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United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Enforcement and
Compliance
Assurance (2222A)
November 2000
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Table of Contents
Tab 1: Introduction
Background
What Problems Has EPA Identified
with CCDS Data?
What are the Main Obstacles to
Completing the CCDS?
How are the CCDS Data Used by EPA/OECA?
How to Incorporate QA/QC into the CCDS Process
3
3
3
4
4
5
Tab 4:
Wl
W2
W3
W4
W5
Tab 5:
Al
Water Examples
Clean Water Act/NPDES
Stormwater Violation for CAFO
Combined Sewer Overflow
SDWA Pollutant Reduction
SDWA Microbial Violation
Air Examples
NOX Reductions under PSD/NSR
39
40
42
46
49
49
61
62
Tab 2: CCDS Instructions 11 A2
A3
Tab 3: Guide to Calculating Pollutant Reductions 33 A4
When Do You Need to Calculate Pollutant 34
Reductions Tab 6:
How Do You Calculate Pollutant Reductions 34 SI
What Time Period Should You Use 35 S2
Units and Unit Conversion 35 S3
S02 and HAP Reductions under MACT
Leak Detection and Repair
Asbestos NESHAP
Solid/Hazardous Waste Examples
Corrective Action
RCRA Underground Storage Tanks
Used Oil Management
80
88
95
101
102
105
108
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Introduction
Background
EPA implemented the Case Conclusion Data Sheet
(CCDS) in FY 1996 to capture relevant information on
results and environmental benefits of concluded enforce-
ment cases including pollutant reduction benefits. Since
1996, EPA staff has evaluated the CCDS data and identified
areas for improvements. This quick guide and EPA's train-
ing booklet provide guidance on completing this form. The
training booklet, which provides additional background and
details related to the case studies presented in this quick
guide, can be obtained from:
Ms. Donna Inman
U.S. EPA Headquarters (Mailcode 2222A)
OECA/OC/IUTB
1200 Pennsylvania Ave., N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20004
(202)564-2511
Fax (202) 564-0028
Inman.donna@epa.gov
What Problems Has EPA Identified with
CCDS Data?
A lack of consistency in the timeframe used for report-
ing pollutant reductions. For example, in a large diesel
engine case, six manufacturers were found to have violated
requirements for the control of NOX in their engines. The esti-
mate of NOX reductions for the case were annualized from
reductions that were expected to occur over a 25 year period
and one year of emissions was reported. Other cases have
reported average total reductions for a multi-year period.
Missing pollutant reduction data is prevalent. For
example, many of the submitted CWA cases that require a
facility to come into compliance with specific pollutant limi-
tations do not have a pollutant load calculated when one
should be. Other cases are reported with a pollutant identi-
fied but no amount reported and/or no units of measure-
ment reported.
Misreported Pollutant reduction data. For example,
some EPCRA cases erroneously showed large quantities of
pollutant reduction for pollutant reporting actions that
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OECA's emphasis on the environmental benefits of its
compliance and enforcement activities is growing and
OECA needs to be able to assess the impact and benefit to
the environment from these actions. The data collected on
the CCDS is key to achieving this goal and therefore
improving the quality of the CCDS data is imperative.
How to Incorporate Quality Assurance/
Quality Control (QA/QC) into the CCDS
Process
EPA has developed a process for assessing the quality of
estimated pollutant reductions; reconciling inaccurate,
incomplete, and inconsistent data entries; and facilitating
Regional review of completed CCDS forms. The CCDS
review methodology includes an independent review of the
CCDS form and the use of two checklists to provide a con-
sistent and documentable QA/QC program.
What Are the Overall Steps for the CCDS
QA/QC Process?
Step A Complete the CCDS form. Complete all applicable
sections of the form, paying attention to the skip
patterns included in Questions 17 and 20.
Step B Review key data on the form. An independent
reviewer can often spot misreported or unreported
information. Use the review checklists discussed
below to facilitate this review. Make sure that all key
fields identified on the checklists are completed.
Step C Reconcile inconsistencies and incomplete entries
as needed. Make sure that any issues identified
during review are reconciled, returning the form to
the originator if necessary.
Step D Enter CCDS data into the Docket database. Regional
Docket data entry staff enter the data from the CCDS
into DOCKET following the data entry instructions
identified in EPA's Enforcement DOCKET User's
Manual. This manual can be obtained from:
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CCDS Completion Checklist
Docket Number
CCDS Sign OS ' '• • -• ;•;•••••
CCDS Completed By:
CCDS Review Completed By:
CCDS Returned for Problem Resolution To:
Yes N/A
CCDS Docket Entry Completed By:
•"••••••• fclaifte ef'$er»oii , :
CCDS Field • : ; . '
Are all questions required for Docket entry comp
Includes questions 1, 3, 4a (if civil judicial case)
lete?
, 4b, 5, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, and 16
If not, which questions are not complete?
Are all questions key for the CCDS program complete?
Includes questions 7, 17, 19 (if action from column 1 of Q. 17 is checked), 20, and 24
(if Q.20(b) 01 20(c) is checked)?
If not, which questions are not complete?
Oate . -. ..!...
I Completed (¥, N)
n Form Complete / / D Revision (s) Required
Indicate Prob)em(s)/Missing item(s):
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Q. 20 Supplemental Environmental Projects (SEPs)
Are any of the following categories checked?
- Pollution prevention
- Pollution reduction
If yes, is corresponding information presented in Question 24?
Are valid pollutant names provided?
Are reduction/elimination amounts provided in acceptable
units for the media affected?
Is the affected media indicated?
Does the affected media correspond to the statutes violated
and the physical actions checked?
Are calculation sheets included in the review package?
Can you verify that the estimation methods are valid?
Can you replicate the calculations?
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CCDS Instructions
Table 1 presents question-specific instructions for com-
pleting the CCDS. Tables 2-7 present information required
for specific questions on the CCDS.
One important aspect of the CCDS is quantifying pollu-
tant reductions that occur from enforcement activities.
However, not all enforcement actions have quantifiable ben-
efits. The actions listed on Question 17 are divided into
three groups.
• Actions checked in the first column should have pollu-
tant reductions quantified in Question 19.
• Actions checked in the second column identify a pollu-
tant(s) at the facility. The pollutant(s) should then be
identified in Question 19.
• Actions checked in the third column do not usually
result in quantifiable pollutant reductions. For these
actions Question 19 should be skipped.
OECA also tracks the environmental benefits that result
from SEPs. The key SEP actions (from CCDS Question 20)
that result in quantifiable environmental benefits are
Pollution Prevention (20 (b)) and Pollution Reduction
(20(c)).
11
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Enter the acronym for the law violated (CWA, CAA, RCRA, etc) before the slash, followed by the statutory
section number for the section that was violated. Pick the appropriate section from Table 2 below, (e.g.,
CAA/111; RCRA/3004) Do not enter the section number of the statutory section that authorizes EPA to bring
the case (e.g., CAA/313; RCRA 3008a). Do not use US Code or CFR citations in this field.
Enter the section number of the statutory section that authorizes EPA to bring the enforcement action. For
example, nearly all Clean Air Act cases involving SOP, NSPS, or NESHAPs violations are brought pursuant
to Section 113 of the CAA; all administrative penalty cases for RCRA Subtitle C violations are brought pur-
suant to Section 3008a of RCRA; etc.
The Issued/Filed date is the date the Complaint or Administrative Order was signed by the appropriate EPA
official and issued to the respondent. The Final Order date is the date the compliance order becomes effec-
tive without further administrative appeal. For unappealed or unilateral administrative compliance orders,
the final date is the signature date of the EPA issuing official. For two-step orders, both issue date and final
date should be provided on the form, even if the issue and final date are the same. Enter as mm/dd/yy.
This asks what action or actions have triggered the responsible office to consider the case as multi-media. For
example, a settlement addressing a violation in one program includes issues covered under other programs.
9
10
11
12
This indicates whether the responsible office developed the case as an environmental justice action.
This question is to identify if the action was taken as part of a MOA priority sector or media activity.
This is the full name of the facility.
The street address of the facility where the violation(s) occurred. Do Not use Post Office Box numbers for
this address.
13
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•he pollutants identified by the case in Question 19. If only actions from the third column are checked,
'hen it is unlikely that pollutant reductions/eliminations apply and you can SKIP Question 19.
18 First Column Actions include anything from the first column of Question 17. Second and Third Column
actions include anything from the second or third columns of Question 17. Actual cost data supplied by the
violator are preferred. For Superfund actions, this should be the estimated value of Responsible Party work
to be performed as included in the ROD or other documents.
19 Complete this question if you have checked any actions from the first and/or second column of Question
17. If you checked items from the first column calculate pollutant reduction/eliminations as appropriate
(See Section 4.0) Table 4 lists common pollutants with the preferred nomenclature for the Docket system.
The destination media is the media where the pollutant(s) or waste were emitted/discharged. Table 5 lists
the valid entries possible for this column. Do include units with any pollutant amount provided. Docket
system preferred units are "pounds". Table 6 lists the valid entries possible for this column.
20 Check only the actions that apply to the SEP. Table 7 provides definitions for the different SEP actions. If
20(b) or 20(c) is checked, Question 24 should be completed including pollutants, amount, units, and
media. If only actions that do not result in a pollutant reduction/elimination are checked, then SKIP
Question 24.
21, 22, 23
Self Explanatory
24
Complete this question if you have checked 20(b) or 20(c). See instructions under Question 19.
25(a)
Do not include the dollar value of any SEP. Include only the case amount to be paid by a certain date.
26, 27
Self Explanatory
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CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CWA
CWA
CWA
CWA
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103D2
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104E4
104E5
106A
107A
107C3
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301
307
404
405
504
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Destruction of Records
Info Access
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Inspection and Samples
Violation of 104 (e) Compliance Order
Imm. & Sub. Endngrmnt. Order
Cost Recovery
Treble Damages
Other Violations Not Covered
Elsewhere
NPDES Discharge w/o Permit/
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Tox & Pret. Eff. Stds.
Dredge/Fill Permits
Sewage Sludge Disposal
Emergency Powers
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
CERCLA
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CWA
CWA
CWA
CWA
CWA
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107M
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109A5
120E
122D3
122E3B
122G
122H
311F
311J
318
309 A3
311B
311E
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Violation of 109(a)(5) Subpoena
Fed. Fac. Interagency Agreement
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Admin. De Minimis Settlement
Admin. Cost Recovery Settmnt.
Oil Removal Cost Recovery
SPCC/FRP Violations
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FIFRA
FIFRA
FIFRA
FIFRA
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RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
12A2B
12A2C
12A2D
12A2E
12A2F
12A2G
10:
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3002
3003
3004
3005
3007
3008A
3008H
Refuse Records, Repts, Entry
False guaranty
Conf. Inf. Reveal
Advertise w/o Classification
Restricted Usage
Misuse
Prohibited Acts
Other Violations Not Covered
Elsewhere
Haz Waste Generator Regs
Haz Waste Generator Regs
TSD Standards
TSD Permit Requirements
Recordkeeping, Inspection,
Information Request
Violation of Existing
Compliance Order
Int. Status Corr. Act. Order
FIFRA
FIFRA
FIFRA
FIFRA
FIFRA
12A2P
12A2Q
12A2R
12A2S
9
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Violate Regs Under 3 (a) or 19
Establishment Inspection
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
RCRA
3014
3017
3020
3023
7003
9002
9003
9005
Recycled Oil
Export of Haz Waste
Udergrnd Inj. of Haz Waste
HW Discharge to Fed-Owned TW
Imminent Hazard Order
UST Notification Requirements
UST Release Detect, Prev, Corr
Inspection, Monitoring, Testing,
Corrections
19
-------
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TSCA 6E PCBs
TSCA 7 Imminent Hazard
TSCA 8 Reporting & Records Retent.
TSCA 11 Inspections & Subpoenas
TSCA 12 Exports
TSCA 13 Imports
TSCA 15-2 Knowing Commercial Use
TSCA 207A5 False Asb. Info under 205 (d)
TSCA 208 Asbestos Emergency Auth.
TSCA 215 Asbestos Worker Protection
TSCA 402 Pb Paint Training & Cert.
TSCA 406A HUD 1018 Disclosure Rule
TSCA 406B Renovation/Lead Haz Pamphlet
MRBMA Other
MRBMA 5A
MRBMA 5F
MRBMA 6
MRBMA 103
Other Violations Not Covered
Elsewhere
Violation of MRBMA 5 (a) AO
Violation of 5(f) Subpoena
Reports, Records, Access
Rechargeable Batteries & Labeling
MRBMA 104 Battery Handling (enforced
under RCRA)
MRBMA 203 Alkaline-Manganese Batteries
MRBMA 204 Zinc-Carbon Batteries
MRBMA 205 Button Cell Mercuric Oxide Batteries
MRBMA 206 Non-button Cell Mercuric Oxide
Batteries
21
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RD/RA
This category covers designing and implementing a protracted cleanup of a contaminat-
ed site or sites under Superfund.
Actions that Identify Pollutants
Storage Change
Labeling/Manifesting
Permit Application
This category includes activities involving storage of waste and spent products. E.g.,
modifications of the storage for used oil at a facility.
This category includes types of labeling and manifesting. E.g., labeling pesticide con-
tainers with instructions for safe use and handling or manifesting hazardous RCRA
wastes.
This category includes participation in required permit process by an unpermitted facili-
ty. E.g., an inspected facility storing wastes onsite without notification or permit.
Actions that Do Not Reduce/Eliminate Pollutants
Testing
Auditing
Monitoring/Sampling
This category includes generating data (as opposed to reporting existing data) from
actions, including laboratory testing of compounds. E.g., toxicity testing of commercial
chemicals.
This category involves cases where environmental auditing is included with the settle-
ment/order as a means for identifying problems and reducing the likelihood of similar
problems recurring.
This category includes monitoring and sampling activities performed to assess pollutant
levels in different media. E.g., effluent monitoring to ensure hazardous substances are
not discharged to unacceptable levels.
23
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Environmental Management
Reviews
This category covers developing a management system which includes organizational
structure, planning activities, responsibilities, practices, procedures, processes and
resources for developing, implementing, achieving, reviewing, and maintaining the envi-
ronmental policy.
25
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TCDF
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TPH
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Total Coliform
VOC
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Total Petroleum Hydrocarbon
Total Suspended Solids, SS, Settelable Solids
Coliform, Coliform Bacteria, Fecal Coliform
Volatile Organic Chemical
* For information on other names for the same pollutant and CAS numbers for specific pollutants, see
http://oaspub.epa.gov/crs/chemqry$.startup
27
-------
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Table 6. Question 19 and 24 Entries for "Units"
Units
CBI
CUFT
CUM
CU YD
DRUMS
GAL
G
KG
L
Definition
Confidential Business Information
Cubic Feet
Cubic Meters
Cubic Yard
Drums (55 gallons)
Gallons
Grams
Kilograms
Liters
Units
LB
MTON
MG
ML
OZ
PPB
PPM
PPT
TONS
Definition
Pounds
Metric Tons
Milligrams
Milliliters
Ounces
Parts Per Billion
Parts Per Million
Parts Per Trillion
Tons
29
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Environmental Compliance
Promotion
A project which involves disseminating information or providing training or technical
support to a regulated party or to some or all members of the defendant/respondent's eco-
nomic sector.
Emergency Planning and
Preparedness
A project where a defendant/respondent provides assistance, such as computers and soft-
ware, telephone/radio communication systems, chemical emission detection and inactiva-
tion equipment, HAZMAT equipment, or training for first responders to chemical emergen-
cies, to a responsible state or local planning entity.
31
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Guide to Calculating Pollutant Reductions
This section presents a general overview of when and how to estimate pollutant reductions/eliminations associated
with enforcement actions. Tabs 4, 5, and 6 present the following media-specific examples for water, air, and solid/haz-
ardous wastes, respectively:
Media
Water
Air
Solid/Hazardous
Waste
Example
Number
Wl
W2
W3
W4
W4
Al
A2
A3
A4
SI
S2
S3
Example Description
CWA/NPDES
Stormwater Violation for CAFO
Stormwater CSO
SDWA Pollutant Reduction
SDWA Microbial Contamination
NOx Reduction at a Petroleum Refinery under PSD/NSR
S02 and HAP Reduction at a Pulp and Paper Mill under MACT
Leak Detection And Repair
Asbestos NESHAP
Corrective Action
RCRA UST
Used Oil Management
Page Number
40
42
46
49
49
62
80
88
95
102
105
108
33
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Step F Report on the CCDS form the total pollutant reduc-
tion that will occur during the first year of post-
action compliance.
Pollutant Reduction (Ibs) = Loading (Ibs/day) x
Discharge Time (days/year) x 1 year
What Time Period Should You Use?
In determining pollutant reductions reported on the
CCDS, a period of time over which the reduction credit is
taken must be established. EPA anticipates two general sce-
narios for pollutant reduction calculations.
First is when a facility implements a one-time action
to come into compliance. An example of this is when a
facility installs a source-specific pollutant control device to
achieve compliance. In this case, the pollutant reduction is
realized after implementation of the device. The first year of
pollutant reductions should be used as the basis for CCDS
pollutant reduction calculations.
Second is when a facility implements a series of
actions to achieve compliance. An example of this is the
recent case against diesel engine manufacturers, where
changes will be made over time as the truck fleet is turned
over. Another example would be a staged installation of
low-NOx burners for all combustion sources through a
petroleum refinery (such an effort would likely occur over
several years). In this scenario, the pollutant reduction is
realized over time as the pollution control devices are
installed. For this case, estimate the total pollutant reduc-
tion over the lifespan of the implementation project and
report an annual average quantity on the CCDS.
EPA's goal with this approach is to provide a consistent
reporting basis on the CCDS amongst the regions.
Units and Unit Conversion
You will frequently be required to convert from one unit
to another to report pollutant reductions. Unit conversions
may simply require multiplying one quantity by a know
conversion factor or may require multiple conversion fac-
tors. Table 8 lists many common conversion factors. Table 9
presents some example conversions by media. Two exam-
ples of unit conversion are presented below.
35
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-------
Table 8. Common Conversion Factors
;Ma$» . . .....;... ., : i : . ••••'
1 microgram (ug) = 1000 picograms (pg)
1 milligram (mg) = 1000 micrograms (ug)
1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg)
1 kilogram (kg) = 2.2 pounds
1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g)
1 megagram (Mg) = 1,000 kilograms (kg)
1 pound (Ib) = 7,000 grains (gr)
1 pound (Ib) = 454 grams (g)
1 ton (short) = 0.907 metric tons
1 ton (short) = 2,000 pounds (Ibs)
Vohune : •••• ;
1 cubic foot (ft3) = 7.481 gallons (gal)
1 cubic yard (yd3) = 0.764 cubic meters (m3)
1 gallon (gal) = 3.785 liters (1)
Time
1 day = 24 hours
1 hour = 60 minutes
1 year = 365 days
1 year = 8,760 hours
37
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-------
water Examples
This section presents the following example calculations of pollutant reductions in water.
Media
Water
Example
Nttmber
Wl
W2
W3
W4
W4
Example Description : | . ; . i
CWA/NPDES
Stormwater Violation for CAFO
Stormwater CSO
SDWA Pollutant Reduction
SDWA Microbial Contamination
Page Number ^
40
42
46
49
49
-------
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-------
given, the pollutant reduction should be calculated
using the monthly average.]
• BOD = 1,000 Ibs/day x 1/6 MGD x 1/8.34 =
20 mg/L
• TSS = 1,500 Ibs/day x 1/6 MGD x 1/8.34 =
30 mg/L
Step C Determine average flow in million gallons per day
(MGD).
• Flow = 6 MGD
Step D Determine the concentration by which the pollutant
is out of compliance by subtracting the permit limit
from the actual concentration.
Exceeded Concentration (mg/L) = Actual concen-
tration - Permit Limit
• BCD Exceeded Concentration =
100 - 20 = 80 mg/L
• TSS Exceeded Concentration =
120 - 30 = 90 mg/L
Step E Determine the exceeded loading in pounds by using
the following formula:
Loading (Ibs/day) = Exceeded Concentration
(mg/L) x Flow (MGD) x 8.34(Conversion Factor)
• BOD Loading = 80 (mg/L) x 6 (MGD) x 8.34 =
4,000 Ibs/day
• TSS Loading = 90 (mg/L) x 6 (MGD) x 8.34 =
4,500 Ibs/day
Step F Determine the total pollutant reduction to be
reported on the CCDS form.
[Assume pollutant reductions occur over a one-year
time period. The number of days per year that the
plant discharges wastewater should be used. If the
discharge time is not known, the operating time
(days/year) for the specific plant should be used. If
an operating time is not known or is not applicable,
365 days/year should be used.]
Pollutant Reduction (Ibs) = Loading (Ibs/day) x
Time (days/year) x 1 year
• BOD Reduction = 4,000 Ibs/day x 365 days/yr.
x 1 yr. = 1,460,000 Ibs.
• TSS Reduction = 4,500 Ibs/day x 365 days/yr x
1 yr. = 1,640,000 Ibs.
41
-------
jaaq
pup S]O[paaj /tnpp joj sajqpj OA\J SUIMJJOJ aqj aag) JPUI
-IUP jad juBjnnod ;o spunod ui uopeijuaouoD
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suoiwnpay juemnod aieinDiED 01 papaaN indui
ye anssi up aq
jou pinoqs JJOUTU pajpuiuiP^uoD 'ajojajaqi Isasnoq
UT pastpj ajp Amnod pup ^joj -jjoum pajpuiiup^uoD
01 sapt[ppj Aitpp pup jaaq jp sauaq Suiupjsin uo sasnooj
uoipas siqi -sjituii aSapqosip atjioads oj pasoddo SB saop
luauiaSpupui aambaa Anpnsn sjiuuad jaiPMUuois
(OdVD) uoqejado Suipddj IEIUIUV
E JQJ uoijeiojA jajeMiujois CM
-------
Table 10. Pollutants in Pounds per Animal per year for Beef Facilities
Total Solids
Volatile Solids
BODS
COD
TKN
Ammonia-N
Total Phosphorus
Orthophosphorus
Potassium
Calcium
Magnesium
Sulfur
Sodium
Iron
Manganese
Boron
Molybdenum
Zinc
Copper
Central
4.381409
3.651174
0.584188
4.016292
0.164303
0.028844
0.034321
0.022272
0.105884
0.058419
0.025923
0.018621
0.018986
0.004381
0.000694
0.000259
0.000027
0.000657
0.000164
MidAttantic
3.688809
3.074008 •
0.491841
3.381408
0.138330
0.024285
0.028896
0.018751
0.089146
0.049184
0.021825
0.015677
0.015985
0.003689
0.000584
0.000218
0.000023
0.000553
0.000138
MidVVest
2.136606
1.780505
0.284881
1.958556
0.080123
0.014066
0.016737
0.010861
0.051635
0.028488
0.012642
0.009081
0.009259
0.002137
0.000338
0.000126
0.000013
0.000320
0.000080
South
2.151680
1.793067
0.286891
1.972373
0.080688
0.014165
0.016855
0.010938
0.051999
0.028689
0.012731
0.009145
0.009324
0.002152
0.000341
0.000127
0.000013
0.000323
0.000081
Pacific /
1.480463
1.233720
0.197395
1.357091
0.055517
0.009746
0.011597
0.007526
0.035778
0.019740
0.008759
0.006292
0.006415
0.001480
0.000234
0.000088
0.000009
0.000222
0.000056
43
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-------
The previous two tables were calculated using informa-
tion from EPA's Draft Cost Methodology Report for Beef and
Dairy Animal Feeding Operations assuming berms contain
100% of the feedlot runoff, approximately 1.5% of the
annual runoff is feedlot solids (i.e., manure), and the com-
position of solids in the runoff is the same as the composi-
tion of manure.
Step-by-step Instructions for Calculating Pollutant
Reductions
The following example outlines the general method that
should be followed to calculate the pollutant reduction from
installing berms at beef and dairy facilities.
An investigation into a fish kill at a local creek found
that runoff from an adjacent beef feedlot facility was being
discharged into the creek. The beef feedlot houses 2,500
head of cattle and is located in the MidWest. The creek con-
tains elevated levels of phosphorus, which is a common
pollutant found in feedlot operation runoff. In addition, an
inspection of the feedlot operation found that the feedlot
did not have berms installed around the perimeter of the
confined animal area to collect runoff. As part of the
enforcement action, the feedlot will be required to install
berms which direct all contaminated runoff to a wastewater
storage pond.
Step A Determine the number of animals at the facility
• 2,500 animals
Step B Determine amount of pollutant in runoff (Ibs/ani-
mal/year) from the provided tables.
• Pollutant runoff = 0.024 Ibs total
phosphorus/animal/year
Step C Multiply the number of animals by the amount of
pollutant to obtain the pollutant reduction in
pounds per year.
• Pollutant reduction = 2500 x 0.024 =
60 Ibs/year
45
-------
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:IOJ)UOD jo
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APUJ J9A\as aq) pup papaaoxa aq UPO A)i3pdE3 jaMas
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-------
Table 12. Typical Pollutant Concentrations (in mg/L) by Source
Source ;
Urban stormwater
Combined sewers
Municipal sewage, untreated
Municipal sewage, treated
Suspended
Solids
10-10,000
100-2,000
100-330
10-30
BO%
10-250
20-600
100-300
15-30
COD
20-600
20-1000
250-750
25-80
Total
Nitrogen
3-10
9-10
40
30
Ttetal
Phosph&rus
0.6
1.9
10
5
Source: Standard Handbook of Environmental Engineering, 2nd edition.
Step-by-Step Instructions for Calculating Pollutant
Reductions
A municipality currently has 40 CSO events per year
which results in 30 billion gallons a year bypassing treat-
ment and discharging directly to surface waters. The dis-
charge of BOD into the surface water has led to deteriorat-
ing water conditions. Additional storage capacity was added
to store 85% of the CSO volume until it can be bled into
the treatment system.
Step A Determine the average concentration of each pollu-
tant in the combined sewer overflow in mg/L.
• From the table, the average 6005 concentration
in a CSO is 310 mg/L
Step B Determine the average concentration of each pollu-
tant in the treated effluent in mg/L.
• From the above table, the average BODg concen-
tration in treated effluent is 22.5 mg/L
Step C Determine the concentration by which the pollu-
tant is reduced by subtracting the concentration in
the treated effluent from the concentration in the
47
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W4 Safe Drinking Water Act Pollutant
Reduction
EPA's Office of Ground Water and Drinking Water regu-
lates contaminants that present health risks and can poten-
tially occur in public drinking water supplies. EPA set
National Primary Drinking Water Regulations (NPDWRs)
which are legally enforceable standards that apply to public
water systems. The NPDWRs set the following two limits
for specific contaminants:
Maximum Contaminant Level Goal (MCLG). MCLGs
are defined as the maximum level of a contaminant in
drinking water at which no known or anticipated adverse
effect on health would occur. MCLGs are not enforceable.
Maximum Contaminant Level (MCL). MCLs are the
maximum allowable concentration of the contaminant for
each pollutant. The MCL is an enforceable standard.
The NPDWRs contain limits for inorganic chemicals,
organic chemicals, radionuclides, and microorganisms.
EPA has also established National Secondary Drinking
Water Regulations (NSDWRs) which are non-enforceable
guidelines that States may choose to adopt as enforceable
standards. Contaminants listed in the NSDWRs are contami-
nants which primarily cause cosmetic or aesthetic effects.
The tables below list the primary and secondary regulatory
standards.
Note on Microbial Contaminations: Microbial contami-
nants cannot be expressed in the typical concentration
units of mass per unit volume. Microbial contaminants are
regulated by two different methods. Giardia lamblia,
Legionella, viruses, heterotrophic plate count, and turbidity
are regulated by treatment technique which is an enforce-
able level of technical performance which public water sys-
tems must follow to ensure control of the contaminant.
The regulation for total coliforms states that no more than
5.0% of samples can be total coliform-positive in a month.
Because microbial contaminants are not measured in con-
centration terms, it is not possible to obtain microbial pol-
lutant reductions in terms of pounds of pollutant removed.
Therefore, no pollutant reduction should be calculated
for microbial contaminants. The microorganism parame-
ter should be noted on the CCDS, but no pollutant reduc-
tion is required.
input Needed to Calculate Pollutant Reductions
• Current "out of compliance" discharge concentration
(generally in mg/L) [This concentration may come from
49
-------
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-------
Table 13. National Primary Drinking Water Regulations
Inorganic Chemicals
Antimony
Arsenic
Asbestos (fiber > 10 micrometers)
Barium
Beryllium
Cadmium
Chromium
Copper
Cyanide (as free cyanide)
Fluoride
Lead
Inorganic Mercury
Nitrate (measured as nitrogen)
Nitrite (measured as nitrogen)
MCiG C«ig/I,)'
0.006
none3
7 million fibers per liter
2
0.004
0.005
0.1
1.3
0.2
4.0
zero
0.002
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0.006
0.05
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2
0.004
0.005
0.1
Action Level = 1.3; TT4
0.2
4.0
Action Level = 0.015; TT4
0.002
10
1
51
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Simazine
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1 , 1 ,2-Trichloroethane
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Vinyl chloride
Xylenes (total)
Microorganisms ;
Giardia lamblia
Heterotrophic plate count
0.004
0.1
zero
1
none3
zero
0.05
0.07
0.20
0.003
zero
zero
10
MCXGOngflO''
zero
N/A
0.004
0.1
0.005
1
0.10
0.003
0.05
0.07
0.2
0.005
0.005
0.002
10
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•IUEUTUJEJUOD siq; JQJ 010PM ou si ajaqj
-py J9)EM SupluiJQ aj^S 81H °1 sjuauipuauiy
986T 9m ajojaq paqsqqejsa jou ajaM SOIOJAI £
asiAuaqio ssajun (i/Suj) Jain
•paiou
ui ajp sjiun Z
anbiuqoax
sajoujood
911
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,%0'S
*LL
= tW**&Axl»'J!m
OJ9Z
V/N
OJaz (lloo'H pup mjo
OJ9Z
({l/8m:) '*)ndlJS| . : •. • ..;••' -• •[
(OU9JU3) S3
UJOD jpoaj Suipnpui) suuojqoD
Plpu
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• :.. . "•••• ::.. :.:;::j;;:h "•:..: teUJft*lH«*S4(
-------
Epichlorchydrin
equivalent)
0.01% dosed at 20 mg/L (or
6 The Surface Water Treatment Rule requires systems using
surface water or ground water under the direct influence
of surface water to (1) disinfect their water, and (2) filter
their water or meet criteria for avoiding filtration so that
the following contaminants are controlled at the follow-
ing levels:
• Giardia lamblia: 99.9% killed/inactivated
• Viruses: 99.99% killed/inactivated
• Legionella: No limit, but EPA believes that if Giardia
and viruses are inactivated, Legionella will also be
controlled.
• Turbidity: At no time can turbidity go above 5 NTU;
systems that filter must ensure that the turbidity go
no higher than 1 NTU in at least 95% of the daily
samples in any month.
• HPC: No more than 500 bacterial colonies per milli-
liter.
7 No more than 5.0% samples total coliform-positive in a
month. For water systems that collect fewer than 40 rou-
tine samples per month, no more than one sample can
be total coliform-positive.
57
-------
1/iui DOS
l/8ui OS?
i/Sui oro
S'g-S'9
jaqumu jopo pioqsajqj £
1/8ui SO'O
1/Sui g-o
1/Sui S'O
1/Sui OT
8AISOJJODUOU
1/9ui 0' I
(sjiun jo[03) si
1/Sui OSZ
l/8ui Z-Q 01 SO'O
spijog paAjossiQ IPJQL
aiEJins
J3AOS
Hd
jopo
asauEguepv
UOJI
siuaSySuiuiBOj
apuonu
AJIAISOJJOO
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apijoiqo
uinuiuinjv
pjnetw*is Ajt»p«039s i«wpw*woi>
Supiuua XjepuoDas IGUOUBN 'H
8S
-------
Step-by-step instructions for Calculating Pollutant
Reductions
To calculate pollutant reductions for water, use the differ-
ence between sampled concentrations and the permit limit.
An Agency inspection of a public drinking water system dis-
covered elevated levels of chromium, where the average con-
centration of chromium in the drinking water was 0.2 mg/L.
The Primary Drinking Water Regulations specify a maximum
contaminant level (MCL) of 0.1 mg/L for chromium. The con-
tamination is believed to be due to discharges from industries
into the water supply and an enforcement order requires addi-
tional treatment of the drinking water to the MCL level. The
system supplies 40 MGD of drinking water.
Step A Determine the average "out of compliance" concen-
tration of each pollutant in mg/L.
• Chromium = 0.2 mg/L
Step B Determine the enforceable limits (NPDES permit,
NPDWR) for each pollutant in mg/L.
• Chromium = 0.1 mg/L
Step C Determine average flow in million gallons per day
(MGD).
• Flow = 40 MGD
Step D Determine the exceeded concentration by which the
pollutant is out of compliance by subtracting the per-
mit limit from the "out of compliance" condition.
Exceeded Concentration (mg/L) = "Out of compli-
ance" concentration (mg/L) - Permit limit (mg/L)
• Chromium Exceeded Concentration = 0.2-0.1
= 0.1 mg/L
Step E Determine the exceeded loading in pounds by using
the following formula:
Loading (Ibs/day) = Exceeded Concentration
(mg/L) x Flow (MGD) x 8.34 (Conversion Factor)
• Chromium Loading = 0.1 (mg/L) x 40 (MGD) x
8.34 = 33.4 Ibs/day
Step F Determine the total pollutant reduction to be
reported on the CCDS form.
Pollutant Reduction (Ibs) = Loading (Ibs/day) x
Time (days/year) x 1 year
• Chromium Reduction = 33.4 Ibs/day x 365
days/year x 1 year = 12,200 Ibs.
59
-------
•6661 "D'd '
'uoiippossy
upouamv 'sdi]ddns JL3ivp& Ajmnuiiuoj jo yooqpuvp} y
puv Ajipnf) jajr>M "Pa ''
pup aouaps jo
J° 33IJJO 'Vd3 'S'fl
'spjppuBjg
pue jajp/w punojo jo aoyjo '-la^/w jo aoijjo 'Vd3 'S'fl
•ZOO-OO-i-918 VdH 'aJTJjry
puv "luasajd 'isvj uajVM Suj^uua -QOOZ Ajeaiqaj Vd3 'S'fl
09
-------
-------
-------
Air Examples
This section presents the following example calculations of pollutant reductions in air.
Media
Air
Example
Al
A2
A3
A4
;£jf»m|*l£ Descriptions ; :,.-.. ....•'•••'•••;.. :- '•••'.--=-- -
NOx Reduction at a Petroleum Refinery under PSD/NSR
SO2 and HAP Reduction at a Pulp and Paper Mill under MACT
Leak Detection And Repair
Asbestos NESHAP
*****:»
62
80
88
95
-------
•suovpnpaj aq; auiuiiapp
01 ajEunisa aouEqduioo-ajd aqj uiojj ajeuiiiss 3DUEqduiOD
-jsod aqj pejjqng • (SuiqDjiMS SE§ pnj AJSUIJSJ uiojj
uoissiuia snsjSA Sutujnq \\o janj uiojj suoissima
'jo ;ouEU3DS panojjuoo pup panojjuoDun '-§'a) suoijipuoo
aDUEi[duiOD-}sod pue aDUEqduioD-ajd aqi
uoissiuia Suisn )iun aqi aoj suoissiuia
:sianoq pue saaieaq ssaooid mojj
XQN aie[nD[E3 oj spoqjaui OMJ A[jppuass3 aj
§une|n3|BD joj suoiprujsui
(ajisuo uot)
-EUIJOJUI siqi UIPJUIPUI HIM saiiqiDEj) jiun aqi ui pauanq
janj p AjpuEnb JERUUE aqj jo jndui isaq jsnuuE aqj, •
(ja[ioq paijcujuoDun up o) jijojjaj jaujnq XQN-MOI "8'a)
aouEi[duio3 aAaiqDE oj pasn aq oj ASa^ejjs uoponpaj aqj. •
(jpajdopE ajp saanspaui aoueiidmoD ajojaq pajjoajuoDun
liun ja]ioq aq; si ''i'a) aouEijduiOD 3A3iqoE o} AIIJIDEJ aqi
Aq pazqim syojp 01 joud aoe^d ui ASojouqDa) pnuoo aqi •
SJ31G3H SSdDOJd JO SJ3|IOg
uiojj uopDnpay luemnod XQN 9je|n3|BD oj papaaN )ndui
XQN
oj SIOJJUOD jaqjo qjw\ pauiqmoo sq OSJE UED
PUE aaqiouE qjiM pnj jo adAj auo ssosjdaj §uiqojiA\s pnj
•UOIJEUIJOJ i}3\\} J31JE suoissiuia XQN aanpaj SJOJJUOD uon
-snqmoo-isod a^qM ssaooid uoijsnquioo aq; Suunp uopeui
-joj XQN Suissajddns Aq XQN sonpsj spj^uoD uoijsnquioo
•SuiqojiMs janj pue 'spjiuo:) uoijsnquioD-jsod 's
-UOD uopsnquioo ispoqiaui juajajjip AjiEjuamepunj
jo auo OHII payissep aq UED sjajEaq ssaoojd pue sjajioq
joj sanbiuqDaj uoipnpaj Ajsuiud aqx "SEg [Ejn;pu jo Aj
-qpEj aqj JE paonpojd si juqj SE§ pnj Ajauijaj jaqiia aq UED
seS aqx 'se8 puc |io janj :sjajEaq ssaDOJd pup sjajioq aqj ui
paujnq \anj jo sadAj AJEuiud OMJ aje ajaqj. 'suoipe aouEqd
-UIOD japun suoijDnpaj XQN J°} pajsSJCj A[[Ensn ajE sjajsaq
ssaoojd pus sja[ioq Ajauija^ 'sjiun uoijsnquioo Ajauijaj qjiM
3JE sauauijaj mnajojjad ;e XQN J° suoissiuig
e JB suopDnpay XQN
-------
2 Calculate emissions for the pre-compliance condition
(e.g., uncontrolled) using emission factors. Multiply a
NOx control efficiency to the pre-compliance emission
estimate that represents the control strategy that is or
will be used by the facility to come into compliance
(e.g., the control efficiency for a low-NOx burner). The
estimated reduction is equal to the amount of NOx emis-
sions controlled.
The following steps should be followed to calculate NOx
emission reductions for boilers and process heaters at petro-
leum refineries. Note: The steps should be followed to cal-
culate emission reductions for each unit that is affected by
the compliance measures and total reductions should be
summed for all affected units to estimate a total reduction
quantity for the compliance action. The worksheet provided
below can be used to calculate emission reductions (the
field names in the worksheet are coded to the items listed
below):
Step A Enter the operating conditions of the unit under
non-compliance conditions.
Step B Enter the reduction strategy for the affected unit.
Step C If the affected unit is a boiler, locate the emission
factor from Table 15 or 16 best matches the pre-
compliance condition (e.g., uncontrolled). For addi-
tional information see Table 1.3-1 or Table 1.4-1 of
AP-42 (EPA, 1995). If the affected unit is a process
heater, locate the emission factor from Table 17 or
18. For additional information see Tables 5-11 to 5-
15 of the Alternative Control Techniques Document
- NOx Emissions from Process Heaters (EPA, 1993).
Enter the value for the emission factor in the work-
sheet.
Step D Using the same tables as in Step C, locate the emis-
sion factor that best matches the post-compliance
condition (e.g., unit controlled with low NOx burn-
ers). Enter the value for emission factor in the
worksheet. NOTE: If an emission factor cannot be
located in the referenced tables, then skip to step
"E" below.
Step E If emission factors representing emission reduction
strategies are not available, refer to Table 19 to
locate the control efficiency that best matches the
63
-------
•jiun aqj joj paonpaj suoissiuia XQN J° Ajijupnfa
aqj jajua pue 3 uuinpo ui Aouapijja jojjuo:> aqj Aq
ui ajpuinsa aoupqduioD-ajd aqj A[dij[np[JOA\ aqj ui papiAOJd
ajE sispq A§jaua UP oj sispq auinjOA p mojj o§ oj
SJOJ3PJ uoisjaAuo3] 'pajpiuijsa Suiaq ajE suoijonpaj
uoissiuia qaiqM joj nun pajoajjp aqj Joj jndui
jpaq jpnuup aqj jajua 'jajpaq ssaoojd p si jiun aqj ji
ojui
'(000? 'dllH) sajpuiijs3 AjojuaAUi uoissiuig
pup sapuapijjH aotAaQ jojjuo3
jo sjDajjg aqj ajeiodjoauj oj
pajjijua 'sauas juauinoop jn3 aqj jo z
'II auinjo^ jo \-£'Zl ^\(-\^ aas UOIJPUIJOJUI jeuou
-ippv joj 'jaaqs^JOM aqj jo 3 uuinjo3 ui anjpA aqj
jajua pup aDupqduioo joj pasn Aciajpjjs uoijonpaj
dajs
-------
Figure 1. Worksheet to Calculate NOx Emission Reductions from Process Heaters and Boilers
•
iraitjp
B 1
PH 1
PH 2
UB1
,- -"
ffc* ::-:\
CORitj>!j«W«
cm&iiton
fa* '"
no control
no control
no control
no control
' • -. '•'
Bedaetiaa
Sti3(egy ••-.
i&
LNB +
FGR
ULNB
ULNB
Fuel switch
+ LNB
+ FGR
:£*e>*. •:.•;
compliance
emission
***<*{« !
100 lb/106
scf
.098 Ib/MM
Btu
.098 Ib/MM
Btu
47 lb/103
gal
Ettit*
cooiplfciBce
emission
factor {t>}
32 lb/106
scf
.025 Ib/MM
Btu
025 Ib/MM
Btu
10 lb/103
gal
NO* : '
42tHJfcol
Efficiency
&}
NA
NA
NA
NA
Annual
heat input
(*>* 1
1.0 xlO6
MMBtu
1.0 xlO6
MMBtu
AttttUal
foe!
burned
(CJ)«
687 x 106
scf
11680 x
103 gal
Fr«-
«dinptUae£
emission
estimate
(H)
34 tons
NOx
49 tons
NOx
49 tons
NOx
274 tons
NOx
Past*
compliance
emission
estimate {i}
11 tons
NOx
12.5 tons
NOx
12.5 tons
NOx
58 tons
NOx
J*Px
emissions
roJwed
(factor
l*awd}{J)
23 tons
NOx
36 tons
NOx
36 tons
NOx
216 tons
NOx
NO*
emissions
reduced
(dg&ftacii
W
NA
NA
NA
NA
* Information known from the case file.
2000 pounds = 1 ton
For gas, use the natural gas heating value of 1,020
MMBtu/10 6 scf.
For fuel oil, use a heating value of 150 MMBtu/10 3 gal
Conversion factors to convert energy values (Million BTU for Nos. 4, 5, 6, and residual fuel oil, and 140 MMBtu/10 3
or MMBtu) to volume values for fuels used in process gal for No. 2 and distillate fuel oil.
heaters and boilers: Bl = boiler n 1 from example calculation 1
65
-------
ii
PS 9OI/qi Z£ x jA/ps 9oi x Z89
(Q uuinpo) joppj uoissiuia
aDUpijduiOD-jsod x (3 uuirqo3)
pamnq pnj jo Ajijupnb jpnuuv
(I
suoissiuia XQN
(H
suotssiuia
OOZ'89
ps 9Ql/qi 001 x JA/ps 9Ql x zgg
(3 uuinpo) JOPPJ uoissiuia
aoupqduioD-ajd x (3 umrqo3)
paiunq pnj jo Ajpupnb JBRUUP
•(a3UPi[dmoD -jsod)
s[OJjuoD qjiM OSJE pup (aoupiiduiOD-ajd) suoijipuoD
-uooun uo paspq (^Hd PUP IHd) siajpaq ssaooad aq} pup
(19) Jal!°q 9^ JOJ suoissiuia SMoqs aAoqp jaaqs^JOM aqx
•qopa mgiAjpv gOI x Q'l si
ssaoojd aqj ojui jndui jpaq jo Ajpupnb jpnuup aqx 'ps
x ^89 si Jajioq aqj ui pauanq pnj jo Ajijupnb JPOUUP
sjauanq xoN"MOI EJJln IJJIM sjajpaq ssaoojd Mau
aqi jycujaj o; pup jiun jajioq aqj uo (HOd) uoijeinoapaj
sp§-any pup (gni) Jauanq XQN-^OI P asn o] saaj§p Ajijppj
aqx 'suotssiiua XQN aanpaj oj japjo ui sjtun jajpaq ssaoojd
pup jajioq Mau aqi oj saoiAap [OJ)uo3 ppp oj saaiSp Aj
-qpBj aqi 'aapao aAiipj^siuimpp UP SUIMOJIOJ -dpo suoissiiua
XQN JPM1 JOJ sjuauiaimbaj (QSd) uoijpjoijajaQ
jo uouuaAaJd q^iM aDuenduioa p jno §uqiPj '"
paja§§iij snq) pup 'JpaA iad suoj gfr UEIIJ ajoui Aq suoissiuia
XQN sji paspaioui Aiqppj aqi 's^iun M.au aq} Sui^pjado uj
•S[OJ)UOD ou qitM paqpisui ajaM sjajpaq ssaoojd pup
aqx 'uoipnpojd sji aspajoui o\ japjo ui (siajpaq [QN]
jpjnjpu ajp qjoq) sjajpaq ssaDOjd pajij-spS i pup Janoq pajy
-SP§ Mau p pappp jpqj Ajqppj P spq Aupdiuo3 \\Q
jaujnq
spS-any =
XQN MOI = 9N1
ajduipxa UIDJJ \n -lanoq Ajqijn =
a[duipxa UIDJJ i n jajpaq ssaoojd =
uoi}p[n3[po ajduipxa LUOJJ i n jajpaq ssaoojd =
99
-------
Annual NOx = Pre-compliance emissions -
reduction (Column J) post-compliance emissions
= 34 ton/yr - 11 ton/yr
= 23 ton/yr
For Process Heaters 1 and 2:
Annual NOx
reduction (Column J)
Pre-compliance
NOx emissions
(Column H)
Post-compliance
NOx emissions
(Column I)
= Annual heat input (Column F) x
pre- compliance emission factor
(Column C)
= 1.0 x 106 MMBtu/yr x 0.098
Ib/MMBtu
= 98,000 Ib/yr
= 49 ton/yr
= Annual heat input (Column F) x
post- compliance emission factor
(Column D)
= 1.0 x 106 MMBtu/yr x 0.025 lb/
MMBtu
= 25,000 Ib/yr
= 12.5 ton/yr
= Pre-compliance emissions -
post-compliance emissions
= 49 ton/yr - 12.5 ton/yr
= 36 ton/yr
Total NOx Reduction = Bl reduction + PH 1 reduction +
PH 2 reduction
= 23 ton/yr + 36 ton/yr + 36
ton/yr
= 95 ton/yr
Example 2:
XYZ Refining Company has decided that to come into
compliance with its PSD requirements it will switch from
using No. 6 fuel oil in its utility boiler to using No. 2 fuel
oil, and in addition, will install low-NOx burners with flue
gas recirculation. The utility boiler is rated at 250
MMbtu/hr heat input and has a normal firing configuration
prior to compliance action. The annual quantity of fuel
burned in the utility boiler is 11,680 x 103 gallons. The
worksheet above shows emissions for the utility boiler
(UB1) based on uncontrolled conditions (pre-compliance)
and after the fuel switch and control device additions are
67
-------
jA/uoj
jA/uoj gs - jA/uo]
SUOlSSIllia 9DUEI|dui03-JSOd
- suoissiuia
(f
uoipnpaj
IB§ £OI
089' II =
XQN
(H
suoissitua
jA/uoj gS =
008'91I =
B§ £OI/qi 01 * JA/tE§ goi x 089'II =
JOPEJ uotssiuia aouEi[duiOD -jsod
(I uuin|O3)
suoissiuia XQN
uoissiuia aouEijduioo -ajd
uuinio3) paujnq janj isnuuy
aq oj pajEiupsa si asso siqj ui qoiqM 'sajEiuijsa
-)s°d PUB 93UE;idui03-ajd aqj uaaMiaq aouajajjip aqj juasaj
•suoj
x (o uujnjo3) pauinq jan; jEnuuy = aDUEijduico-isod -daj paAaiqoE suoipnpaa XQN ^Rl ' (aouEqduio:i-}sod) apEui
89
-------
Table 15. NOx Emission Factors for Boiler Fuel Oil Combustion
•;l!tof4i^€Si(j^«i^^^l^C}*:: • " ':''• "'" " • :•'. \ • ' " ''= NCtofd&Bj&SH
:;;::: " ••••••.••••• **• •;.:.:•?•,•.?• ., • f. "•; .: -:""•:• •••••:. . .; •. ; :••••:•.
l
-------
(S66I 'VdH) Zfr-dV jo
:aDjnos
•I =
N uaqi 'uaSo-Uiu %\ si pry aq} ji 'ajduiExa JGJ -jio aqj ui
uagojjm jo % iqSiM aqj si N aaaqM '(N)6€'M)I + frS'OZ
= IE§ cOI/ZON QI :dtqsuoi)pjaj {eouiduia SUIMOUO; aqj
Aq paiEiuijsa '^uajuoD uaSojjiu pnj oj pajBjaj GJE siajioq
jBpjaujuioD pun iBujsnpui ut uoijsnquioD \\o
uioj; suoissiuia sapixo ua8ojjii\[ UIB ssaoxa (%si <)
-jou pue peoi unj JE IE§ £OI/qi SOI ssn sjajioq pa.nj
-J3A Aiqijn ^Qj 'ON si %sz inoqE aaaqM 'saoEUjnj jsijuap
-isaj idaoxa sadAi japoq JJE joj ON si XON J° 'iq§pM Aq
%S6 is^l lp lpltJ ajeoipui s^nsaj }sax '^ON SB passajdxg q
apo3 UOIJEDUISSEIQ aDjnos = DDS B
Oi!
-------
Table 16. NOx Emission Factors for Boiler Natural Gas Combustion
Combustor type (MMBtu/hr Heat Input [SCC]
Larg« Wali-Rred B6ilm (>tOO) ft-Ql-006-01, 1-02-966-01
Uncontrolled (Pre-NSPS)b
Uncontrolled (Post-NSPS)"
Controlled — Low NOx burners
Controlled — Flue gas recirculation
&aall: Boilers {<100} [1-01-606-Q2, 1-01-006-02; l-OS-006-
Uncontrolled
Controlled — Low NOx burners
Controlled — Low NOx burners/Flue gas recirculation
Tangemi^Fiie
-------
(S66I 'Vd3)
P
•f>86l '61
aunf jaijp uoiprujsuooaj jo 'uoijpDijipom 'uoipiujsuoo
paouauiuioD )v\\} iq/rugww QSZ PUE 001 uaa/wjaq sap
-pedBD jndui jpaq qjiM sjiun pue 'i/6I 7T JsnSny Jaije
uoiprujsuooaj jo 'uoiieoijipoiu 'uoiprujsuoo paDuaui
-moo leqj indui jeaq jo -iq/nigvvi/\joSZ unm .lajeaiS qjtM
sjaijoq aje sjiun SdSN-JSOd '^Q puc Q sypdqng HdD Ofr
ui pauijap s pjEpueis aoueuuojjaj aoinog Ava^ = SdSN
uopej uoissiuia XQN aiBudojdde aqj 0}
uoipnpaj juaojad £\ e A[dde '[ojjuoo HON
pajij-|epua§uBi aoj uopej uoissiuia XQN
aqj oj uoipnpaj juacuad ^ e Ajddp '[OJjuoo tfDNS
sja|ioq pajij IJEM ijeuis pup a§jpi joj -^ON s^ passaadxg
-------
Table 17. NOx Emission Factors for Process Heater Natural Gas Combustion
^^^jmami-^ '.Vjjxwy^ ^KOx Coafrol fa^aiwp <
!':*»!&it1fi3!t *''',"•;'. . '•'•'• "-:::'.' ' J? A^JtO'J!' C*l?/*wU!w»$'itijF • - - • ;
ND 0.098 (ND) LNB
(ND) ULNB
(ND) SNCR
(ND) LNB + (ND) SNCR
MD 0.197 (MD) LNB
(MD) ULNB
(MD) SNCR
(MD) SCR
(MD) LNB + FGR
(MD) LNB + SNCR
(MD) LNB + SCR
ControtM NOx Bntission
Factor; 0b/MMtBtu) .;;- ;
0.049
0.025
0.039
0.020
0.099
0.049
0.079
0.049
0.089
0.039
0.025
a Uncontrolled emissions for natural gas-fired heaters are from thermal NOx formation
ND = natural draft
MD = mechanical draft
Source: Table 5-11 and 5-12 of Alternative Control Techniques Document - NOx Emissions from Process Heaters (EPA, 1993)
73
-------
szro HDNS
ZSO'O 9Nin
SZfO HN1 90'0
891 '0 HDNS (QN)
Z6CTO 9Nin (ON)
SOe'O 9N1 (ON) 8?'0
HDNS (QN)
eZI'O + 9N1 (QN)
HDNS (QN)
8WTO + 9N1 (QN)
OSO'O HDNS (ON)
8WO 9Nin (QN)
KI'O 9N1 (QN) 90'0
• - $0|0!'|M[ : • : - M „
:CtOTSSfm5[ XifVhJ ' " ^^l-PHHfO'QT.
'l P^flOJt|tXOi3 .' -' T04^JIIOri '•^OINt ^^^^lif ^IO|S^^I3t
9Z'o no 9^iipsia aw SET
frl'O no lenpisay ON 69
frl'O IIO 9JBIIUs!a ON 69
^ONF«»aqi ^ ^^ («j/«i,Sm>:
apSSS W :^3S^SS!
uopsnqmoD |io
UOISSJLUH XON *8t 3|qei
-------
SCR
LNB + FGR
LNB + SNCR
LNB + SCR
135 MD Residual Oil 0.26 0.28 LNB
ULNB
SNCR
SCR
LNB + FGR
LNB + SNCR
LNB + SCR
0.080
0.168
0.070
0.026
0.340
0.143
0.216
0.135
0.355
0.136
0.051
a Uncontrolled emission factor for thermal NOx represents the NOx from thermal NOx formation
b Uncontrolled emission factor for fuel NOx represents the NOx from fuel NOx formation
ND = natural draft
MD = mechanical draft
Source: Table 5-13 and 5-14 of Alternative Control Techniques Document - NOx Emissions from Process Heaters (EPA,
1993).
75
-------
JIV 3JIJJ3AO
jaiiog
Ii 0
6I-Z
ssaoxg /woq
anj.j
jajiog
jajiog
I IQ
06
jajiog
jajiog
- uopsnquio3
- uoiisinqmoo janj
oe-s
oz-os
JIV 3JIJJ3AO
jajiog
jaiiog
- uorisnquioo
- uoiisaquiOQ pry
siaujng XQN
JIV SS9DX3
jajiog
jajiog
- uoiisnquJOQ
[BO3 - uoiisnquio^ pnj
uoi]E{n3Jpa>i seo any
08
uoipnpa^j 3i
jayiog [B03 - uoiisnquiCQ janj
XON JQJ (o/o ) sapuapuja IOJIUOD
-51.
-------
Fuel Combustion -
Distillate Oil
Fuel Combustion - Coal
Fuel Combustion - Coal
Fuel Combustion - Coal
Fuel Combustion -
Municipal Waste
Fuel Combustion -
Municipal Waste
Fuel Combustion -
Natural Gas
Fuel Combustion -
Natural Gas
Fuel Combustion -
Natural Gas
Fuel Combustion -
Natural Gas
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Incinerator
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Selective Catalytic Reduction
Low-NOx Burner with Selective
Non-catalytic Reduction
Low-NOx Burner with Overfire Air
and Selective Catalytic Reduction
Low-NOx Burner with Overfire Air
Selective Catalytic Reduction 69
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
Flue Gas Recirculation
Low Excess Air
Low NOx Burners
Overfire Air 60
90 (max)
50-80
85-95
40-60
80 (max)
30-65
49-68
0-31
40-85
13-73
77
-------
I!0 [Eripisa^
I£~Z 17. uorjEiroipa^j SFO anU -[3II°9 - uoijsnqmoo pry
OS'Ofr -W 9.HJJ3AO MJIM waning XQN-^OI -'^Iioa - uoijsriquio;) pry
08-OS
06-08
W-09
96-09
08-se
06-08
uopsnqiuoo pa§E}g samqjni SEO - uopsnquioo pnj
saui§u3 SEO I^JUJEM
uoipnpay Di}A|EiED-uoN aAipapg Supsooidpay - uotisnquiOQ pnj
SEO l^-iiU^N
uoipafui uiEajs jo JajEyw sauiqmx SEO - uoi;snquioo pry
SEO lEjrqEN
uoipnpay DiiAjEjEO aAtpapg sauiqjrii SEO - uoijsnqvuoo pry
SEO lEjrvjEN
uoipnpay DiUiEieo-uoN aAipaps ^IPfl - uoijsnqmoo pnj
SEO lEjnjEN
uoipnpay Di)A|EjEO aAtpapg -lajiog - uoijsnqmoo pnj
: A3«ap»gg fojt|ttQQ a§eaaA\r ' . - ' ';"•'•.'.••' '.'..-•.:'•"• V
(p,:uoD) XON JQJ (o/o) sapuapyja (OJIUOD paieiunsa '6V
-------
Fuel Combustion -
Residual Oil
Fuel Combustion -
Residual Oil
Fuel Combustion -
Residual Oil
Fuel Combustion -
Residual Oil
Fuel Combustion - Utility
Oil or Natural Gas
Fuel Combustion - Wood
Mineral Products Industry
Petroleum Industry
Petroleum Industry
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Boiler
Glass Flue
Process Heater
Process Heater
Low Excess Air
Overfire Air
Selective Catalytic Reduction
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
Flue Gas Recirculation
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
Selective Catalytic Reduction 90
Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
5-31
24-47
70-80
35-70
40-65
50-70
50-75
35-70
* Average of widely varying values
Source: Table 12.3-1 of EIIP, Vol II, Chapter 12
79
-------
-ijdde ji) aoiAap io.nuoo jo juauijpajj uo-ppp jo Aouapijjg •
pup Jajpj jndui }paq umunxpy\i •
:s[anj jo juaiuoo jpan •
;pajij spnj jo sadAi •
uoijsnquio3
•(ajqpo
-ijddp ji) aDiAap JOJ^UOD 10 juauijpajj uo-ppp jo
pue ;(Aup ji) jajpM ssaoojd ui jupjajjod jo
uopanpojd djnj •
;SJOPP} uoissima ajpudojddy •
Uusuidmba ssaacud jo adAx •
saoinos uoijsnquioouoN
suoiie|nD|ED uonanpay luemnod JDJ
•(ionbi[ §ui>{OO3 (aijqM) qsajj jo api
-xojpAq uimpos) Pipaui SuiqqaiDs oijsnpo q;iM jaqqruos seS
e Suisn paqsqduiODDP AnHDidA} si ^uaunpajj st?8 jo adAj
3AOOI3J oj SE§ laijno aqj Suijeajj Aq jo uoijsnq
-moo oj joud spunoduioD SHI aAomaj o) SP§ jajui aqj Sui
-jpajl Aq paAaiqop aq upa suoipnpai uotssiuia 'uoijsnquico
sv§ juaA ssaoojd Suidjnd q)iM pajpposse suoissima ^QS
jo saojnos JDJ 'UA\opjnqs pup dn-ypjs jo spouad Suunp
uopdo UP Ajuo si SuiqojiMS pnj 'saanoq AiaAooai [PDiuiaqo
JQJ 'jaA^MOH 'SuiqojiMS pnj pup suonpDijqjoui ssaooad JPDI
-sAqd qSnojqj paAaiqop aq UPD suotpnpaj uotssiuia 'uoijsnq
-uioo janj qjiM pajppossp suoissima jo saojnos JDJ -(saseS
juaA ssaooid §uid[nd jo janj "a't) jnj[ns jo aojnos aqj
uo juapuadap si suoissima ZQS Supnpsj JDJ ASajpjjs aqi
•siaqspM uoisnjjip qjiM sjaqspM uirup umnoPA AJPJOJ
aqj §uiop[daj Aq paonpaj aq pjnoD uiajsAs SUIIJSPM djnd aqi
uiojj suoissiiua JVH 'ajduipxa JDJ 'sauo §ui)jiuja-jaA\oi q)iA\
juaiudmba ssaooid Sunjiuia-iaqSiq SuiDP[da.i Aq paAaiqop
aq os[p UPO suoissiuia JVH u? suononpay 'saazipixo
leuipqi pajpoqjap Suisn 10 (su\r>[ auiij 'sianoq jaA\od ''§'a)
saojnos uopsnquioo [jiui Suisn pajjojjuoD AjaAisnjDxa jsouqp
aap sjuaA ssaoojd §uid[nd pajpjn§aj UIQJJ suoissima
1DVW Japun Il!W Jaded PUB
e }e suojpnpay avH PUE ^os IV
08
-------
Step-by-step Instructions for Calculating Pollutant
Reductions
The following two examples outline the general method
that should be followed to calculate the pollutant reduc-
tions as a result of fuel switching and add-on control
devices.
Example l:
Under a Prevention of Significant Deterioration (PSD)
violation, ABC Paper Company was found to have signifi-
cantly increased pulp production. The increase in pulp pro-
duction resulted in an increase in S02 emissions from the
recovery furnace due to increased firing of black liquor.
Since the cost of an add-on control device for reducing SO2
emissions was determined to be cost- prohibitive, the mill is
planning to offset the SC>2 emissions increase from the
recovery boiler by reducing SC^ emissions from the mill's
power boiler.
To achieve the required SC>2 emission reduction, the mill
plans to switch from burning no. 6 oil to natural gas in the
power boiler. The mill currently has one no. 6 fuel oil-fired
power boiler with maximum heat input rate of 250 million
British thermal units per hour (MMBtu/hr). The boiler uses
low-NOx burners and has a maximum operating schedule
of 8,760 hours per year.
Step A Gather process parameters for power boiler no. 1.
• Maximum heat input rate of power boiler no. 1
= 250 MMBtu/hr;
• No. 6 fuel oil is fired;
• The boiler uses low-NOx burners; and
• The boiler operates a maximum of 8,760 hours
per year.
Step B Find appropriate SC^ emission factors from the fol-
lowing tables for no. 6 fuel oil and natural gas for
power boiler no. 1.
• no. 6 fuel oil firing = 157(S) lb/1,000 gallons
where S = the percent sulfur in no. 6 fuel oil
(0.5%) therefore 157(0.5) = 78.5 lb/
1,000 gallon fuel oil
• natural gas firing = 0.6 Ib/scf of natural gas
81
-------
paiij se§ jejnteu [IE jo; pasn sq oj si jopp; uoissiiua siqx :
(S66I 'Vd3) Zfr-dV jo Z-fr'
uoissiuia
'jos
000'? °l Qos gOt/sujwS) Ju^juoo jnj[ns oypads-a]is aip jo OIJEJ aqj Aq JOPEJ
8uiA[di}[nui Aq sjuajuoo anjjns SP§ jEjnjeu jaqjo oj pauaAUoo aq UED aiqsj stqj ui JOPEJ uoissiuia ?QS
OOO'Z jo s^8 IEJHIEU si juajuoo anjins sauinssy '^OS °l -injl^s janj jo UOISJSAUOO %OOI uo passg E
9'0
eZOS
uopsnquioD set)
J9liog JGJ SJOPBJ uojssiuug
'02
-------
Table 21. S02 Emission Factors for Boiler Fuel Oil Combustion
Firtag Configuration (SCCJ* •< "• , ;:- ..' '•'+ :-v..
Boiler > 100 MiiUois Bta/fcr 1 • ''.-•'• ; 'M
No. 6 oil fired, normal firing (1-01-004-01), (1-02-004-01), (1-03-004-01)
No. 6 oil fired, normal firing, low NOx burner, (1-01-004-01), (1-02-004-01)
No. 6 oil fired, tangential firing, (1-01-004-04)
No. 6 oil fired, tangential firing, low NOx burner, (1-01-004-04)
No. 5 oil fired, normal firing (1-01-004-05), (1-02-004-04)
No. 5 oil fired, tangential firing, (1-01-004-06)
No. 4 oil fired, normal firing (1-01-005-04), (1-02-005-04)
No. 4 oil fired, tangential firing, (1-01-005-05)
No. 2 oil fired (1-01-005-01), (1-02-005-01), (1-03-005-01)
No. 2 oil fired, LNB/FGR, (1-01-005-01), (1-02-005-01), (1-03-005-01)
Boilers < 100 Miliidri Btu/hr = . :.
No. 6 oil fired, (1-02-004-02/03), (1-03-004-02/03)
No. 5 oil fired, (1-03-004-04)
SO2 Emission Factor (ib/16/M^gaI)* ;
157S
157S
157S
157S
157S
157S
150S
150S
157S
157S
••••• •••••.,•• • V •.:...••••.••••.•
157S
157S
83
-------
OSO'l
x 60T ps I smoy Q9Z'8 wa goi
uanoq aqj in JEaA jad paujnq SE§ jeirqEU jo junouiE
QOQ'OKl
OSZ
auiuuajaa a
osz
gOI
'Zfr-dV jo V xipuaddy UIDJJ papaps SEM Qio ajE^psip joj) uoj
-jE§/njg OOO'Ofrl jo anjEA a§EJ3AE UE '\\iui aqj Aq papiACud jou SEA\ jio janj g 'ou jo juaiuoo jsaq aq} aouig :a]ON
uajioq am ui JEaA jad paujnq jio [anj 9 -ou jo junouiE uinmixeiu aqi auiui-ia^aa 3 dais
(S66I 'VdH) Zfr-dV jo I-£'I
•I = suaqV-mjins %\
si pnj aqj ji 'ajduipxa JDJ -uaA]§ anjEA aqj Aq paiidpinui aq pjnoqs \\o aqi ui Jnjjns jo % iqSiaM aqj jEqi sajEDipui 5 q
apoo UOIJEDIJISSEO aojnos = DOS H
SOSI
(EO/ZO-SOO-EO-l) '(eO/ZO-SOO-ZO-l) pa-iy HO
(frO-SOO-€0-l) 'paJtJ no f "ON
uopsnqiuoD no |anj J3|;oa JQj SJOIDGJ uoissiiua
-------
Step E Calculate the SC>2 emissions from firing no. 6 fuel oil for the boiler.
Note: The SC>2 emissions from firing no. 6 fuel oil in power boiler no. 1 are calculated using the appropriate
emission factor determined in Step 2 and the maximum amount of fuel oil burned, determined in Step 3, as
follows:
78.5 Ib SO-, 1.56 x 107 gal 1 ton
z x — x
= 613.98 tons SO2/year
1,000 gal fuel oil 1 year 2,000 Ib
Step F Calculate the SC>2 emissions from firing natural gas for the boiler.
0.6 Ib 2.09 x 109 scf 1 ton
—j:—, x ' x —- = 0.63 tons SO?/year
10° scf 1 year 2,000 Ib *
Step G Subtract the SC^ emissions from natural gas firing from the SC>2 emissions from no. 6 fuel oil firing to estimate
emission reductions.
• Power boiler no. 1 emission reduction = 613.98
- 0.63 = 613.35 tons S02/yr
85
-------
•pautEjqo si iQO/Sw SOI x gfr'S J° -IOJDEJ uois
-sima dVH E 'JEaA iad sAsp sgg jo ajnpaqos SurjE
-lado paumssE UE pus (Asp jad djnd paup-iiE suoj
000' I) spjaiA uoipnpojd \\iui ajduiExa aqj Aq suois
-siuia dVH 3M) §u!PIA!a ' (J^/9w) J^aA jad suiEjg
-E§aui QZ SB uaAi§ aaE juauiriDOp JOPEJ uoissiuia
aq) ui |[tui ajdmpxa aqj JDJ suoissiiua JVH 31IJ
'sjaqsEM A\OJJ JIE MOJ JQJ 'sijiui djnd IJEJ>J joj SJQJ
-DEJ uoissiuia dVH SUIEJUOD (g ysdqns £9 ysd
Ofr) dVHSHN -ladEd pus djnd aqi JQJ vd3 ^M
pajEdajd (JJEJQ pasuay) juauinooQ
JOJDEJ uoissiuig Suidjnd jEDiiuaqo aqj. :
•LuajsAs SuiqsEM djnd
aqj JQJ JOJDEJ uoissiuia JVH aiEudcuddE UE puy
'ddldVOOZ'I = ajB-i uoipnpojd djnj .
puE J
= jajEM paqsEM p uoijsjjuaDUOD
g daj§
:(u§isap MOTJ JIE-MOJ)
uoisnjjip = uiajsAs SuiqspM d[nd jo
•uiajsAs
djnd aqj joj sjajauiBjEd ssaDCud jaqjEj^ y
•J3JBM qSBM SB J3JEM
qsajj sasn jEqj (u§isap MOU JIE-A\O[ "a'i) jaqsBM uoisnjjip E
si uiajsAs SuiqsEM djnd aqj. • (QdlQV) -^Bp jad djnd jo suoj
paijp-jiE OOZ'I SIIIIUJ ^qj jo ajEJ uorpnpcud djnd aqj.
'dVHSHN
aqj ui paypads sjajauiBJBd uSisap aqj Suijaam jazipixo
[Euiaaqj pajEotpap E Suisn suoissima uiajsAs SuiqsEM djnd
aqj JOJJUOD oj sappap j]iui aqj 'jBajS ooj si siajioq
Suijsixa aqj puE uiajsAs SutqspM djnd aqj uaaMjaq
-sip aqj asnEDag • (panojjuoo A|juaj.mo ajp uiui aqj JE sjuaA
joatqns jaqjo ^E) uiajsAs SutqsBM >}DOJS UMCuq jpqj UIQJJ
suoissitua Jiaqj JOJJUOD jsnui dVHSHN -ladsd pue djnd aqj oj
jDafqns j[iui JJBJ^ B 'UOIJDP juaiuaojojua up jo jjnsaj E sy
98
-------
Step C Determine the uncontrolled HAP emissions from the pulp washing system.
1,200 air dried tons 0.9 oven dried tons
1 day
1 air dried ton
= 1,080 ODTPD
5.48 x 10s Mg HAP 1,080 ODTP 365 days 21.60 Mg HAP
— x x ~
ODTP
day
year
year
Step D Determine the control efficiency of the add-on control device.
Note: The pulp and paper NESHAP provides several control options for reducing HAP emissions from pulping
process vents. These options are intended to achieve at least 98 percent destruction of HAP emissions. Therefore,
assume that the control efficiency of the thermal oxidizer in this example is 98 percent.
Step E Calculate the HAP emission reduction by multiplying the control efficiency of the add-on device by the uncon-
trolled emissions from the pulp washing system.
21.6 Mg HAP at thermal oxidizer inlet
98 Mg reduced
21.17 Mg HAP reduced
1 year 100 Mg at themal oxidizer inlet year
This metric value can be converted to English units using the following conversion:
23.31 tons HAP reduced
21.17 Mg HAP reduced WOO kg lib I ton
X .. X ^r=^^~ X
1 year
Mg
0.454 kg 2,000 Ib
year
87
-------
-a}Euiixojddp joj uai si duind aq) jpqj A\oqs spJODay -
OS p uot}B,i}uaDUOO 3QA P pa-tajsiSai aDiAap aq) ami} siqx
•aDiAap Suuojiuoui siq q)iM uoi)EDO[ )uauidmba aq) O) >peq
JU3M jopadsui sq) '^ESJ aqj p jiedai uodn 'Aiudd QOO'S
SEM uoijBJjuaDuoo OCA aqi leqj pa^BuSts aouap Suuojiuoui
aqi 'pmbij iqSq sdumd }?m duind E JE *>[V3\ E paypuapi
A)ijpEj SuunpEjnuEui jEDiuiaqa E jo uoijoadsui vd3 uy
SutuaaiDS paSSad 'oiaz pus sanjEA Sumaaios
paS§ad-uou 'ojaz-uou qjoq qjiM souEuaos HVCTI Joj suoij
-onpai }UE}n[[od aqj ajE[nD[E3 oj paMO[[o; aq pjnoqs jeqj
poqpui [EiauaS aqj auijjno sajduiExa OMI SUIMOIJOJ aqx
suononpay
3uejn[[Od SujjEjnDiBD joj suojiDnjisui dais-Xq-dais
§uuoituoui aqj jo }imij uoipajap jaddn aqj sjuasajdaj
jeqi anjEA Suiuaajos aqj = anjEA Suiuaajos ..paSSad,,
aoiAap
Suucniuom aqj jo jtuiij uoipajap tunuimiui aqj sjuas
-aidaa jsqi anjEA Suiuaaios aq] = anjEA Sumaajos ,,ojaz,,
:SUOI}IUIJ3Q
juauidmba aq} inqjiM
uoiiEJjuaDUOD (301) uoqjP3 DIUE§JO
juauidmba
aqi uiqitM (juaoaad jqgiaM) uoijEJjuaouoD lUEinipd aqx •
(jA/jq) uotjEjado p sanoq aqx •
jajjE (Aiudd) anjEA Suiuaaaos juamdmba sqx •
aq} aiojaq (Aiudd) anjEA Suiuaaaos juauidmba aqx •
suoaDnpay luejnnod ajie|nD|ED oj
•suiajqojd
qjjEaq UEUinq puE Souis 0} Suimqujuoo SP qans spajja
asjaApE p jaqtunu E aAEq suoisstuia asaqx 'ajaqdsouiiE
aqj ojui A[jEnui}uoD pauiuia aq HIM sjEDiuiaqa snopJE
laqjo pus (S3QA) spunoduiOD DIUE§JO aipEjOA jo suois
-SIUJ3 aAijiSnj 'papajapun o§ s^paj juamdmba ji -paitpdaj
aq jsnui }i 'punoj si y[?a\ E ji PUE s^sai JQJ paiojiuotu Aj
aq jsnui juauidmba 'uiE.i8o.id siqj qSnojqx '(HVQl)
isday pus uotjoajaQ ^saq F p uoiiEjuauiajduii
aq} qSnojq} pa[joj}uoD aq o} aje 'saossaadiuoD PUE 'SJO}
-oauuoD 'saSuEjj 'saAjEA 'sduind Suipnpui ')uaiudmb3 jo A}a
-UEA E uiojj suoissiiua 3Ai}i8nj 'pv -iiV u^ajD aq}
pue uorpajaa >|eai ev
88
-------
ly 8760 hr/yr and that the light liquid that is pumped con-
tains 20% wt. VOC and 40% wt. TOC.
Step A If the screening value is not "zero" or "pegged,"
choose the appropriate equation from the following
tables. If the available screening value is "zero" or
Table 22. SOCMI Leak Rate/Screening value Correlations
"pegged," choose a value from tables shown in
example 2. If a "zero" or "pegged" value exists
before repair, skip Step B. If a "zero" or "pegged"
value exists after repair, skip Step D.
• leak rate (kg/hr) = 1.90 E-05 x (SVJ0.824
Gas valves
Light liquid valves
Light liquid pumps
Connectors
leak rate (kg/hr) = 1.87 E-06 x (SV)°-873
leak rate (kg/hr) = 6.41 E-06 x (SV)°-797
leak rate (kg/hr) = 1.90 E-05 x (SV)°-824
leak rate (kg/hr) = 3.05 E-06 x (SV)°-885
Source: Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates (EPA, Nov. 1995).
SV = screening value in ppmv
89
-------
(% 'J
aaojaq uoissima 3QA
(% -VA) Ofr / (JA/JH) 09Z8
(jq/§>0 ziZO'O = uoissuua OQA •
1U3UI
-dinba aqj utqjiM (juaojad jqgiaM) uoijpjjuaDuoo
DO1 / [(J^/-IM) uoijeaado jo smoq x juamdmba aqi
uiqjiM (juaoiad ;q8pM) uoijeijuaDuoo }upjnj[od x v
ui pa>{Did jo g dajg ui paiEinDiBO (jq/8^)
ajojaq suoissiuia
:uoijenba SUIMOJIOJ aqj Sutsn y[Vd\ aqj jo Jiedaa
ajojaq (iA/8^) suoissima jupjnnod aqj ajBjn.3iBO 3 dajg
ZIZQ'O =
SO-306'l = JiBdai ajojaq ajej
•saA[PA jo 'sdmnd 'saui[ papua-uado '
ajojaq (jq/S^j) a}BJ ^saj aq^ aveinDjPo oj
ui v dajs ui uasoqo uotjenba aq:i ojui jredaj aq^
ajojaq (Aiudd) anjpA Suiuaaaos juauidmba aqi jajug g dais
'sjopauuoo upqj jaqjo adAj juamdmba AUE oj paijddp aq j[eqs
(S66I 'A<3N 'VdH) sajBuipsg uoissiuig ^Baq juauidmbn JOJ looojojd :aDjnog
68S'0(AS) xsO-39e'l =
eOZ'O(AS) x 90-3 T9'l7 =
(OB)
SEZ'O(AS) x 90-3 K'l =
frOZ'O(AS) x 90-3 OZT =
sauq papua-uadQ
019'0 (AS) x SO-3 €0'S = (W/fy)
' 90-3 6Z'Z =
(j{B) sjBas duinj
(JIB) S3AJBA
>Cj)snpui
06
-------
Step D Enter the screening value (ppmv) after the repair
into the equation chosen in Step A in order to cal-
culated the leak rate after repair.
• Leak rate (kg/hr) after repair = 1.90E-05 x
(50)0.824 = 0.000477 (kg/hr)
Step E Caculate the pollutant emissions (kg/yr) after
repair of the leak using the following equation:
Pollutant emissions after repair (kg/yr) = [Leak
rate (kg/hr) calculated in Step D or picked in Step
A x pollutant concentration (weight percent) within
the equipment x hours of operation (hr/yr)] / TOC
concentration (weight percent) within the equip-
ment
• VOC emission = 0.000477 (kg/hr) x 20 (wt. %)
x 8760 (hr/yr) / 40 (wt. %)
VOC emission after repair = 2.09 kg/yr
Step F The emission reduction achieved by the repair is
determined by subtracting the emissions after
repaii from the emissions before the repair and
converting to a total load reduction for one year.
VOC emission reduction = (92.8 (kg/yr) - 2.09
(kg/yr)) x 1 lb/454 kg x lOOOg/kg x 1 year =
200 Ibs of VOC
Example 2:
A LDAR inspection of a petroleum refining facility result-
ed in the discovery of leaks at 4 connectors. During the
inspection, the monitoring device signaled that the VOC
concentrations were greater than 10,000 ppmv, the upper
detection limit of the monitoring device. An administrative
order requires repair of the connectors to a monitoring con-
centration of less than 1,000 ppmv, the lower detection
limit of the monitoring device. Facility records show that
the facility operates continuously (approximately 8760
hr/yr) and that the light liquid that is pumped through the
connectors contains 20% wt. VOC and 40% wt. TOC.
Step A If the screening value is not "zero" or "pegged,"
choose the appropriate equation from the tables in
example 1. If the available screening value is
"zero" or "pegged," choose a value from tables
shown below. If a "zero" or "pegged" value exists
91
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-------
Table 25. Petroleum industry Default Zero Leak Rates and Pegged Leak Rates
JEcpjipiaent lype Default ;Zero • Peggeii Eaal«sloii '.!'.''
! I : : Emission «ate gb|^hf } Rate {ICMJQP wmv) &$f
Connector (all)
Flange (all)
Open-ended line (all)
Pump (all)
Valve (all)
Other
7.5E-06
3.1E-07
2.0E-06
2.4E-05
7.8E-06
4.0E-06
0.028
0.085
0.030
0.074
0.064
0.073
rtirJ-'-T 1fi&tr(p0,& jpaBiv) (kg$*r)!
0.030
0.084
0.079
0.160
0.140
0.110
Source: Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission Estimates (EPA, Nov. 1995)
Step D Enter the screening value (ppmv) after the repair
into the equation chosen in Step A in order to cal-
culated the leak rate after repair.
• Skipped
Step E Caculate the pollutant emissions (kg/yr) after
repair of the leak using the following equation:
Pollutant emissions after repair (kg/yr) = [Leak
rate (kg/hr) calculated in Step D or picked in Step
A x pollutant concentration (weight percent) within
the equipment x hours of operation (hr/yr)] / TOC
concentration (weight percent) within the equip-
ment
• VOC emission = 7.5E-06 (kg/hr) x 20 (wt. %) x
8760 (hr/yr) / 40 (wt. 96)
93
-------
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si Jtedaj aqj Aq paAaiqoe uoipnpaj uoissiuia aqi j
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-------
A4 Asbestos NESHAP
There is no straightforward way to calculate emissions
reductions associated with asbestos regulatory enforcement
since there is 10 specific emission limitation for asbestos
fiber releases during renovation/demolition activities nor is
any air monitoring required during such activities.
Furthermore, asbestos emissions resulting from renova-
tion/demolition activities are fugitive in nature (i.e., they
do not pass through a stack or vent).
input Needed to Calculate Pollutant Reductions
Although an estimate of asbestos fiber emission reduc-
tions may be difficult to obtain, estimates of total asbestos
fiber properly disposed of may be calculated. To estimate
the elimination of asbestos through proper demolition prac-
tices and disposal, the following information is needed:
• A description of the type of asbestos containing material
involved in the case;
• The quantity of material handled and disposed (typically
in linear foot, sq. feet, or cubic feet); and
• An estimate of the bulk density of the material.
Step-by-step Instructions for Calculating Pollutant
Reductions
The following example outlines the general method that
should be followed to estimate quantity of asbestos fiber
properly disposed of.
An inspection of a local elementary school identified
loose and decaying asbestos roof tiles. A corresponding
enforcement action will result in the removal and disposal
of these tiles. The case file indicates that approximately
2000 sq. feet of material will need to be removed and dis-
posed of in an approved landfill.
Step A Determine the type of asbestos containing material
involved in the case and use the following table to
determine the percentage content of asbestos.
• asbestos containing roof tiles contain 20 - 30
percent asbestos and use portland cement as the
binding material. (For this case we will assume
an average asbestos content of 25%)
Step B Identify the quantity of material to be handled and
disposed of by the order/action.
• The quantity of material to be disposed of is
approximately 2,000 square feet.
95
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96
-------
Table 26. Asbestos Content for Various Materials
Type of Building Material .
Asbestos-containing
compounds
(Category I and II)
Asbestos ebony products
Tile and sheet goods
Description
roof putty
plaster/stucco
sealants fire/water
cement, insulation
cement, finishing
cement, magnesia
Floor tile and vinyl/asbestos tile
Sheet goods asphalt/asbestos tile
Sheet goods/resilient
% Asbestos
10-25
2-10
50-55
20-100
55
15
50
21
26-33
30
Binder/Sizing
asphalt
Portland cement
castor oil or polyisobuxylene
clay
clay
magnesium carbonate
Portland cement
poly (vinyl) chloride
asphalt
dry oils
Source: "Guidance for Controlling Asbestos-containing Materials in Buildings" (Purple Book), Appendix A, Page A-l;
EPA 560/5-85-024.
Step C Estimate the bulk density of the asbestos contain-
ing material using the following table.
• Assuming this material is 25% asbestos and
75 % portland cement, an estimate of the bulk
density for this type of material is caculated as
follows: [94 Ib/ft3 x 0.75] + [22 Ib/ft3 x 0.25]
= 76 Ib/ft3
97
-------
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86
-------
Air References
U.S. EPA, 1995. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume I: Stationary Point and Area Sources,
Fifth Editicn, AP-42. Supplements A, B, C, D, and E.
Sections 1.3, Natural Gas Combustion and Section 1.4,
Fuel Oil Combustion. U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
Research Triangle Park, NC. www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/
ap-42etc.html
U.S. EPA, 1993. Alternative Control Techniques Document-
NOx Emissions from Process Heaters (Revised). EPA-
453/R-93-034. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards., Research
Triangle Park, NC. www.epa.gov/ttn/catc/dirl/
procheat.pdf
EIIP, 2000. How to Incorporate the Effects of Air Pollution
Control Device Efficiencies and Malfunctions into
Emission Inventory Estimates. Volume II, Chapter 12 of
the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)
document series, www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip
Adams, Terry N., editor, et. al. 1997. Kraft Recovery Boilers.
Chapter 8, Recovery Boiler Air Emissions. American
Forest and Paper Association. New York, NY.
Smook, G.A. 1997. Handbook for Pulp & Paper
Technologists, 2nd Edition. Angus Wilde Publications.
Bellingham, WA.
USEPA. 1995. Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors.
AP-42, 5th Edition, including Supplements A through F.
Sections 1.3, 1.4, and 10.2. U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Office of Air Quality Planning and
Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC.
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap-42.html.
Chemical Pulping Emission Factor Development Document.
Revised Draft. Prepared by Eastern Research Group for
U.S. EPA. July 8, 1997. Air docket A-92-40, item IV-A-8.
USEPA. July 2000. Emission Inventory Improvement
Program. Volume II, Chapter 12: How To Incorporate the
Effects of Air Pollution Control Device Efficiencies and
Malfunctions into Emission Inventory Estimates.
www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/iil2.pdf.
U.S. EPA, November 1995. Office of Air Quality Planning
and Standards, Protocol for Equipment Leak Emission
Estimates. See http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/efdocs/
Iks95_ch.pdf
99
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Solid/Hazardous Examples
This section presents the following example calculations of pollutant reductions for solid/hazardous waste.
«*^..;; .-..::-
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Waste
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102
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101
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-------
via a pump and treat process, excavate the soil and treat it
thermally prior to disposal off-site at a permitted landfill. In
a statement of basis, EPA proposed the above technologies
as the recommended remedial alternative. The statement of
basis included all documentation in support of the recom-
mended remedy, as well as the cleanup levels that had to
be achieved during the remedial action. This included treat-
ment of the groundwater to 0.05 mg/1 trichloroethylene
through the pump and treat system, which would be
designed to treat at a flowrate of 1,000 gallons per day. The
recommendations of the CMS were incorporated into an
administrative order imposed on the facility by the Agency
in its enforcement action.
The total reductions of trichloroethylene for the facility
based on the adopted corrective action equals the sum of
the reductions from the groundwater pump and treat sys-
tem and the reduction from the contaminated soil removal.
Step A For each pollutant in each media identify the pre-
treatment concentration.
• Groundwater: Pre-compliance concentration =
Trichloroethylene at 5 mg/1
• Soil: Pre-compliance concentration =
Trichloroethylene at 100 mg/kg
Step B For each pollutant in each media, identify the reme-
dy and determine if the remedy will result in either
treatment of the pollutant to a specified level or
removal of the pollutant. [The corrective action
remedy should specify the required treatment level;
for hazardous wastes treated to meet Land Disposal
Restrictions see http://www.epa.gov/
reg5oh2o/uic/lbhwa.htm]
• Groundwater: Post-compliance concentration =
Trichloroethylene at 0.05 mg/1
• Soil: Post-compliance concentration =
Trichloroethylene at 0 mg/kg
Assumes that no pollutant will be released fol-
lowing removal, treatment, and proper disposal
of the soil.
Step C For each media, determine the quantity of material
treated or removed. [For soil this will likely be
expressed as cubic yards of soil removed or treated.
For groundwater or surface water this will be
expressed as a flow or total volume of liquid. For
air emissions, the treatment remedy will likely
involve removal and/or treatment of the contami-
103
-------
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-------
S2 RCRA UST
In 1976 Congress wrote The Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act (RCRA) as an amendment to the Solid Waste
Disposal Act which was created in 1965. RCRA created the
framework foi EPA to regulate solid waste, hazardous
waste, medical waste, and underground storage tanks
(USTs). Three goals were in mind when this act was writ-
ten: 1) protect the environment, as well as human health;
2) conserve energy and natural resources; and 3) reduce or
eliminate the generation of hazardous waste. To achieve
these goals, RCRA was composed of 10 subtitles that grant-
ed the EPA with the authority to develop regulatory pro-
grams. Subtitle I provides EPA with this regulatory authority
for USTs and is an important component of the act because
it allows EPA to regulate products as well as wastes.
An underground storage tank is defined as a tank with at
least 10 percent of its volume underground, including pip-
ing, ancillary equipment, and containment systems. In
order to be regulated by Subtitle I, the tank must store
petroleum or a hazardous substance. Certain tanks are
excluded from this definition including:
• Farm and residential tanks holding motor fuel for non-
commercial purposes with a capacity less than or equal
to 1,100 gallons;
• Tanks storing heating oil to be used on the premises
where it is stored;
• Septic tanks collecting waste and storm water;
• Tanks on the floor of underground areas;
• Emergency spill and overfill tanks;
• Tanks with a capacity of 110 gallons or less; and
• Wastewater treatment tanks.
This list contains only some of the excluded tanks. For a
complete list of exempt USTs, please see 40 CFR, Part 280
(http://www.epa.gov/docs/epacfr40/chapt-I.info/
subch-I/40P0280.pdf).
For those USTs regulated by RCRA, performance stan-
dards for design, construction, and, installation, as well as
compatibility standards for new tanks have been created.
Additionally, requirements concerning leak detection, record
keeping, reporting, corrective action, and closure have also
been developed. In some cases, these requirements have
been developed by individual state governments rather than
the EPA. In those cases, the state governments have
105
-------
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901
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made complexly of non-corrodible material, or of steel
having a corrosion-resistant coating and having cathodic
protection, or of steel clad with a thick layer of non-cor-
rodible mater al.
To comply with these regulations, owners and operators
of existing USTs that did not meet the requirements had
three options: 1) close the existing LIST; 2) upgrade the sub-
standard UST through adding the necessary equipment; or
3) replace the substandard UST. If one of these three
options was not taken and the UST did not meet the dead-
line requirements, operation of the UST was and still is ille-
gal. On the same note, new USTs must be constructed to
meet these requirements or be considered illegal.
To deal with non-compliance or illegal UST operation,
EPA or the state regulatory agency may impose enforce-
ment actions to ensure that the substandard UST is tem-
porarily closed until it may be permanently closed,
replaced, or upgraded. These pollution prevention actions
may include monetary penalties and administrative and
judicial enforcement actions. These actions will not result
in a pollution reduction scenario, thus a pollutant reduc-
tion will not need to be calculated. However, if an UST
pollutant release is detected, the result is a corrective action
scenario and pollutant reductions can be calculated (See
Corrective Action example).
107
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UO
801
-------
• Store used oil in tanks and containers. Storage of used
oil in lagoons, pits, or surface impoundments is prohibit-
ed, unless these units are subject to hazardous waste
TSDF standards;
• Clearly maik containers and tanks with the words "Used
Oil";
• Keep containers and tanks in good condition and free of
leaks; and
• Respond to releases of used oil from their storage units.
These standards are designed to establish minimum reg-
ulations for all facilities; additional requirements may be
imposed by state or local authority.
Input Needed to Calculate Pollutant Reductions
In general, enforcement cases related to used oil manage-
ment do not result in pollutant reductions, but instead
result in proper management of the used oil. Therefore, pol-
lutant reduction calculations are not requred. Instead, the
amount of used oil coming under proper management can
be estimated using information from the case file on pollu-
tant volume and/or generation.
How to Calculate Pollutant Quantities
The determination of quantity of material or pollutant
brought into proper management will be case-specific. In
the example below, the volume of used oil brought under
proper management is estimated using the dimensions of a
storage pit and an estimate of used oil generation per time
based on facility personnel knowledge.
Example 1:
Metal Works Company is a metal machining shop which
uses lubricating oil in their process. After use, the oil is
stored on site. During an on-site inspection the used oil
from the shop was found to be stored in a concrete pit
(which is 4 ft. by 6 ft. and contains oil at a 12 inch depth)
along the back of the shop. The Agency inspector issued an
administrative order requiring the facility to install a used
oil tank for storage, relocate the used oil in the pit at the
back of the facility to the new storage tank, properly label
the tank as "Used Oil", and arrange for periodic pick up by
a used oil transporter. The quantity of used oil generated at
the facility is approximately 10 gallons per month.
An estimate of the amount of used oil coming under
management is calculated as:
109
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-------
Solid/Hazardous Waste References
U.S. EPA, 2000. Office of Solid Waste, RCRA Orientation
Manual. Section HI, Chapter 9. See http://
www.epa.gov/epaoswer/general/orientat
40 CFR Part 268, Subpart D - Land Disposal Restrictions
Treatment Standards
U.S. EPA, 2000. Office of Solid Waste. RCRA Orientation
Manual. Section III, Chapter 2. See http://www.epa.gov/
epaoswer/general/oriental/
U.S. EPA. RCRA Statutory Overview. See http://
www.epa.gov/epaoswer/hotline/training/ statov.txt
U.S. EPA. July 1995. Office of Solid Waste and Emergency
Response. Masts for USTs: A Summary of Federal
Regulations for Underground Storage Tank Systems. See
http://www.epa.gov/swerustl/pubs/musts.pdf
U.S. EPA. Office of Underground Storage Tanks. 1998
Deadline for Upgrading, Replacing, or Closing
Substandard UST Systems. See http://www.epa.gov/
swerustl/1998/index.htm
til
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