5308
United States
Environmental Protection
Agency
Information Services
and Library
Washington DC 20460
EPA/86-001
February 1986
&EPA Bibliographic Series
001B86001
Asbestos
in Schools
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BIBLIOGRAPHY ON
ASBESTOS IN SCHOOLS
FEBRUARY 1986
Headquarters Library
Information Management and Services Division
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M St., S.W. PM-211A
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 382-5922
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction i
I. EPA Reports 1-1
II. Books 2-1
III. Articles, Proceedings and Other Reports 3-1
IV. Federal Regulations and Statutes 4-1
V. Contact Points for Information 5-1
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INTRODUCTION
Asbestos is known to be a potential hazard to the health of
millions of people. There is increasing concern about asbestos
in school buildings. The EPA Headquarters Library receives many
requests for information on asbestos in schools from EPA employees,
other government agencies, organizations and independent researchers
This bibliography was compiled by Michelle S.L. Lee, Reference
Librarian, to answer the requests for information on the topic
of asbestos in schools.
The citations are organized by format: (1) EPA reports,
(2) books, (3) journal articles, and (4) regulatory citations.
Most of the material cited in the bibliography is available in the
EPA Headquarters Library.
The citations are followed by a list of contact points for more
information.
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I. EPA REPORTS
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I. EPA REPORTS
The EPA reports are listed in alphabetical order by author's
last name, or if there is no author, by title. The citations are
followed by the EPA report number. The report number assigned by
the U.S. National Technical Information Service (NTIS) is also
included. EPA reports are for sale from National Technical Infor-
mation Service, U.S. Department of Commerce, 5285 Port Royal
Road, Springfield, Virgina 22161.
The abstracts following the citations are quoted from the EPA
Publications Bibliography, published by National Technical Infor-
mation Service.
Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings; A Guidance
Document. Part 1. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1979. 73 p.
EPA 560/1-82-002. NTIS PB 82-225962.
Recently there has been an increasing awareness of the sig-
nificance of environmental factors in causing illness. The
fibrous minerals known as asbestos, used in many different
kinds of products and applications, have entered the environ-
ment in both occupational and nonoccupational settings. The
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is concerned with the
disease-causing potential of intermittent, low-level exposures
that can occur in some school buildings from certain asbestos-
containing materials. EPA has established a guidance program
to inform states and local school officials of the possible
health hazards associated with asbestos. EPA's guidance package
contains two parts. This manual, which is Part 1 of the package,
is written for school officials. Part 1 outlines steps that
schools can take to conduct an asbestos control program.
Brandner, Wolfgang. Asbestos Exposure Assessment in Buildings.
Inspection Manual. (Final Report). Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1982.
79 p. EPA 907/9-82-009. NTIS PB 83-250266.
This manual describes procedures for inspecting buildings
for friable, asbestos-containing materials and evaluating the
hazard of being exposed to such materials. A method of
numerically grading eight factors and using numerical scores
to set abatement priorities is presented.
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Brantly, E. P. Jr., and Lentzen, D. E. Asbestos-Containing Materials
In School Buildings; Bulk Sample Analysis Quality Assurance
Program. (Round One). Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1980. 32 p.
EPA 560/13-80-23. NTIS PB 80-217243.
EPA has initiated a quality assurance (QA) program for
laboratories claiming capability in the polarized light micro-
scope (PLM) analysis of bulk samples for asbestos. Commercial
and non-commercial laboratories participating in the program
received samples of four fibrous materials: chrysotile,
anthophyllite, fiberglass, and mineral wool. Laboratories had
difficulty identifying anthophyllite and two false positives
were reported for the mineral wool sample. All laboratories
properly identified chrysotile. A performance rating based on
proper identification of positive (asbestos) and negative
(non-asbestos) samples was scored for and reported i:o the
commercial laboratories. Reference reports were sent to all
participating laboratories. Continuation of the program with
future sample sets is anticipated.
Brantly, E. P. Jr. Asbestos-Containing Materials in School
Buildings; Bulk Sample Analysis Quality Assurance Program.
(Final Report). Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1981. 34 p. EPA
560/5-81-001. NTIS PB 81-225849.
The second round of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
voluntary quality assurance (QA) program for commercial
laboratories claiming capability in the polarized light micro-
scope analysis of bulk samples for asbestos was conducted in
August and September, 1980. Seventy-six laboratories each
received bulk samples of two asbestiform minerals and two
nonasbestos materials: amosite, crocidolite, cellulose, and
wollastonite. A performance rating based on correct, classi-
fication of positive (asbestos) and negative (nonasbestos)
samples was scored for and reported to participating laboratories
Among the inaccurate results reported were 3 false negatives
(crocidolite) and 32 false positives (3 cellulose, 29
wollastonite). QA program results are made available to the
laboratories, the EPA, and the public. Continuation of the QA
program with future samples sets is anticipated.
Brantly, E. P. Jr. e_t al. Bulk Sample Analysis for Asbestos
Content; Evaluation of the Tentative Method. Springfield,
VA : NTIS, 1982. 136 p. EPA 600/4-82-021. NTIS PB 82-
196841.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Asbestos-in-Schools
Program was established in March, 1979 to provide information
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and technical assistance to the public for addressing problems
presented by asbestos-containing insulation materials in school
buildings. Because there were no existing standard procedures
for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of asbestos in
bulk materials, the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
Washington, DC, and the Environmental Monitoring Systems
Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, jointly sponsored an
effort to produce a practical and objective analytical protocol.
Draft procedures were written for the analysis of bulk samples
by polarized light microscopy (PLM) and X-Ray powder diffraction
(XRD). Following review, the Tentative Method for the Determi-
nation of Asbestiform Minerals in Bulk insulation Samples
(March, 1980) was submitted to a performance testing program
that involved multiple laboratory analysis of prepared samples
with known asbestos content. This report presents the results
of the testing study and provides observations and preliminary
characterization of the utility and operational parameters of
the Tentative Method.
Cesario, J. F., et al. Identifying Potential Asbestos Exposures
in Schools: The New York City Experience. Springfield, VA :
NTIS, 1981. 55 p. EPA 560/5-81-010. NTIS PB 83-256214.
This report describes the experience of the New York City
(NYC) Board of Education and their asbestos-in-schools program.
The program objectives were to: (a) identify current and
potential asbestos exposures in NYC public schools, (b) evaluate
the seriousness of these asbestos exposures, (c) recommend
appropriate abatement action, and (d) oversee the completion
of the recommended action. A survey of all school buildings
was completed and priority problem areas were identified.
Major abatement activities were scheduled for summer recess
periods and completed as funds became available.
Constant, Paul C. Jr., et al. Airborne Asbestos Levels in Schools.
Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1983. 186 p. EPA 560/5-83-003.
NTIS PB 84-129683.
Air (116) and bulk (192) samples were collected from 48 units
at 25 different schools of an urban independent school district.
These were analyzed respectively by transmission electron
microscopy and polarized light microscopy techniques for asbestos
fiber concentrations. The new factor of releasability (of
fibers) rating resulted from the bulk fiber analysis. Each
sampling site was rated by a special five-person team for
assessment tools: algorithm, condition, accessibility, part
of air moving system, material exposure, friability and water
damage, and people's activity at the site. The results were
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statistically analyzed to document potential exposure to air-
borne asbestos resulting from the friable, asbestos-containing
material in schools and to develop an exposure assessment tool
that would be based on the above stated factors.
Greerblatt, Janet. Evaluation of the Asbestos-in-Schools Identi-
fication and Notification Rule. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1984.
245 p. EPA 560/5-84-005. NTIS PB 85-135085.
The Asbestos-in-Schools Identification and Notification Rule
effective June 28, 1982, required all public and private local
education agencies (LEAs) to (1) inspect for friable materials;
(2) sample and analyze these materials when found; (3) post notice
of inspection results and notify employees and parents in
schools with asbestos-containing friable materials (ACFM),; and
(4) maintain records of the findings at the LEAs and schools.
A stratified systematic sample of 1,800 public and 800 private
LEAs was randomly selected proportionate to the square root of
enrollment. A telephone survey found that 83 percent of the
LEAs have begun or completed inspections and 94 percent of all
schools have been inspected. Of the schools inspected, 35
percent found ACFM. Almost all LEAs with ACFM have abatement
programs (93%), about one-third of which (31%) are operations/
maintenance only. Only 9 percent of the LEAs were in compliance
with the rule by June 28, 1983, the rule's compliance date;
and 11 percent were by January 1984, the date of the survey.
Record-keeping and notification were the major problem areas
of noncompliance. QA site visits were made to 38 LEAs and 94
schools within these LEAs were inspected. The LEA data collected
during the site visits agreed substantially with the telephone
survey data.
Indoor Air Pollution; An Emerging Health Problem. Springfield,
VA : NTIS, 1980. 46 p. CED-80-111. NTIS PB 81-160087.
Traditionally it has been presumed that a person was protected
from polluted air when indoors. Recent research has shown,
however, that this may not always be true. Various harmful
pollutants including radon, formaldehyde, and nitrogen dioxide
have been found in the air in homes, offices, schools, and
even in recreational facilities. The problem may even be
made worse by Government energy conservation programs which
encourage the 'buttoning-up' of buildings. Federal efforts to
deal with the problem have been piecemeal, receiving little
support primarily because no one Federal agency has responsi-
b'lity for the problem. Until responsibility is assigned to
one agency to oversee Federal efforts, they will continue to
be ineffectual. In this report GAO recommends actions that
the Environmental Protection Agency and the Congress can take
to help resolve the situation.
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Indoor Pollutants. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1985. 555 p. EPA 600/
6-82-001. NTIS PB 82-180563.
This report is intended to characterize the quality of the
indoor environment-primarily with respect to airborne
pollutants, although others are discussed-and to determine the
potential adverse health effects of indoor pollutants. The
charge was to review, compile, and appraise the available
knowledge. The committee has also identified the research
needed for abatement of indoor pollution. 'Indoor1 refers to
the environments in homes, schools, public buildings, and
similar spaces to which the public has access; industrial
working environments, however, are excluded from consideration
here.
Keys, Dale L. and Bertram P. Price. Guidance for Controlling
Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Buildings. Springfield,
VA : NTIS, 1983. 79 p. EPA 560/5-83-002. NTIS PB 83-214924.
This document provides information that supplements previous
EPA guidance on controlling asbestos-containing materials
found in buildings. The document (1) provides a current
summary of data on exposure to airborne asbestos, (2) identi-
fies organizational and procedural issues in establishing an
asbestos program, (3) reviews technical issues confronted when
assessing the potential for exposure to airborne asbestos in
particular indoor settings, (4) summarizes and updates infor-
mation on applicability, effectiveness, and relative costs of
alternative remedial actions, (5) suggests a structured process
for selecting a particular course of action given information
on exposure levels, assessment methods, and abatement techniques,
(6) introduces and discusses criteria for determining successful
asbestos control. The material presented is a summary of
information and experience gained over the 4 years since previous
guidance was published.
Lentzen, D. E., e_t a_l.. Interim Method for the Determination of
Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples. Springfield, VA : NTIS,
1982. 54 p. EPA 600/4-82-020. NTIS PB 83-153643.
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Asbestos-in-Schools
Program was established in March, 1979 to provide information
and technical assistance to the public for addressing problems
presented by asbestos-containing insulation materials in school
buildings. Because there were no existing standard procedures
for the qualitative and quantitative analysis of asbestos in
bulk materials, the Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances,
Washington, D.C., and the Environmental Monitoring Systems
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Laboratory, Research Triangle Park, NC, jointly sponsored an
effort to produce a standard analytical protocol. This report
presents information on the development and characterization
of the standard procedures for analysis of bulk samples with
polarized light microscopy (PLM) and X-Ray diffraction (XRD),
and includes the Interim Method for the Determination of
Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples.
Logue, Everett and Tyler Hartwell. Characteristics of An Asbestos
Exposure Assessment Algorithm. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1981.
85 p. EPA 560/5-81-005. NTIS PB 83-253500.
This report describes the characteristics of a proposed
asbestos exposure assessment algorithm. Algorithm variable
distributions are presented along with corrections between
various algorithm variables in defferent locations (e.g., New
York City, North Carolina and Montgomery County, Ohio).
Available data are analyzed and discussed from the perspective
of the algorithm's measurement reliability and validity.
Lucas, D., et a^. Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings;
Guidance for Asbestos Analytical Programs. Springfield, VA :
NTIS, 1980. 106 p. EPA 560/13-80-017A. NTIS PB 81-243586.
This document is one in a series prepared in support of the
EPA Asbestos-In-Schools Program. It was developed to provide
guidance to local school officials and their staffs in deter-
mining the presence or absence of asbestos in school buildings.
Data and information generated during the EPA Technical
Assistance Program have been used to design a rigorous sampling
and analysis scheme for bulk materials. Implementation of the
enclosed sampling protocol will reliably document the presence
or absence of asbestos in the bulk materials and provide an
interval estimate of the asbestos content.
Lucas, D., A. V. Rao, and T. Hartwell. Asbestos-Containing Materials
in School Buildings; Guidance for Asbestos Analytical Programs.
Statistical Background Document. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1980.
51 p. EPA 560/13-80-017B. NTIS PB 82-225343.
This report presents detailed sampling procedures and laboratory
quality assurance measures for bulk samples collected in school
buildings. Statistical support for these procedures is given.
Nicholson, William J. , e_t al. Asbestos Contamination of the Air
in Public Buildings. Final Report. Springfield, VA : NTIS,
1975. 70 p. EPA 450/3-76-004. NTIS PB 250980.
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From 1958 through 1973 asbestos-containing material was used
extensively for fire-proofing high-rise office buildings.
Earlier use of this material for decorative and acoustical
purposes dates from the mid-1930's. Concern exists that
these past uses of asbestos may lead to current contamination
of building air. This may occur either through damage or
erosion of acousticc.1 spray materials or through erosion
into building air supply systems of asbestos fibers from
spray-lined plenum spaces in office buildings. In order to
access such possibilities, 116 samples of indoor and outdoor
air have been analyzed for asbestos. Nineteen buildings in five
United States cities were chosen to represent the various
construction uses of asbestos-containing spray materials.
The results of this sampling and analysis demonstrate that
significant contamination can occur in the air supply systems
of buildings in which fibrous type-dry spray asbestos-containing
fireproofing materials were used. Moreover, erosion of
similar materials applied for decorative or acoustical
purposes was also found to occur. In contrast, no contamination
was demonstrable in buildings in which cementitious spray
material had been used.
Nicholson, William J. Draft Asbestos Health Assessment Update.
Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1984. 146 p. EPA 600/8-84-003A.
NTIS PB 84-186832 .
Data developed since the early 1970's from large population
studies with long follow-up strengthen the association of
asbestos exposure to disease. Lung cancer and mesothelioma
are the most important asbestos-related causes of death among
exposed individuals. The accumulated data suggest that the
excess risk of lung cancer from asbestos exposure is proportional
to the cumulative exposure (the duration times the intensity)
and the underlying risk of lung cancer in the absence of
exposure. The risk of death from mesothelioma appears to be
proportional to the cumulative exposure to asbestos in a given
period. Animal studies confirm the human epidemiological
results. All major asbestos varieties produce lung cancer
and mesothelioma with only limited differences in carcinogenic
potency. Some measurements demonstrate that significant
asbestos exposure, exceeding 100 times the background, occurs
to individuals in non-occupational environments. Currently,
the most important of these non-occupational exposures is from
the release of fibers from asbestos-containing surfacing
materials in schools, auditoriums, and other public buildings
or from asbestos fireproofing sprayed in high-rise office
buildings.
Patton, Janice L., et al. Asbestos in Schools. Springfield, VA :
NTIS, 1981. 264 p. EPA 560/5-81-002.NTIS PB 81-225823.
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Four approaches to assessing the potential for asbestos
exposure in schools were evaluated: (1) a proposed exposure-
ranking system or algorithm, (2) bulk sampling and analysis of
the asbestos-containing materials, (3) a measurement of stimulated
fiber release, and (4) air sampling. The scoring consistency
was evaluated for the factors in the algorithm; friability and
activity was scored with the least consistency, and exposure
and the presence of air-moving systems with the most consistency.
Scoring consistency improved with rater training. The variabi-
lity in the determination of asbestos content was found to be
associated with the laboratory analysis more so than with the
sampling process. False negatives were found to occur, even
at asbestos levels greater than 10 percent. The potential for
release of fibers by physical disturbance of the asbestos -
containing material was demonstrated with the use of a vibrator
in contact with ceilings in schools; the releasability was
found to increase with asbestos content and friability. Only
a limited effort was devoted to air sampling, it was done for
short periods (1 hour), and the analyses were done by phase
microscopy (which detects only the fibers longer than 5 microns
with an aspect ratio greater than 3:1). The airborne fiber
levels were less than 0.70 fibers/cc in all cases but one.
Price, Bert., et al. Airborne Asbestos Levels in Schools; Design
Study. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1981. 92 p. EPA 560/5-81-006.
NTIS PB 83-253492.
This document describes a proposed field study to collect data
in schools that are to be used to analyze and validate two
asbestos exposure assessment algorithms as compared to levels
of airborne asbestos. This field study would involve algorithm
scoring (including bulk asbestos sampling) and air sampling
in sites (e.g., classrooms) within selected schools.
Roa A. V., et al. Asbestos Analytical Programs Bulk Sample Analysis;
New York City and Maryland. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1980. 41 p.
EPA 560/13-80-21. NTIS PB 81-146722.
This document describes the statistical analyses of bulk sample
data taken from school buildings in two locations: New York
City and Maryland. The bulk samples were analyzed for asbestos
by various laboratories and the results given to the Research
Triangle Institute for analysis. In particular, Section I of
this report describes the analysis of the New York City data
which reported the presence or absence of asbestos (Amosite or
Chrysotile) in 474 bulk samples taken from various typer of
building material in New York City schools. Section II des-
cribes the analysis of the Maryland data which contains analysis
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of 37 split-asbestos bulk samples taken from Maryland public
schools. The split-samples in Maryland were sent to two or
more laboratories which determined presence or absence of
asbestos (Amphibole and Chrysotile) as well as actual levels
of asbestos.
Sawyer, Robert N. and Charles M. Spooner. Sprayed Asbestos-
Containing Materials in Buildings; A Guidance Document. Part
2_. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1978. 119 p. EPA 450/2-78-014.
NTIS PB 82-225970.
This guidance document summarizes the available information
on sprayed asbestos-containing materials in buildings. It
describes actions that may be taken when a building owner
knows or suspects that friable asbestos materials are present.
Application of sealant coats and removal of asbestos materials
are discussed.
Sebastien, P., et al. Measurement of Asbestos Air Pollution Inside
Buildings Sprayed with Asbestos. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1980.
75 p. EPA 560/13-80-026. NTIS PB 81-147001.
This report is a translation of a document prepared in 1977
for the French Ministry of Health and the French Ministry for.
the Quality of Life-Environment on the measurement and assess-
ment of airborne asbestos levels in buildings throughout Paris.
The methods of air sampling and transmission electron micro-
scopic analysis, as well as a discussion of the results, are
presented. Also included are extensive tables and figures
summarizing the data collected. The study was completed in
1977, by the Laboratoire d'Etude des Particules Inhalees
(Prefecture de Paris) and the Institut de Recherches Univer-
sitaires Sur 1'Environment (Universite'Paris-Val de Marne).
Mr. Patrick Sebestien (Prefecture de Paris) provided this
revised update of the study in July 1980.
Strenio, J., et al. Asbestos in Buildings; A National Survey of
Asbestos-Containing Friable Materials. Springfield, VA : NTIS,
1984. 236 p. EPA 560/5-84-006. NTIS PB 85-136653
A national representative sample of 231 buildings at 10
sites was inspected for potentially asbestos-containing
materials. Bulk samples (1,510) were taken and analyzed by
polarized light microscopy. Estimates were made of the number
and percent of buildings with asbestos-containing friable
materials. In 1973, EPA banned the use of asbestos thermal
and acoustical insulation materials except for decorative
purposes, and in 1978 EPA banned them for all purposes.
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Wright, Susan, Stephen Schoepke, and Philip Mathias. Economic
Impact Analysis of Proposed Identification and Notification
Rule on Friable Asbestos Containing Materials in Schools.
Proposed Rule, Section 6 Toxic Substances Control Act.
Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1980. 294 p. EPA 560/12-80-004.
NTIS PB 81-141640.
This study examines the economic impact of the detection
and notification of schools which have areas contaminated with
friable asbestos-containing materials. The problem is identi-
fied by geographic area and by square footage of asbestos-
containing materials per school. Unit costs are examined by
region for inspection and analysis of samples by X-Ray
diffraction, electron microscopy, and optical microscopy. The
total impacts of Asbestos Schools Rule No. 1 are also presented
and discussed.
Wright, Terry L. and Everett E. Logue. Identifying Potential
Asbestos Exposures in Schools; The Montgomery County
Experience. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1980. 61 p. EPA 560/
13-80-039. NTIS PB 81-243503.
This report summarizes the experience of the Montgomery County
Combined General Health District in their asbestos-i.n-schools
control program. A survey of all schools within the District's
jurisdiction was completed. Bulk samples of friable materials
were collected and analyzed for their asbestos content, and
asbestos exposure scores were obtained for those areas where
asbestos was present. Recommendations for appropriate abatement
procedures were made based upon exposure scores, and the values
of score components.
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II. BOOKS
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II. BOOKS
Citations include call numbers of the twenty-eight EPA libraries.
TITLE CALL NO.
Advisory Committee on Asbestos. Asbestos/ Measurement and
Monitoring of Asbestos in Air: Second Report.
Lodon, Great Britain : H. M. Stationary Office., c
1978.
TD887
.A8G73
Amaducci, Sandro. Asbestos, Directory of Unpublished Z7914
Studies. Dordrecht, Holland : D. Reidel Pub. Co., .A7A43
C1982.
Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Asbestos. Washington, TD370
D.C.; U.S. EPA, The Division of Criteria & Standards, .A4
1980.
Asbestos in Schools; A Dilemma; Report. Washington,
D.C. : U.S. General Accounting Office, 1982.
TD887
.A8U534
Asher, Irvin M. and Phillip P. McGrath. Symposium on QH212
Electron Microscopy of Microfibers; Proceedings .E4S583
of the First FDA Office of Science Summer Symposium.
Rockville, MD : United States, Food and Drug
Adminstration, office of Science, 1977.
Background Information on Development of National Emisson TD883.2
Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants; Asbestos .A33
Beryllium and Mercury. Springfield, VA : NTIS, 1973.
Baron, Paul A. Use of Light Scattering for the Detection HD7654
of Filter Samples of Fibrous Aerosols. Cincinnati, .U543
OH : U.S. Dept. of Health, Education, and Welfare,
1978.
Berrill, Norman John. Tunicata with an Account of the QL613
British Species. New York,NY :Johnson Reprint .B4
Corp., c!968.
Bogovski, P. Biological Effects of Asbestos; Proceedings
of a Working Conference. IARC Scientific Publica-
tions No. 8. Lyon, France : International Agency for
Research on Cancer, 1973.
RC',75
.A8B56
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Bourne, Gaylord. Asbestos Contamination in School
Buildings. Washington, D.C. ; Public Interest
Research Group, c!978.
TD887
.A8B68
Brodeur, Paul. Asbestos and Enzymes. New York, NY
Ballc.ntine Books, c!972.
RA1231
.A8B76
Campbell, William Joseph., et al,
Characterization of Amosite
Chemical and Physical RC965
Chrysotile, and Nonfibrous .A7
Tremolite for Oral Ingestion Studies by the National
Institute of Environmental Health Sciences.
D.C,
Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines
Washington,
1980.
Campbell,
Size
William Joseph.
Characteristics
Relationship of Mineral Habit to TN23
for Tremolite Cleavage Fragments .U7
and Fibers. Washington,
Bureau of Mines, 1979.
D.C.
Dept. of Interior,
Campbell, William Joseph. Selected Silicate Minerals and TN23
Their Asbestiform Varieties; Mineralogical Defini- .U71
tion Sand Identification-Characterization.
Washington,
1977.
D.C.: Dept. of Interior, Bureau of Mines,
Cancer Infomation Clearing House, Asbestos & Health; An DOC
Annotated Bibliography of Public and Professional " NIH/78-
Education Materials. Bethesda, MD : U.S. Dept. of 1842
Health, Education & Welfare, Public Health Service,
National Institute of Health, 1978.
Castleman, Barry I. and Stephen L. Berger. Asbestos;
Medical and Legal Aspects. New York, NY : Law
and Business, c!984.
RC775
.A8C38
1984
Clifton, Robert A. Asbestos. Washington, D.C. : U.S.
Bureau of Mines, 1979.
HD9585
.A65U51
Dement, John M. Occupational Exposure to Talc Containing DOC
Asbestos; Morbidity, Mortality, and Environmental HE20.7111
Studies of Miners and Millers. Cincinnati, OH : /2:80-115
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
1980.
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Development Document for Effluent Limitation Guidelines
and New Sources Performance Standards for the Build-
ing Construction and Paper Segment of the Asbestos
Manufacturing Point Source Category. Washington,
D.C. : Government Printing Office, 1974.
TD899
.A82U545
Direct Filtration of Lake Superior Water for Asbestiform
Fiber Removal. Cincinnati, OH : U.S.
Environmental Research Center, 1975.
EPA, National
TD172
.E46
Enterline, Phillip E. and Nancy Sussman. Asbestos and
Cancer; The First Thirty Years. Pittsburgh, PA :
P.E. Enterline, c!978.
RC775
.A8E5
Final Report on Determination and Evaluation of
Environmental Levels of Selected Toxic Substances
in the Environment. Columbus, OH : Columbus
Laboratories, 1981.
T55
.H3F491
Final Report on Development of Methods for Preparing
Particulate Standards. Columbus, OH : Columbus
Laboratories, 1982.
TS1549
.G5F49
Fisheries and Environment Canada.
Methods for Source Testing;
Standard Reference
Measurement of
TD887
.A85785
Emissions of Asbestos from Asbestos Mining and
Milling Operation. Canada : Environment Protection
Service, Air Pollution Control Directorate, 1976.
Proceedings of Workshop on Asbestos,
i c 11 foment- Mot-hnrio- . . Helri at- *-he> Ma —
Gravatt, C. C. , ejt al. Proceedings of Workshop on Asbesti
Definitions and Measurement Methods... Held at the Na-
tional Bureau of Standards. Gaithersburg, Maryland,
July 18-20, 1977. Gaithersburg, MD : U.S. National
Bureau of Standards, 1977.
QC100
,U57
No. 506
Great Lakes Research Advisory Board. Asbestos in the
Great Lakes Basin; With Emphasis on Lake Superior.
Windsor, Ontario : International Joint Commission,
Great Lakes Regional Office, 1975.
TD427
.T3G797
Hallenbeck, William H,
Final Report Project No.
Asbestos in Potable Water:
A-071 - ILL.
IL :
c!977
Univ.
Urbana,
of Illinois, Water Resources Center,
DOC
002596
No. 118
-------
Handbook of Asbestos. Pompton Lakes, NJ : Asbestos
Textile Institute, c!967.
TN93*.
.A75
Harwood, Colin F. Asbestos Air Pollution Control.
Springfield, IL : Institute for Environmental
Quality, c!971.
DOC
IL IEQ 1
Huff, James Edward. Asbestos; A Perspective. Oak Ridge,
Tenn. : Oak Ridge National Laboratory. Available
from the National Technical Information Service,
1978.
RC775
.A8
International Agency for Research on Cancer. Asbestos.
Geneva : World Health Organization, c!977.
RC268.57
157
Jaworski, J.F
Arsenic,
Effects of Chromium, Alkalihalides,
Asbestos, Mecury, Cadmium in the Cana-
dian Environment; Executive Reports. Canada
National Research Council of Canada, c!980.
DOC
CAN-NRC/
17585
Johnson, W. L. and
Equipment for
D. E. Clapp.
Collection of
Evaluation of Vacuum
Asbestos Waste. Cin-
cinnati, OH : Dept. of Health and Human Services,
National Institute for Occupational Safety and
Health, 1980.
DOC
HE20.7111
/2 :8 0-13 7
Kenton, Charlotte.
Asbestos Toxicology; August,
1977 through May 1982 Citations. Bethesda, MD
Human Services, Public
Institute of Health, 1982.
U.S. Dept. of Health
Health Service, National
and
et al. Asbestos in the Environment.
nt Canada, International Joint
Kramer, J. R., Łt_ a_l. Asbestos in the Environme
Canada : Environment Canada, International
Commission, Research Advisory Board, c!974.
Leslie, Michaels
Chichester,
c!979.
and Seymour S. Chissick. Asbestos.
NY : Wiley Interscience Publication,
Z7891
.A8K4
TN930
.K89
TA455
.A6A78
Levadie, Benjamin. Definitions for Asbestos and Other
Health-Related Silicates ; A Symposium. Philadelphia,
PA :
c!984
American Society for Testing and Materials,
RA1231
.A8D44
1984
-------
Levine, Richard J. Asbestos; An Information Resource,
Bethesda, MD : U.S. National Cancer Institute,
Prevention Branch, c!978.
RA123 1
.A8518
Lewis, Barbara - Ann Gamboa and Argonne National Labora-
tory. Asbestos in Cooling-Tower Waters; Final
Report. Washington, D.C.
Washington,
Commission, 1979.
U.S. Nuclear Regulatory
DOC
NUREG/CR-
0770
McCrone, Walter C. Asbestos Particle Atlas. Ann Arbor, QD169
MI : Ann Arbor Science Publishers, c!980. .A8M47
Michaels, L. and
Properties,
NY
Seymore S. Chissick. Asbestos
Applications, and Hazards. New
1983 .
York,
Wiley-Interscience Publication,
TA455
.A6A78
1981-1983
Natale, Anthony. Asbestos Removal & Control; An Insi-
ders Guide to the Business. Voorhees, NY
finders, c!984.
Source-
TA455
.A6N37
1984
National Cancer Institute. Abestos Exposure; A Desk
Reference For Communicators. Bethesda, MD :
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, Public
Health Services, National Institute of Health, Nation-
al Cancer Institute, 1978.
DOC
PHSP0068
National Research Council. Asbestiform Fibers; Nonoccu- RA1231
pational Health Risks. Washington, D.C. : National .A8A8
Academy Press, c!984.
The Need for
National Research Council. Asbestos;
and Feasibility of Air Pollution Control.
Washington,
1971.
D.C,
National Academy of Science,
TD884.5
.N38
National Research Council of Canada. Effects of Asbestos DOC
in the Canadian Environment. Ottawa, Canada : En- CAN-NRC
vironmental Secretariat, 1979. 116452
New York City Board of Education. Division of School
Buildings. Asbestos; Abatement/Control Guidance
Manual. New York, N.Y. : New York City Board of
Education, Division of School Buildings, c!980.
DOC
NY
NYC-76
2-5
-------
Nicholson, William J. Chrysotile Asbestos in Air Samples
Collected in Puerto Rico; Report to the Consumer
Products Safety Commission. New York, NY : US Con-
sumer Products Safety Commission, Environmental Science
Laboratory, c!978.
TP884
.A8N5
Peters, George A. and Barbara J. Peters. Sourcebook on
Asbestos Diseases; Medical Legal, and Engineering
Aspects. New York, NY
Garland STPM Press, c!980.
RC775
.A8P47
Preger, Leslie. Asbestos Related Disease. New York, NY
Grune and Stratton, c!978.
RC775
.A8S44
Problems Arising from the Use of Asbestos; Memorandum of
the Senior Medical Inspectors Advisory Panel.
Great Britain : H.M.S.O., c!967.
London,
DOC
GB-ML/01
Pruett, J. G. and S. G. Winslow. Asbestos in Air;
Bibliography with Abstracts, 1964-1980. Bethesda,
MD : Federation of American Society for Experi-
mental Biology, 1980.
RA1231
.A8P9
1980
Puffer, John H., et al. Asbestos in Water Supplies of
the Northern New Jersey Area: Source, Concentra-
tion, Mineralogy, and Size Distribution; Final
Report. New Brunswick, NJ : Rutgers University,
C1983.
DOC
NJUN:
RUT-121
Rajhans, Cyan S. and Gordon M. Bragg. Engineering Aspects TD887
of Asbestos Dust Control. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor .A8R33
Science Publishers, c!978,
Rajhans, Cyan S. and John L. Sullivan. Asbestos Sampling TA455
and Analysis. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science .A6R85
Publishers, c!981.
Rosato, D.V. Asbestos; Its Industrial Applications.
New York, NY : Reinhold Pub. Corp., c!959.
TN930
.R6
Sabolotny, N., et al. World Asbestos Production and
Trade - 1970. Ottawa, Canada : Mineral Resources
Branch, c!973.
G3201
.H5.C31
1970
2-6
-------
School District Officials Face Problems in Dealing with TN93 0
Asbestos in their Schools; Report to the Chairman, .U54
Subcommittee on HUD-Independent Agencies, Committee 1984
on Appropriations, House of Representatives.
Washington, D.C : General Accounting Office, 1985.
Schreler, H. and J. Taylor. Asbestos Fibers in Receiving
Waters. Vancouver, Canada : Inland Waters Director-
ate, Pacific and Yukon Region, Water Quality Branch,
C1980.
DOC
0044S1
Schreler, H. and J. Taylor. Variations and Mechanism of
Asbestos Fiber Distribution in Stream Water. Van-
couver, Canada
Inland Waters, c!981.
GB651
.C34
No. 118
Selikoff, Irving J. et al., Asbestos and Disease. New
York, NY : Academic Press, c!978.
RC775
.A8C38
1984
Selikoff, Irving J. Disability Compensation for Asbestos-
Associated Disease in the United States; Report to
the U.S. Department of Labor. New York, NY., Environ-
mental Sciences Laboratory, Mount Sinai School of
Medicine, c!981.
RA1121
.Se
Selikoff, Irving J. and Cuyler E. Hammond.
of Asbestos Exposure. New York, NY :
Sciences, c!979.
Health Hazards Qll
Academy of .N5
Shreve, M. Virginia. Bibliography of Selected Reports
on Electron Microscopy and Its Use in Monitoring
Asbestos. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1980.
QH212
.E4S56
Small, John and Eric Steel. Asbestos Standards; Material QC100
and Analytical Methods; Proceedings of the NBS/ .U57
EPA Asbestos Standards Workshop held at the National No. 619
Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, MD. October 1-3,
1980.Washington, D.C. : U.S. G.P.O., 1982.
Thompson, Ronald M. Procedure for Examination of Water GB1029
and Sediment Samples fo - Total Asbestos Friable .T25
Count by Electron Microscopy. Burlington, Ont. : No. 94
Inland Waters Directorate, Canada Centre for Inland
Waters, 1976.
2-7
-------
Wagner, J.C. Biological Effects of Mineral Fibres; Pro-
ceed omgs pf a Symposium Organized by IARC. Lyon,
France : International Agency for Research on Cancer.
1980.
RC267
.A1I5
Webber, James S. Analytical Methods for Identifying and
Measuring Asbestos in Environmental Samples. Albany,
NY : New York State Department of Health, 1981.
DOC
NY HE-95: 13
Whipple, Harold E. Biological Effects of Asbestos. New
York, NY : New York Academy of Science, c!965.
Williams, William David. Fresh Water Isopods (Asel-
lidae) of North America. Washington, D.C. :
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1972.
Oil
.N5
V.132 Prt.l
QL391
.A6K53
Workplace Exposure to Asbestos; Review and Recommen-
dations. Washington, D.C. : National Institute
for Occupational Safety and Health, U.S. Department
of Health and Human Services, 1980.
RA1231
.A8W92
World Health Organization. Control of Ascariasis; Re-
port of a Who Expert Committee.
Health Orginization, c!967.
Geneva: World
RA8
.A25
No.379
Zielhais, R. L. Public Health Risks of Exposure to
Asbestos; Report of Working Group of Experts.
Elmsford, NY : Pergamon Press, 1977.
RA1231
.A8P8
1977
Zumwalde, Ralph D. and John M. Dement. Review and
Evaluation of Analytical Methods for Environmental
Studies of Fibrous Particulate Exposures. Cincinnati,
OH : Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
1977.
RC967
.Z78
2-8
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III. ARTICLES, PROCEEDINGS AND OTHER REPORTS
-------
"Asbestos." Clean Air. Vol. 13, No. 2, 1983 , p. 57. (EN)
Asbestos was once considered a health risk only for asbestos
workers. Now it is a known potential hazard to the health
of many segments of the general population. Exposure to
asbestos dust and fibers can result in asbestosis, cancer,
and roesothelioma. OSHA has established limits for worker
exposure to this substance. EPA has prohibited virtually
all uses of sprayed asbestos materials, and is continuing
research on its health effects.
The Asbestos Dilemma: Detection, Regulatory Options, and Statis-
tical Approaches to Identification." Hypotenuse. July-August
1983. pp. 10-19. (EN)
The EPA regulations that took effect in June 1983 require
that school buildings be inspected for the presence of friable
asbestos. Since the late 1970s, asbestos-containing materials
have been removed from thousands of schools. Although the
substance is known to be toxic, no one knows for sure what
risks are associated with low levels of exposure. The cost
effectiveness of several alternatives for regulating asbestos
is discussed. A discussion of statistical approaches to
identification and asbestos hot-lines are included.
Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act of 1979." Sen.
Comm. Labor Human Relations Hearings. 96 Con. 2, March 17,
1980. (EN)
Hearings were held to receive testimony on the proposed
Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act of 1979. S.
1658 would establish a program for the inspection of schools
to detect the presence of asbestos, and provide loans to
states or local educational agencies to replace it with other
building materials. The extent of asbestos contamination
in U.S. schools and other buildings was estimated, and the
potential human health effects of excessive asbestos exposure
were reported. Testimony was received from Sen. Jacob Javits
(D-NY), Sen. Clairborne Pell (D-RI), and Representatives
from the National Institute of Environmental Health, New York
City Board of Education, and Mount Sinai School of Medicine.
Memoranda and related documents are transcribed.
Baldwin, C. C. e_t al. "Asbestos in Colorado Schools." Public
Health Report. Vol. 97, No. 4, ujly-August 1982, pp. 325-331.
(ME)
3-2
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III. ARTICLES, PROCEEDINGS AND OTHER REPORTS
The citations are listed in alphabetical order by author's
last name, or if there is no author, by title.
The abstracts for the following material are either quoted
directly from the article, or are from a database that indexes
it. Abstracts quoted from a database are followed by a two-letter
abbreviation that identifies the source. These databases and their
abbreviations are listed below.
(EB) Environmental Bibliography
Environmental Studies Institute
2740 Alameda Padre Serra
Santa Barbara, CA 93103
(EN) Enviroline
Environmental Information Center, Inc.
292 Madison Avenue
New York, NY 10017
(ER) ERIC Processing and Reference Facility
4833 Rugby Avenue, Suite 303
Bethesda, MD 20014
(ME) Medline
Medlars Management Section
National Library of Medicine
8600 Rockville Pike
Bethesda, MD 20209
(NT) National Technical Information Service
U. S. Department of Commerce
5285 Port Royal Road
Springfield, VA 22161
(PA) Pollution Abstracts
Cambridge Scientific Abstracts
5161 River Road
Bethesda, MD 20816
(PS) Public Affairs Information Service, Inc.
11 West 40th Street
New York, NY 10018
(OS) Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Technical Information Branch
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
4676 Columbia Parkway
Cincinnati, OH 45226
-------
Forty-one public schools in Colorado were drawn at random and
surveyed for asbestos-containing materials. After bulk samples
of possible asbestos materials from the schools were collected
and analyzed, the K2 asbestos screening test was used to
eliminate samples that did not contain asbestos. Samples with
positive results on the K2 test were analyzed by an outside
laboratory by polarized light microscopy. The risk of potential
exposure presented by these materials was then assessed for
each site from which a sample was taken. Of 113 samples
collected, results were negative for asbestos for only 10.6
percent by the K2 test. Of the 101 samples for which results
were positive, 56 actually contained 1 or more forms of
asbestos. Twelve of these 56 samples were from sprayed
material; the remaining 44 were from other materials
containing asbestos. Of the 41 schools sampled, 31 had
asbestos materials in one of more locations. The potential
exposure values for these materials ranged from very low to
very high, but the majority had high-exposure potentials.
Estimates based on the survey of the 41 schools indicated
that 63 to 89 percent of the public schools in Colorado have
asbestos materials that present potentially serious hazards,
not only to the children, teachers, and staff, but also to
members of the community who use the school buildings after
regular school hours.
Becker, Susan. "Asbestos in the Classroom." Instructor. Vol.
94, No. 3, October 1984. pp. 122-123. (ER)
Thousands of schools contain dangerous asbestos which
threatens the safety of students and teachers. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency can be contacted to inspect and
advices on this problem. Suggestions are offered for school
personnel who suspect their school may contain asbestos.
Bozzelli, Joseph W., Russell, Joel J. "Airborne Asbestos Levels
in Several School Buildings Before and After Bulk Asbestos
Removal." International Journal of Environmental Studies.
Vol. 20, No. 1, November, 1982. pp. 27-30. (EN)
Airborne particulate samples were collected in several public
schools before and after friable asbestos-containing insulation
material had been removed from ceilings. Transmission elec-
tron microscopy with selected area electron diffraction tech-
niques facilitated fiber identification and counting. Asbestos
fiber concentrations in indoor air were in the range 5-40 mg/M3
before insulation removal. Measurements made one week after
removal showed reductions of 56-90%.
3-3
-------
Brown, Arnold L., et al. "The Reliability of Measures of Amphibole
Fiber Concentration in Water." Environmental Research. Vol. 12,
No. 210, October 1976, pp. 150-161. (EN)
Water samples from communities adjoining and from Lake
Superior, Minn., itself are examined in eight laboratories by
electron microscopy to determine the concentration of amphibole
fibers. Exact measurements between and among laboratories
differed, although the relative variability among laboratories
was reasonably uniform. To compare precisely concentrations
of amphiboles at two sites or under two different sets of
circumstances, two provisions must be fulfilled: All measure-
ments must be made in the same laboratory using the same
equipment and the same technician; and several aliquots of
each water sample must be examined independently.
Browne, R. C. "The Newcastle Papers in Industrial Medicine Over
the Last 21 Years." British Journal of Industrial Medicine.
Vol. 25, 1968, pp. 187-195. (ME)
A review of the papers published by the Chair of Industrial
Health in Newcastle upon Tyne shows that research on industrial
lung disease has gradually shifted from coal to beryllium,
asbestos, and antimony. Coal miners with nystagmus were shown
to be similar to miners without the disease but psychologically
less stable. Decompression sickness has also become an im-
portant interest, and studies were conducted on lead poisoning
in shipbreakers and smelters, vanadium poisoning in fitters
and gasmakers, teeth decalcification in a fruit salt factory,
noise levels in a glassblowing school and in several power
stations, and the thermal decomposition of protective coatings
and welding rods.
Carter, Luther J. "Asbestos: Trouble in the Air from Maryland
Rock Quarry." Science. July 15, 1977. Vol. 197, No. 4300,
pp. 237-241. (EN)
During recent months, a growing number of affluent residents
in Montgomery County, Md., have been in an uproar over what
they perceive as a serious possibility of a long-term cancer
threat. Crushed stone containing possibly dangerous con-
centrations of asbestos fibers has been produced for some
years at a large quarry near Rockville. The asbestos-bearing
stone has been used, often in a dusty, unbound form, in
surfacing roads, school playgrounds, and park areas, not to
mention private driveways and parking lots. The controversy
over use of the materials and potential health dangers is
expla ined.
-------
Castleman, B. I., Vera Vera, M. J. "Impending Proliferation of
Asbestos." International Journal of Health Service. Vol. 10,
No. 3, 1980, pp. 389-403. (ME)
The international asbestos industry is under considerable
pressure in some countries to control dust exposures in the
workplace and restrict pollution. In addition, major firms
in the United States face mounting compensation costs for
past failures to protect asbestos workers. At the same time,
however, the asbestos industry is expanding in developing
nations, largely on the strength of sales of asbestos-cement
construction materials. This report describes problems
encountered with the use of asbestos-cement in schools and
low-income housing in Puerto Rico, resulting in the condem-
nation of these buildings and the relocation of over 1,000
families at public expense. The manufacturer of the asbestos-
cement panels, a Colombian affiliate of the European-based
multinational Eternit, escaped all liability. The issue is
presented as a needless, expanding threat to public health
worldwide. Safe, economic alternatives exist, such as the
use in some cases of crop waste fibers in place of asbestos
as a cement binder. There have also been major advances in
the commercialization of asbestos-free brake and clutch
friction products.
Chadwick, D. C., et al. "Airborne Asbestos in Colorado Public
Schools." Environmental Research. Vol. 36, No. 1, February
1985, p. 1-31. (ME)
Levels of airborne asbestos for six Colorado public school
facilities with sprayed-on asbestos materials were documented
using three analytical techniques. Phase contrast microscopy
showed levels up to the thousandths of a fiber per cubic
centimeter (f/cc), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) up to
the hundredths of a f/cc, and transmission electron microscopy
coupled to selected area electron diffraction and energy
dispersive X-ray analysis (TEM-SAED-EDXA) up to the tenths of
an asbestos f/cc. Phase contrast microscopy was found to be
an inadequate analytical technique for documenting the levels
of airborne asbestos fibers in the schools: only large fibers
which were not embedded in the filter were counted, and asbestos
fibers were not distinguished from nonasbestos.
Charette, Mike J. "Arizona's School Asbestos Program." Journal
of Environmental Health. Vol. 45, No. 3, November-December
1982 , pp. 135-137. ( EB )
-------
The state of Arizona Dept. of Education operates a successful
program to remove asbestos-containing building materials from
schools. (Drawing from the expertise of the Dept. of Health
Services, Bureau of Environmental Hygiene and Sanitation,
Bureau of Waste Control, and eliciting cooperation of school
officials). Includes an asbestos detection/control flow chart.
"Controlling Asbestos in Schools." EPA Journal. Vol. 5, No. 7,
July-August 1979. pp. 20-21. (PA)
Although the degree of risk to pupils in schools is not
quantified, federal and state governments are establishing
programs to help educators check for asbestos-containing
materials in the schools and to correct hazardous conditions.
Funds are currently being appropriated for school inspections
and repairs. Medical research has attributed lung cancer,
asbestosis, mesothelioma, and gastrointestinal cancer to regular
exposures to asbestos. Asbestos-containing materials have
been sprayed on walls, ceilings, structural components, and
pipes in many schools. An estimated 10,000 of the nation's
90,000 schools contain asbestos materials. An EPA-sponsored
program established to help correct the problem includes a survey
form to be filled out by school officials that will help
determine the extent of exposure and the ability of state and
local officials to correct problems encountered.
Dekany, John D. "School Asbestos Control Program." EPA. Presented
at National Environmental Health Association 43rd Annual Educa-
tional Confrence. Charleston, June 23-28, 1979. p. 8A(9).
(EN)
Drayton, William. "America's Toxic Protection Gap: The Collapse
of Compliance with the Nation's Toxic Laws (American's Toxic
Protection Gap: An Overview). Environmental Safety Report,
PI (16), July 1984. (EN)
The collapse of compliance with the nation's toxic protection
laws enacted largely in the 1970's is reviewed. Millions of
Americans live with one of the roughly 8,000 active and 22,000-
35,000 abandoned hazardous waste sites, and there are 70,000
underground storage tanks at local gas stations and other
facilities leaking and probably polluting groundwater that
half of all Americans use for cooking and drinking. The
Reagan Administration's goal of cutting back on regulation
is partly responsible for the 80% noncompliance found in laws
on water, hazardous waste, asbestos in schools, and probably
air.
-------
In an attempt to control for the urban effect, geographic
gradient and socioeconomic class, each county in the United
States with asbestos deposits was matched for percent of area
that was urban and for median years in school with two
nearby counties that did not have known asbestos deposits.
The study of cancer mortality rates in these matched counties
provides no evidence that naturally-occuring asbestos, primarily
chrysotile and amphibole, is a great hazard to the general
population of counties with asbestos deposits.
Fodero, Severio D. "Removal and Disposal of An Environmental
Carcinogen: Asbestos." Journal of Environmental Health.
Vol. 40, No. 3, November-December 1977. pp. 133-137. (ER)
This article details the removal and disposal of asbestos
ceiling material in a Yale University building. The removal
process utilized a water and wetting agent technique used by
firefighters and the debris disposal was in a sanitary land-
fill, following federal regulations for the handling of
hazardous materials.
Henderson, William J., et al. "Analysis of Particles in Stomach
Tumors from Japanese Males." Environmental Research. Vol. 9,
No. 3, June 1975. pp. 240-250. (EN)
The particulate material present in stomach tumors removed
from Japanese males is analyzed. An extraction-replication
technique used in association with electron microscope-
microanalysis provides evidence for the presence in tumor
tissue of kaolin, talc, aluminum and calcium silicates, and
some types of asbestos fibers.
Ingram, John D. "Insurance Coverage Problems in Latent Disease
and Injury Cases." Environmental Law. Vol. 12, No. 2, Winter
1982, pp. 3 17-362. (EN)
The anticipated flood of litigation from latent disease
claims-stemming from initial exposure to a toxic substance-
will impact the financial health of insurance companies and
certain industries. The basis for imposing liability on
asbestos manufacturers and distributors for asbestos-related
disease is examined. There is general agreement that disease
occurrence may be a gradual process, though the unspecified
time of the disease-triggering mechanism obfuscates the
obligations of health insurers. Rules of construction for
insurance policies are delineated.
3-8
-------
Elias, J. D. "Dry Removal of Asbestos." American Industrial Hygiene
Association Journal. Vol. 42, No. 8, 1981. pp. 624-625. (PA)
A method for the dry removal of friable asbestos has been
developed. The Workplace Safety and Health Branch in Manitoba's
Labour and Manpower Department and Power Vac Manitoba Limited
have cooperated in the production of an improved procedure. It
was employed for the first time in the fall of 1979 when the
Industrial Hygiene Section was asked for advice about removal of
asbestos from a Winnipeg school division warehouse. Fans were
used to maintain the work area under negative pressure to prevent
the spread of asbestos throughout the building. The exhaust air
was filtered to prevent environmental contamination, and special
precautions were taken to protect workers.
Enterline, Philip E. "Extrapolation from Occupational Studies:
A Substitute for Environmental Epidemiology." Environmental
Health Perspectives. Vol. 42, December 1981. pp. -39-45. (ME)
Three linear models - based on data from the U.S., Canada,
and the U.K. - for extrapolating occupational data to general
environmental exposures are described. The models are applied
to asbestos exposures resulting from heat shields in hair
dryers and asbestos exposures in public school buildings;
cancer mortality from these exposures are predicted. Linear
models are compared to a curvilinear dose-response curve which
shows little response at low levels of exposure. Asbestos
exposure in school buildings poses more of a risk than hair
dryers.
Faich, G. A. "Asbestos Hazard Evaluation in Rhode Island Schools."
American Journal of Public Health. Vol. 70, No. 2, February
1980, pp. 162-164. (EN)
Asbestos (1332214) hazards were studied in 326 Rhode Island
public and private schools built between 1950 and 1973. The
presence of spray-on asbestos was confirmed in 24 schools; of
these, the material in 15 schools showed no visible deterioration
but was classified as a potential hazard. Five schools had
areas of minor deterioration, and four schools had major overt
asbestos hazards. Hazard abatement for these schools involved
removing the material, applying sealants, or both.
Fears, T. R. "Cancer Mortality and Asbestos Deposits." American
Journal of Epidemiology. Vol. 104, No. 5, November 1976,
pp. 523-526. (ME)
3-7
-------
"International Toxicity Update." Dangerous Properties of Industrial
Materials Report. Vol. 3, No. 6, November-December 1983, pp.
13-21. (EN)
Research conducted and standards issued in various nations
concerning human exposures to toxic substances are examined.
Safeguards necessary to prevent the accumulation of dangerous
carbon monoxide concentrations in car parks were outlined in
the U.K. EPA has issued regulations for reducing risks to
human health from exposure to asbestos-containing materials
in school buildings. A comprehensive body of information on
detection, fate, and biological effects of chromium in the
environment has been published by API. Other international
activities surveyed focus on chloroform, the pesticide
dibromochloropropane, PCS, paraquat dichloride, aerosols,
and ethylene glycol monoalkyl ethers.
Irving, K. F. , e_t al. "Asbestos Exposure in Massachusett' s Public
Schools." American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal. Vol.
41, No. 4, April 1980. pp. 270-276. (OS)
Asbestos exposures in 1,425 Massachusetts public schools
were evaluated by walk-through inspections, review of
construction records, questionnaires distributed to school
officials, and bulk and air sample analysis. All of the
target schools had been built or had had major construction
done between 1946 and 1973. Responses to the questionnaires
were received from only 27.4 percent of the target schools,
and many contained inaccurate samples, 173 contained asbestos.
Most air samples contained less than 0.04 asz7c fibers per
cubic centimeter (fibers/cc). Samples from four schools
contained 0.06 to 0.16 fibers/cc. The asbestos material in
these schools was badly damaged. For 49 of the schools with
documented asbestos exposures, control actions were
recommended.
Julian, Y., and W. C. McCrone. "Identification of Asbestos
Fibers by Microscopical Dispersion Staining". Microscope
Vol. 18, No. 1, April 1970. pp. 1-11. (OS)
The McCrone dispersive staining technique, based on the focal
screening method of Cherkasov, was tested for identification
of chrysotile (12001295), amosite (12172735), crocidolite
(12001284), actinolite (12172677), tremolite (60649538) and
anthophyllite (17068789) asbestos fibers. Axial illuminat
-------
liquid that gave matching wavelengths in the region near 550
nanometers. The matching wavelengths were plotted against
the number of samples to obtain the range of colors for a
given type of asbestos. A polarized microscope was not re-
quired, however, more definite data obtained with polarized
light could eventually permit identification of the mine
from which each asbestos sample came. The authors conclude
that asbestos can be identified by dispersion staining, but
more work is needed.
Kannerstein, M., et al. "Pathogenic Effects of Asbestos."
Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine. Vol. 101, No. 12
December 1977. pp. 623-628. (ME)
The enormous increase in the use of asbestos during this
century has necessitated the intensive study of its pathogenic
effects. The occurrence of pulmonary parenchymal and pleural
fibres is and an increased prevalence of pulmonary and
gastrointestinal carcinoma and of pleural and peritoneal
mesothelioma have been established. A relationship, also, to
laryngeal carcinoma is probable. Mesothelioma has been
associated with indirect occupational, domestic, and neighbor-
hood exposure, and the possibility of a similar correlation
of pulmonary carcinoma with low exposure has been suggested.
Pulmonary fibrosis and pleural plaques have been demonstrated
under these circumstances. The physical characteristics of
the asbestos fiber appear to be the principal factors in its
carcinogenic action. The ability of fine, short fibers,
especially fragmented chrysotile, to reach the pleura would
appear to account for many of the pathogenetic and anatomical
features of asbestos-related disease.
Kannerstein, M. "Recent Advance and Perspectives Relevant to the
Pathology of Asbestos - Related Diseases in Man." presented at
International Agency for Research on Cancer Biological Effects of
Mineral Fibers Symposium, Lyon, France September 25-27, 1979.
Vol. 1, pp. 149-163. (EN)
Technical feature the pathological contribution of asbestos
fibers to occupational diseases is discussed. The morphology
of lesions and pathological diagnosis is surveyed. Current
studies focusing on the relationship between asbestos exposure
and the incidence of mesothelioma, carcinoma, asbestosis, and
other malignancies are examined. Areas for further research,
including the refinement of analytical techniques and instru-
ments, are summarized.
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Knapp, Elaine S. "Asbestos: Still a Danger in Schools." State
Government News. Vol. 27, No. 3, March 1984. pp. 4-9. (EN)
The use of asbestos materials in school buildings was common
from the mid-1940s until EPA banned sprayed asbestos in 1973.
The agency requires schools to inspect for the material and
notify parents and employees of asbestos hazards; no removal
or abatement is required by EPA. However, a recent EPA report
found that many schools did not meet its June 1983 deadline
for asbestos detection, recordkeeping, and notification. The
problem is attracting national attention.
Koch, Kathy. "Congress Ready to Examine Asbestos Compensation
Issue; But Regulation Lags." Congressional Quarterly Weekly
Report. Vol. 40, Feburary 6, 1982. pp. 204-205. (PS)
Lang, R. D. "Asbestos in Schools: Low Marks for Government Action."
Environment. Vol. 26, No. 9, pp. 14-20, 1984. (PA)
The problem of asbestos in the U.S. public schools gives every
indication of being one of the most pervasive issues in the
area of toxic torts in the years to come. The health hazards
caused by exposure to asbestos result in a host of wide-ranging
environmental, political, and legal questions of every grade
and order, many of which have not been finally determined.
For the most part, the attention has been on asbestos as the
cause of some occupational diseases, and has specifically
centered on the exposure of asbestos workers who inhaled the
fibers. This article will outline another subject upon which
increased focus may reasonably be expected: the significant
health problems, the full impact of which will not be felt for
years to come, caused by the presence of asbestos materials in
American schools.
Langer, A. M, Pooley, F. D. "Identification of Single Asbestos
Fibres in Human Tissues." Presented at International Agency
for Research on Cancer Conference, Lyon, October 2-6, 1972. pp.
119-126. (EN)
Preparative techniques developed for the localization,
characterization, and identification of single asbestos fibers
in human tissues are discussed. By utilizing the carbon
extraction technique, standard histologic sections may be
prepared; they can be examined with the transmission electron
-------
microscope and the electron microprobe analyzer. All asbestos
fiber types may be differentiated and identified on the basis
of morphological, structural, and chemical data."
Lee, Douglas H. K., Selikoff, Irving J. "Historical Background to
the Asbestos Problem." Environmental Research. April 1979.
Vol. 18, No. 2, pp. 300-315. (EN)
The history of asbestos use and associated environmental
hazards from 2500 B.C. to the present is surveyed. Asbestos
was used in the manufacture of pottery and clothing. Additional
uses of the mineral were discovered from 1600 to the present,
including the production of yarn and paper. Mining and pro-
duction of asbestos has led to recognition of the mineral's
carcinogenic properties.
Le Guen, J. M., Brudett, G. "Asbestos Concentrations in Public
Buildings - A Preliminary Report." Annals of Occupational
Hygiene. Vol. 24, No. 2, 1981, pp. 185-189. (PA)
Concentrations of asbestos (1332214) in various public
buildings was determined. Using several sampling and
analytical methods, airborne asbestos concentrations
were measured in four schools, two other educational
institutions, five houses, a television studio, and a
theater. Asbestos containing building materials had
been used at all of the test sites. Airborne asbestos
concentrations all were less than 0.000000009 gram per
cubic meter. At some sites, damage to the asbestos
building materials was noted, and exposed fibers were
visible.
Lemegh, C., et al. "Epidemiology of Mesothelioma in Israel.
Environmental Research. Vol. 12, No. 2, October. 1976.
pp. 255-232. (EN)
The distribution of the mesothelioma cases in Israel
during 1960-72 and factors determining the incidence of
the disease are discussed. Percentage distribution ac-
cording to age, sex, and site of tumor; survival time
according to tumor site; age-specific rates according to
country of origin; annual incidence per year by district
of residence, by number of inhabitants in residence area
and by comparison to percentage in Canda, ^he U.K. and
Israel; and percentage distribution according to asbestos
exposure history and occupation are listed.
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Martin, B., et al. "Asbestos Abatement in Oklahoma Schools."
NIOSH, Grant No. 1 OH-01049-01, 24p., September 1980. (ER)
Information for the removal or encapsulation of asbestos
(1332214) from public schools is presented. The necessary
notifications, permits, protective equipment, training, air
monitors and medical examinations are outlined. Requirements
for emergency evacuation plans, caution signs, inspections,
ventilation, wall and floor protection and the isolation of
contaminated areas are discussed. Approved protective equip-
ment, contractors and supplemental materials are listed.
Martischnig, K. M., et al. "Unsuspected Exposure to Asbestos and
Bronchogenic Carcinoma." British Medical Journal. (6063), 19,
March 1977, p. 746-755. (ME)
Two hundred and fifty men admitted to a thoracic surgical
centre and matched controls were questioned in detail about
their smoking habits. Of 201 men with confirmed bronchial
carcinoma 58 gave a history of occupational exposure to
asbestos, whereas only 29 out of 201 men matched for age and
residential area who were admitted with other diseases gave
such a history. This difference was statistically highly
significant. The usual association of bronchial carcinoma
with heavy smoking was observed, but asbestos exposure
increased the risk of carcinoma whatever the level of smoking.
These results are consistent with the hypothesis that asbestos
exposure and the level of smoking act independently in causing
bronchial carcinoma. The patients with carcinoma who had been
exposed to asbestos presented on average three years earlier
than those who had not been exposed. Asbestos regulations
have eliminated the risk of exposure to workers in scheduled
industries, so asbestos-induced diseases will probably be
increasingly found among the many workers who have had
incidental exposure to asbestos. It is therefore important
to take a full occupational history.
McCrone, W.C. "Detection and Identification of Asbestos by
Microscopical Dispersion Staining." Environmental Health
Perspectives. Vol. 9, December 1974. pp. 57-61. (OS)
Asbestos fibers as small as 1 micron in diameter can be
uniquely identified by light microscopy by employing dispersion
staining methods. The technique described herein involves
SMSpension of fibers in liquids of known refractive indices
and observation of color display by means of dispersion staining
objective. Wavelengths or indices of refraction may be deter-
mined at right angles to and parallel to fiber axes. This
method is rapid and sensitive for identification purposes.
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McCrone, W. W. "Evaluation of Asbestos in Insulation."
American Laboratory. Vol. 11, No. 12, December 1979. (OS)
Guidelines for asbestos (1332214) sampling in United States
schools are presented. Techniques for identifying the com-
position of insulation, soundproofing, a.id other building
materials are discussed. Microscopic equipment used for
fiber differentiation and quantitative chemical assessments
are reviewed. Environmental Protective Agency (EPA) recom-
mendations for friable materials sampling, preliminary analy-
sis procedures to assure inclusion of principal fibers, and
for polarized light microscopy for amphibole and serpentine
identification are included. The physical properties of
various asbestiform minerals and representative slides of 15
minerals are given along with appropriate slide preparation
techniques.
McDonald A.D. "Malignant Mesothelioma in Quebec." Presented at
International Agency for Research on Cancer Biological Effects
of Mineral Fibers Symposium, Lyon. September 25-27. 1979.
Vol. 2, pp. 673-681. (EN)
Technical feature all known, fatal cases of mesothelioma
from 1960-78 in Quebec are reviewed. Of the 254 mesotheliomas
registered, 181 occurred in males and 73 in females. About
40% of the male cases were attributed to occupational asbes-
tos exposure; only 5.4% of female cases had been exposed
occupationally. Intervals between first employment and death
from mesothelioma were longer for miners and millers than
for manufacturing workers. Evidence from this survey supports
the view that mesothelioma risk after exposure to crocidolite
is many times greater than that after chrysotile exposure.
McDonald, J. C. "Asbestos-Related Disease: An Epidemiological
Review." Presented at International Agency for Research on
Cancer Biological Effects of Mineral Fibres Symposium, Lyon,
September 25-27, 1979. Vol. 2. pp. 587-602. (EN)
Evidence of the relationship between asbestos and specific
diseases is culled from various cohort and epidemiological
studies. The incidence of lung cancer and mesothelioma is
related to fiber type, duration of exposure, and synergistic
interactions with cigarette smoking. The risk of mesothelioma
after chrysotile exposure appears small. Areas for future
research, including the etiology of pleuial calcification and
the standardization of analytical tests, are identified.
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Murphy, D. C. and L. D. Reed. "Health Hazard Evaluation Report
No. HETA 82-193-1222, Western Hill Post Office, Cincinnati,
Ohio." National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health,
Cincinnati, Ohio, 8p. November 1982. (NT)
In April, 1982, NIOSH made an on-site inspection of the
Western Hills Post Office, Cincinnati, Ohio, in response
to a request for a health hazard evaluation. Workers
expressed concern about four cases of lymphoma which had
reportedly occurred during the past 2 years among their labor
force. An analysis of medical records of the four workers
with cancer revealed only two to have lymphoma. There were
no apparent sources of chemical exposure at the worksite.
Environmental sampling revealed no airborne organic vapors
or particulate heavy metals in excess of OSHA Standards or
NIOSH-Recommended Standards. Ceiling material contained no
asbestos. Analysis of questionnaire and industrial hygiene
data failed to demonstrate any existing hazardous condition
at the worksite which might be associated with the verified
cases of lymphoma. The cause or causes of the illness
remains unknown, but it is unlikely that the lymphomas were
related to work at the post office.
"New Study Shows States Not Regulating, Funding School Asbestos
Cleanup." AFL-CIO/CLC Service Employees International Union
Newsrelease. April 3, 1984. (EN)
A new study released by the Union shows little is being done
at the state level to combat asbestos contamination of schools.
This expensive cleanup undertaking is being advocated to
reduce the future incidence of asbestos-related diseases in
children and school workers. Although EPA regulations require
school districts to inspect for friable asbestos and report
findings. There are no regulations governing or mandating
removal activities. A lack of state funds and legislation
supporting asbestos removal is also noted.
Newhouse, Muriel L. "The Asbestos Industry and Statutory Control
of Its Hazards." Presented at International Agency for Research
on Cancer Carcinogenesis Risks Strategies Symposium, Lyon,
November 30 - December 2, 1977, pp. 59-71. (EN)
Described are the history of: the asbestos industry, recog-
nition of the association between asbestos and respiratory
disease, and control regulations in the U.K. The difficulties
in balancing the possible hazards of asbestos against its
useful properties, the cost of control measures, and the
availability of adequate substitutes are discussed.
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Nicholson, William J . , Łt_ al. "Asbestos Contamination in United
States' Schools from Use of Asbestos Surfacing Materials."
Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 330, 1979.
pp. 587-596. (OS)
Samples of surfacing materials used in schools throughout
the United States were analyzed for asbestos (1332214) con-
tent. In New Jersey schools, cafeterias, locker rooms, and
custodial or boiler rooms. Visual inspection and analysis
samples revealed three types of asbestos containing materials:
a loose, friable fibrous asbestos spray material, a moderately
dense asbestos spray material, and a plaster or textured paint
material with an asbestos binder. About 66 percent of the
schools with asbestos surfaces had some visible evidence of
damage to the mateial. X-ray diffraction confirmed the presence
of asbestos in sampled materials. Air samples were taken in 10
schools located in New Jersey, New York, and Massachusetts,
which had visible damage of asbestos materials. Samples were
collected on 0.8 micrometer pore size membrane filters and
analyzed for chrysotile (12001295) asbestos content using
electron microscopy. Chrysotile asbestos concentrations
ranged from 9 to 1,950 manograms per cubic meter (ng/cu om).
The author concludes that damaged asbestos containing material
increases asbestos air concentrations, and warns against the
long term exposure of children to asbestos concentrations
above lOOng/cu m.
Nicholson, William J., Pundsack, F. L. "Asbestos in the? Environment."
Presented at International Agency for Research on Cancer Con-
ference, Lyon, October 2-6, 1972, p. 126-131. (EM)
Sources from which asbestos may enter the ambient air and
water are discussed, methods of measuring small quantities of
asbestos are described, and data on the quantities found in
the atmosphere and in rivers are presented.
Nicholson, William J., et al. Environmental Asbestos Concentrations
in the United States." Presented at International Agency for
Research on Cancer Biological Effects of Mineral Fibres Symposium,
Lyon, Sept. 25-27, 1979. Vol. 2, pp. 823-828. (EN)
Worker exposure to asbestos in and around construction sites,
and asbestos distributions in ambient air of U.S. cities were
determined. Measurements of Chrysotile concentrations were
maue in buildings with asbestos-lined return air plenums and
damaged asbestos surfacing material. In houses of asbestos
workers, and around building where asbestos fireproofing
-------
material was sprayed on steelwork, significant asbestos con-
tamination was discovered: 43/89 air samples exceed 50
ng/cu m. Prompt appropriate control and remedial action is
recmmended.
Nicholson, William J. "Public Control of Lnvironmentai Health
Hazards (Regulatory Actions and Experiences in Controlling
Exposure to Asbestos in the United States.)" Annals of the
New York Academy of Sciences. Vol. 329, 1979, pp. 293-304.
(EN)
Historical regulatory efforts to control human exposure to
asbestos in the U.S. are reviewed with the passage of the
Occupational Safety and Health Act of 1971, significant changes
occurred. The principal manufacturers of asbestos products
undertook major dust control projects and were generally in
compliance with OSHA requirements. However, current occupational
standards must be reassessed in the light of newly available
data on asbestos health effects, including cancer, and workplace
environments must be controlled accordingly. Few standards
exist for the control of environmental asbestos exposures,
particularly those in buildings containing asbestos in friable,
thermal, fire, or acoustic insulation materials.
Nicholson, William J. "Toxic Substances: Background and Nature
of the Human Health Problem." Presented at Government
Institutes 1st Toxic Substances Law Seminar, Washington, D.C.,
December 9-10, 1976, pp. 63-70. (EN)
Problems associated with controlling toxic substances in
the workplace and in the environment are illustrated in a
discussion concerning asbestos. Data compiled by Irving
Selikoff of the Mount Sinai School of Medicine in New York
City showed the 30 year effects of relatively high asbestos
exposures for insulation workers, but recent experience has
indicated that much lower exposures can also produce disease.
Synergistic effects, vinyl chloride and chemical carcinogenesis,
and the lack of threshold data for humans are discussed.
Novick, Lloyd F., et al. "Asbestos in Vermont Schools: Findings
of a Statewide On-Site Investigation." American Journal of Public
Health. Vol. 71, No. 7, July 1981, p. 744. (EB)
"Pollution Topics." Environmental Health. Vol. 91, No. 12,
December 1983. p. 339. (EB)
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"Public Awareness of Asbestos Hazards Creating New Jobs." New York
Times. February 10, 1983, p. D4. (EN)
Asbestos abatement has emerged as a business in the wake of
public awareness of asbestos hazards. Asbestos was once a
popular insulating material, but it was banned as a building
material in 1973 because it causes lung disease. Asbestos
abatement involves stripping or sealing over-encapsulating
asbestos fibers. By June 27, 1983, all of the nation's public
schools must report the presence of asbestos under an EPA
ruling.
Reed, L. D. "Health Hazard Evaluation Report. No. HETA-82-
179-1154, Wilmington High School, Wilmington, Ohio." Hazard
Evaluations and Technical Assistance Branch, NIOSH, Cincinnati,
Ohio, 8 pages. August 1982. (NT)
Ceiling materials were evaluated for asbestos (1332214)
content in classrooms at Wilmington High School (SIC-8211),
Wilmington, Ohio, on April 9, 1982. The evaluation request
came from the business manager of the school on behalf of
2,200 students, teachers, and employees. Bulk samples of
ceiling materials and particulate air samples were analyzed.
The bulk samples indicated that eight of nine ceilings con-
tained 20 to 30 percent chrysotile asbestos. No asbestos
fibers were found in air samples. The author concludes that
students, teachers, and staff are not exposed to airborne
asbestos fibers. As long as the ceiling tiles remain uncom-
promised, no health hazard exists. If the integrity becomes
compromised, appropriate sealants should be used, and in
the event of installation or destruction of the ceilings,
protective equipment should be used.
Rohl, Arthur N. , e_t aJL. "Asbestos Exposure During Brake Lining
Maintenance and Repair." Environmental Research. Vol. 12,
No. 1, August 1976, pp. 110-129. (EN)
Data obtained on asbestos exposure of garage mechanics during
brake lining maintenance and repair work show that fiber con-
centrations frequently in excess of regulated limits are common.
The presence of chrysotile, which ranges from chrysotile in
both fiber and fibril form in air and brake drum dust samples,
and the chrysotile asbestos content of personal air samples
are measured by various techniques. While the types of measure-
ments correlate positively, the present technique of optically
counting asbestos fibers may considerably underestimate the levels
of total asbestos exposure.
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Rohl, A. N., et al. "Endemic Pleural Disease Associated with
Exposure to Mixed Fibrous Dust in Turkey." Science. Vo. 216,
No. 4545, April 30, 1982, pp. 518-521. (EN)
Such diseases as lung cancer, pleural mesothelioma, intersti-
tial parenchymal fibrosis, and pleural classification and
fibrosis were found in unusually high rates among the citizens
of certain villages in South-Central Turkey. Samples taken
from the environment and lung tissues showed the presence of
the fibrous zeolite mineral erionite. New test reveal the
presence of asbestos minerals to also be contributing factor.
Rohl, Authur N., et a. 1. "Environmental Asbestos Pollution Related
to Use of Quarried Serpentine Rock." Science. June 17. 1977.
Vol. 196, No. 4296, pp. 1319-1322. (EN)
Crushed serpentine quarried in Montgomery County, MD, has
been used extensively for paving roads and othr surfaces.
The mineral assemblage includes antigorite or lizardite as
well as chrysotile and tremolite. Air samples taken near
serpentine-paved roads show that chrysotile concentrations
are about 1000 times greater than those typically found in
urban ambient air in the U.S.
Ryckman, Mark D., et al. "Asbestos Control Program for Institu-
tional Facilities." Journal of Environmental Engineering-
American Society of Civil Engineering. Vol. 109, No. 2, April
1983 , pp. 275-289. (EN)
Asbestos-containing materials have been used in 20-50% of
the institution in the U.S. EPA estimates that between
100-6800 people may be expected to die prematurely of cancers
due to non-peak asbestos exposure at the prevailing levels in
schools.
Sawyer, Robert N. et al. "Airborne Fiber Control in Buildings
During Asbestos Material Removal by Amended Water in Methodology.
Environmental Research. Vol. 36, No. 1, Febrary 1985, pp. 46-
56. (EN)
Removal of friable asbestos material from buildings can cause
high levels of airborne contamination. The efficacy of control
methods recommended by EPA was evaluated by examination of 503
air samples obtained in 40 removal projects. The EPA-amended
water methodology, when effectively administered, can provide
a high decree of contamination control. Mean fiber levels in
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the work area were well below those of dry removal. The range
of fiber levels during removal was 0-37 fibers/cu cm.
Sawyer, Robert N. , Swoszowski, Jr. E. J. "Asbestos Abatement in
Schools: Observations and Experiences." Annals of the New York
Academy of Sciences. Vol. 330, 1979, pp. 765-776. (PA)
Technical, social, and political factors that affect the
performance of asbestos (1332214) abatement programs under-
taken in school buildings were discussed. Over 50 abatement
programs were evaluated, and in most cases the performance was
satisfactory.
Sawyer R. N. " Asbestos Exposure in a Yale Building - Analysis and
Resolution." Environmental Research. Vol. 13, No. 1, February
1977, pp. 146-169. (ME)
Over 500 air samples were obtained during surveillance,
experimentation, and asbestos removal. This report presents
data obtained from 200 samples examined to date and outlines
procedures used in the operaion.
Scheibla, Shirley Hobbs. "Heat On Asbestos: Legislative, Legal
Challenges to Producers Mount." Barrons, March 5, 1979. pp.
4-6. (EN)
About 800,000 tons of asbestos are used every year in 3,000
products for which no acceptable substitutes exist. Asbestos
dust particles are very sharp and, once in the lungs, are not
exhaled; these particles cause asbestosis and cancer. Armed
with diagnostic proof of asbestos-induced cancers, many workers
and their heirs are now suing industry. Litigation is broaden-
ing to include workers' families contaminated by handling work
clothing, and people who live downwind from asbestos plants.
Past and pending suits are discussed. Congress has directed
NIEHS to: estimate the risk of low level exposure and costs
of asbestos controls; determine if there are other fibers
that might cause problems similar to those of asbestos; and
survey schools for hazardous asbestos conditions.
Schmidt, William E. "Huge Cost of Removing Asbestos Daunts Schools."
New York Times. October 5, 1983. p. A2 1 . (EN)
A recent report by the U.S. Dept. of Education indicates
that it will cost about $1.4 billion to remove asbestos from
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14,000 private and public school buildings around the country.
Many school officials are alarmed about where they will be
able to find money to finance these renovations. Removal
costs are estimated to run about $100,000 per school building,
and a recent survey indicates that over half of the schools
in the U.S. have not yet identified and reported on asbestos-
containing buildings in their ares.
"School Asbestos Program." Journal of Iowa Medical Society.
Vol. 69, No. 6, June 1979, pp. 248-249. (ME)
Selikoff, Irving J. "Twenty Lessons form Asbestos." EPA Journal.
Vol. 10, No. 4, May 1984. pp. 21-25. (EN)
Occupational and non-occupational exposures to asbestos over
the last 60 years are manifest in the widespread incidence
of related diseases. There have been more than 100,000 deaths
related to this mineral, and another 350,000 are anticipated
before the effects of past exposures have run their course.
The observation of so much serious disease has led to increased
understanding of the circumstances in which it has occurred.
Lessons learned form past asbestos exposure concern theories
of latency, dose disease response, multiple factor inter-
action, disease with brief exposure, environmental persistence,
limitations of epidemiology, and other concepts and facts.
Silver, K. A. " Asbestos in School Buildings: Results of a Nation-
wide Survey." Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences.
Vol. 330, 1979. pp. 777-786. (PA)
Descriptions are given of the activities pursued by these
13 states. Other factors which are discussed include federal
involvement in the problem, issues surrounding an asbestos
exposure standard for school buildings, the cost of correcting
the problem, and public education on the situation. The
author presents a list of recommendations for the identification
and control of asbestos in school buildings that can be imple-
mented by both state and federal governments.
Skulas, I. M. " Health Risks Associated with Asbestos: An Instrument
to Facilitate Removal of Point Sources from the Secondary Labora-
tory." Dissertation Abstracts International Section A; Humanities
and Social Sciences. Vol. 43, NO. 7, 1983. (PA)
The EPA School Asbestos Program has tried to eliminate asbestos
found in school building materials. However, the program has
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comprised the experimental abatement materials. A sub-
ignored the many serious health threats posed by smaller,
individual ("point") asbestos sources prevalent in specialized
instructional areas (i.e. secondary chemistry laboratories).
An instrument was designed to provide laboratory asbestos
abatement guidance and magnify the usefulness of existing
general materials. A stratified, randomized, control group
post test only design assessed the tool's effectiveness. One
high seniority chemistry teacher from each secondary school
in a southeastern Michigan county was placed into either a
larger or smaller school category, predicated on athletic
class rating. Half of each category was combined to form a
control group which received general and asbestos materials.
The remaining members of each category sequent post test
assessed participant reaction to the materials.
Spooner, C. M. "Asbestos in Schools - A Public Health Problem."
New England Journal of Medicine. Vol. 301, No. 14, October 4,
pp. 782-783. (ME)
Stavisky, L. P. "State Responsibility for the Control of Asbestos
in the Schools." Journal of School Health. (United States).
Vol. 52, No. 8, August 1982, pp. 358-364. (ME)
Stupfel, Maurice, Madaleine Mordelet-Dambrine. "Penetration of
Carcinogens Through Respiratory Airways." Presented at Interna-
tional Agency for Research on Cancer/French National Institute
of Health & Medical Research Symposium on Environmental Pollution
& Carcinogenic Risks. Lyon, Nevember 3-5, 1975, pp. 61-73.
(EN)
Attempts made to explain lung carcinogenses is by physical
processes, enzymatic activation or inhibition, and physio-
logical and immunological reactions taking place during the
travel of the potential carcinogenic substance through the
respiratory airways are analyzed. Volatility and solubili-
ty determine the penetration of gases and aerosols in the
respiratory tract. Trace elements of fiber glass, metals,
and polycyclic hydrocarbons absorbed into the asbestos
fibers inhaled by factory workers may act as carcinogens.
Szendroi, M., et al. "Asbestos Bodies in a Bile Duct Cancer
After Occupational Exposure." Environmental Research. Vol. 30,
No. 2, April 1983, pp. 270-281. (EN)
Factor affecting a case of asbestos after five years of
occupational exposure are recounted. An autopsy revealed
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the presence of cholelithiasis and a cancer developing from
the cystic duct which were identified as a squamous cell
carcinoma. Short asbestos bodies and fragments were deter-
mined to have the same shape as those observed in the lungs.
The effects of asbestos exposure in ten carcinogenesis of
the observed bile duct cancer are discusses.
Whitwell, F., Muriel L. Newhouse and Diane R. Bennett. "A study
of the Histological Cell Types of Lung Cancer in Workers
Suffering from Asbestosis in the United Kingdom." British
Journal of Industrial Medicine. Vol. 31, No. 4, October.
1974. pp. 298-304. (EN)
(The predominant cell type of lung cancer in workers with
certified asbestosis who died of carcinoma of the lung in
the U.K. from 1962-72 is studied.) Clinical data, necropsy
reports, histological sections, and in some cases paraffin
blocks were obtained from the nine pneumoconiosis panels.
The difficulty in finding a comparable series of non-asbestos
-exposed individuals is pointed out. Cigarette smoking can
exert a carcinogenic effect on different parts of the
bronchial tree, producing squamous tumors proximally and
adenocarcinoma distally. Asbestos dust lying in distal parts
of the lung may exert a co-carcinogenic, probaly a multi-
plicative, effect with tobacco smoke, thus producing
adenocarcinoma of the distal part of the respiratory tract
in the country and from hospitals where the patients had been
treated.
Zimmet, Nancy. "Teachers Organize: Asbestos in the classroom."
Science for the People. Vol. 14, No. 5, September - October,
1982. pp!9-24. (EN)
In 1972 contractors used standard construction techniques to
build a new high school in Newton, MA. Standard procedures
included the spraying of asbestos on all internal support
structures. Over the few years following the spraying the
asbestos dried out as its dust contaminated the building's
air. Teachers organized the asbestos removal task force in
1973, and students and their parents joined. Public demon-
stations and marches helped the school to appropriate financ-
ing for enclosing the sprayed areas. In 1980, further public
appeals and campaigns led to the removal of asbestos from
the school.
Zurer, Pamela S. "Asbestos: The Fiber that's Panicking America."
Chemical & Engineering News. Vol. 63, No. 9, March 4, 1985, pp.
28-40.(EN)
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Anxiety over asbestos in buildings began to grow in earnest in
1984 when EPA started highly publicized efforts to enforce its
asbestos-in-school rule. Asbestos is also being taken out of
many private and public offices buildings. While the health
risks of breathing high amounts of asbestos fibers are clear,
the relationship between the amount of fiber inhaled and the
amount of disease is less certain. Problems inherent in
establishing dose-response curves, documenting exposure
measurements, and qualitative risk assessments are addressed.
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IV. FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND STATUTES
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IV. FEDERAL REGULATIONS AND STATUTES
The citations included here are taken from the Federal Register,
that contains announcements of the Federal regulations and legal
notices. These regulations were promulgated by several different
agencies, and all have to do with asbestos.
Rule: 40 CFR Part 33
Source: Federal Register.
p. 24876.
Vol. 50, No. 114, June 13, 1985,
EPA issues class deviation to provide that procurement protest
determinations by Asbestos Abatement (Schools) Program recipients
shall be subject to appeal to EPA only in cases relating to
noncompetitive practices between firms and organizational conflicts
of interest, affecting those recipients anticipating issuance of
notices to contractors to proceed during June-August 1985. Effective
June 13, 1985. See also additional class deviations reference public
notice of bid or RFP solicitations and small business contracting
(June 13 ).
Rule: 40 CFR Part 3 0
Source: Federal Register.
p. 24876.
Vol. 50, No. 114, June 13, 1985
EPA issues class deviation to permit Asbestos Abatement (Schools)
Program recipients to receive reimbursement for certain preagreement
costs. Effective June 13, 1985. Contact: Paul Wagner (202) 382-
5292 .
Rule: 40 CFR Part 32
Source: Federal Register.
p. 20210.
Vol. 50, No. 094, May 15, 1985,
EPA revises authorities under assistance programs debarment and
suspension regulations to include School Asbestos Abatement Program,
substitute avenue of internal administrative review to replace Bid
of Assistance Appeals, permit use of ordinary mail for case review
decision notification and eliminate unnecessary verbiage and
restructure content of section 32.207. Effective May 15, 1985.
Contact: Robert Meunier (202) 475-8028.
Proposed:
Source:
40 CFR Part 763
Federal Register.
p. 24552.
Vol. 49, No. 116, June 14, 1984
EPA proposes to grant Service Employees Intl Union (SEIU) request
abatement activities in schools and other buildings. Doc. No. OPTS-
211012C; TSH-FRL 2608-3 . Contact: Edward Klein (202) 544-1404.
A-t
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Proposed:
Source:
40 CFR Part 763
Federal Register.
p. 15094.
Vol. 49, No. 75, April 17, 1984
SPA to hold public meeting reference current options for asbestos
abatement in E&S schools and public buildings, pursuant to the EPA
response to Service Employees Intl Union (SEIU) petition (see
March 7, 1984, 49 FR 8450); May 7, 1984, 9 am, 330 Independence
Avenue SW, Washington, D. C., Doc. No. OPTS-21101A; TSH-FRL 2566-5,
Proposed:
Source:
40 CFR Part 763
Federal Register.
p. 8450.
Vol 49, No. 46, March 7, 1984
EPA responds to Service Employees Intl Union (SEIU), AFL-CIO, for
rulemaking proceedings reference the abatement of friable asbestos-
containing materials in public and private E&S (elementary and
secondary) schools, and public/commercial buildings, and the
inspection and abatement of these materials. EPA will continue
to gather information on the extent of compliance with cisbestos
standards, and its Technical Assistance Program (TAP) to assist
in detection. SEIU requests establishment of standards and
requirements for corrective actions when asbestos is found to be
hazardous. Comment deadline April 23, 1984. Meeting, May 7,
location to be announced. Doc. No. OPTS-211012. Contact: Jack
McCarthy (202) 554-1404.
Rule: . 40 CFR Part 763
Source: Federal Register.
p. 38535.
Vol. 47, No. 170, September 1, 1982
EPA corrects provision in regulation requiring schools to be
inspected for building materials containing asbestos to add
equivalent estimation method for determining amount of cisbestos
in bulk samples. Effective June 28, 1982. Doc. No. OPTS-61004C.
Rule: 40 CFR Part 763
Source: Federal Register. Vol. 47, No. 103, May 27, 1982,
p. 23360.
EPA requires public and private secondary and elementary schools
to inspect and identify friable asbestos-containing building
materials in order to correct potential for exposure to airborne
asbestos. Requires schools to keep records and notify employees
on ways to reduce exposure. Consultation with EPA regional
asbestos coordinators is encouraged. Effective June 28, 1982.
Compliance by educational agencies by May 27. Doc. No. 61004B.
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Rule: 34 CFR Part 230 & 231
Source: Federal Register. Vol. 46, No. 11, January 16, 1981,
p. 4536.
"Department of Education makes available grants to LEAs and SEAs
to identify and correct asbestos hazards in schools pursuant to
Asbestos School Hazard Detection and Control Act (45 FR 61950).
Rule: 40 CFR Part 763
Source: Federal Register. Vol. 46, No. 8, January 13, 1981,
p. 3 03 3 .
"EPA correction to proposal reducing risk of exposure to asbestos-
containing materials in school. Doc. No. OPTS-61004A."
Proposed: 40 CFR Part 763
Source: Federal Register. Vol. 45, No. 182, September 17, 1980,
p. 61966.
"
EPA to require all public and private elementary and secondary
schools to identify friable asbestos-containing materials in school
buildings, pursuant to PL 96-270, Asbestos School Hazard Protection
and Control Act. Discusses history, definitions, test procedures,
etc; forms and guides throughout. Schedules hearing; November 17,
1980, 9 am, HHH Building, Washington, D.C. Comment deadline
November 3, 1980. Doc. No. OPTS 61004."
Rule: 34 CFR Parts 230 & 231
Source Federal Register. Vol. 45, No. 182, September 17, 1980,
p. 61950.
"Department of Education to implement PL 96-270, Asbestos School
Hazard Detection and Control Act: makes available federal grants to
LEAs and SEAs, for identifying hazards in school buildings and
interest-free loans to LEAs to make corrections. Comment deadline
November 3, 1980."
Proposed: 40 CFR Chapter 1
Source: Federal Register, Vol. 44, No. 184, September 20, 1979,
p. 54676.
"EPA publishes ANPRM on its plan for surveying E&S schools to
determine whether they contain friable asbestos containing materials;
corrective actions; and periodic reevaluation. Comment deadline
November 5, 1979. Doc. No. OTS 61004. See original notice on
school asbestos program at 44 FR 17790, March 23, 1979."
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Proposed: 40 CFR Chaper I
Source: Federal Register. Vol. 44, No. 136, July 31, 1979,
p. 40900.
EPA accepts petitions from Environmental Defense Fund and New
Jersey with respect to regulating asbestos-containing material
in schools.
Public Law Notice: S. 1658, Asbestos School Hazard Detection and
Control Act of 1980, became PL 96-270 on June 14, 1980 (94 Stat.487)
Source: Federal Register, Vol. 45, No. 119, June 18, 1980,
A-A
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V. CONTACT POINTS FOR INFORMATION
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V. CONTACT POINTS FOR INFORMATION
EPA Contacts
0 Asbestos Information Hotline
(800) 424-9065
(202) 554-1404
0 Asbestos Action Program
(202) 382-3949
8 Asbestos Technical Information
Service, Research Triangle Institute
(800) 334-8571
EPA Regional Asbestos Coordinators
Mr. Paul Heffernan
EPA, Region I
Asbestos Coordinator
Air & Hazardous Materials Div.
JFK Federal bldg.
Boston, MA 02203
Mr. Arnold Freiberger
EPA, Region II
Asbestos Coordinator
Woodbridge Ave.
Edison, NJ 08837
Ms. Pauline Levin
EPA, Region III (3SA-00)
Asbestos Coordinator
841 Chestnut Building
Philadelphia, PA 19107
Mr. Jim Littell
EPA, Region IV
Asbestos Coordinator
345 Courtland Street
Atlanta, GA 30365
Dr. Tony Restaino
EPA, Region V
Asbestos Coordinator
230 S. Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(617)
(FTS)
(201)
(FTS)
(215)
(FTS)
(404)
(FTS)
223-0585
223-0585
321-6668
340-6671
597-9859
597-9859
881-3864
257-3864
(312) 886-6879
(FTS) 353-2291
(FTS) 886-6003
5-1
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Mr. John West
EPA, Region VI
Asbestos Coordinator
First International Bldg,
1201 Elm Street
Dallas, TX 75270
Mr. Wolfgang Brandner
EPA, Region VII
Asbestos Coordinator
726 Minnesota Ave.
Kansas City, KA 66101
Mr. Steve Farrow
EPA, Region VIII
Asbestos Coordinator
1 Denver Place
999 - 18th Street
Suite 1300
Denver, CO 80212
Ms. Jo Ann Semones
EPA, Region IX
Asbestos Coordinator
215 Fremont Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
Mr. Walter Jasper
EPA, Region X
Asbestos Coordinator
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(214)
(FTS)
(913)
(FTS)
(303)
(FTS)
(415)
(FTS)
(206)
(FTS)
767-2734
729-2734
236-2838
757-2838
293-1730
564-1730
454-8588
454-8588
442-2(532
399-2870
EPA Headquarters Library
(202)
(FTS)
382-5922
382-5922
Additional Contacts
0 Consumer Product Safety Commission
— Asbestos in products or homes
(800) 638-2772
0 American Federation of Teachers
Public Relations Office
School asbestos program
(202) 879-4458
U.S. Environ' .'r;!.,! Prcteciion Agency
Region V, Utr^y
230 South Deai born Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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