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ANALYSIS OF INDUSTRIAL WASTEWATER
UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF THE
METROPOLITAN SANITARY DISTRICT OF GREATER CHICAGO
Sources of Stream Pollution
Within the Metropolitan Sanitary District of Greater Chicago
(MSD) there are three classes of pollution sources discharging to
the watercourses:
(l) Eleven sewage treatment plants operated by MSD. Those
of primary concern are West-Southwest, Northside, and Calumet.
(2) The combined sewer overflows and pumping stations for
sewer relief discharge of raw sewage and storm water to the water-
courses.
(3) Private sewers discharging to the watercourses. These
discharges are primarily industrial wastes and are the subject of
this report.
Sewage Collection System
The MSD operates a system of interceptor sewers which collect
sewage and other liquid wastes and transport the wastewaters to the
MSD sewage treatment plants. Sewerage systems of municipalities
with a population of less than 500,000 people are under the control
of the MSD. The City of Chicago operates local sewer systems which
discharge to the MSD interceptor sewer system at many points. The
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MSD does not maintain any surveillance of industrial waste discharges
to the City of Chicago sewer system, except for about five industrial
plants which has disrupted operations or caused damage to the MSD
sewage treatment plants.
Pollution Control
There is no economic incentive for industrial plants within
the MSD to reduce the amount of clear water being discharged to the
sewer system and sewage treatment plants, such as a sewer service
charge based on volume of flow. The low strength of the raw sewage
at the sewage treatment plants under dry weather conditions indi-
cates that excessive clear water is being discharged, resulting in
higher treatment costs.
There is no economic incentive for industrial plants within
the MSD to control the amount of biodegradable and inert matter
being discharged to the sewer system and the sewage treatment plants,
such as a surcharge for sewer service. The cost of controlling and
treating industrial wastes has not been minimized within the MSD.
The 19^-6 ordinance for the control and abatement of pollution
of water within the MSD requires a written permit from the Board of
Trustees for a sewerage system discharging wastewater which may
cause pollution of waters within the MSD. There is provision for
revoking the permit when the discharges cause pollution of the
waters. To implement this revocation authority depends on sur-
veillance by the MSD.
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The 1962 Industrial Waste Ordinance provides the MSD with
control over the quantity and quality of industrial wastes admitted
to the sewer system, watercourses or natural outlets within the
boundaries of the MSD. (Sewers within the City of Chicago are
excluded.) A permit is required for the construction of a sewer
system discharging to the waters of the MSD and no changes or ex-
tensions of sewer systems may be made without a permit in munici-
palities of less than 500,000 population. It is the policy of the
MSD to admit to its sewage works those types and quantities of
industrial wastes that are not harmful or damaging to structures,
processes or operation of the sewage works and not specifically
prohibited by the ordinance. Wo charges are made other than the
ad valorem tax.
Prohibited wastewaters are those with more than 100 ppm of
oils or greases, explosives, noxious vapors, pH lower than ^.5 or
higher than 10, material corrosive to structures, substances toxic
to the biological processes of the sewage works, unground garbage,
certain radioactive wastes, solid or viscous wastes, and wastes
with temperatures in excess of 150°F.
Wherever possible, clear waters shall be discharged to
storm sewers, combined, sewers, or natural outlets. If the storm
sewers discharge to the combined sewers or MSD interceptors, there
is no benefit in segregating clear water with the present system.
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In the 1962 ordinance there is also provision for revocation
of permits to discharge industrial wastes to public severs and
watercourses. Again, adequate surveillance by the MSB is required
to implement this revocation authority.
Since July 1, 19^7^ stream standards and effluent standards
as set forth in SWB-15 of the Illinois Sanitary Water Board have
been applicable to all watercourses within the jurisdiction of the
MSB. Industrial discharges are to be in compliance by the end of
1968. It is the policy of MSB to enforce SWB-15.
As a result of the MSB ordinances and SWB-15, essentially
all industrial wastes are being diverted to the sewer system and
the MSB sewage treatment plants except those of the steel mills
along the Calumet River. The volumes of the wastewaters which the
steel mills would like to divert are too great for the hydraulic
capacity of the sewerage system.
The ordinances do not appear to provide for any review of
engineering plans for control and pre-treatment of wastes going to
sewers or of plans for control and treatment of wastewaters going
to the watercourses, and the MSB does not have any jurisdiction
over the local sewers or industrial discharges to the City of Chicago
local sewers.
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gurveilianee
Surveillance and revocation of permits (cease and desist
orders) are the principal means of water pollution control available
to MSD.
The quantity and quality of sewage treatment plant's efflu-
ents are monitored and reported by the Maintenance and Operations
Department of the MSD. The Waterways Research Section of the MSD
periodically collects water samples at designated stations along
the waterways and analyzes the samples for specified, constituents.
Beginning in July 19^7, the constituents were those specified in
SWB-15. The Industrial Waste Control Division (IWCD), Research and
Development, maintains surveillance on industrial waste discharges
to the interceptors, local sewers of municipalities of less than
500,000 population, and the watercourses within the MSD.
Industrial Waste Control Division
When industrial discharges to the sewers or the watercourses
are discovered by application for permit by the industry, by reply
to a questionnaire to all directory-listed industries, by visual
observation of discharges, or by complaint, an investigator is
sent to the site. If the investigator believes there is a poten-
tial waste discharge to the sewer or watercourse, a preliminary
sampling survey is conducted. Sewers and receiving watercourses
in the area are checked for discharges from the industry being
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investigated and samples are collected. If the preliminary survey
indicates a potential violation of the 19^6 or 1962 ordinances a
second sampling survey is conducted which consists of several con-
secutive 2^-hour composites. Based on this survey, if the industry
is found to be in compliance vith the ordinances it is so notified.
If the industry is not in compliance, it is given an oppor-
tunity to correct the condition. During this period, an expediter
visits the industry frequently to prevent inaction. Following the
correction, another sampling survey is made and if compliance is
not attained, the current practice is to go to a show cause hearing,
as to why the discharge should not be discontinued.
The IWC Division conducts about 20 sampling surveys per
month, around 50 new investigations, and around IpO repeat expedi-
ter calls per month.
The status of the various industrial waste discharges
changes rapidly and it is difficult to get an exact count. Based
on an MSD report dated August 29, 19^7, and limiting reporting to
industrial waste discharges, these were the following known number
of discharges to the indicated watercourses:
No. Dischargers Watercourse
2 NORTH SHORE CHANNEL
1. Illinois Tube Co.
2. Material Service
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7
Ho. Dischargers Watercourse
20 CHICAGO RIVER AED TRIBUTARIES
1. Advance Transformer
2. Chicago Union Station
3. Commonwealth Edison
^. Container Corp. of America
5. Corbett, J. M.
6. Cuneo Press, Inc.
1. Curtiss Candy Co.
8. Greyhound Bus Lines
9. Imperial Eastman
10. Lissner Paper & Grading
11. Medill Incinerator
12. Montgomery Ward & Co.
13. Morton Salt Co.
ih. North America Cold Storage
15. Proctor & Gamble
16. Pure Carbonic
17. Sucrest Corp.
18. Vapor Corp.
19. Harper & Co.
20. Commonwealth Edison
1 LAKE MICHIGAN
1. United States Steel Co.
2 CAL-SAG CHAMEL
1. Clark Oil Refining
2. Gilbert & Bennett
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8
No. Dischargers Watercourse
17 CALUMET RIVER AW TRIBUTARIES
1. Bulk Terminals
2. Catalin Corp
3. Commonwealth Edison
h. Ford Motor Co.
5. General Mills
6. General Chemical
7. Great Lakes Carbon
8. Illinois Central RR
9. Interlake Steel
10. Republic Steel
11. Robertson Transformer
12. Spencer Chemical
13. Stauffer Chemical
Ik. United States Steel
15. Valley Mould
l6. Wisconsin Steel
17. Interlake Steel
25 SANITARY AMD SHIP CHAJTOEL
1. American Brake Shoe
2. American Oil
3. American Sugar Refinery
h. Barrett Plastic
5. Commonwealth Edison
6. Commonwealth Edison
7. Connelly, Inc.
8. Corn Products
9. DeMert & Dougherty
10. Fisher Body Works
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9
Ho. Dischargers
Watercourse
11. Hannah Inland
12. Humble Oil & Refinery
13. Lake River Terminal
1^. R. Lavin & Sons
15. Lemont Mfg. Co.
l6. Mineral Ind., Inc.
17. Worth American Tank Car
18. Pure Oil Co.
19. Richardson Chemical
20. Sante Fe Grain Elevator
21. Sante Fe RR Yards
22. Trumbull Asphalt
23. U.B.S. Chemical
23. Witco Chemical
25. Globe Oil & Refining
12
SUMMIT LYONS PITCH TO SSC
1. Armour Industrial Chem.
2. By-Products, Inc.
3. Coan, John
k. Electromotive
5- McCook Drum & Barrel
6. Motor Oil Refining
T. PeIron Corp.
8. Pielet Bros.
9 Reynold s Me taIs
10. Tamms Industries
11. Universal Oil
12. Valspar Corp.
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10
Wo. Dischargers Watercourse
17 EfiS PLAIKES RIVER AND TRIBUTARIES
1. Amphenol Corp.
2. Automatic Electric
3- Borg Warner
h. Bruning Co.
5. Chicago N.W. RR
6. Clow, James B. & Sons
7- Frederick Post
8. Henry Valve
9. International Harvester
10. Johnson, J. W.
11. Material Service
12. O'Hare Field Area
13. Parker Hannifin
lU. Spraying Systems
15- Thompson Wire
l6. Western Engine
IT- Flexonics Corp.
In 1966 there were 15 show cause hearings for sewer violations;
1. Proctor & Gamble
2. Dalerol Oil Products
3. Jero Steel Treating
4. Schiller Park Steel
5. Clean Tanks
6. Alsip Barrel
7. Haag Industries
8. Tri-States Industrial Lab
9- Boyle Midway
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10. Sterling Laboratory
11. Ace Anodizing
12. Signede Corp.
13- Standard Screw
1^. Kalmus & Associates
15. El Kay Manufacturing
In 1965 and 1966 there were six show cause hearings for stream viola-
tions: 1. Pielet Brothers
22. Proctor & Gamble
3. Bruning Co.
h. Lincoln Manufacturing
5. Standard Screw
6. R. G. Smith Equipment
Seventeen of th? 21 sewer and stream violation cases were in com-
pliance or approved by August 1967.
Since March 19^7; IWCD has been preparing a monthly summary
report. The activities of IWCD for one year, through the February
1968 report, may be summarized as follows:
19 industries were found to be in compliance with the
Code (waterways).
1. The Cuneo Press, Inc.
2, Rockwell Manufacturing Co.
3. R. G. Smith Equipment Co.
k. Village of Schiller Park
5. The Frederick Post Co.
6. Blaski Metal Products Co.
7. K. A. Steel Chemicals, Inc.
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8. Clark Oil & Refining Corp., Chemical Plant
9. Witco Chemical Co.
10. Pielet Bros.
11. Medill Incinerator
12. Demert & Dougherty, Inc.
13. Illinois Tube
1^. Henry Valve
15. Greyhound Lines, Inc.
16. Atchison, Topeka & Santa Fe RR
17. Alexander Chemical
18. Clark Oil Co.
19. Vapor Corp.
36 industries were found to be in compliance with the 1967 Code (sewers)
1. Allraetal Weatherstrip
2, Enthone Inc.
3. Luminall Paints, Inc.
h. Koppers Co., Inc.
5. ₯itco Chemical Co.
6. Color Wrap, Div. of Cellu-Craft
7. Frito-Lay, Inc.
8. Prenco Co. of Chicago
9. Methode Electronics, Inc.
10. Brightly Galvanizing Co.
11. Haydock Engineering Co.
12. Day-Wite Service
13. Cities Service Co.
1^. Automatic Electric Co.
15. DeMuth Steel Products
l6. Acme Gravure Services, Inc.
17. Borg & Deck Corp.
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13
18. Monarch Metals Co.
19. Fleet Tool Corp.
20. Alcoa Castings
21. Twinplex Manufacturing
22. Anchor Metal Finishing
23. Custom Plating
2k. Ace Pecan Co.
25. AmForge
26. Great Lakes Screw
27. Deburco, Inc.
28. Henry Valve
29. Trask, Arthur C.
30. Western Electric
31. Erickson Mfg. Co.
32. Suburban Oil Co.
33. Hellstrom Corp.
3^. Badger Manufacturing
35- Dean Foods
36. Medill Incinerator
23 industrial discharges were otherwise approved:
1. International Paper Co.
2. Bell & Howe11 Co.
3. Pre-Finish Metal Co.
^. Pure Carbonic
5. R.C. Can & Tube Co.
6. Cinch Manufacturing Co.
7. Escay Screw Products Co.
8. Dale Valve Co.
9- Weber Valentine Co.
10. Design Screen Printers, Inc.
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11. Globe Glass Mfg. Co.
12. Honeywell Co.
13. Morton Chemical Co.
lU. Automated Plating
15. Clorox
l6. Jupiter Press
17. Jordan Co.-
18. Coach & Car Equipment Co.
19. National Can Co.
20. Alexander Chemical Co.
21. Acme Specialities Corp.
22. Chromium Corporation of America
23. Chicago Float Works
25 industries have been given order to cease and desist discharging
to the MSD sewers or waterways:
1. Air Products Co.
2. Artistic Plating Co.
3. Bulk Terminals
h. Calumet Refining Co.
5. Celotex
6. Chicago Copper & Chemical
7. Chicago Northwestern RR
8. Corey Steel Co.
9. Dewey & Almey
10. Elk Grove Trailer Park
11. Gilbert & Bennett
12. Home Juice Co.
13. Illinois Central RR
14. International Harvester - Melrose Park
15- Lehman Trailer Park
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15
l6. Lindberg Steel Treating Co.
IT. Mobil Oils Refining Co.
18. McCook Drum & Barrel Co.
19- Oasis Mobile Homes
20. Riverdale Plating
21. Taylor Forge & Pipe Works
22. Trumbull Asphalt Co.
23. United Chemical Co.
24. Western Engine Co.
25. Vest-Town Plating Association
In February 1968:
11 industries were at the stage of having been given a notice of
violation.
1. Soberer Freight Lines Co.
2. Chesapeake & Ohio RR
3. Material Service Div. of General Dynamics
h. Interlake Steel - Chicago Plant
5. United States Steel
6. Wisconsin Steel
7. Joslyn Manufacturing
8. Salerno Cookies
9. Republic Steel
10. Nelson Steel
11. Gilbert & Bennett
10 industries had been recommended for show cause hearings.
1. Hendrickson Mfg. Co.
2. UBS Chemical
3. Armour Chemical
4. Lake River Terminals
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5. Parker Hannifin
6. Pennsylvania RR
7. Transport Service
8. International Harvester - Tractor Works
9. Lake River Termina1s
10. Marsh Instrument Co.
5 industries were in various stages of court action for violation
of Board Orders.
1. Catalin Corp.
2. Empire Metal Products
3. Enterprise Wire Co.
4. Standard Screw Co.
5. Sterling Laboratories
^4- industries had corrective measures under construction.
1. Atlantic Steel Co.
2. Bastian Blessing
3- Borg Warner Corp.
4. Clow Corp.
5- Commonwealth Edison Co. - Fisk Station
6. Electro-Motive
7. Ford Motor Co.
8. Hall,, C. P.
9. Illinois Brick Co.
10. Walco Chemical
11. O'Hare Field
12. Rose Packing Co.
13. Universal Oil Products
1^. Wyeth Laboratories
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17
industries were in the stage of having their cases con-
tinued for various reasons; continuation of hearing,
resampling by MSI), awaiting seasonal operations, etc.
1. Agar Packing Co.
2. Aircraft Gear Corp.
3. American Oi3 Co.
4. Bliss & Laughlin
5. Continental Baking Co.
6. Continental Grain Co.
7. Federal Sign & Signal Co.
8. Fisher Body
9- Imperial Eastman
10. Jewel Tea Co.
11. Material Service Co.
(McCook Area Companies)
12. Tamms Industries
13. Heil Chicago
1^. John M. Coan
15- By-Products
l6. Valspar
17. Nelsen Steel Co.
18. Pure Oil Co.
19. Reynolds Metal Co.
20. Richardson Chemical Co.
21. Silver Skillet Co.
22. Thompson Wire Co.
23. Valley Mould & Iron Co.
2.h. Vapor Corp.
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So that 78 industrial plants had been found in compliance or other-
wise approved, 59 plants were active cases, and 25 plants had been
ordered to discontinue discharging. Five cases had been found in
violation of cease and desist orders arid were back in court.
Calumet River
Thus far, emphasis has been placed on the reach of the Calumet
River above (lakeward) the T. J. O'Brien locks. There were three
primary reasons for choosing this particular reach:
1. The flow of water in this reach is controlled by the
operation of the locks.
2. Major sources of wastewaters will still be discharging
to this reach of the Calumet after 1968, when industries are to be
in compliance with SWB-15.
3. Under some dry weather flow conditions a mixture of waste -
waters may discharge to Calumet Harbor from industries along this
reach. Other watercourses of the MSD do not discharge to Lake
Michigan under dry weather conditions.
During the course of collecting information regarding this
reach, general practices of the IWCD were observed.
During I96j} the Waterways Research Section collected water
samples once a week at stations along the reach under study for
this report. These stations were:
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19
T. J. O'Brien locks (began July 1, 1967)
E. 130th Street
106th Street
Torrence Avenue
Ewing Avenue
Calumet Harbor Light
Wolf Lake Ditch, Carondolet Avenue
The Calumet Area Post Action Surveillance Project, FWPCA, also
collected weekly samples at:
Calumet Harbor
Calumet River mouth
Wolf Lake ditch, Carondolet Avenue bridge
Over a year and a half ago, the IWCD instituted a require-
ment for industrial plants discharging to the Calumet (and other
vatercourses) that the plant would collect composite samples from
and measure flowing discharges once a month and analyze and report
certain specified characteristics. This requirement underwent
minor refinements in June 1967. Only the data collected, and reported
after July 1, 19^7, were evaluated for this report. Discharge
data were available from the following industries along this reach
of the Calumet River:
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20
Ford Motor Co.
General Chemical Div. of Allied. Chemical Corp.
Republic Steel
Great Lakes Carbon
Wisconsin Steel
Interlake Steel
General Mills
U. S. Steel Corp. - South Works
The IWCD collects composite samples from industrial dis-
charges to streams, and sewers about once a year.
The results of analyses of composite samples indicates
whether the average concentrations of constituents on the day of
collection are in compliance with the effluent standards. The
results of analyses of the weekly stream samples by Waterways
Research Section indicates whether the water samples are in com-
pliance with the stream standards. Where the stream standard is
specified as an annual mean value, the stream samples serve to
determine a mean value.
Data Evaluation
On the reach of the Calumet River above the T. J. O'Brien
locks and on Calumet Harbor there are 10 watercourse sampling sta-
tions which are sampled weekly; ^8 industrial discharges, and 10
industrial intakes sampled monthly; and possibly four industrial
waste discharges to the sewers which are sampled annually. Samples
collected from these sources are analyzed for a large number of
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21
constituents or characteristics. For purposes of this report con-
sideration was limited to 20 characteristics.
It was necessary to develop methods of evaluating these
data on a more frequent interval than once a year, or visual com-
parison of weekly or monthly observations as presently practiced.
To do this a number of computer programs were developed or modified.
These were:
Statistical Quality Control
Acceptance Inspection
Mathematical Modeling
Statistical Quality; Control
Evaluation of Stream Data
In orde''"1 to maintain an adequate check on the effect of the
industrial waste discharges to Calumet nlarbor and the Calumet Eiver
above the T. J. O'Brien locks it was necessary to analyze currently
the available stream data as collected by the Waterways Research
Section of MSD and the Calumet Area Lower Lake Michigan Conference
Post Action Surveillance of I₯?CA. The method suggested is the
statistical quality control method (SQC).
Briefly, this statistical method uses available data to
determine the limits within which various constituents indicative
of water quality should fall under normal conditions of waste dis-
charge as presently practiced. Any values of a constituent that
fall either below or above the established limits indicates the
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22
occurrence of abnormal plant operation, a spill or deliberate dump,
or some other unusual condition. By maintaining a continuing check
as suggested it would be possible to recognize an adverse occurrence
soon after the event, while there still is a good probability of
being able to determine the cause. This would permit rapid correc-
tion of any continuing adverse practice, or steps to prevent recur-
rence of an intermittent event.
As treatment facilities are installed new limits of consti-
tuents can be derived from the stream data as the water quality
improves. The ultimate limits will be those that will prevent
violation of the stream standards.
The application of this method is illustrated by Table 1,
which was computed from the available data.
The table includes the standards that have been established
for comparison with present water quality, but of course the stand-
ards will not be applicable until the scheduled completion of waste
corrective measures by the end of 1968. As an example, the summary
information in Table 1 for the East 130th Street sample station will
be discussed.
The criteria for D.O. (dissolved oxygen) are stated in terms
of percent saturation and are not directly applicable to the re-
ported concentration in mg/1. A future computer program could be
modified to make the necessary calculations. Tho existing system
can be expected to produce an average D.O. in the river of 3.2 mg/1,
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with normal chance variations ranging from 2.1 to ^.2. Fifty-six
percent of the means were within the normal limits. All results
outside the limits were above the upper limit, which is desirable
from the standpoint of D.O.
The average temperature was l6°C with expected chance varia-
tions from 13 to 19. Thirty percent of the observations were with-
in the limits. With a stream standard of 29°C for an annual mean,
temperature at this station is not a water pollution problem.
The existing system produces a water with an average con-
centration of 1.4 mg/1 ammonia as nitrogen with chance variations
from 0.96 to 1.8 mg/1. Only 38.5 percent of the means were within
the limits. Those that were outside the limits were in excess of
the upper limit of 1.8. This indicates that there were variations
which are not typical of normal operation. If these means had
been plotted on a control chart as the chemical analyses became
available it would have been immediately known that they exceeded
the upper limit and action could have been taken to locate the
cause. When the summary data is compared with the stream standards
it is obvious that there is about 25 times as much ammonia in the
river at this station as the standards permit. The MSD staff is
fully aware of the fact that ammonia is excessive.
The average cyanide concentration was 3-7 mg/1 with chance
variations from 0 to 8.4 mg/1. One-hundred percent of the means
were within the limits, indicating a remarkably stable system.
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Roughly, there are eight times as much cyanide in the water at this
station as the standards permit. The pollution does not appear to
be from sporadic discharges.
The average concentration of phenols was 6.3 ppb at this
station with chance variations ranging from 2.2 to 1.0.k ppb.
Eighty percent of the means were within the limits, and those out-
side were on the high side. The excessive concentrations were
observed in consecutive samples collected on April 5 and 11, 1967.
If these observations had been plotted on a control chart in April,
action could have been taken to find the cause. There was about
three times as much phenols in the river as the standards permit.
The average concentration of BODr (5-day biochemical oxygen
demand) was 2.6 mg/1 with chance variations from Q,k to k.9 mg/1.
The means were within the limits 86.^ percent of the time, there
being high observations in September.
The COD (chemical oxygen demand) averaged 3^- mg/1 with
chance variations from 19 to ^9 mg/1. The means were within the
limits 80.0 percent of the time. Low values occurred in September
and October.
There appears to be some material, reported as COD, in the
system at this station, which is not biodegradable. When this
material is lower than normal a greater BOD is exerted.
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25
The concentration of total iron averaged 0.59 raS/l with
expected chance variations from 0.21 to 0.97 mg/1. The means were
within the limits 69.6 percent of the time. The weans outside the
limits were largely due to a high concentration sample collected
on March 30, 1967, There is about four times as much total iron
in the water at this station as the stream standards permit as dis-
solved iron.
It should be kept in mind that the system being evaluated
by Statistical Quality Control includes the effects of any errors
in sample collection and chemical analysis as well as for varia-
tions in concentrations. The cause for the high value on March 30
might have been errors in some of these procedures.
The concentration of chlorides averaged Ul mg/1 with an
expected chance variation from 27 to 55- The system appeared to
be highly variable with only ^6,2 percent of the means within the
limits. There were about twice as much chlorides in the water at
this station as the stream standards permit.
The sulfates averaged 55 mg/1 with chance variations to be
expected from 39 "bo 71. T-'he system was variable with ^t-2.3 percent
of the means within the limits.
The oil expressed as hexane solubles averaged 9-0 mg/1 with
expected chance variations from 0.^1 to 17.6 mg/1. The system was
stable with 100 percent of the means within the limits.
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26
The turbidity expressed in Jackson candle units (JCLf) had
an average value of 20, with expected chance variations from 11
to 30. Sixty percent of tho means were within the limits.
The total phosphates as P(X had an average concentration
of 1.33 mg/1 with expected chance variations from 0 to 3-^ mg/1.
The system was stable with 100 percent of the means within the
limits. There was about 30 times as much total phosphate in the
water at this station as the stream standards permit.
Similar detailed evaluations could be made for each con-
stituent at each station tabulated in Table 1. With the addi-
tional information from the computer, which was too voluminous
for this report, the dates of abnormal occurrences could have
been shown. Comparisons of means and limits for a constituent
may also be made between stations.
It is recommended that SQC charts be maintained for each
station. To establish control limits for the charts it would
be desirable to process the available data for 1966, 19^7^ and
up to the date of the computer run. Continuing analysis of the
data would have two benefits:
1. As abnormal means occurred, especially above
the limits (except for D.O.) action could be
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taken to find the cruise, investigation of
variations within the limits are not normally
instituted because the variations probably
are due to chance, unless they persist on
the same side of the average of the means.
2. As water pollution control is improved the
means should show a trend to be below the a
average of the means, (except for D.O.) and
even go below the lower limit. If these
trends do not occur, reduction of pollu-
tants is not occurring at the particular
stream sampling stations. Thus a contin-
uously developing picture of the effective-
ness of water pollution control is developed
from surveillance data.
The discrete samples should be collected randomly with
respect to time and position in the cross-section of the river.
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28
Acceptance Inspection of
EfTluent_Data
A computer program was written End industrial effluent data
were evaluated for the application of the method of "acceptance
inspection." The method was not applicable to the limited data
available because the average concentrations of constituents in the
discharge exceeded the single value effluent standards. The data
used was from the monthly composite samples collected and analyzed
by the industries plus data from composites collected by the MSB.
In order to develop a sound sampling program for surveillance
purposes it is necessary to know the rates of discharge and the
variations in concentrations of critical constituents in the waste-
water stream to be sampled. Data necessary for statistical quality
control charts based on previous sampling are not available, and
sampling for this purpose should be started. These samples must
be collected randomly with regard to time and position in the
cross section of the wastewater discharge. An accumulation of
results of from 100 to 300 samples is required for initiating the
use of the acceptance inspection method. Statistical quality con-
trol charts may be started after about 25 samples have been collected
and analyzed. In order to accumulate data within a reasonable time
interval, samples should be collected at least once during every
2*1-hour period. Initially, waste streams with average concentra-
tions less than single value effluent standards should be selected.
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29
Later other waste streams would be added to the sampling program.
The range of concentrations of a constituent in a waste-water stream
should vary in the two rightmost significant figures reported for
application to the sampling plans in Gampling In spec t i on by Variables,
by A. H. Bowker and H. P. Goode, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 1952.
Acceptance inspection relates the observed concentration to
the effluent standard and control charts may be prepared to provide
information indicating whether any wastewater, not within the effluent
standards, is probably being discharged at the selected level of risk.
Acceptance inspection provides a basis for decisions regarding fre-
quency of sampling with respect to costs of collection and analysis
and the risk involved of having a volume of wastewater discharged.
which has a concentration of some constituent not complying with
the applicable effluent standard. If a greater risk can be taken
for one constituent than another the frequencies of analysis will
be different. If the volume of water represented by one water
sample from a large flow is worth the risk then a smaller flow would.
not have to be sampled so frequently if the same risk may be taken.
Mathematical Modeling
The part of the Calumet Elver under consideration for this
report and the Calumet PTarbor were divided into 1'f reaches on the
river and 3 segments of the harbor. The model treated each reach
or segment as a confined, volume of water in which all influents
were instantaneously mixed and there were no changes in constituents
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30
in the stream due to the usual forces of natural ascimulation or
dispersion. The river was viewed as a long impoundment with re-
versible direction of flow. Material balances of variables other
than flow were only valid for positive directions of flow from
the lake to the locks, but bhe mode], can bo revised to compute
effects of negative flow.
It was anticipated that if th^ model fit the available
observed data it would provide a meats of predicting bhe effect
i
of any proposed pollution control an
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31
reported storm water flows -.vere added to the calculations. The
calculations were performed by a computer.
The first set of runs with the mathematical model con-
sidered the effect of the Commonwealth Edison plant and the 95th
Street pumping station on the river system. The results of the
runs are tabulated in Table 2,
The first run was for nominal summer discharges and in-
takes for the industries, without any discharges from the 95th
Street pumping station or Commonwealth Edison. It is noted that
in reach 8 the rate of flow in the river was greater than in the
adjacent reaches. This is caused by an intake being in one reach
and part of the water taken in being discharged in another reach.
This indicates that there is recirculation of water between seg-
ments in the river from pumping and discharging of water.
Run No. 2 was for the Commonwealth Edison plant circulat-
ing 3^0 cfs with a slightly higher flow through the locks. Other
than the increased flow through the locks, the only difference in
the flow results from Run No. 1 and Run Wo. 2 was the difference
in the flow at the locks for the two runs.
In the following runs the same nominal summer flows were
used, with flows from the 95th Street pumping station and through
the locks for selected 1966 data.
Run No. 5 was for an unknown negative flow at the locks as
reported by MGD. An assumed flow of -0.1 cfs was used. Under these
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32
conditions the model indicate"! a net flow of 13 cfs from the lake
into the harbor. If a larger negative flow had been assumed it would
have been reflected in ajl segments.
For Run Ho. 10, the flow in the river was toward bhe harbor
from the vicinity of Ewing Avenue. Part of the pumping station flow
was going to the harbor. The net flow from the lake into the harbor
was 3 cfs.
For Run Wo. 12, when the flow through the locks was about
equal to the discharge from the pumping station, all of the pumping
station discharge went down the river, in the model, and only the
discharges from the south end of U.S. Steel went to the harbor.
These runs with the flow model indicated the response of the
model to variations in flow and indicated a means of computing the
net rate of flow at various stations along the. stream. The flow
data are essential for calculation of concentrations of waste con-
stituents in the segments of the river.
Material Balance Model
Without Assimulation
Preliminary test runs of the mathematical model to compute the
concentrations of constituents in various segments of the river, based
on "FWPCA stream samp3.es at the mouth of the river, reported monthly
composite results on industrial discharges, and flows at the locks
from MSD records; showed encouraging correlation with concentrations'
observed in the river. The sources of observed data were stream
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33
sampling stations and Industrial intakes. The program also computed
the mass (thousands of poane'.s per cJsy) of various pollutants being
added to the river in various roaches.
The test runs for material balances and concentrations wan for
nominal summer data. The computer program is being modified to be
run for the available data for each month, July through November 196?
If the ultimate fit of the model after adjustments with observed
stream sample data is acceptable it can be modified to simulate pro-
posed effluent discharges and estimate the concentration of constitu-
ents in the river for various rates of flow at the locks, to compare
the compliance with stream standards that will result from meeting
the effluent standards, and. determine the quantities of waste con-
stituents that will reach the harbor when stream flow is into the
harbor.
Sediment Balance in
Calumet River
The available data from the MSB files, the FvTPCA Chicago
Program Office, and the Corps of Engineers, Chicago "District,
reveal that the total sediment load removed from the Calumet River
each year by dredging cannot be accounted for by present waste and
stream surveillance procedures. The reach of the Calumet River
between E.L. & J. Railway bridge and the mouth of the river is
dredged annually to remove an estimated 50,000 cubic yards of accumu-
lated, material per year. The sludge from this area of the Calumet
-------
River contains approximately 2-'r.l peicen'c total iron content on a
dry weight basis. The total iron entering this i-each of the
Calumet River should be derived from the summation of iron in
waste discharges to the area and the net quantity of iron in sedi-
ment transported from Lake Michigan less the material transported
beyond the E. L. & J. Railway bridge downstream toward the T. J.
O'Brien locks. Such a summation, using present data, yields less
than one-fourth of the iron deposition found in the Calumet River.
Prior to 1968 only a few core samples of the bottom sediments were
analyzed for specific pollutants.
Soundings by MSD on relative depths near major wastewater
outfalls in the reach between the mouth of the Calumet River and
Ewing Avenue bridge have recorded deposits near certain outfalls.
Since coke, limestone and iron are used in the steel mills
and are the materials most apt to contribute to the deposits in
the river, it is recommended that suspended solids in waste dis-
charges and additional bottom sediments be analyzed for fixed
carbon, calcium, magnesium, arid total iron.
These data should establish the sources, nature and quantity
of suspended and. settleable solids pollution discharged to the Calu-
met River. Only by careful definition of the sediment loadings
imposed upon the Calumet River can adequate recommendations be
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35
developed regarding remedial measures required to attain the
proposed Water Quality Criteria for the Calumet River and
harbor. In light of the foregoing facts; l) the MSD is cur-
rently evaluating the outfall sampling procedures and recording
depbhs near specific outfalls, and 2) the YWPCA Chicago Pro-
gram Office is collecting samples throughout the cross-section
at the Ewing Avenue bridge station.
Conclusions and "Recommendations
1. It is recommended that a single organization be
responsible for the control of industrial waste disposal, in the
City of Chicago and the Metropolitan Sanitary District of
Greater Chicago with the necessary authority to prevent the dis-
charges to the sewers of hazardous and damaging materials.
2. It is recommended that the MSD undertake a program
of training industrial personnel in the control, treatment,
sampling, and analysis of industrial wastewaters. This program
should provide for the exchange of information between indus-
trial plants.
3. It is recommended that the M3D develop a method
of evaluating stream sampling data as rapidly as the results
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36
of laboratory analyses can be reported. This method of evalua-
tion should indicate unusual discharges to the watercourses
promptly so that the source may be located. This method of
evaluation should provide a means of observing trends in im-
provement of water pollution control on a weekly basis. The
statistical quality control method illustrated in this report
for part of the Calumet River is suggested for the watercourses
within the jurisdiction of the MSD. Samples for this purpose
should be collected on a random basis with respect to time and
position of the point of collection in the cross-section of the
river. Stream samples should be analyzed for total suspended
solids in addition to the constituents presently being deter-
mined .
IK It is recognized that the collection of composite
samples from industrial discharges may be desirable when it is
anticipated that cases are to be taken into a court of law. For
surveillance purposes to determine that control is being main-
tained it is recommended that the MSD give consideration to the
desirability of collecting and analyzing discrete samples.
As Indicated in this report, the method of "accept-
ance inspection" may be applied to the control of quality and
waste discharges. It cannot be applied, until the average con-
centration of a constituent in consecutive samples i? less than
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3T
the specified limit or effluent standard. Because the majority
of constituents in most ;,raste discharges do not yet meet the
effluent standards available data are not suitable for illustrat-
ing the suggested method for determining frequency of sampling.
There is a need for improving the sampling of industrial waste
discharges for surveillance by the MSB. It is recommended that
consideration be given to the application of the "acceptance
inspection" method to develop a sampling plan for Industrial
waste effluents and to monitor them subsequently.
5. Unavoidable delays in use of the computer prevented
completion of a mathematical model for evaluation of the pollu-
tion of the Calumet River in time to incorporate it in this
report. When completed it will permit estimates of the effects
of changes in stream flow and waste discharges on water quality
and prediction of the probability that meeting the effluent
standards that have been adopted will achieve the water quality
standards for the stream. Work on the mod.el is continuing.
It is suggested that a sever service charge or
appropriate alternate methods be explored to control the dis-
charge of Industrial wastewater and. cool.ing water to the sewer-
age systems of the City of Chicago and the MSD.
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