a complex
combination of processes and products that a "typical or
average" plant exists only in a statistical  sense.  The
product mix and output of an industry depend primarily
on the total  economic activity and the demand for products.
The Organic Chemicals  industry is very dynamic in develop-
ment of new products and processes.

Considering the number of products involved within the
industry (several hundred), this study has been limited
to the high-volume products, and only 27 major chemicals
are included.  These products in combination represent
approximately 81  percent of the total organic chemicals
manufactured in the United States.  A listing of the
products covered  is shown below in the order of 1970
manufacturing volume (1):
 I.  Ethylene               15.
 2.  Benzene                16.
 3.  Propy1ene              17.
 k.  Ethylene Dichloride    18.
 5.  Toluene                19.
 6.  Methanol               20.
 7.  Ethylbenzene           21.
 8.  Styrene                22.
 9.  Formaldehyde           23.
10.  Vinyl Chloride         2k.
11.  Ethylene Oxide         25.
12.  Xylene  (Mixed)         26.
13.  Butadiene              27.
14.  Ethylene Glycol
Ethanol
Isopropanol
Acetic Acid
Cumene
Cyclohexane
Phenol
Aceta1dehyde
Acetic Anyhdride
Terephthalic Acid
Dimethyl Terephthalate
Acetone
Ad i p i c Ac i d
Aeryloni tri 1 e
The total  annual  U.S. production of these 27 organic
chemicals amounted to approximately 98 billion pounds
                       D-15-1

-------
    for 1970.   Depending  upon  the  sequence  of  production  from
    petroleum  sources,  chemicals are  referred  to  as  either
    feedstocks or intermediate petrochemicals.  Of  the 27
    chemicals  there  are 22  intermediate  chemicals and  five
    feedstocks (i.e.,  ethylene,  propylene,  benzene,  toluene,
    and xylene).

    A review of wastewater  characteristics  indicated that
    certain  products can  be grouped  together on the  basis
    of pollutants present in the wastewater.   Accordingly,
    the 27 product chemicals covered  under  this category  are
    divided  into  three Sub-groups  as follows:
    Sub-Group 1
     1.
     2.
     3.
     4.
     5.
     6.
     7.
     8.
     9.
    10.

    11.
    12.
Benzene
Toluene
Xylene
Cyclohexane
Ad i p i c Ac i d
Ethyl benzene
Styrene
Phenol
Terephthalic Ac i d
                       13.
                       14.
                       15.
                       16.
                       17.
                       18.
                       19.
                       20.
                  (TPA)21.
Dimethyl  Terephthal ate 22.
(DMT)                   23.
Ethylene
Ethylene Dichloride
Vinyl Chloride (Monomer)
Ethanol
Acetaldehyde
Acetic Acid
Acetic Anyhdride
Propylene
Isopropanol
Acetone
Cumene
Ethylene Oxide
Ethylene Glycol
    Sub-Group 2

    1.   Butadiene
    2.   Methanol
    3.   Formaldehyde

    Sub-Group 3

    Acryloni trile

2.   Industrial  Practices

    The chemical  reactions involved in the production of the
    foregoing chemicals include petroleum reforming, thermal
    or catalytic cracking, oxidation,  alkylation, dehydrogena-
    tion, hydration, and chlorination.  Most processes use
    proprietary catalysts to increase product yield and to
    reduce severe operating conditions and pollution.,  Water
    is used extensively both in the process and for cooling
    purposes.
                           D-15-2

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3.   Wastewater Character!sties

    The characteristics of process  wastewaters  from  the
    manufacture of products under each  pretreatment  group
    are shown in Table D-15-1.

    The characteristics of wastewaters  vary  from  plant  to
    plant,  according to the products  and  processes used.   The
    Organic Chemicals plants generally  operate  2k hours  a
    day throughout the year.  Depending upon the  product
    mix and the manufacturing process,  hourly variations  in
    wastewater volume and  loading may occur  as  a  result  of
    certain batch operations (filter  washing, crystalliza-
    tion,  solvent extraction, etc.).  The wastewater collection
    systems are generally  segregated, to  permit separate
    collection of process  wastewaters and relatively clean
    cooling waters.   The process wastewaters are  usually
    discharged to a common sewerage system for  treatment  and
    di sposal.

    The process wastewaters  from the manufacture of chemicals
    under  Sub-Group 1  generally contain free or emulsified oil,
    while  under Sub-Group  2 generally do  not contain oil.
    Acrylonitri1e manufacture (Sub-Group 3) produces  a wastewater
    containing cyanides and substantial quantities of acids.

    These  wastewaters, in  general,  contain unreacted raw
    materials and losses in products, by-products, coproducts,
    and any auxiliary chemicals used  in the  process.  Detailed
    analyses for every specific chemical  present  in  the  waste-
    water  is difficult and are  not  generally used to describe
    the characteristics of wastes.  However, the  available
    information indicates  that  the  wastewaters  contain:   BOD,
    COD, oil,  suspended solids, acidity,  alkalinity, heavy
    metals, and heat.

    The wastewaters  discharged from the manufacture  of products
    under  Sub-Group 1  may  contain oil and grease  and a series
    of  heavy  metals  (Fe, Cd,  Cu, Co,  V, Pd)  (2,3).   The  types
    and amounts of heavy metals in  the  wastewater depend
    primarily  on the manufacturing  process and  the amount  and
    type of catalysts lost from the process. Most catalysts
    are expensive and, therefore, recovered  for reuse.   Only
    unrecoverable catalysts (heavy  metals),  generally  in  small
    concentrations,  appear in the wastewater.

    The wastewaters generated from  the  manufacture of  products
    under  Sub-Group 2 contain:  BOD,  acidity or alkalinity (pH
                               D-15-3

-------
     k to 11), and heavy metals (Cr,  Cu,  Zn,  Hg).   These
     wastewaters are amenable to biological  treatment, after
     equalization and neutralization.  The production of
     butadiene may produce a wastewater containing free
     or emulsified oil;  an oil  separation device may be
     required as pretreatment when the oil content in the
     wastewater exceeds  50 mg/|_ .   Only unrecoverable heavy
     metals (catalysts), generally in small  concentrations,
     appear in the wastewater.

     The manufacture of  aery 1onitrile produces  a highly
     toxic wastewater which is  difficult  to treat  biologically.
     The toxicity characteristics have been attributed to
     the presence of hydrogen cyanide in  excessive quantities
     (500 to 1,800 mg/L).   In addition, the wastewater is
     generally acidic (pH k to 6) and contains  high concen-
     trations of organic carbon.   These wastewaters are
     generally segregated from  other  process  wastes and
     disposed of by other means (e.g. incineration).  These
     wastewaters are not generally discharged to municipal
     collection systems.  The pretreatment unit operations
     developed in the following section do not  include the
     process wastewaters from the manufacture of acrylonitri1e
     (Sub-Group 3).

k.  Pretreatment

     Table D-15-2 shows  the pretreatment  unit operations
     which may be necessary for joint treatment processes.

     The heavy metals present in organic  chemical  wastes are
     in many cases so low in concentration that heavy metals
     removal is not required from the standpoint of treatability
     characteristics.  However, the effluent  limitations for
     heavy metals and toxic pollutants may require additional
     pretreatment (chemical precipitation) for  removal  of
     these materia1s.

     The pretreatment unit operations generally consist of
     equalization, neutralization, and oil separation.   In
     addition, phenol recovery  (to reduce the phenol concen-
     tration) and spill  protection for spent  acids and spent
     caustics may be required in some cases.

-------
                                                  Table D-15-1

                                          Wastewater Characteristics

                                               Organic Chemicals
Character!sties

Industrial  Operation
Flow
BOO
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyani de
Chlorine Demand
pH

Color
Tu rb i d i ty
Explosives
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Fo am i n g
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organ ics
Pestic i des

Phosphorus
Ni trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfides

Oi1 and  Grease
Col i form (Total)
 Sub-G.roup 1

Year-round
Continuous-Variable
Average-EXT.  HIGH
Low-Hi gh
HI GH

Average-EXT.  HIGH
Ab sent
Absent
High
ACIDIC-ALKALINE

Low-Average
Low
Absent
Present
Present

Present
Present
Absent
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFIC IENT
Normal-HI GH^
Low-H i gh
Present

low-HIGH
Low
 Sub-Group 2

Year-round
Cont i nuous-Vari able
AVERAGE-HIGH
Low
Low-Hi gh

Average-HIGH
Absent
Absent
High
ACIDIC-ALKALINE

Low-Average
Low
Absent
Present
Present

Present
Present
Absent
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFIC IENT2
High^
Present
Present

LOW-HIGH
Low
 Sub-Group 3

Year-round
Continuous-Variable
Low1               r
High
High

High
Absent
PRESENT
High
AC I 0 IC

Low
Low
Absent
Present
Present

Present
Present
Absent
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
Adequate
No Data
Absent
Absent

Absent
Low
 Low BOD is probably due to the toxicity characteristics of this waste;

 Adequate when butadiene is manufactured.

3Temperature equal to or higher than domestic wastewater; may affect design but
 not harmful to joint treatment.

NOTES:  Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are significant to joint treatment plant design
       are  shown  in  UPPER CASE.
       Wastewater characteristics shown reflect all industrial  practices described in Section 2.
                                                         0-15-5

-------
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                                                         D-15-6

-------
                         REFERENCES
1.   Chemical  and Engineering News,  (May 17, 1971).

2.   "Reference Guidelines for Organic Chemical  Industries",
    Environmental  Protection Agency,  Washington,  D.C.
    (Unpubli shed)

3.   "Projected Wastewater Treatment Costs in the Organic
    Chemical  Industry",  Water Pollution Control Res. Series
    12020 GND 07/71,  Environmental  Protection Agency, Research
    and Monitoring (July, 1971).
                          D-15-7

-------
                                         METAL FINISHING INDUSTRY

1 .   Industry Descript!on

    This industry includes Standard Industry Classification (SIC)
    3^71.

    The industries covered under this classification include those
    primarily engaged in various types of plating,  anodizing,  color-
    ing, forming, and finishing of metals.  The metal-finishing
    industry operations are related closely to those of many other
    industries, including transportation (automobile parts  and ac-
    cessories), electrical, and jewelry.

    The metal-finishing operation involves cleaning, conversion
    coating, organic coating,  plating, anodizing,  coloring, and
    case hardening.   Acid pickling is the most common type  of  clean-
    ing of metal  being prepared for plating.  Sulfuric acid is the
    most commonly used pickling agent, but phosphoric,  hydrochloric,
    hydrofluoric, and other acids are used as well.   Alkalies,
    dichromates,  and numerous  proprietary compounds  are also used
    in various combinations for descaling, degreasing,  desmudging,
    stripping, brightening, or otherwise preparing  different metals
    (zinc, steel, brass, copper, etc.) for plating  or anodizing.

    The plating solutions for  nickel, chromium  copper, cadmium,
    zinc, tin, and silver may  be basically cyanide,  acid, or alka-
    line.  Anodizing is done either in sulfuric acid or in  chromate
    solutions.  Colorizing is  accomplished with dyes, nickel acetate,
    and chro.nates.  Cyanides are used in case hardening.

2.   Wastewater Character Isti cs

    The characteristics of the process wastewaters  from the industry
    are shown in  Table D-16-1.

    The metal-finishing industry usually generates  a continuous
    stream of rinse  waters containing dilute concentrations of
    heavy metals  and cyanides  and intermittent batch dumpings  of
    spend acid and cleaning solutions.  The nature  of metal-finish-
    ing operations and the consequent fluctuating  (cyclic)  charac-
    teristics of  the wastewater should oe taken into considsration
    in the design of treatment facilities.

    Water is used extensively  in metal-finishing processes  to  clean,
    strip, pickle, and rinse the metal products before  and  acter
    plating operations.   The rinse waters constitute the major
    volume of wastewaters, while spant solutions discharged inter-
     ittently add major poMutants to the total  effluent.   The

                            D-16-1
mi

-------
wastewaters contain,  in general,  spent acids,  alkalis,  oil  and
grease, detergents,  cyanides,  and various heavy metals  (Cr,
Ni,  Cu, Ag, Fe, In,  and Sn).   The metal-finishing plants  differ
from one another with respect  to  their processes, metals,  and
chemicals, and the characteristics of wastewater may vary widely
from one to another.   However, their wastewaters all contain
primarily inorganic  pollutants,  particularly heavy metals.   In
addition, the wastewaters frequently are highly toxic due to
the presence of cyanides and  heavy meials (1,2,3).

In general, the types of wastewaters from metal-finishing in-
dustries are:

     1.  Acid wastes

     2.  Alkali ne wastes

     3.  Heavy metals wastes

     k.  Cyanide-bearing wastes

     5.  Miscellaneous wastes  (dyes, soluble and floating oils,
         etc.)

Any of these wastewaters may  occur as either dilute rinse waters
or concentrated baths.  Except for the cyanide-bearing  wastes,
the wastewaters are  generally  connected to a common sewerage
system for treatment  and disposal.  The cyanide wastes  usually
are collected in a segregated  sewer system in order to  prevent
the release of toxic  hydrogen  cyanide gas under acidic  condi-
tions.   However, the  cyanide  wastes can be mixed A/ith other
waste streams provided that any  acid streams are neutralized
prior to mixing with  the cyanide  waste stream (4,5,6).

The major constituents in the  wastewaters generated from  metal -
finishing operations  are cyanides, metal ions, (Cr  , Nf,  Fe,
Cu,  Ag, and Sn), oil  and grease,  organic solvents,  acid;,  and
alkalis.  The wastewaters characteristically are so to
-------
3.   Pretreatment

    The pretreatment unit operations for various types of joint
    treatment facilities are shown in Table D-16-2.

    The pretreatment processes generally involve separate treat-
    ment of cyanide wastes and other acid wastes containing metal
    ions.   The cyanide wastes can be treated with ferrous sulfate
    and lime to convert highly toxic cyanides to less toxic cyanates
    or cyanide complexes, or can be oxidized to CC>2  and N2 with
    chlorine under alkaline conditions.   The acid waste streams are
    treated first to reduce hexavalent chromium to trivalent
    chromium, using ferrous sulfate, scrap iron, or  sulfur dioxide,
    and then precipitating the metal ions (Cr3+) as  metal hydroxides.

    In addition to the effluent limitations and the  processes  shown
    in Table D-16-2, the degree of reduction in heavy metals waste
    loadings should consider the sludge  handling and disposal  methods
    used for the combined domestic and metal finishing wastewaters.
    Some processes (e.g. anaerobic digestion) concentrate these
    metals, and this can lead to process failure unless adequate
    pretreatment is provided.
                               D-16-3

-------
                     Table D-16-I

               Wastewater Characteristics

                Metal Finishing  Industry
Character!sties

Industrla1 Operation

Flow
BOD
T5S
IDS
COD

Grit
Cyan i de
Chlorine  Demand
pH
Color

Turb i d i ty
Explos I ves
Dissolved Gases
Detergents
Foam'ng

Heavy  Meta's
Collo idal Sol ids
Volat i1e  Q rgan i cs
Pesti ci dei

Phosphorus
Ni t rogen
Ternperatu \~2
Phenol
Sulfides

0 i 1 and G rease
Col i f o'Ti  (Total )
Year-round (BATCH)

Continuous-VARIABLE
Low
Average-Hi gh
HIGH
Low

Present
HI3H
HIGH
ACIDIC
Present

Present
Absent
Present
Present
Absent

HIGH
Absent
Present
Absent
      t
Present
?res an
No ma I
Low
Absent
Present
Absent
 Tempe.-a ture  similar  to  domestic
NOTE:   Characteristics which may  require  pretreatment  or are
        significant  to joint treatment  plant  design  are shown in
        UPPER  CASE.
                       D-l 6-4

-------
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D-16-5

-------
                      REFERENCES
1.  Barnes, E.G., and Weinberger, L.W., "Complex Metal  Finishing
    Wastes Licked by Effective Chemical Treatment", Wastes
    Engineering, 124-127 (1957).

2.  Barnes, G.E., "Treatment Works for Plating Wastes Containing
    Toxic Metals and Cyanides", Water and Sewage Works, £4, 8,
    (19^7).

3.  Nemerow, N.L.,  "Theories and Practices of Industrial Waste
    Treatment", Add!son-Wesley Publishing Co., Inc., Reading,
    Mass.  (1963).

k.  "An  Investigation of Techniques for Removal  of  Cyanide
    from Electroplating Wastes",  Water Pollution Control
    Research Series, 12010-EIE 11/71, EPA, Washington,  D.C.
    (1970.

5.  "An  Investigation of Techniques for Removal  of Chromium
    from Electroplating Wastes",  Water Pollution Control Research
    Series, 12010-EIE 3/71, EPA,  Washington,  D.C.  (1970.

6.  "Ultrathin Membranes for Treating Metal Finishing Effluents
    for  Reverse Osmosis", Water Pollution Control Research
    Series, 12010-DRH 11/71, EPA - Research and Monitoring
    (1970.
                         D-16-6

-------
                        Annex 17

                    Other Industries

Six industries have been included in this group, on the
basis of the following considerations:

     1.  Wastewaters from the industry contain only
         inorganic waste constituents.

     2.  Wastewaters from the industry are not usually
         discharged to joint treatment plants.

The following industries are included in this group:

     1.  Inorganic Fertilizer
         (SIC 2071)

     2.  Electric and Steam Generation
         (SIC 4911, 4961)
     3.  Aluminum
         (SIC 333^, 3341, 3361)

     4.  Flat Glass, Cement, Lime, Concrete Products,
         Gypsum, and Asbestos
         (SIC 3211, 3241, 3274, 3275, 3292)

     5.  Inorganic Chemicals
         (SIC 2812, 2819)

     6.  Industrial Gas Products
         (SIC 2813)

Two tables are provided for each of these six industries;
the first shows the wastewater characteristics,  and the
other shows pretreatment unit operations for various joint
treatment processes.
                         D-17-1

-------
Characteristics

Industrial Operation
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyanide
Chlorine Demand
PH

Color
Turbidity
Explosive Chemicals
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foaming
Heavy Metals
Colloidal Solids
Volatile Organics
Pesticides

Phosphorus
Nitrogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfide

Oil & Grease
Coliform  (Total)
                                    Table  D-17-1

                             Wastewater Characteristics

                                Inorganic Fertilizer
Phosphoric Acid
Normal Super Phosphate
Triple Super Phosphate
Mono-Ammonium Phosphate
Di-Ammonium Phosphate
N-P-K Fertilizers
      Year-Round
      Continuous
      Low-Average
      Average-High
      HIGH

      Low-Average
      Absent
      Absent
      Low
      ACID

      No Data
      No Data
      Absent
      PRESENT
      Absent

      No Data
      Absent
      Absent
      Absent
      Absent

      Adequate
      Adequate   ,
      Normal-High
      No Data
      No Data

      Absent
      Absent
 Ammon i a

Year-Round
Continuous
Low
Low-Average
HIGH

Low
Absent
Absent
Low
ALKALINE

No Data
No Data
Absent
Absent
Absent

No Data
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent

DEFICIENT
Adequate   .
Normal-High
No Data
No Data

PRESENT2
Absent
Ammonium Nitrate
Urea
Ammonium Sulfate

   Year-Round
   Cont i nuous
   Low-Average
   Low-Average
   HIGH

   Low-Average
   Absent
   Absent
   Low
   ALKALINE

   No Data
   No Data
   Absent
   Absent
   Absent

   No Data
   Absent
   Absent
   Absent
   Absent

   Adequate
   Adequate   ,
   Normal-High
   No Data
   No Data

   Absent
   Absent
1
  Temperature equal to higher than domestic wastewater; affect design but not
  harmful to joint treatment.
  Oil present  in the wastewater is mineral in origin.

NOTE:  Characteristics which may require pretreatment or are significant to joint
       treatment plant design are shown in UPPER CASE.
                                        D-17-2

-------





























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D-17-3

-------
                    Table D-18-1

             Wastewater Characteristics

            Electric and Steam Generation
Character? st? c

Industry Operation
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyan? de
Chlorine Demand
pH

Color
Turbidity
Explosive Chemicals
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Foami ng
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Pesticides

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Ni trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfide

Oi1  and Grease
Coliform (Total)
Year-Round
INTERMITTENT
Low
Low
High
       1
Low
Low
Present
Low
ACIDIC-ALKALINE

Low
Low
Absent
Absent
Present

Present
PRESENT
Absent
Present
Absent

DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
HIGH   -
Present
Absent

Present
Absent
   ^Cyanide may be present  if cooling water  is also dis-
      charged to the sewers.
   ^Temperature higher  than domestic wastewater; may
      require cooling as  pretreatment.
   ^Phenol may be used  in cooling water  treatment.

 NOTE:  Characteristics  which may  require pretreatment or are
       significant to joint treatment plant  design are  shown
       in  UPPER CASE.

-------































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D-17-5

-------
                     Table D-19-1
              Wastewater Characteristics
              .onferrous Metals - Aluminum
Characterist ics

Industry Operat ion
F 1 ow
BOD
TSS
IDS

COD
Grit
Cyan ide
Chlorine Demand
pH

Col or
Turb i d i ty
Explosive Chemicals
Dissolved Gases
Detergents

Heavy Metals
Col 1oidal Sol ids
Volat ile Organics
Pest ic ides
Phosphorus

N i trogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfide
Oi1 and Grease

Coliform (Total)
Baux ite Ref in ing
Primary Smelting

  Year-round
  Cont i nuous
  Low
  HIGH
  Low
  Low    .
  PRESENT
  Present
  Low
  '•eutral

  High
  High
  Absent  ,
  PRESENT^
  Absent
  Present
  Absent
  Absent
  Absent
  DEFICIENT

  DEFICIENT
  Normal-HIGH
  Absent
  Absent
  Present

  Absent
Direct Chill  Ingot Coating
   and Foundry Rolling,
  Drawing and Extruding

      'ear-round
      Cont inuous
      Low
      HIGH
      Low-Average

      Low
      Absent
      Absent
      Low
      'EUTRAL-ACID

      Average
      Average
      Absent  ?
      PRESENT
      Absent

      Absent
      Absent
      Absent
      Absent             ,
      Def iclent-Adequate

      DEFICIENT
      Normal-HIGH
      Absent
      Absent  ,-
      Present
      Absent
  Present in bauxite refining wastewater.

  Fluorine is generally present in scrubber water.

3
  Chlorine is present in casting,  foundry,  and secondary smelting
  scrubber waters.

4
  Phosphate in high concentration  ( 1,000  mg/L)  is  present only
  when can stock is coated in preparation  for painting by the can
  manufacturer.

  Oil and Grease may be present in emulsified form;  not animal  or
  vegetable origin.
NOTE:   Characteristics  which  may  require  pretreatment  or are
       significant  to joint treatment  plant  design  are shown
       in UPPER CASE.
                         D-17-6

-------
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                                                                         D-17-7

-------
                                     Table  D-20-1

                              Wastewater Characteristics
Glass, Cement, Lime, Concrete Products,
Asbestos and Gypsum Products

Character! st ic
Industry Operation
Flow
°OP
TSS
TDS
COD
Grit
Cyan ide
Chlorine Demand
PH
Color
Turb id i ty
Explosive Chemicals
Dissolved Gases
Detergents
Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Col 1 oidal Sol ids
Volat Me Organ ics
Pest ic ides
Phosphorus
N i t rogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulf ide
0 i 1 and G rease
Col i form (Total )
Flat
Glass
Year-round
Cont inuous
Low
Low-H IGH
LOW-HIGH
Low
PRESENT
Absent
No Data
Neutral
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
DEFICIENT
Norma 1
Absent
Absent1
ABSENT
Absent

M i rrors
Year-round
Cunt i nuous
Low
HIGH
HIGH
Low
PRESENT
Absent
vo Data
ALKALINE
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Present
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
DEFICIENT
Normal
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Cement
& L ime
Year-round
Cont inuous
Low
HIGH
HIGH
Low
Absent
Absent
No Data
ALKALINE
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT 2
Normal -H igh
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
Concrete
Products
Year-round
Cont i nuous
Low
LOW-HIGH
LOW-HIGH
Low
PRESENT "
Absent
Mo Data
ALKALINE
Absent
Present
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
PRESENT
Absent
Absent
DEFICIENT
DEFICIENT
•-I o rma 1
Absent
Absent
Absent
Absent
                                                                            Asbestos
                                                                            &  Gypsum

                                                                            Year-round
                                                                            Cont inuous
                                                                            Low
                                                                            LOW-HIGH
                                                                            No data

                                                                            Low
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            No Data
                                                                            Neut ra1

                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Present
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            PRESENT

                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            PRESENT
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Absent

                                                                            DEFICIENT
                                                                            DEFICIENT   ,
                                                                            Norma1-H igh
                                                                            Absent

                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Absent
                                                                            Absent
  Present in automotive glass and glass bottles manufacturing  wastewaters.

2
  Temperature equal to or greater than domestic wastewater;  may  affect  de-
  sign but not harmful to joint treatment.

NOTE:   Characteristics which  may  require  pretreatment or are significant
       to joint treatment plant design are  shown  in UPPER CASE.
                                        D-17-8

-------
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-------
                                      Table D-21-1
                                Wastewater Characteristics
                       Sodium Chloride                      Hydrogen Peroxide     Aluminum
                       Sodium Tripoly-       Chlorine,      Sodium Dichromate     Chloride,
   Character! st ic      phosphate	         Etc.          Sodium Sulf ate	        Etc.
Industry Operation     Year-Round           Year-Round         Year-Round        Year-Round
Flow                   Continuous           Continuous         Continuous        Continuous
BOD                    Low                  Low                Low               Low
TSS                    No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data
TDS                    AVERAGE              HIGH               HIGH              HIGH
COD                    Low                  Low                Low               Low
Grit                   Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Cyanide                Absent               Absent             PRESENT           Absent
Chlorine Demand        Low                  Low                Low               Low
pH                     Nsutral              ACID-BASIC         ACID-BASIC        ACID-BASIC
Color                  No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data
Turbidity              No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data
Explosive Chemicals    Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Dissolved Gases        Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Detergents             Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Foaming                No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data
Heavy Matals           Absent               PRESENT3           PRESENT           Absent
Colloi dal Soli ds
Volatile Organics      Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Pesticides             Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Phosphorus             DEFICIENT            DEFICIENT          DEFICIENT         DEFICIENT
Nitrogen               DEFICIENT            DEFICIENT          DEFICIENT         DEFICIENT
Temperature            Normal-high          Normal-high        Normal-high       Normal-high
Phenol                 No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data
Sulfide                No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data
Oil and Grease         Absent               Absent             Absent            Absent
Coliform  (Total)       No Data              No Data            No Data           No Data

 Nad wastes have high salt concentrations.
2
 Cyanide generated by electrolytic process for hydrogen peroxide.
 Downs cell process for chlorine doesn't generate heavy metals.
 Sodium Triphosphate Wastewater will  have very high phosphate concentration  ^2000 mg/1)
NOTE:   Characteristics which  may  require  pretreatment or  are  significant  to  joint  treatment
        plant design are  shown in  UPPER  CASE.
                                              D-17-10

-------
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                                        Table D-22-1
                                 Wastewater Characteristics
                                      Industrial  Gases
Character!st ic
Industry Operation
Flow
BOD
TSS
IDS
COD
Grit
Cyan!de
Chlorine Demand
pH
Color
Turbi dity
Explosive Chemicals
Dissolved Gases
Detergents
Foami ng
Heavy Metals
Colloi da 1 Sol ids
Volat ile Organics
Pest ic ides
Phosphorus
N i t rogen
Temperature
Phenol
Sulfide
Oi1  and  Grease
Coliform  (Total)
Hydrogen, Nitrogen, Oxygen,
	and Carbon Dioxide	
        Year-Round
        Cont i nuous
        Low
        Low-average
        Low-average
        Low
        Absent
        Absent
        Low
        ACID-BASIC
        Low
        Low
        Absent
        Absent
        Absent
        No Data
        Absent
        Absent
        Absent
        Absent
        DEFICIENT
        DEFICIENT
        Average-hi gh
        Absent
        Absent
         PRESENT
        Absent
 Wastewaters are constant over the daily operating period.
 NOTE:   Characteristics  which  may  require pretreatment  or  are  significant  to joint
        treatment plant  design are  shown  in  UPPER  CASE.
                                         D-17-12

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                                                                                                      HU.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE-1973  546-313/J78   1-3

-------
FEDERAL GUIDELINES
  PRETREATMENT OF POLLUTANTS
         INTRODUCED INTO
         PUBLICLY OWNED
        TREATMENT WORKS
            OCTOBER 1973
    U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
    OFFICE OF WATER PROGRAM OPERATIONS
          WASHINGTON,D.C. 20460

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