PRELIMINARY DRAFT
•
AIR MONITORING METHODOLOGY
FOR THE
DULUTH ASBESTOS STUDY
Written By: Dr. Richard P. Trautner
Chief, Air Surveillance Branch
Surveillance & Analysis Division
EPA, Region V
August 1, 1973
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1.0
1.1
• 1.2
Table 1.1
Introduction
Resources
Sampling Schedule
Responsible Personnel
Page(s)
1-2
3
3-7
8
Section 2.0 - Instrumentation
2.1 - Ambient Air Samplers
> 2.2 - Filter Media
2.3 - Meteorological Equipment
2.4 - Correction of Air Flow to
2.5 - Duluth Wind Pattern Data
Reference Conditions
9
9
9
9-10
10
10-11
ILLUSTRATIONS
2.1 -
2.2 -
2.3 - Total
2.4 - Total Particulate Membrane Sampler Pump Assembly
Total Particulate Membrane Sampler Pump Shelter
Total Particulate Membrane Sampler - Side View
Particulate Membrane Filter Holder
12
13
14
15
TABLES 2.1 - Duluth Asbestos Study Monitoring Station Definition
2.2 - % Frequencies of Wind Direction - Duluth
16
17
^CHARTS 2.1
2.2
Duluth Wind
Duluth Wind
Rose - June 21 -June 30, 1973
Rose - June, 1951 - 1960
18
19
Section 3.0 - Summary of Sampling by Site
3.1 - RMC, Silver Bay
3.2 - Duluth
3.3 - EMC, Hoyt Lakes
3.4 - RMC, Babbitt
20-21
21-22
22-24
25
26-27
ILLUSTRATIONS
3.1 - Map - RMC, Silver Bay Sampling Sites
3.2 - Map - Duluth Sampling Sites
3.3 - Map - EMC, Hoyt Lakes Sampling Sites
3.4 - Map - RMC, Babbitt Sampling Sites
28
29
30
31
TABLES 3.1 - Air Sampling Summary RMC, Silver Bay
3.2 - Air Sampling Summary, Duluth
3.3 - Air Sampling Summary EMC, Hoyt Lakes
3.4 - Air Sampling Summary, RMC, Babbitt
3.5 - Footnotes
32-33
34-35
36-37
38-40
41
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-1- I
I
DULUTH ASBESTOS STUDY TEAM
Air Monitoring Program
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The air monitoring program was designed to answer specific questions
regarding the presence of asbestos fibers originating from several
sources, including:
(1) The Reserve Mining Company (RMC) processing plant at
Silver Bay, Minnesota.
(2) The land disposal areas of the Erie Mining Company (EMC)
at Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota.
(3) The ore loading dock area within Duluth, Minnesota.
(4) The RMC coarse crushing and mining operation near
Babbitt, Minnesota.
An additional area monitored included residential areas within
Duluth.
Specific processes or sites were selected for sampling'in each
source area. Meteorological data was also concurrently collected
to verify the emission source. The primary reason for sampling
was to detect the presence of airborne asbestos fibers in the ->-'
taconite mining, processing, and ore handling areas.
Monitoring sites at the RMC, Silver Bay, Minnesota were located
in a semi-circular network due to the interference of the adjoin-
ing lake. The purpose was to measure airborne asbestos emissions
from the crushing, concentrating, pellet forming and taconite
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•C'tl '
-2-
pellet loading processes. A background station was also j
i
selected. This company was also surveyed for possible I
stack testing. i
i
i
Monitoring at EMC was designed to measure airborne asbestos
particles from the tailings disposal area. A second site was '•.
(
located to evaluate process emissions^particularly from the ;
pellet forming process. Finally, a background site was selected ;
i
for comparison. This company was also surveyed for possible {
j
stack tests. i
i
Airborne particulates from the ore loading docks within the j
Duluth Harbor were monitored to determine the presence of - !
i
/
asbestos. The significance of this data is that the ore and i
taconite pellets loaded on ore boats at Duluth originate from j
mining and processing areas west of the RMC and EMC mining ;
i
area...and this material may also contain asbestos fibers. ^ i
i
i
The fourth area of concern was the RMC coarse crushing, process and i
mine near Babbitt. Asbestos fibers could affect the health of 1
mine workers, and families residing in Babbit and in surrounding
'^' '•
areas. t ' j
i
I
Finally, residential areas within Duluth were monitored. This ;
data would be used to define background levels existing in i
!
residential areas. Consideration would be given to airborne
j
asbestos levels originating from the water supply, including >
laundry facilities and furnace humidifiers.
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1.1 RESOURCES
The EPA, Region V office provided personnel to operate the
collection of air samples under chain of custody procedures.
Region V also provided the air sampling program coordinator.
The NERC-RTP provided technical assistance in sampling network
design and in installation, operation, and maintenance of air
monitoring and meteorological instrumentation. A meteorologist
•
' was also provided to assist in sampling site selection and
interpretation of meteorological data. NERC-RTP was responsible
for all air sample analyses. The St. Louis County Civil Defense
Agency supplied power generators to operate the monitoring 1
i
instruments, and vehicles as necessary. Generators were also j
rented from local rental agencies.
The National Water Quality Laboratory (NWQL) was the base of operations,
providing logistical support including necessary vehicles, supplies,
and other miscellaneous equipment. These resources were combined
and utilized to complete the air monitoring effort.
1.2 SAMPLING SCHEDULE
*^'
The following air monitoring schedule was developed: +^,
(1) Region V air coordinator on-site June 16, 1973.
(2) NERC-RTP technical assistance on-site June 18, 1973.
(3) NERC-RTP meteorological support on-site June 19, 1973.
(4) NERC-RTP air monitoring equipment and maintenance
personnel on-site June 20, 1973.
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(5) Region V, ASB personnel to operate equipment on-site
June 21, 1973.
(6) RMC, Silver Bay process monitoring started June 21,
1973, completed June 23, 1973.
(7) EMC, Hoyt Lakes process and tailing monitoring started
June 23, 1973, completed June 25, 1973.
(8) RMC, Babbitt process and mine monitoring started June 25,
1973, completed June 28, 1973.
(9) Duluth ore loading docks monitoring started June 23,
1973, completed June 27, 1973.
(10) Duluth, NWQL "inside" laboratory evaluation started
June 26, 1973, completed July 5, 1973.
(11) Duluth, NWQL "outside" monitoring for background started
June 27, 1973, completed June 29, 1973.
(12) Duluth, residential areas started June 28, 1973, completed
July 5, 1973.
(13) RMC, Silver Bay pre-stack test survey completed June 25,
1973.
(14) EMC, Hoyt Lakes pre-stack test survey completed June 26,
1973.
;--
1.3 PROCEDURES * - -*x
*
The sets of procedures utilized in the air monitoring program
included site selection, sampling handling procedures, and
monitoring strategy. The steps in each procedure follow:
A. Monitoring Site Selection.
1. Definition of the data needed.
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2. Location of the source on topographic maps.
3. Location of possible monitoring sites on maps.
4. Preliminary survey of the source.
5. Selection of the sampling date(s).
6. Collection of meteorological forecast data.
7. Selection of the sampling site based on existing site
topography, process source, wind speed, and wind
direction.
The air coordinator and the meteorologist jointly determined final
site definition.
B. Sample Handling.
A chain of custody procedure was used to verify sample status
at all times. After completing the sampling and recording
procedural parameters in the log book, the operator retains
the sample until it is transferred to the field coordinator.
The transfer operation was then recorded in the sample log
book. Additional transfers of samples were recorded on a
duplicate form with the original remaining with the sample
and the carbon remaining with the transferring party.
Responsible individuals and their functions are listed in f
Table 1.1. /
1. Monitor Operator responsible for the recording of data;
filter change during his shift; and maintaining the
filter until transfer to the field coordinator.
2. Field Coordinator responsible for verification of the
data recording including the return of any filter record
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card with missing information; filter transfer using the
transfer form from the operator to a locked or sealed
container, and maintenance of the locked or sealed file
until transfer to a courier.
3. Courier responsible for-custody and transportation from
Duluth to Columbus, Ohio of the locked or sealed file
until exchange with contractor.
4. Contractor responsible for the receipt of the locked or
sealed file. Chain of custody must be maintained within
the contractor's laboratory.
C. Monitoring Strategy.
1. Six areas were selected for monitoring including:
a. Duluth - ore loading
b. Duluth - NWQL
c. Duluth residence
d. RMC - Silver Bay, Minnesota
e. EMC - Hoyt Lakes, Minnesota
f. RMC - Babbitt, Minnesota
2. Duplicate samples were collected except on RMC and EMC
property where triplicate samples were collected. The
third set was signed over to the mining companies before-*^
>
EPA field personnel left the mine property.
3. Sampling in each area included approximately three 8-hour
runs, except for background sampling at the NWQL and
residential areas within Duluth. These v/ere continuous runs
for 24 hours.
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4. All samples except for filters run in private residences
were handled under chain of custody procedures. Personnel
continuously observed the monitors during operation.
Filters collected in the Duluth ore loading dock and on the
roof of the NWQL were collected within locked or sealed
areas to maintain chain of custody.
5. All sampling networks included monitoring locations upwind,
downwind and background for each source.
6. Portable meteorological measurements including wind velocity
and wind direction were recorded at each site.
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TABLE 1.1 - Responsible Personnel
1. Air Coordinator - Dr. Richard P. Trautner, Region V, S&A , Air
Surveillance Branch.
2. Field Coordinator - Kenneth Shih, Region V, S&A, Air Surveillance
Branch.
3. Couriers - Robert Kay and Peggy Harris - Region V, S&A, Federal
Activities Branch.
4. Meteorologist - Paul Humphrey, Meteorology Laboratory, NERC-RTP.
5. Sample Custodian - Kay Kamalick, Region V, S&A, Air Surveillance
Branch.
6. Monitor Operators - Region V, S&A, Air Surveillance Branch: .*
a. David Hoglund
b. Charles Miller
c. Edward Klappenbach
d. Edwin Fox
e. Barry Bolka
f. Walter Kocal
g. Kenneth Malmberg
h. Paul de Percin - s^,
i. Eugene Moran ,'
7. Secretarial Support - Roberta Fairley, Region V, S&A, Air Surveillance
Branch.
8. Maintenance Support - NERC-RTP, QAEML:
a. Frank McElroy c. j-jm Thompson e. Vernon Daughtridge
b. Jack Bowen d. Bobby Edmonds
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2.0 INSTRUMENTATION
The standard high volume air sampler with fiber glass filters
could not be used due to interference of asbestos in the fiber
filters. Membrane filters and.ci membrane parti cul ate sampler
were selected.
2.1 AMBIENT AIR SAMPLERS
The samplers used in the Duluth Study were total particulate membrane
samplers equipped with 4" sampling heads. This unit has a
limiting orifice to maintain constant flow and is designed to
operate with membrane filters between 0.2 and 5.0 micron membrane.
Schematics of the unit are presented in Illustrations 2.1-2.4. The
pump shelter and internal layout are described in Illustrations 2.1
and 2.2, pages 12-13.The physical design of the filter holder and
components of the sampling train are presented in Illustrations 2.3
and 2.4, pages 14-15.
2.2. FILTER MEDIA
The collecting media consisted of a membrane filter of a copolymer
of acrylonitrile and polyvinyl chloride coated onto a nylon web.
The pore size used^ was 0.45 micron over a 3 5/8" diameter effectjy^
area.
2.3 METEOROLOGICAL EQUIPMENT
Wind speed and directions measurements were taken at all monitoring
areas except EMC. The U.S. EPA meteorological equipment consisted
of Climet #Cl-26 units mounted on 15 foot masts. A battery powered
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-ID-
strip chart recorder gave a continuous record of both wind speed
and direction. At EMC, meteorological data was collected by a
Bendix aerovane operated by EMC, which was mounted on a 20 foot
mast. A xeroxed copy of the strip chart recording was provided
to EPA by EMC. The meteorological station locations are listed
in Table 2.1, page 16 .
2.4 CORRECTION OF AIR FLOWS TO REFERENCE CONDITIONS '
Hourly temperature and pressure reading at the National Weather
Service Office, Duluth Municipal Airport, were used to correct
all Duluth flow rates to reference conditions of 25°C and 1 atmosphere.
It was determined that the maximum variation occurred for samples
A95 and A96 collected on June 22, 1973 between 0000-0800 hours at
Silver Bay. In this instance the measured flow rate was 2.9% less
than the actual flow rate.
2.5 DULUTH WIND PATTERN DATA
A comparison was made of the frequencies of wind direction at "Duluth
during part of the sampling period of June 21 through June 30, 1973.
This was compared to the 10 year frequencies for June, 1951 through
1960. 'Calm conditions and wind directions from the NW quadrant
(W-NNW) had significantly greater frequencies during the 1973 sampffng
> *
period that during the 10 year period (1951-1960).
The frequency of wind directions from 3 quadrants was below normal.
From the NE quadrant (N-ENE), the 1973 value was only a tenth the 10
year frequency. Wind from the SE quadrant (E-SSE) during the 1973
sampling period was almost one-third less than the 10 year frequency.
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The SW quadrant (S-WSW) during the 1973 sampling period had a
ratio of roughly on?-half the 10 year directional frequency.
However, the NW quadrant (W-NNW) had a ratio in 1973 2.22 times
greater than the 10 year June frequency. During calm conditions
• *
the ratio of the 1973 test period was 2.93 times greater than the
10 year frequency. It can be concluded from these facts that the
wind pattern during our sampling period (June 21-30, 1973) was
quite inconsistent with the 10 year wind pattern (see Tables 2.1
and 2.2).
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1 ILLUSTRATION 2.1 '-12-
" ~ TOTAL"-PARTICUIATE MEMBRANE SAMPLER PUMP SHELTER
LID :-:II::-:D & LOCK HAS?
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Foxi'.jD ii.T c.\s:; or* .\DDJD.
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• . ' . • . ' -13-
ILLUSTRATION 2.2 . . p.
, TOTAL PARTICUIATE MEMBRANE .SAMPLER - SIDE VIEW
,I!IT\KE SLOTS
1GX 3 FT Flta-i
""HLTZR COVER i FILTZR KOLDZR
V/EIIHSRPROOF CASE COVaR SHAL
QUICK DISCOni!£CT
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VIBrU.TTON DttlPING P\D
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INCH DIVH7.T.:R FILT.^ HOLD~R
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ILLUSTRATION '2 . k
TOTAL PARTICULATE MEMBRANE SAMPLER - PUMP ASSEMBLY
AIR TIGHT
WEATHERPROOF COVER
FILTER COVER
3.750
«0* KINGS
3/8. PIPE
3/8 PIPS ORIFICS
AND TAPS -
MODEL C2 G.\ST
VACUUM PUMP .
PUMP EXHAUST MUFFLER
Accn/mv •
THUMB SCHEi^S
OR WJ11Q NUTS
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(PREVENTS STICKING MEMBRANE)
inS FILTER " . .'.'-
STAINLESS STEEL SUPPORT
SCREEN
FILTER HOLDER CASE
, V.
TUBING
MAGNHfSLlC
UAUGS
PRESS TO READ
SPRING LOXDZD
VALVES
It INCH PI \KZT3HPILTIR \
PUMP ASSS^LY EXFLC3ZD '-.IZ-!
DATS B-29-6a
R?
SCALE no:is H.;O.NO. ii?-i3.
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3.0 SUMMARY OF SAMPLING BY SITE
Monitoring sites were assigned numbers in the following manner:
1. RMC-Silver Bay S plus a site number
2. Duluth D ." " "
3. EMC-Hoyt Lake . *• E " " "
4. RMC-Babbitt B " " "
All stations conducting air monitoring are listed and described in
Table 3.1 - 3.4, pages 28-31.Maps are provided to show locations
. and distances from sites to the source being monitored.
1. Depending on wind direction, samples were classified by
sampling efficiency.
2. For each site, a wind sector was defined. It included
all possible wind directions that would blow emissions
from the source to the sampling -site.
3. The amount of time the wind blew from within this sector,
compared to the total sampling time, yields the sampling
efficiency in percent.
4. Sites were broken into two categories:
a. Background Sites - 100% sampling efficiency means
the wind blew from the sampler toward the source *
—_i -^>^
lOOSS'of the time. No emissions collected could have
come from the source.
b. Process Sites - 100% sampling efficiency means the wind
blew from the source toward the sampler 100% of the
time. All emissions collected could have come from
the source being monitored.
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5. The percent figure was then grouped into one of three
categories:
a. Best 75% - 100%
b. Fair 25% - 74%
c. Poor 0-24%
•
3.1 RMC, SILVER BAY, MINNESOTA: JUNE 21-23, 1973'; Sites S-l to S-4;
22 FILTERS; (See TABLE 3.1, pages 32-33.)
S-l Background Site, June 21-23.
Site S-1 was located north of the source on Ski Hill Road. No
portion of the RMC facility was visible from the sampling site,
which was located in a hilly, wooded terrain. All winds except
S to SW would generate Best results.
Four 8-hour samples were collected at this site. Filters A65, A66,
and A67 were classified as Best.
S-2 No sampling due to meteorological interference.
S-3 Process Site, June 21-23.
Si-te S-3 was located 60 feet northwest of the Car Dumper and Barney
House, fine crusher, and concentrator. It was on a bluff 20 feet
above the dumper. All winds except ENE to SSW would generate Best
results.
f
Five sets of duplicate 8-hour samples were collected. Filters A97,
A98, A!01 and A102 were classified Best.
W r-
-------
-22-
S-4 Process Site, June 21-23.
Site S-4 was located on a gravel turnaround 75 feet from U.S. 61.
The site was south-southwest of the pellet storage area, the
pelletizing plant, and the concentrator. Small bushes surrounded
the site. Only winds from NNE-to E could be used to obtain Best
results.
Four sets of duplicate 8-hour samples were taken. One filter, A82
was unusable because the filter support collapsed. Only filter A84
could be classified Best.
3.2 DULUTH; June 24-July 5, 1973; Sites D1-D10; 36 FILTERS. (See Table
3.2. pages 34-35).
D-l Sewage Pumphouse, Process Site, 37th and Oneoto Streets, June 24-26,
Site D-l was selected to define asbestos levels in the ore dock
loading area. The samplers were placed on top of the pumphouse, 12.5
feet above grade. All winds from S to NE in a counterclockwise
direction would result in Best .
D-2 NWQL, Congdon, Background Site, June 26.
Site D-2 was in room #241 of the NWQL. This site would provide
background data on working areas inside NWQL.
f*'
Duplicate samples were collected for a 24-hour period. ^^
t
D-3 NWQL. Background Site, June 27.
Site D-3 was in the scope room in laboratory #121 of NWQL. Duplicate
samples were collected for a 24-hour period.
-------
-23-'
D-4 NWQL. Background Site, June 27-28.
Site D-4 was located on the roof of NWQL. It was selected as a
background site, but an offshore wind may cause this site to
indicate airborne asbestos from Lake Superior.
Duplicate 24-hour samples were-collected.
D-5 6015 London Road, Duluth, Background Site, June 28.
Site D-5 was located inside the Allen Batterman residence. One
sampler was positioned in the living room, near the front door
with stairs nearby. The other was located in the basement, near a
clothes washer and dryer. This is an older home with exposed pipes
and wires in the basement. At least 3 individuals carried on normal
activity during the sampling period.
Duplicate 24-hour samples were obtained. Sampling efficiency was
not computed.
D-6 9901 North Shore Drive, Duluth, Background Site, June 28.
Site D-6 was located in the basement of the John McCormick residence.
The samplers were placed near a washer, dryer, and hot air furnace.
All utilities were operated during the sampling perio'd. This
residence has private well water, and a family of four live there.
Duplicate 24-hour samplers were collected. Sampling efficiency
not computed.
D-7 1910 Hartely Road, Duluth, Background Site, June 29.
Site D-7 was located in the basement of the William Brungs residence.
The samplers were located in a recreation room between a dehumidifier
and a hot air furnace. A washer, dryer, television set, and workshop
-------
-24-
were also situated nearby. Four individuals engaged in normal
activity during the sampling period.
Duplicate 24-hour samples were taken. Sampling efficiency was not
computed.
D-8 2702 E. 1st Street, Duluth, Background Site, June 29.
Site D-8 was located in the basement of the Dr. Philip Cook
duplex. The samplers were positioned near a washer, dryer, furnace,
and hot water heater. This is an older home with exposed pipes and
wires in the basement. Activity was somewhat less than normal,
because the family was away the last 8 hours of the sampling
period.
Duplicate 24-hour samples were collected.. Sampling efficiency was
not computed.
D-9 143 Occidental Blvd., Duluth, Background Site, June 29.
Site D-9 was located in the basement of the Dr. Gary Glass home.
The samplers were located on either side of a hot air furnace, near a
washer-dryer, dehumidifier, and freezer. Four people engaged in
normal activity during the sampling period.
Duplicate 24-hour samples were taken. Sampling efficiency was not
*^Ls
computed. /
D-10 NWQL, Background Site, July 5.
Site D-10 was located in the tailings laboratory, room #230.
Duplicate 24-hour samples were collected.
-------
-25-
3.3 EMC-HOYT LAKES; JUNE 23-24, 1973; SITES E1-E3; 36 FILTERS, 12 GIVEN
TO~EMC; METEOROLOGICAL DATA SUPPLIED BY EMC. (SEE TABLE 3.3, pages 36-37),
E-1 Process Site, June 23-25.
Site E-1 was located at the north end of the tailing basin, with a
forest to the north. The site's purpose was to evaluate tailing
disposal as a source of airborne asbestos. Winds from all
directions except WSW clockwise to ESE generated Best results.
Four triplicate 8-hour samples were taken at this site, with one
from each set going to EMC. Filters A103-A105, A109-A114, and
A215-A217 were classified as Best.
E-2 Process Site, June 23-25.
Site E-2 was located 875 feet south of coarse crusher #1. It was
in the immediate vicinity of the major crushing plant, on ah
unpaved road. Winds from any direction except NW to ENE generated
Best results.
Four triplicate 8-hour samples were taken, with one from each set
going to EMC. All the samples from this site were classified as
Best.
E-3 Background Site, June 23-25.
Site E-3 was located 10 to 20 feet off to the side of-Company Road,
a small paved road. It was selected as'a background site, and was^
>
surrounded by trees, grass and bushes. All winds except N to NE
generated Best results.
Four triplicate 8-hour samples were collected, with one from each
set gointj to EMC. Filters A69-A75, A220, and A221 were classified
as Best.
-------
-26-
3.4 RMC, BABBITT, MINNESOTA; June 25-28, 1973; SITES B1-B4; 42 FILTERS.
14 Given to RMC; (See Table 3.4, pages 38-40).
B-1 Background + Process Site, June 25-28.
Site B-1 was located on the north side of the mine and south of
Argo Lake. The site was beside a narrow gravel road, with
occasional grass, shrubs, and trees (mostly to the north). Due
to shifting winds, one set of filters monitored RMC emissions, the
• rest monitored the background level of asbestos. Winds from W to
NE in a clockwise direction generated background readings.
Four triplicate samples were obtained, with one from each set going
to RMC. All the samplers from this site were classified as Best.
B-2 Background Site, June 25.
. Site B-2 was located in vegetation 80 feet from an asphalt road,
with a stockpile of low grade ore visible to the north. Sampling
was terminated after 2 hours due to violent thunderstorms flooding the
generators.
Triplicate samples were collected, with one going to RMC. All were
classified as Best.
B-3 Process Site, June 25-28.
Site B-3 was located about 250 feet from an unpaved road that company
'--»'
trucks used to haul, ore from the mine to crusher #1. It was about^
0.5 miles west of crusher #1. All winds would generate Best results
except NE to E.
Six triplicate samples were taken at this site, with one from each
set going to RMC. All the samples were classified as Best.
-------
-27-
B-4 Process Site, June 25-28.
Site B-4 was located near the loading bins for crusher #1 and a
single railroad track going to crusher #1. All winds except SSW
to WSW would generate Best results.
Three triplicate samples were taken at this site, with one from
each set going to RMC. All the samples were classified as Best.
In summary, a total of 137 filters were collected in the Duluth
air quality sampling. EMC received 12 samples, and RMC received
14.
Eighty-nine of the 137 samples were classified as Best on the basis
of wind direction. Only 4 samples had to be classified as Poor.
-------
-28-
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-41-
TABLE 3.5
FOOTNOTES
' 1. Wind Speed is measured in miles per hour (mph).
2. G - The maximum instantaneous wind speed (Gust) if greater than 10.0 mph
recorded during a specified period.
^ 3. Prevailing Wind - That direction of wind which, at a given place, occurs
-i more frequently than any other during a specified period.
4. Wind Variability - The range of directions from which the wind blows
during a specified period.
5. Sampling Efficiency is defined as selecting a sector of wind and
calculating the number of hours of wind originating from the direction
within the sector compared to total hours during sampling. 100% at
Background Site means the wind was blowing from sampler toward the
source 100% of the time. 100% at Process Site means the wind was blowing
from source toward the sampler 100% of the time.
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