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LISTING BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
GI-CS CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION
UTILIZING FREE RADICAL CATALYZED PROCESSES
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No,
I. Summary of basis for listing
II. Sources of waste and typical disposal
practices ............ 4
A. Industry profile.,, 4
B. Manufacturing processes and waste
generation points 8
C. Waste generation, composition,
and management 20
1. Current waste generation rate
and management practices 20
2. Current management practices 22
3. Composition of wastes as
predicted by chemical reaction 22
theory
4. Composition ranges of waste as
determined by sampling and
chemical analyses 25
5. Hazardous toxicant concentrations
in wastes as determined by samp-
ling and analysis. 27
III. Discussion of basis for listing 35
A. Migration, mobility and persistence
of the listed waste constituents,
and potential for mismanagement... 35
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Reajon V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
-------
'V..'
U,S. Environmental Protection Agency.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page No,
1. Predicted migration, mobility
and persistence. . .'. 35
2. Actual mobility and
persistence of specific waste
constituents 37
3. Actual damage cases
illustrating environmental
behavior of wastes and
potential for mismangement 38
B. Hazardous properties of >the
wastes 45
C. Hazardous properties of the consti-
tuents of concern 52
D. Existing regulations and
guidelines 65
1. Existing RCRA regulations 65
2. Other regulations and
guidelines 66
IV. RESPONSE TO COMENTS 70
REFERENCES 73
APPENDIX A. Process flow diagrams for inte-
grated chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbon manufacture A-1
APPENDIX B. Selected damage incidents
relating to the manufacture
or environmental release of
the chlorinated constituents
of concern C-l
APPENDIX C. Physical/Chemical constants,
toxic constituents of concern.... D-l
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LISTS OF TABLES
Page No.
Table 1. Production volumes and producers
of major C± - 5 chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons , 9
Table 2. Chemical reaction processes used to
manufacture chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbons 11
Table 3. Summary of waste management practices
reported by manufacturers of Cj - C^
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons 22
Table 4. Published Analyses of One Plant's
Chlorinated Propane Manufacturing
Residuals 33
Table 5. Ambient Water Ouality Criteria
levels for toxicants, of
concern 47
Table 6. Representative Federal regulation
controlling the constituents
of concern 66
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Representative chemical conversions
used in C2 chlorinated hydrocarbon
production facility 10
Figure 2. Generalized, simplified hypothetical
unit process within integrated
chlorinated hydrocarbon manufacturing
plant 17
111
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LISTING BACKGROUND DOCUMENT
F024 WASTES, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO, DISTILLATION
RESIDUES, HEAVY ENDS, TARS, AND REACTOR CLEAN-OUT
WASTES FROM THE PRODUCTION BY FREE RADICAL CATALYZED
PROCESSES OF CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS HAVING
CARBON CONTENT FROM ONE TO FIVE BUT NOT INCLUDING LIGHT
ENDS, SPENT FILTERS AND FILTER AIDS, DESSICANT WASTES,
WASTEWATERS, WASTEWATER TREATMENT SLUDGES AND SPENT
CATALYSTS * (T)
F025 LIGHT ENDS, SPENT FILTERS AND FILTER AIDS, AND DESSICANT
WASTES GENERATED DURING THE PRODUCTION BY FREE RADICAL
CATALYZED PROCESSES OF CHLORINATED ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS
HAVING A CARBON CONTENT RANGING FROM ONE TO FIVE (T)
I. SUMMARY OF BASIS FOR LISTING
Certain residuals from the production by free radical catalyzed
processes of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons having carbon
content ranging from one to five ("C]_-C5" including, but not
limited to, distillation residues, heavy ends, tars, reactor clean-ou
wastes, light ends, spent filters, and filter aids, and dess-icants**)
have been determined by the Administrator to pose a substantial
present or potential hazard to human health and the environment
when improperly treated, stored, disposed of or otherwise managed,
and therefore should be subject to controlled management under
Subtitle C of RCRA. This conclusion is based on the following
considerations:
* This listing does not include the following wastes already
listed in 40 CFR 261.32:
K016 - Heavy ends or distillation residues from the produc-
tion of carbon tetrachloride.
K018 - Heavy ends from the fractionation column in ethyl
chloride production.
K019 - Heavy ends from the distillation of ethylene
dichloride in ethylene dichloride production.
KD20 - Heavy ends from the distillation of vinyl chloride
in vinyl chloride monomer production.
K028 - Spent catalyst from the hydrochlorinator reactor
in the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
K029 - Waste from the product stripper in the production
of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
K030 - Column bottoms or heavy ends from the combined
production of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene.
K034 - Filter solids from the filtration of hexachloro-
cyclopentadiene in the production of chlordane.
K095 - Distillation bottoms from the production of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane.
K096 - Heavy ends from the heavy ends column from the pro-
duction of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
** These wastes do not include wastewaters, wastewater
treatment sludges and spent catalysts, since the Agency
-------
1. These wastes are likely to contain significant aggregate
concentrations of one or more of the following toxic
substances (although each waste does not containe all of
the individual toxicants of concern).
Methyl chloride (Chloromethane) tt F*"^, ^ " "^ rj
SLs& fl *L *"
Methylene chloride (Dichloromethane)tt
Chloroform (Trichloromethane)t
Carbon tetrachloridet
vinyl chloride (Chloroethene) t
1,1-Dichloroethane (Ethylidene dichloride)tt
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride)t
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
I,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene chloride) t
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (Methyl chloroform) tt
** (continued from previous page)
has an insufficient amount of data to determine the hazardous-
ness of these wastes on a generic basis. However, as our
data base becomes more complete, we will re-evaluate
these listings to determine whether they should also be
included.
The Agency has limited this listing to C]_-C_5 chlorinated
aliphatics for two reasons. First, C^-C^Q chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons are not produced in significant quantity
in the U.S. by the generic chemical reaction processes addressed
by these listings. Second, and more importantly, the higher
molecular weight chlorinated paraffin manufacturing processes
typically do not produce organic residuals.
t Indicates compounds that have been determined by the U,s. EPA's
Carcinogen Assessment Group as having evidence of carcinogenicity,
The weight of evidence for carcinogenicity varies. Some of
the chemicals have human evidence (epidemiology data) while
others have only animal evidence. Depending on the amount and
quality of the data the evidence could be classified as limited
or sufficient using criteria developed by the International
Agency for Research on Cancer. The Agency has established
Ambient Water Quality Criteria Levels based on their potential
carcinogenic effects.
tt Indicates compounds for which Ambient Water Duality Criteria
Levels have been determined by the Agency for chronic human
health risks other than carcinogenicity.
-------
1,1,2-Trichloroethanet
Trichloroethene (Trichloroethylene) t
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethanet
Perchloroethylene (Tetrachloroethylene)t
Pentachloroethane
Hexachloroethanet
Allyl chloride (3-chloropropene)
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene tt
2-Chloro-l,3-butadiene (chloroprene)
Hexachloro-1,3-butadienet
Hexachlorocyclopentadienett
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexanet
beta-Hexachlorocyclohexanet
gamma-Hexachlorocylohexane (lindane)t
delta-Hexachlorocylohexanett
Benzenet
Chlorobenzenett
Dichlorobenzenes tt
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Tetrachlorobenzenett
Pentachlorobenzenett
Hexachlorobenzenett
Toluenett
Naphthalene
-------
2. Significant quantities of these wastes are generated,
increasing the opportunity for exposure if waste mismanagement
occurs.
3. Many of the toxicants in the wastes are regulated by other
EPA regulations as well as regulations by other governmental
agencies.
4. Improper waste management procedures could result in
harmful exposures. For example, improper incineration
could lead to exposure to products of incomplete combustion.
Disposal in unlined or inadequately lined land disposal
facilities could lead to contamination of groundwater, surface
water, and soil.
5. The Agency has documented damage incidents involving
mismanagement of these wastes resulting in surface and ground-
water contamination. These incidents show the potential of
these wastes to cause substantial harm if mismanaged.
In addition, the constituents of concern in the listed
wastes have been shown in other damage incidents to have
migratory potential and the ability to persist in harmful
concentrations after migrating from waste matrices.
II. SOURCES OF WASTE AND TYPICAL DISPOSAL PRACTICES
A. Industry Profile
According to information published by the U.S. International
Trade Commission (USITC) (1) approximately 29 domestic companies
produced over 21 billion pounds (9.5 million metric tons)
of the major C]_ - 05 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons* in
"Chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons" refers to a class of
organic compounds. "Hydrocarbons" are organic compounds
(molecules) composed solely of the atoms hydrogen and carbon,
"Aliphatic" designates that the chemical bonding between the
carbon atoms are single, double, or triple covalent bonds,
(not aromatic bonds). (Cyclic aliphatic hydrocarbons are
included in this class.) "Chlorinated" means that the
hydrogen atoms in the "aliphatic hydrocarbon" have been
chemically replaced with chlorine atoms, at different
positions and also in multiple positions.
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1981.* (See Table 1). The information in Table 1 is derived
from published data supplied by manufacturers, however, it
may not reflect current production in all cases. Ci~C$
chlorinated aliphatic compounds other than the more commercially
significant products listed, such as specialty chemicals
manufactured on demand, may be produced in smaller quantities,
and are also included in this listing, as well as any potential
new commercial C]_-C5 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
B. Manufacturing Processes and Waste Generation Points
The basic feedstock chemicals for the manufacture
of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons are the corresponding
alkanes or alkenes (e.g. , methane, propane, propene) or
alcohol (e.g., methanol), and a chlorine source which may be
either molecular chlorine (Cl2) or hydrogen chloride (HC1).
Within a given plant, chlorinated"~~pf oduct or by-product
streams are often further converted to other chlorinated
materials with some flexibility, according to changing market
demand.
The bulk of chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon manufacture
in the U.S. is based on five general chemical processes(3):
0 Free radical initiated addition, substitution, and
pyrolysis reactions, using molecular chlorine as a
feedstock.
* Hexachlorocyclopentadiene finds captive use as an inter-
mediate in the manufacture of pesticides and flame retardants.
Chloroprene and dichlorobutene are also used as captive inter-
mediates in synthetic rubber manufacture. Therefore, their
production volumes are not published by the USITC.
-------
0 Lewis acid catalyzed addition and substitution reactions,
using molecular chlorine as a feedstock.
0 Oxychlorination, utilizing hydrogen chloride, air and a
copper catalyst.
0 Base catalyzed dehydrochlorination.
0 Zinc chloride catalyzed chlorination of alcohols.
Table 2 lists major commercial products from these
chemical processes, along with typical process conditions.
Within a given facility, several of these chemical processes
are integrated to efficiently convert the feedstock material
into a variety of saleable products. This listing applies
when free radical catalyzed processes are utilized solely or
in combination with other types of reaction processes.
Figure 1 illustrates schematically the typical chemical
conversions currently employed within one plant from one
organic feedstock chemical, ethylene.
Although individual plants differ in size and design,
depending on the technology available and the market outlook
for specific products at the time when the plant was built,
there exists a common factor between chlorinated aliphatic
manufacturing plants. An integrated series of chemical reactors
and associated purification equipment are employed to produce
a range of desired chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. Usually
one or more of the series of chemical conversions are catalyzed
by "free radicals", which generally require high reactor
temperatures. These free radical catalyzed reactions are
not totally specific in producing the desired chemical product;
thus, reactor conditions can only be arranged to maximize
the desired products.
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The wastes covered by these listings are formed as
residuals at several points in an integrated series of reactors
and associated purification units utilizing one or more free
radical catalyzed chemical conservation steps to produce a
range of desired chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons. These
listings cover wastes from all sources of within all intergrated
process utilizing free radical catalyzed conversions, whether
or not the integrated process utilizes free radical catalyzed
conversions solely or in conjunction with other types of
chemically catalyzed conversions.
A flow diagram of a generalized unit process associated
with one chemical reactor unit is shown in Figure 2. Sguares
represent residuals which generally have a higher boiling
point than the product or intermediates (distillation bottoms,
heavy ends, tars, clean-out wastes) and which are not typically
treated in wastewater treatment systems. Circles represent
residuals which are treated in plant wastewater treatment
systems, and which usually have a high water content.
Triangles represent residuals initially generated in the
gaseous state because of a lower boiling point than the
product or intermediates.
First, an organic material, which may be either a raw
feedstock material or a stream from some other process unit,
is fed into the chemical reactor. The second feedstock
material to the reactor is a chlorine source, which may
either be molecular chlorine (C^) or hydrochloric acid
16
-------
(HCl). (No chlorine source is needed for dehydrochlorination
reactions.)
In the reactor, the desired chemical conversion is
catalyzed by either heat, a combination of heat and UV
radiation, or chemicals such as FeCl3, CuCl2r ZnCl2r or
NaOH. The reactions may be conducted in either the gas
phase or liquid phase. The wastes associated with the reactor
process are reactor residues, tars or periodic clean-out wastes
(Point 6) and any spent catalysts (Point 7), and condensable
vent gas or light ends wastes which are part of the reactor
overhead stream (Points 1 and 2).
After the chemical conversion is completed, the components
are separated and purified. The process stream may be quenched
or cooled with water to collect the product stream as well
as to prevent decomposition of the product. Condensable vent
gases and light ends (Point 2), and unreacted feedstock
materials may also be collected from the quenching step.
In most cases, hydrochloric acid is a major co-product
subject to recovery either from vent gases generated from the
reactor or from the cooling/quenching step. A wastewater may
be generated from hydrochloric acid recovery (Point 4).
The organic product/water acid phase from the cooling
and quenching step may be sent to an intermediate steam
stripping or neutralization process for product separation
from the acidic aqueous phase. In some cases, the chlorinated
organic stream may by-pass this process. Wastewaters collected
17
-------
from this step are neutralized and sent to central wastewater
treatment (Point 5). $Jy '*'**> ' '
Purification and separation of the different components of
the chlorinated organic product stream is further achieved
by fractional distillation or filtration. The separated
chlorinated organic streams are either saleable products
or used as intermediates in other process units or are
recycled. The wastes from these fractionation and puri-
fication steps are condensable light ends (Point 3);
heavy ends, distillation bottoms, column residues, clean-out
wastes, spent solvents used to extract the organic product
(Point 8); and spent filters, filter aids, and dessicants
(Point 9).
Wastewaters from combined sources within the process
unit (Points 4 and 5) are subjected to various wastewater
treatment processes which usually involve neutralization,
biological degradation, activated carbon filtration, or
other treatment. A treated wastewater and various wastewater
treatment sludges (Point 10) result.
The waste streams covered by this listing described above
include the high boiling organic residuals generated at
Points 7 and S, the condensable vent gases and light ends
generated at Points 1, 2, and 3, and any spent filters,
filter aids and dessicants generated at Point 9.*
* The Agency is not including wastewaters, wastewater treatment
sludge, and spent catalysts as part of this listing since the Agency
has an insufficient amount of analytical data to determine the
hazardousness of these wastes on a generic basis. However, as our
data base becomes more complete, we will re-evaluate these listings
to determine whethery they should also be included.
18
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The heavy ends covered by this listing include any reactor
residues, heavy ends or bottoms as well as purification heavy ends.
The distillation residues and heavy ends also include any spent
solvents which have been used to trap or extract the organic process
stream.
The reactor clean-out wastes category refers to any
periodic clean-out wastes from reactor equipment. The term "tars"
can also describe some reactor clean-out wastes as well as wastes
from distillation, fractionation, or other processes.
The usual plant sources of the light ends wastes derive from
the hot, gaseous overhead streams from reactor vessels and/or
associated purification and distillation equipment. The light
ends component of these overheads are in fact liquids at ambient
temperature and pressure, but because of elevated temperature
and admixture with gases (e.g., hydrogen, methane) they require
some form of physical condensation to be isolated as liquids.
For example, freon condensers coupled with water condensers are
currently used by industry to recover light ends, products,
unreacted feedstock, or wastes from overheads.*
* The Agency considers these light ends to be solid wastes
within the meaning of section 1004(28) of RCRA. Although
these wastes are generated as gases, they are condensable
to liquids at ambient temperature and pressure, and can feasibly
be condensed to the liquid phase after generation. The exclusion
from RCRA of "gaseous materials" that are not contained
(section 1004(28)), in the Agency's view, applies only to
true gases, namely those which are not capable of being
condensed and remain gases at standard temperature and
pressure (for example, the hydrogen and methane admixed with
the light ends). The Agency, of course, is not requiring
that these light ends be condensed; however, as a RCRA
hazardous wastes, these light ends remain subject to applicable
regulations even if left in the gaseous state. Otherwise,
one could evade regulation under RCRA simply by heating every
waste to the gaseous state.
19
-------
/""\ ~-
= J
Spent filters and filter aids, and spent dessicants covered
by these listings include any residual materials made out of
paper, cloth, plastic, clay, or other granular or sheet-like
material generated during product, intermediate, or feedstock
purification. Spent dessicants, including any granular or surface
absorption agents either added to the process stream or through
which the process stream passes, are used for the purpose of water
removal, and may also serve as filter materials. These spent
filters, filter aids, and dessicants become wastes at the time
of removal from the process equipment.
Appendix A gives 18 specific flow diagrams for repre-
sentative manufacturing processes of several chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons. These give specific examples of the
generalized unit processes described above and illustrate
the integration of several unit processes by way of recycling
and/or sequential chemical conversions.
C. Waste Generation, Composition and Management
1. Current Waste Generation Rate
Available information in the Section 3007 RCRA Industry
Studies data base indicates that approximately 229 million
pounds (104,000 metric tons) per year of new wastes are covered
by these listings. The listing of distillation residues, heavy
ends, tars, and reactor clean-out wastes covers 166 million
pounds (75,000 metric tons), and the listing of light ends,
spent filters and filter aids, and dessicant wastes covers 63
million pounds (29,000 metric tons) of new wastes. Approximately
20
-------
A
-
3.3 billion pounds (1,509,000 metric tons) of wastes associated
with these manufacturing process are already regulated under
§261.32, as discussed above.
2 . Current Management Practices
A survey of chlorinated organic chemical manufacturers
through the Section 3007 RCRA Industry Studies Program as well
as sampling and analysis plant visits provided information
on management of wastes from the production of Cj -5 chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons. Reported waste management practices
included landfilling and incineration of the wastes covered
by this listing. Wastewater treatment and disposal in underground
injection wells was practiced for managing wastewaters and
spent acids. Some waste streams, particularly some specific
heavy and light ends, are recycled. Commonly incinerated wastes
include heavy ends and light ends. Incineration, flaring, or
release to the atmosphere of light ends, without either partial
or complete condensation to ambient temperature, is also practiced,
Spent f ilters/dessicants and heavy ends are reported to be
disposed in landfills in some instances. Table 3 summarizes
waste management practices of the listed wastes currently
employed by the manufacturers of C\-C<^ chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbons utilizing free radical catalyzed processes.
These listings cover the described wastes from all
sources within an integrated process utilizing free radical
catalyzed conversions, whether or not the integrated process
21
-------
utilized free radical catalyzed conversions solely or in
conjunction with other types of chemically catalyzed conversions.
This is because there is carry-over of toxic by-products as
well as intrinsically toxic intermediates and products formed
during the free radical catalyzed conversion steps into all
of the wastes from these processes.
3. Composition of Wastes as Predicted by Chemical
Reaction Theory
Our decision to list these wastes by means of a generic
process, rather than by individual processes, is based on the
similarity of types of chemical reactions and by product
formation within C^-C5 free radical catalyzed chemical
conversion processes. Thorough discussions of this reaction
theory may be found in standard texts, (7,8) chemical technology
encyclopedias, (4,5) as well as in summaries prepared for
EPA's Office of Solid Waste (3,6).
These free radical catalyzed reactions are not totally
specific in producing the desired chemical product; thus,
reactor conditions can only be arranged to maximize the
desired products. Therefore, for any given C-±-C$ process,
a range of by-products will be formed having both higher
and lower carbon atoms and higher and lower amounts of
chlorine substitution. For example, the thermal free radical
chlorination of ethylene will yield primarily the initial
desired products, ethyl chloride and dichloroethane. However,
-------
polychlorinated C^ compounds and longer carbon chain length
chlorinated compounds and tars are also produced. The primary
side reactions which are predicted to produce the majority
of waste constituents are free radical initiated polymeriza-
tions, polychlorinations, and dechlorinations, carbon bond
cleavages, and cyclizations (4, 7, 8). Even when a specific
reactor utilizes relatively mild temperature conditions
(e.g. , a Lewis acid catalyzed reaction) other reactor vessels
within the intergrated process may utilize free radical
reactions.
Therefore, free radical side reactions (as well as
other types of side reactions) will theoretically lead to
many different chemical species having greater and lesser
carbon chain lengths, different skeletal structures, degree
23
-------
TABLE 3 SUMMARY OF WASTE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES BY MANUFACTURERS OF C1-C5
ALIPHATIC HYDROCARBONS UTILIZING FREE RADICAL CATALYZED PROCESSES.
DRAFT
WASTE TYPE
H L
E I
A G
V H
S
P
E
N
Y T T
PRODUCTS E E
N N
D D
S S
**
Carbon Tetrachloride x
Chloromethanes x
Ethyl Chloride x
F
I
L
T
E
R
S
x
X
x
Rthylene Dichloride x
x
Tetrachlorethylene x T n
x
Trichloroethane x
Trichloroethylene x T
Vinylidene Chloride x x
x
Vinyl Chloride x
x
Chlorobutane | x
Allyl Chloride x
Methallyl Chloride x
Trichloropropene
Trichloropropane
Dichloropropene/
Di ch loropropane
Chloroprene
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
S
P
E
N
T
D
E
S
S
I
C
A
N
T
S
x
X
REPORTED MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
L
A
N
D
F
I
L
L
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
I
N
C
I
n
E
R
A
T
I
0
N
x
x
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
R
E
C
o
V
E
R
Y
/
R
E
U
S
E
x
.
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
*Management practices are shown only for wastes streams included in the C^-K^ chlorinated
aliphatic hazardous waste listing. Only those practices actually reported in the RCRA
Section 3007 Industry Studies data base are shown; therefore, not all waste types
associated with each product appear.
**For this table, "HEAVY ENDS" include all reactor, fractionation and distillation wastes,
such as bottoms, tars, residuals, clean-out wastes and solvent extraction wastes.
-------
. -. _ ^ m ~*w*l«4H|
..- 1-J" I
of bond saturation, and degree and position of chlorination.
The fact that tars and heavy ends are formed from these free
radical catalyzed processes demonstrates empirically the
increases in carbon chain length and polychlorinations
leading to high molecular weight viscous materials through
these free radical type side reactions. Carbon chain cleavage
is also observed as one of these side reactions, and is, in
fact, intentionally employed in some cases to produce, for
example, carbon tetrachloride from higher chain length feed-
stocks. Differing degrees of chlorination also occur
under many of the processing conditions, and form the basis
for the industrial production of a range of chlorinated
organic products at integrated facilities. These by-product
constituents will be found in the purification wastes from
these processes; this is the express purpose of purification.
Carry over or retention of what in most cases is a toxic
product into these wastes also typically occurs.
Reference 3 predicts the different chemical species
which may be formed by competitive side reactions. The
predicted wide range of by-products will also include the
hazardous constituents for which these wastes are listed.
For example, a two-carbon chain feedstock (e.g., ethylene)
side product will include one carbon chlorinated species
(chloromethane, dichloromethane) as well as chlorinated
coupling products (chlorinated butanes, polychlorinated
polymers, and tars). An almost infinite number of waste
25
-------
FEB lo
constituents can be predicted from organic chemical mechanistic
considerations. These same types of reactions will occur
within any of the processes .for manufacturing Cj_ through 0.5
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, utilizing free radical
generating conditions.
The predicted range of hazardous constituents discussed
above has been compared with the actual chemical analyses of
wastes from these processes which were obtained by RPA. The
aggregate concentrations of hazardous constituents found
during these analyses have been found to be high enough to
substantiate the listing of these wastes as hazardous as
will be discussed in the following sections.*
4. Composition Ranges of Waste As Determined by
Sampling and Chemical Analyses.
The Agency has obtained representative samples of the
various process residuals comprising the wastes covered by
this listing, including distillation bottoms, reactor clean-out
wastes, spent filters, and other organic residuals. High
resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
was used to analyze the samples. Results of the complete
chemical analyses are summarized in these confidential indivi-
dual plant reports. Company data obtained during the course
of this study and through the examination of hazardous waste
* Permit writers, at a minimum, should consider all the
toxicants identified in Appendix VII of Part 261 for waste
numbers F024 and F025 in evaluating their RCRA permit. In
addition, permits for the treatment, storage and disposal
of waste numbers K016, K018, K019, K020, K028, K029, K030,
K034, K095, and K096 in Part 261.32 should also be evaluated
for the same toxic constituents identified for waste numbers
F024 and F025.
26
-------
manifests, although usually not as exhaustive as the analyses
obtained under this program, confirm the results of the
current study.
While a given individual waste stream from a plant
employing a free-radical catalyzed reactor process may
contain lower concentrations of organic constituents as a
result of plant design, compensatorily greater concentrations
will then be in another waste stream. In other words, plant
design will affect the partitioning of by-products into
various waste streams, including wastewaters and wastewaster
treatment sludges, as well as the listed wastes. It will not
significantly alter the type and amount of waste constituents
in the listed wastes, to the extent of rendering the listed
wastes non-hazardous. The Agency's sampling program, as
described in the following section confirms these predictions.
The Agency also predicted and has confirmed with sampling
data that processes employing only low temperature acid
catalyzed reactor units do not generate the contaminated
wastes found from integrated free radical catalyzed processes.
Consequently, the listing descriptions apply only to wastes
generated by free radical catalyzed integrated processes.
(Phrased another way, this listing does not include those
wastes generated from processes that only use low temperature
acid catalyzed reactor units.) These listings are intended
to cover the described wastes from all sources within an
integrated process utilizing free radical catalyzed conversions,
whether or not the integrated process utilizes free radical
27
-------
FEB lo 1934
catalyzed conversions solely or in conjunction with other
types of chemically catalyzed conversions. As stated above,
this is because there is carry-over of toxic by-products as
well as intrinsically toxic intermediates and products formed
during the free radical catalyzed conversion steps into all
of the wastes from these processes.
5. Hazardous Toxicant Concentrations Determined by
Sampling and Chemical Analysis
The Agency sampled representative plants manufacturing
C;L and C2 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons by free radical
catalyzed processes. Data was obtained for all current
product processes for 3, C^ , and 05 chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbon manufacture. The Agency obtained representative
samples of the various process residuals generated during
the manufacture of C]_-C5 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons.
High resolution gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry
was used to analyze the samples. in addition, many other
company supplied waste analyses were available through the
RCRA Section 3007 Industry Studies data base. These waste
analyses demonstrate empirically similar high concentrations
of toxicants in the wastes covered by these listings. Averages
and ranges are reported below for these organic residues
generated from C]_-C5 manufacturing processes in order to
mask the claimed confidential business information. Although
there were many differences between these wastes, both qualitatively
and quanititatively, in all cases there were one or more of
the toxicants of concern present at levels which could present
a substantial environmental hazard if the wastes are mismanaged.
28
-------
For wastes from the manufacture of GI chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons, wastes were obtained from both a
plant manufacturing methyl chloride by an acid catalyzed process
and from plants manufacturing a range of C^ products (methyl
chloride to carbon tetrachloride) by a free radical catalyzed
processes. The aggregate concentration of the toxicants of
concern (listed below) found in the wastes from the free
radical processes ranged from a low of 9 percent to a high
of over 24 percent. The toxicants found in these wastes are
listed below.
Dichloromethane
Trichloromethane
Carbon tetrachloride
1 ,'l, 2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,I,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Pentachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Dichloropropanes
Dichloropropenes
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
Dichlorobenzenes
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Low concentrations of toxicants were found in the
wastewaters from the plant using an acid catalyzed substitution
chlorination of methyl alcohol to manufacture methyl chloride, wherein
the process streams were not subject to high free radical generating
temperatures. Furthermore, no organic distillation residues, heavy
ends, tars, reactor clean-out wastes, and waste light ends were
generated by this process. As stated above, wastes from this process
which uses no free radical catalysis chemical conversion mechanisms
are not covered by this listing.
29
-------
C2 :
For wastes from the manufacture of C2 chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbons, seven samples of distillation bottoms,
heavy ends, tars, and filters were obtained and analyzed
from four different plants manufacturing a range of products.
The aggregate concentration of the toxicants (listed below)
ranged from 4-97 percent, with an average of 48 percent.
Carbon tetrachloride concentrations were in the percent
range for several samples. The major toxic constituents in
these wastes were C? chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons,
reflecting contamination by the commercial products manufactured
as well as by-products. Significant higher molecular
weight toxicants were also found in these wastes, such as
hexachlorobutadiene, hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and halogenated
aromatic compounds. The toxicants found in these C2 chlorinated
aliphatic hydrocarbon manufacturing wastes include:
Dichloromethane
Trichloromethane
Carbon tetrachloride
1,1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
trans-1,2-Oichloroethylene
1,1-Dichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2,-Tetrachloroethylene
Pentachloroethane
Hexachloroethane
Dichloropropanes
Dichloropropenes
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
30
-------
Dichlorobenzenes
1,2,4-Trichlorobenzene
Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene J~^2 19 <:" "
Hexachlorobenzene ".
Toluene
Naphthalene
A published EPA report (17) provides the following analysis
for one company's vinyl chloride manufacturing distillation
residue or tar, and illustrates the aggregate toxic constituent
concentrations found in these wastes:
Percent
1,2-Dichloroethane 36.0
1,1,1-Trichloroethane .4
1,1,2-Trichloroethane 15.0
Trichloroethylene .2
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane .2
Dichlorobutenes 1.8
Dichlorobutane & butadiene .3
Chlorobenzene .7
Light ends from the manufacture of vinyl chloride monomer
also exhibit a range of hazardous toxicants in significant
concentrations. Confidential information from vinyl chloride
manufacturing facilities responding to the RCRA Section 3007
data base indicates vinyl chloride concentrations ranging
from 1% to greater than 50% in light ends. 1,2-Dichloroethane
was reported in the 10-50% range, and chloroform in the
1-50% range where organic contaminants were specifically
identified. Other toxicants of concern were in concentrations
from 100 parts per million to 50%, including those listed
below:
Chloroform
Carbon tetrachloride
Vinyl chloride
lf1-Dichloroethane
1,2-Dichloroethane
31
-------
1,1-Dichloroethylene
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachlo'roethane
3 -Chi or op rope ne
Chloroprene
From the manufacture of 3 chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbons, waste analyses were obtained from plants
manufacturing dichloropropanes/dichloropropenes and tri-
chloropropenes . The aggregate concentration of the toxicants
of concern (listed below) in the wastes ranged from 0.7
percent (7000 ppm) to 48 percent. Significantly high concen-
trations of dichloromethane were found in some waste samples,
as well as polychlorinated 03 compounds, benzene, toluene,
chlorinated aromatics and polychlorinated higher molecular
weight compounds, including the toxicants listed below:
Dichloromethane
1,1, 1-Trichloroe thane
1,1,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethylene
He xachloroe thane
3-Chloropropene
Dichloropropanes
Dichloropropenes
Hexachlorocyclohexanes
He xachloro-1, 3- butadiene
Benzene
Dichloro benzenes
1,2, 4 -Trichloro benzene
Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
Additional information obtained through the RCRA Section
3007 industry Studies Questionnaire (20) confirms the Agency
sampling analysis results for heavy and light ends from
chlorinated propane and propene manufacture, as well as
32
-------
providing additional confirmatory information on reactor
clean out wastes and spent dessicants. A published study
(17) gives three analyses of organic residuals from the
manufacture of chlorinated propanes and propenes at a
Shell Oil plant, which are given in Table 4. Information
in the RCRA Section 3007 data base information for the
production of trichloropropanes (and epichlorohydrin
simultaneously) by way of allyl chloride as an intermediate
revealed aggregate toxicant concentrations ranging from 0.1
percent (1000 ppm) to 80 percent. The toxicants present in
significant concentrations included:
chloride
Epichlorohydrin
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene
Benzene
C4
From the manufacture of C4 chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbons, representative analyses were obtained for four
different product/process types from four different plants.
Aggregate concentrations of the toxicants of concern listed
below ranged from several hundred parts per million to nearly
100%. The average aggregate concentration of the listed
hazardous constituents for the 13 samples obtained from
these four plants was 18 percent. Concentrations of dichloro-
methane were in the 0.1 to 1 percent (1000 - 10,000 ppm) range
in several samples. In addition, chloroform was found in
concentrations of one to several hundred parts per million
in the wastes from 3 plants.
Dichlorome thane
Trichlorome thane
Carbon tetrachloride
33
-------
TARLE 4. Published Analyses of One Plant's Chlorinated Propane
Manufacturing Organic Residuals
~
Constituent (%):
dichlorome thane and
isopropyl alcohol
chloroform, acetonitrile
and dichloropropene
ethyl chloride and
2-chloropropanes/propenes
1, 1-dichloroethane
1 , 2-dichloroethane
ch loropropane
ch loropropene
chloroallyl alcohol
chlorodihydroxypropanes
d ich loropropanes
d i ch loropropenes
d ich loropropanols
tr ich loropropanes
t r i ch loropropene s
epichlorohydrin
tetrachloropropyl ethers
still
Bottoms (%)
- -
- -
- -
_ _
_ _
0.3
_ _,
17. 0
31.5
_ _
4.0
4.0
_ _
I
Heavy
Ends (%)
_ _
_ -
_
_
^ ^
«. H
0.5
0.2
_ _
0.1
10.7
70.0
_ _
2.0
14.0
:EB 10 :9M
Light
Ends (%)
0.7
4.0
17.0
4.0
0.2
22.0
18.0
_ _
0.2
12.0
14.4
0.2
_ _
_ __
0.4
_ _
benzene
0.2
0.7
34
-------
1,1-Dichloroethane ;-£3 10 T334
1,2-Dichloroethane
trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
Trichloroethylene
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethylene
Hexachloroethane
Dichloropropanes
Dichloropropenes
Chloroprene
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Toluene
Napthalene
The organic residuals from the one 4 plant sampled
which utilized a low temperature acid catalyzed process were
found to contain substantially lower amounts and concentrations
of specific toxicants in the by-products as compared to
other 4 processes utilizing free radical catalyzed chemical
conversions. As discussed earlier, wastes from this process
would not be covered "by ttiis~ trstingr
C5:
For 5 chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbon manufacture,
samples of representative wastes were not available because
no plant currently manufactures a commercial product of this
class. An existing patent (18) for the purification of crude
hexachlorocyclopentadiene contains information that organic
waste residues from this and any other 5 chlorinated aliphatic
hydrocarbon manufacturing process will also contain the same
wide range of chlorinated by-products as found in C^ - C^
wastes. The distillation bottoms from the first step in the
35
-------
10 i
purification procedure was reported to contain 100 parts per
million hexachlorobutadiene, 4.24% octachlorocyclopentene,
and 95.74% hexachlorocyclopentadiene. The distillation overhead,
from which light ends would be condensed, was described as
containing 2.6% perchloroethylene, in which other by-products
were undoubtedly present but not identified by the analytical
procedure used.
III. DISCUSSION OF BASIS FOR LISTING
A. Migration, Mobility and Persistence of the Listed Waste
and Waste Constituents, and Potential for Mismanagement
1. Predicted Migration, Mobility, and Persistence
For the constituents of concern contained in these
wastes, predictions may be made as to their potential for
reaching human or environmental receptors to produce adverse
affects based on chemical, physical, and biological considerations.
A constituent of concern must first be capable of migration
from the waste itself, such as by volatilization to the atmosphere
or extraction by leachate present in a land disposal facility.
Next, the constituent must be mobile; it must be able to travel
through the environment to contaminate either groundwater, surface
water, soil, or the air. After a constituent has migrated
from the waste and achieved this prerequisite mobility in
the environment, it must persist for a sufficient time for
exposure to occur and not be degraded by hydrolysis, photolysis,
or biodegradation. The predictions discussed in this section
are based on physical/chemical properties of the compounds,
and are augmented by actual empirical evidence of migration,
mobility, and persistence.
-------
fES 3 0 190.^
One possible path of environmental exposure to the hazardous
constituents in these wastes is from release of unburned toxicants
to the atmosphere as a consequence of improper incineration.
This could be a result from insufficiently high combustion
temperature, too short a dwell time or an inappropriate feed
rate. Emissions could result in release of the toxicants
themselves, and additionally, products of incomplete combustion
(including hydrochloric acid and phosgene).
Possible paths to soil, groundwater, and surface water
contamination include leaching after disposal in unlined or
inadequately lined land disposal facilities, spillage, or
runoff from surface impoundments. In addition to simple
percolation of the waste itself through the soil, there is
the possibility of enhanced migration and mobility by co-disposal
of wastes with solvents, especially in landfills which accept
a variety of industrial wastes.
Most of these toxicants are capable of migrating from
the wastes via leaching action and of persisting in the
environment in concentrations sufficient to cause substanitial
harm to environmental receptors. The water solubilities of
the hazardous constituents of concern (Appendix C) are in
all cases several orders of magnitude greater than the corresponding
levels recommended in the Ambient Water Quality Criteria
(16) for protection of human health (see Table 5 in Section
II.B.).
37
-------
Thus, only small fraction of the toxicants present in these
wastes need migrate and reach environmental receptors to pose
the potential for substantial harm if these wastes are
land disposed improperly.
2. Actual Mobility and Persistence of Specific Constituents
The constituents of concern in the listed wastes have
been shown in many studies to have migratory potential and
the ability to persist in harmful concentrations after
migrating from waste matrices. In one study, New Jersey
groundwater was contaminated with 20 of the chlorinated
hydrocarbon constituents of concern (10). This study analyzed
samples from over 1000 different wells throughout New Jersey
and samples of surface water collected from over 600 different
sites. Concentrations in both the ground and surface waters
were found to be similar, with the high concentrations of
the chlorinated compounds ranging from several parts per
billion to over 1 percent.
Many studies demonstrate that the constituents of concern
are likely to persist in the environment and are quite capable
of migration via ground water and surface water pathways.
Specific damage incidents compiled by the EPA provide the
most comprehensive evidence available of persistence and
adequate potential for migration of several of the chlorinated
organic constituents of concern (and therefore, by inference
from their chemical similarity, to the others). In many
instances, hazardous concentrations have been found in ground
38
-------
FEE -
' uu - '< ' _ :-t
water, drinking water wells, and soil years after a typical
industrial disposal incident, such as landfarming, burial,
or treatment in unlined lagoons. In addition, these incidents
demonstrate clearly that these wastes have the potential to
cause sufficient harm if mismanaged.
3. Actual Damage Cases Illustrating Environmental
Behavior of Wastes and Potential for Mismanagement
As stated, examples of improper management which could
realistically occur include disposal in unlined or inadequately
lined land disposal facilities, which could lead to contamination
of groundwater, surface water, and soil. Improper incineration
could also lead to exposure to unburned toxicants in the
wastes, and also could lead to exposure to products of
incomplete combustion, including phosgene and hydrochloric
acid. These predictions of substantial harm all have occurred
in actual management of these wastes.
The Agency has documented numerous damage incidents which
relate to mismanagement of wastes from the manufacture of
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons or to wastes which contain
the toxicants of concern, resulting in surface and ground-water
contamination, and contamination of soil and air as well.
These damage incidents illustrate two bases for this listing.
First, they provide empirical evidence that the constituents
of concern have migratory potential and the ability to persist
in harmful concentrations after migrating from waste matrices.
Second, they provide proof that these wastes are capable of
substantial harm to human health and the environment if
mismanaged, the statutory standard for determining if wastes
are hazardous.
39
-------
RE: WCBCJ0503
The capability of specific chlorinated aliphatic and
aromatic hydrocarbons which are constituents of concern for
these wastes to persist in the environment for an adequate
length of time to cause harmful effects is shown _a priori by
every damage incident involving these substances. Appendix
C contains a compilation of representative cases from EPA
Regional Office files.
The ability of the constituents of concern to migrate
from the wastes is obvious when the wastes are fluid. However,
in many instances these wastes are in the form of tars or
sludges, and elution of hazardous constituents from a solid
or semi-solid waste must first take place. Most of the
damage incident files do not contain adequate information to
ascertain if the contaminants causing the damage originated
from liquid wastes, from tarry residues or sludges or, as is
probably the case, a combination of all of these. In addition
to the inherent hazards of these wastes, co-disposal of
these wastes with solvents, especially in the incidents of
landfill operations, could lead to increased hazards through
solubil ization and greater migration. Incident Mos. 4, 7,
72, 82, 90, 91 and 95 (in Appendix C) were the result of
waste residues from the manufacture of vinyl chloride and
polyvinyl chloride, and can be assumed to be typical tarry
wastes from which the vinyl chloride migrated by elution.
Incident No. 72 shows air contamination by vinyl chloride
from vinyl chloride manufacturing wastes (another exposure
40
-------
DRAFT
FEB 1 0 T93-J
pathway), which were presumably tary or viscous in nature.
Examples of migration of chlorinated organic consitituents
from wastes which were described as sludges include Incident
Nos. 6, 30, 52, 58, 71, and 82. Distillation bottom wastes
from solvent recovery operations are usually tarry materials,
and might be expected to be similar to the distillation
residues generated during the manufacture of these solvents.
Incident Nos. 1, 25, and 29 represent environmental contamination
by solvent recovery distillation residues which resulted in
hazardous chlorinated constitutents migrating from a viscous
solvent recovery waste. Thus, the constituents of concern
have proven capable of migration from non-aqueous waste
matrices when land disposed.
The potential for substantial environmental harm from
mismanagement of the listed wastes by the chlorinated organic
chemical manufacturing industry is shown by the many historical
examples of inappropriate disposal practices or inappropriate
treatment techniques, which led to damage which, in many cases,
was extensive. These incidents demonstrate clearly that the
wastes meet the statutory definition of a hazardous waste.
Several incidents in Appendix C are briefly described which
relate directly to the wastes from manufacture of C^-Cc;
chlorinated aliphatic organic compounds and also to wastes
containing the same toxicants of concern. These incidents
demonstrate clearly what could result if these wastes are
not controlled by RCRA. These are described below:
41
-------
DRAFT
A major chemical manufacturer of vinyl chloride deposited
residues in open catch basins in sandy soil, resulting in the
contamination of 14 wells (Incident No. 4). Polyvinyl chloride
skins and emulsions from another major chemical company were
deposited in a non-secure landfill, which has resulted in
the ground water contamination (Incident No. 7). Several
chlorinated aliphatic and aromatic constituents have migrated
in hazardous levels from a non-secure landfill used by a
manufacturer of these chemicals (Incident No. 8).
Another abandoned landfill used by this same company is
still causing environmental and human health effects from
toxic chlorinated and other organic chemicals (Incident No. 9).
This company also deposited 70,400 tons of hazardous materials
at another site, resulting in the contamination of the public
water supply by tetrachloroethylene and benzene hexachloride
(Incident No. 10).
A previous manufacturer of chlorinated benzenes used an
unlined lagoon for waste treatment, resulting in contamination
of ground water and the public water supply with chlorinated
organic chemicals (Incident No. 28). A manufacturer of
trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene discharged 500
tons per year of wastes to waterways or allowed wastes to
settle in on-site pits, resulting in soil and ground water
contamination. This same company stored wastes insecurely
in drums and railroad tank cars, creating a risk of additional
contamination on-site (Incident No. 68).
42
-------
A manufacturer of vinyl chloride sent its wastes to a
private hazardous waste facility which used unlined excavations,
resulting in documented air contamination of vinyl chloride.
Another major chemical company discarded 5,100 tons of
vinyl chloride production wastes at a private landfill resulting
in the contamination of ground water and a nearby drinking water
well with vinyl chloride, dichloroethane, trichloroethylene,
and other hazardous chlorinated compounds (Incident No. 90).
Ground water was contaminated with vinyl chloride, chloro-
form, and chlorobenzene by a major chemical manufacturer
making vinyl chloride intermediate, polyvinyl chloride, and
other chemicals as a result of using non-secure waste lagoons
and landfills (Incident No. 91). Soil, surface and ground
water contamination by vinyl chloride, dichloroethane and
trichloroethylene took place at another major vinyl chloride/
polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plant (Incident No. 95).
Confirmed soil contamination from drummed wastes occurred
at the site of a manufacturer of what was described as a
wide range of chlorinated and brominated organic chemcials
(Incident No. 99).
Incident No. 114 describes vinyl chloride contamination
of drinking water in a plant adjacent to an active landfill
which accepted polyvinyl chloride manufacturing wastes.
Drinking wells were contaminated with vinyl chloride from
anothr vinyl chloride manufacturing site (Incident No. 116).
Thus, environmental releases of chemicals from buried
drums of chemical manufacturing wastes have been demonstrated
numerous times. Improper management of these wastes in
43
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DRAFT
surface impoundments--r--another recurring management practice
likewise has caused substantial harm. The use of unlined
holding ponds, lagoons, or other surface impoundments may,
and historically have, resulted in significant contaminations
of groud water and subsequently contamination of drinking
water sources or surface waters.
Incident Nos. 4, 6, 11, 26, 27, 28, 29, 31, 42, 52, 53,
58, 59, 62, 64, 66, 68, 70, 75, 78, 81, 82, 84, 87, 88, 91,
94, 103, and 105 describe environmental contamination of
ground water by the chlorinated constituents of concern from-
inadequately managed waste treatment lagoons and storage
ponds. (Other ground water contamination incidents are
assumed to arise in large part from unlined or inadequately
contained surface impoundments.)
The chemical similarity of other chlorinated toxicants
which were either not present or not detected by the analytical
method imployed in these damage incidents, makes intuitive
predictions of similar behavior in the environment reasonable.
Therefore these compounds are all likely to be mobile and
persist under most typical environmental release situations.
Air releases of hazardous chemicals from the improper
handling of these wastes is also possible, such as from fires
or explosions, as in Incident Nos. 46, 79,-and 112. Again,
co-disposal of other wastes or solvents can enhance the
hazard of harmful releases of these wastes by providing
mechanisms for heating from fires or explosions. Midnight
dumping (Incident No. 54) at another site contaminated with
&.&.
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DRAFT
(r£B 10 V^4
chlorinated organic chemicals lead to resident complaints of
nasal/throat symptoms.
Incident No. 57 describes evaporation of solvents, some
of which would probably be chlorinated and are constituents
of concern in the wastes at issue here. Another waste treat-
ment facility (Incident No. 62) used a lagoon to evaporate
volatile wastes. Vinyl chloride and other hazardous organic
compounds were present in ground water from this lagoon source
and therefore could be assumed to be in part the substances
which were being evaporated and released to the air.
Vinyl chloride was measured in air at another facility
using unlined excavation pits (Incident No. 72). A municipal
landfill with associated chlorinated organic ground water
contamination had high but unidentified air concentrations
of organic compounds (Incident No. 86). Three other municipal
landfill facilities had documented vent releases of hazardous
chlorinated aliphatic constituents (Incidents Nos. 101, 102,
103). In addition, Incident No. 102 describes vinyl chloride
being detected in the air of a school as a result of the
landfill operation.
Chlorinated organic compounds were found in the urine of
workers at a municipal waste treatment facility as a result
of industrial discharges (Incident No. 19), again demonstrating
the potential for significant air releases from wastes
containing the constituents of concern. Also, because most
of the damage incidents are the result of historical improper
45
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DRAF
waste disposal, many more undocumented air releases could be
assumed to have occurred.
Incident Nos. 1, 2, 21, 25, 49, 50, 51, 92, and 96 describe
waste incineration sites where wastes containing the toxicants
of concern was accompanied by poor waste handling and storage
procedures, resulting in ground water contamination.
B. Hazardous Properties of the Wastes
The Agency considered many factors in making a judgement
as to whether the concentration levels of the toxicants of
concern found in these wastes pose a significant hazard to,
human health or the environment. One comparison is with the
levels found in these wastes and Agency derived risk assessments
for water contaminated with individual toxicants, the Ambient
Water Quality Criteria Levels (AWQCL) (16). The Agency has
calculated the increased risk to human health (carcinogenicity
or other irreversible systemic toxic effects) or aquatic organisms
as a result of a lifetime ingestion of water and aquatic organisms
(fish, etc.) living in such water contaminated at levels above
the AWQCL. (See Table 5). The Agency has considered evidence
of the potential for the toxicants of concern in these wastes to
either contaminate ambient waters at these levels or to reach
humans through direct contact or other routes at these levels.
Second, the Agency has taken into consideration that the
AWQCL were developed considering the adverse effect of individual
toxicants acting singly. Both theoretical predictions and data
obtained by the Agency show that these wastes are complex mixtures
of many hazardous constituents.
46
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DRAF1
B 10 1934
The probability of aggregate toxic effects, whether additive
or synergistic, must be judged probable. An AWQCL risk level
for a single hazardous constituent found in these wastes
is therefore not likely to be adequately protective.
The hazardous constituents of concern generally are
present in these wastes in concentrations many orders of
magnitude above the levels which are related to increased
health risks. In all cases, the solubilities of the toxicants
of concern (Appendix C) are many orders of magnitude greater
than the Ambient Water Quality Criteria Levels. Thus, only
a small fraction of the toxicants present in these wastes
need migrate and reach environmental receptors to pose the
potential for substantial harm. As shown in the previous
section, this potential for harm actually has occurred many
times, demonstrating the hazardous character of these wastes
and waste constituents. Furthermore, these wastes contain
many complex polychlorinated compounds for which there is
less definitive toxicological data. These chlorinated hydrocarbons
share many structural features of those which have been
studied, almost all of which exhibit significant chronic
systemic effects of concern (viz. CNS, liver and kidney
toxicity), and a high proportion of which are proven carcinogens.
We do not know what additional expansion of the toxicological
data base will occur in the future for these waste constituents.
The structural similarity between these compounds and those
for which adequate informa tion is available gives rise to
concern.
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TABLE 5. AMBIENT WATER QUALITY CRITERIA LEVELS FOR CONSTITUENTS
OF CONCERN (Ref. 16)
Cancer Risk Level:
Other Chronic
Health Risk Level
Lowest Aquatic
Organism Adverse
Effect Level:
Concentration calculated to pose a 1 per
million increased risk of cancer as a result
of ingestion of contaminated water and organisms
living in that water.
Concentration calculated to increase the risk
of other chronic health effects as a result of
ingestion of contaminated water and organisms
living in that water.
Lowest levels found to be chronically or acutely
toxic to aquatic organisms.
Constituent
Chloromethane *
Drchlorome-tharre *-
(methylene chloride)
Trichlorome thane
( chloroform)
Carbon tetrachloride
Vinyl chloride
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
Cancer Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
0.00019 *
0.00019 *
0.00019
0.0004
0.002
Other Chronic
Health Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
AQUATIC LIFE
Lowest
Organ!
Level
(mg/1
Aquat
sm Efi
or ppn
11.0
11.0
1.24
35.2
49
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Constituent
DRAFT
* .~<- -j z> -.-.,. j
1 , 2-Dichloroethane^
trans-1, 2-Dichloroethy lene
If 1-Dichloroethy lene
1,1, 1 -Tr i ch lor oe thane
1,1, 2-Trichloroethane
Tr ich lor oe thy lene
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2,2 Tetrachloroethy lene
(perchloroethy lene )
Pen tachloroe thane
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
Cancer Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
0.00094
0.00003
0.0006
0. 0027
0.00017
0.0008
Other
Chronic
Health Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
i
18.4
i
£
AQUATIC LIFE
Lowest Aquat
Organism Adv
Effect Level
(mg/1 or ppm
113.0
11.0
11.0
18.0
2.0
9.320
2.40
0.450
0.390
50
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DRAFT
PEB Ifl 1&J4
Constituent
He xach lor oe thane
Dichloropropane
Dichloropropene
Hexachloro-1 , 3 -butadiene
Hexachlorocylopentadiene
Hexachlorocyclohexane
technical grade
alpha isomer
beta isomer
gamma isomer
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Dichlorobenzenes
1,2, 4 -Tri Chlorobenzene
Tetra chlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
Cancer Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
0.0019
0.00045
5.2 x 10~5
2.2 x 10~5
1.3 x 10~4
1. 9 x 10-4
0.00066
7.2 x 10~7
Other Chronic
Health Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
i
0.087
.206 (0.001 -
organolept ic
0.488 (0.20
organoleptic )
0.400
i
0.038
0.074
AQUATIC LIE
Lowest Aqua
Organism Ac
Effect Leve
(mg/1 or pp
0.540
3.04
0.79
0.0093
0.0052
0.00008
( lindane , f re
water )
0.00016
(lindane, sa
water }
0.700
0.050
0.763
0.05
0.05
0.05
0.05
51
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DRAFT
X
Constituent
Toluene
HUMAN HEALTH EFFECTS
Cancer Risk
Leve 1
(mg/1 or ppm)
Ethy Ibenzene
Naphthalene
Polychlorinated Biphenyls
7.9 x 1CT7
Other Chronic
Health Risk
Level
(mg/1 or ppm)
14.3
1.4
i
AQUATIC LIF
Lowest Aqua
Organism Ad
Effect Leve
(mg/1 or pp
5.0
0.430
0.620
1.4 x 10~5
(fresh)
3.0 x 10~5
(salt)
* Ambient Water Ouality Criteria are currently being revised and
updated for chlororaethane and dichloromethane
i Insufficient evidence was available to establish a human health
effect Ambient Water Ouality Criterion recommendation
52
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DRAFT
-Zu 10 1334
Not only are these complex chlorinated substances
suspected of having adverse rather than beneficial effects
on living organisms, but they may also have the potential to
break down in the environment to other compounds with greater
toxicity, through biological degradation pathways in soil or
groundwater or as a result of improper incineration.
Other factors considered in addition to the inherent
toxicity of these wastes were presented in the preceding
sections, and include the large aggregate volume of the
wastes, current methods of disposal, exposure potential as a
result of the mobility and persistence of the constituents,
and actual damage cases resulting from mismanagement of these
and similar wastes.
C. Hazardous Properties of the Constituents of Concern
The following discussion summarizes the toxicological
effects for individual hazardous constituents. As discussed
earlier, the most common constituents found or predicted to
be present in these wastes are chlorinated hydrocarbons.
Typical concentrations of these constituents of concern were
presented in the preceding section. Additional consideration
must be given to the composite toxicity of these wastes.
Comparison of toxicity of individual of individual waste
constitutents is likely to understate the toxicity of these
wastes. This is because these wastes are complex mixtures
of many hazardous waste constituents. Individual constituents
could be predicted to have at least additive, if not synergistic
53
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DRAFT
10 ij;.,
effects, especially if the same organ system or ultimate
systemic effect (e.g., carcinogenicity) is involved.
Pertinent mammalian adverse health effects of some individual
constituents of concern are dicussed briefly below. Additional
information on each constituent is contained in Appendix A -
Health and Environmental Effects Profiles of RCRA Subtitle C -
Identification and Listing of Hazardous Waste. In addition,
two new toxicants have been added to Appendix VIII - Hazardous
Constituents, as reasons for listing hazardous wastes. Thus,
two new Health and Environmental Effects Profiles were prepared
to support this listing, for 3-chloropropene and 2-chloro-
1,3-butadiene, and are summarized in the preceding discussion.
Many of these toxicants of concern have been determined
by the Agency's Carcinogen Assessment Group (CAG) to be
potential human carcinogens, and are so indicated. The weight
of evidence for carcinogenicity varies. Some of the chemicals
have human evidence (epidemiology data) while others have
only animal evidence. Depending on the amount and quality of
the data the evidence could be classified as limited or
sufficient using criteria developed by the International Agency
for Research on Cancer.
Chloromethane (Methyl Chloride)
Chloromethane is acutely toxic to human beings by its action
on the central nervous system, causing loss of coordination,
blurring vision, mental confusion, nausea and vomiting. In both
humans and experimental animals, central nervous system
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DRAFT
effects appear to be the most sensitive indicator of subchronic
chloromethane toxicity. Information is not available on chronic
toxicity, teratogenicity, or carcinogenicity. Chloromethane
was highly mutagenic in the Ames test.
Dichloromethane (Methylene Chloride)
Dichloromethane is a central nervous system depressant
resulting in narcosis at high concentrations. Dichloromethane
is metabolized to carbon monoxide and causes an increase in
carboxyhemoglobin. Thus, exposure poses a special risk toi
persons with cardiovascular problems.
The National Cancer Institute has completed evaluation
of a two year gavage bioassay in rats and mice (an inhalation
study is in progress). The draft summary of this study notes
that dichloromethane was carcinogenic for both male and female
B6C3F2 mice, including hepatocellular carcinomas in both sexes.
Thyroid C-cell carcinomas in male rats and leukemia and
aveolar/bronchial adenomas in female mice may have been
associated with the administration of dichloromethane (19).
Other studies have indicated carcinogenicity of dichloromethane
in Strain A mice; i.p., administration resulted in a significant
increase in lung adenomas. Dow Chemical Company's two year
oncogenicity inhalation study showed statistically significant
increase in salivary gland sarcomas in Sprague-Dawley rats
(3500 ppm) and benign mammary tumors in male and female rats.
In two studies, dichloromethane was not teratogenic for
experimental animals, but positive results have been obtained
55
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FEB 1
in mutagenicity screening assays and at the lowest dose
tested in the Strain A mouse pulmonary adenoma assay.
Trichloromethane (Chloroform)
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that trichloromethane
(chloroform) is a potential human carcinogen. Chloroform
has been found to induce hepatocellular carcinomas in mice
and kidney epithelial tumors in rats. Hepatomas have also
been induced in mice. Bacterial assays involving chloroform
have yielded no mutagenic effects. Chloroform has produced
teratogenic effects when administered to pregnant rats. ' '
Carbon tetrachloride
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that carbon tetrachloride
is a potential human carcinogen. Toxicological data for
non-human mammals are extensive and show that it causes
liver and kidney damage, changes in liver function, and
neurological damage. Mutagenic effects have not been observed
and teratogenic effects have not been conclusively demonstrated.
Vinyl chloride
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that vinyl chloride is a
potential human carcinogen. Vinyl chloride has been found
to be carcinogenic in laboratory animals and has caused
angiosarcoma in humans. "Vinyl chloride disease", a multisystem
disorder, has been described in workers exposed to vinyl
chloride.
1,1-Dichloroethane
There is no available evidence to indicate that 1,1-
dichloroethane is carcinogenic, mutagenic, or teratogenic.
56
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In
DRAF
Symptoms produced by human poisoning with 1,1-dichloro-
ethane include respiratory tract irritation, central nervous
system depression, and cardiac effects. Animal studies also
indicate that 1,1-dichloroethane may produce liver damage.
1,2-Dichloroethane (Ethylene dichloride)
U.S. EPA1s CAG has determined that 1,2-dichloroethane
is a potential human carcinogen. Results of an NCI carci-
nogenesis bioassay in rats and mice have shown that 1,2-dichloroethar
may produce a wide variety of tumors, including squamous
cell carcinomas, hemangiosarcomas, mammary adenocarcinomas,
and hepatocelluar carcinomas. Mutagenic effects have been
shown in the Ames Salmonella system and E_. coli; metabolites
of 1,2-dichloroethane have also shown mutagenic effects in
the Ames assay.
One study failed to indicate teratogenic effects following
inhalation exposure to 1,2-dichloroethane; however reproductive
toxicity was demonstrated. Chronic human exposure to 1,2-
dichloroethane has produced neurological symptoms and liver
damage. Poisoning victims have shown diffuse dystrophic
changes in the brain and spinal cord.
1,1-Dichloroethylene (Vinylidene chloride) and Cis- and
Trans-1,2-Dichloroethylene
Most of the health effects information available is
related to the 1,1-dichloroethylene isomer. Of the three
isomers, 1,1-dichloroethylene is the most toxic. Qualitatively
the toxicity of the cis and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene isomers
appears to be similar, with depression of the central nervous
57
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.:AFT
^0 IS34
system and liver and kidney damage. Both 1,1-dichloroethylene
and trans-1,2-dichloroethylene are mutagenic in bacterial
systems. U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that 1,1-dichloroethylene
is a potential human carcinogen. Both kidney adenocarcinomas
and mammary adenocarcinomas were produced in mice after
exposure to 1,1-dichloroethylene by inhalation.
The primary effect of acute and chronic occupational
exposure to 1,1-dichloroethylene is depression of the central
nervous system. In experimental animals, both liver and
kidney damage have been noted after exposure, regardless af-
the route of administration. 1,1-Dichloroethylene has been
shown to be a mutagen in bacterial systems.
1,1,2-Trichloroethane
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that 1,1,2-trichloroethane
is a potential human carcinogen. It has been shown to produce
tumors in experimental animal studies conducted by the National
Cancer Institute. Symptoms produced by toxic exposure to
the chloroethanes include central nervous system disorders,
liver and kidney damage, and cardiac effects.
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
Results of an National Cancer Institute (NCI) carcinogenesis
bioassay have indicated that oral administration of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane produced a variety of neoplasms. However,
re-testing of this compound is in progress since a high
incidence of premature deaths was observed in this initial
study. There is no evidence to indicate that 1,1,1-trichloro-
ethane has mutagenic or teratogenic activity.
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DRAFT
Human toxic effects seen after exposure to 1,1,1-
trichloroethane include central nervous system disorders.
Animal studies indicate that toxic effects may be produced in
the central nervous system, pulmonary system, heart, kidney,
and liver.
Trichloroethylene
U.S. EPA1s CAG has determined that trichloroethylene
is a potential human carcinogen. Trichloroethylene has not
been shown to be a teratogen. Data suggesting mutagenicity
and carcinogenic!ty have been complicated by the presence of
contaminants with known carcinogenic and mutagenic activity.
Both acute and chronic exposure to high levels of trichloroethylene
produce central nervous system depression and other neurological
effects. Trichloroethylene also causes some kidney and
liver damage.
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
Animal experiments indicate that chronic exposure to
1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane may produce liver damage. 1,1,1,2-
Tetrachloroethane is currently being tested by the
National Cancer Insitute for possible carcinogenicity. The
compound was reported to be non-mutagenic in the Ames assay.
Other data indicates that 1,1,1,2-tetrachloroethane is embryotoxic.
1,1,2 ,2-Tetrachloroethane
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
is a potential human carcinogen. An increased incidence of
hepatocellular carcinomas occurs in mice following oral
administration of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane. Mutagenic
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DRAFT
effects have been reported in the Ames Salmonella assay and
in _E. co 1 i. There is no available evidence to indicate that
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane produces teratogenic effects.
Occupational exposure to 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane has
produced several toxic effects including neurological symptoms,
liver and kidney damage, pulmonary edema, and fatty degeneration
of heart muscle.
Tetrachloroethylene (Perchloroethylene)
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that tetrachloroethylene
is a potential human carcinogen. Tetrachloroethylene has
caused mild intoxication and liver dysfunction following
chronic exposure to high levels in human beings. Tetrachloro-
ethylene has not been shown to be teratogenic, but it was
mutagenic in bacterial assays.
Pentachloroethane
Pentachloroethane was carcinogenic in mice, giving rise to
hepatocellular carcinomas, in a study conducted by the National
Toxicology Program (9). There is no information in the
available literature regarding the possible mutagenic, teratogenic,
or adverse reproductive effects of pentachloroethane. Studies
in cats, dogs and sheep indicate that pentachloroethane
produces adverse effects on the kidney, liver, and lungs.
Pentachloroethane has narcotic activity and may produce
greater central nervous system (CNS) effects than either
chloroform or tetrachloroethane from acute exposures.
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DRAFT
Hexachloroethane
U.S. EPA1s CAG has determined that hexachloroethane is a
potential human carcinogen. Results of a National Cancer
Institute (NCI) carcinogenesis bioassay showed that hexachloro-
ethane produced an increase in the incidence of hepatocellular
carcinoma in mice. Toxic effects on fetal development were
observed in rats. Toxic symptoms produced in human beings
following hexachloroethane exposure include central nervous
system depression and liver, kidney, and heart degeneration.
3-Chloropropene (Allyl chloride)
In subchronic studies in animals, 3-chloropropene exhibited
adverse effects in the liver, kidney, and lungs following
inhalation at an exposure level of 8 ppm for 1 month. There
is some support for these conclusions from casual observations
of workers exposed to 3-chloropropene. Mutagenicity assays
with 3-chloropropene in the Ames system were strongly positive
when vapor exposure was used. Other mutagenicity assays
indicate a smaller but still positive response. An NCI (1978)
bioassay of 3-chloropropene concluded that there was only
suggestive evidence of carcinogenicity in mice, since some
tumor types were unique to the treated animals, although not
statistically greater than the control values. Evidence for
teratogenicity in one preliminary study indicated that 3-
chloropropene is both teratogenic and fetotoxic.
Epichlorohydrin (l-Chloro-2,3-epoxypropane)
U.S. EPA1s CAG has determined that epichlorohydrin is
a potential human carcinogen. Recent studies have demonstrated
61
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epichlorohydrin to be potent carcinogen to the nasal tissue
of rats. Epidemiological studies have suggested the risk of
human cancer as a result of occupational exposure, including
respiratory cancer and leukemia.
Acute adverse health effects include extreme irritation
to the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract. Epichlorohydrin
can be absorbed through the skin as well as being inhaled
or ingested as possible routes of exposure.
Dichloropropane and Dichloropropene
Both dichloropropane and dichloropropene are mutagenic
to bacteria and yeast, but information on teratogenicity is
not available. Chronic exposure to 1,2-dichloropropane has
caused signs of severe liver and kidney damage in several
species. Mild kidney damage has been observed in rats chronically
exposed to 1,3-dichloropropene. Data are not available to
demonstrate that these compounds are carcinogenic.
2-Chloro-l,3-butadiene (Chloroprene)
Chloroprene has been shown to be mutagenic in bacterial
systems and in experimental animals and clastogenic in humans.
There are epidemiological data which indicate that occupational
exposure to Chloroprene may be linked to increased incidence
of lung and skin cancer. The International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) has determined that it may be linked to
human cancer.
Repeated exposure to Chloroprene results in central
nervous system, cardiovascular, and reproductive abnormalities.
Acute effects of Chloroprene exposure include central nervous
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FE3
system depression, lung injury, liver and kidney damage,
irritation of the skin and mucous membranes, respiratory
difficulties, dermatitis, and alopecia.
Hexachloro-1,3-butadiene
U.S. EPA1s CAG has determined that hexachlorobutadiene
is a potential human carcinogen. Hexachlorobutadiene induces
renal neoplasia in rats. One bacterial assay suggests a
positive mutagenicity effect. Two studies of the possible
teratogenic effects of hexachlorobutadiene produced conflicting
results.
Hexachlorocyclopentad iene '
Evidence is not sufficient to categorize hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene as a carcinogen. Hexachlorocyclopentadiene was
not mutagenic in either short-term in vitro assays or a mouse
dominant lethal study. The median oral LD50 is between 420
to 620 mg/kg in rabbits and 530 to 630 mg/kg in rats. This
compound is rapidly absorbed through the skin. The LD50 by
dermal application (rats) was similar; between 430 and 630
mg/kg. It is classified as "highly toxic by dermal exposure"
by Federal Hazardous Substances Act criteria.
Hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH, Lindane)
U.S. EPA's Carcingen Assessment Group (CAG) has determined
that the alpha, beta, and gamma isomers of hexachlorocyclohexane
are potential human carcinogens. Technical hexachlorocyclohexane
(HCH), alpha-HCH, beta-HCH, and gamma-HCH (lindane) have all
been shown to induce liver tumors in mice. Most of the
studies on hexachlorocyclohexanes deal only with lindane.
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DRAFT
Evidence for mutagenicity of lindane is equivocal. Lindane
was not teratogenic for rats, but reduced reproductive capacity
in rats in a four generation study. Long term low level exposure
of animals to lindane caused liver enlargement and, at higher
doses, some liver damage and nephritic changes. Humans
chronically exposed to HCH suffered liver damage.
Benzene
U.S. EPA's CAG has determined that benzene is a potential
human carcinogen, causing leukemia and aplastic anemia in
humans. Benzene is not mutagenic to bacteria. Howver, there
is suggestive evidence that benzene may be teratogenic and
may cause reduced fertility.
Chlorinated Benzenes
EPA's CAG has determined that hexachlorobenzene is a
potential human carcinogen. Chronic exposure to the chlorinated
benzenes causes liver, spleen, kidney, and central nervous
system changes in animals. The degree of toxicity increases
with the degree of chlorination. The chlorinated benzenes
are lipophilic and are therefore retained in the fatty tissues
of the body. The chlorinated benzenes have not been shown
to be teratogens or mutagens.
Toluene
Controlled exposures of 800 ppm toluene for eight hours
in humans resulted in central nervous system effects, and
after affects of nervousness, muscular fatigue, and insomnia
persisting for several days. Chronic occupational exposures
to toluene have resulted in neurologic effects, such as
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DRAFT
3io i::-i
impaired performance on tests for intellectual and psychomotor
ability, and muscular function. Chronic inhalation or
subchronic inhalation and oral exposure to toluene has not
produced carcinogenic or other histopathologic treatment
related effects in animals. The preponderance of data
indicates that toluene is not mutagenic or clastogenic.
Napthalene
Naphthalene can be absorbed by any route, although the
efficiency of absorption has not been determined. The
toxicological properties are due to the formation of highly.
reactive metabolites. In particular, chronic exposure produces
cataracts, hemolytic anemia, and kidney disease in humans.
Studies on the carcinogenic!ty of naphthalene have not reported
any significant incidence of tumor formation or mutagenicity in
microsomal/bacterial assay systems.
D. Existing Regulations and Guidelines
The hazardous nature of these wastes and their contained
constituents already has been recognized by this program and
by many other regulatory programs, as summarized below.
These regulations not only illustrate the hazardous character
of the wastes and waste constituents, but show that all likely
exposure pathways are of significant concern.
1. Existing RCRA Regulations
Several of the specific waste streams included in this
generic listing are currently regulated as toxic wastes
as listed below:
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FEB 10 1334
K016 - Heavy ends or distillation residues from the production
of carbon tetrachloride.
K018 - Heavy ends from the fractionation column in ethyl
chloride production.
K019 - Heavy ends from the distillation of ethylene dichloride
in ethylene dichloride production.
K020 - Heavy ends from the distillation of vinyl chloride
in vinyl chloride production.
K028 - Spent catalyst from the hydrochlorinator reactor in
the production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
K029 - Waste from the product stripper in the production
of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
K030 - Column bottoms or heavy ends from the combined
production of trichloroethylene and perchloroethylene.
K034 - Filter solids from the filtration of hexachlorocyclo-
pentadiene in the production of chlorodane.
K095 - Distillation bottoms from the production of 1,1,1-
trichloroethane.
K096 - Heavy ends from the heavy ends column from the
production of 1,1,1-trichloroethane.
In addition to the specific industry waste streams
currently regulated under RCRA, many of the streams may exhibit
one or more characteristics (i.e., ignitable, corrosive, EP Toxic,
or reactive). In addition, 40 CFR 261.33 regulates many of the
specific constituents of concern when these are disposed of in the
66
-------
1 0 1384
form of commercial chemical products, manufacturing intermediates,
or spill residues as summarized in Table 6.
2. Other Regulations or Guidelines
Table 6 summarizes representative federal regulations
controlling the constituents of concern. In addition to
these regulations, agencies involved in implementing other
environmental statutes, such as the Clean Air Act, are
currently examining regulatory strategies for these substances.
An Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking* under the Safe
Drinking Water Act could set maximum contamination levels for
trichloroethylene, tetrachloroethylene, carbon tetrachloride,
1,2-dichloroethane, and vinyl chloride in drinking water.
Several of the constituents of concern have received
attention under Section 4(a) of the Toxic Substances Control
Act (TSCA) , which authorized the EPA to requi^?^-testing by
industry to develop data relevant to determining the risks
that such chemicals may present to health and the environment.
Dichloroemethane and 1,1-trichloroethane have been proposed for
mandatory testing by the Agency.** A voluntary testing program
for 2-chlorotoluene has been proposed by a consortium of
manufacturers in lieu of EPA proposing a TSCA Section 4(a)
rule.*** Test rule implementation for hexachloroethane has
been deferred.****
* 40 CFR Part 141 National Revised Primary Drinking Water
Regulations, Volatile Synthetic Organic Chemicals in
Drinking Water. FR 9350, March 4, 1982.
** Dichloromethane, Nitrobenzene and 1,1,1-Trichloroethane;
Proposed Test Rule, 46 £R 30300, June 5, 1981.
*** Chlorinated Paraffins; Response to the Interagency
Testing Committee. 47 FR 1017, January 8, 1982.
2-Chlorotoluene; Response to the Interagency Testing
Committee. 47 JTR 18172, April 28, 1982.
**** Hexachloroethane; Response to the Interagency Testing
Committee. 47 FR 18175, April 28, 1982.
67
-------
t'^ 10 i::4
TABLE 6. Representative Federal Regulations Currently Controlling the Toxicants
of Concern
RCRA - Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, Section 261.33,
CWA - Clean Water Act, Section 304 (a).(l), Ambient Water
Duality Criteria level recommendation,
OSHA - Occupational Safety and Health Administration,
Section 1910, 1000, Toxic and Hazardous Substances,
CPSC - Consumer Product Safety Commission
FIFRA - Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act
FDA - Food and Drug Act
OAOPS - Office of Air Quality Planning & Standards
COT - Department of Transportation, Hazardous Materials List
RCRA CWA OSHA CPSC FIFRA FDA OAQPS DOT
Methyl chloride XXX X
(Chloromethane)
Methylene chloride XXX X
(Dichloromethane)
Chloroform XXX XX X
(Trichloromethane)
Carbon tetrachloride X X X X X X
Vinyl chloride X X X X X X X
(Chloroethene)
1,1-Dichloroethane XXX X
(Ethylidene dichloride)
1,2-Dichloroethane XXX X X
(Ethylene dichloride)
trans-l,2-Dichloroethylene XXX X
1,1-Dichloroethylene XXX
(hvinylidene chloride) X
1,1,1-Trichloroethane XXX X
(Methyl chloroform)
1,1,2-Trichloroethane XXX
Trichloroethene XXX 'X
(Trichloroethylene)
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane X X
1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane XXX X
68
-------
DRAFT
TABLE 6 (continued)
Tetrachloroethene
( Pe rch loroe thy le ne )
Pentachloroethane
Hexach loroethane
Allyl chloride
( 3-Chloropropene )
Ep i ch lorohy dr i n
( l-Chloro-2, 3-epoxypropane )
Dich loropropa ne
Dichloropropene
2-Chloro-l , 3-butadiene
(Chloroprene)
Hexachloro-1, 3-butadiene
He xach lorocy c lope ntad i e ne
alpha-Hexachlorocyclohexane
beta-Hexachlorocyclohexane
de .1 ta-Hexach lorocyclohexane
gamma -He xach lorocy c lohe xane
Benzene
Chlorobenzene
Dichlorobenzenes
1, 2, 4-Trichlorobenzene
Tetrachlorobanzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
RCRA
X
X
X
*
X
X
X
*
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
CWA
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
OSHA CPSC FIFRA FDA OAQPS
X
X
X
X
X
X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X X
X
X
X
X
DOT
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
* This listing adds 3-chloropropene and 2-chloro-l,3-butadiene to 40 CFR §261, Appendix
VIII; Hazardous Constituents
-------
DRA
- RE: WCBCJ0503
a
FEB 10 1984
IV. RESPONSE TO COMMENTS
On August 22, 1979, the Agency proposed to list by generic
description sixteen wastes (generic listings) from the production
of chlorinated organics as hazardous.* This proposal covered
all of the wastes listed in today's regulations (and some of
which are not, at this time, being promulgated as final rules).
A number of commenters challenged both the Agency's legal
authority to list wastes generically and the Agency's technical
basis in supporting these listings.
The Agency already has answered comments regarding its
authority to list wastes generically, See 45 FR 33114 (May 19,
1980). However, confusion remains about the factors the Agency
will consider when listing wastes on a generic basis.
As this background document makes clear, the Agency intends
to base generic listings on the factors set out in 40 CFR
261.11(a)(3 ), the same factors considered in all other waste
listings. Thus, in determining that wastes within the generic
class are typically and frequently hazardous (see 40 CFR
261.11(b)), the Agency will look to such factors as concentration
of toxic constituents in the wastes, mobility and persistence
of these constituents, potential of these constituents to
bioaccumulate, and whether the wastes have caused substantial
harm when mismanaged. The wastes listed here are typically
* These listings included wastes from the production of
chlorinated aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated cyclic
aliphatic hydrocarbons, chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbon and
chlorinated polymers.
70
-------
and frequently hazardous under these criteria. They typically
contain very high concentrations of a wide range of hazardous
constituents -- concentrations in some cases approaching a
billion times the level calculated by the Agency to pose an
increased risk of adverse health effects, such as cancer, in
humans from a lifetime ingestion of contaminated water and
aquatic organisms contaminated with these hazardous constituents.
There also is a distinct possibility of synergistic toxicological
effects from the various constituents. The constituents typi-
cally and frequently are mobile and persistent, and many are
bioaccumulative. These wastes have been mismanaged frequently
in the past and the mismanagement has resulted in substantial
harm. They are generated in large quantities. All of these
considerations strongly support the conclusion that those
wastes are typically and frequently hazardous under section
1004(5) of the Act.
The generic listing description, rather than a listing of
wastes generated in the course of producing a particular C]_ -
Cn; product, also is the more accurate way of listing these
waste. As discussed above, this is because the reactions that
lead to toxic by-product formation, and the conditions under
which these reactions occur, are essentially alike for this
entire group of wastes. In fact, a wide range of marketable
chlorinated products can be made during one specific C^ to 5
process. A listing linked to only one product for example,
"wastes from the production of carbon tetrachloride" -- under-
states greatly the amount of wastes generated in this generic
71
-------
FFR 1 a ico/i
C]_ production process, omitting wastes from the simultaneous
production of methyl chloride, methylene chloride, and chloroform.
The generic listing thus utilizes these underlying similarities
as a critical factor in establishing its basis.
Most of the comments critical of the August, 1979 proposal
were general comments critical of the Agency's scientific
methodology in predicting the inevitable chemical formation
of toxic by-product constituents as a result of the high
temperate/pressure free-radical generating conditions present
in the chemical reactor. The Agency recognizes that there are
process factors such as internal recycling or differences in
temperature, pressure, reactor configuration which may cause
variations in the wastes. We do maintain though, that a sub-
stantial amount of toxic constituents will predictably be
.removed form the product process by the waste streams described
in these listings. After evaluating all of the data, however, it
was seen that in all instances there was significant contamination
by toxicants in the listed wastes to create a degree of environmental
concern. The background document demonstrates why these wastes,
which are hazardous, are typically and frequently generated by
these processes, taking into account many of the factors cited
by the commenters, and thus responding to their comments.
We do agree, at least for the time being, with the
commenters who questioned the Agency's proposal to list wastes
from the production of chlorinated polymers in that our present
information suggests that no substantial volume of organic
wastes are generated from these processes; all potential
72
-------
DRAFT
FEB 10 1534
"wastes" are carried along with the heavy viscous product
stream and incorporated into the product.
Finally, we note that the 1979 proposal also included
wastes from production of chlorinated aromatic hydrocarbons.
The Agency already has listed individually most of these wastes
through its listing of wastes from production of chlorobenzenes
and benzyl chloride. The major process not yet covered is
chlorotoluenes. The Agency is now sampling these wastes, and
will then make a final decision about whether to list them.
73
-------
RE: WCBCJ0503
DRAFT
REFERENCES
1. U.S. International Trade Commission (1982) Synthetic
Organic Chemicals, U.S. Production and Sales, 1981.
Pub. No. 1292. Supt. of Documents, U.S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, B.C. 20402.
2. Stanford Research Institute (1980). Directory of
Chemical Producers, United States. SRI.
3. Mitre Corporation (1980) Identification of Pollutants from
Chlorinated and Related Unit Processes. Grant No. R805620-1,
Project No. 15810. U.S. EPA, Effluent Guidelines Division.
4. Kirk Othmer, (1976) Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology,
3rd Ed. Vol. 5, pp. 668-785. John Wiley and Sons, N.Y.,
N.Y.
5. Van Oss, J.F. (1972) Chemical Technology: An Encyclopedic
Treatment. pp. 191-220. Barnes and Noble Books, N.Y.,
N.Y.
6. Acurex Corporation (1980) Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Manufacture:
An Overview. Preliminary Draft Report. Contract No.
68-02-2567. TESC Task 4027. Effluent Guidelines Division.
U.S. EPA.
7. Morrison, R.T. and R.N. Boyd (1980) Organic Chemistry, 4th
Ed. Allan and Bacon, N.Y., N.Y.
8. Fieser & Fieser. Advanced Organic Chemistry.
9. NTP Technical Report on the Carcinogenesis Bioassay of
Pentachloroethane. NIH Publication No. 83-1788. April, 1983.
10. Page, G.W. (1981) Comparison of Groundwater and Surface
Water for Patterns and Levels of Contamination by Toxic
Substances. Environ. Sci. Tech. 15(2):1475.
11. CEO report (more info. )
12. Buller, R.D., (1979) Trichloroethylene Contamination
of Groundwater: Case History and Mitigative Technology,
EOS 60: 827.
13. Giger, W. et al. Volatile chlorinated hydrocarbons in
ground and lake waters. p. 101-123. In. 0. Hutzinger
et al. (ed) Aquatic pollutants: transformation and
bilogical effects, Pergammon Press, N.Y.
14. Weimer, R.A. (1980). Prevent groundwater contamination before
it is too late. Water Wastes Eng. 17(2): 30-33, 63.
74
-------
15.
16
17
18
20
DRAFT
FEB lo K-34
Zoeteman, B.C.J. et al.1 (1980). Persistent organic pollutants
in ground water of the Netherlands. Chemoshere 9:231-249.
1980.
Ambient Water Quality Criteria Documents, U.S.
Federal Register 45 (231): 79318.
EPA (1980
U.S. EPA, Office of Water and Hazardous Materials (1980),
Disposal of Organochlorine Wastes By Incineration at Sea,
EPA Pub. No. 430/9-75-014.
Woehr, Hooker Chemicals and
U.S. Patent No. 3,996,112.
cyclopentad iene.
Plastics Corp. (Dec. 7, 1976.)
Distillation of Hexachlo-
n.S. DHHS (1982) Technical Report on the Carcinogenesis
Rioassay of Dichloromethane in F3441N Rats and B6C3F1 Mice
(Gavage Study). N.T.P. Technical Report Draft. Sept. 22.
U.S. EPA, Office of Solid Waste. RCRA Section 3007
Ouestionnaire. Organic Chemicals Manufacturing Industry
(1983). (Confidential Business Information).
75
-------
RE: WCBCJ0503
APPENDIX A
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAMS FOR INTFRGRATED CHLORINATED ALPHATIC
HYDROCARBON MANUFACTURING
Reference: * Mitre Corporation. Indent if ication of Pollution
from Chlorinated and Related Processes, EPA
Grant No. R 805620-01 (February, 1980).
** Acurex Coporation. Preliminary Draft Report.
Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Manufacture: An
Overview. EPA Contract No. 68-02-2567 (January,
1980) .
1. DOW process for the chlorination of methane for methyl
chloride (CH3C1), methylene chloride chloroform (CHCl^)
and carbon tetrachloride*
2. Methyl chloride, methylene chloride, chloroform and carbon
tetrachloride by the diret chlorination of methane**
3. Chloromethanes by methanol hydrochlorinat ion and methyl
chloride chlorination processes**
4. Ethyl chloride via hydrochlorinat ion of ethene
5. The balanced process for vinyl chloride**
6. 1 ,2-dichloroethane via direct chlorination**
7. 1 ,2-dichloroethane via oxychlorination**
8. vinylidene choride from 1 , 1 , 2-trichloroethane**
9. 1 , 1 , 1-tr ichloroethane from ethane**
10. 1 , 1 , 1-tr ichloroethane from vinyl chloride**
11. Perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene by chlorination**
12. Perchloroethylene and trichloroethylene by oxychlorination**
13. Chloroprene manufacture via direct chlorination of butadiene**
14. Carbon tetrachloride and perchloroethylene by the direct
chlorination of propane**
15. Perchloroethylene and carbon tetrachlore from propane**
16. Allyl chloride from propylene*
17. Allyl chloride via direct chlorination of propene**
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RE: WCBCJ0801
APPENDIX B
SELECTED DAMAGE INCIDENTS RELATING TO THE MANUFACTURE
OR ENVIRONMENTAL RELEASE OF THE CHLORINATED CONSTITUENTS
OF CONCERN
Reference
EPA Publication No. 430/80-9/004
Damages & Threats
Region I Files
Region V Files
Region VII Files
Region VIII Files
Region X Files
Region VI Files
Region III Files
Region II Files
Incident Nos
1-20
21-48
49-57
58-62
63-67
68-70
71-75
76-98
99-130
C-l
-------
DRAFT
FE.B 10 1384
Damage Incident No. 1; Contamination of city wells, possible
aic releases from incineration
Source of release; Distillation, recovery and disposal of
industrial solvents. Incineration may also have been used
for disposal. Open burning of wastes on site.
Resulting Contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
chloroform "hazardous 2 of 3 city
carbon tetrachloride levels" water wells
di chloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
Citation; EPA Pub #430/80-9/004, p. 66
Damage Incident No. 2; Reservoir and water supply contamination
Source of release; Incinerator on site. Spill of 30,000
gallons to reservoir, since no spill prevention measures.
Evacuation of residents and fish kill resulted.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
dichloroethane not available resevoir,
trichloroethane water supply
toluene
Citation: EPA, Pub. #430/80-9/004, p. 27
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-r
r- > r, 1 r\ ' C n 4
I ; .- LI. - u -i
Damage Incident No. 3: Water supply contamination
Source of release: Chemical manufacturer using subsurface
disposal of dichloroethylene, toluene, benzene, etc., as
well as unlined lagoons.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
specific compounds not not available 45% of
listed; assumed to municipal
include dichloroethylene water supply
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 121
Damage Incident No. 4; Well contamination
Source of release: VJastes from the manufacture of many
chemicals, including vinyl chloride. Residues of vinyl
chloride disposed of in open catch basins in sandy soil,
resulting in the infiltration of 14 wells.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
vinyl chloride not available 14 wells
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 196
C-3
-------
(continued)
Toxicant of Concern
Chlorobenzene
1 , 2-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 3-Dichlorobenzene
1 , 4-Dichlorobenzene
1,2, 4-Tr ichlorobenzene
1,2,4, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene
1,2,3, 4-Te trachlorobenzene
1,2,3, 5-Tetrachlorobenzene
Pentachlorobenzene
Hexachlorobenzene
Toluene
Naphthalene
Sol.
H20
20°
(pprv)
488
100
125
79
30
_ _
"slightly"
_ _
0.006
534.8
31.7
Kow
690
3.6x103
3.6x103
3.6xl03
1.9xl04
- -
- -
_ _
_ _
2.6xl06
620
1.95xl03
M.P.
°C
-45
-170
-24.7
51.1
16.95
138
47.5
51
85
230
-95
80
B.P.
°C
D2
180.5
173
174
213.5
246
254
246
27
322
110.6
218
b-3
-------
DRAF
lo 1924
Damage Incident No. 5; Discharges to waterway, release of
fumes and potential leakage of buried
drums and tanks.
Source of release: Waste disposal site. Tank car overheated
and leaked fumes in 1976. Buried drums and tanks on site
contain 1 1/2 million gallons of organic chemicals.
Discharge from plant to nearby canal and river.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
1,2-dichloroethane discharged- river, canal
1,1,1-tr ichloroethane unknown
di chlorobenzene concentrations
benzene
toluene
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 206
Damage Incident No.6: Well contamination
S our_ce of re 1 ease ; Old sludge pits on an Air Force base.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethylene not available on site well
"other organics"
Citation: EPA Pub. $430/80-9/004, p. 58
C-4
-------
FE3 1C 13-?-]
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 8: Ground water contamination
Source of release: Major chemical company disposed of
hazardous wastes containing chlorinated organic pesticides,
etc.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethylene "hazardous range" "migration
tetrachloroethylene from landfill
benzene
chlorobenzene
hexachlorobenzene
benzene hexachloride
Citation; EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 178
C-5
-------
Damage Incident No. 9: Ground water and soil contamination -
Adverse human health effects
Source of release; Abandoned landfill used by chemical
company. Wastes deposited 1942-1952 still causing problem.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
chloroform not available various
dichloroethane
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
hexachlorobutadiene
dichlorobenzene
toluene
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 180
Damage Incident No. 10; Water supply contamination
Source of release; Chemical company disposed of 70,400
tons of hazardous materials in landfill, resulting in
migration of hazardous chemicals to public water supply.
Resulting contaminants;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
tetrachloroethylene not available public water
supply
Citation; EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 182
C-6
-------
A
0 1984
Damage Incident No. 11; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive unlined hazardous waste site.
1000 gals/day accepted, some containing: methylene chloride,
trichloroethane, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, benzene,
and toluene.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
organics (above) not available monitoring
wells
Citation: EPA Pub. # 430/9-80/004, p. 228
Damage Incident No. 12; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Landfill, unknown sources of wastes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
1,1,1-trichloroethane 166 ppb 4 municipal
tetrachloroethylene 61 ppb drinking wells
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 227
C-7
-------
DRAFT
Fir :
Damage Incident No. 13: Surface water, drinking well contamination
Source of release; Three illegal dump sites of chemical
wastes; 663 barrels removed.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethylene detected marshland;
toluene detected also at least
11 adjacent
drinking well
Citation; EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 227
Damage Incident No. 14; Ground water contamination.
Source of release; Current landfill without liner or pumping
system.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
chloroform not available groundwater
carbon tetrachloride
dichloroethylene
tr i chloroethylene
Citation; EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 170
C-8
-------
DRAFT
1C
Damage Incident No. 15; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Dumping between 1969-1979 by chemical
company.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
chloroform not available 11 drinking
carbon tetrachloride wells
tr i chlor oethylene
Citation: EPA Pub/ #430/80-9/004, p. 69
C-9
-------
FEB 10 ]c-..
Damage Incident No. 17: Ground water and drinking well contamination
Source of release: Inactive landfill site
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride "hazardous groundwater,
vinyl chloride concentrations" drinking well
1,2-dichloroethane
tr ichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
chlorobenzene
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/80-9/004, p. 29
Damage Incident No. 18; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Industrial landfill
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium;
chloroform "significant residential
trichloroethane levels" wells
tr ichloroethylene
toluene
Citation: EPA Pub. 1430/80-9/004, p. 25
C-10
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 19: Air releases
Source of release: Industry waste discharge to sewers.
Fumes in municipal wastewater treatment plant led to
worker symptomatic complaints.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
chlorinated organics low levels urine of work
in treatment
plant
Citation: EPA Pub. #430/9-80/004, p. 237
Damage Incident No. 20: Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Unspecified company name as source
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
carbon tetrachloride "contaminated" private wells
trichloroethylene " " "
tetrachloroethylene " " "
dichlorobenzene " " "
toluene " " "
Citation; EPA Pub. 4430/9-80/004, p. 213
C-ll
-------
i .«,.<.,
Damage Incident No. 21; Surface and drinking water contamination
Source of release: Burning (incineration) and drum storage
of waste oils (possibly transformer oils) from one industry
source. Hardened sludge material caked on site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
1,2-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-tr ich lor oe thane
tetrachloroethylene
1, 2-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tetrachloroethylene
Concentration;
50-100 ppb each
detected; less than 10 ppb
Medium:
pond
tap water
(nearby
restaurant)
Citation; Fl-8103-02, Region I
Damage Incident No. 22; Soil, ground, surface water contamination
Source of release:
Nonsecure landfill, excavated pits with
chemical wastes. Improper incineration of wastes
of odors. Brook and swamp water contaminated,
discarded
led to compaints
with potential for drinking wells in groundwater plume path.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
d i chl or ome thane
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
Citation: Fl-8101-09, Region I
Concentration;
19,000 ppm
43,000
2,190
2,100
13,000
43,000
39,000
6,000
Medium:
groundwater
monitoring
wells
(also observe
in brooks and
swamp)
C-12
-------
DRAF
FEB _
Damage Incident No. 23: Soil, drinking water contamination
Source of release: Abandoned waste site with pit and
incinerator, asphalt lined lagoon, drums, and buried
tank. Wastes were also discharged directly to ground.
Industrial wastes were accepted at site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethane detected residential
trichloroethylene detected well water
1, 2-dichloroethane "gross soil on site
1,1,1-trichloroethane contamination"
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
toluene
Citation: Reference Ol-ME-006 (Fl-8101-12)
Damage Incident No. 24:
Source of release: Incineration or landfilling of liquid
sludge wastes, including solvents. Reddish brown leachate
around landfill.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
1,1 ,-dichloroethane 4.4 ppb surface watej
toluene 45 ppb (perimeter)
vinyl chloride 10 ppb private
chlorobenzene 10 " drinking wel
benzene 30 "
toluene 10 "
ethylbenzene 30 "
Citation: Ol-MH-0008(01-3103-10) Region I
C-13
-------
DRAFT
FEB 1o 1904
Damage Incident No. 25; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Previous incineration of distillation
residues, trichloroethylene recovery. Spill in 1970 or 1971
of 100-300 gallons of trichloroethylene. Deposition of
20,000 gals/yr of still bottoms in an on-site landfill.
Disposal of still bottoms in tunnel under river. Drinking
wells adjacent to site affected, with potential for further
contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium;
dichloromethane 4 ppb drinking well
1,1,1-trichloroethane 3-7 ppb
trichloroethylene 11-13 ppb
tetrachloroethylene 1-9 ppb
Citation; Fl-8011-06-Region I
Damage Incident No. 26; Soil and ground water contamination
Source of release; Manufacturing complex using unlined
lagoon for all untreated wastewaters. Also inactive
lagoons and pits, drum storage with leaking contents.
Site is over an aquifer for drinking wells.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
chloroform 10,000 ppb soil (spill
benzene 1,000 ppb site)
toluene 3,000 ppb
dichloromethane 58 ppb groundwater
1,1,1-trichloroethane "several hundred ppb"
and tetrachloroethylene
toluene 14 ppb
Citation; Reg. I, Lex Ma, S&A Office
C-14
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 27: Soil and Ground water Contamination
Source of release: Seven unlined surface impoundments for
liquid hazardous waste. Groundwater flows to brook feeding
public water supply reservoir.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
Soil:
Groundwater;
chloroform
1,1, 1-tr ichloroethane
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
toluene
1,
1,
3,
700 ppb
367
33
542
(A)
9,020
2,678
2,033
368
21,560
ppb
Medium:
(B)
54 ppb
8
22
550
Citation; Region I, Lex., MA, S&A. Office
Damage Incident No. 28; Contamination of municipal water supply,
ground water, water main, etc.
Source of release; Unlined lagoon, wastewater treatment
from the current manufacture of chlorinated paraffins.
Previously, chlorinated benzenes were manufactured at
this site.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances:
carbon tetrachloride
trichlorobenzene
p-dichlorobenzene
tri chlorobenzene
t_
chloroform
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride
chlorobenzene
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride
1,1,1-trichloroethane
chlorobenzene
Concentration;
130,000 - 1,790,000 ppb
23,000 - 80,000
84 ppb
51 ppp
80 ppb
4.1 ppb
2.7 ppb
4.4 ppb
52 ppb
735 ppb
30 ppb
25 ppb
Medium;
wells, on-site
water main,
serving city
city well
groundwater,
city well
field
groundwater,
plant site
Citation; 05-OH-0187 (F-5-8010-001) Region I
C-15
-------
DRAFT
FEB 10 1954
Damage Incident No. 29: Drinking water and soil contamination
Source of release; Two buried sludge pits, where still
bottoms from solvent recovery were buried. Municipal
water wells contaminated which are downgradient of the
site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
dichloromethane 100,000 ppb soil (core
chloroform 4,000 ppb from center
1,1-dichloroethane 36,000 ppb of pits)
1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,200 ppb
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 18,500 ppb
trichloroethylene 35,000 ppta
toluene 20,000 ppb
ethyl benzene 8,000 ppb
dichloromethane 1-10 ppb drinking
chloroform " " "" well (PW-4)
1,1-dichloroethane " " "
1,1-dichloroethylene " " "
tetrachloroethylene " " "
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene " " "
trichloroethylene " " "
toluene
Citation; Ol-CT-0001(01-8007-01) Region I
Damage Incident No. 30; Ground and surface water contamination
Source of release; Unlined surface impoundment lagoons,
containing waste organic sludge at a waste treatment site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium:
dichloromethane 640 ppb ground water
trichloroethane 11,000 " and surface
toluene 2,400 " water drainag
-highest valu
Citation; Region I, Lex MA, S&A Office
C-16
-------
FEB 1C 1934
Damage Incident No.
31; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive unlined, undiked lagoons
at a waste disposal site. Various contaminated waste
oils were treated. Oil sludges on site contaminated with
benzene, toluene, xylene, as well as chlorinated organics.
Suspected surface water and soil contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
trichloroethylene
perchloroethylene
1, 1,1-trichloroethylene
Citation: 01-3101-07, Region I
Concentration;
4.7
5.0
1.0
ppb
"
Medium
groundwater
Damage Incident Mo. 32: Soil and surface water contamination
Source of release: 9000 buried drums of chemicals at a
farm resulting in a major discharge source of contaminated
groundwater. Surface water from site feeds into a cranberry
bog irrigition source.
Resulting contamination
Chlorinated substances
dichl or ome thane
chloroform
1,1,1-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
benzene
toluene
et'nylbenzene
Soil
(gravel pit)
3200 ppb
1000 "
440 "
780
Water
(adjacent swamp)
7700 ppb
1300 "
1600 "
840 "
510 "
2400 "
700 "
Citation; 01-8102-03, Region I, RIDEM
C-17
-------
DRAFT
*W" ._> f~ i-i ^ 4 |
FEB 10 1934
Damage Incident No. 33; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Active landfill with unlabeled drums filled
with liquids. Major chemical company deposited 2000-6000 drums.
Surface water from site appears to drain towards lake.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
di chloroethylene
trichloroethylene
benzene
Citation: 01-8101-04, Region I
Concentration;
110 ppb, 130 ppb
19 ppb, 41 ppb
4.1 ppb, 5.9 ppb
Medium;
2 drinking wells
Damage Incident No. 34; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Inactive chemical dump from which a
series of private well contamination incidents resulted.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
1,2-dichloroethane
toluene
Concentration:
920 ppb
8,000
16,000
670 ppb
2,600
4,100
Medium:
two wells
"atop site"
Citation; 01-81-1-10, Region I
C-18
-------
DRAF
1n 1984
Damage Incident Mo. 35
Drinking well contamination
Source of release: Inactive liquid drum burial site,
damage to drums in 1966 by fire and explosion. 40 con-
taminated drinking wells downsite.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
1,1,1-trichlon oethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
chlorobenzene
o-dichlorobenzene
p-di chlorobenzene
toluene
Concentration (ppb) in 7 wells
1 1
l#5 1
1 1
11401
1 1
13201
1 701
1 151
1 10|
I 1
16
130
580
70
25
15
1
18 |
1
9601
-- 1
7901
651
151
25!
1
tio
90
1,100
90
15
20
#11
90
--
130
40
10
10
#12
40
120
30
10
15
#13
43
5.8
( indicates data not available)
Citation: 01-8101-01, Region I
Damage Incident No. 36; Surface and ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill with drums of chemical
and industrial waste. Contaminant plume is continuing to
emanate from the site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
trans-l,2-dichloroethylene
tr ichloroethylene
toluene
dichloromethane
1,1-dichloroethane
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
trichloroe thane
toluene
ethyl benzene
Concentration;
40
40
1
2,000
990
9,600
100
2,900
100
ppb
ppb
Medium;
surface watec
(brook)
groundwater
Citation: Region I, Lex. MA, S&A Office
C-19
-------
FEB 10 i:-M
Damage Incident No. 37: Soil contamination
Source of release; Storage area at yacht company with
leaking drums, with dichloromethane as one of wastes.
Wastes were discharged to soil.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances;
dichloromethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tr i chloroethylene
Concentration;
660 ppb
80 ppb
10 ppb
Medium:
soil
soil
soil
Citation: Region I, Lex. MA, S&A Office
Damage Incident No. 38: Ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill; soil and liquid
drummed waste scattered trhoughout.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
chloroform
carbon tetrachloride
1,2-di chloroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
tr i chloroethylene
Concentration:
3,
1,
500 ppb
100
000
700
500
Medium:
ground water
Citation: 01-8103-06, 01-8108-02, Region I
C-20
-------
Fr.
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 39: Surface and ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill, bulk and drummed
liquid, sludge, and solid wastes buried in gravel pit.
Drinking wells lie in path of groundwater flow.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances;
dichloroe thane
toluene
dichloromethane
chloroform
toluene
Concentration:
81 ppb
5-10
123,000 ppb
31,000
29,000
Medium;
surface water
(brooks)
ground water
(near site)
Citation; Region I, Lex., MA, S&A Office
C-21
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 40: Surface and ground water contamination
Source of release; Illegal hazardous waste storage and
disposal with exposed and buried drums. Surrounded by swamp
and brook.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
dichloromethane 20 ppb brook
1,1,1-trichloroethane 10
tr ichloroethylene 4
toluene 9
ethylbenzene 5
1,2-dichloroethane 20 ppb downstream
1,1,1-trichloroethane 9 swamp
benzene 4
toluene 470
ethylbenzene 140
dichloromethane 230 ppb groundwater
1,1-dichloroethane 160 monitoting
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene 2,600 off-site
vinyl chloride 500 (maximum valu
1,1,1-trichloroethane 76
tetrachloroethylene 1,100
toluene 5,500
ethylbenzene 1,600
chlorobenzene 67
Citation; Ol-NH-001(F1-8008-01A), Region I
C-22
-------
10 1534
Damage Incident No. 41; Ground and surface water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill, buried drums of
solvents and manufacturing wastes. Small leachate outbreaks
observed on adjacent property. "Following analysis,
these wastes were disposed of according to State of New
Hampshire regulations."
Resulting contamination
Chlorinated substances;
tcichloroethylene
benzene
toluene
Concentration:
detected
50 - 80 ppb
3-4 ppb
Medium:
groundwater
ground, surfat
water, soil
Citation: Fl-8103-01(Ol-NH-0003), Region I
Damage Incident No. 42; Soil and surface water contamination
Source of release; Surface impoundment/tank storage
facility of major chemical company with leaking tanks,
leaching from acid pits, burial sites, and sewers.
Soil samples were contaminated with oil.
Concentration;
"moderate to high"
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances;
1,1-dichloroethane
1,1,1-tri chl or oe thane
trichloroethylene "
toluene "
1,2-dichloroethylene "
1,1,2-trichloroethane "
Citation: Ol-MA-0002, 01-8005,OIF, Region I
Medium;
drainage pit
going to brook
C-23
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 43: Ground water contamination
Source of release; Rusted drums, etc. on site of tannery.
No definitive source for the chlorinated aliphatics
contamination was determined.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
1,2-dichloroethane 54.9 ppb well (on-site
1,1,1-trichloroethane 104 "
trichloroethylene 400 "
Citation; Ol-MA-0002(F1-8005-01E-03), Region I
Damage Incident No. 44; Well water contamination
Source of release; Inactive tannery next to site known
to have used solvents for hide degreasing. Wells on site
used for production water contaminated. Trichlocoethylene
detected in, but at acceptable levels (FDA), food and
industrial products manufactured at the site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
1,1-dichl or oe thane 20 ppb production
1,1-dichloroethylene 3.9 " wells (highest
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 91 " values)
1,1,1-trichloroethane 67 "
trichloroethylene 2,290 "
tetrachloroethylene 1.6 "
Citation; Ol-MA-0002(F7-8005-07E-05) Region I
C-24
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 45; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Inactive town dump which received large
amount of industrial wastes, including solvents.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
1,2-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
trichloroethylene
Concentration;
27 ppb
13 "
44 "
Medium;
drinking
water wells
Citation; Region I, Lex. MA, S&A Office
Damage Incident No. 46; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Landfill with associated uncontrolled
fire and explosion incidents, surface water and leachate
run-off.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
benzene
toluene
Concentration:
240 ppb
800 "
15 "
Medium:
ground water
Citation: Ol-CT-006 (01-8101-10) Region I
C-25
-------
B" 10 !°3
RA
Damage Incident No. 47; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Active municipal landfill which received
hazardous wastes in past. Leachate plume flows into river
feeding water supply resevoir for Boston.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
vinyl chloride 58 ppb groundwater
1,1-dichloroethane 4 (monitoring
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 32 well)
benzene 9
toluene 67
1,1-dichloroethane 59 ppb leachate stre
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 16
1,1,1-trichloroethane 65
toluene 11
ethylbenzene 3
Citation; F01-MA-0007(01-8012-03) Region I
Damage Incident No. 48; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Active landfill, buried wastes migrating.
Future migration of wastes and potential for affecting
public water supplies is being monitored.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
chloroform 130 ppb groundwater
trichloroe thane 4.3 (monitoring
benzene 200 wells)
Citation; Ol-RI-0003(01-8101-08) (01-8107-03) (01-8012-01A)
Region I
C-26
-------
DRAFT
A V.'
Damage Incident No. 53; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Unlined lagoons, wastewater treatme
from chemical manufacturing, also surface impoundments.
Plume from lagoon reaches creek. Drinking wells in are
closed 1977.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
trichlorethane not available, ground water
chlorobenzene but detected plume from
toluene lagoon
benzene
Citation: 05-8105-2, Region V
Damage Incident No. 54: Surface water and sediment contamination
possible airborne releases
Source of release; Junkyard with stored drums. Leachate
areas drain to creek, which may be used for water supply.
Overnight dumping lead to resident complaints of nasal/throat
symptoms.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
dichl or ome thane 135 ppb stream and
1 , 1-dichloroethane 85 sediment on
1 ,1-dichloroethylene 149 site
trans-1 ,2-dichloroethylene 115
1,1,1-trichloroethane 1,907
trichloroethylene 319
tetrachloroethylene 195
toluene 6,572
Citation; 05-8103-004, Region V
C-27
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 55: Surface water contamination
Soucce of release: Inactive dump site. One thousand
drums corroded, buried and partially buried, leaking, or
open; filled with liquids and sludges. Eroded site,
drainage to adjacent creek. Kangaroos, antelopes, cows
and pigs currently being raised on site.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
dichloromethane standing
water
(on-site)
Citation: 05-IN-0017(F05-8010-003) Region V
C-28
-------
Damage Incident No. 58: Drinking water contamination
Source of release; Landfills which accepted municipal wastes
with some evidence of having accepted industrial wastes.
Sludge pit with incompatible wastes was used.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethylene "in excess of human drinking
health risk level water at
public resort
cave, etc.
Citation: EPA file M0000010090, Region VII, Site U
C-29
-------
FLB 10 1924
DRAFl
Damage Incident No. 59; Surface and ground water contamination
Source of release: Waste disposal site with buried drums,
bulk wastes and evaporation ponds for leachate and run-off
collection waters.
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane "in excess of monitoring
10 x the human well and
health risk level private pond
Citation; 07-8102-7, Region VII, Site K
Damage Incident No. 60; Drinking and ground water contamination
Source of release; Corporation which has historically
spread trichloroethylene wastes on its property. Dich-
loroethylene and vinyl chloride presence in contaminated
water was attributed to the breakdown of trichloroethylene.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethylene "10 x health drinking
vinyl chloride standard trace water,
township
trichloroethylene detected on-site
dichloroethylene " monitoring
vinyl chloride " well
Citation; F-708101-7, Region VII, Site C
C-30
-------
DRAF
Damage Incident No. 61; Sediment contamination
Source of release; Much of river basin's industry is located
on this brook. Contaminated bottom sediment. This is
said to be one of the most contaminated areas in the
Great Lakes basin. Removal of sediments is proposed
solution.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
trichloroethylene
1,1, 2 , 2-tetrachloroethane
pe ntachl or oe thane
hexachloroethane
tetrachlorobutadiene
pentachlorobutadiene
hexachlorobutadiene
1-chloro-2-methylbenzene
polychlorinated organics
Concentration:
506,000 ppb
329,000
391,000
778,000
323,700
34,000
285,800
282,000
detected
Med ium;
bottom sedime
(1979 sample)
Citation; FIT # Not Available, Region V
Damage Incident No. 62; Spring contamination
Source of release; Corporation established in 1976 to
treat and store hazardous wastes from several states.
Containerized wastes buried in pits. Contamination
attributed to evaporation lagoons which had clay liners
on bottom and no liners on side. Spring 1 mile north
of site contaminated.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances;
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
1,1,2-trichloroethane
methylene chloride
vinyl chloride
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
Concentration;
"All in excess of
10 x the human
health risk of
10-6"
detected
Medium:
spring
Citation: F07-8004-01, Region VII, Site F.
C-31
-------
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 63; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Industrial wastes from Army's toxic
chemical and major chemical company's pesticide manufacturing
processed discharged into two waste basins since 1942.
In 1957, a "low permeability" liner was installed.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride 70 ppb ground water
chloroform 106 (on-site)
chloroform 87 ppb ground water
tetrachloroethylene 297 (off-site)
hexachlorobutadiene 17
Citation; F-8005-2, Region VIII
Damage Incident No. 64; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Two cells for disposal of industrial
wastes in early 1970's used by major chemical companies.
On site groundwater affected.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride 12 ppb ground water
benzene 3,515 (on-site
chlorobenzene 445 monitoring
toluene 7,369 wells)
Citation: F8-8008-3, Region VIII
C-32
-------
DRAF
Damage Incident No. 65: Air and ground water contamination
Source of release: Disposal of industrial wastes in
unlined pits prior to 1980. Contamination has spread 1/4
mile of site boundary. Air pollution documented. Samples
collected in 1981 still show air contamination from
wastes disposal prior to 1980.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
vinyl chloride
benzene
toluene
methylene chloride
trichloroethylene
toluene
Concentration:
7.7
6.0
65,700
64,800
26.7
1,062
719
ppb
Medium;
ground water
ppb
air
Citation: F8-8006, Region VIII
Damage Incident No. 66; Ground and surface contamination
Source of release: Inactive site, many types of wastes
received from 1955-1965. Contamination from closed drain
discharge pipe, overflow from leachate pond, various seeps
along landfill banks.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
Concentration:
vinyl chloride 182 ppb
dichloroethane 224
1,1-dichloroethane 413
trans-l,2-dichloroethylene 5,697
trichloroethylene 1,094
tetrachloroethylene 616
ethylbenzene 100
chloroethane 18 ppb
vinyl chloride 15
trans-l,2-dichloroethane 309
benzene 41
Citation; F8-3005-2, Region VIII
Medium:
groundwater
(on-site)
surface wate
(on-site)
C-33
-------
i n
Damage Tn^$
-------
F£" I 0 .-"*
Damage Incident No. 69: Contamination of bay, surrounding groundwater,
surface water, soils, sediments
Source of release; Many industrial/chemical facilities in
surrounding area which dumped and/or disposed their wastes
directly on the ground on in the bay.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
chlorinated organics not available water and
(not specified) sediment
Citation: Region X, FIT files
Damage Incident No. 70; Potential aquifer contamination
Source of release: Unlined surface impoundments, central
pond at waste disposal site which accepted industrial
wastes, sludges, oils, solvents from 1955-1964.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium:
volatile halogenated "hazardous levels" ponds on
organics site
Citation; Region X, 110-8005-001
C-35
-------
Damage Incident No.71 ; Soil, surface, drinking and ground water
contamination
Source of release; Disposal site using open pit for oil-
based mud as well as tanks and vessels. Runoff from pit
eventually reaches a river.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
methylene chloride 27 ppb ground water
1,1,-trichloroethane 260
tetrachloroethylene 40
benzene 1,500
chlorobenzene 3,100
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene 44
benzene 1,500 ppb dtinking wate
Citation; F06-8008-035, Region VI
Damage Incident No. 72; Soil, surface and ground water contamination,
air contamination indicated.
Source of release; Hazardous waste facility consisting of 7
unlined excavations. Has overflowed numerous times. Vinyl
chloride manufacturing wastes accepted, as well as other chemical
wastes. Drums also being stored.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium;
1,1-dichloroethane 17,800 ppb soil
benzene 17,300
PCB 34,700
1,1,2-trichloroethane 3,700 ppb surface watei
napthalene 980,000
vinyl chloride 19 ppb air
Citation; TX 43, FIT files, Region VI
C-36
-------
:?~ 10 19C4
age Incident No. 73; Drinking water contamination
Source of release; Inactive surface impoundment with
3 disposal pits, pond, and leaking deteriorated drums.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
PCB's
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1,2-trichloroethane
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethylene
benzene
toluene
ethyl benzene
chloropropene
benzene
toluene
Citation; TX 00027, Region VI
Concentration;
1.4 ppb, 1.2 ppb,
1.0 ppb
8,000,000 ppb
250,000
200,000
2,000,000
550,000
250,000
3 ppb
20
5
Medium;
private wells
pond sludge
pond water
Damage Incident No. 74; Ground water and soil contamination
Source of release; Inactive surface impoundment and storage
tanks accepting a wide variety of wastes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane
benzene
1,2-dichlorobenzene
hexachlorobenzene
Concentration;
11,000 ppb
40
(not available)
3,930 ppb
Medium;
groundwater
(on-site)
soil
Citation; LA-00167, 06-LA-0041, Region VI
C-37
-------
rr^ < *<-(-
bRA
Damage Incident No. 75: Soil drinking well, surface and ground-
water contamination
Source of release; Open dump, surface impoundment, storage area
for tanks and drums, solvent recycling/reclamation, and a midnight
dump area. Waste solvents stored in numerous unlined pits. A
number of leaks and spills have occurred at the site.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances;
methylene chloride
7 drinking wells
26-42 ppb
carbon tetrachloride
trichloroethylene
benzene
toluene
lagoon surface;
14 ppb
295 "
10 "
174 "
lagoon waste
water;
6,401 ppb
443 -
4,983 "
1,1,1-trichloroethane 440
1,1,2-trichloroethane
trichloroethane 1,100
toluene 200
naphthalene
soil samples, on site (ppb)
560
320
290
210
4,480
6,700
4,700
27,900
5,100
46,000
1,200
2,500
120
-
560
380
Citation; Region VI, OK108, 06-OK-0002 (F06-8005-006,
8008-032, and 8104-007)
C-38
-------
FEB 10 1:'34
rr
Damage Incident No. 76: Ground water contamination
Source of release: Inactive landfill with deposited resin,
solvent, and other wastes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium;
vinyl chloride 27 ppb ground water
Citation; MD-0480, 03-MD-0003 (F3-8009-07, F3-8102,02)
Region III
Damage Incident No. 77: Ground water contamination
Source of release; Active landfill accepting industrial and
other wastes, with no current disposal of hazardous wastes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium:
benzene 42 ppb ground water
(on site)
vinyl chloride 79 ppb leachate
stream
Citation; Region III files
C-39
-------
FCB 10 ;S
Damage Incident No. 78: Drinking well and air contamination
Source of release; Unlined surface impoundment with wastes
containing high levels of trichloroethylene. Drinking
wells closed in area. A documented death has been caused
to a worker by trichloroethylene fumes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration; Medium;
trichloroethylene human mortality air
level
trichloroethylene not available drinking
water wells
Citation; 03-VA-0003 (F3-8102-06, F3-8010-17) Region III
Damage Incident No. 79; Drinking well contamination
Source of release; Chemical manufacturing facility where
an organic solvent spill is believed to have contaminated
ground and drinkig water in area.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
carbon tetrachloride 86 ppb drinking well
1,1,1-trichloroethane 99 "
trichloroethylene 288 "
tetrachloroethylene 80 "
toluene 83 "
dichlorobenzene 108 "
Citation; PA-01290, Region III
C-40
-------
FEB 10 19-4
DRAFT
Damage Incident No. 80: Drinking and ground water contamination
Source of release: Old iron mine which accepted trichloroethylene
wastes and PC3 wastes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium;
trichloroethylene 43 ppb drinking wate.
wells and
groundwater
Citation; PA-01360, Region III
Damage Incident No. 81: Surface water contamination
Source of release; Municipal landfill which accepted industrial
wastes. Leachate lagoon has leaked and contaminated adjacent
surface water.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Con centration; Medium:
methylene chloride 1,000 ppb surface water
vinyl chloride 200 " (on site)
1,1-dichloroethane 20 "
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 1,000 "
1,1,2-trichloroethane 30 "
trichloroethylene 70 "
benzene 20 "
toluene 90 "
Citation: PA-02120, Region III
C-41
-------
o 10 r;;.i
Damage Incident No. 82; Water supply wells contaminated
Source of release; Historical disposal of a variety of
industrial waste sludges in an abandoned lagoon. Ten
wells closed from contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
tr ichloroethylene
perchloroethylene
Concentration:
Medium:
detected; concentrations drinking wells
not available
Citation: PA-01140, Region III
Damage Incident No. 83: Public water supply wells and soil
contamination
Source of release; Documented extensive spills and leaks at
a manufacturing facility using 1,1,1-trichloroethane and
trichloroethylene for degreasing.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
1,1-dichloroethane
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tr ichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
1, 2-d ichl or oe thane
1,1-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tr ichloroethylene
Concentration;
not available
H
2.10 ppb
.20 "
28. ppb
0.70 "
2.10 "
2.2
2.3
Medium;
public drinking
water
driveway soil
Citation; PA-10100, PA-272 (FIT 03-8006-11), Region III
C-42
-------
DP A FT
10 JUPJ
Damage Incident No. 84: Air, soil and ground water contamination
Source of release; Chemical manufacturing company with poor
housekeeping, leading to spillage and odors, decaying drum
storage. Wastewater too toxic for treatment is discharged
to a lagoon.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
trichloroethylene 1,100 ppb air
toluene
methylene chloride
perchloroethylene
benzene
Concentration;
1,100 ppb
27,000 "
"ppm range"
22-6,000 ppb
methylene chloride
chloroform
1,2-dichloroethylene
1,2-trans-dichloroethylene
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
toluene
Citation; 03-PA-0071 (WV-0740, WV-71), Region III
Damage Incident No. 85; Soil and drinking well contamination
Source of release: Storage site and paint manufacturing
facility containing leaky drums with organic solvents,
paints and paint sludges.
ground water
(on site)
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
trichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
ethyl benzene
On-site well
129 ppb
153 "
Drinking well
on adjacent
property;
7 ppb
220 "
2 "
Citation; PA-172, PA-02970, Region III
C-43
-------
Damage Incident No. 86;
Air, residential well, surface and ground
water contamination
Source of release: Municipal landfill which received industrial
wastes which were buried in an old rock quarry. Documented fish
kills, oil spills. Illegal hazardous waste disposal. No cover
on site. Local drinking well is contaminated.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
total hydrocarbons
carbon tetrachloride
chloroethane
1,1-dichloroethane
1,1-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
benzene
tr ichlorotoluene
Concentration:
60,000 ppb
19 ppb
318 "
377 "
4 "
206 "
14 "
3,000,000 "
Medium:
air
Citation: PA-398, PA-10144 (03-8106-14) Region III
Damage Incident No. 87; Surface and ground water contamination
Source of release; Injection of hazardous waste into a
deep well. Nearby reservoir in part contaminated by this
source.
Concentration;
not available
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
1,1-dichlorethane
trichloroethylene
1,2-dichloropcopane
benzene
trichlorobenzene
toluene
naphthalene
Citation: PA-162, PA-2990 (03-PA-0040) (F3-8009-013)
Region III
Medium;
ground water
(nearby)
C-44
-------
FED 1
Damage Incident No. 88: Residential drinking watec and ground water
contamination
Source of release; Chemical waste disposal site with lagoons and
a leachate collection system. Contamination resulted from the
lagoon despite collection system.
Concentration:
not available
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
ch1 oromethanes
chlorobenzenes
toluene
Citation; PA-181, PA-0112 (F3-8007-26) Region III
Medium:
drinking water
Damage Incident No. 89; Drinking and groundwater contamination
Source of release; Landfill which allowed dumping of industrial
and chemical wastes. Sampling evidence suggests contamination
has migrated to domestic wells. Pools of leachate exist.
Concentration:
not available
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
chloroform
vinyl chloride
1,1-dichloroethylene
tri chloroethylene
Citation: PA-290, PA-10061 (03-8105-39) Region III
Medium;
groundwater
(on sits)
C-45
-------
FEB 1o 1934
Damage Incident No. 90: Drinking well water, surface water
Source of release: Major chemical company discarded 5,100 tons
of waste from vinyl chloride production, which contained
vinyl chloride, 1,2-dichloroethane and trichloroethylene.
Landfill is Inactive accepted industrial/chemical wastes
from 19691971. Organic vapors from leachate stream
detected. Frequent fires and explosions.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
methyl chloride
chloroform
chloroethane
vinyl chloride
1,2-dichloroethane
1,1-di chloroethylene
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
tri chloroethylene
tetra chloroethylene
toluene
ethyl benzene
napthanene
methyl chloride
chlor oethane
vinyl chloride
1,1-dichloroethane
1,2-dichloroethane
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene
benzene
toluene
napthalene
Citation: DE-28, DE-0130
Concentration:
38 ppb
Not available
1,300
2,100
1,900
Not available
38
Not available
158
Not available
Not available
Not available
Not available
32 "
41.
351.
Medium;
ground water
(on and off
site)
drinking well
(nearby)
C-46
-------
DRAFT
fEB 10 1', . i
Damage Incident No. 91: Ground water contamination
Source of release; Polyvinyl chloride manufacturing site
of major chemical manufacturer. Facility has waste lagoons
and landfills for waste disposal.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
chloroform Not available ground water
vinyl chloride
chlorobenzene
Citation: DE-9-1, DE-0260, Region III
C-47
-------
DRA
FEB lo !'.-
Damage Incident No. 93: Surface and ground water contamination
Source of release: Industrial landfill with waste storage
piles. Leachate stream flows into surface water.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium:
chloroform 3 ppb leachate
stream
carbon tetrachloride 20 "
vinyl chloride 2 "
1,1-dichloroethane 20 "
benzene 100 "
1,1-dichloroethane 30 ppb groundwater
trichloroethylene 10 "
tetrachloroethylene 0.3 "
benzene 10 "
Citation: MD-9, MD-0009, Region III
Damage Incident No. 94; Potential drinking well contamination
Source of release; Chemical manufacturing facility with
^inactivecovered waste lagoons. Very high potential
for drinking well contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
chloroform Not available waste itself
1,2-dichloroethane "
1,1,1-trichloroethane "
toluene "
napthalene "
Citation; PA-2, PA-01810, 03-PA-0001 (F3-8010-26) Region III
C-48
-------
DRAFT
FEB I-, ' -
Damage Incident No. 95; Soil, surface and ground water contamination
Source of release; Polyvinyl chloride manufacturing plant
of major chemical company.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
1, 2-dichloroethane Not available surface water
vinyl chloride Not available groundwater
tr ichloroethylene "
Citation;
DE-7-1, DE-0080 (2070-2 and 3) Region III
Damage Incident No. 96; Soil contamination
Source of release; Incineration waste disposal facility with
numerous spills and leaking containers.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
carbon tetrachloride Not available soil
trichloroethylene "
toluene "
Citation:
C-49
-------
DRAFT
rr ~" " - f o - 1
'-' '-1 , j .->
Damage Incident No. 97; Drinking well and ground water contamination
Source of release; Chemical company that stores hazardous wastes
in drums which have leaked and spilled, contaminating public
drinking wells.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
tricolor: oethylene Not available ground water
perchloroethylene
toluene
Citation; DE-33, DE-010001 (F3-8106-34) Region III
Damage Incident No. 98; Surface and groundwater contamination
Source of release; Research and development facility. Closed
disposal site on facility has contaminated vicinity.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances: Groundwater: Surface Water
chloroform 3,000 ppb 3,000 ppb
carbon tetrachloride 1,000
1,2-dichloroethane 2,000
1,1-dichloroethylene 30,000 1,000
1,2-dichloroethylene 2,000 20,000
trichloroethylene 3,000 10,000
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane 3,000 30,000
tetrachloroethylene 2,000 9,000
pentachloroethane 200,000
hexachloroethane 200,000
benzene 2,000 1,000
chlorobenzene 900,000 1,000
toluene 400,000
Citation; MD-65 (F3-8010-12) Region III
C-50
-------
DRAF
FEB 10 19 £4
Damage Incident No.99: Soil and potential surface and
groundwater contamination.
Source of release; Numerous spills of product and waste
due to mishandling at facility which manufactures wide
range of chlorinated and brominated organic chemicals.
Wastes include volatile organic compounds, still bottom
residues, alcohols, lead residual, acids, alkalines,
filter cakes, acetone, sludges, and large quantity of
tr i chloroe thylene and polybrominated biphenyls.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
drummed wastes, not identified
Concentration: Medium:
"confirmed spills" ground
Citation: 02-NJ-0062(02-3008-03-15), Region II
Damage Incident No. 100: Soil and ground water contamination.
Source of release; Liquid chemical recycling or treatment
facility prior to 1973 with 6 lagoons.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
hexachloroethane
vinyl chloride
Concentration:
40,000 ppb
7,300,000 ppb
Med ium:
soil
ground water
(monitoring well)
Citation: 02-NJ-0043 (02-8010-33 and 02-8010-33A) Region II
C-51
-------
DRAFT
FE3 i o r :
Damage Incident No. 101; Air contamination
Source of release: Municipal landfill with groundwater
contamination and measured concentrations of vinyl chloride
being emitted through the methane vents.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration: Medium;
vinyl chloride 20 - 100 ppb 3-5 vents
240 - 250 ppb 3 vents,
second monitorin
Citation; 02-NY-0022 (02-8008-01) Region II
Damage Incident No. 102; Air contamination
Source of release; Municipal facility located in resi-
dential area. Previous hazardous waste disposal at the
site was not able to be documented. Hazardous chemicals
were detected in 4 of 6 vents tested.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concen tr at ion; Medium;
vinyl chloride up to 43,000 ppb 4 of 6 air vents
methylene chloride also found
dichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
toluene
vinyl chloride 60 - 80 ppb school air
Citation: 02-8009-02, Region II
C-52
-------
DRAF
Damage Incident No. 103: Drinking, surface and ground water
contamination.
Source of release; Storage and treatment area for waste
organic chemicals and oils. Unlined lagoon.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
1,2-dichloroethene 84 ppb surface
tr ichloroethylene detected water
tetrachloroethylene detected
benzene 90 ppb
vinyl chloride detected lagoon
1,2-dichloroethane "
trichloroethylene 1915 ppb
tetrachloroethylene detected
benzene 330 ppb
benzene 2 ppb drinking
water
Citation: 02-NJ-0003 (02-3010-01), Region II
Damage Incident No. 104: Ground and surface water contamination.
Source of release: Solvent reclamation and recovery
facility. EPA files document history of poor housekeeping,
numerous spills, and leaks in the processing area. Trench
dug along bay revealed discharge of oily substance.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
methylene chloride 230,000 ppb storm water
run-off
chloroform 50,000 ppb groundwater
dichloroethane 50,000 ppb (trench)
trichloroethane 18,000 ppb
benzene 1,050 ppb
toluene 25,000 ppb
ethyl benzene 3,000 ppb
Citation; 02-NJ-0012 (02-8010-02), Region II
C-53
-------
DRAF
"r
Damage Incident No. 105: Soil and potential drinking water
contamination.
Source of release: Unlined lagoons used for wastewater
treatment by printing complex.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride "high levels" outfall sewer
chloroform "
methylene chloride " soil (lagoon
chloroform " vicinity)
Citation: 02-NY-0005 (02-8006-03), Region II
Damage Incident No. 106; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Municipal landfill accepting industrial
wastes. Midnight dumping suspected.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium;
benzene 15 ppb groundwater,
toluene 1629 ppb monitoring
wells
Citation; 02-NY-0010 (02-8004-04), Region II
C-54
-------
DRA
FEB 10 1984
Damage Incident No. 107; Drinking and gcound water contamination
Source of release; Municipal landfill with confirmed
allegationsofchemical dumping. 100 adjacent drinking
wells closed. Residents have attributed adverse physiological
symptoms to this contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride 275 - 2000 ppb groundwater,
chloroform 75 - 535 ppb monitoring wells
1,1,1-trichloroethane 350 - 1360 ppb
tetrachloroethylene 7.6 ppb
benzene 50 - 220 ppb
chlor o'oenzene 27.1 ppb
toluene 3.2 ppb
Citation;
USEPA Region II files
Damage Incident No. 108; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Landfill used by manufacturing complex
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium:
methylene chloride 2,500 ppb ground water
chloroform 3,600 ppb
carbon tetrachloride 30,000 ppb
trichloroethylene 3,300 ppb
benzene 2,700 ppb
toluene 2,100 ppb
ethyl benzene 580 ppb
Citation; 02-NY-0058 (02-8011-38) Region II
C-55
-------
FEB 10 1S:'
Damage Incident No. 109: Air and ground water contamination
Source of release: Active municipal landfill
Resulting contaminants:
Chlorinated substances:
vinyl chloride
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tetrachloroethylene
Concentration;
detected
2.8 ppb
3.4 "
Medium:
air - methanol
vents
ground water,
leachate
Citation; 02-NY-0080 (02-8011-60) Region II
Damage Incident No. 110: Ground water contamination
Source of release: Abandoned site which may have received
"midnight dumping" wastes.
Resulting contaminants:
Chlorinated substances
1,2-dichloroethane
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
chlorobenzene
Concentration;
4,065 ppb
2,157
655
1,901
Medium;
ground water
(monitoring well)
Citation; 02-NJ-0004 (02-8006-04(8)), Region II
C-56
-------
FEB 1C 1984
Damage Incident No. Ill; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill, which accepted
large amounts of chemical wastes, with estimated burial of
30,000 - 50,000 55-gallon drums.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
methylene chloride
chloroform
chlorobenzene
Concentration;
50,600 ppb
52,600 ppb
36,600 ppb
Medium;
ground water
(on- site)
Citation; 02-NJ-0033 (02-8105-05), Region II
Damage Incident No. 112; Surface water contaminaiton
Source of release; Active hazardous waste landfill.
Explosion of drums containing unidentified waste chemicals
killed bulldozer operation in 1974. An estimated 71,000
gallons of hazardous and chemical liquids, oil, sludge and
other liquid wastes had been accepted. Leachate observed
escaping from landfill. A pool seepage area collects
leachate and then discharges into a creek.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
trichloroethylene
1,2,4-trichlorobenzene
Concentration;
5,100 ppb
11,800 ppb
Medium;
surface water,
on-site leachate
pool
Citation; Region II files
C-57
-------
1934
Damage Incident No. 113: Drinking water and soil contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill which acceoted large
quantity of industrial and chemical wastes.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
dichloroethane
trichloroethylene
benzene
chlorobenzene
toluene
chloroform
vinyl chloride
1,2-dichloroethane
trans-1,2-di chloroethylene
tr i chlor oethylene
Concentration;
139 ppb
2,300 ppb
440 ppb
1,400 ppb
920 ppb
5,000 ppb
detected
Medium;
soil, outside
landfill
(highest
concentratior
adjacent drinkir
wells
Citation; 02-NJ-0005 (02-8006-05a), Region II
Damage Incident No. 114; Drinking water contamination
Source of release; Active municipal landfill which accepted
300 drums per year and empty bags of raw materials still
containing thousands of pounds of chemical components such
as vinyl chloride, PVC, etc., from one major chemical
manufacturer.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
vinyl chloride
Concentration:
"detected"
Medium;
drinking water,
nearby plant
Citation; USEPA S&A Division files, Region II
C-58
-------
Damage Incident No. 115; Drinking well contamination
Source of release: Landfill primarily for municipal wastes.
Private drinking well closed after contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride 4 ppb drinking well
chloroethane 4 " (highest value:
1,1-dichloroethane 1 "
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 11 "
benzene 2 "
chlorobenzene 4 "
Citation; USEPA S&A Office files, Region II
Damage Incident No. 116; Drinking Well Contamination
Source of release; Manufacturing facility of a large
volume producer of vinyl chloride up to 1975. Liquid
wastes from this process were disposed of in at least 3
of 6 recharge basins on site. Since then, wastes were
stored in unmarked drums. 14 wells on adjacent plant
closed due to vinyl chloride contamination.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration: Medium:
vinyl chloride detected drinking wells
Citation; Region II files
C-59
-------
FEB 10 19 >4
Damage Incident No.117 : Potential ground water contamination
Source of release; Municipal landfill which alledgedly
received hazardous wastes illegally.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
methylene chloride 1.1 ppb leachate pond
chlorobenzene 71. " sediments
toluene 6.6 "
ethyl benzene
Citation: Region II S&A Files
C-60
-------
FEB 10 1934
Damage Incident No. 121; Surface water contamination
Source of release; Abandoned landfill facility.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
carbon tetrachlor ide
toluene
ethyl benzene
m,p-xylene
toluene
ethyl benzene
o-xylene
Concentration
750,000 ppb
750,000 "
3,500 "
3,000 "
266 "
80 "
55 "
Medium;
pond
spring
Citation: Region II S&A Files
Damage Incident No. 122; Surface water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
methylene chloride
chlorobenzene
Concentration
58 ppb
28 "
Medium;
leachate
stream
Citation ; Region II S&A Files
C-61
-------
FEB 10 \^A
Damage Incident No. 123:
Drinking well and ground water
contamination
Source of release: Lanfill facility over water table at
depth of 10 feet, directly over an aquifer recharge zone.
Six private drinking wells contaminated, with 50 more in
path of leachate plume. Site closed in 1976, opened in
1978 and now under appeal.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
chloroform
tr i chlor oethane
trichloroethylene
toluene
xylene
Concentration;
2,600 ppb
1,500 "
220 "
390 "
350 "
Medium;
ground water,
near site,
Citat i on; Region II S&A Files
Damage Incident No. 124; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Inactive landfill used by a major
chemical manufacturing company since 1930. Company
voluntarily discontinued use of site and capped it, as
well as installing monitoring wells.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances:
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tr i chloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
Concentration:
Medium:
40,000 - 402,000 ppb ground water
Citation: Region II S&A Files
C-62
-------
Damage Incident No. 125; Ground water contamination
Source of release; Municipal landfill which was closed in
1974. An area of up to 100 buried drums was observed.
Resulting contamination:
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
dichloromethane 122 ppb leachate
sediments
vinyl chloride 150 ppb leachate
stream
Citation; Region II S&A Files
C-63
-------
Damage Incident No. 127; Surface water contamination
Source of release; Site used by owner for dumping waste
chemicals, solids, and carcasses. Citizen complaints of
odors. Local chronic effects have rendered the site and
acreage unsuitable for future development.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances: Concentration:
methylene chloride
chloroform
1,1-dichloroethane
1,2-dichloroethane
1,2-dichloroethylene
1,1,1-trichloroethane
tr ichloroethylene
tetrachloroethylene
benzene
chlorobenzene
xylene
toluene
(A)
7 ppb
116
13
717
8
98
61
8
7
15
(B)
13,500 ppb
120
2,000
1,800
7,500
500
800
2,000
Medium:
2 surface
water sam
Citation; 02-8009-03, Region II
Damage Incident No. 128; Drinking and surface water contamination
Source of release; Active municipal landfill leachate
streams and stains detected in several areas of site,
entering surface ponds and subsequently flowing to creek.
Strong odors detected at the leachate area, and slight
headaches were developed by the inspection team. Site is
fenced only on one side. Private resident drinking water
well adjacent to site contaminated.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances;
d i chlor ome thane
1,1-d ichloroethylene
1,2-dichloroethylene
Citation: Region II files
Concentration:
132 ppb
17,000 ppb
720 ppb
Medium;
drinking water
well
C-64
-------
nt> A rr
1 j , f
Damage Incident No. 125; Surface water and possible source of
drinking well contamination.
Source of release; Landfill facility. Leachate may be
entering brook. Private drinking wells closed from
contamination, but this site has not been determined to be
the source.
Resulting contaminants;
Chlorinated substances; leachate tank leachate
chloroethane 1,200 ppb ---
1,1-dichloroethane 590 560
trans-1, 2-dichloroethylene 480 ---
1,1 ,1-trichloroethane --- 250
benzene 33,000 320
chlorobenzene 6,200 920
1 ,4-dichlorobenzene 1,400 ---
toluene 54,000 5,000
ethyl benzene 34,000 1,400
napthalene 16,000 700
Citation; Region II, S&A Files
C-65
-------
DttAi
0 7994
Damage Incident No. 1-30: Ground water contamination
Source of release: Active chemical manufacturing site
making various phenolic resines and related compounds.
Sludges from wastewater treatment system are dewatered and
placed on ground in piles. On site incineration of waste
distillates, solvents, and still bottoms currently practices
leaking drum storage area.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substances; Concentration; Medium;
trans-1,2-dichloroethylene 16 ground water,
trichloroethylene 12 at intercep
benzene 800
chlorobenzene 2,060
toluene 33,020
ethyl benzene 51,780
* units of concentrations were not available
Citation; Region II, files
C-66
-------
FEB 10 rgcj
Damage Incident No. 131; Surface water contamination
Source of release; . Improper storage of drums and barrels
by a waste hauler. Sewer system was contaminated, resulting
in acute symptoms from hexachlorocyclopentadiene in workers
at a municipal waste treatment plant. Towns down river of
the release of sewage containing the hexachlorocyclopentadiene
had to be alerted.
Resulting contamination;
chlorinated substances
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
"predominant contaminant"
Citation; Proceedings; The 1978 National Conference on
Control of Hazardous Material Spills. Miami Beach, Florida.
April 11-13, 1978.
Damage Incident 132; Ground and surface contamination
Source of release; Drum burial of pesticide wastes
containing hexachlorocyclopentadiene by manufacturer since
1964. Wastes migrated vertically 90 feet and laterally 25
feet, from a U.S.G.S. sutvey taken in 1966-1967. Adjacent
drinking water wells were contaminated, as well as surface
water run-off.
Resulting contamination;
Chlorinated substance;
hexachlorocyclopentadiene
Medium;
"drinking wells contaminated
to a hazardous level."
Citation; OSW Hazardous Waste Division,
Hazardous Waste Damage Incidents,
unpublished, open file, 1978.
C-67
-------
APPENDIX C
PHYSICAL/CHEMICAL CONSTANTS, TOXIC CONSTITUENTS OF CONCERN
Toxicant of Concern
Methyl chloride (chlorcme thane)
Methylene chloride (dichlorcmethane)
Chloroform (trichlorcme thane)
Carbon tetrachloride
Vinyl chloride (chloroethene)
1, 1-Dichloroe thane
1 , 2-Dichloroe thane
trans- 1 , 2-Dichloroe thylene
1 , 1-Dichloroethene (vinylidene chloride)
1,1,1-Trichloroethane (methyl chloroform)
1,1, 2-Tr ichloroe thane
Trichloroethylene ( trichloroethylene)
1,1,1, 2-Tetrachloroethane
1 , 1 , 2 , 2-Te trachl oroe thane
Sol.
H20
20°
(ppm)
6.45xl03
2.0xl04
8.2x103
785
2.3x103
5.5x103
8.69xl03
600
400
720
4.5x103
1.1x103
- -
2.9x103
Kow
8.9
18.2
91
912
17
63
30
17
69
320
117
69
- -
460
M.P.
°C
-97.73
-95
-63.5
-22.99
-153.8
-96.98
-35.36
-50
-122.1
-30.41
-36.5
-73
_ _
-36
B.P.
°C
-24.2
39.75
61.7
76.54
-13.37
57.28
83.47
47.5
37
74.1
113.7
87
130.5
146.2
b-1
-------
t .-;; r.n--icnt;-! Protection Agency
" ''"/
. ' v~i D>,< -M-crn St/iet
ago, iliinois 60604
-------
JP!
(continued)
Toxicant of Concern
Perchloroethylene ( tetrachloroethylene)
Pentachloroe thane
Hexachloroethanet
Allyl chloride (3-chloropropene)
1 , 2-Dichloropropane
1 ,3-Dichloropropene
2-Chloro-l,3-butadiene (chloroprene)
Hexachloro-1 , 3-butadiene
Hexachlorocyc lopentad iene
alpha-Hexachlorocyc lohexane
beta-Hexach 1 orocyc lohexa ne
gamma-Hexachlorocylohexane (lindane)
delta-Hexachlorocylohexane
Benzene
Sol.
H2O
20°
(ppm)
200
120
50
3.6xl03
2.7xl03
2.7xl03
<17%
2.0
1.8
1.63
0.24
7.8
31.4
1.78xl03
KOW
280
3.64
4.2xl04
- -
105
54
- -
1.82xl03
l.OxlO4
7.8xl03
7.8xl03
7.8xl03
7.8xl03
135
M.P.
°C
-22.7
101.3
186.8
-134.5
-100
- -
-130
-21
-9.9
157
309
112.9
138
5.5
B.P.
°C
121
137.9
186
45
96.8
104.3
59.4
215
239
- -
- -
- -
- -
80.1
b-2
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