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1987
&EPA Research and
Development 600SR87io4
GULF BREEZE LABORATORY
TITLES AND ABSTRACTS
1986, I987, IN PRESS AND
IN REVIEW PUBLICATIONS
Prepared by
Environmental Research
Laboratory
Gulf Breeze FL 32561
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DISCLAIMER
This document is intended for Agency use only. Mention of trade
names or commercial products does not consitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE
ABOUT THIS PUBLICATION V
TITLES AND ABSTRACTS 1
KEYWORD TITLE INDEX 50
AUTHOR INDEX 59
U.S. Environmental Protection
Region 5, Library (5PL-16)
X7'0 S. Dearborn Street, Room 1
Chicago, IL 60604
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About This Publication
This report represents an effort to provide agency administators,
managers, and scientists with the most timely information about
availability and content of the Gulf Breeze Laboratory research
program. Full text, a report copy or a reprint can be provided
by phone or written request to: Elizabeth Pinnell, Librarian
(904) 932-5311 or (FTS) 686-9011. Requests will be accepted for
publications listed without an asterisk beside the contribution
number. Requests for items still in review or in press will
be retained and filled upon publication. If an item is available
from NITS, Springfield, VA, the order number follows the citation.
This format is intended as a service to agency users who may
wish not only to examine the title and abstract of a publication
or a report, but also to know of the availability of technical
documentation. To facilitate usage, publications are indexed by
title keywords and author.
Henry F. Enos
laboratory Director
Preparation Date:
July 1987
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Abel, Daniel C., Christopher C. Koenig, and William P. Davis. 1987.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to
Hydrogen Sulfide. Environ. Biol. Fishes. 18(1):67-72. (ERL,GB 554).
Ihe mangrove forest fish Rivulus marmoratus (Cyprinodontidae) has
frequently been observed out of water, a phenomenon generally
attributed to habitat drying. We tested the hypothesis that hydrogen
sulfide, a substance characteristically found in their environment,
can serve as a stimulus for emersion. In the field we found R.
marmoratus in water with low to moderate levels (less than 250 ppfo) of
H2S. In the laboratory, R. marmoratus leaped from water contaminated
with H2S at ecologically relevant concentrations (median response at
123 ppb). Aquatic hypoxia did not induce emersion, but prey capture
did. Oxygen consumption by both juveniles and adults decreased
significantly in air (27 and 25%, respectively). Our results suggest
that avoidance, of H2S and the ability to survive terrestrial
conditions enable this species to permanently occupy an area of the
forest unavailable to other fishes. Furthermore, because a variety of
stimuli lead to emersion in R. marmoratus, terrestriality in this
species is likely a generalized response to environmental stress as
well as a means of exploiting terrestrial resources.
Ahearn, D.G., and S.A. Crow. In review. Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine
Environment. In: Proceedings of the 4th International Marine Mycology
Symposium. S.T. Moss, editor, Cambridge University Press, London. (ERL,GB
X507*).
Avail, from OTIS, Springfield, VA: PB86-109964
Hydrocarbons from various sources—anthropogenic pollution, marine
seeps, marine algae, atmospheric fallout and terrestrial runoff—enter
the ocean daily. These complex hydrocarbon mixtures are dispersed and
degraded by abiotic and biogenic processes. Ihe rate of degradation
and the significance of microbial activities in the fate of oceanic
hydrocarbons vary with environmental conditions and the type of
hydrocarbon. Most commonly, bacteria are considered the primary
degraders, with algae and fungi having minor roles. Although implied
in a number of cases, the degradation of complex hydrocarbon mixtures
by a successional microflora containing temporally isolated
populations of bacteria and fungi, has been inadequately studied.
Alexander, Martin. In press. Anomalous Effects of Concentration on
Biodegradation of Organic Chemicals. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 1%>.
(ERL,GB X4S1*).
Ihe purpose of this review is to show that erroneous conclusions may
be reached from studies or routine tests done with organic chemicals
at the levels often employed for predicting chemical fate in nature.
Ihese errors in extrapolation from high to low concentration may occur
in routine evaluations of biodegradation, careful assessments of
kinetics or the establishment of products formed in waters, soils or
sediments.
PAGE
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Barkay, Tamar. In review. Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2+
Stress. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 23p. (ERL,GB 608*).
The mechanism of adaptation to Hg2+ in four aquatic habitats was
studied by correlating microbially mediated Hg2+ volatilization with
the adaptive state of the exposed communities. Structural and
functional parameters indicated that adaptation of all four
communities was stimulated by exposure to Hg2+. In saline water
communities, adaptation was associated with rapid volatilization after
an initial lag period. This mechanism, however, did not promote
adaptation in as freshwater environment, where Hg2+ volatilized
slowly, regardless of the adaptive state of the microbial community.
Distribution of the mer operon among represenetative colonies of the
cxDmmunities was not related to adaptation to Hg2+. Thus, although
volatilization is a mechanism which enables some microbial communities
to sustain their functions in Hg2+ stressed environments, it is not
coded for by the gene system that mediates this mechanism in pure
cultures.
Barkay, T., D. Chatterjee, S. Cuskey, R. Walter, F. Genthner, and A.
Bourquin. In review. Bacteria and the Environment. In: Revolution in
Biotechnology. International Council of Scientific Unions. 22p. (ERL,GB
604*).
Microorganisms with new functions can be constructed in the laboratory
by gene cloning. This paper discusses the potential of a powerful tool
for environmental management: new strains to control pests, to
increase yields, and to degrade noxious pollutants. Approaches and
methods are described for risk assessment based on the experiences and
findings in microbial ecology. However, risk assessment criteria have
yet to be established due to the unknown and potentially harmful
effects of the introduced organisms on the receiving environments.
Barkay, Tamar, and Gary Sayler. In review. Gene Probes as a Tool for the
Detection of Specific Genomes in the Environment. Presented at the 10th ASTM
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, May 4-6, 1986, New
Orleans, IA. 16p. (ERL,GB 578*).
Avail, from NTTS, Springfield, VA: PB87-102505.
Gene probes hold a great promise as a tool in environmental sciences.
They may be used to detect specific genotypes, to follow gene flow
process, to delineate complex taxonomic aggregates and to monitor
genetically engineered organisms in the environment. The sensitivity
of the method is currently limited by experimental procedures and its
specificity depends on the nature of the DNA sequences used as probes
and the efficacy of lysing methods, yariable genetic determinants
which code for the same trait determine the universality of gene
probes. Finally, the method is highly feasible in terms of cost, speed
and expertise. Current and future developments in molecular microbial
ecology are likely to contribute toward the improvement of the probing
methodology for the full realization of its potential in environmental
sciences.
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Borthwick, Patrick W. 1986. Effects of Salinity Change on Acute Lethal
Responses of Bay Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insecticides.
EPA/600/X-86/272*, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 7p.
In this study we investigated the influence of salinity change on the
acute toxicities of three insecticides to the bay mysid (Mysidopsis
bahia). Salinity is a principal environmental variable in estuarine
waters. Bay ntysids subjected to a 50-minute salinity change and high
(32 o/oo) and low (10 o/oo) salinity seawater were approximately three
times more sensitive to fenvalerate (synthetic pyrethroid insecticide)
compared to mysids exposed at the reference (culture) salinity (21
o/oo). At low salinity, ntysids exposed to endosulfan (chlorinated
insecticide) were almost 4 times more sensitive; high salinity caused
a slight sensitivity increase. Fenthion (organophosphate insecticide)
toxicity, least affected by salinity, was unchanged at high salinity,
and only slightly more toxic at low salinity. Evidence from this study
indicated that salinity change may reduce an organism's tolerance to
toxic insecticides.
Bourquin, Al W. 1986. Biotechnology Aquatic Risk Assessment Research.
EPA/600/X-86/235*, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 346p.
This internal status report and attached publications summarizes the
initial research efforts in the Aquatic Biotechnology Risk Assessment
Research Program at URL/Gulf Breeze. The research was undertaken in
response to an OPTS need to more fully understand the ecological
impact of the deliberate release of genetically engineered
microorganisms into the aquatic environment. The research covered in
this report emphasizes the most recent developments in detection and
enumeration technology for specific microorganisms and specific ENA
segments. The report summarizes the development of
immunoepifluorescence microscopy techniques for detecting viable but
nonculturable microbes and the use of ENA probes for detecting
specific segments of genetic materials in environments and the
development of a laboratory method to determine genetic exchange in
environmental systems. The report summarizes and contains 17
peer-reviewed publications and reports produced by the ERL/Gulf Breeze
program during the period from June 1985 to September 1986.
Brayton, P.R., and R.R. Colwell. In review. Fluorescent Antibody Staining
Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental Vibrio cholerae. J.
Microbiol. Methods. 12p. (ERL,GB X521*).
A membrane filtration method has been developed which is useful for
enumeration of viable Vibrio cholerae 01 in environmental water
samples by immunofluorescent staining. The samples are incubated with
yeast extract and nalidixic acid. Substrate responsive cells, i.e.
viable cells, elongate and after staining with specific antiserum and
fluorescein conjugate, viable V. cholerae cells appear as long,
peripheral fluorescent green banded bacilli when viewed under the
microscope. Using an ocular reticule, the number of viable cells per
ml can be calculated. The procedure has been adapted for use with
other bacterial species if specific antisera is employed.
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Brusca, J., M. Summers, J. Couch, and L. Courtney. 1986. Autographa
californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Efficiently Enters but Does Not
Replicate in Polikilo Thermic Vertebrate Cells. Intervirology.
26:207-222. (ERL,GB 558*).
The host range of the insect virus Autographa californica nuclear
polyhedrosis virus (AcMNPV) was examined. AcMNPV could not initiate a
productive infection in frog, turtle, trout, or moth cell lines. After
exposure to AcMNPV, neither viral DMA nor RNA synthesis could be
detected in these cell lines when assayed by dot-blot hybridizations.
Entry of viral DNA to the nucleus, however, was as efficient in the
nonpermissiye cell lines as it was in a permissive insect cell line.
Electron microscopy revealed numerous AcMNPV nucleocapsids in the
cytoplasm of the nonpermissive cell lines is therefore at a stage
subsequent to viral entry to the nucleus.
Capuzzo, Judith M. In review. Development of Physiological Indices to Predict
the Effects of Chronic Pesticide Exposure on Zooplankton Populations. Aquat.
TOxicol. 41p. (ERL,GB X511*).
The effects of the pyrethroid pesticide fenvalerate and the
organophosphate pesticide fenthion on planktonic crustaceans were
investigated in continuous-flow bioassays. Fenvalerate was more toxic
than fenthion in acute bioassays with 96-h LC50 values ranging from
5.4 ng/1 for Stage I larvae of Homarus americanus to 46.0 ng/1 for
adult Heteromysis formosa; LC50 values for adult Acartia tonsa were
14.7 ng/1, fenvalerate and 102.5 ug/1, fenthion. Metabolic changes
paralleled delays in development for larvae of H. americanus and
reductions in egg production and larval viability of A. tonsa. The
most sensitive indicators of acute toxic response of Acartia to both
pesticides were gross and net growth efficiencies (KL and K2) and
instantaneous birth rates, parameters which integrate metabolic
responses, survival, and reproduction. Reductions in both bioenergetic
parameters and birth rates were evident with sublethal exposure to
both contaminants. Disruptions in reproduction and development were
also observed in chronic assays of fenvalerate on Acartia tonsa.
Chronic exposure to 0.6 ng/1 also resulted in reproductive and
developmental impairment, although some second generation copepods
developed to maturity.
Chatterjee, Deb K., and A.W. Bourquin. 1987. Metabolism of Aromatic
Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus. J. Bacteriol. 169(5):1993-1996.
(ERL,GB 591).
Cultures of Caulobacter crescentus were found to grow on a variety of
aromatic compounds. Degradation of benzoate, p-hydroxybenzoate and
phenol was found to occur via B-ketoadipate. Induction of the
degradative enzymes such as benzoate, 1,2-dioxygenase, the ring
cleavage enzyme, catechol 1,2-dioxygenase, and cis, cis-muconate
lactonizing enzyme appeared similar to the control mechanism present
in Pseudomonas. Both benzoate 1,2-dioxygenase and catechol
1,2-dioxygenase seem to have stringent specificities as revealed by
their action towards substituted benzoat.es and substituted catechols
respectively. The potential degradative abilities of Caulobacters is
discussed.
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Clark, James R., James M. Patrick, Jr., James C. Moore, and Jerrold Forester.
1986. Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs. Bull. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 36:571-578. (ERL,GB 533).
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been, and continue to be, an
ecological problem because of their environmental persistence. In
aquatic systems, PCBs sorb to organic matter, accumulate in sediments,
and contaminate food chains. Because of the potential for causing
reproductive impairment, PCBs in aquatic food chains pose a threat to
human and other predators that consume fish and shellfish. Fiddler
crabs accumulate PCBs from contaminated sediments and detritus and can
transfer them to aquatic, avian, and terrestrial food webs when preyed
upon by fishes, birds, and small mammals. The primary objective of our
research was to characterize rates of PCB uptake and depuration by
fiddler crabs in a simulated spoil bank habitat that contained PCBs in
weathered sediment. Also, we examined whether the concentration of
PCBs in substrates affected bioaccumulation by mixing PCB-laden
sediments with clean sand. In a pilot study, we tested Uca pugilator,
an inhabitant of relatively dry and sandy areas, and U. minax, which
inhabits wetter and muddier substrates, to determine if species differ
in PCB uptake and depuration rates.
Clark, James R., Patrick W. Borthwick, Larry R. Goodman, James M. Patrick,
Jr., Emile M. Lores, and James C. Moore. 1987. Comparison of Laboratory
Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to
Fenthion in the Field. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 6:151-160. (ERL,GB 545).
Acute, lethal effects of fenthion (an organophosphate insecticide) on
mysids (Mysidopsis bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), pink
shrimp (Penaeus duorarum), and sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon
variegatus) were determined in laboratory tests and after field
applications. Exposure at four field sites ranged from short-term
exposures (equal to or less than 12 h) of rapidly decreasing fenthion
concentrations to extended intervals (greater than 72 h) with slowly
increasing or decreasing fenthion concentrations. Laboratory-derived
LC50s provided a reliable benchmark for predicting acute, lethal
effects of fenthion on caged animals in the field when exposures
persisted for 24 h or more but overestimated the toxicity for
exposures less than 24 h. laboratory pulse-exposure tests with rapidly
changing concentrations for 12 h were predictive of nonlethal and
lethal effects observed for short-term field exposures.
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Clark, J.R., P.W. Borthwick, L.R. Goodman, J.M. Patrick, Jr., E.M. Lores, and
J.C. Moore. In review. Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion
on Caged Pink Shriirp, Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows. J. Am. Mosg. Control
ASSOC. 14p. (ERL,GB 602*) .
Mosquito control applications of fenthion by aerial thermal fog
equipment were studied at two sites in Collier County, FL, for sprays
that occurred on 20 and 23 June 1984. Acute, lethal effects of
fenthion deposited in these estuarine habitats were assessed for caged
pink shriup (Penaeus duorarum), mysids (Mysidopsis bahia), and
sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). At Site 1, along a bay
with substantial dilution and tidal mixing, fenthion concentrations of
1.5 ug/1 and 0.29 ug/1 were recorded immediately after both sprays.
Concentrations decreased to less than or equal to 0.020 ug/1 12 h
post-spray and no mortality was observed for caged pink shriup and
mysids. Site 2 was along a residential canal system that offered
limited dilution and mixing. Measurable concentrations (greater than
0.038 ug/1) of fenthion persisted at this site for 4 days. Fenthion
concentrations in surface waters were toxic to caged pink shrimp and
mysids after both sprays; maximum concentrations were 2.6 ug/1 and
0.51 ug/1. Caged sheepshead minnows were not affected by the sprays at
either site.
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Clark, J.R., L.R. Goodman, P.W. Borthwick, J.M. Patrick, Jr., J.C. Moore, and
E.M. Lores. 1986. Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids,
and Sheepshead Minnows Exposed to Fenthion. In: Aquatic Toxicology and
Environmental Fate: Ninth Volume, ASTM STP 921. T.M. Poston and R. Purdy,
editors, American Society for Testing Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp.
161-176. (ERL,GB 539).
We conducted a series of laboratory pulse-exposure experiments to
model short-term field exposures of two representative estuarine
crustaceans, Penaeus duorarum and Mysidopsis bahia, to the
organophosphate insecticide fenthion. These tests established acutely
lethal and nonlethal concentrations during pulse exposures. The data
are necessary for interpretation of responses of test animals in the
field when fenthion concentrations changed rapidly with time. The
toxicity of fenthion to caged pink shrimp, mysids, and Sheepshead
minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) was determined in the field following
two aerial applications separated by 72 h, to control adult saltmarsh
mosquitoes. At one estuarine site, initial concentrations of fenthion
in water were 1.5 ug/L following Spray 1 and 0.29 ug/L after Spray 2.
Within 12 to 24 h, however, fenthion was not detectable (less than
0.01 ug/L) because of rapid tidal flushing and high dilution at this
site. Although initial exposures approached or exceeded laboratory
24-h LCSOs for pink shrimp (0.40 ug/L) and mysids (0.42 ug/L), no
mortality occurred among caged animals. At a second site along a
residential saltwater canal with limited tidal flushing and dilution,
initial concentrations of fenthion were 2.6 ug/L (Spray 1) and 0.5
ug/L (Spray 2). Within 12 to 24 h post-spray, fenthion decreased to
0.4 ug/L (Spray 1) and 0.14 ug/L (Spray 2) and continued to diminish
during the next 48 to 72 h. These concentrations approximated the 48-
and 72-h LCSOs for pink shrimp (0.22 ug/L and 0.15 ug/L) and mysids
(0.37 ug/L and 0.18 ug/L). All exposure concentrations were three
orders of magnitude below the 24-h LC50 for Sheepshead minnows (1900
ug/L) and no mortality occurred among caged fish. By deploying caged
pink shrimp and mysids daily, before and after each spray, in situ
exposure regimes varied for each group and resulted in responses among
caged test populations that ranged from no observed effect to 100%
mortality. The responses of caged pink shrimp and mysids exposed to
slowly changing concentrations of fenthion in the field were similar
to what would have been predicted based on laboratory tests that
established 24-, 48-, and 72-h LCSOs. Laboratory pulse-exposure tests
were predictive of no-effect and effect pulse exposures in the field.
These comparisons demonstrated that predictions of fenthion toxicity
based on laboratory test results were valid when field and laboratory
exposure regimes were similar.
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Clark, James R., and James M. Patrick, Jr. In review. Toxicity of
Sediment-Incorporated Drilling Fluids to Lancelets (Branchiostoma caribaeum).
Mar. Pollut. Bull. 9p. (ERL,GB 607*).
The 24, 96, or 168-h LCSOs of four used drilling fluids or barite
incorporated into sediment were determined in toxicity tests with
lancelets (Branchiostoma caribaeum), a benthic chordate. The number of
lancelets that did not burrow into contaminated sediments was used to
calculate ECSOs at the same times that LCSOs were determined.
Observations of the burrowing behavior allowed quantitation of effects
after 24-h exposures to each of the drilling fluids whereas lancelet
mortality was sufficient to calculate 24-h LCSOs for only one drilling
fluid. Drilling fluids were less toxic to lancelets when incorporated
into sediments than to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) or benthic
invertebrate communities in water-column exposures.
Clark, James R., James M. Patrick, Jr., James C. Moore, and Emile M. Lores.
1987. Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to
Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum).
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 16:401-407. (ERL,GB 575*).
Grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) were exposed to either waterborne or
sediment-source concentrations of fenvalerate, cypermethrin,
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (TCB), tributyltin oxide (TBTO), triphenyltin
oxide, and di-n-butylphthalate in static or flow-through test systems.
Similarly, amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) were tested with
fenvalerate, TCB, and TBTO. The LC50 and no-effect and 100% mortality
concentrations are reported from 96-hr and 10-day tests. The toxicity
of contaminated sediments could be explained by chemical partitioning
into overlying or interstitial water. Amphioxus is not recommended as
a routine test species because of (1) difficulty in distinguishing
severely affected from dead animals, (2) inability to determine the
status of burrowed animals without disrupting sediment, (3) their
relative lack of sensitivity in acute exposures to toxic chemicals,
and (4) difficulty in routine collection of sufficient numbers of
animals. Grass shrimp, however, are useful as an epibenthic test
species for waterborne and sediment-source toxicants.
PAGE 8
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Colwell, R.R., and D.J. Grimes. 1986. Evidence for Genetic Modification of
Microorganisms Occurring in Natural Aquatic Environments. In: Aquatic
Toxicology and Environmental Fate: Ninth Volume, ASTM STP 921. T.M. Poston
and R. Purdy, editors, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 222-230. (ERL,GB X518*).
Recent work at a deep ocean dump site off the coast of Puerto Rico has
shown that changes in the microbial populations of the receiving
waters can be detected, that is, changes in bacterial community
structure, over and above seasonal effects, have been documented.
Microbial iirpact of the dumping of wastes occurs at three levels which
can be measured. These include the initial effects at the time of
dumping, followed by sustained community structural changes, and
finally genetic modification of the natural population evidenced by
increased incidence of plasmids. The ocean dumping studies were
augmented by examination of the incidence of plasmids in bacteria
isolated from samples collected at other locations in the Atlantic
Ocean, including outfall samples collected at Barceloneta, PR, off
shore samples collected at an outfall off Ocean City, MD, and a clean
unpolluted site. The incidence of plasmids could be significantly and
dramatically related to influx of sewage. Thus, environmental changes
already occur as a result of entrance of allochthonous material into
the marine environment. It is clear that baseline measurements are
necessary to determine genetic alteration already taking place, before
effects of entry of genetically engineered organisms to the marine
environment can be determined.
Colwell, Rita R. In review. Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms
into the Environment. Microbiol. Sci. 19p. (ERL,GB X517*).
The survival, fate, and effects of GEM in the environment are
discussed. Because organisms, when released, cannot be recalled or
always controlled, it is imperative that a full understanding of the
risks be known. Predictive ecology must include the new subdiscipline
of molecular microbial ecology, if the need for information prior to
release of GEM is to be met. One important aspect of deliberate
release to be considered is the ability to detect and monitor GEM in
the environment. It has been discovered that microorganisms can
undergo "dormancy" i.e., enter a viable but difficult or
non-recoverable stage. New techniques have been developed, employing
immunofluorescent/epifluorescent microscopy, coupled with 5S rRNA
sequencing, which allow accurate nongenetic detection of GEM. These
techniques have been employed in aquatic systems.
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Connolly, John P., Mary E. Cleveland, and Parmely H. Pritchard. In review.
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion. Water
Res. (ERL,GB 415).
This work investigates three major assumptions implicit in the use of
partition coefficient as sole adsorption descriptor: (1) adsorption
kinetics are unimportant to fate and transport of the toxic chemical
because they are rapid; (2) adsorption is a reversible process; and
(3) equilibrium conditions are independent of the individual
concentrations of toxic chemical and adsorbing solid, depending only
on their ratio. Adsorption of Kepone and methyl parathion was found to
be rapid and two-step, a fast adsorption for approximately 5 min.
followed by a slower adsorption to equilibrium at 1 to 2 hr. Kinetics
of adsorption indicated adsorption rate was controlled by mass
transport mechanisms. Kinetics of methyl parathion adsorption were
identical for sterile and biologically active systems to the point of
sterile system equilibrium. Continued decrease of dissolved 14C and
total mass recovery in the active system suggested degradation to an
irreversibly adsorbed compound. The results indicate that kinetics can
be ignored for small particle size sediments but that reversibility of
adsorption cannot be assumed. Equilibrium adsorption of both compounds
at constant sediment concentration was described by a linear isotherm.
Partition coefficient was, however, an inverse function of sediment
concentration, decreasing by as much as an order of magnitude between
sediment concentrations representative of suspended sediment and
sediment concentrations representaive of bed sediment. Therefore, a
single partition coefficient is inadequate for exposure concentration
predictions.
Couch, John A. In press. Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of Ectothermic
Organisms. Presented at "Alternative Approaches to Toxicity Testing" held at
Battelle Laboratories, Columbus, Ohio, November 11-13, 1986. 27p. (ERL,GB
599*).
Certain ectothermic species, particularly some teleost fishes, reveal
promise as carcinogen assay organisms and as carcinogen sentinel and
indicator species in the environment. Reptiles, amphibians, fishes,
and bivalve mollusks have been studied in terms of their
responsiveness to chemical carcinogen exposures; of these species,
fishes have been studied in greatest detail in the last 20 years.
Seven to eight species of teleosts have been studied in enough detail
to be recommended as laboratory carcinogen assay subjects. These are
the rainbow trout, Mekaka, guppy, Rivulus sp., Poeciliopsis sp.,
sheepshead minnow and the brown bullhead. Bivalve mollusks such as
oysters and clams should be studied further as possible* models. Many
different test systems have been developed for use of aquatic species
in carcinogen studies. Neoplasms have been induced in 12 to 14 tissues
in different species of fishes. Between 50-60 chemical cx3mpounds have
been tested in fishes for their carcinogenic potential. Though these
areas of research are relatively new, considerable data and
information are available on metabolism, pathologic, and environmental
effects of carcinogens in ectothermic animals.
PAGE 10
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Couch, J.A., and L.A. Courtney. In press. DENA-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis
in the Estuarine Sheepshead Minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and
Related Lesions with Comparisons to Mammalian Lesions. J. Natl. Cancer Inst.
(ERL,GB 589*) .
Groups of estuarine sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were
exposed to 50-60 mg/1 N-nitrosodiethylamine (DENA) for five to six
weeks. Exposure was stopped and the fish were then transferred to
clean, flowing seawater. Induced liver lesions were studied in
periodic samples of fish taken during the next 67 weeks of holding.
Most of these lesions were compared to their counterpart lesions in
the rat. Certain lesions such as hepatocellular carcinomas,
cholangiolar carcinomas, spongiosis hepatis (SH), and
cholangiofibrosis in our fish have apparent similar cellular origins
and morphogenesis to those lesions in rats, and perhaps in other
mammals. SH in the sheepshead minnow apparently arises from
perisinusoidal cells and may be a neoplasm of this cell type. The
general similarity of response to DENA in sheepshead minnows and rats
suggests that this fish has promise as an assay subject for
identifying some hepatocarcinogens, and as a sentinal organism for
detecting hepatocarcincgens in contaminated coastal waters.
Couch, John A. In review. Enclosed Systems for Testing Microbial Pest Control
Agents. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. (ERL,GB X526*).
This report stems from a workshop held at the EPA, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida on February 18 and 19, 1986.
The workshop and report were requested by the Hazard Evaluation
Division of the Office of Pesticide Programs. The report consists of
descriptions and documentation of some enclosed, multispecies systems
that may be used for laboratory testing of both natural and
genetically altered microbial pest control agents (MPCA's—viruses,
bacteria, fungi, and protozoa) for possible effects in nontarget
species, and ecosystems.
PAGE 11
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Gripe, Geraldine M., David J. Hansen, Stephanie F. Macauley, and Jerrold
Forester. 1986. Effects of Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon
variegatus) During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos. In: Aquatic
Toxicology and Environraental Fate: Ninth Volume, ASTM STP 921. T.M. Poston
and R. Purdy, editors, American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. pp. 450-460. (ERL,GB 538).
The influence of food quantity on the effects of chlorpyrifos was
determined in early life-stage (ELS) toxicity tests with estuarine
sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). Three 28-day ELS tests
were conducted simultaneously, each with a different feeding rate:
approximately 20, 110 or 550 Artemia nauplii/fish per feeding. In the
first group of three tests, growth was reduced significantly (p less
than or equal to 0.001) at nearly all feeding rates and chlorpyrifos
concentrations tested (3.1 to 52 ug/L). Therefore, a second group of
three tests was conducted at lower chlorpyrifos concentrations (0.4 to
6.8 ug/L) and the same feeding rates used in the first series.
Chlorpyrifos concentrations that significantly decreased fish growth
were greater than or equal to 3.0 ug/L, regardless of feeding rate.
Weights of fish at the end of all tests were directly associated with
concentration and food. Fish receiving the greatest amount of food
weighed 10 times more than those receiving the least and were three
times heavier than those in the intermediate feeding rate. In
treatments where growth was affected, mean percentage survival ranged
from 67% at 52 ug/L to 99% at 3.0 ug/L. The standard deviations for
this survival varied from 14 at the lowest feeding rate for fish
exposed to 52 u/L to 2.8 for fish fed 550 Artemia per cup in 3.0 ug/L.
Bioconcentration factors (amount of chlorpyrifos in tissue divided by
average measured water concentrations) and chlorpyrifos in whole fish
at exposure concentrations greater than or equal to 3.0 ug/L generally
increased with increasing feeding rates and increased chlorpyrifos
concentrations. Within the feeding range tested, the quantity of
available food was not an important factor controlling differences in
growth of Cyprinodon variegatus exposed to chlorpyrifos. However, when
food quantity restricted growth, survival of sheepshead. minnows was
not as reproducible, and variability (standard deviation) increased
with decreased food.
PAGE 12
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Cripe, C.R., E.J. O'Neill, M.E. Woods, W.T. Gilliam, and P.H. Pritchard. In
review. Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. (ERL,GB 583*).
Fenthion (Baytex), an organophosphate insecticide, is frequently
applied to salt-marsh environments to control mosquitoes. Shake-flask
tests were used to study rates of abiotic and biotic degradation of
fenthion and the environmental parameters that affect these rates.
Water or water-sediment (500 mg dry weight/L) slurries from salt
marshes located along the Northwest Florida Gulf Coast were used.
Flasks contained 200 ug fenthion/L, and degradation rates were
determined by following decrease of fenthion over time. Hydrolysis and
biodegradation in water were relatively insignificant fate processes;
fenthion disappeared from flasks containing water, formalin-sterilized
water, or formalin-sterilized sediment very slowly (half-life equal to
or greater than 2 weeks). The presence of nonsterile sediment resulted
in a rapid exponential disappearance of fenthion (half-life equal to
or greater than 3.8 days). Biodegradation was assumed since sterile
sediment systems showed a much slower decrease of fenthion, and the
production of polar compounds (hexane-unextractable) from radiolabeled
fenthion was greater in the presence of sediment than sterilized
sediment.
Cripe, Geraldine M. In press. Occurrence of Mysidopsis bahia
(Mysidacea,Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of Florida. Crustaceana (Leiden).
2p. (ERL,GB 560*).
A collection of mysids was taken from Link Port Channel, Ft. Pierce,
Florida on December 6, 1984, at 20 salinity and 24 degrees C and
returned to our laboratory for culture and identification. All
twenty-two individuals were identified as Mysidopsis bahia: 15
females, 4 males, and 2 juveniles (sex undetermined). Gravid females
averaged 7 mm length (base of eyestalk to posterior ends of uropods,
excluding setae) and had a mean brood of 5.4 young (range 2 to 10).
Mature males ranged from 6 to 7 mm length (mean 6.5 mm). A sample of
these mysids was sent to Dr. Thomas E. Bowman at the National Museum
of Natural History and identified as M. bahia.
PAGE 13
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Gripe, C.R., W.W. Walker, P.H. Pritchard, and A.W. Bourquin. In review.
Snake-Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 24p.
(ERL,GB 603*).
Disadvantages of current biodegradation tests are examined: the need
for high substrate concentrations, lack of parent compound
concentration measurements, no estimation of sediment effects, failure
to indicate compounds to which microbial populations must adapt to
degrade and lack of site-specificity in innocula selection. A modified
river die-away test is proposed for determining biodegradability of
organic compounds and testing for toxic degradation products. Our test
uses shake flasks containing sterile (2% formalin) and nonsterile site
water: both with, and without, site sediment (500 mg/liter).
Concurrent toxicity testing with mysids or daphnids provides a
sensitive assay for the detection of toxic metabolites. Examples of
three test compounds are given: methyl parathion, which undergoes
rapid, sediment-mediated biodegradation; dibutylphthalate, to which
some microbial communities exhibit an adaptation phenomenon; and
methoxychlor, which has a relatively low water solubility and high
sediment partition coefficient. The relative merits of this test
procedure are discussed.
D'Asaro, Charles N. 1986. Egg Capsules of Eleven Marine Prosobranchs from
Northwest Florida. Bull. Mar. Sci. 39(1):76-91. (ERL,GB X527*).
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB87-169207.
Egg capsules of eleven prosobranchs are described and illustrated,
including Strombus alatus, Murex fulvescens, Urosalpinx perrugata,
Favartia cellulosa, Eupleura sulcidentata, Calotrophon ostrearum,
Cantharus cancellarius, C. multangulus, Fasciolaria lilium hunteria,
Conus floridanus floridensis, and C. jaspideus stearnsi. Enumerations
of capsules and embryos, and capsular dimensions, developmental
pattern, and observations on reproductive behavior are given.
D'Asaro, Charles N. 1986. Laboratory Spawning, Egg Membranes, and Egg
Capsules of 14 Small Marine Prosobranchs from Florida and Bimini, Bahamas.
Am. Malacol. Bull. 4(2):185-199. (ERL,GB X533).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-178729.
Specific substrata or locations used for oviposition and external and
internal structure of egg capsules produced by small prosobranchs from
seagrass beds and coastal splash pools are described. Included are
Tricolia affinis affinis (C.B. Adams, 1850), T. thalassicola
Robertson, 1958, T. bella (M. Smith, 1937), Puperita pupa (Linne,
1767), Smaragdia viridis viridemaris Maury, 1917, Littprina mespillum
(Muhlfeld, 1824), Alvania auberiana (Orbigny, 1842), Rissoina
catesbyana (Orbigny, 1842), R. bryerea (Montagu, 1803), Zebrina
browniana (Orbigny, 1842), Rissoella caribaea Rehder, 1943, Caecum
nitidum Stimpson, 1851, Marginella aureocincta Stearns, 1872, and
Granulina ovuliformis (Orbigny, 1841).
PAGE 14
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Davis, William P. 1986. Role of Rivulus marmoratus in Research on Aquatic
Pollutants. J. Am. Killifish Assoc. 19(1):70-80. (ERL,GB 556).
The role of Rivulus marmoratus in research in environmental aquatic
research is described. The unique biology of R. marmoratus provides
the aquatic toxicologist with the following advantages: 1. Ability to
thrive in small volume of water throughout life span; 2. Reproduction
through internal self-fertilization; 3. Isogenic clones that allow
interclonal and specific intraclonal tissue transplants; 4.
Reproductive process in which eggs are laid on a weekly basis
throughout the year; 5. Semiamphibious adaptations that contribute to
rapid uptake of waterborne and even some airborne compounds.
DeWeerd, Kim A., Joseph M. Suflita, Tim Linkfield, James M. Tiedje, and P.H.
Pritchard. In review. Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other
Aryl Substituent Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes. FEMS (Fed. Eur.
Microbiol. See.) Microbiol. Ecol. 42p. (ERL,GB X529*).
Anaerobic bacteria are known to catalyze the removal of a variety of
aromatic substituents including -COOH, -OH, -OCH3, and -CH3, and
halogens. We investigated whether reductive dehalogenation was related
to other types of aryl substituent removal reactions. A dehalogenating
bacterial consortium was tested for its ability to use benzoic acids
substitute in the 3 position with the functional groups listed above.
In addition to dehalogenation, the enrichment (as well as the
dehalogenating pure culture) was able to transform 3-methoxybenzoic
acid to 3-hydroxybenzoic acid without a lag. This reaction exhibited
Michaelis-Menten kinetics with an apparent Km of 5 uM. To test the
hypothesis that the two reactions were related, we developed a
mathematical model incorporating a competitive inhibition term to
account for the influence of one substrate on the degradation of the
other. However, experimental evidence showed no significant difference
in the rates of 3-chlorobenzoic acid or 3-methoxybenzoic acid
degradation in either the presence or absence of the other substrate.
The isolated dechlorinating organism strain DCB-1 was able to
transform 3-methoxybenzoic acid in the presence of 1 mM thiosulfate,
but the dehalogenation of 3-chlorobenzoic acid under such conditions
was inhibited. Therefore, it is unlikely that a relationship exists
between dehalogenation and other anaerobic aromatic substituent
removal mechanisms.
PAGE 15
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Diaz, R.J., M. Luckenbach, S. Thornton, R.J. Livingston, C.C. Kbenig, G.L.
Ray, and L.E. Wolfe. 1987. Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory
Test Systems for Estuarine Benthic Communities. EPA/600/3-87/016*f U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, FL. 81p.
The major objective of this report was to determine the validity of
losing multi-species laboratory systems to evaluate the response of
estuarine benthic communities to an introduced stress. In a 5-year
period, experiments in Apalachicola Bay, Florida, and the York River,
Virginia sought to (1) develop criteria for microcosm tests to
evaluate the capacity of microcosms to model natural communities in
the presence and absence of pollution-induced stress and (2) assess
the validity of extrapolating test results of one location to another.
Individual species response patterns in the microcosms were highly
variable and seldom showed good agreement with patterns in the field.
Species richness in the microcosms and field sites showed good
temporal agreement and provided a conservative indicator of community
response to a toxic stress. An ecologically based guild approach to
grouping species proved to be a powerful and reliable method of
extrapolating from microcosm test results to responses of field
communities.
Duke, T.W., and P.R. Parrish. In press. Drilling Fluid Test Procedure:
Participation, Data Comparison and Implementation. Presented at the Ninth
Annual Analytical Symposium Sponsored by EPA Office of Water Programs, June
19-20, 1986, Norfolk, VA. 6p. (ERL,GB 570*).
The proposed Best Available Technology (BAT) guidelines for discharge
of drilling fluids from off-shore oil and gas platforms require that a
toxicity test be conducted on certain drilling fluids. This paper
describes participation of the Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf
Breeze, in evaluating the toxicity test methods and conducting the
tests. Practical aspects (availability of animals, suitable
facilities, effort required) of conducting such tests are. discussed.
Also, interpretation of the results of the tests with reference to
biological variation and regulatory needs is presented.
Duke, Thomas W., and Donald I. Mount. In press. Toxic Effects on
Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and Indicators of Exposure to
Chemicals. Presented at the WHO Workshop on Methodologies for the Safety
Evaluation of Chemicals, August 11-17, 1985, Mexico City, Mexico. 21p.
(ERL,GB 550*) .
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB85-237428
This paper presents two research approaches that address problems
encountered in evaluating the effects of complex mixtures of chemicals
on aquatic systems. The concept of ambient toxicity testing is applied
to the impact of effluents in freshwater receiving waters (the concept
also applies to saltwater systems), where measurement of toxicity is
made without attempting to identify the toxics. Another approach
develops structural and functional indices that can be used to
evaluate impact of chemicals on communities maintained under
controlled conditions in the laboratory. One approach is concerned
with chemicals already in the environment; the other, with developing
ecosystem level indices used to evaluate chemicals before they reach
the environment. Also, applicability of laboratory-derived data to
field situations is discussed.
PAGE 16
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Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 1987. Gulf Breeze
Laboratory Titles and Abstracts: 1986, 1987, in Press and in Review
Publications. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 79p. (ERL,GB SR-104).
This report represents an effort to provide Agency administrators,
managers, and scientists with the most timely information about
availability and content of the Gulf Breeze Laboratory research
program. Full text, a report copy, or a reprint can be provided on
request to: Elizabeth Pinnell (904) 932-5311 or (FTS) 686-9011. This
format is intended as a service to Agency users who may wish not only
to examine the title and abstract of a publication or report, but who
also have a need to know of the availability of technical
documentation. To facilitate usage, publications are indexed by title
keywords and author.
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 1986. Publications:
Gulf Breeze Laboratory. SR-107, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 250p. (ERL,GB SR-107).
This report lists all published in-house and extramural reports,
publications and journal articles issued by the Environmental Research
laboratory, Gulf Breeze, during the years 1970 through the present
time. It is divided into 3 sections: standardized citations grouped
by year of issue, a first author index, and a key-word title index.
Federle, Thomas W., Robert J. Livingston, Duane A. Meeter, and David C.
White. In press. Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of
Estuarine Sediments from Microcosms and the Field. Can. J. Microbiol. 24p.
(ERL,GB X467*).
Estuarine mud-flat sediments in microcosms and the field were compared
with regard to microbial community structure. Community structure was
determined by analyzing the fatty acids derived from the microbial
lipids in the sediments. Fatty acid profiles were compared using a
multivariate statistical approach. Experiments were performed using
sediments from St. George Sound and Apalachicola Bay, Florida. The
conmunity structure of St. George Sound sediments was controlled by
epibenthlc predators. In Apalachicola Bay, the dominant influences
were physical factors related to the flow of the Apalachicola River.
In the St. George Sound experiment, microbial communities in the
microcosms differed from those in the field after only two weeks, and
the degree of this difference increased substantially as time
progressed. In the Apalachicola Bay experiment, although microbial
communities in the microcosms were detectably different from those in
the field, the degree of this difference was not large nor did it
increase with time. This differential behavior of sediment communitie
from different sites may be related to the different ecological
factors regulating ccramunity composition at these sites.
PAGE 17
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Fisher, D.J., J.R. Clark, M.H. Roberts, Jr., J.P. Connolly, and L.H. Mueller.
1986. Bioacxuraulation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance
of Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate. Aquat. Toxicol. 9(2,3): 161-178.
(ERL,GB 580*) .
The relative extent of dietary accumulation and bioconcentration of
Kepone by spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) was quantitatively evaluated at
food rations of 4, 8 or 20% of the average wet weight of fish.
[14C]Kepone was utilized to determine bioconcentration and dietary
accumulation separately, while [14C]Kepone-contaminated food (grass
shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio) and unlabeled Kepone in water were used to
determine simultaneously accumulation from both sources. Grass shrimp
and spot were exposed to the same aqueous Kepone concentration (0.04
ug/1). A first-order pharmacokinetic equation was used to model Kepone
accumulation kinetics during the 19-day uptake and 28-day clearance
phases. A doubling of contaminated food ration caused a doubling of
the whole-body Kepone concentration in spot. Spot fed 8% ration of
uncontaminated food and exposed to aqueous Kepone did not
bioconcentrate significantly greater amounts of the pesticide than
fish fed 4% ration and exposed to the same aqueous concentration. When
spot were exposed to contaminated water and food, Kepone contributions
from each source were additive. Feeding rate, however, was very
important in determining final Kepone body burdens in spot. The
dietary source of Kepone represented approximately 9, 18 and 37% of
the total body burden bioaccumulated by fish fed 4, 8 and 20% food
rations, respectively, but assimilation efficiencies of Kepone from
the food source were low. The laboratory results further suggest that
dietary accumulation of Kepone by spot may play an important role in
determining final Kepone concentrations in spot in the James River,
Virginia.
Fiercer, David A., Virginia K. Tippie, Gail B. Mackiernan, Robert B. Biggs,
Willa Nehlsen, and Kent S. Price. In press. Characterizing the Chesapeake
Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned. Presented at the Tenth National
Conference, The Coastal Society, New Orleans, IA, Oct. 12-15, 1986. 22p.
(ERL,GB 594*).
Avail, from NTTS, Springfield, VA: PB87-166930.
During the scientific study phase, the U.S. Chesapeake Bay Program
examined the complex ecological structure and processes of the Bay
estuary in a coherent and manageable framework. The framework was
supported by a rational spatial scaling or segmentation, with an
implicit temporal scale. The historic geological, physical, chemical
(water quality), and biological data were analysed within this
framework to determine trends, correlations and, where appropriate,
causal relationships. The overall process resulted in a synthesis or
statement on the environmental condition of the Chesapeake Bay
ecosystem. We provide an explanation of the strengths and weaknesses
of the approach and suggest improvements in future efforts of this
type.
PAGE 18
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Fiercer, David A., Thomas W. Duke, and Foster L. Mayer, Jr. 1986.
Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Waters: Issues for
Consideration from a Regulatory Point of View. In: TKKF! Oceans '86
Conference Proceedings, pp. 980-992. (ERL,GB 581).
Coastal marine ecosystems are characterized by a high degree of
natural variability. The weak resolving power of marine science to
differentiate between effects ascribable to natural factors versus
human intervention often leads to unrealistic expectations of "goods
and services" that these ecosystems can provide. This high uncertainty
often contributes to faulty communication among scientists, resource
managers and the public. We believe that this problem is further
enhanced by misunderstandings of the need to integrate monitoring and
research. We explain why monitoring is a retrospective activity and
the principal way it can become a prospective activity is through
hypothesis framing, testing, and modeling. We describe the logic that
underpins a program designed to characterize the limits of
applicability of extrapolation from laboratory data to the field. This
interactive, iterative process couples concepts of monitoring and
research so that the research question and method are linked to
spatial and temporal scales of ecological variability. Without such
considerations, important ecological relationships remain unspecified,
thus precluding meaningful approaches to management of such complex
but valuable ecosystems.
Foss, Steven S., Lee A. Courtney, and John A. Couch. 1986. Evaluation of a
Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) Under Development as an MPCA for
Nontarget Risk. EPA/600/X-86/229, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 12p.
This report deals with the development of methods for nontarget
testing of fungal microbial pest control agents (MPCAs). The
investigations of Lagenidium giganteum, a natural pathogen of mosquito
larvae, a potential registrant as an MPCA, and our selected prototype
fungal agent, are presented and discussed. Methods for testing various
life stages of shrimp (e.g., Palaemonetes pugio) and embryonic fish
(e.g., Menidia beryllina) are outlined and evaluated. Also, salinity
tolerance testing of the freshwater fungus is summarized. The methods
presented provide relatively simple procedures for single species
testing of aquatic fungi and incorporate a positive control assay to
confirm the infectivity of the MPCA at the time of testing. Results to
date indicate the systems to be viable, inexpensive, and reliable.
Preliminary data suggest that the selected nontarget species are not
affected by L. giganteum. Future studies and refinements of the L.
giganteum systems are under consideration. Additionally, a
multispecies test system including plant and aniinal nontarget species
is under development. Future testing will include at least one
additional MPCA, a registered postemergent herbicide, Colletotrichum
gloeosporioides.
PAGE 19
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Fredrickson, H., and J. Refermat. In review. Microbial 14002 Release and
Lipid Biosynthesis from Acetate, Lactate and Glucose in a Spartina
Rhizosphere and a Nonvegetated Tidal Flat. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 25p.
(ERL,GB 537*).
The microbial biomass, community structure and coraraunity metabolism of
sediment cores collected from the rhizosphere of Spartina alterniflora
were compared to those of an adjacent nonvegetated tidal flat. Lipid
cores injected with 14C-acetate, -lactate, -glucose or -p-cresol were
characterized by column and thin layer chromatography, and capillary
gas-liquid chromatography/mass fragmentography. The rhizosphere
contained three times more lipid (neutral lipid, glycolipid and
phospholipid) than the tidal flat sediment. The rhizosphere contained
more b!5:0 and less oleic acid than did the tidal flat sediment
indicating a predominately anaerobic bacterial rhizosphere cxammunity.
[35S]-sulfate reduction rates were at least three times faster in the
rhizosphere. Acetate, glucose and p-cresol were mineralized faster in
rhizosphere cores. lactate was mineralized four times faster and 14C
from lactate was incorporated preferentially into glycolipids and
specific neutral lipids in the tidal flat cores. This study shows
microbial biomass, community structure and community metabolism were
heterogeneous within sediments less than 15 m apart and benthic
microbial communities showed substrate preferences for lipid
biosynthesis. The catabolic rate of a particular compound in a
sediinent is not necessarily directly related to: (1) biomass, (2) the
rate of catabolism of the compound in a different sediment or (3) the
rate of catabolism of a different compound in the same sediment.
Gaetz, Charles T., and Collard B. Sneed. In review. laboratory Culture and
Observations on the Reproductive Biology of the Marine Pelagic Isopod, Idotea
metallica (Crustacea; Isopoda). Mar. Biol. (ERL,GB 153*).
Laboratory culture of the marine pelagic isopod, Idotea metallica, is
described. I. metallica was reared through multiple generations and
observations were made on its reproductive biology. These data are
compared with those obtained by others for this and related species.
Female I. metallica are capable of producing sequential broods in the
laboratory without passing through intervening non-reproductive
intermolt periods. Mean brood size is 33 and the mean period between
egg fertilization and juvenile release is 16 to 17 days. Juveniles
emerge from the marsupium 1.5 to 2.0 mm in length and begin feeding
immediately. Sexual dimorphism is evident in 25 to 30 days at which
time isopods are 6.0 To 7.5 mm in length. Sexual maturity is attained
when isopods reach 10 to 12 mm, resulting in a generation time of 80
to 85 days.
PAGE 20
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Gaetz, Charles T., Richard Montgomery, and Thomas W. Duke. 1986. Toxicity
of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 5(9):813-821. (ERL,GB X392) .
Static, acute toxicity tests were conducted with mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia) and 11 used drilling fluids (also called drilling muds)
obtained from active drilling platforms in the Gulf of Mexico in U.S.
waters. Each whole mud was tested, along with three phases of each
mud: a liquid phase with particulate materials removed, a suspended
particulate phase composed of soluble and lighter particulate
fractions and a solid phase composed mainly of drill cuttings and
rapidly settling particulates. These muds represented seven of the
eight generic mud types described by the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency for use on the U.S. Outer Continental Shelf. Based on
volume:volume preparations of the drilling muds in seawater, the
lowest 96-hour LC50s obtained were 26 ul/1 for whole mud, 11,400 ul/L
for the liquid phase, 726 ul/L for the suspended particulate phase and
1,456 ug/1 for the solid phase. The toxicity of the 11 muds tested was
apparently increased by the presence of aliphatic components.
Genthner, Fred J., Pramita Chatterjee, Tamar Barkay, and Al W. Bourquin. In
review. Genetic Stability of Plasmid ENA in Aquatic Bacteria. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 20p. (ERL,GB 595*).
Sixty-nine randomly selected, gram negative, freshwater bacterial
isolates were screened for their ability to receive and express
plasmids from Pseudomonas aeruginosa donors, using a plate mating
technique. The plate mating technique identified 26 of the isolates as
recipient-active for the self-transmissible, wide host-range plasmid
R68, 14% were recipient-active, by RP4 mobilization, for the wide
host-range plasmid cloning vector R1162. Frequencies of transfer were
compared by using 3 conjugal transfer procedures: broth mating, plate
mating, and filter mating. With every recipient tested a solid
environment was superior to liquid for transfer. The broth mating
technique failed to demonstrate R68 transfer in 63% of the
recipient-active isolates. Filter mating, in general, yielded the
highest transfer frequencies. The more rapid plate mating procedure,
however, was just as sensitive for testing the capacity of natural
isolates to participate in conjugal plasmid transfer.
Goodman, Larry R., Geraldine M. Gripe, Paul H. Moody, and Darrel G. Halsell.
In review. Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, and Tributyltin
Chloride to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages. Arch.
Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 17p. (ERL,GB 598*).
Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of three ages (less than or equal to 1-, 5-,
and 10-d-old at test initiation) were confined within the same aquaria
and exposed to measured concentrations of malathion,
tetrabromobisphenol-A, and tributyltin chloride in separate 96-hr
acute toxicity tests. Sensitivities of the three age groups were very
similar. Ninety-six hour LC50 values ranged from 2.6 to 3.1 ug/L for
malathion and from l.l to 2.2 ug/L for tributyltin chloride. The 96-hr
LC50 for less than or equal to 1-d-old mysids exposed to
tetrabromobisphenol-A was 86Q ug/L, and approximately 50% of the 5-and
10-d-old mysids died at 1150 ug/L.
PAGE 21
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Goodman, Larry R., and Geraldine M. Gripe. 1987. Cage for Use with Small
Aquatic Animals in Field Studies. J. Am. Mbsq. Control Assoc. 3(1): 109-110.
(ERL,GB 579) .
A cage was developed and used with small sheepshead minnows
(Cyprinodon variegatus) and mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) in estuarine
field studies. The cages float on their sides and can be deployed at
the water's surface or submerged at various depths. Construction
materials are noncorrosive, relatively inert, and will withstand
cleaning with acetone and a mild bleach solution.
Grimes, D.J., C.C. Somerville, W. Straube, D.B. Roszak, B.A. Ortiz-Conde,
M.T. MacDonell, and R.R. Colwell. In review. Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean
Environment. Presented at the 10th Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and
Hazard Assessment, ASTM, New Orleans, LA, May 4-6, 1986. 15p. (ERL,GB
X523*).
Evidence of plasmid selection and genetic exchange in natural aquatic
environments, including the ocean, includes: (I) high incidence of
plasmid containing strains in polluted areas, (II) presence of free
ENA in natural environments, (III) co-existence of identical plasmids
in different co-habiting strains, and (IV) data from in situ plasmid
transfer experiments. Current research in our laboratory regarding
plasmid mobility in the ocean centers around viable but non-culturable
bacteria, cloning of ecologically significant genes, genetic exchange
between deep sea bacteria under pressure at low temperature, and
development of a 16S ribosomal ENA probe for tracking genetically
engineered microorganisms that are released to natural environments.
Grizzle, John M. 1986. Lesions in Fishes Captured near Drilling Platforms
in the Gulf of Mexico. Mar. Environ. Res. 18(4):267-276. (ERL,GB X514*).
Fish were collected near two actively drilling, petroleum-well
platforms and from control areas near the Flower Garden Banks, a
natural reef area in the northwestern Gulf of Mexico. Hepatomegaly
(enlargement of the liver) occurred in gray triggerfish Balistes
capriscus, creole-fish Paranthias furcifer, wenchman Pristipomoides
aquilonaris and southern hake Urophycis floridana collected near
platforms. Compared with control fish, creole-fish and vermillion
snapper Rhomboplites aurorubens collected near platforms had more
frequent gill lesions. Southern hake from platform stations had an
increased prevalence of hepatic fatty change. Pathogens were not
observed in association with the lesions that were more common in fish
collected near platforms. The toxicants causing these lesions cannot
be determined from this study because the lesions could have been
caused by a wide variety of chemicals.
PAGE 22
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Hansen, David J., Larry R. Goodman, Geraldine M. Gripe, and Stephanie F.
Macauley. 1986. Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish
(Opsanus beta) and Results Using Chlorpyrifos. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf.
11:15-22. (ERL,GB 549).
Gulf toadfish (Opsanus beta) were continuously exposed as embryos, sac
fry and juveniles to technical chlorpyrifos in two 49-day early
life-stage toxicity tests. Survival was significantly (a = 0.05)
reduced only in 150 ug/liter. However, toadfish exposed to
chlorpyrifos concentrations from 3.7 to 150 ug/liter weighed
significantly less than control fish: 9% lower in 3.7 ug/liter to
62% lower in 150 ug/liter. The 96-hr LC50 for juvenile fish was 520
ug/liter. Concentrations of chlorpyrifos in toadfish and
bioconcentration factors increased with increasing exposure
concentration, a condition not generally observed with other marine
fishes and other test chemicals. These results demonstrated the
procedures for, and the practicality of, early life-stage tests with
this marine species. We recommend the use of the gulf toadfish for
comparative toxicity testing and for evaluating the toxicity of
substances in conjunction with ontogenetical, physiological and
histological investigations of this considerably studied genus. We do
not recommend it for routine effects testing.
Hinton, David E., John A. Couch, Swee J. Teh, and Lee A. Courtney. In review.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia. Aguat. Toxicol. 23p.
(ERL,GB X539*).
Cytological changes during progression of hepatic neoplasia in fishes
were reviewed with emphasis on recent findings in Cyprinodon
variegatus and Oryzias latipes. Hepatocytes are particularly sensitive
to toxic changes during early phases of response to carcinogens
reflecting both lethal and sublethal alterations. Enzyme histochemical
studies reveal marked deficiency of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase,
glucose-6-phosphatase and adenosine triphosphatase. Surviving
hepatocytes are either enlarged, encircled by cells with small nuclear
to cytoplasmic rations, and have altered nuclear morphology suggestive
of an inability to divide, or, are smaller, apparently rapidly
dividing, and have basophilic cytoplasm. In both species, development
of spongiosis hepatis occurred following cytotoxic phases. This lesion
apparently provides abundant space for cellular remodeling during
neoplastic progression leading to eventual multinodular change. Foci
of altered hepatocytes included basophilic, eosinophilic (both
species) and clear cells (Cyprinodon variegatus only). Enzyme
alterations preceded other morphologic alterations and were seen in
cells of foci and tumors suggesting lineage of phenotypic alteration.
Cytologic changes within other resident cell populations during
neoplastic progression were reviewed.
PAGE 23
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Kelly, John R., Thomas W. Duke, Mark A. Harwell, and Christine C. Harwell.
In review. Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid
Discharges on Seagrasses. Environ. Manage. 52p. (ERL,GB X528*).
Potential effects of oil drilling fluid discharges upon Thalassia
seagrass ecosystems were examined to provide general insights and to
raise specific ecotoxicological issues concerning ecological effects
of anthropogenic actions. Microcosm experiments demonstrated effects
upon both autotrophic and heterotrophic species, and the processes of
primary productivity and decomposition. Significant ecological changes
may result from disturbance effects related to the physical presence
of higher particle loads, in addition to effects from toxic
constituents of drilling fluids. We argue that estimating effects upon
both ecosystem processes and biotic composition, and developing
broader ecological understanding of the particular ecosystem of
concern, are required for environmental assessments seeking to provide
a scientific basis for judging the acceptability of environmental
changes likely to ensue from human activities.
Klein, Theodore M., and Martin Alexander. 1986. Bacterial Inhibitors in
Lake Water. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52(1):114-118. (ERL,GB X516).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-152617.
The populations of six bacterial genera fell rapidly after their
addition to sterile lake water but not after their addition to buffer.
The decline in numbers of two species that were studied further,
KLebsiella pneumoniae and Micrococcus flavus, occurred even when the
buffer was added to sterile lake water. The inhibition of K.
pneumoniae by substances in lake water varied with the season of the
year, and the rate and extent of decline of both species were
different in sterile samples of different lakes. The extent of
reduction in the density of K. pneumoniae was independent of initial
population size and was diminished by the addition of 10 ug of glucose
per ml of lake water. The toxin was removed from lake water by
dialysis and by a cation-exchange resin but not by an anion-exchange
resin, and it was destroyed by heating. The inhibition of K.
pneumoniae was not evident in lake water buffered at a pH value above
8.0. We suggest that toxins may be important in determining the
composition of the bacterial community of lakes.
Kokjohn, Tyler A., and Robert V. Miller. In review. Characterization of recA
Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec-102 is a Mutant Allele of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAD recA Gene. J. Bacteriol. 32p. (ERL,GB X535*).
Several recombination deficient mutations have been isolated in
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO. None has been shown to be in a recA-like
function. A fragment of the P. aeruginosa PAO chromosome which
complements Escherichia coli recA mutations was used to probe
chromosomal digests of isogenic Reef and Rec- strains of P.
aeruginosa. When strains containing the rec-102 allele (R. Fruh, J.M.
Watson, and D. Haas. Mol. Gen. Genet. 191:334-337, 1983) were compared
to rec-102+ strains, a restriction endonuclease polymorphism was
observed in DNA showing homology to the recA-complement:Lng plasmid.
PAGE 24
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Kbkjohn, Tyler A., and Robert V. Miller. In review. Qiaracterization of the
Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Analogue and Identification of Its Protein
Product. J. Bacteriol. 36p. (ERL,GB X534*).
We have cloned a 2.3 kilobase pair fragment of the Pseudomonas
aeruginosa PAO chromosome which is capable of complementing recA
mutations of Escherichia coli. The recA-complementing activity was
further localized to a 1.5 kilobase pair PvuII-Hindlll fragment. The
direction of transcription was determined. Southern analysis under
conditions of high stringency indicated that DNA sequence homology is
shared by the E. coli recA gene and the P. aeruginosa recA analogue.
The cloned recA analogue was shown to restore resistance to methyl
methane-sulfonate, nitrofurantoin and ultraviolet irradiation to E.
coli recA mutants.
Lores, Emile M., James C. Moore, and Paul Moody. 1987. Improved Silica Gel
Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides. Chemosphere.
16(5):1065-1069. (ERL,GB 571).
Quantitative recovery of some organophosphorous pesticide residues has
not been possible with existing silica gel-cleanup procedures. We have
developed a modification that permits quantitative recovery of all
organophosphorous pesticides tested, except those with a carbamate
functional group. The method uses a 3.5 g silica gel column with a 1%
acetic acid wash to condition the column prior to the addition of the
sample. Percentage recovery and standard deviation of compounds such
as phorate and disulfoton are 96 (5.6) and 98 (1.0), respectively.
Recoveries range from 92 to 101% for the 11 compounds tested.
MacDonell, M.T., S.C. Morris, B.A. Ortiz-Conde, C.J. Pillidge, and R.R.
Colwell. In press. Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid
Chromatography in the Purification of 5S rRNAs Suitable for Sequence
Analysis. J. Chromatogr. 6p. (ERL,GB X520*).
A simple, dependable size-exclusion or ion-exchange method for the
liquid dhromatographic separation of tRNAs and 5S rRNA is not
available. Indeed, the method of choice for purification of small RNA
species consists of electrophoretic separation on denaturing
polyacrylamide gels. Methods for purifying small oligoribonucleotides
using either conventionally or thiol-soluble3 polyacrylamide gels are
well developed. In this paper we describe a rapid and reliable HPLC
method for purifying of 5S rRNA from biological samples with
sufficient homogeneity of the preparations for sequence analysis.
MacDonell, M.T., B.A. Ortiz-Conde, G.A. Last, and R.R. Colwell. In review.
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAs and
Significance for Sequence Analysis. J. Microbiol. Methods. (ERL,GB X519*).
Alignments of 72 5S rRNAs from Gram negative Eubacteria were used to
derive a position-wise frequency distribution of mutations along the
5S rRNA molecule. These empirically derived, position-wise frequencies
were used as coefficients for preparation of difference matrices and
construction of evolutionary trees. Significance of the observed
distribution of mutations in the 5S rRNAs, prepared for the Gram
negettive eubacteria, as well as its relationship to secondary
structure are discussed.
PAGE 25
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Mayer, Foster L., Jr. 1986. Acute Toxicity Handbook of Chemicals to
Estuarine Organisms. EPA/600/8-87/017, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 274p.
All acute toxicity data developed by the Gulf Breeze Environmental
Research Laboratory, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, since 1961
were evaluated for quality. A data base was established for 1,175
tests with 197 chemicals and 52 species of estuarine organisms. The
chemicals represent all major groups of pesticides, as well as
numerous industrial and inorganic chemicals. The compilation of data
presented here is unique in that the research was conducted within one
laboratory system by methods that, for the most part, were based on or
were the consensus methods in use today. It should serve as a useful
data base for the many agencies and organizations concerned with the
impact of chemicals on estuarine and marine environments.
Mayer, Foster L., Jr., Kathleen S. Mayer, and Mark R. Ellersieck. 1986.
Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in Chronic Toxicity Tests with Fish.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 5(8):737-748. (ERL,GB 577).
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB-87-171138.
Hazard assessment of chemicals in aquatic organisms often include
chronic toxicity testing. The evaluation of exposure duration and of
the life stages tested according to standard test methods has led to
the development of shorter chronic toxicity tests. A similar
evaluation of biological endpoints (i.e., survival, growth and
reproduction) could result in tests that are more economical. We
analyzed endpoints for 28 chemicals and seven fish species in 34
chronic toxicity studies. When all endpoints were compared, survival
was equal to or more sensitive than all other endpoints 56 to 69% of
the time. Individual endpoints were more sensitive than survival 19 to
61% of the time, except for reproduction, which was; always more
sensitive (although there were few observations). The no observed
effect concentration (NOEC) for growth could be predicted from the
NOEC for survival by using interendpoint correlations (r = 0.949 to
0.974). Ratios of NOECs for survival to those for all other endpoints
examined were 5 or less in 93 to 96% of the comparisons (specific
endpoint comparisons ranged from 80 to 100%). The determination of the
survival endpoint requires less time and money than does the
determination of most other endpoints, and it appears adequate for
hazard assessments in the initial stage of estimating chronic
toxicity. However, a factor of at least 0.2 should be aipplied to the
estimated no-effect concentrations for survival to include other
potentially biologically significant effects at least 95% of the time.
The factor of 0.2 is based on frequency analyses that resulted in the
NOECs for survival being 5 times or less than the NOECs for most other
endpoints about 95% of the time. Univariate analyses, however,
indicated a range of 0.13 to 0.22 for the factor. A thorough
evaluation of other published studies that contain endpoints other
than survival should be conducted to define the appropriate factor
more accurately.
PAGE 26
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McKenney, Charles L., Jr. 1986. Critical Responses of Populations of
Crustacea to Toxicants. EPA/600/M-86/004, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency/ Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Fl. 8p.
The objective of the research summarized herein was to provide
information necessary to determine appropriate responses for assessing
the long-term effects of various classes of pesticides on estuarine
crustacean populations. Dose-response relationships of pesticide
toxicity and individual physiological functions were examined and
compared for various life stages of estuarine mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), and mud crabs (Eurypanopeus
depressus). Correlations between physiological dysfunction of discrete
life stages and alterations in the ecological fitness of the
population should aid in the selection of sensitive, rapid, and
inexpensive monitoring tools for predicting chronic effects of
pesticides on pesticide-sensitive estuarine populations.
McKenney, Charles L., Jr. 1986. Influence of the Organophosphate
Insecticide Fenthion on Mysidopsis bahia Exposed During a Complete Life
Cycle: I. Survival, Reproduction, and Age-Specific Growth. Dis. Aquat. Org.
1(2):131-139. (ERL,GB552).
Avail, from NTTS, Springfield, VA: PB87-171104.
Survival, growth, and various measures of reproductive performance
were examined for an estuarine mysid, Mysidopsis bahia, throughout its
life cycle during exposure to the organophosphate insecticide,
fenthion (0,0-dimethyl 0-[3-methyl-4-(methylthio) phenyl]
phosphorothioate). Concentrations of fenthion responsible for
lethality (300 ng reciprocal of 1) did not vary significantly between
that observed after 4 d exposure of newly released juvenile mysids and
that produced with continuous exposure through maturation and
production of young. Exposure of maturing juveniles to 166 ng fenthion
reciprocal of 1 postponed the onset of reproduction by 4 d. Both
individual fecundity of females and total population production of
young were reduced by fenthion concentrations of 79 ng reciprocal of 1
and higher. Suppression of mysid growth rates was evident after only 4
d exposure of juvenile mysids to sublethal fenthion concentrations of
166 ng reciprocal of 1; a lower concentrations (79 ng reciprocal of 1)
retarded growth rates of the more rapidly growing advanced juveniles
after approximately 2 wk exposure. Reduced survival capacity, retarded
growth rates, and diminished reproductive success of mysid populations
with chronic, low-level exposure to fenthion would result in lowered
production rates of an important prey population for commercially
important fish that utilize the estuary as a nursery.
PAGE 27
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McKenney, Charles L., Jr. 1986. Methods for Determining the Influence of
Biochemical Biological Control Agents on Metamorphosis of Marine Crustacea.
EPA/600/X-86/234, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 18p.
A historical and rational basis for the use of biochemical biological
control agents (EGAs) as insect growth regulators in the control of
insect pests is presented. The various major types of EGAs used in
this capacity are identified and their unique modes of action are
described. Procedures required for testing the influence of the most
extensively used BCA to date, a juvenile hormone analog, on the
complete larval development and metamorphosis of a marine crustacean
are presented in detail. Results utilizing these procedures with the
registered juvenile hormone analog, methoprene, are presented. These
results are discussed in conjunction with previous studies with this
compound and their implications regarding appropriate testing
procedures for other biochemical BCAs.
McKenney, Charles L., Jr. In press. Optimization of Environmental Factors
During the Life Cycle of Mysidopsis bahia. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 14p. (ERL,GB
X541*).
When considering both survival capacity of Mysidopsis bahia through a
complete life cycle and tiipe required for juvenile mysids to become
reproductively mature, salinity- temperature conditions of 20 o/oo S
and 25 degrees Celsius appear optimal for this estuarine crustacean.
Optimization of growth and reproduction in this species requires a
feeding density of 2-3 Artemia nauplii per ml of seawater. For M.
bahia this food density results in maximum growth, shortest duration
prior to initiation of reproduction, and maximum young production.
Middaugh, Douglas P., Michael J. Hemmer, and Daniel E. Penttila. In review.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae). Pac. Sci. 22p. (ERL,GB 557*).
A study of the ecology of developing embryos of the Pacific surf
smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus, was conducted. Embryos were maintained in
the laboratory at 7.6, 12.1 and 17.6 degrees C and the time to
specific embryonic stages determined. Embryos held at 7.6 degrees C
developed to stage 24, 18 days after collection; those held at 12.1
degrees C hatched after 13 days; at 17.6 degrees C hatching occurred
8.5 days after collection. Embryos maintained at 15 degrees C and
salinities of 20, 25 and 30 salinity averaged 84% survival. There was
no significant difference in survival between the groups (ANOVA, p =
0.53). Field observations indicated that embryos are spawned in
patches in the upper intertidal zone near the time of high tide. 'They
are attached to gravel substrates by the zona radiata membrane which
ruptures and quickly turns inside out at the time embryos are
fertilized. After several days of development, stage 18 to 22 embryos
detach from the original spawning substrates and are washed seaward
and down into the gravel substrate in the intertidal zone. However,
there was no significant difference (ANOVA, p is greater than or equal
to 0.09) in the number of eggs found at each of 4 depth strata in the
upper, middle and lower intertidal zones.
PAGE 28
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Middaugh, D.P., and M.J. Hammer. In press. Influence of Environmental
Temperature on Sex-ratios in the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae.
Copeia. (ERL,GB 568*).
The sex-ratios of Menidia peninsulae from Santa Rosa Island, Florida
were studied during a 13 month survey. Weekly samples revealed
significant deviations from the expected sex-ratio of 1:1. IXuring
May-October, young-of-the-year (YOY) females comprised 70 to 94% of
the individuals collected in the 32.5 to 62.4 mm SL size class. These
females are the presumptive progeny of reproduction during cold to
cool fluctuating temperatures, 15.5 to 22.5 degrees C, during
February-April. In contrast, collections of YOY Menidia during
November-April yielded 34 to 60% females. These individuals are the
presumptive progeny of reproductive activity and sexual
differentiation in May-August at warm fluctuating temperatures of 25.0
to 29.0 degrees C. The pattern in sex-ratios of older Menidia 62.5 -
102.4 mm SL paralleled that of YOY individuals. The annual (13 month)
sex-ratio for collections of YOY and older Menidia was identical at
68% females.
Middaugh, Douglas P., Michael J. Hemmer, and Yara Lamadrid-Rose. 1986.
Laboratory Spawning Cues in Menidia beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces,
Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of larvae at Different
Salinities. Environ. Biol. Fishes. 15(2):107-117. (ERL, GB 508).
Avail, from NTTS, Springfield, VA: PB86-208543.
Spawning patterns of inland silversides, Menidia beryllina, and
tidewater silversides, Menidia peninsulae, were examined in the
laboratory under several combinations of 'tidal1 and diel light cycle
cues. M. beryllina showed a high frequency of spawning throughout the
day when held under constant conditions (24L: OD, current velocity 8
cm sec-1) and when 'tidal' and diel light cycles were presented singly
or in combination. In contrast, M. peninsulae demonstrated a high
frequency of spawning only when presented a combination of 'tidal1 and
diel light cycle cues and spawned predominantly at night. Menidia
beryllina embryos were euryhaline. Hatching ranged from 73 to 78% at
salinities of 5, 15 and 30 0/00. M. peninsulae embroyos showed an
inverse relationship between the percentage hatch and the incubation
salinity, 90% at 5 0/00 and only 65% at 30 0/00. Survival and growth
of larval M. beryllina from the day of hatching through 16 days old
was optimal at 15 0/00. Although survival of M. peninsulae larvae was
optimal at 30 0/00, no trend was apparent in growth of larvae held for
16 days at 5, 15, or 30 0/00 salinity.
Middaugh, Douglas P., Michael J. Hemmer, and Larry R. Goodman. 1987.
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life
Stages of Atherinid Fishes. EPA/600/8-87/004*, U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 56p.
Avail, from NTTS, Springfield, VA: PB87-174934.
Procedures are presented for spawning, culturing and conducting acute
and chronic toxicity tests with four atherinid fishes: the inland
silverside, Menidia beryllina, Atlantic silverside, M. menidia,
tidewater silverside, M. peninsulae, and California grunion,
Leuresthes tenuis. Guidelines also are provided for growing of food
organisns (Chlorella sp., Brachionus plicatilis, and Artemia sp.) that
are required for successful culture and testing of the atherinid
fishes.
PAGE 29
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Middaugh, Douglas P., and Michael J. Hammer. In press. Reproductive Ecology
of the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae (Pisces: Atherinidae) from
Santa Rosa Island, Florida. Copeia. 26p. (ERL,GB 561*).
The reproductive ecology of the tidewater silverside, Menidia
peninsulae, was studied during February 1982 through February 1983
along the shoreline of Santa Rosa Island, Florida. Adult Menidia were
observed at low tide spawning on a red alga, Ceramium byssoideum,
which was growing in the cracks and crevices of a rocky substrate just
below the low tide line. Pinfish, Lagodon rhoitiboides, were noted
preying upon newly spawned Menidia eggs; gut analyses revealed a mean
number of 191 eggs in five of the predators. The annual reproductive
cycle of Menidia extends from February through July or August with the
highest spawning activity during March through June at water
temperatures of 16.7 to 30.8 degrees C. A single female with ripe ova
was collected in November. On eight occasions, minima in female
gonadal indices occurred in association with recurring 3- to 4-day
periods of tropic tides, suggesting a tidally mediated spawning cycle
attuned to periods of very low tidal amplitude and thus low tidal
current velocities. Analysis of young-of-the-year Menidia (6-28 mm SL)
revealed several distinct length classes indicating that spawning and
subsequent hatching of larvae occurred in periodic pulses throughout
the spring and early summer.
Morton, R. Dana, T.W. Duke, J.M Macauley, J.R. Clark, W.A. Price, S.J.
Hendricks, S.L. Owsley-Montgomery, and G.R. Plaia. 1986. Impact of Drilling
Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Community Approach. In: Community
Toxicity Testing, ASTM STP 920. John Cairns, Jr., editor, American Society
for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 199-212. (ERL,GB 546).
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB87-166807.
Effects of a used drilling fluid on an experimental seagrass cxjrromanity
(Thalassia testudinum Kbnig et Sims) were measured by exposing the
community to the suspended particulate phase (SPP) in laboratory
microcosms. Structure of the macroinvertebrate assemblage, growth and
chlorophyll content of grass and associated epiphytes, and rates of
decomposition as indicated by weight loss of grass leaves in treated
and untreated microcosms were compared. Health of the plants and
structure of the macroinvertebrate assemblage maintained in the
laboratory were compared periodically with the seagrass community from
which the plants and attendant sediment were taken. Treated microcosms
were exposed to either 190 parts per million (ppm), volume to volume,
of SPP or an equivalent amount of montmorillonite clay. Untreated
microcosms received only flowing water from Santa Rosa Sound. Sixteen
replicates were provided for each treated and untreated set. There
were statistically significant differences in community structure and
function among untreated microcosms and those receiving the clay and
drilling fluid. For example, drilling fluid and clay caused a
significant decrease in the numbers of the ten most numerically
abundant (dominant) macroinvertebrates, and drilling fluid decreased
the rate at which Thalassia leaves decomposed.
PAGE 30
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Nelson, M.J., P.H. Pritchard, and A.W. Bourquin. 1986. Aerobic
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene. U.S. Department of the Air Force,
Engineering and Science Center, Tyndall Air Force Base, FL. 36p. (ERL,GB
600*).
Samples, suspected of having a capability to biologically transform
trichloroethylene (TCE), were provided by Tyndall Air Force Base for
verification and characterization of activity. Biological
transformation of TCE was not observed in these samples. Other soil
and water samples, obtained from the Pensacola area, were therefore
screened for TCE degradation activity. One sample was found to have
this ability and a gram-negative bacillus, which appeared to be
responsible for the metabolic activity was isolated. The isolated
organism degrades TCE (up to 3.4 uM) to less than 0.02 uM within 24
hours. TCE degradation occured only when water from the original site
of isolation and 02 were in the medium. The isolate converted TCE into
002 and unidentified nonvolatile products. Phenol, toluene 0- and
m-cresol were found to replace the site water requirement for TCE
metabolism.
Nelson, Michael J.K., S.O. Montgomery, E.J. O'Neill, and P.H. Pritchard.
1986. Aerobic Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 52(2):383-384. (ERL,GB 572) .
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB87-152609.
A number of soil and water samples were screened for the biological
capacity to metabolize trichloroethylene. One water sample was found
to contain this capacity, and a gram-negative, rod-shaped bacterium
which appeared to be responsible for the metabolic activity was
isolated from this sample. The isolate degraded trichloroethylene to
C02 and unidentified, nonvolatile products. Oxygen and water from the
original site of isolation were required for degradation.
Nelson, Michael J.K., Stacy 0. Montgomery, William R. Mahaffey, and P.H.
Pritchard. 1987. Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of
an Aromatic Biodegradative Pathway. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
53(5):949-954. (ERL,GB 593*).
Biodegradation of trichloroethylene (TCE) by the bacterial isolate
strain G4 resulted in complete dechlorination of the compound as
indicated by the production of inorganic chloride. A component of the
water from which strain G4 was isolated that was required for TCE
degradation was identified as phenol. Strain G4 degraded TCE in the
presence of chloramphenicol only when preinduced with phenol. Toluene,
o-cresol and m-cresol could replace the phenol requirement. Two of the
inducers of TCE metabolism, phenol and toluene, apparently induced the
same aromatic degradative pathway that cleaved the aromatic ring by
meta-fission. Cells induced with either phenol or toluene had similar
oxidation rates for several aromatic compounds and had similar levels
of catechol-2,3-dioxygenase. The results indicate one or more enzymes
of an inducible pathway for aromatic degradation in strain G4 are
responsible for the degradation of TCE.
PAGE 31
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Novidc, Norman J., Reba Mukherjee, and Martin Alexander. 1986. Metabolism
of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and in Samples
from Ground Water Aquifers. J. Agric. Food Chem. 34(4):721-725. (ERL,GB
X530*).
Suspensions of soils treated in the field with alachlor
[2-chloro-2', 6' -diethyl-N- (methoxymethyl) acetanilide] and propachlor
(2-chlor-N-isopropylacetanilide) were tested for their ability to
metabolize these herbicides. Less than 8% of 14C ring-labeled alachlor
was mineralized in 30 days at concentrations of 10 and 0.073 ug/mL.
The soil suspensions mineralized 16-61% and 0.6-63% of ring-labeled
propachlor in 30 days at concentrations of 0.025 and 10 ug/mL of
suspension, respectively. Although soils converted alachlor to organic
products, microorganisms able to mineralize the pesticide could not be
isolated. Samples from ground water aquifers mineralized less than 1%
of the herbicides at the lower concentrations, but four organic
products were formed from alachlor. A mixture of two bacteria
mineralized 57.6% of ring-labeled propachlor in 52.5 h. A product of
the microbial metabolism of propachlor was identified as
N-isopropylaniline. These findings suggest that mineralization is a
major means for the destruction of propachlor but not for alachlor in
soil.
O'Brien, Mark, and Rita R. Colwell. In review. Rapid Indirect Test for
Chitinase Activity Using 4-Methyluii±5elliferyl-N-Acetyl-B-I>K31ucxjsaminide.
Appl. Environ. Microbiol. lip. (ERL,GB X522*).
One hundred and one strains of bacteria from environmental and
clinical sources, most of which were Gram negative, were tested for
N-ac»tyl-B-I>^luc»saminidase activity using a filter paper spot test
with 4-methylinnbelliferyl-N-a<^tyl-B-I>^lu
-------
Ogram, Andrew, Gary S. Sayler, Denise Gustin, and Russell L. Lewis. In review.
DNA Sorption to Soils and Sediments. Environ. Sci. & Technol. 14p. (ERL,GB
X540*).
Deoxyribonucleic acid (ENA) adsorption of five soils, an acid-washed
sand, and a lake sediment was investigated. All ENA at environmentally
relevant concentrations was adsorbed by soils containing a significant
amount of montmorillonite at low to neutral pH values. Studies on the
effects of ENA molecular size on adsorption to sand and a sandy soil
were described by the Freundlich isotherm model (r2 >0.85), and
revealed that the higher the molecular weight, the more the
adsorption. The effects of ionic strength (as sodium phosphate buffer)
on adsorption showed that adsorption decreases as [P04=] increases.
Organic carbon was found to play a relatively minor role in the
adsorption of ENA to these soils. A scheme for the extraction of ENA
from soils was also developed.
Parrish, P.R., K.L. Dickson, J.L. Hamelink, R.A. Kimerle, D.J. Macek, F.L.
Mayer, Jr., and D.I. Mount. In press. Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in
Review and a Look at the Future. Presented at the Tenth Annual ASTM
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment, May 4-6, 1986, New
Orleans, IA. 30p. (ERL,GB X393*).
This Symposium marks the tenth time that we have gathered as a group
of professional scientists who share common goals and ideas concerning
the protection of our Nation's aquatic resources. This 10th Symposium
seems like a fitting time to reflect on our origins, our successes,
and cur plans for the future. To that end, several people who have
been instrumental in shaping the science of aquatic toxicology and
hazard (risk) assessment were invited to present their views on the
growth of this science and their ideas about its future. This paper
is, then, a collection of those view points which are set down in
writing so that others may benefit from the experience of the authors
and so that newcomers to this field may benefit by knowing about the
roots of aquatic toxicology and hazard assessment. The fact that the
science has persisted and grown over the past ten years is a tribute
to all those who have contributed their time, energy, and intellect.
PAGE 33
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Parrish, Patrick R., and Thomas W. Duke. In press. Effects of Drilling
Fluids on Marine Organisms. In: Proceedings: 5th International Ocean
Disposal Symposium. Robert Krieger Publishing Co., Melbourne, FL. 43p.
(ERL,GB 507*).
Drilling fluids, also called drilling muds, are essential to drilling
processes in the exploration and production of oil and gas from the
U.S. Outer Continental Shelf (CCS). These fluids are usually
discharged from drilling platforms into surrounding waters of the CCS
and are regulated by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA).
In a program carried out by the EPA Environmental Research laboratory
at Gulf Breeze, Florida, diverse marine species, as well as
microbiotic and macrobiotic communities, were studied. Drilling fluids
were toxic to marine organisms in certain concentrations and exposure
regimes. Furthermore, the fluids adversely affected benthos physically
by burying them or by altering substrates. Toxicity of drilling fluid
components, used drilling fluids from active Gulf of Mexico sites, and
laboratory-prepared drilling fluids varied considerably. For example,
96-h LCSOs were from 25 ul/1-1 to greater than 1,500 ul/1-1 for clams,
larval lobsters, mysids, and grass shrimp. In most instances,
mortality was significantly (a = 0.05) correlated with "diesel" oil
content of the fluids collected from the Gulf of Mexico. Data and
model simulations suggest rapid dilution of drilling fliaids released
into CCS waters, resulting in concentrations below the acute effect
concentration for water column organisms tested. Accumulation of
fluids and cuttings on the bottom within a few hundred meters of the
discharge could adversely affect benthic organisms. There is concern
that the potential hazard of drilling fluids may be underestimated in
some instances because results of short-term toxicity tests may not
reveal subtle effects that could occur at the ecosystem level of
biological complexity.
Parrish, P.R., and T.W. Duke. In press. Variability of the Acute Toxicity of
Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). In: Proceedings of the
Symposium on Chemical and Biological Characterization of Municipal Sludges,
Sediments, Dredge Spoils, and Drilling Muds. American Society for Testing
and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. 15p. (ERL,GB 596*).
Numerous factors affect the variability of the acute toxicity of
drilling fluids (muds) to mysids (Mysidopsis bahia). Source,
composition, and age of drilling fluid sample; preparation of test
material; condition of test animals; and skill and experience of the
people conducting the tests can influence test results. Despite these
confounding factors, our intralaboratory variation of median lethal
concentrations (96-h LCSOs) for six tests with a laboratory-prepared
generic drilling fluid was within a factor of two; interlaboratory
variation for seven commercial laboratories that tested the same
generic drilling fluid was within a factor of four, 'the same as
reported in the literature for acute toxicity tests with single
chemicals. The presence of petroleum hydrocarbons in drilling fluids
greatly increases toxicity and, because toxic, volatile fractions may
be lost, variability of results from tests with petroleum
hydrocarbon-contaminated drilling fluids may be greater than that
stated above.
PAGE 34
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Pettigrew, Charles A., and Gary S. Sayler. 1986. Use of DNA:ENA Colony
Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of 4-Chlorobiphenyl Degradative
Bacterial Phenotypes. J. Mcrobiol. Methods. 5:205-213. (ERL,GB X525*).
DNA:ENA colony hybridization techniques were vised to select isolates
from freshwater sediment samples that contain genes homologous to
plasmid pSS50, coding for 4-chlorobiphenyl biodegradation. A high
degree of resolution was achieved in which target organisms
representing 0.3% of the total population were discerned. Initially,
eight positive cultures were obtained, these were found to exist as
consortia populations. Pure cultures, from the consortia, were then
isolated and screened for 4-chlorobiphenyl degradatiye genes by
DNA:DNA colony hybridization. Each strain demonstrating positive
hybridization was subsequently shown to biodegrade 4-chlorobiphenyl to
4-chlorobenzoate. Following phenotypic characterization of the pure
cultures it was found that three different organisms were repeatedly
isolated from the various consortia populations. Field sampling to
isolation of positive strains was accomplished within one week and
completely avoided primary enrichment cultivation.
Price, W. Allen, John M. Macauley, and James R. Clark. 1986. Effects of
Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic Algae. Environ.
Exp. Bot. 26(4):321-330. (ERL,GB 555).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-178661.
A flow-through microcosm system was developed to assess the potential
influence of drilling fluids on Thalassia testudinium and its
epiphytic algae. Two treatments (drilling fluid and a montmorillonite
clay) and a control were used for seven tests: two 10-day, 200 ul/1
exposures; two 10-day, 1000 ul/1; and three six-^week, 190 ul/1.
Six-^week exposure to drilling fluid reduced epiphyte biomass (measured
as ash free dry weight/cm2), but surviving algae did not differ
(measured as chlorophyll a/g epiphyte ash free dry weight) from
controls. Thalassia productivity (carbon uptake and growth rate) was
reduced by 10-day exposure to drilling fluid concentrations of 200
ul/1 and 1000 ul/1. Thalassia productivity was reduced by drilling
fluid exposure in summer and fall but not in spring. The variation in
response is attributed to seasonal changes in Thalassia allotment and
storage of carbohydrates. The effect of montmorillonite clay exposure
varied inconsistently among all tests for both Thalassia and
epiphytes.
Pritchard, p.H. In review. Assessing the Biodegradation of Sediment
Associated Chemicals. In: Workshop Proceedings: Toxicity and Fate of
Chemicals in Sediments. 49p. (ERL,GB 530*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB86-11657/AS.
Investigations of the fate of xenobiotic chemicals in laboratory
systems that accommodate the microbial ecology of sediments are
described. These systems permit examination of biochemical activities
in the sediment bed with particular emphasis at the sediment-water
interface. Sediment may contain thousands of microcxanmunities, each
containing the same genotypic array of metabolic potential. Each
community, however, will demonstrate, depending on the surrounding
conditions, a certain phenotypic response that reflects a small
portion of its total metabolic potential.
PAGE 35
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Pritchard, P.H. , C.R. Gripe, W.W. Walker, J.C. Spain, and A.W. Bourquin. In
press. Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater
and Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples. Chemosphere. (ERL,GB 513) .
Statistical analysis of degradation rates of methyl parathion samples
from two Gulf Coast estuaries over a three-year period indicated that
biodegradation occurred in the presence of sediment but was
insignificant in water. Sediment rates always showed the same relative
five-fold difference at a primary site within each estuarine area.
Samples from 11 ancillary sites indicated biodegradation rates in
sediments can be subdivided into two groupings which were independent
of seasonal differences (excluding temperature) . Spatial variations in
rates, therefore, may be of minor environmental significance for this
chemical in estuarine areas.
Pritchard, P.H. , L.H. Mueller, J.C. Spain, and A.W. Bourquin. 1986.
Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial (jommunities. U.S.
Air Force, Tyndall AFB, Panama City, FL. 177p. (ERL,GB 590*) .
The fate of jet fuel (JP-4) in aquatic sediments was studied
concomitantly in laboratory test systems and in the field. Sediments
from an estuarine pond were dosed with jet fuel and then reapplied to
the pond as well as into plexiglass trays on the sediment bed and
quiescent bottle tests in the laboratory. Thirty-three selected
hydrocarbons in the jet fuel were followed chemically to quantitate
relative hydrocarbon losses. Several hydrocarbons which biodegraded or
rapidly volatilized in the bottle tests were much slower to disappear
in the field and the plexiglass trays. In general, mixing of the jet
fuel with sediments increased the persistence of the associated
hydrocarbons. The high density missile fuels RJ-5 and JP-9 resisted
biodegradation when incubated with water/sediment suspensions
collected from aquatic habitats. RJ-5 and JP-9 were not toxic to the
microbial communities at concentrations of 400 mg per liter, but RJ-5
was toxic to Mysidopsis bahia in 96-hour acute tests (LC50 88 ug/1) .
Pritchard, P.H. 1986. Extrapolation of Laboratory Biodegradation
Information to Microcosms and Field Studies: A Summary of Research Results.
EPA/600/X-86/223, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Env.ironmental
Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 31p.
The ability to extrapolate biodegradation information from the
laboratory to the field has been examined. Site-specific
extrapolations were performed by comparing the fate of p-cresol,
p-nitrophenol, fenthion, p-chlorophenol and a complex mixture of
hydrocarbons in sterile and nonsterile shake flasks and nticrocosms
tests with the fate of each chemical following dosing into a field
site. The field sites included a freshwater stream, an estuarine salt
marsh and a freshwater pond. Success in extrapolating laboratory data
to the field was a function of the environmental complexity that could
be modeled in laboratory systems. Microcosms proved to be, within
certain limits, excellent analogs to field studies. Physical
parameters, such as turbulent mixing and gaseous exchange in the water
column, were the most difficult parameters to model.
PAGE 36
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Pritchard, P.H. 1986. Fate of Pollutants. J. Water Pollut. Control Fed.
58(6):635-645. (ERL,GB 582).
Published literature on the environmental fate of pollutants published
during 1984 are reviewed. Short excerpts are presented from each
reference covering such areas as photolysis, biodegradation,
hydrolosis, sorption, and volatility for pollutants including
pesticides, hydrocarbons, heavy metals, polynuclear hydrocarbons, and
other toxic organic chemicals.
Pritchard, P.H., C.R. Gripe, L.H. Mueller, and E.J. O'Neill. 1987.
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities. In: Pesticide
Science and Biotechnology: Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of
Pesticide Chemistry, IUPAC International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry,
Ottawa, Canada, August 10-17, 1986. R. Greenhalgh and T.R. Roberts, editors,
Blackwell Scientific Publications, Boston, MA. pp. 505-508. (ERL,GB 592).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-102430.
The microbial metabolism of the mosquito control agent, fenthion, has
been studied in shake flask systems containing water and sediment from
a salt marsh. The usefulness of this information in describing the
fate of fenthion in microcosms and in a field dosing experiment was
determined. Our results show that microbial cxamnunities associated
with the sediment, the presence of invertebrate animals in the
sediment bed, and the anaerobic conditions of the sediment contribute
significantly to the fate of fenthion under natural conditions.
Pritchard, Parmely H., Carol A. Monti, Ellen J. O'Neill, John P. Connolly,
and Donald G. Ahearn. 1986. Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Across an
Undisturbed Sediment-Water Interface in Laboratory Systems. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 5(7): 647-657. (ERL,GB487).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-169645.
The distribution of Kepone (chlordecone) in a sediment bed after
various periods of continuous toxicant input to the overlying water
column was determined in a laboratory system. Most of the Kepone was
found to accumulate in the top 0.6 to 1.5 cm of sediment. A
mathematical model was developed to predict Kepone concentrations with
depth over time in the sediment. An equilibrium partition coefficient
was determined from batch sorption tests and a molecular diffusion
coefficient for Kepone was estimated from an empirical relationship
between diffusivity and molecular weight. A computed Kepone
distribution based on diffusion rates that decreased with depth and
with incubation time gave the best fit to the observed data. We
attribute the apparently faster rates in the upper sediment to mixing
between interstitial and overlying water. Our results illustrate the
value of models in conjunction with laboratory studies in defining the
interactions of pollutants with sediment beds.
PAGE 37
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Pritchard, Parmely H., Ellen J. O'Neill, Carol M. Spain, and Donald G.
Ahearn. In press. Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate
of p-Chlorophenol in Laboratory Test Systems. Appl. Environ. Microbiol.
25p. (ERL,GB 609*).
Shake flask and microcosm studies were conducted to determine the fate
of para-chlorophenol (p-CP) in water and sediment systems and the role
of sediment and nonsediment surfaces in the biodegradation process.
Biodegradation of p-CP in estuarine water samples in shake flasks was
slow over incubation periods of 300 hours. The addition of detrital
sediment resulted in immediate and rapid degradation evidenced by the
production of 14CO2 from [14C] p-CP. The addition of sterile sediment,
glass beads or sand resulted in an approximately 4 to 6 times faster
biodegradation than observed in the water alone. Densities of p-CP
degrading bacteria associated with the detrital sediment were 100
times greater than those enumerated in water. Bacteria in the water
and associated with the sediment after preexposure of both water and
sediment to p-CP demonstrated enhanced biodegradation. In some
microcosms, p-CP was degraded completely in the top 1.0 cm of intact
sediment beds. Sediment reworking activities by benthic invertebrates
from one site were sufficient to mix p-CP deep into the sediment bed
faster than biodegradation or molecular diffusion. p-CP was persistant
at lower depths of the sediment, possibly a result of reduced oxygen
conditions preventing aerobic biodegradation.
Rao, Kbthapalli Ranga, and Philip J. Conklin. 1986. Molt-Related
Susceptibility and Regenerative Limb Growth as Sensitive Indicators of
Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans. In: Indian Ocean: Biology of
Benthic Marine Organisms: Techniques and Methods as Applied to the Indian
Ocean. M. Thompson, R. Sarojini, and R. Nagabhushanam, editors, Oxford & IBH
Publishing Co., New Delhi, India, pp. 523-534. (ERL,GB X472*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB86-213741.
This study evaluated the comparative toxicity of various pollutants to
intermolt and molting grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio). Most of the
tested materials (pentachlorophenol, tetrachlorophenols,
tricnlorophenols, methylenebis dichlorophenol, dibutyl phthalate,
chromium, and drilling mud) were more toxic to molting shrimp than to
intermolt shrimp. Radiotracer studies with 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and
pentachlorophenol indicated that the increased susceptibility of newly
molted shrimp is linked to increased pollutant uptake. Additional work
showed that certain chlorophenols, dithiocarbamates, dibutyl
phthalate, and chromium cause inhibition of regenerative limb growth
in grass shrimp without affecting the molt cycle duration. The median
effective concentrations (ECSOs) for inhibition of limb regeneration
were well below the medial lethal concentration (LCSOs) for intermolt
shrimp. Thus, limb regeneration assays with intermolt shrimp as well
as toxicity tests with molting shrimp serve as sensitive indicators of
aquatic pollutant toxicity.
PAGE 38
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Ritchie, Scott A., and William P. Davis. 1986. Evidence for Embryonic
Diapause in Rivulus raarmoratus: Laboratory and Field Observations. J. Am.
Killifish Assoc. 19(1):103-108. (ERL,GB 567).
Among North American killifish species, diapause, or arrested
embryonic development, has been infrequently noted. Marsh sods sampled
from natural vegetated swales yield hatched F. confluentus 15-30
minutes after immersion in the laboratory following 2-3 months in the
field. Time-series observations in the Collier County (Florida)
Mosquito Control District are reported. The uniform size of the fry
collected from the test site, and the brevity of immersion (November
1984-April 1985) before onset of rainy season, mitigate against the
survival of previously hatched fish, and argue in favor of embryonic
diapause.
Russell, G.A., D.P. Middaugh, and M.J. Hemmer. In review. Reproductive
Rhythmicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from Estero del Soldado,
Mexico. Calif. Fish Game. 12p. (ERL,GB 586*).
The reproductive rhythmicity of the false grunion, Colpichthys regis,
was observed in the Estero del Soldado, Mexico during October 1982
through January 1983. Spawning runs occurred at approximately 2-week
intervals during daytime high tides. These high tides coincided with
new and full moons. Spawning only occurred when predicted tidal
heights were equal to or greater than 0.73 m above MEW. Eggs were
deposited in the upper intertidal zone in locations that appeared to
provide protection from predators, thermal stress and desiccation.
Saye, D.J., O. Ogunseitan, G.S. Sayler, and R.V. Miller. In review. Potential
for Transduction of Plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a Natural
Freshwater Environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 34p. (ERL,GB X536*).
The transduction of Pseudomonas aeruginosa plasmid Rmsl49 by the
generalized transducing phage phi DSl was shown to occur during a nine
day incubation of environmental test chambers in a freshwater
reservoir. Plasmid DNA was transferred from a nonlysogenic plasmid
donor to a phi DSl lysogen of Pseudomonas aeruginosa that served both
as the source of the transducing phage and as the recipient of the
plasmid DNA. Transduction of the plasmid in the presence of the
natural microbial community of the reservoir was below the limits of
detection employed. The results demonstrate that a potential exists
for the transduction of plasmid DNA in aquatic habitats.
PAGE 39
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Saye, D.J., 0. Ogunseitan, G.S. Sayler, and R.V. Miller. In review. The
Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community on
Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 27p.
(ERL,GB X538*).
A series of environmental test chambers containing sterile lake water
were inoculated with nonlysogenic plasmid-containing Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and a lysogen which served as both a source of generalized
transducing phage and as a recipient of transduced ENA. A comparable
series of test chambers was set up and included the natural microbial
coraraunity. The concentration of donors introduced into the chambers
was varied while the recipient concentration in each chamber was at a
level equivalent to natural concentrations of Pseudomonas. The
transduction of the plasmid Rmsl49 in P. aeruginosa was shown to occur
in the environmental test chambers during seven days of incubation in
a freshwater reservoir. Transduction was observed both in the absence
and in the presence of the natural microbial community. The presence
of the natural community resulted in a rapid decrease in the numbers
of the introduced donors and recipients and a decrease in the number
of transductants recovered. The concentration of plasmid-containing
donor cells introduced was shown to significantly effect the frequency
of transduction. These results demonstrate the potential for naturally
occurring transduction in aquatic environments and indicate that donor
load may be an important parameter in assessing this potential.
Sayler, Gary S., Rakesh K. Jain, Andrew Ogram, Charles A. Pettigrew, Laura
Houston, James Blackburn, and William S. Riggsby. In review,. Applications for
ENA Probes in Biodegradation Research. Presented at the 4th International
Symposium on Microbial Ecology, Ljubljana, Yugoslavia, Aug. 24-29, 1986.
34p. (ERL,GB X531*) .
Avail, from NTTS, Springfield, VA: PB87-145322.
The use of ENA: ENA hybridization technology in biodegradation studies
is investigated. The rate constants for sediments exposed to synthetic
oils could be calculated from the NAH+ genotypes and this approach
would be useful in predicting the kinetics of aromatic hydrocarbon
degradation. Gene probes prepared from NAH7 plasmid were also used to
monitor and enumerate the naphthalene-degrading populations in a
continuous mixed culture bioreactor and this analysis demonstrated at
least one order of magnitude difference in the naphthalene-degrading
population over the conventional plate analysis. It was also shown
that using pSSSO (a chlorobiphenyl mineralizing plasmid) as probe ENA,
other polychlorinated biphenyls degrading organisms can be identified
from the environment. Further, the maintenance and stability of a
genetically modified Pseudomonas putida (carrying plasmids TOL and
RK2) over an 8-week period in chemically contaminated groundwater
aquifer material was established. Results demonstrate the wide
applications, signficances, sensitivity, and accuracy of ENA probes in
environmental biodegradation research.
PAGE 40
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School:, W.P., D.E. Williams, and J.J. Lech. In review. Combined Use of
Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects on Fundulus
grandis, the Gulf Killifish. Mar. Environ. Res. 16p. (ERL,GB 565*).
Sublethal biochemical markers were used to identify liver enzyme
induction in fish from a bayou in Pensacola, Florida. Gulf killifish,
Fundulus grandis, from a nonpolluted site were used in the study which
included laboratory-induced fish and their various controls as well as
the fish captured in the bayou. The biochemical markers tested were
liver to body weight ratios, total content of cytochrame P-450, mixed
function oxygenase and ethoxyresorufin-0-deethylase activities, and
the specific induction of the LM4b isozyme of the cytochrome P-450
system. The findings suggest that enzyme induction occurs at a
sublethal level, indicating the presence of liver enzyme inducing
substances in the bayou.
Shirley, Michael A., and Charles L. McKenney, Jr. 1987. Influence of
Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of the Larvae and
Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus. In: Physiology
Pollution of Marine Organisms. Winona B. Vernberg, editor, University of
South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC. pp. 275-297. (ERL,GB 562*).
Short-term exposure to sublethal concentrations of the organochlorine
insecticide, lindane, caused alterations in ionic and osmotic
regulatory abilities and related compensatory metabolic mechanisms in
the xanthid crab Eurypanopeus depressus. A lindane exposure
concentration of 1.45 ug/L reduced hemolymph osmotic concentrations in
adult crabs; however, chloride ion regulation was more sensitive,
being disrupted at a lindane exposure concentration of 0.07 ug/L.
Larval stages proved to be more sensitive to lindane exposure than
adults. A lindane exposure concentration of 0.01 ug/L increased larval
mortality and altered larval respiration and ammonia excretion rates.
Zoeae, megalopae and adults of the crab, E. depressus, appear to
possess different response patterns to hypoosmotic stress and lindane
exposure.
PAGE 41
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Sinclair, James L., and Martin Alexander. In review. Effect of Bacterial
Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of Alternative Prey. Appl.
Environ. Microbiol. 19p. (ERL,GB X537*).
A study was conducted on the influence of growth rate and initial
population size on the survival of bacteria subjected to grazing by
protozoa. In a mixture containing Tetrahyinena thermophila and a
streptomycin-resistant Bradyrhizobium sp., the growth rate of
Salmonella thompson was varied by adding differing concentrations of
streptomycin. S. thompson initially increased in number, but the
population density fell as grazing pressure increased. The organisms
that grew the fastest in culture declined to a smaller extent than the
slow growers. The decline occurred in sewage containing protozoa but
not in samples from which protozoa had been eliminated. In sewage
inoculated with 70 to 190 cells per ml of the test species, the
densities of two of the three fast growing bacteria increased, but the
numbers of the slow growing test organisms declined. In protozoa-free
sewage, the abundance of the three fast growing but not the slow
growing species declined. In cultures containing T. thermophila, a
test bacterium, and a high desity of Enterobacter aerogenes cells as
alternative prey, only a fast growing Pseudomonas sp. of three test
bacteria increased appreciably in abundance. Based on these data, we
suggest that in environments supporting active predation by protozoa,
bacterial species that grow quickly and reach high deaisities will be
dominant among the surviving prey species.
Spain, J.C., and C.C. Somerville. In review. Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by
Aquatic Microbial Communities. In: Proceedings: 2nd International Symposium
on Microbial-Enhanced Oil Recovery, Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA,
August 16, 1984. Georgia State University, Atlanta, GA. 23p. (ERL,GB
X485*).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB85-191971.
This paper describes laboratory experiments that studied the fate of
jet fuel in several types of situations that could be encountered in
the field. Benzene, toluene, and p-xylene were the only components of
the fuel that dissolved in the water to significant concentrations.
All three compounds volatilized within 24 h and, thus, did not remain
in the water long enough for microbial degradation to affect their
fate. Inclusion of sediment (500 mg/1 dry weight) did not retard the
disappearance of the fuel components, and rates of disappearance were
identical in controls sterilized with HgC12.
PAGE 42
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Tagatz, M.E., R.S. Stanley, G.R. Plaia, and C.H. Deans. 1987. Responses of
Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate.
Environ. Toxicol. Chera. 6:21-25. (ERL,GB 569).
Macrobenthic animal coraraunities that colonized uncontaminated and
fenvalerate-oontaminated sand (0.1, 1 and 10 ug/g dry weight, nominal)
in boxes placed for 8 weeks in an estuary were compared to assess
effects of fenvalerate on community structure. As much as 27% of
initial concentrations of this synthetic pyrethrin persisted in
sediment at the end of the test. The average number of species (35.6)
in communities in five replicates exposed to 10 ug/g was significantly
less than that in the control (47.8) and lower concentrations (45.0
and 46.2). Of the dominant phyla collected (Annelida, Mbllusca,
Chordata, and Arthropoda), abundance of chordates only (primarily
lancelets, Branchiostoma caribaeum) was reduced by 10 ug
fenvalerate/g. Biological indices applied to the data showed the
greatest structural differences for communities exposed to the highest
concentration, but these did not differ substantially from those for
the control. Effective concentration for exposure via the sediment was
five orders of magnitude greater than that for waterborne exposure
determined in earlier benthic community studies.
Tagatz, Marlin E., and Roman S. Stanley. 1986. Results of Acute Toxicity
Testing of Single Species Dominant in Benthic Qaratiunity Testing at Gulf
Breeze, Florida. EPA/600/X-86/325, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Environmental Research laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 36p.
This report gives the 96-hr acute toxicities of pentachlorophenol,
fenvalerate, dibutyl phthalate, or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene to various
mollusks (Laevicardium mortoni, Ensis minor, Mulinia lateralis) and
annelids (Armandia maculata, Neanthes succinea, Capitella capitata)
and to an arthropod (Corophium acherusicum), echinoderm (Leptosynapta
inhaerens), and a chordate (Molgula sp.). Species were selected from
those numerically dominant in earlier benthic community toxicity tests
in order to allow comparison between results of single species and
community toxicity tests. Acute test results are presented in a
series of tables.
PAGE 43
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Tagatz, Marlin E. 1986. Some Methods for Measuring Effects of Toxicants on
Laboratory- and Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Coraraunities. In:
Community Toxicity Testing, ASTM STP 920. John Cairns, Jr., editor, American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 18-29. (ERL,GB
529).
Effects of toxicants on estuarine macrobenthic animals that developed
in sand-filled boxes in the laboratory and field during eight weeks
were determined by comparing community' structures in control boxes and
in boxes treated with a toxicant. Boxes were colonized in the
laboratory by planktonic larvae in continuously supplied unf iltered
seawater and in the field by animals that occurred naturally. Field
boxes were placed in estuarine waters, either near the laboratory or
at salt-marsh sites subjected to contamination by mosquito control
pesticide applications. Eight separate studies were conducted using
the same test materials in laboratory and field tests. Communities
that developed were diverse and averaged 1441 individuals, 30 species,
and 6 phyla for laboratory tests and 933 individuals, 51 species, and
8 phyla for field tests. Toxicants were introduced via water, air, or
sediment and before, during, or after colonization. Tests with
laboratory- and field-colonized communities provided corroborating
data as well as date unique to each test. Various structural
attributes among laboratory, experimental field, and natural field
communities were similar, indicating that data derived from the
laboratory and field toxicity tests can have good environmental
applicability.
Tagatz, Marlin E., Gayle R. Plaia, and Christine H. Deans. 1986. Toxicity
of Dibutyl Phthalate-tontaminated Sediment to Laboratory- and Field-Colonized
Estuarine Benthic Communities. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
37(1):141-150. (ERL, GB 547).
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB87-152815.
Dibutyl phthalate (DBF), one of a large class of alkyl esters of
1,2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, is used widely in the United States and
other countries as a plasticizer for epoxy and PVC resin. Significant
amounts of DBF commonly occur in the aquatic environment, including
the sediment. Its octanol^water partition coefficient of 5.2 (US EPA
1979) indicates that sorption of DBF by sediment could be substantial
in waters polluted by this chemical. Concentrations as high as 89 ppb
have been reported in sediment samples from Chesapeake Bay and up to
15.5 ppm in those from the Rhine River. To obtain information on the
effects of DBF on estuarine communities exposed via the sediment, we
investigated the responses of macrobenthic animals that colonized sand
contaminated with this chemical in the laboratory and field.
Tan, B., and Melius P, 1986. Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism in
Fishes. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. C Comp. Pharmacol. Toxicol. 83C(2):217-224.
(ERL,GB X513*).
The metabolism of PAHs in fishes is reviewed. Oxygenated, and
hydroxylated Phase I metabolites of PAHs in fish are compared with
each other and with those of other mammals. The review emphasizes the
metabolites and not the metabolizing enzymes in many fish species.
Some implications of chemical carcinogenesis also are discussed.
PAGE 44
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Trevors, J.T., T. Barkay, and A.W. Bourquin. In review. Gene Transfer Among
Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A Review. Can. J. Microbiol.
27p. (ERL,GB 584*) .
The exchange of genetic material between microorganisms in soil and
aquatic environments is considered in light of the potential of
foreign gene desamination from engineered organisms to indigenous
bacteria. Abundant indirect evidence suggests that natural isolates
can serve as donors and recipients of genetic material. Studies have
mostly documented such transfer of plasmid coded antibiotic and metal
resistances. However, the scarce information which is available
indicates that in situ gene transfer occurs at very low frequencies
due to biological and physical parameters of the soil and aquatic
environments.
Walker, W.W., C.R. Gripe, P.H. Pritchard, and A.W. Bourquin. In press.
Biological and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Xenobiotic Chemicals in In Vitro
Estuarine and Sediment/Water Systems. J. Agric. Food Chem. (ERL,GB 504*).
Three herbicides, two fungicides, four organophorphorus insecticides,
and one miticide (acaricide) were characterized with respect to
degradation rate in estuarine water and sediment/water systems using a
simple shake flask test. Decay rates for each chemical could generally
be described by a first order model. The degradation of hoelon, bravo,
bolstar, fenthion, and bolero was biologically mediated. The fastest
biodegradation rates occurred when sediment was present. The
degradation of trifluralin, dursban, phorate, EPN and
pentachloronitrobenzene were primarily by abiotic means. Relative to
the other test materials, phorate and bravo, pentachloronitrobenzene,
trifluralin, and bolstar reflected intermediate degradation rates.
Variability in rates from replicate flasks suggested that a difference
in rate within treatments (sterile/active, with and without sediments)
of a factor of two or less was probably not significant.
Walsh, Gerald E., Christine H. Deans, and Leslie L. Mclaughlin. In press.
Comparison of Four Methods for Calculating the EC50 from Algal Population
Growth. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 8p. (ERL,GB 588*).
EC50s (calculated concentrations that would inhibit growth by 50%) of
21 pesticides in unicellular algal toxicity tests were calculated by
straight-line graphical interpolation, moving average interpolation,
probit analysis and the binomial method. ECSOs of 18 tin compounds
were calculated by graphical interpolation, moving average and probit
methods. A total of 187 tests was analyzed. Values of the EC50 were
essentially indentical when calculated by each method, and it is
concluded that straight-line graphical interpolation, the simplest and
most rapid method, can be used to estimate relative toxic effect on
algal population growth.
PAGE 45
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Walsh, Gerald E., Leslie L. Mclaughlin, Michael K. Louie, Christine H. Deans,
and Emile M. Lores. 1986. Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma
brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin
Oxide. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf. 12(1):95-100. (ERL,GB 528).
Effects of water-bourne toxicants on regeneration of arms by the
brittle star, Ophioderma brevispina, are described. Regeneration was
inhibited by 0.1 ug liter-1 bis(tri-n-butyltin)oxide and
bis(triphenyltin)oxide. Both substances are known to act upon the
nervous system, and it is suggested that inhibition was caused by
neurotoxicological action of the tin compounds or by their direct
effect upon tissue at the breakage point. The former is roost likely
because regeneration is mediated by the radial nerves of brittle
stars.
Walsh, Gerald E., Michael K. Louie, Leslie L. Mclaughlin, and Emile M. Lores.
1986. Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and
Development When Exposed to Organotins. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
5(8):749-754. (ERL,GB 521).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-171120.
A test is described for the exposure of the lugworm Arenicola cristata
to toxicants. Embryos of A. cristata were exposed for 96 and 168 h to
bis(triphenyltin) oxide (TPTO), triphenyltin chloride (TPTC),
bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) and tributyltin acetate (TBTA). The
toxic effects were death and abnormal development of larvae.
Concentrations that killed all animals were 4 ug L-l (96 h) and 2 ug
L-l (168 h) TPTO; 10 ug L-l (96 h) and 5 ug L-l (168 h) TPTC; 4 ug L-l
(96 h) TBTO; and 10 ug L-l (96 h) and 5 ug L-l (168 h) TBTA. Abnormal
morphology was caused by 0.75 ug L-l TPTO, 1 ug L-l TPTC and 5 ug L-l
TBTA. Several developmental stages, from embryo to swimming larvae,
were exposed to TPTO. The most sensitive stages were early trochophore
and early settled stage. The range of concentrations between 100%
survival and 100% mortality was narrow in all tests. The exposure
system is simple and detects teratogenicity.
Walsh, Gerald E. 1986. Organotin Toxicity Studies Conducted with Selected
Marine Organisms at EPA's Environmental Research laboratory, Gulf Breeze,
Florida. In: TEKF1 Oceans '86 Conference Proceedings, pp. 1210-1212.
(ERL,GB 585).
Avail, from NITS, Springfield, VA: PB87-102539.
Studies on effect of bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO) and other
organotins on marine species have been conducted at the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency's laboratory at Gulf Breeze, Florida,
since 1983. First studies were done on two species of algae,
Skeletonema costatum and Thalassiosira pseudonana, where 72h ECSOs for
tributyltins and population growth were 0.35 and 1.16 ug/1,
respectively. Two developmental stages of the lugworm, Arenicola
cristata, were sensitive to TBTO (96h LC50=4 ug/1). Only 0.1 ug/1
inhibited arm regeneration by the brittle star, Ophioderma brevispina.
TBTO was less toxic to the grass shrimp, Palaemonetes pugio, (96h
IC50=20 ug/1). Continuing studies include research on effects of TBTO
on 1-, 4- and 10-day-old mysids and estuarine seagrass communities.
PAGE 46
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Walsh, Gerald E. In review. Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine
Unicellular Algae. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 23p. (ERL,GB 606).
Toxicity testing with unicellular algae requires application of the
principles of phycology and microbiology to culturing, handling, and
exposing the organisms. This brief review describes major aspects of
algal toxicity testing, including growth curves, factors that
influence population growth in culture (light, temperature, medium
composition, pH, and salinity), choice of test species, measurement of
population density, enumeration of living and dead cells, numerical
expression of toxic effects, and bioaccumulation.
Walsh, Gerald E., Mark J. Yoder, Leslie L. Mclaughlin, and Emile M. Lores.
In review. Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic
Compounds in Six Growth Media. Mar. Environ. Res. (ERL,GB 597*).
Marine unicellular algae, Skeletonema costatum, Thalassiosira
pseudonana, and Chlorella sp., were exposed to the industrial
brominated compounds, tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBP),
decabromobiphenyloxide (DBBO), hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD),
pentabrconomethylbenzene (PBMB), pentabromoethylbenzene (PBEB), and the
herbicide, bromoxynil (BROM), in six algal growth media. Saturation
concentrations of DBBO (1 mg/1), PBMB (1 mg/1), and PBEB (0.5 mg/1)
reduced growth by less than 50%. ECSOs of the other compounds varied
with growth medium, with high EC50/low EC50 ratios between 1.3 and
9.9. Lowest ECSOs, 9.3 to 12.0 ug/1, were obtained with S. costatum
and HBCD. It is concluded that responses to toxicants in different
media are the results of interactions between algae, growth medium,
toxicant, and solvent carrier.
Walsh, Gerald E. 1986. Techniques for Study of Effects and Uptake of
Sediment-Associated Chemicals. EPA/600/X-86/134, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL. 41p.
Methods for exposure of epibenthic and benthic marine invertebrates to
contaminated sediments are described. The following concerns are
addressed: choice of test organisms, composition of the sediment,
toxicological endpoints, uptake and depuration. Test animals were:
Emerita talpoida (mole crab), Uca pugilator and U. minax (fiddler
crabs), Palaemonetes pugio (grass shrimp), Penaeus dourarum (pink
shrimp) and Branchiostoma caribaeum (amphioxus). The animals were
exposed to fenthion, fenvalerate, bis (tri-n-butyltin) oxide, bis
(triphenyltin) oxide, cypermethrin, 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, di-n-butyl
phthalate and PCBs. It is concluded that organic matter must be
present in sediment for retention of toxic chemicals, chemical
partitioning of toxicants between pore water and sediment particles is
an important factor that controls toxicity, quantitative partitioning
of toxicants can be predicted for substances such as pesticides and
organotins and exposed animals accumulate toxicants from sediments,
but depurate them when transferred to an uncontaminated environment. A
list of recommendations for future studies on contaminated sediments
is given.
PAGE 47
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Walsh, Gerald E. 1986. Use of Plankton in Aquatic Toxicity Testing. In:
Proceedings of the Third International Course in Toxicology and
Ecotoxicology, Herriot-Watt University, Edinburgh, Scotland, Sept. 6-13,
1985. J.H. Duffus, editor, WHO. pp. 147-177. (ERL,GB 551*).
Aquatic toxicology is the qualitative and quantitative study of
adverse or toxic effects of chemicals and other anthropogenic
materials on populations of aquatic organisms. It includes laboratory
studies and the field of ecotoxicology, which is concerned with
effects of human activities on naturally-occurring populations and
communities at sites in nature. Important data for evaluation of
effects of toxicants on aquatic systems are gained from work with
freshwater and marine plankton. The following discussion is designed
to give a brief explanation of the principles of aquatic toxicology
demonstrated by tests with plankton. I have interpreted the term
"plankton" loosely, to include fish eggs and small swimming forms such
as daphnids and mysids. Recent published works that exemplify these
principles and that contain important literature references are given.
This work stresses methods and principles, and may be read with the
author's previous contribution (Walsh, 1983) to the WHO toxicity
course, which reviews published effects of toxicants on plankton.
Wang, Yei-Shung, Eugene L. Madsen, and Martin Alexander. In press.
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 17p. (ERL,GB
X489*).
Mbnuron [3-(4-cMorophenyl)-l,l-dimethylurea] was mineralized when
added to sewage at a concentration of 10 ug/L but not a 10 mg/L.
Organic products were formed at both concentrations. Products with the
chromatograpihic characteristics of 4-chlorophenylurea and
4-chloroaniline were generated during the decomposition of the higher
herbicide concentration. Diuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-lr
1-dimethylurea] and linuron [3-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-l-
methoxy-1-methylurea] were mineralized when added to sewage at a
concentration of 500 ng/L but not at 2.0 mg/L. No evidence for
cometabolism of the higher levels of these two herbicides was
obtained, but significant amounts of an unknown product appeared at
the lower diuron levels. Chlorobenzilate (ethyl
4,4'-dichlorobenzilate) was cometabolized in water samples from Beebe
Lake and mineralized if the samples also contained freshwater
sediments. Mineralization did not occur if glucose and inorganic
nutrients were added to sediment-free lake water. Chlorobenzilate was
transformed to organic products but not to C02 by microorganisms in
water samples from three other lakes, but the pesticide was
mineralized in sediment-containing water from two of those lakes. The
results thus show that a pesticide may be cometabolized at one
concentration or in samples from one type of environment cind
mineralized at a lower concentration or in samples from a different
type of environment.
PAGE 48
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Wolf, P.H., J.T. Winstead, and J.A. Couch. In review. Proctoeces sp.
(Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea coraraercialis and
Crassostrea amasa. Trans. Am. Micros. Soc. (ERL,GB 605*).
The occurrence of Protoeces sp., a cosmopolitan digenetic trematode,
is reported from two different species of Australian oysters. The low
prevalence of the helminth is attributed to the intertidal environment
inhabited by the Australian oysters.
Wortman, A.T., C.C. Somerville, and R.R. Colwell. 1986. Chitinase
Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications of a
Chitinase Probe. Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 52(1):142-145. (ERL,GB X515).
Avail, from NTIS, Springfield, VA: PB87-152625.
To initiate study of the genetic control of chitinolytic activity in
vibrios, the chitobiase gene was isolated by cloning chromosomal ENA
prepared from Vibrio vulnificus. Chimeric plasmids were constructed
from Sau3A I partial digests of chromosomal ENA by ligating 5 to
15-Kilobase fragments into the BamHI site, i.e., in the Tc(r) gene, of
pBR322 (Am(r)Tc(r)). The resulting plasmids were transformed into
Escherichia coli EH1. Chitobiase activity of the insert-bearing clones
was detected by using a chromogenic substrate,
p-nitxophenyl-N-acetYlB,D-glucosaminide, and confirmed by the
appearance of a fluorescent end product from the hydrolysis of
4-methylumbellif eryl-B, D-N-N' -diacetylchitiobiose. Endochitinase
activity was demonstrated by liberation of water-soluble products
produced by the degradation of [3H]chitin. Transformation of E. coli
Y1QR (lacY) with plasmids from chitinase-positive clones restored the
lactose-positive phenotype, suggesting the presence of a permease
associated with Chitinase activity. Physical mapping of plasmids
containing the Chitinase determinants indicate that transcription of
these genes in E. coli may be inititated at a V. vulnificus promoter.
PAGE 49
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KEYWORD TITLE INDEX
PAGE 50
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KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
A
merit-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs 5- 1
11 sstion Rate /, Bioaccuraulation of Kepone by Spot (L 18- 1
Across an Uno^... 1 Sediment-Water Interface in Laboratory Systems / 37- 3
Acute Toxicity Hai^jook of Chemicals to Estuarine Organisms 26-1
11 Lethal Responses of Bay Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insec 3- 1
11 Toxicity Testing of Single Species Dominant in Benthic Community 43- 2
Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus /,Influence of Li 41- 2
Aerobic Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene 31-1
" Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate 31-2
Age-Specific Growth /, Influence of the Organophosphate Insecticide Fen 27- 2
Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and in Samp 32- 1
Algae /,Effects of Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epi 35- 2
Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment-Source T 8-2
Aquatic Risk Assessment Research /, Biotechnology 3-2
11 Animals in Field Studies /,Cage for Use with Small 22- 1
11 Microbial Communities /,Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels b 36-2
11 Environments /,Evidence for Genetic Modification of Microorgan 9- 1
11 Microbial Communities /,Metabolism of Fenthion by 37- 2
11 Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans /,Molt-Related SusceptiMlit 38-2
" Pollutants /,Role of Rivulus marmoratus in Research on 15- 1
" Toxicity Testing /,Use of Plankton in 48- 1
Aquifers /,Metabolism of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions of Pre 32- 1
Arenicola cristata) larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and Development 46-2
Arm Regeneration by pphioderma brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) 46-1
Aromatic Biodegradative Pathway /,Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene 31-3
11 Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus /,Metabolism of 4-3
11 Hydrocarbon Metabolism in Fishes /,Polynuclear 44- 3
Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxi 29- 3
Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of Larvae at Different 29- 2
B
Bacterial Isolate /,Aerobic Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a 31- 2
" Inhibitors in Lake Water 24- 2
11 Phenotypes /,Use of DNA:DNA Colony Hybridization in the Rapi 35- 1
Bahamas /,Laboratory Spawning, Egg Membranes, and Egg Capsules of 14 S 14- 3
bahia) to Three Insecticides /,Effects of Salinity Change on Acute Let 3- 1
11 Exposed During a Complete Life Cycle: I. Survival, Reproduction, 27- 2
" /, Toxicity of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis 21-1
Bay Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insecticides /,Effects of Salin 3- 1
Benthic Communities /,Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Tes 16- 1
11 (immunity Testing at Gulf Breeze, Florida /,Results of Acute T 43- 2
11 Communities /,Some Methods for Measuring Effects of Toxicants 44- 1
11 Osmmunities /,Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate-Contaminated Sedim 44- 2
beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces, Atherinidae) with Notes on Surviv 29- 2
beta) and Results Using Chlorpyrifos /,Early life-Stage Toxicity Test 23- l
Bimini, Bahamas /,Laboratory Spawning, Egg Membranes, and Egg Capsules 14- 3
Bicacxannulatipn of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance o 18- 1
Biochemical Biological Control Agents on Metamorphosis of Marine Crust 28- 1
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene /,Aerobic 31-1
11 of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic 31- 3
" Information to Microcosms and Field Studies: A Summary 36-3
Biodegradative Pathway /,Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the I 31-3
Biological Control Agents on Metamorphosis of Marine Crustacea /,Metho 28- 1
Biotechnology Aquatic Risk Assessment Research 3- 2
Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs /,Accumulation of Sedijment- 5- 1
Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities o 8-2
brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triph 46- 1
C
Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in Field Studies 22- 1
PAGE 51
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KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
C
Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field /, Comparison 5- 2
Capsules of Eleven Marine Prosobranchs from Northwest Florida /,Egg 14- 2
11 of 14 Small Marine Prosobrancns from Florida and Bimini, Baha 14- 3
Captured near Drilling Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico /, Lesions in Fi 22- 3
caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic 8- 2
Caulobacter crescentus /,Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by 4-3
Chemicals to Estuarine Organisms /,Acute Toxicity Handbook of 26-1
11 /,Techniques for Study of Effects and Uptake of Sediment-Ass 47- 3
11 to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchio 8- 2
Chitinase Probe //Chitinase Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cl 49- 2
" Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applicat 49- 2
Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water Interface in Laborat 37- 3
Chlorobiphenyl Degradative Bacterial Phenotypes /,Use of DNA:DNA Colon 35-1
Chlorpyrifos /,Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfis 23- 1
" /,Effects of Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprino 12- 1
Chronic Toxicity Tests with Fish /,Relation of Survival to Other Endpo 26-2
Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved Silica Gel 25- 2
Cloning and Applications of a Chitinase Probe //Chitinase Determinants 49- 2
Coastal Waters: Issues for Consideration from a Regulatory Point of Vi 19- 1
Colonized Estuarine Benthic Corarnunities /,Some Methods for Measuring E 44- 1
11 Estuarine Benthic Communities /,Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalat 44- 2
Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate /,Responses of Estu 43- l
Colony Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of 4-Chlorobiphenyl Degrad 35- 1
Ctommunities /,Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbia 36-2
11 /,Field Validation of Multi-Species laboratory Test System 16- 1
11 /, Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial 37- 2
11 //Some Methods for Measuring Effects of Toxicants on Labor 44- 1
11 /,Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate-Contaminated Sediment to L 44- 2
Community Approach / Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Exper 30- 2
" Testing at Gulf Breeze, Florida //Results of Acute Toxicity 43- 2
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged 5- 2
Conducted with Selected Marine Organisms at EPA's Environmental Resear 46-3
Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes / 29- 3
Consideration from a Regulatory Point of View //Integration of Monitor 19- 1
Contaminated with Fenvalerate //Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colo 43-1
" Sediment to Laboratory- and Field-Colonized Estuarine Ben 44- 2
Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus /,Influence of Lindane on Survival and Os 41- 2
Crabs /,Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler 5- 1
crescentus /,Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter 4- 3
cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and Development When Expo 46- 2
Critical Responses of Populations of Crustacea to Toxicants 27- 1
Crustacea to Toxicants //Critical Responses of Populations of 27- 1
" /,Methods for Determining the Influence of Biochemical Biolo 28- 1
Crustaceans /,Melt-Related Susceptibility and Regenerative Limb Growth 38- 2
Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early life Stages of Athe 29- 3
Cycle: I. Survival, Reproduction, and Age-Specific Growth /,Influence 27- 2
Cyprinodon variegatus) During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrif 12- 1
D
Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial Qammunities 36- 2
Degradative Bacterial Phenotypes //Use of DNA:DNA Colony Hybridization 35- 1
depressus //Influence of Lindane on Survival and Csnoregulatory/Metabo 41- 2
Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications of a 49- 2
Determining the Influence of Biochemical Biological Control Agents on 28- 1
Development as an MPCA for Nontarget Risk //Evaluation of a Fungal Age 19- 2
11 When Exposed to Organotins //Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) 46- 2
Diapause in Rivulus marmoratus: laboratory and Field Observations /,Ev 39- 1
Dibutyl Phthalate-Contaitilnated Sediment to Laboratory- and Field-Colon 44- 2
Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) During Ear 12- 1
PAGE 52
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KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
D
Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate /,Bioaccumulation of Kepone by 18- 1
DNA:DNA Colony Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of 4-Chlorobipheny 35- 1
11 Colony Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of 4-Cnlorobiphenyl De 35- 1
Dominant in Benthic Gammunity Testing at Gulf Breeze, Florida /,Result 43- 2
Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic Algae /,Effe 35- 2
" Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental ODramunity Approach /,Im 30-2
11 Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico /,Lesions in Fishes Captured 22- 3
11 Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Toxicity of Used 21- 1
E
Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxid 46- 1
Egg Capsules of Eleven Marine Prosobranchs from Northwest Florida 14- 2
11 Membranes, and Egg Capsules of 14 Small Marine Prosobranchs from F 14- 3
11 Capsules of 14 Small Marine Prosobranchs from Florida and Bimini, 14- 3
Eleven Marine Prosobranchs from Northwest Florida /,Egg Capsules of 14- 2
Embryonic Diapause in Rivulus marmoratus: Laboratory and Field Observa 39- 1
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Resp 1- 1
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida /,0rganotin To 46- 3
Environments /,Evidence for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms Occ 9- 1
EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida /,0rgano 46- 3
Epiphytic Algae /,Effects of Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum a 35- 2
Estuarine Organisms /,Acute Toxicity Handbook of Chemicals to 26-1
" Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field /,Comparison of Lab 5- 2
11 Benthic Communities /,Field Validation of Multi-Species Labo 16- 1
11 Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus /,Influence of Lindane on Survi 41-2
11 Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerat 43- 1
11 Benthic Communities /,Some Methods for Measuring Effects of 44- 1
" Benthic Communities /,Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate-Contamin 44- 2
Eurypanopeus depressus /,Influence of Lindane on Survival and Osmoregu 41-2
Extrapolation of Laboratory Biodegradation Information to Microcosms a 36-3
F
Fate of Pollutants 37- 1
Fenthion in the Field /,Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results 5- 2
" /,Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shriirp, Mysids, an 7-1
11 on Mysidopsis bahia Exposed During a Complete Life Cycle: I. 27- 2
" by Aquatic Microbial Oanmunities /, Metabolism of 37- 2
Fenvalerate /,Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments C 43- 1
Fiddler Crabs /,Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by 5-1
Field Studies /,Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in 22- 1
11 /,Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses 5- 2
" Observations /,Evidence for Embryonic Diapause in Rivulus marmor 39- 1
11 Studies: A Summary of Research Results /,Extrapolation of Labora 36-3
" Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarin 16- 1
11 and laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshea 7- 1
11 Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities /,Some Methods for Measu 44- 1
11 Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities /,Toxicity of Dibutyl Ph 44- 2
Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emers 1- 1
11 /,Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in Chronic Toxicity Tes 26-2
Fishes Captured near Drilling Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico /, Lesion 22- 3
11 /,Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests 29- 3
11 /,Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism in 44- 3
Florida /,Egg Capsules of Eleven Marine Prosobranchs from Northwest 14- 2
" and Bimini, Bahamas /,Laboratory Spawning, Egg Membranes, and 14- 3
11 /,Organotin Toxicity Studies Conducted with Selected Marine Or 46-3
11 /,Results of Acute Toxicity Testing of Single Species Dominant 43- 2
Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic Algae /,Effects of Dr 35- 2
11 on Seagrasses: An Experimental (Community Approach /,Impact of D 30- 2
" to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Toxicity of Used Drilling 21- 1
Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide 1- 1
PAGE 53
-------
KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
F
Fuels by Aquatic Micrpbial Communities /, Degradation of Jet and Missil 36-2
Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) Under Development as an MPCA for N 19- 2
G
Gel Cleanup Method for Organqphosphorous Pesticides /,Improved Silica 25- 2
Gene Cloning and Applications of a Chitinase Probe /,Chitinase Determi 49- 2
Genetic Modification of Microorganisms Occurring in Natural Aquatic En 9-1
giganteum) Under Development as an MPCA for Nontarget Pdsk /,Evaluatio 19- 2
Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribae 8- 2
Ground Water Aquifers /,Metabolism of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspe 32- 1
Growth /, Influence of the Organophosphate Insecticide Fenthion on Mysi 27- 2
11 of larvae at Different Salinities /,Laboratory Spawning Cues in 29- 2
" as Sensitive Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to Crusta 38- 2
Gulf Toadfish (Cpsanus beta) and Results Using Chlorpyrifos /,Early Ld 23- 1
11 Breeze Laboratory Titles and Abstracts: 1986, 1987, in Press and 17- 1
" of Mexico /,Lesions in Fishes Captured near Drilling Platforms in 22- 3
11 Breeze, Florida /,0rganotin Toxicity Studies Conducted with Selec 46-3
11 Breeze Laboratory /,Publications: 17- 2
" Breeze, Florida /,Results of Acute Toxicity Testing of Single Spe 43- 2
H
Handbook of Chemicals to Estuarine Organisms /,Acute Toxicity 26-1
Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of 4-Chlorobiphenyl Degradative B 35- 1
Hydrocarbon Metabolism in Fishes /,Polynuclear Aromatic 44- 3
Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmor 1- 1
I
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Community App 30- 2
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides 25- 2
Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans /,Mblt-Related 38- 2
Information to Microcosms and Field Studies: A Summary of Research Res 36-3
Ingestion Rate /,Bioaccumulation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthur 18- 1
Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodermata 46- 1
Inhibitors in Lake Water /,Bacterial 24- 2
Insecticide Fenthion on Mysidopsis bahia Exposed During a Complete Lif 27- 2
Insecticides /, Effects of Salinity Change on Acute Lethal Responses of 3- 1
Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Waters: Issues for C 19- 1
Interface in Laboratory Systems /,Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Acr 37-3
J
Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial (Communities /,Degradation o 36-2
K
Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance of Dietary Accumulat 18- 1
" (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water Interface in 37- 3
L
Lagenidium giganteum) Under Development as an MPCA for Nontarget Risk 19- 2
Lake Water /,Bacterial Inhibitors in 24- 2
Larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus /,Infl 41-2
" at Different Salinities /,Laboratory Spawning Cues in Menidia b 29- 2
11 in Toxicity Tests: Survival and Development When Exposed to Org 46- 2
Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance of Dietary Accumulation and Ingestip 18- 1
Lesions in Fishes Captured near Drilling Platforms in the Gulf of Mexi 22- 3
Lethal Responses of Bay Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insecticide 3- 1
Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and 23- 1
" Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos /,Effects of Diet Quantity on She 12- 1
11 Cycle: I. Survival, Reproduction, and Age-Specific Growth /,Influ 27- 2
11 Stages of Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for Spawning, Culturing and 29- 3
Limb Growth as Sensitive Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to C 38- 2
Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of the Larv 41- 2
Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and De 46-2
M
Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate //Respon 43- 1
PAGE 54
-------
KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
M
Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen 1- 1
Marine Prosobranchs from Northwest Florida /,Egg Capsules of Eleven 14- 2
" Prosobranchs from Florida and Bimini, Bahamas /, Laboratory Spaw 14- 3
11 Crustacea /,Methods for Determining the Influence of Biochemica 28- 1
11 Organisms at EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Bree 46- 3
marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Ma 1-1
11 Laboratory and Field Observations /,Evidence for Embryonic 39- 1
11 in Research on Aquatic Pollutants /,Role of Rivulus 15- 1
Membranes, and Egg Capsules of 14 Small Marine Prosobranchs from Flori 14- 3
Menidia beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces, Atherinidae) with Notes o 29- 2
Metabolic Responses of the larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eu 41- 2
Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate /,Aerobic 31-2
11 of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soi 32- 1
11 of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus 4- 3
11 of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities 37- 2
11 in Fishes /,Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon 44- 3
Metamorphosis of Marine Crustacea /,Methods for Determining the Influe 28- 1
Mexico /,Lesions in Fishes Captured near Drilling Platforms in the Gul 22- 3
Microbial ODmmunities /, Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquati 36-2
11 Communities /,Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic 37- 2
Microcosms and Field Studies: A Summary of Research Results /,Extrapol 36-3
Microorganisms Occurring in Natural Aquatic Environments /,Evidence fo 9- 1
Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) During Early Life-Stage Exposures to C 12- 1
" Exposed to Fenthion /,Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with 7- 1
Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial Communities /,Degradation of Jet an 36-2
Modification of Microorganisms Occurring in Natural Aquatic Environmen 9- 1
Molt-Related Susceptibility and Regenerative Limb Growth as Sensitive 38-2
Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water 37- 3
MPCA for Nontarget Risk /,Evaluation of a Fungal Agent (lagenidium gig 19- 2
Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine Benthic Communitie 16- 1
Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insecticides /,Effects of Salinity Change o 3-1
11 bahia Exposed During a Complete Life Cycle: I. Survival, Re 27- 2
11 bahia) /,Toxicity of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids ( 21- 1
Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insecticides /,Effects of Salinity 3- 1
11 and Sheepshead Minnows Exposed to Fenthion /,Field and Laborat 7- 1
" (Mysidopsis bahia) /,Toxicity of Used Drilling Fluids to 21-1
N
Nontarget Risk /,Evaluation of a Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) U 19- 2
0
Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxid 46-1
Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide /, Inhibit ion 46-1
Opsanus beta) and Results Using Chlorpyrifos /,Early Life-Stage Toxici 23- 1
Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus ( 8- 2
Organisms /,Acute Toxicity Handbook of Chemicals to Estuarine 26-1
11 at EPA's Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Flo 46- 3
Organophosphate Insecticide Fenthion on Mysidopsis bahia Exposed Durin 27- 2
Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for 25- 2
Organotin Toxicity Studies Conducted with Selected Marine Organisms at 46-3
Organotins /,Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Su 46-2
Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of the larvae and Adults of the Est 41- 2
Oxide /,Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echin 46- 1
11 and Triphenyltin Oxide /,Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophio 46-1
P
Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterbor 8- 2
Pathway /,Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of a 31-3
PCBs by Fiddler Crabs /Accumulation of Sediment-Bound 5- 1
peninsulae (Pisces, Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of 29- 2
Pesticides /,Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous 25- 2
PAGE 55
-------
KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
P
Phenotypes /,Use of DNA:DNA Colony Hybridization in the Rapid Isolatio 35-1
Phthalate-C&ntaminated Sediment to laboratory- and Field-Colonized Est 44- 2
Pisces, Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of larvae at Di 29-2
Plankton in Aquatic Toxicity Testing /,Use of 48- 1
Platforms in the Gulf of Mexico /,Lesions in Fishes Captured near Dril 22- 3
Point of View /,Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Wate 19- 1
Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans /,Molt-Related Susceptibility and Re 38- 2
Pollutants /,Fate of 37- 1
" /,Role of Rivulus marmoratus in Research on Aquatic 15- 1
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism in Fishes 44- 3
Populations of Crustacea to Toxicants /,Critical Responses of 27-1
Preparation Publications /,Gulf Breeze Laboratory Titles and Abstracts 17- 1
Press and in Preparation Publications /,Gulf Breeze Laboratory Titles 17- 1
Pretreated Soils and in Samples from Ground Water Aquifers /,Metabolis 32- 1
Probe /,Chitinase Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and 49- 2
Propachlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and in Samples from Grou 32-1
Prosobranchs from Northwest Florida /,Egg Capsules of Eleven Marine 14- 2
11 from Florida and Bimini, Bahamas /,Laboratory Spawning, E 14- 3
pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /,Waterborne and Sedime 8- 2
Q
Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) Duriiig Early Li 12- 1
R
Regeneration by Cphioderma brevispina (Echinodermata, Ophiuroidea) by 46- 1
Regenerative Lamb Growth as Sensitive Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant 38- 2
Regulatory Point of View /,Integration of Monitoring and Research in C 19- 1
Reproduction, and Age-Specific Growth /,Influence of the Organophospha 27- 2
Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Ri 1-1
Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field 5- 2
11 of Populations of Crustacea to Toxicants /,Critical 27- 1
" of Bay Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) to Three Insecticides /,Eff 3- 1
11 of the Larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus 41- 2
11 of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated wi 43-1
Risk Assessment Research /,Biotechnology Aquatic 3-2
" /,Evaluation of a Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) Under Devel 19- 2
Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion i 1-1
" marmoratus: Laboratory and Field Observations /,Evidence for E 39- 1
" marmoratus in Research on Aquatic Pollutants /,Role of 15- 1
s
Salinities /,Laboratory Spawning Cues in Menidia beryllina and M. peni 29- 2
Salinity Change on Acute Lethal Responses of Bay Mysids (Mysidopsis ba 3-1
Seagrasses: An Experimental Community Approach /,Impact of Drilling Fl 30- 2
Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs /,Accumulation of 5- 1
" Water Interface in Laboratory Systems /,Movement of Kepone (C 37- 3
11 Associated Chemicals /,Techniques for Study of Effects and Up 47- 3
11 to Laboratory- and Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communit 44- 2
" Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (P 8- 2
Sediments Contaminated with Fenvalerate /,Responses of Estuarine Macro 43-1
Sensitive Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans /,Mo 38-2
Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) During Early Life-Stage Exp 12- 1
11 Minnows Exposed to Fenthion /,Field and Laboratory Toxicity 7- 1
Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows Exposed to Fenthion /,Field and 7- 1
" (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum) /, 8-2
Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides /,Improved 25- 2
Soils and in Samples from Ground Water Aquifers /,Metabolism of Alachl 32- 1
Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonet 8- 2
Spawning Cues in Menidia beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces, Atherini 29- 2
11 Egg Membranes, and Egg Capsules of 14 Small Marine Prose-bran 14- 3
PAGE 56
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KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
S
Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early Life Stag 29- 3
Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance of Dietary Accumulation and In 18- 1
Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A U 1-1
Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of the Larvae and Adul 41-2
11 Reproduction, and Age-Specific Growth /,Influence of the Org 27- 2
11 and Growth of Larvae at Different Salinities /, Laboratory Spa 29- 2
11 and Development When Exposed to Organotins /,Lugworm (Arenico 46- 2
11 to Other Endpoints in Chronic Toxicity Tests with Fish /,Rela 26-2
Susceptibility and Regenerative Limb Growth as Sensitive Indicators of 38- 2
Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and in Samples from Ground Water Aquif 32- 1
T
Techniques for Study of Effects and Uptake of Sediment-Associated Chem 47- 3
Test Results with Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fent 5- 2
11 Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and Results Using Chlorp 23- 1
11 Systems for Estuarine Benthic Communities /,Field Validation of M 16- 1
Testing of Single Species Dominant in Benthic Community Testing at Gul 43- 2
11 at Gulf Breeze, Florida /,Results of Acute Toxicity Testing of 43- 2
" /,Use of Plankton in Aquatic Toxicity 48- 1
Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows Exposed to Fenthion 7- 1
11 Survival and Development When Exposed to Organotins /,Lugworm ( 46-2
" with Early Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes /,Methods for Spawnin 29- 3
" with Fish /,Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in Chronic T 26-2
testudinum and Its Epiphytic Algae /,Effects of Drilling Fluids on Tha 35- 2
Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic Algae /,Effects of Drilling Flu 35-2
Titles and Abstracts: 1986, 1987, in Press and in Preparation Publicat 17- 1
Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and Results Using Chlorpyrifos /,Early Life-St 23- 1
Toxicants /,Critical Responses of Populations of Crustacea to 27- 1
11 on Laboratory- and Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communi 44- 1
Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugi 8- 2
Toxicity Handbook of Chemicals to Estuarine Organisms /,Acute 26-1
11 Test Results with Responses of Caged Estuarine Animals Expose 5- 2
11 Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and Results Usi 23- 1
" Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows Exposed to 7-1
11 Tests: Survival and Development When Exposed to Organotins /, 46- 2
" Tests with Early Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes /, Methods fo 29- 3
11 to Crustaceans /,Molt-Related Susceptibility and Regenerative 38- 2
11 Studies Conducted with Selected Marine Organisms at EPA's Env 46-3
" Tests with Fish /,Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in 26-2
" Testing of Single Species Dominant in Benthic Community Testi 43- 2
" of Dibutyl Phthalate-Contaminated Sediment to Laboratory- and 44- 2
11 of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) 21-1
11 Testing /,Use of Plankton in Aquatic 48- 1
Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide /,Inhibition of Arm Regenerat 46-1
Trichloroethylene /,Aerobic Biodegradation of 31- 1
11 by a Bacterial Isolate /,Aerobic Metabolism of 31- 2
11 and the Involvement of an Aromatic Biodegradative Pa 31-3
Triphenyltin Oxide /,Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma brev 46-1
U
Undisturbed Sediment-Water Interface in Laboratory Systems /,Movement 37- 3
Unique Response to Hydrogen Sulfide /,Emersion in the Mangrove Forest 1- 1
Uptake of Sediment-Associated Chemicals /,Techniques for Study of Effe 47- 3
V
Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine Bent 16- 1
variegatus) During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos /,Effect 12- 1
Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications of a Chitinase Probe 49- 2
View /,Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Waters: Issue 19- 1
vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications of a Chitinase Probe /,Chiti 49- 2
W
Water /,Bacterial Inhibitors in Lake 24- 2
PAGE 57
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KEYWORD TITLE INDEX P I
A T
G E
E M
W
Water Aquifers /,Metabolism of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions 32- 1
" Interface in laboratory Systems /,Movement of Kepone (Chlordecon 37- 3
Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to 8- 2
Waters: Issues for Consideration from a Regulatory Point of View /,Int 19-1
X
xanthurus): Importance of Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate /,Bi 18- 1
PAGE 58
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
PAGE 59
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
A
Abel, Daniel C.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response
to Hydrogen Sulfide/,1-1
Ahearn, Donald G.
Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment/,1-2
Ahearn, Donald G., Joint Author.
Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water
Interface in laboratory Systems/,37-3
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p-Chlorqphenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,38-1
Alexander, Martin
Anomalous Effects of Concentration on Biodegradation of Organic
Chemicals/, 1-3
Alexander, Martin, Joint Author.
Bacterial Inhibitors in Lake Water/,24-2
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment/,48-2
Effect of Bacterial Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of
Alternative Prey/,42-1
Metabolism of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and
in Samples from Ground Water Aquifers/,32-1
B
Barkay, Tamar
Adaptation of Aquatic Microbial Communities to Hg2+ Stress/,2-1
Bacteria and the Environment/,2-2
Gene Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the
Environment/,2-3
Barkay, Tamar, Joint Author.
Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A
Review/,45-1
Genetic Stability of Plasmid DNA in Aquatic Bacteria/,21-2
Biggs, Robert B., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/, 18-2
Blackburn, James, Joint Author.
Applications for DNA Probes in Biodegradation Research/,40-2
Borthwick, Patrick W.
Effects of Salinity Change on Acute Lethal Responses of Bay Mysids
(Mysidqpsis bahia) to Three Insecticides/,3-1
Borthwick, Patrick W., Joint Author.
Comparison of laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,5-2
PAGE 60
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
B
Borthwick, Patrick W., Joint Author.
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shriirp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,6-1
Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead
Minnows Exposed to Fenthion/,7-1
Bourquin, Al W.
Biotechnology Aquatic Risk Assessment Research/,3-2
Bourquin, Al W., Joint Author.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene/,31-1
Bacteria and the Environment/,2-2
Biological and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Xenobiotic Chemicals in In Vitro
Estuarine and Sediment/Water Systems/,45-2
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,3 6-1
Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial Cornmunities/,36-2
Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A
Review/,45-1
Genetic Stability of Plasmid DNA in Aquatic Bacteria/,21-2
Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus/,4-3
Shake-Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,14-1
Brayton, P.R.
Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental
Vibrio cholerae/,3-3
Brusca, J.
Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Efficiently Enters but
Does Not Replicate in Polikilo Thermic Vertebrate Cells/,4-1
C
Capuzzo, Judith M.
Development of Physiological Indices to Predict the Effects of Chronic
Pesticide Exposure on Zooplankton Populations/,4-2
Chatterjee, Deb K.
Metabolism of Aromatic Compounds by Caulobacter crescentus/,4-3
Chatterjee, Deb K., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2-2
Chatterjee, Pramita, Joint Author.
Genetic Stability of Plasmid DNA in Aquatic Bacteria/,21-2
Clark, James R.
Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs/,5-1
PAGE 61
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AUTHOR INDEX
C
Clark, James R.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,5-2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shriirp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,6-1
Field and laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead
Minnows Exposed to Fenthion//7-1
Toxicity of Sediment-Incorporated Drilling Fluids to Lancelets
(Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,8-l
Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,8-2
Clark, James R., Joint Author.
Bioaccuraulation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) : Importance of
Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate/,18-1
Effects of Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic
Algae/,35-2
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Community
Approach/,30-2
Cleveland, Mary E., Joint Author.
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion/,10-l
Colwell, Rita R.
Evidence for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms Occurring in Natural
Aquatic Environments/,9-1
Release of Genetically Engineered Microorganisms into the Environment/,9-2
Colwell, Rita R., Joint Author.
Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Cnromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNAs Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,25-3
Chitinase Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications
of a Chitinase Probe/,49-2
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAs and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,25-4
Fluorescent Antibody Staining Method for Enumeration of Viable Environmental
Vibrio cholerae/,3-3
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
Rapid Indirect Test for Chitinase Activity Using
4-Methylumbellif eryl-N-Acetyl-B-D-Glucosaminide/ ,32-2
Conklin, Philip J., Joint Author.
Molt-Related Susceptibility and Regenerative Limb Growth as Sensitive
Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans/,38-2
PAGE 62
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
C
Connolly, John P.
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion/,10-1
Connolly, John P., Joint Author.
Bioaccumlation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostoraus xanthurus): Importance of
Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate/,18-1
Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water
Interface in Laboratory Systems/,37-3
Couch, John A.
Carcinogenicity Tests: Utilization of Ectothermic Organisms/, 10-2
DENA-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Estuarine Sheepshead Minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions with Comparisons to
Mammalian Lesions/,11-1
Enclosed Systems for Testing Microbial Pest Control Agents/,11-2
Couch, John A., Joint Author.
Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Efficiently Enters but
Does Not Replicate in Polikilo Thermic Vertebrate Cells/,4-1
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia/,23-2
Evaluation of a Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) Under Development as an
MPCA for Nontarget Risk/,19-2
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea
commercialis and Crassostrea amasa/,49-1
Courtney, Lee A., Joint Author.
Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Efficiently Enters but
Does Not Replicate in Polikilo Thermic Vertebrate Cells/,4-1
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia/,23-2
DENA-Induced Hepatocarcinogenesis in the Estuarine Sheepshead Minnow
(Cyprinodon variegatus): Neoplasms and Related Lesions with Comparisons to
Mammalian Lesions/,11-1
Evaluation of a Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) Under Development as an
MPCA for Nontarget Risk//19-2
Gripe, Claude R.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh Environments: l. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,13-1
Shake-Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,14-1
Cripe, Claude R., Joint Author.
Biological and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Xenobiotic Chemicals in In Vitro
Estuarine and Sediment/Water Systems/,45-2
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,36-1
PAGE 63
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AUTHOR INDEX
C
Gripe, Claude R., Joint Author.
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,37-2
Gripe, Geraldine M.
Effects of Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)
During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos/,12-1
Occurrence of Mysidopsis bahia (Mysidacea,Mysidae) on the Atlantic Coast of
Florida/,13-2
Gripe, Geraldine M., Joint Author.
Acute Tbxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,21-3
Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in Field Studies/,22-1
Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and
Results Using Chlorpyrifos/,23-1
Crow, S.A., Joint Author.
Fungi and Hydrocarbons in the Marine Environment/,1-2
Cuskey, S., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2-2
D
D'Asaro, Charles N.
Egg Capsules of Eleven Marine Prosobranchs from Northwest Florida/,14-2
Laboratory Spawning, Egg Membranes, and Egg Capsules of 14 Small Marine
Prosobranchs from Florida and Bimini, Bahamas/,14-3
Davis, William P.
Role of Rivulus marmoratus in Research on Aquatic Pollutants/,15-1
Davis, William P., Joint Author.
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unique Response
to Hydrogen Sulfide/,1-1
Evidence for Embryonic Diapause in Rivulus marmoratus: Laboratory and Field
Observations/,39-1
DeWeerd, Kim A.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,15-2
Deans, Christine H., Joint Author.
Comparison of Four Methods for Calculating the EC50 from Algal Population
Growth/,45-3
Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodermata,
Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide/,,46-1
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/,43-1
Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate-Contaminated Sediment to Laboratory- and
Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities/,44-2
PAGE 64
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
D
Diaz, Robert J.
Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Ocraraunities/,16-1
Dickson, K.L. , Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
Duke, Thomas W.
Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and
Implementation/, 16-2
Toxic Effects on Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and
Indicators of Exposure to Chemicals/,16-3
Duke, Thomas W. , Joint Author.
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/ , 24-1
Effects of Drilling Fluids on Marine Organisms/,34-1
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Oommunity
Approach/ , 30-2
Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Waters: Issues for
Consideration from a Regulatory Point of View/ ,19-1
Toxicity of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,21-l
Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia)/,34-2
E
Ellersieck, Mark R. , Joint Author.
Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in Chronic Toxicity Tests with
Fish// 26-2
Environmental Research Laboratory, Gulf Breeze, FL
Gulf Breeze Laboratory Titles and Abstracts: 1986, 1987, in Press and in
Preparation Publications/,17-1
Publications: Gulf Breeze Laboratory/ , 17-2
F
Federle, Thomas W.
Quantitative Co
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,17-3
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
m Micr
Fisher, Daniel J.
Bioaccumulation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) : Importance of
Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate/,18-1
Flemer, David A.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,18-2
Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Waters: Issues for
Consideration from a Regulatory Point of View/,19-1
PAGE 65
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
F
Forester, Jerrold, Joint Author.
Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs/,5-1
Effects of Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)
During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos/,12-1
Foss, Steven S.
Evaluation of a Fungal Agent (Lagenidium giganteum) Under Development as an
MPCA for Nontarget Risk//19-2
Fredrickson, Herbert L.
Microbial 14CO2 Release and Lipid Biosynthesis from Acetate, Lactate and
Glucose in a Spartina Rhizosphere and a Nonvegetated Tidal Flat/,20-1
G
Gaetz, Charles T.
Laboratory Culture and Observations on the Reproductive Biology of the
Marine Pelagic Isopod, Idotea metallica (Crustacea; Isopoda)/,20-2
Toxicity of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,21-l
Genthner, F., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2-2
Genthner, Fred J.
Genetic Stability of Plasmid DNA in Aquatic Bacteria/,21-2
Gillian, W.T., Joint Author.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,13-1
Goodman, Larry R.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabrbmobisphenol-A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,21-3
Cage for Use with Small Aquatic Animals in Field Studies/,22-1
Goodman, Larry R., Joint Author.
Comparison of laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,5-2
Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and
Results Using Chlorpyrifos/,23-1
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,6-1
Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead
Minnows Exposed to Fenthion/,7-1
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early
life Stages of Atherinid Fishes/,29-3
Grimes, D.J.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
Grimes, D.J., Joint Author.
Evidence for Genetic Modification of Microorganisms Occurring in Natural
Aquatic Environments/,9-1
PAGE 66
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
G
Grizzle, John M.
Lesions in Fishes Captured near Drilling Platforms in the Gulf of
Mexico/,22-3
Gustin, Denise, Joint Author.
DNA Sorption to Soils and Sediments/,33-1
H
Halsell, Darrel G., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabromobisphenol-A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,21-3
Hamelink, J.L., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
Hansen, David J.
Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and
Results Using Chlorpyrifos/,23-1
Hansen, David J., Joint Author.
Effects of Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)
During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos/,12-1
Harwell, Christine C., Joint Author.
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/,24-1
Harwell, Mark A., Joint Author.
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/,24-1
Hemmer, Michael J., Joint Author.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae)/,28-3
Influence of Environmental Temperature on Sex-ratios in the Tidewater
Silverside, Menidia peninsulae/,29-1
Laboratory Spawning Cues in Menidia beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces,
Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of Larvae at Different
Salinities/,29-2
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early
Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes/,29-3
Reproductive Ecology of the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae
(Pisces: Atherinidae) from Santa Rosa Island, Florida/,30-1
Reproductive Rhythmicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from
Estero del Soldado, Mexico/,39-2
Hendricks, S.J., Joint Author.
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Community
Approach/,30-2
Hinton, David E.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia/,23-2
PAGE 67
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
H
Houston, Laura, Joint Author.
Applications for ENA Probes in Biodegradation Research//40-2
J
Jain, Rakesh K., Joint Author.
Applications for ENA Probes in Biodegradation Research/,40-2
K
Kelly, John R.
Ecosystem Perspective on Potential Impacts of Drilling Fluid Discharges on
Seagrasses/,24-1
Kimerle, R.A., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
KLein, Theodore M.
Bacterial Inhibitors in Lake Water/,24-2
^
Koenig, Christopher C., Joint Author. - v *
Emersion in the Mangrove Forest Fish Rivulus marmoratus: A Unii&e Response
to Hydrogen Sulfide/,1-1
Field Validation of Multi-Species laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/,16-1
Kokjohn, Tyler A.
Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec-102 is a
Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAD recA Gene/,24-3
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Analogue and
Identification of Its Protein Product/,25-1
L
Lamadrid-Rose, Yara, Joint Author.
laboratory Spawning Cues in Menidia beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces,
Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of Larvae at Different
Salinities/,29-2
Last, G.A., Joint Author.
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAs and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,25-4
Lech, J.J., Joint Author.
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects
on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish/,41-1
Lewis, Russell L., Joint Author.
DNA Sorption to Soils and Sediments/,33-1
Linkfield, Tim, Joint Author.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,15-2
Livingston, Robert J., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic C!ommunities/,16-l
PAGE 68
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
L
Livingston, Robert J., Joint Author.
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,17-3
Lores, Emile M.
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides/,25-2
lores, Emile M., Joint Author.
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,5-2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,6-1
Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead
Minnows Exposed to Fenthion/,7-1
Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Qphioderma breyispina (Echinodermata,
Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide/,46-1
Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and
Development When Exposed to Organotins/,46-2
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media/, 47-2
Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,8-2
Louie, Michael K., Joint Author.
Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodermata,
Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide/,46-1
Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and
Development When Exposed to Organotins/,46-2
Luckenbach, M., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/,16-1
M
MacDonell, M.T.
Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rENAs Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,25-3
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAs and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,25-4
MacDonell, M.T., Joint Author.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
Macauley, John M., Joint Author.
Effects of Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic
Algae/,35-2
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Oammunity
Approach//30-2
PAGE 69
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
M
Macauley, Stephanie F., Joint Author.
Early Life-Stage Toxicity Test Methods for Gulf Toadfish (Opsanus beta) and
Results Using Chlorpyrifos/,23-1
Effects of Diet Quantity on Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus)
During Early Life-Stage Exposures to Chlorpyrifos/,12-1
Macek, D.J., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
Mackieman, Gail B., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons learned/, 18-2
Madsen, Eugene L., Joint Author.
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment/,48-2
Mahaffey, William R., Joint Author.
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Biodegradative Pathway/,31-3
Mayer, Foster L., Jr.
Acute Toxicity Handbook of Chemicals to Estuarine Organisms/,26-1
Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in Chronic Toxicity Tests with
Fish/,26-2
Mayer, Foster L., Jr., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
Integration of Monitoring and Research in Coastal Waters: Issues for
Consideration from a Regulatory Point of View/,19-1
Mayer, Kathleen S., Joint Author.
Relation of Survival to Other Endpoints in Chronic Toxicity Tests with
Fish/,26-2
McKenney, Charles L., Jr.
Critical Responses of Populations of Crustacea to Toxicants/,27-1
Influence of the Organqphosphate Insecticide Fenthion on Mysidopsis bahia
Exposed During a Complete Life Cycle: I. Survival, Reproduction, and
Age-Specific Growth/,27-2
Methods for Determining the Influence of Biochemical Biological Control
Agents on Metamorphosis of Marine Crustacea/,28-1
Optimization of Environmental Factors During the Life Cycle of Mysiodopsis
bahia/,28-2
McKenney, Charles L., Jr., Joint Author.
Influence of Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of
the larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus/,41-2
Mclaughlin, Leslie L., Joint Author.
Comparison of Four Methods for Calculating the EC50 from Algal Population
Growth/,45-3
PAGE 70
-------
AUTHOR INDEX
M
Mclaughlin, Leslie L., Joint Author.
Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma brevispina (Echinodennata,
Ophixiroidea) by Trihutyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide/,4 6-1
Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and
Development When Exposed to Organotins/,46-2
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Corcpounds in Six
Growth Media/,47-2
Meeter, Duane A., Joint Author.
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial Community Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,17-3
Melius P., Joint Author.
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism in Fishes/,44-3
Middaugh, Douglas P.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae)/,28-3
Influence of Environmental Temperature on Sex-ratios in the Tidewater
Silverside, Menidia peninsulae/,29-1
Laboratory Spawning Cues in Menidia beryllina and M. peninsulae (Pisces,
Atherinidae) with Notes on Survival and Growth of Larvae at Different
Salinities/,29-2
Methods for Spawning, Culturing and Conducting Toxicity Tests with Early
Life Stages of Atherinid Fishes/,29-3
Reproductive Ecology of the Tidewater Silverside, Menidia peninsulae
(Pisces: Atherinidae) from Santa Rosa Island, Florida/,30-1
Middaugh, Douglas P., Joint Author.
Reproductive Rhythmicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from
Estero del Soldado, Mexico/,39-2
Miller, Robert y., Joint Author.
Characterization of recA Mutants of Pseudomonas aeruginosa: rec-102 is a
Mutant Allele of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAD recA Gene/,24-3
Characterization of the Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO recA Analogue and
Identification of Its Protein Product/,25-1
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a
Natural Freshwater Environment/,39-3
The Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community
on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,40-1
Montgomery, Richard M., Joint Author.
Toxicity of Used Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia)/,21-l
Montgomery, Stacy 0., Joint Author.
Aerobic Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate/,31-2
PAGE 71
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AUTHOR INDEX
M
Montgomery/ Stacy O., Joint Author.
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Bicdegradative Pathway/,31-3
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Cconunity
Approach/,30-2
Monti, Carol A., Joint Author.
Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water
Interface in Laboratory Systems/,37-3
Moody, Paul H., Joint Author.
Acute Toxicity of Malathion, Tetrabrxawabisphenol-A, and Tributyltin Chloride
to Mysids (Mysidopsis bahia) of Three Different Ages/,21-3
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides/,25-2
Moore, James C., Joint Author.
Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs/, 5-1
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,5-2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepsnead Minnows/,6-1
Field and Laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepsnead
Minnows Exposed to FenthionA?-!
Improved Silica Gel Cleanup Method for Organophosphorous Pesticides/,25-2
Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,8-2
Morris, S.C., Joint Author.
Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rFNAs Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,25-3
Morton, R. Dana
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Coranunity
Approach/,30-2
Mount, Donald I., Joint Author.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
Toxic Effects on Individuals, Populations and Aquatic Ecosystems and
Indicators of Exposure to Chemicals/, 16-3
Mueller, Len H., Joint Author.
Bioaccumulation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance of
Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate/,18-1
Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial Ccrartunities/,36-2
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Ccramunities/,37-2
Mukherjee, Reba, Joint Author.
Metabolism of Alachlor and Propachlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and
in Samples from Ground Water Aquifers/,32-1
PAGE 72
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AUTHOR INDEX
N
Nehlsen, Willa, Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/, 18-2
Nelson, Michael J.K.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene/,31-1
Aerobic Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate/,31-2
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Biodegradative Pathway/,31-3
Novick, Norman J.
Metabolism of Alachlor and Propaohlor in Suspensions of Pretreated Soils and
in Samples from Ground Water Aquifers/,32-1
O
O'Brien, Mark
Rapid Indirect Test for Chitinase Activity Using
4-Methylumbelliferyl^-Aoetyl-B-D^lucosaiirirdde/, 32-2
O'Connor, Joseph M.
Rharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes/,32-3
O'Neill, Ellen J., Joint Author.
Aerobic Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate/,31-2
Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/, 13-1
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Comraunities/,37-2
Movement of Repone (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water
Interface in laboratory Systems/,37-3
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p-Chlorophenol
in laboratory Test Systems/,38-1
Ogram, Andrew
DNA Sorption to Soils and Sediments/,33-1
Ogram, Andrew, Joint Author.
Applications for DNA Probes in Biodegradation Research/,40-2
Ogunseitan, O., Joint Author.
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in Pseudomonas aeruginosa in a
Natural Freshwater Environment/,39-3
The Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Ccraraunity
on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,40-1
Ortiz-Conde, B.A., Joint Author.
Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Qiromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNAs Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,25-3
Distribution of Mutations in Gram Negative Eubacterial 5S rRNAs and
Significance for Sequence Analysis/,25-4
PAGE 73
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AUTHOR INDEX
0
Qrtiz-Conde, B.A., Joint Author.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
P
Parrish, Patrick R.
Aquatic Toxicology: Ten Years in Review and a Look at the Future/,33-2
Effects of Drilling Fluids on Marine Organisms/,34-1
Variability of the Acute Toxicity of Drilling Fluids to Mysids (Mysidopsis
bahia)/,34-2
Parrish, Patrick R., Joint Author.
Drilling Fluid Test Procedure: Participation, Data Comparison and
Implementation/,16-2
Patrick, James M., Joint Author.
Accumulation of Sediment-Bound PCBs by Fiddler Crabs/,5-1
Comparison of Laboratory Toxicity Test Results with Responses of Caged
Estuarine Animals Exposed to Fenthion in the Field/,5-2
Effects of Aerial Thermal Fog Applications of Fenthion on Caged Pink Shrimp,
Mysids, and Sheepshead Minnows/,6-1
Field and laboratory Toxicity Tests with Shrimp, Mysids, and Sheepshead
Minnows Exposed to Fenthion/,7-1
Toxicity of Sediment-Incorporated Drilling Fluids to Lancelets
(Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,8-l
Waterborne and Sediment-Source Toxicities of Six Organic Chemicals to Grass
Shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) and Amphioxus (Branchiostoma caribaeum)/,8-2
Penttila, Daniel E., Joint Author.
Embryo Ecology of the Pacific Surf Smelt, Hypomesus pretiosus (Pisces:
Osmeridae)/,28-3
Pettigrew, Charles A.
Use of DNA:DNA Colony Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of
4-Chlorobiphenyl Degradative Bacterial Phenotypes/,35-1
Pettigrew, Charles A., Joint Author.
Applications for DNA Probes in Bicdegradation Research/,40-2
Pillidge, C. J., Joint Author.
Application of Ion-Exchange High-Performance Liquid Chromatography in the
Purification of 5S rRNAs Suitable for Sequence Analysis/,25-3
Pizza, John C., Joint Author.
Pharmacokinetic Model for the Accumulation of PCBs in Marine Fishes/,32-3
Plaia, Gayle R., Joint Author.
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental ConMunity
Approach/,30-2
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/ ,43-1
PAGE 74
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AUTHOR INDEX
P
Plaia, Gayle R., Joint Author.
Toxicity of Dibutyl Phthalate-Contaminated Sediment to Laboratory- and
Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities/,44-2
Price, Kent S., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/, 18-2
Price, W. Allen
Effects of Drilling Fluids on Thalassia testudinum and Its Epiphytic
Algae/,35-2
Price, W. Allen, Joint Author.
Impact of Drilling Fluids on Seagrasses: An Experimental Community
Approach/,30-2
Pritchard, Parmely H.
Assessing the Biodegradation of Sediment Associated Chemicals/,35-3
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,36-1
Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,36-2
Extrapolation of Laboratory Biodegradation Information to Microcosms and
Field Studies: A Summary of Research Results/,36-3
Fate of Pollutants/,37-1
Metabolism of Fenthion by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,37-2
Movement of Kepone (Chlordecone) Across an Undisturbed Sediment-Water
Interface in Laboratory Systems/,37-3
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p-Chlorophenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,38-1
Pritchard, Parmely H., Joint Author.
Aerobic Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene/,31-1
Aerobic Metabolism of Trichloroethylene by a Bacterial Isolate/,31-2
Biodegradation of Trichloroethylene and the Involvement of an Aromatic
Biodegradative Pathway/,31-3
Biological and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Xenobiotic Chemicals in In Vitro
Estuarine and Sediment/Water Systems/,45-2
Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,13-1
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,15-2
Shake-Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,14-1
Validity of Partition Coefficient as the Adsorption Descriptor in Exposure
Concentrations Predictions: Studies with Kepone and Methyl Parathion/,10-1
PAGE 75
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AUTHOR INDEX
R
Rao, K. Ranga
Molt-Related Susceptibility and Regenerative Limb Growth as Sensitive
Indicators of Aquatic Pollutant Toxicity to Crustaceans/,38-2
Ray, G.L., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/,16-1
Refermat, J., Joint Author.
Microbial 14002 Release and Lipid Biosynthesis from Acetate, Lactate and
Glucose in a Spartina Rhizosphere and a Nonvegetated Tidal Flat/,20-1
Riggsby, William S., Joint Author.
Applications for DNA Probes in Bicdegradation Research/,40-2
Ritchie, Scott A.
Evidence for Embryonic Diapause in Rivulus marmoratus: Laboratory and Field
Observations/,39-1
Roberts, Morris H., Jr., Joint Author.
Bioaccumulation of Kepone by Spot (Leiostomus xanthurus): Importance of
Dietary Accumulation and Ingestion Rate/,18-1
Roszak, D.B., Joint Author.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
Russell, G.A.
Reproductive Rhythmicity of the False Grunion, Colpichthys regis, from
Estero del Soldado, Mexico/,39-2
S
Saye, D.J.
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in Pseudamonas aeruginosa in a
Natural Freshwater Environment/,39-3
The Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater Community
on Transduction in Pseudamonas aeruginosa/,40-1
Sayler, Gary S.
Applications for DNA Probes in Biodegradation Research/,40-2
Sayler, Gary S., Joint Author.
DNA Sorption to Soils and Sediments/,33-1
Gene Probes as a Tool for the Detection of Specific Genomes in the
Environment/,2-3
Potential for Transduction of Plasmids in Pseudamonas aeruginosa in a
Natural Freshwater Environment/,39-3
The Effect of Plasmid Donor Concentration and a Natural Freshwater (Community
on Transduction in Pseudomonas aeruginosa/,40-1
Use of DNA: DNA Colony Hybridization in the Rapid Isolation of
4-Chlorobiphenyl Degradative Bacterial Phenotypes/,35-1
PAGE 76
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AUTHOR INDEX
S
Schcor, W. Peter
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects
on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish/,41-1
Shirley, Michael A.
Influence of Lindane on Survival and Osmoregulatory/Metabolic Responses of
the Larvae and Adults of the Estuarine Crab, Eurypanopeus depressus/,41-2
Sinclair, James L.
Effect of Bacterial Growth on Protozoan Predation in the Presence of
Alternative Prey/,42-1
Sneed, Collard B., Joint Author.
laboratory Culture and Observations on the Reproductive Biology of the
Marine Pelagic Isopod, Idotea metallica (Crustacea; Isopoda)/,20-2
Somerville, C.C., Joint Author.
Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,42-2
Chitinase Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications
of a Chitinase Probe/,49-2
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
Spain, Carol M., Joint Author.
Physical and Biological Parameters That Determine the Fate of p-Chlorophenol
in Laboratory Test Systems/,38-1
Spain, Jim C.
Biodegradation of Jet Fuel by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,42-2
Spain, Jim C., Joint Author.
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,36-1
Degradation of Jet and Missile Fuels by Aquatic Microbial Communities/,36-2
Stanley, Roman S., Joint Author.
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/,43-1
Results of Acute Toxicity Testing of Single Species Dominant in Benthic
Community Testing at Gulf Breeze, Florida/,43-2
Straube, W., Joint Author.
Plasmid Mobility in the Ocean Environment/,22-2
Suflita, Joseph M., Joint Author.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,15-2
Summers, Max D., Joint Author.
Autographa californica Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus Efficiently Enters but
Does Not Replicate in Polikilo Thermic Vertebrate Cells/,4-1
T
Tagatz, Marlin E.
Responses of Estuarine Macrofauna Colonizing Sediments Contaminated with
Fenvalerate/,43-1
PAGE 77
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AUTHOR INDEX
T
Tagatz, Marlin E.
Results of Acute Toxicity Testing of Single Species Dominant in Benthic
Community Testing at Gulf Breeze, Florida/,43-2
Some Methods for Measuring Effects of Toxicants on Laboratory- and
Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities/,44-1
Toxicity of Dibutyl Fhthalate-Contaminated Sediment to Laboratory- and
Field-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities/,44-2
Tan, Barrie
Polynuclear Aromatic Hydrocarbon Metabolism in Fishes/,44-3
Teh, Swee J., Joint Author.
Cytological Changes During Progression of Neoplasia/,23-2
Thornton, S., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi-Species laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/,16-1
Tiedje, James M., Joint Author.
Relationship Between Reductive Dehalogenation and Other Aryl Substituent
Removal Reactions Catalyzed by Anaerobes/,15-2
Tippie, Virginia K., Joint Author.
Characterizing the Chesapeake Bay Ecosystem and Lessons Learned/,18-2
Trevors, J.T.
Gene Transfer Among Bacteria in Soil and Aquatic Environments: A
Review/,45-1
W
Walker, William W.
Biological and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Xenobiotic Chemicals in In Vitro
Estuarine and Sediment/Water Systems/,45-2
Walker, William W., Joint Author.
Biotic and Abiotic Degradation Rates of Methyl Parathion in Freshwater and
Estuarine Water and Sediment Samples/,36-1
Shake-Flask Test for Estimation of Biodegradability of Toxic Organic
Substances in the Aquatic Environment/,14-1
Walsh, Gerald E.
Comparison of Four Methods for Calculating the EC50 from .Algal Population
Growth/,45-3
Inhibition of Arm Regeneration by Ophioderma breyispina (:Echinodermata,
Ophiuroidea) by Tributyltin Oxide and Triphenyltin Oxide/,46-1
Lugworm (Arenicola cristata) Larvae in Toxicity Tests: Survival and
Development When Exposed to Organotins/,46-2
Organotin Toxicity Studies Conducted with Selected Marine Organisms at EPA's
Environmental Research laboratory, Gulf Breeze, Florida/,46-3
Principles of Toxicity Testing with Marine Unicellular Algae/,47-1
PAGE 78
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AUTHOR INDEX
W
Walsh, Gerald E.
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Broninated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media/,47-2
Techniques for Study of Effects and Uptake of Sediment-Associated
Chemicals/,47-3
Use of Plankton in Aquatic Toxicity Testing/,48-1
Walter, R., Joint Author.
Bacteria and the Environment/,2-2
Wang, Yei-Shung
Biodegradation by Mineralization or Cometabolism Determined by Chemical
Concentration and Environment/,48-2
White, David C., Joint Author.
Quantitative Comparison of Microbial C!ommunity Structure of Estuarine
Sediments from Microcosms and the Field/,17-3
Williams, D.E., Joint Author.
Combined Use of Biochemical Indicators to Assess Sublethal Pollution Effects
on Fundulus grandis, the Gulf Killifish/,41-1
Winstead, James T., Joint Author.
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea
commercialis and Crassostrea amasa/,49-1
Wolf, P.H.
Proctoeces sp. (Trematoda: Digenea) in Australian Oysters, Saccostrea
commercialis and Crassostrea amasa/,49-1
Wolfe, L.E., Joint Author.
Field Validation of Multi-Species Laboratory Test Systems for Estuarine
Benthic Communities/,16-1
Woods, M.E., Joint Author.
Fate of Fenthion in Salt-Marsh Environments: 1. Factors Affecting Biotic and
Abiotic Degradation Rates in Water and Sediment/,13-1
Wortman, A.T.
Chitinase Determinants of Vibrio vulnificus: Gene Cloning and Applications
of a Chitinase Probe/,49-2
Y
Yoder, Mark J., Joint Author.
Responses of Marine Unicellular Algae to Brominated Organic Compounds in Six
Growth Media//47-2
U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE: 1987-730-013/65261
PAGE 79
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