EHVIBONlcEUTAL PROTECTION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
SUMMARY OP FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
RECOMMENDATIONS
CAUSES
PROBLEM AREAS
I EXISTING MEANS OR METHODS FOR CORRECTING OR
ADDITIONAL NEEDS FOR MEANS OR METHODS FOR CORRECT
BIBLIOGRAPHY
EXHIBITS
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REGIONAL CHARACTERISTICS 8
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EXTENT AND SERIOUSNESS OF PROBLEM 10
IT
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ELIMINATING POLLUTION 21
ING OR ELIMINATING POLLUTION
LEGISLATION 25
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POLLUTION OF NAVIGABLE WATERS
B3C THE OPERATION OF WATERCRAFT
INTRODUCTION
This report has been prepared in response to a request
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from, the Acting Chief, Technical Services Division, IWPCA.
It covers the results of an investigation of pollution of the
navigable waters of the Great Lakes Region by the operation of
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vatercraffc.
Information relative to vatercraft are generally available
by States rather than drainage basins. The data contained herein
I relating to registration of watercraft and certain other facilities
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cover only the five States for which the Great Lakes Region has
| primary responsibility for State-Federal liaison: Michigan,
Wisconsin, Minnesota, Iowa and Illinois, In describing water
pollution problems, navigable waterways and other information
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have been used. The Regional boundaries encompass the Great Lakes
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system including the St. Lawrence River to the International Boundary
and the Upper Mississippi River basin above the mouth of the
Ohio River, but excluding the Missouri River Basin.
available on the basis of drainage basins, the Regional boundaries
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SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The opportunities for pleasure boating in the Great Lakes
Region far surpass those of any similar region in the United States.
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Approximately one-fourth (1,002,128) of the 1965 national
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Great Lakes for their principal harborage and boating.
recreational watercraft registration (**, 138,1^0) are registered
in the Region's five States, Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin,
Iowa and Illinois. In addition many vatercraft registered in
Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York use waters of the
2. There are 13,560 miles of commercially navigable waterways in
the Great Lakes and Upper Mississippi Drainage Basins.
3- Marinas and facilities offering services to watercraft are not
I licensed and information concerning availability of such services
is not generally available.
fc. Although waste discharges from vessels equipped with toilets
contribute to pollution of waters of the Great Lakes, Illinois and
Mississippi Rivers, reliable information as to the effect of
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and industrial sources tend to mask the effect of vessel pollution
vessel wastes on water quality is limited. Pollution from municipal
in harbors, marinas and boat anchorages.
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5* Numerous instances have been reported of nuisance conditions in
waters of the Region resulting from the discharge of garbage,
dunnage and other debris from vessels.
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6. Spillage and accidental losses of oils, chemicals and
other materials have created problems, some of highly
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hazardous nature.
7. Vessels equipped with mascerator-chlorinator devices
contribute to pollution, even if the discharge meets colifoim
requirements. The decomposable organic matter and nutrient
content of the treated wastes are significant pollutants.
8. Most, if not all of the pollution described is preventable.
9. An extensive training and awareness campaign must be part
of an abatement program.
10. Laws and regulations to control this pollution should be
uniform and national in scope. Pleasure boats, as well as
commercial shipping, cross state lines and use waters of
many states. Present state laws are conflicting. Enforcement
is highly variable.
I 11. International agreements are needed to provide uniform
requirements for treatment and disposal of wastes from
vessels engaged in international commerce. Such agreements
should include handling and disposal of sewage, garbage, ballast
waters, dunnage and debris of any kind.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. A model State law for licensing and regulating marinas should
be prepared. The lav should provide for a permit system which
would prescribe the conditions under vhich the marina would be
permitted to operate. Ameng the requirements to qualify for
a permit should be the following:
A. A water supply from a source approved by the State
Health Authority.
B. A convenient building provided with toilets, showers
and lavatory facilities.
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C. Facilities for pumping and treatment of wastes from boat
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holding tanks. Treatment facilities for items B and C
must be approved by the State Water Pollution Control Agency
D. Facilities for receiving and proper disposal of garbage,
refuse, cans, combustibles and other waste materials.
_ E. Prohibition against vessel waste discharges in and near
* marinas and anchorages for recreational watercraft.
F. Permit fees should be adequate to cover the cost of
administering the lav.
G. The law should contain penalties for violations.
2. A model State law should be prepared which would require licensing
of all boats above a prescribed size using the State's waters.
Temporary permits should be available for boats from other States.
Requirements for a license or permit to operate would include:
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A. Vessels accommodating fever than ho persons (c^ew and
I passengers) manufactured after a specified date and
containing toilet, shower, lavatory or galley facilities
must be equipped vith an approved holding tank and
standardized connections by vhich the holding tank can
be pumped or devatered.
I B. Vessels equipped vith mascerator-chlorinator devices
would be permitted to use the devices only in specified
areas. Operation of such vessels vould not be permitted
in certain lakes or vaters unless the heads vere sealed.
Their use vould be prohibited after a specified date.
I C. Vessels accommodating 1*0 or more persons (crev and
passengers) must be equipped vith an approved holding
tank vith facilities for devatering the unit or an
m approved type of vaste treatment device. Holding tank
devatering devices should be sealed vhen the boat is not
in port, and vaste treatment devices should be sealed vhile
in port unless provision is made for temporary connection
| to shore facilities served by an adequate vaste treatment
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D. Waste treatment devices on larger vessels must be under the
I supervision and control of a crev member vith training and
knovledge of the operation of the device.
E. All vessels must be equipped vith an approved receptacle
having a scalable vatertight container for garbage and
decomposable organic vastes.
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P. All vessels must have a receptacle for rubbish,
cans and other waste materials of a non-decomposable
nature.
G. The fee and permit system should provide funds to
administer the law.
H. Penalties should be provided for violations.
3. Accidental discharges and vessel accidents should be carefully
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studied and regulations developed to minimize pollution resulting
from these causes in the future.
k. International agreements relating to vessels engaged in foreign
commerce should be sought to develop uniform requirements
concerning disposal of wastes, garbage, refuse from such vessels
and to minimize problems resulting from shipping and handling
of hazardous 'cargoes.
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5* The 5WBCA should conduct or contract for research in the
followring areas:
A. Requirements for holding tanks, vessel waste treatment
devices, garbage and refuse receptacles related to the
size and number of people and available space on vessels.
B- Standardization of fittings and connecting devices on
holding tanks, vessel sewage treatment devices and
shore facilities.
C. Design of receptacles with a sealable, water-tight
removable container for garbage and decomposable
organic material.
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D. Design of a nuisance-free convenient mechanical
device for removing and discharging the contents
from such scalable containers directly into
disposal or treatment units.
I E. Development of incinerator-type toilets utilizing
electrical energy.
P. Improving the effectiveness of modified activated
sludge type units designed for vessel use. Such
research should include investigation.of the use
I of effluent filtration and chlorination to produce
a discharge of acceptable quality.
G. Establishment of effluent standards for modified
activated sludge units designed for vessel use.
H. Provision for testing and evaluating the performance
I of vessel waste treatment units under operating
conditions.
6. The IWPCA should provide competent technical services and
advice to States adopting the model lavs concerning approved
devices and methods for controlling vessel waste pollution.
7* The IWPCA should actively support and encourage adoption
and enforcement of such model acts by all States.
| 8. The IWPCA should undertake an extensive awareness program
to promote and publicize abatement of vessel pollution in
United States waters.
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REGIOHAL CHARACTERISTICS
» The Great Lakes Region Includes the United States waters
of the Great Lakes and the areas tributary to them, the St. Lawrence
I River to the International Boundary vith Canada, and the Upper
Mississippi River Basin ahove the Ohio River, except for the Missouri
| River Basin. The commercially navigable vaters In the Basin Include
M the St. Lawrence River; the Great Lakes and connecting channels; the
Illinois Waterway; the Mississippi River from Cairo, Illinois to
I Minneapolis, Minnesota; portions of the St. Crolx, Minnesota, and
Black Rivers; and Beaver Slough at Clinton, Iowa.
The opening of the St. Lawrence Seaway in 19^0 provided
« navigation routes for ocean-going vessels to all major Great Lakes Ports.
At Chicago, cargo can be transferred to smaller vessels for shipment
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River navigational system.
I The 95,000 square
via the Illinois Waterway to any part of the extensive Mississippi
miles of vater surface makes the Great Lak
the world's largest "body of fresh water and provides the means of
transportation for over 100 billion ton-miles of water-borne freight-
per year over the Great Lakes-St. Lawrence navigation system. The
availability of low cost water transportation on the Gre&t Lakes for
the vast resources of Iron ore, coal and limestone has resulted in
Lng the Great Lakes Region the leading area of the Nation for heavy
Industry including the production of iron and steel and related
I manufactures. Almost ^0 per cent of the U. S. Primary Metals Industry
is located In the Great Lakes Study Area. During the 1955-1964 period,
the total annual commerce on the Great Lakes averaged 190,000,000 tons.
large shipments
of chemicals, grain, and petroleum.
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The Upper Mississippi River Basin accounts for one-sixth
of the value of all farm products sold in the United States,
including one-third of the nation's grain production. Annual
traffic on the upper Mississippi is now in excess of 10.5 billion
ton miles, compared to 1.2 billion ton miles in 19^0 (from the head
of navigation at Minneapolis, Minnesota to the mouth of the
Ohio River at Cairo, Illinois)* In 196^ freight traffic included
over 45,000,000 short tons of commodities including grain, coal
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and coke, petroleum, stone and gravel, iron ore, chemicals and other
commodities.
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EXTENT AND SERIOUSNESS OF PROBLEM
Navigable Waterways
The following Is a list of the commercially navigable Inland
vaterways in the Great Lakes Region (l), (2).
River
Miles
Illinois River
357.1
25.2
Mississippi River (Cairo to Minneapolis) 856.8
St. Croix River (Minn, and Wise.)
Minnesota River (Minnesota)
Black River (Wisconsin)
Beaver Slough (Clinton, Iowa)
Total mileage navigable waterway
1269.8
Commercially navigable shipping lanes in the Great Lakes
are as follows (3).
Lake
Area (Square Miles)
Miles of Shipping Lanes
Superior
Michigan
Huron
Erie
Ontario
31,800
22,1*00
23,000
9,900
7,500
2360
6372
965
1390
1095
St. Lawrence River (to International boundary) 111
Totals
9^,600
12,293
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I Type and Number of Watercraft
Information concerning the number of recreational watercraft
using a specific body of water such as one of the Great Lakes is not
generally available. Acting under the Federal Boating Act of 1958,
most States now require such craft to be registered. Since this
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registrations will be given only for the five States for which the
* Great Lakes Region has primary liaison responsibilities. Although
some boats registered in Iowa will primarily use only the Missouri
River (not in the Great Lakes Basin) these will be offset by boats
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Great Lakes. Because of differences in State watercraft registration
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information is available only by States, recreational watercraft
registered in Indiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania and New York which use the
systems a note indicating the scope of the numbering system used is
indicated in the column on the right
Recreational Watercraft
State 1965 Registration Type of Watercraft
I Illinois 156,605 . All motorboats
Iowa 66,^56 All motorboats
I Michigan 398,608 All motorboats
Minnesota 211,630 All watercraft
Wisconsin 268,829 All motorboats
J.,102,12b
I In a report dated November 8, 1965 prepared by the Pollution
m Study Committee of the National Association of State Boating Law
Administrators (Exhibit A) it was estimated that the number of
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Total for all States U, 138,11*0
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m recreational vatercraft equipped vith marine toilets vould average
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_ 6,000 boats, out of a total Minnesota registration of more than 200,000,
have such facilities (5)* Assuming that 5 per cent of the "boats
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less than 5 per cent. This is in line vith boat registrations in
Minnesota - vhich requires certification of installation of acceptable
waste treatment devices on all boats having marine toilets. Only
registered in the 5 States have marine toilets, 55,000 boats in this
Region would have such facilities. Of this number 20,000 vatercraft
registered in Minnesota and Wisconsin are assumed to have treatment
m devices or holding tanks. This vould leave an estimated 35,000
recreational vatercraft discharging untreated vastes. These-vould
be principally larger vessels vith sleeping accommodations. It is
reasonable to assume an average occupancy of h persons per vessel.
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_ Region of 1^0,000 persons on peak days assuming all craft vere operating
This vould give a pollutional potential for vaters of the Great Lakes
Commercial Watercraft
There are 29 United States companies operating 209 commercial
vessels on the Great Lakes. These include 16 car and railroad ferries
devices. Seven additional vessels are scheduled to have such devices
Twelve companies have equipped ho of these vessels vith vaste treatment
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installed vithin the next tvo years (6). Vessels of the type used on
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the Great Lakes normally require crevs ranging from 25 to 45, averaging
about 35. Assuming vastes from ferries as negligible except for the
crev, the pollution potential from 169 commercial vessels vould be
equivalent to that from about 6,000 people. Garbage and trash from
these vessels are incinerated aboard or taken to shore installations
for disposal.
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In 1966, 3,37^ vessels of foreigij registry (including
I Canadian vessels) entered the Great Lakes through the St. Lawrence
Seaway (7). No information is available concerning waste treatment
or holding devices on these vessels. The seaway is normally open
about 2^0 days a year. Assuming an average stay of two weeks, the
average number of foreign vessels in the Lakes at one time would
I be about 196. Although the size of the crew on these vessels varies
with the degree of automation, it can be reasonably assumed that an
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average crew would not exceed o. On this basis, and assuming no
treatment is given the wastes, the daily pollution potential from
foreign vessels would approximate that from about 8,000 people. The
United States has strict regulations relating to the disposal of
garbage and refuse from foreign vessels*
In 196^, 8,098 commercial vessel-trips were made using the
navigable channels of the Mississippi River above Cairo, Illinois (8)(9)(lO).
These included both cargo ships and barge tows. No information is
available concerning the installation of sewage treatment devices on
these vessels. Although the size of the crews varies, an average
figure of 21 has been suggested. Assuming the length of the navigation
season to be 270 days, and the average trip requires 5 days, the number
of vessels in port or in transit on the waterways on any day would be
300. The daily pollution potential from these commercial vessels
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would then be equivalent to 6,300 persons.
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Federal Vessels
The following Is a summary of Federal vessels operating
I in the Great Lakes Region (ll).
Agency __ Number of Vessels Personnel
Corps of Engineers
Navy
Coast Guard
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
55
5
27
5
92
'
375
600
653
30
1,30)
The North Central Division of the Corps of Engineers has
advised that installation of vaste treatment devices of the
mascerator-chlorinator type is in progress and vill "be completed
vithin the next six months. Assuming that one-half of these units
are now operational, the pollution potential of Corps boats would be
equivalent to the untreated wastes from about 180 people.
The Naval vessels operating in the Region are training ships.
They are now seeking approval for the installation of waste treatment
I devices. Present pollutional potential Is equivalent to 600 people.
The Coast Guard fleet consists of 27 vessels* Nine are rescue
| vessels equipped with chemical toilets. The remaining 18 are larger
M| vessels ranging from 100 to 150 feet in length. Three of these vessels
are equipped with mascerator-chlorinator devices. Four more vessels
cure scheduled to have similar devices installed this summer. Plans for
equipping the remaining eleven vessels with waste treatment devices
are indefinite at this time. Pollution potential of Coast Guard
vessels Is equivalent to that from about 600 people.
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The Bureau of Commercial Fisheries of the Department of the
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Interior operates 5 research vessels in the Great Lakes. There are
no definite plans for the installation of vaste treatment devices.
Pollution potential from these vessels approximates 30 people.
From, the preceding evaluation, the pollution potential from
all
vould "be:
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In evalaoatii^s the possible pollutions! effects on navigable waterways
the following factors must "be considered:
| 1. Th
Beereational vatercraft 1^0,000
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rcial vessels 1^,900
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Pollution potential - all vessels 156,310
largie vater surface area of the Great Lak
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6QO suare miles and the total number of
of navigational channels in the Basin (13,500 miles).
2. The number of boats equipped vith mascerator-chlorinator
devices vhich vould reduce coliform concentration in
discharges* (Only partially available)
3. The diluting effect of discharging vastes from moving
boats followed by the turbulence in the boat's wake.
Considering limitations in the available data, the vast vater
area traversed by commercially navigable shipping lanes, and the
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relatively low population equivalent of vaste discharges no meaningful
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estimate of the pollutional effect on water quality of sewage
wastes'discharged from vessels in transit is possible for the
I Great Lakes Region. This is confirmed to some extent by studies
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conducted by the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project of the
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quality of the deep waters of Lakes Michigan, Huron, Erie, and
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Ontario. Except in the vicinity of waste discharges from major
cities and large streams, bacterial quality of the deeper Lake
waters was consistently acceptable as a source of water supply
with chlorination as the only treatment. Such waters must not
I exceed 50 cpliforms per 100 ml.
This is not to say, however, that vessel waste discharges
I do not affect adversely the quality of the Basinfs waters. There
is the effect of adding nutrients to waters in which the nutrient
levels are critical. There is also the local effect where decomposable
. organic matter and pathogenic microorganisms affect only the
waters adjacent to the point of discharge. Both effects must be
evaluated on the basis of specific situations. The addition of
nutrients to the nutrient-deficient waters of Lake Superior could
be considered beneficial from the standpoint of productivity,
I Similar additions to Lake Erie would be considered highly detrimental
because of the present state of eutrophication.
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CAUSES
Pollution resulting from the discharge of sewage wastes
from vessels are covered in other sections of this report. Two
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additional sources of pollution will be discussed in this section:
1. Pollution resulting from garbage, rubbish and other
debris from watercraft.
2. Accidental spills or losses of liquids or chemicals from
vessels resulting in pollution of the Basin's waters.
I Although most instances of pollution resulting from the
discarding of garbage, rubbish and other unwanted materials from
vessels are probably not reported, the number of reports and
complaints of pollution of this type are relatively few. The
reports that are received appear to be isolated instances not
. related to a pattern of using the Basin's waters to dispose of such
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materials. Detection and prosecution of such violations are
almost impossible. First, the violations are not detected until
the offending material is washed ashore, usually hours or days
after wastes were discarded. Second, it is indeed rare to find
among the debris anything which can be identified with the vessel
discarding the material.
Recent examples of problems of this type involve complaints
forwarded to the Administration by Senator Gaylord Nelson on
October 13, 19&6 and Governor Warren P. Knowles of Wisconsin
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on September 28, 1966. Senator Nelson's complaint involved the
dumping of garbage and trash overboard from the car ferries
City of Midland and Milwaukee Clipper operating out of Milwaukee.
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Governor Knowles1 complaint concerned similar dumping from
the ferry, Badger operated "by the Chesapeake and Ohio Railroad
out of Ludin gton, Michigan. In both instances investigations
_ vere made by the U.S. Public Health Service and both companies
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involved agreed to cease all such dumping (12).
A listing of accidental spills in the Great Lake's
Region resulting from vessel operation is given in Table 1 (12).
The two principal causes would appear to be accidents (collisions)
and carelessness. Increased emphasis on safety and alertness in
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industrial operations would help combat the type of accidental
losses reported. Alarms and automatic safety devices would
eliminate some. For example, a broken pump line usually results
in a loss of pressure. A pressure actuated switch could operate
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an alarm, system, cut off valves and shut off pumps, minimizing
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losses. A careful study of each spill or loss would assist in
the development of technology and equipment to minimize or
prevent recurrence.
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PROBLEM AREAS
The principal areas affected by vessel waste pollution are the
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harbors, marinas, and anchorages for vessels of various types. These
installations are most frequently located near major population con-
centrations and along the shores of principal streams. They are
subjected to waste discharges from municipalities and industries as
M well as vessel wastes.
Studies of pollution in marinas conducted by the State of Michigan
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_ by the Great Lakes-Illinois River Basins Project in August 1963. The
quality of the water observed in the marinas did not reflect any significant
(Exhibit A) were not conclusive in that no significant difference could
be found in the bacterial quality of the waters above and below the
marina areas. Similar studies of marinas in Lake Michigan were conducted
bacterial difference from the quality of the adjacent waters. No special
report was prepared on this subject but microbiological and chemical findings
will be included in Appendix 3 of the Lake Michigan Report. In the absence
of information concerning the number of vessels discharging wastes during
these studies, the quantities discharged and the treatment given to the
wastes, if any, the results have little significance.
More extensive and sophisticated studies, including data concerning
actual use of marine toilets and knowledge of the type and effectiveness
of treatment of wastes discharged during the study period will be required
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to effectively evaluate the extent to which marina water quality is
affected by vessel waste discharges. The study should include biological
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" observations of aquatic flora and fauna before, during, and following the
boating season, and analysis of the composition of bottom deposits during
the same three periods. Such a study is not recommended unless it becomes
evident that the use of on-board waste treatment devices with effluent
_ discharge to waters rather than storage of wastes for on-shore disposal,
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will become generally accepted practice*
All efforts to secure maps showing the location of marinas and
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boat anchorages have been unsuccessful. Efforts have also been made to
secure a list of such installations, but no such lists can be found.
« Installations of these types are not required to have a license and there
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are not official records from which information can be obtained. The
Outboard Boating Association plans to develop a listing of facilities
available to watercraft, but this activity is in its initial phase,
The Corps of Engineers Lake Survey District also plans to develop charts
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on which the location of anchorages will be shown.
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21
TING MEANS OR METHODS OF CORRECTING
OR ELIMINATING POLLUTION
Vessel Waste Treatment Devices
There are at present three principal types of waste treatment
devices available for installation on water craft. The most widely
used is the mascerator-chlorinator type which is approved in some
States. This device pulverizes the solid materials and holds them
in contact with a chlorine solution for a period of time sufficient
to greatly reduce bacterial concentrations. The second type is a
compact modification of the activated sludge process and can be instal-
led only on larger vessels* Hie third type is a modified incinerator
utilising some type of fuel (usually bottled gas) for reducing waste
materials to an ash which Is discharged to the atmosphere*
Dhder properly controlled conditions the mascerator-chlorinator
will produce a discharge which will meet most bacterial criteria for
waters used for recreational purposes involving whole body contact*
There is a serious question as to whether this method is effective in
destroying viral agents and the more persistent pathogens 0 Further,
the oxygen-consuming characteristics of the wastes are not materially
affected, and extensive use of this device in shallow waters and
protected areas
deposits, destruction of desirable pollution-intolerant bottom fauna,
and conditions which would interfere with other water uses. The
mascerator-chlorinator has one additional shortcoming which must not
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be overlooked. It is effective only if properly maintained. It is not
enough to require only that an approved type of this device be installed.
Some means must be provided to insure that such units are properly
maintained and that the waste discharges are effectively chlorinated if
bacterial pollution from this source is to be controlled. The State of
Wisconsin now prohibits their use, the States of Indiana and Ohio
prohibit their use except in waters of the Great Lakes (Exhibit B), and
I the Ontario Water Resources Commission has adopted regulations which
will prohibit their use after it becomes fully effective on July 1,
I 1968 (Exhibit C).
The use of larger sewage treatment devices incorporating the
activated sludge process is new in the United States. Several manu-
facturers have developed, or are developing such units. One problem
confronting these manufacturers is that of securing approval*, Ship
owners are reluctant to install costly units of this type unless assured
*
that they are acceptable. The U.S. Public Health Service, which
approves the design of sanitary features of vessels, does not give
blanket approval of such devices. The effluent from treatment
facilities of this type would be expected to contain finely divided
particles of settleable organic matter. If such devices were permitted
to discharge in harbors and protected areas, this could lead to the
accumulation of a bottom organic ooze and changes in the biota. Such
conditions have been found in harbors receiving the effluent from
conventional activated sludge treatment plants. The quantities dis-
charged would be substantially less than from shore installations and
the rate of accurmlation of bottom deposits very slow. Filtration of
* Chicago rump oo», Crane Co0, Infilco, Inco, Youngstown Welding and
Engineering Co»^ Dravo Corp*, and American Shipbuilding Co0
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ank
should result in a waste discharge having a very low pollutional
potential. Research and testing would be necessary to confirm the
effectiveness of such units, and to develop design criteria 0
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Incinerator-type -units are effective in controlling water pol-
lution because there is no liquid discharge. The ash discharged
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« would ultimately reach adjacent waters but in a highly dispersed
condition. If the ash should be considered a problem it could be
removed by filtering the exhaust gases. The most serious problems
*
related to this device are its slow operation and the hazard of having
fuels of a combustible or explosive nature aboard ship0
_ In addition to the three types of waste treatment devices
described above, it was found that a few Coast Guard vessels are
equipped with chemical toilets0 These units have removable recep-
tacles which are emptied- into the sewage facilities serving the
Coast Guard stations. No other facilities of this type were reported.
_ Holding Tanks
Holding tanks of adequate capacity would provide the best solution
to the vessel waste disposal problem. For such tanks to be effective,
marinas mist be equipped to remove and provide adequate treatment for
the wastes. Standardization of fittings and equipment would facilitate
_ removal of tank contents. Design of the units should be such that the
tank contents cannot be drained or discharged while the vessel is away
from port.
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ADDITIONAL MEEDS FOR MEANS OR
METHODS FOR COBRECTING OR ELIMINATING POLLUTION
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The general adoption of holding tanks for containing vessel
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jm vastes will require convenient veil equipped service facilities to
remove and treat the accumulated wastes. The preferable solution
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would be by connection to a municipal system which could absorb the
shock effects of such waste loads. Where municipal facilities are
| not available the sudden discharge of concentrated fecal material
M containing odor-controlling chemicals (probably bactericides) and
in some state of decomposition could seriously interfere with the
operation of small sewage treatment works. Research studies should
be undertaken to assess the magnitude of problems of this nature and
to develop design criteria and operational techniques to achieve an
effluent of satisfactory quality. Other research needs concern the
design of the holding tanks, methods of removal of tank wastes, types
of fittings which will prevent leakage, and construction materials
which will resist the corrosive effect of tank contents and chemicals.
| Many larger vessels may not be able to accommodate holding
tanks. For these ships suitable waste treatment devices capable of
providing an effluent of satisfactory quality must be available.
Presently available units should be extensively evaluated and both
design criteria and standards of effluent quality developed. Research
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may be needed to find solutions to such problems as the removal of
solids in waste effluents, effective effluent disinfection and disposal
of sludge.
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LEGISLATION
'
Existing State legislation to control vessel pollution
" varies widely in the Great Lakes Region. No State licenses or
regulates marinas, boat anchorages or facilities of these types.
accordingly, services available to recreational vatercraft are not
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uniform and are seldom adequate. Yet, if pollution is to be
adequately controlled, the conscientious boat operator must have a
place to dispose of garbage, cans, refuse and other unwanted material
and those installations receiving the materials must be required to
dispose of it in a proper manner. Further, those aboard vessels not
equipped with marine toilets should expect to find sanitary facilities
available at points where boat services or anchorages are offered to
the boating public. If the use of vessel holding tanks continues to
gain acceptance vessel servicing points must be equipped to remove and
properly treat the contents.
It could be argued that marinas and boat servicing
installations are subject to Federal laws because they serve boats
from other States engaged in interstate travel. "While Federal
legislation licensing and controlling installations offering services
to out-of-state vessels may ultimately become necessary, Federal policy
as expressed in the Federal Water Pollution Control Act tends toward
giving the States an opportunity to solve the problem first. Accordingly,
it is recommended that the FWPCA develop a model law relating to
licensing and regulating facilities offering services to recreational
vatercraft.
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Legislation pertaining to control of vessel pollution in the
States in this region has "been reviewed (Exhibits B, C, D, E, F).
The following comments pertain to this legislation:
Michigan. Michigan laws are specific in prohibiting garbage, oil
and refuse dumping from vessels 25 feet or more in length. The disposal
of such wastes from smaller vessels and the disposal of wastes from
marine toilets could be prosecuted under their general health laws.
Attempts have been made to secure more specific laws (See attached
I letter from. John E. Vogt). Current thinking is toward permissive use
of suitable waste treatment devices.
Minnesota* Minnesota laws permit the use of marine toilets equipped with
a suitable treatment device. Registration is contingent upon certification
that vessels with marine toilets are equipped with an acceptable device.
They also prohibit the discharge of -other wastes and the abandonment of
containers holding sewage or other wastes which might create a nuisance,
health hazard or water pollution.
Wisconsin,. Since April 1, 1965 Wisconsin lav requires the use of a hold-
ing tank. In June 1966 Wisconsin adopted a new law relating to control
of water pollution. No change was made in the existing law related to
vessel pollution.
Iowa. The State Conservation Commission of Iowa is responsible for regu-
lations governing vessel waste disposal. Consideration is being given
to legislation requiring holding tanks. At this time the Commission
I does not f&vor such legislation because of opposition of the Outboard
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Boating Association.
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mtnois. Illinois does not have specific legislation relating to
« vessel waste pollution. However, to protect the Fox Chain-0-Lakes
(a series of small shallow lakes in northern Illinois), Lake County
I passed an ordinance requiring the sealing of toilets on all boats
using these waters.
Indiana, Indiana does not permit the discharge of vessel wastes except
*
in Lake Michigan, -waters. Vessel waste discharges in Lake Michigan
waters- would "be ssabject to control under the general powers of the
Stream Pollution Control Board.
Chip* Ohio does not permit vessel waste discharges into waters of
| the State except In lake Erie, the Muskingum River and the Ohio River.
Discharges into these waters would be subject to the general water
pollution laws administered by the Ohio Water Pollution Control Board.
I Pennsylvania. Pennsylvania has no specific laws relating to waste dis-
charges from watercraft.- Dae Sanitary Water Board has the power to
| enact rules and regulations governing such discharges but has not done
m so. The Board has given some consideration to legislation. There is
some feeling amozsg members of the staff that action is being delayed
pending agreement within the Federal establishment as to whether hold-
ing tanks should, be required.
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New York* The Navigation Laws of New York were amended in 1966. They
now permit the use of waste treatment devices approved by the State
Commissioner of Health (Exhibit D)
New Legislation
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The control of vessel waste pollution will require not only
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new legislation, but an intensive awareness program to gain public
acceptance and support for needed legislation and for a program for
effective control. Adequate control of vessel pollution will require
_ legislation regulating both the disposal of wastes from watercraft and
the availability of facilities to adequately treat or dispose of
waste materials from watercraft.
»
Legislation pertaining to vessel waste disposal should
consider that coliforms are not the only criteria to be considered
_ Treated waste discharges contain decomposable organic matter and
nutrients, and may contain viral agents and other pathogens. The
knowledge that human wastes subjected only to chlorination are being
discharged into adjacent waters is offensive to many people and should
result in support for the use of holding tanks. The fact that mechanical
present hazard to accidental human contact with waters receiving such
_ devices are subject to failure and that failure to replenish the chlorine
supply wili result in the discharge of raw sewage presents and ever-
*
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discharges. For these reasons the recommendations presented earlier
I propose model Stafce legislation requiring the use of holding tanks,
g with alternative use of waste treatment plants for larger vessels. Even
this legislation would be ineffective unless services to empty and treat
the tank contents are readily available. It is important also that
vessels be provided with a container for garbage and rubbish. Few
people lifce to have their boat littered with waste material and most
will utilize such, a receptacle, if available. A complementary model
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State lav is recommended providing for licensing of marinas and
other installations servicing vatercraft, and suggesting minimum
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standards to quality for a license.
The legislation recommended, backed "by research and an
intensive public awareness program, vill result in an effective
program for the.control of vessel pollution in the Great Lakes
Basin, and nation-vide.
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Charts of the Illinois Waterway* U. S. Army Engineer District,
Corps of Engineers, Chicago, Illinois.
Navigation Charts, Middle and Upper Mississippi River. Cairo,
Illinois to Minneapolis, Minnesota* Uo S. Array Engineer
Division, North Central, Corps of Engineers, Chicago,
Illinois. January 1963-
Navigation Charts prepared by the Lake Survey District, Corps
of Engineers, Department of the Army, Detroit, Michigan.
Lake Superior Chart No. 9
Lake Michigan Charts Nos. 7, 70, 73-77, 7Q1-706
Lake Huron Chart No. 5
Lake Erie Chart No. 3
Lake Ontario Charts Nos. 2, 21-25, 211
Report on Water Pollution Caused by the Operation of Vessels.
U. S. Department of the Interior, Federal Water Pollution
Control Administration. December 1966*
t
Information obtained from the Minnesota Department of
Conservation, Bureau of Water Safety, St. Paul, Minnesota.
6. Information obtained from U. S. Public Health Service,
Region V, Chicago, Illinois.
i
7« Information obtained from St. Lawrence Seaway Development
Commission, Detroit, Michigan.
8* Waterborne Commerce of the United States, 1964. Part 2.
Waterways and Harbors Gulf Coast, Mississippi River System
and Antilles. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers.
i
9- 1965 Annual Report for Fiscal Year Ending 30 June. Volume, 1«
Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers.
10. Transportation Lines of the Mississippi River System and the
Gulf Intracoastal Waterway, 1965V Transportation Lines 4.""
Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers.
u
11. Information secured through the Federal Installations
Coordinator^Great Lakes Region.
*
12. Information from files, Great Lakes Region, FWPCA.
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EXHIBIT A
REPORT OF THE POLLUTION STUDY COMMITTEE
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF STATE BOATING LAW ADMINISTRATORS
NOVEMBER 8, 1965
WARWICK HOTEL
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
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REPORT OF THE POLLUTION STUDY COMMITTEE, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF
STATE BOATING LAW ADMINISTRATORS
November 8, 1965
At the Oklahoma City meeting of the National Association of State Boating Law
Administrators, held November 18-20, 1963, a Committee was appointed to develop
a report on the nature and extent of pollution of the waters of the United
States by recreational watercraft and to make recommendations relative thereto.
The following were appointed as members of this Committee:
CHAIRMAN
Keith Wilson, Director, Michigan State Waterways Commission
h
MEMBERS
Bernard W. Chalecki, Director, Connecticut Boating Safety Commission
Peter J. Gannon, Chief, New Jersey Bureau of Navigation
John Grenoble, Member, Pennsylvania Fish Commission
DuWayne Henrie, Boat Registration Section, Arizona Highway Department
Milton Johnson, Director, Minnesota Boat & Water Safety Division .
James J. O'Brien, Director, New York Division of Motorboats
Wilton Vaugh, Director, Massachusetts Division of Motorboats
Ron Stone, Government Relations Department, Outboard Boating Club of America
A review of information provided to the Committee by the Outboard Boating Club
of America indicated a reason for the concern of the Association in this area.
According to OBC, a total of 23 states have already adopted legislation con-
trolling the discharge of sewage from recreational watercraft on some or all
of the individual state's waters, while many other states are considering such
action. These totals include only states specifically legislating on this
subject and do not include those states which may have passed laws dealing
with trash, garbage, litter, etc.
1
The approach to this problem by the various states appears to be characterized
by its individuality0 In almost every instance, the boat pollution- laws adopted
by one state have little or no resemblance to those adopted by others, even in
the case of neighboring states. Legislation involving varying and differing
standards presents a considerable problem to the boatman who wishes to use his
boat in a number of different states.
I--
Further complicating the picture is the propensity on the part of the individ-
ual states to select one type of anti-pollution device and to permit only its
use in the particular state. Whether this is done deliberately or in ignorance
of the existence of other equally suitable devices is not known. In any event,
it further complicates the mobility of boats cruising on the waters of more
than one state.
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STUDY METHOD
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In view of the extensive activities in the various states on this subject, it
was concluded by the Committee that there must be available a number of
detailed studies analyzing the extent of pollution of waters by recreational
watercraft. Accordingly, the first action of the Committee was to attempt to
gather together all such reports to permit an analysis of the nature and
extent of pollution by recreational watercraft of the waters of the United
States.
An extensive survey of Federal agencies and of agencies of all of the states
was made to locate such reports0 This survey resulted in turning up only two
reports that dealt in any manner with this problem. One report dealt with
the effect of pollution from houseboats in the vicinity of Portland, Oregon,
and was prepared by the Oregon State Sanitary Authority.
The second report, entitled "Survey of Marina and Watercraft Use in Relation
to the Public Health Aspects", and jointly prepared by the Macomb County
Health Department and Michigan Department of Health, dealt specifically with
this problem.
Because of the inability of the Committee to assess the nature and extent of
pollution by recreational watercraft from only two reports made in widely
separated parts of the country, an alternative method of assessing this prob-
lem was developed. This was by means of a questionnaire designed to elicit
responses from boating, health, and recreation officials throughout the
country from which conclusions could be drawn. The questionnaire is repro-
duced as Appendix A.
/
The questionnaire was mailed to some 200 agencies in and out of government,
both state and Federal, including public health departments, water pollution
control boards or commissions, state boating law administrators, and virtually
every Federal agency having any connection with waters used for recreation.
A cover letter was provided with the questionnaire explaining the desire of
the Committee to determine whether or not recreational boating is a signifi-
cant contributor to the water pollution problem, and requesting the assistance
of the addressee The returns were most gratifying and extremely helpful.
More than 90 replies were received representing one or more agencies in almost
every state., A list of the agencies responding and a summary and analysis of
the replies received is reproduced as Appendix B.
In the course of its study, the Committee collected a large number of news-
paper clippings, magazine articles, and similar releases dealing with this
subject. Many of these articles and clippings were especially helpful and
presented insights into the over-all problem under study. Reproduction of
these articles is not feasible, but several of those considered by the Com-
mittee are as follows: "Boat Sanitation" by Elbert Robberson, Yachting
magazine, October, 1964; "Federal Policy Proposed on Disposal of Wastes",
The Waterways Journal, July 11, 1964; and "Water Pollution from Boats",
Boating Industry magazine, January, 1964
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THE EXTENT OF THE PROBLEM
The two reports dealing with pollution from houseboats and recreational water-
craft were carefully reviewed by the Committee, because they were the only such
reports located. An evaluation of the Oregon State Sanitary Authority Report
on Houseboats is very well summarized by the conclusions stated therein and
appearing on page 10 of the Report:
"1. Domestic wastes including garbage from approximately
294 houseboats are dumped without treatment into the Willamette
and Columbia River in the vicinity of Portland. This represents
a population of between 500 and 1,000 persons. Inclusion of
boathouses, marinas, and other waterfront facilities would
increase this number somewhat.
"2. The measurable'organic and chemical pollution load
from houseboats in the Portland area is relatively small compared
to the total pollution load discharged from all sources0
"3. Aesthetic nuisance conditions resulting from floating
materials and health hazards from pathogenic organisms are con-
sidered to be the significant pollutional factors involved<>
"4. Collection and adequate disposal of houseboat wastes
can be accomplished with reasonable application and modification
of present equipment and techniques.
"5. All but one or two houseboats in the lower Willamette
River are located at established marinas, in groups of 20 or
more, which are within reasonable pumping distances of city of
Portland sewers.
"6. All but 10 or so houseboats in the Columbia River,
adjacent to the Portland area, are in groups of 5 or more and
subject to service by group facilities.
"7. The requirement for treatment of wastes from houseboats
and boathouses would make it possible to require installation of
holding tanks on boats which could be pumped out for a nominal fee
at practically any marina or moorage along the River.
^
"8. It is believed that the collection and treatment of
disposal of wastes from houseboats and boathouses could be required
and enforced under existing state statutes and regulations.n
The significant conclusions are contained in paragraphs 2 and 3 where it is
noted that the pollution load from the subject craft is relatively small
compared to the total pollution load from all sources but that a nuisance
and health hazard is created by floating wastes. The extent of the health
hazard could undoubtedly be debated at considerable length, but the nuisance
factor of floating waste materials cannot be refuted. It is to be noted that
no mention of trash, litter, or similar materials is made in the report.
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The Michigan Report resulted in conclusions very similar to those of the Oregon
Report. The complete Summary and Conclusions can be found on page 23 of the
Report and only selected paragraphs are reproduced here:
"2. While the study was designed to obtain data relative to
sewage pollution and sanitation conditions at marinas it was evident
from statements made under the item 'comments1 on the questionnaire
that there was great interest in watercraft safety (reckless driving,
operator training, and operator licensing) and pollution other than
sewage, i.e., trash, garbage, beer cans, wood or other floating debris.
"3. " The bacteriological sampling program showed that the water
quality at six of the fourteen stations was extremely variable with
high coliform concentrations a significant percentage of the time.
The eight remaining stations showed a water quality quite variable
but with coliform concentrations under 2500'for 95% of the time
and no statistically significant difference detectable among these
stations. The water quality at all stations was so variable that
there was no statistically significant difference between any two
stations or groups of stations. It was therefore not possible to
measure the effect of pollution which might be contributed by a
marina area into adjacent waters whether this be a stream or along
the shoreline of a lake.
"4. The stations which showed the highest chloride con-
centrations also showed some of the highest biochemical oxygen
demand concentrations and in nearly the same order, namely (4, 5, 1,
2, 8, and 3) and (5, 4, 1, 2, 8 and 3) respectively. Concentrations
actually decreased from a point on the river above the marinas to
a point on the river below the marinas* The opposite trend would
be anticipated if pollution from marina areas which might be
detected by a sampling program was contributing a significant
pollution load to the receiving stream in relation to pollution
already in the stream as measured by these parameters/1
The Report also concluded, through the process of deductive logic, that raw
sewage was being discharged from recreational watercraft:
"8. Observations of watercraft use while away from home port
indicate the majority of one day trips cover from 3-1/3 to 7 hours
on the average and it is evident that the head would be used under
these extended use conditions. Since the high percentage of
watercraft now in service are not equipped with holding tanks for
sewage or macerator chlorinator devices, raw sewage is being dis-
charged into the waters of the state from watercraft."
^^ v
The Michigan Report made no recommendation or reference to the nuisance and/
or health hazards created by floating wastes, nor was any reference made to
trash, garbage, and litter, even though the Report did mention that great
interest in these matters was evidenced by the completed questionnaires
gathered as a part of the Report. Both reports concurred in the fact that
the pollution load attributable to houseboats and recreational watercraft
was relatively small and, in fact, could not even be measured in Michigan.
Both also concluded that raw sewage was being deposited in the water from
these craft.
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An analysis of the questionnaires returned to the Committee established
the fact that very few officials believed that pollution attributable >;o
recreational watercraft was much of a problem. The results of the question-
naire are summarized in Appendix B but it should be noted that an average of
all answers indicated that trash disposal from recreational watercraft was
the greatest problem, followed by sewage, garbage and waste, in that order.
The Committee also reviewed such information as was available to determine
the number of recreational watercraft within their various registered fleets
that actually possessed marine toilets. Inasmuch as no statistical data
was available on this subject, it was necessary to resort to estimates. It
was concluded, after careful analysis, that a maximum of 10% of the recrea-
tional watercraft of any one state contained marine toilets and that the
national average would probably be less than 5%. Necessarily, the craft with
marine toilets were the larger craft which are generally located on coastal
and Great Lakes waters rather than on small land-locked lakes0
The general use patterns followed by owners of recreational watercraft were
also noted. It was found that only a very few watercraft were used for
any extensive periods of time as dwellings but that, rather, most use was
concentrated on weekends, holidays, and during summer vacations. Further,
the boating season of most states was found to be rather limited with the
exception of the southern, southwestern, and western states. As an example,
it was noted that in Michigan the boating season is regarded as extending
from May 1 to November 1, a period of six months, but that virtually all boat-
ing use was confined to the months of June through early October. Even if it
was assumed that 10% of all recreational watercraft in Michigan contained
marine toilets, that six persons were regulatly utilizing the watercraft, and
that the average boat was in use in one form pr another for 60 days per year,
the extent of pollution attributable to these craft would certainly have to
be classified as negligible.
COMMITTEE FINDINGS
From the two health reports on this subject that were turned up by its research,
from the results of its questionnaire survey, and from the results of its own
independent analysis, the only conclusion that can be reasonably established
and logically defended by this"*Committee is that pollution from recreational
watercraft is, at most, negligible. This pollution is so slight on the total
scale of pollutant sources that it is, at this time, unworthy of the consider-
able attention it has been given.
To support the finding of this Committee as to the relative insignificance of
pollution from recreational watercraft, the Committee draws the reader's atten-
tion to a report on pollution of the Detroit River and Lake Erie, released by
the U. S. Public Health Service on May 8, 1965. The report resulted from a
two and one-half year study by the Public Health Service of these^waters and
found that^pollution had reached a stage hazardous to human health, fish, wild-
life and recreation. The report further claimed that 1,6 million gallons of
waste flows into the Detroit River annually, "one-third from municipalities
and.two-thirds from industries." The report charged that the Scott Paper Com-
pany alone discharged wastes "equivalent in oxygen-consuming capacity to the
untreated sewage from a population of over 800,000 persons."
The report recommended "correcting the pollution from six municipalities, 42
industrial establishments, and three Federal installations" and estimated the
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cost of remedial measures at $200 milliono The subject is still under debate
in Michigan and promises to be actively discussed for many years before the
situation outlined in the report is corrected, if ever*
Based on the assessment by the Committee sf the total boating population in
this country with marine toilets, the patterns of use of such craft, and the
total days per year they are in operation, it is the opinion of this Committee
that the pollution of the Detroit River which is caused by municipalities and
industries is of greater national concern than such pollution as is caused to
the nation's waters by the total recreational boating fleet of this country,
But if the Committee is correct in its conclusion, then how can the vigorous
legislative activities in this field on the state level and, now, on the Fed-
eral level, be explained? The only explanation available to the Committee is
that curbing whatever pollution is attributable to recreational wetercraft is
considered to be reasonably easy, and is therefore a good place for health
officials wishing to make a start in this field to begin» Further, because
such legislation affects a relatively small percentage of the population of
a given state and because the goal of the legislation is admittedly for the
good of all, it is difficult for those opposed to such regulation or the form
it takes to gain any appreciable support for their positiorio
If this has been the source of the considerable legislative activity on this
subject in the past, then it is the inescapable conclusion of this Committee
that it will continue to be in the future. That such legislation can and
often does impose incalculable and unnecessary hardships on recreational boat
owners hasn't deterred such efforts in the past and is unlikely to be of
greater significance in the future.
The Committee predicts that legislation prohibiting entirely the use of a
marine toilet on the waters of a given state will continue to be passed in the
future as it has in the past, even though no action of any consequential nature
is taken by the same state to clean up the h&avy pollution of its waters
caused by municipal and industrial wastes3
What can and should recreational boat owners or the National Association of
State Boating Law Administrators do to correct this situation? Should we
oppose each and every attempt to curb such pollution as can be attributed to
recreational boating because it is of such insignificance in the total pollu-
tion picture? Should we advocate a total program to correct all pollution es
an alternative to regulations covering boating alone? Or should the Associa-
tion continually refer to this report and its conclusions in hopes that this
alone will reduce legislative activity in this field?
Reasonable though any of these courses of action may appear, it is obvious that
none of them will result in action favorable to recreational boat owners0
^
Legislating against pollution in any form is gaining popularity, and opposing
anti-pollution legislation or regulations is comparable to opposing motherhood
or the American flag. The situation has passed the point where reasonableness
is a criteria so that concerted opposition to such regulation by recreational
boat owners or groups representing them, regardless of the facts in their
favor, will accomplish nothing constructive and might even result in the adop-
tion of harsher rsgulations than would otherwise be the case-,
The Committee believes that what must be done by this Association and by other
recreationa?u boating interest groups in the country is recognize that regulation
of this problem, regardless of its significance, is certain to continue; that
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such regulations will continue to vary considerably from state to state; that
many, if not a majority, of the regulations in this area will be of the type
completely prohibiting the discharge of wastes in any form, whether treated
or not, from marine toilets; and that such regulations will be injurious to
the mobility of recreational boating that this Association is attempting to
foster in other fields.
If this is so, then what can be done to amend or modify these regulations so
that they are less injurious to recreational boat owners and to the mobility
of recreational craft? The solution suggested by the Committee is the prepara-
tion of a model law on this subject that will avoid the shortcomings of most
of the present regulations and still alleviate the problem of the discharge of
untreated wastes from recreational watercraft.
Before such legislation can be effective, however, there must be available
anti-pollatior. devices capable cf installation on recreational craft at a
reasonable cost. An assessment of such devices is then necessary,
ANTI-POLLUTION DEVICES FOR RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFT
There are three principal types of treatment devices now available:
1. Chiprinatp rs. Chlorinators are devices designed to hold sewage for
at least a nominal period of time to permit introduction of dosages of dis-
infectants to kill bacteria contained therein.- To meet any reasonable health
standard, such units must be equipped with a macerator or with some other type
of agitator which will cause the breakup of solids to permit disinfection and
to inhibit settling of solids in the chlorinator.
2. Incinerators. These units are designed to trap the waste material,
generally in a previously inserted bag, and to hold the materials until the
device is activated.. Upon activation, the bag with the sewage materials is
dropped into a burning chamber where it is consumed by a burner which is
ignited by turning the burning control as prescribed. These units are usually
provided with exhaust fans to remove odors from the area to over-board vents,
Generally, appropriate controls are provided to assure that the device cannot
be activated when the toilet is in use.
3. Holding Tanks. A holding tank is simply a waste tank placed on board
the vessel and attached to the marine toilet so that all materials are pumped
from the toilet into the tank. Such devices can be emptied in one of two ways,
the first through a pump attachment which empties the tank into a shoreside
sewer or septic tank and the second by pumping the materials directly into the
waters of the lake.
Each of these units has some disadvantages which should be -mentioned<
1. Chlorinators. An "Evaluation of Marine Toilet Chlorinators" is a
report prepared by Syracuse University in 1962 for the New York State Depart-
ment of Health and contains some excellent suggestions relative to the use of
Chlorinators. This report as well as the experience of others in using
Chlorinators indicates that the devices must retain the waste materials for a
minimal period of time to assure adequate treatment by the disinfectant used
with the device. Also, should the boat owner allow the disinfectant source
to become depleted, there is no way that the unit can be designed to continue
to hold the materials until a disinfectant is introduced.. It is believed that
this situation could be greatly alleviated simply by having manufacturers of
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such devices print on the devices themselves or on literature designed to be
placed in the head of a boat, instructions as to its use. It is not considered
probable that many boat owners who have had these units installed will permit
them to be regularly operated in a manner designed to destroy their effective-
ness.
*
2. Incinerators, The principal objections to units of this nature relate
to their size and to the fact that most use propane gas as fuel. In other,
respects, they are considered to be the most effective anti-pollutant device
because they destroy the wastes entirely. Although the size limitation cannot
easily be modified, the danger of introducing propane gas on board a boat can
be almost completely-reduced by a carefully designed and proper installation
of the unit and the fuel bottles.
3. Holding Tanks. Units of this nature seem to have the greatest appeal
to health officials, probably because they are regarded as the next best thing
to actually sealing a toilet. However, these installations are not without
disadvantage. If holding tanks are to be pumped ashore, relatively expensive
sewer installations at marinas are required. If they are to be emptied in
outlying waters, the possibility of their being discharged at dockside will
continue to exist and, should such happen, would completely negate the instal-
lation of the device. Holding tanks also require considerable space on board
boats where space, regardless of the size of the boat, is always limited.
Holding tanks should have chemicals added from time to time to reduce the
increased bacteriological effects of retaining sewage for prolonged periods
of time. The longer such materials are retained without the introduction of
appropriate chemicals, the more virulent the waste materials become. However,
it is believed that with the provision of appropriate instructions to the user,
any boat owner utilizing such an installation will assure that it is used
properly.
Although there are disadvantages to each of these units, it is not felt by the
Committee that these are such that the only alternative to continued pollu-
tion is the sealing of toilets. Certainly these units will perform with no
less effectiveness than the average municipal sewage treatment plant, and
because of the boat ownerfs interest in unpolluted waters, it is believed by
the Committee that the units will be carefully and properly maintained and
operated.
It is therefore the conclusion of the Committee that suitable and adequate
devices are presently available for installation aboard recreational watercraft
that will treat sewage to a standard acceptable to most health officials. Since
any of the three units above are acceptable treatment devices, and since the
selection of one of the three by a boat owner will be based on personal con-
siderations, it is recommended that a model law permit the use of any of the
three devices.
MODEL LAW
*
After concluding that suitable anti-pollution devices were available for instal-
lation on recreational watercraft, the Committee requested the Outboard Boating
Club of America to prepare a model law dealing with the general subject of
pollution from recreational craft. This model law has been extensively reviewed
by the Committee and others, and suggested 'revisions or modifications incorpo-
rated into the final draft which is included in this Report as Appendix C. This
model law provides for several features that are worthy of individual mention.
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To assure that the standards required by such legislation do not vary from
state to state, they have been incorporated inco the model act as a part
thereof. This is most important, for one of the principal justifications of
this model act to the Committee has been that adoption thereof nationally
would greatly facilitate the mobility of recreational craft. If individual
standards could be established by each state, this mobility would be completely
destroyed and the purpose of the act entirely negated.
The Committee was also impressed by testimony of manufacturers of anti-
pollution devices wherein they pointed out to the Committee that the trend
in current legislation was to require a complete laboratory test of every
anti-pollution device by its manufacturer before the unit would be accepted
by the particular state. In an etfcrt to reduce this expense to the manu-
facturer, and to avoid dupli;ate tests of an almost identical nature, the
Committee has permitted the manufacturer in the model law to certify in
writing on the basis of any test which the manufacturer makes of its unit,
whether or not the unit meets ths requirements of the model act.
In other respects, the model lav7 has been drafted in such a manner as to
assure that it can easily be used without major amendments in any State in
the country. This was, of course, done intentionally in hopes that the goal
of uniformity in this legislation would be further accommodated.
LITTER
During its investigations, the Committee was impressed with the number of
persons who, when discussing pollution from recreational watercraft, were
concerned only with the depositing of trash, garbage, and other materials in
the water which, perhaps, could be more appropriately termed "litter". Before
receiving the results of its questionnaire survey, it was the personal opinion
of most of the Committee members that the litter problem was of greater concern
than the problem of pollution, and the questionnaire results confirmed this
belief.
American ingenuity being what it is, it appears that food and beverage con-
tainers are becoming more and more indestructible. Milk cartons, beverage
cans and bottles, and other food containers are not only extremely resistant
to deterioration through exposure to the elements, but most of them float,
resulting in their accumulation on the beaches adjacent to heavily used
waterways. Even when the items washed up on the beach are not necessarily
dangerous to humans, they offend the senses because they are so foreign to
the area. Since they do not appear to naturally waste away and since they
are not capable of being eaten by fish, fowl, or wildlife, the only way they
can be removed is through human action and such is difficult, if not impos-
sible, when the cost of patrolling the thousands of miles of shoreline of this
nation is considered.
This does not mean that recreational boat owners are the primary offenders
in this area. There is no question in the Committee's mind that a substan-
tial amount of this litter is being deposited by the crews of commercial
vessels plying these waters. Because such crews eat all meals on board and
naturally consume a far greater amount of foods per person than is consumed
by recreational boat owners who, although greater in numbers, cruise much less
and appear to eat on board less frequently, it is apparent that the continued
practice of dumping all waste materials over the side into the waters will
result in a large accumulation of litter on the beaches
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The litter problem is not easily resolved simply by passing legislation.
This is a problem which can only be resolved through a direct attack utilizing
all possible means to educate every segment of the public as to the problem
and its likely effects if not abated. Appropriate legislation can be helpful,
however, to ensure that marinas and public boating facilities provide trash
receptacles and that commercial vessels are required by law to destroy materials
through incineration or to place them in trash receptacles for disposal on
shore. Because of this, provisions of this nature are included in the model
law recommended herein by the Committee.
IN CLOSING
The Committee has attempted to maintain an objective approach to the problems
covered by this report. As more and more evidence was uncovered indicating
the miniscule nature of the pollution problem and the gargantuan efforts being
made by persons who should know better to correct it, the objectivity of the
Committee lessened considerably, Still, we believe we have well and amply sup-
ported our conclusions herein,,
The Committee was appalled at the tremendous amount of industrial waste and
untreated sewage being regularly deposited in the lakes, streams and rivers
of this country. Although it was gratifying to the Committee to establish to
its complete satisfaction that virtually none of this pollution was the
result of the use of recreational watercraft, this limited satisfaction was
completely overwhelmed by the staggering knowledge of the condition of much
of our water. Indeed, unless much stronger efforts to correct this situation
are made in the future than have been made in the past, there may well be no
recreational watercraft in existence to worry about because no waters suitable
for recreation will remain.
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APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE ON WATER POLLUTION BY RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFT
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STATE DF MICHIGAN
GEORGE ROMNEY, GOVERNOR
1OO4 CADILLAC SQUARE BUILDING
DETROIT, MICHIGAN 4B226
LEONARD H. THOMSON
DETROIT
DR. WALLACE S. WILLMAN
TKAVCRSC CITY
LOUIS H. FREYC
RDMCD
CHARLES A. BQYER
MANIBTBK
VOLMAR J. MILLER
PAW PAW
KEITH WILSON. DIRECTOR
TEL. 222-ieOD
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May 25,
Dear Sir:
!Rie National Association of Boating Lav Administrators is an organization
consisting of State officials concerned with programs involving the
registration, regulation, and development of facilities for recreational
vatercraft.
Because of the considerable concern being expressed throughout the
country at this time about the continuing pollution of our waters, it is
the desire of this Association to determine the extent of such pollution
attributable to recreational boating. After basic determinations of
this type have been made, it is the further intent of the Association
to make recommendations to the various States of ways to combat pollution
from this source*
To assist the Association's Pollution Study Conmittee, it is requested
that you complete the enclosed questionnaire and return it to the
Outboard Boating Club of America which is serving as special Staff
Assistant to the Committee on this study. If you are unable to complete
the questionnaire yourself, it is requested that the form be forwarded
to the appropriate State agency having jurisdiction over this matter.
, H
Your cooperation in this important study will be most sincerely ap-
preciated.
Very truly yours,
Keith Wilson
Chairman, Pollution Study Committee,
National Association of Boating
Law Administrators
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QUESTIONNAIRE ON WATER POLLUTION BY RECREATIONAL WATERCRAFT
*
Completed by
NAME
REPRESENTING
ADDRESS
V V ^ V
The object of this questionnaire is to try to develop information and data on
the extent of water pollution attributable to recreational boating, whether or
not such pollution is a significant factor8 and the nature and measure of cor-
rective action to be taken, if any, which will provide a remedy without unduly
penalizing the boat owner.
For purposes of this study, the terra "recreational watercraft11 is defined as
every description of vessel, regardless of method of propulsion, which is used
or capable of being used as a means of locomotion on the water for recreational
pursuits.
1. Can you estimate, from boat registration data or any other appropriate
source, the number of recreational watercraft in your State with marine toilets?
Yes No
2. If the answer is "Yes," please indicate in the following space how many
recreational watercraft with marine toilets you estimate to be operating on
waters in your State. : __
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3. If your area of jurisdiction is defined other than by state boundaries,
please explain and, if possible, estimate the number of recreational watercraft
with marine toilets in your area0
4. Can the total number of recreational watercraft with marine toilets in your
State or area be broken down according to boat size? Yes No
5. If the answer is "Yes," please indicate in the spaces below the number of
recreational watercraft x^ith marine toilets in your State or area in each of
the following size groups;
Less than 26 feet in length
26 feet to less than 40 feet in length
40 feet to not more than 65 feet in length
6. If you have a numerical breakdown of recreational watercraft with marine
toilets classified other than by size or length of the vessel, we would appreci-
ate having this information. Please show any such data in the following space.
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7. Can you estimate the number of recreational watercraft without marine toilets
in your State or area? Yes No
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8. If the answer is "Yes/1 please indicate how many.
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9, Below are listed the types of water, some or all of which may exist in your
State or area. Please mark the degree and kind of pollution FROM RECREATIONAL
CRAFT ONLY on your waters,
Mark the degree of pollution by circling #1, 2, 3 or 4. For example, on rivers
and streams, sewage and/or garbage, trash and waste FROM RECREATIONAL CRAFT are
- possibly contributing to pollution. If. in your State or area, sewage is a MAJOR
contributor to pollution, circle #1; if MODERATE, circle #2; if a MINIMAL contrib
utor, circle #3; if it does NOT contribute, circle #4. Do the same with garbage,
trash and waste, marking the degree of each in each type of water
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SEWAGE
GARBAGE
TRASH
WASTE
EXAMPLE; RIVERS AND STREAMS 1 2
1 2
3 4 123
DEFINITIONS
Sewage: The contents of a drain, espe-
cially human excrement.
Garbage: For example, animal or vegeta-
ble matter from a kitchen, mar-
ket or store.
Trash: Something discarded as no longer
useful or not useable, espe-
cially paper3 metal, wood, glass
or plastic products.
Waste: Material lost or unused during
a process, leakage, e.g., motor
oil.
KEY
Circling this number means
that the kind of pollution
listed is a MAJOR contributor
to pollution in your area.
Circling this number means
a MODERATE contribution to
pollution.
Circling this number means
a MINIMAL contribution to
pollution.
Circling this number means
NO contribution to pollution.
TYPE OF WATER
KINDS O.F POLLUTION
COASTAL OR OCEAN
GREAT LAKES
INLAND LAKES
Under 500 acres
500 acres or over
RIVERS AND STREAMS
RESERVOIRS
SEWAGE
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
GARBAGE
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
TRASH
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
WASTE
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
1234
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10, How is the problem of pollution from recreational watercraft being handled
in your State or area; by regulation? by education? otherwise?
Please elaborate.
11. Do you have any suggested solutions aver and above what is already being
done to combat .pollution from recreational watercraft in your State or area?
12. To your knowledge., have any studies been made in your State or area regard-
ing contribution to the water pollution problem by recreational watercraft?
Yes No (In answering the foregoing, you may include studies by public
health or water pollution agencies of Federal, state or local government, and/or
studies by universities and private research organizations or any other studies
of which you may know*)
If the answer is "Yes," and copies of these studies are available in your files,
we would greatly appreciate your sending one of each to us along with this com-
pleted questionnaire.
If extra copies of these studies are unavailable to you, it is requested that you
furnish all appropriate names and addresses where we can write for copies of such
studies. Please give these sources of information in the space provided below.
13. In your opinion, are boating groups and individuals self-policing in efforts
they make to keep the water clean and shoreside areas clean for their own sake?
14. Do you think marinas are contributing to x^ater pollution by lack of adequate
facilities at docking and mooring areas to remove sewage from boats or garbage
and trash deposited in the water? Yes No Please comment.
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15. Additional comments, if any
PLEASE RETURN THIS QUESTIONNAIRE,, UPON COMPLETION TO:
OUTBOARD BOATING CLUB OF AMERICA
307 NORTH MICHIGAN AVENUE
CHICAGO, ILLINOIS 60601
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APPENDIX B
FINDINGS OF WATER POLLUTION QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
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FINDINGS OF WATER POLLUTION QUESTIONNAIRE SURVEY
>
IND OF WATER
Scale of Degree of Pollution
1.0 - 1.5 Major
1.6 - 2.5 Moderate
2*6 - 3.5 Minimal
3.6 - 4.0 No problem
SEWAGE
GARBAGE
TRASH
WASTE
AVERAGE VALUE
OF ANSWER
1
»STAL/OCEAN 1 3.0
30 responding) 1
j
;£AT LAKES* 1 2.9
(7 responding) ' 1
IM.AND LAKES
fder 500 acres I 3.2
50 responding) I
0 acres or over 1 3.1
(45 responding) I
^^^^^b
. ^^^^^fc . _^ . _ . . _ _____ ^ __«^ mm^^_^^ ^ ^^^a^^^a^^^^^^^-____ __
"^^^^^^^PWil'I^P^^^B^^^^^M^^^^*^^^^B^^^*WMP^^^B^^M^^^^^^^WMB^^BI^^^^^^^^>"^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^p^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^ if ""^"^^^~ ^^^""^ ^^^^^^^^^
iWERS AND STREAMS 1 3.1
(54 responding) I
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Ml^^^^WttllM^MPh^^HH^MBttMMMB^^flP^PM^HHB^^^^^^HI
IESERVOIRS j * 3.2
^43 responding) j
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M^^^VdP^^^^^^^^^^bl^BM^^^^^HBMVM^K^kMMM^^^H^HlM^kflM^IHI^HllMHkl^^^^^BVflMVi^ABI^HHIMAl
imAGE VALUE OF ANSWER - 1 3.1
3.3
2.9
3.2
3.0
UV^M^VMMtMBMM^B^WMOVWM
3.2
3.1
3.2
3.1
2.7
tftfV^^^^^BVVA^^VA^HIABVMBI^BB
2.8
2.7
3.0
2.9
2.9
3.3 3.2
3.1 2,9
3.1 3.1
3.1 3.0
r
^ ^^^^^^^^'^^^^^^^^^^^((^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^M^^V^tf^
3.1X 3.1
^^^^^ ^^^^^^»j^^^^^^^^^^j«i^^ ^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^
3.3 3.1
3.2 1
How is the problem of pollution from recreational watercraft being handled in your state or
rea? (52 responding)
Regulation 42.3%
Education 21.2%
Both 36,5
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e boating groups and individuals self-policing in efforts they make to keep the water and
preside areas clean for their own sake? (58 responding)
Boating groups and clubs are
Yes 39.6% No 46.6% but not individuals 13.8%
Do you think marinas are contributing to water pollution, etc,? (61 responding)
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Yes 62.3%
No 37.7%
The figures for the Great Lakes may be misleading inasmuch as the total number of responses
ncerning this type of water was only seven. Therefore, a single extreme response will
Mfect the final average answer more than a single such response would in any of the other
KIND OF WATER categories.
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State and Federal agencies who answered the questionnaire only 8 cited pollution from rec-
itional watercraft as a major contributor to the over-all water pollution problem by circling
cfl the questionnaire form. They and the kind of pollution they stressed are as follows:
Division of Water Safety
tabama Conservation Department
Sewage and waste on rivers and streams
ief Sanitary Engineer
kansas State Board of Health
Trash on lakes under 500 acres; trash
and waste on lakes 500 acres or over;
trash and waste on rivers and streams;
garbage, trash and waste on reservoirs
orgia Department of Public Health
Garbage and trash on lakes under 500
acres
chigan Department of Health
Trash on Great Lakes
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5. Sanitary Engineering Division
North Carolina State Board of Health
Sewage on coastal or ocean waters, lakes
under 500 acres, lakes over 500 acres,
rivers and streams, and reservoirs
6, Municipal Waste Section
Division of Water Resources
West Virginia Department of Natural Resources
Sewage and waste on rivers and streams
7. Region 6, U. S. Forest Service
(Oregon and Washington)
Trash on lakes under 500 acres
8. Boat License Division
Illinois Department of Conservation
Sewage and waste on rivers and streams
AGENCIES RESPONDING TO QUESTIONNAIRE
on of Water Safety
a Conservation Department
egistration Branch
a "Motor Vehicle Division
Quality Control Board
rnia Resources Agency
ir Pollution Control Engineer
:>Jido Department of Public Health
.tary Engineering Division
idBticut State Department of Health
1
.1 Boat Safety Division
e Commission of Shell Fisheries
er
rida Board of Conservation
.sBbn of Water Resources
rida Board of Conservation
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Department of Public Health
Health Engineering
.i Department of Health
10 Motor Vehicle Bureau
Division of Public Health
Alaska Department of Health & Welfare
Chief Sanitary Engineer
Arkansas State Board of Health
California Division of Small Craft Harbors
Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
California Department of Public Health
Chief Boat Warden
Colorado Game, Fish & Parks Department
Boating Safety Commission
Connecticut Dept. of Agric. & Natural Resources
Harbor Precinct
Washington, D. C. Metropolitan Police Department
Florida Boating Council
Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
Florida State Board of Health
Georgia Game & Fish Commission
»
Harbors Division
Hawaii Department of Transportation
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JL Health Biologist
ffieering and Sanitation Division
*** Department of Health
s Forestry, Fish & Game Commission
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ky Water Pollution Control Commission
Water Improvement Commission
ct Engineer
yTand Department of Water Resources
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husetts Division of Motorboats
State Waterways Commission
of Water Pollution Control
lesota Department of Health
Pollution Board
uri Department of Public Health & Welfare
a Pollution Control Sect., Aquatic Biol
a State Board of Health
Boat Licensing Division
Illinois Department of Conservation
Superintendent of Waters
Iowa Conservation Commission
Division of Boating
Kentucky Department of Public Safety
Boating Division
Maryland Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs
Sanitary Biologist
Massachusetts Department of Public Health
Michigan Department of Health
State Boating Safety Committee
Mississippi Game & Fish Commission
Sanitary Engineer Director
Water Supply and Pollution Control
Missouri Department of Health, Education & Welfare
Montana State Board of Health
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g Division Environmental Health Services
ka Game, Forestation & Parks Commission Nebraska Department of Health
Nevada State Health Department
- New Hampshire Water Pollution Commission
New Mexico Department of Public Health
Division of Motorboats
New York Conservation Department
Division of Stream Sanitation
North Carolina Dept. of Water Resources
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
North Dakota Game & Fish Department
Oklahoma Planning & Resources Board
*
Oregon State Marine Board
Division of Sanitary Engineering
Pennsylvania Department of Health
Division of Boating
South Carolina Wildlife Resources Department
Tennessee Game and Fish Commission
Section
Cepartment of Motor Vehicles
Jersey Marine Patrol
xico Park & Recreation Commission
on of Environmental Health Services
rk Department of Health
4
ry Engineering Division
Carolina State Board of Health
.sion of Water Supply & Pollution Control
:lfcakota State Department of Health
3 Division of Watercraft
anitary Authority
jon State Board of Health
n of Harbors & Rivers, Rhode Island
le Island Department of Health
of Law Enforcement
:h Dakota Game, Fish & Parks Department
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Boating Division
ary Engineering Section ;
ngton State Department of Health
ipal Waste Section
ion of Water Resources
Virginia Department of Natural Resources
*ary Engineering
nsin State Board of Health
oHLng Game & Fish Commission
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Motor Vehicle Division
Texas Highway Department
Virginia Commission of Game & Inland Fisheries
Washington Pollution Control Commission
West Virginia Department of Health
*
Port Advisor
Wisconsin Department of Resource Development
Wisconsin Department of Conservation
Wyoming Department of Public Health
COAST GUARD
ira District (New Jersey, Connecticut, Vermont, portions of New York, Pennsylvania, Delaware)
gMh District (Louisiana, Texas, New Mexico, portions of Alabama, Arkansas, Mississippi,
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Georgia and Florida)
i»eenth District (Washington, Oregon, Idaho and Montana)
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BUREAU OF RECLAMATION
gion 2 (California)
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(Colorado, Wyoming, New Mexico, Arizona)
gion 5 (Oklahoma, Texas, Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico)
S. FOREST SERVICE
i 5 (California)
gion 6 (Oregon and Washington)
reau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife
Office, Oregon
adquarters
of Outdoor Recreation
National Park Service
National Capital Region
Tennessee Valley Authority
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ANALYSIS OF RESPONSES TO QUESTIONS 11 AND 15
OF WATER POLLUTION QUESTIONNAIRE SUBMITTED BY WATER
POLLUTION STUDY COMMITTEE, NATIONAL^ASSOCIATION OF BOATING LAW ADMINISTRATORS
V
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It would appear from the questionnaire that the pollution problem created by
recreational watercraft is considered to be, in most waters, negligible. A few
quotes from the questionnaire will suffice in this regard:
i
"In my opinion, pollution from recreational craft is infinitesimal."
"Make cities and communities put in proper disposal plants. Get at the
source clean up the big polluters like cities, towns, industry and
shore cottages."
"Most of the trash in our freshwater streams is left by people fishing
on the banks."
Answers to the questionnaire indicated that, of the small part of the pollution
problem created by recreational watercraft, trash thrown overboard by individuals
was of the greatest concern. Most individuals believed that members of boating
organizations, clubs, etc., are fairly well self-policing. The majority of those
replying suggested education through literature, posters, and clubs as the best
and ultimate solution to stopping whatever pollution is being contributed by
recreational watercraft users "the water they pollute is their own" idea. An
example of a successful education program against water pollution is that con-
ducted by the Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation Commission, which has done a
big job in the last few years through educational programs.
It was the consensus of those replying that the marine toilet is not a noticeable
contributor to water pollution where it exists, with the exception of a few areas
of heavy boating concentration, notably marinas. Those replying said that marinas
could and should solve their problems by providing adequate shore facilities and
regulating marine toilet use by those docked at the marina. Rough figures
indicate that on a nationwide average, less than 10% of all recreational water-
craft have marine toilets. Necessarily, these are larger craft which are found
more often on coastal and Great Lakes waters than on small land-locked lakes.
f
With the expected increase in recreational boating, there was some concern
expressed about marine toilets becoming a pollution problem in the future. Most
thoughts expressed in this area were that if the problem does arise, it could
best be handled by installation of various treatment devices on marine toilets,
including chlorination, incineration, and holding tank systems. Where there are
regulations, the trend is noticeably away from toilet sealing restrictions and
toward treatment systems. The sealing restrictions,, operating against nature,
decidedly discourage recreational boating and also create administrative headaches.
Virtually all who made suggestions of any nature, stressed the idea of uniformity
among the states in implementing regulations to control this matter. Without
uniformity, it was felt that new regulations would be unreasonably burdensome
on interstate boaters as well as difficult to enforce.
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APPENDIX C
A MODEL ACT TO PROHIBIT LITTERING AND THE
DISPOSAL OF UNTREATED SEWAGE FROM BOATS
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A MODEL ACT TO PROHIBIT LITTERING AND THE DISPOSAL OF
?ED SEWAGE FROM BOATS .
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TITLE
An Act to regulate the disposal of sewage from watercraft and to prohibit
littering of waterways
g 1. DEFINITIONS
For purposes of this Act, unless the context clearly requires a different
meaning:
(a) The terra "watercraft11 means any contrivance used or capable of being
used for navigation upon water whether or not capable of self-propulsion,
except passenger or cargo-carrying vessels subject to the Interstate
Quarantine Regulations of the United States Public Health Service adopted
pursuant to Title 42 United States Code § 241 and 243.
(b) The term "sewage" means all human body wastes.
(c) The term "litter" means any bottles, glass, crockery, cans, scrap
metal, junk, paper^, garbage, rubbish, or similar refuse discarded as no
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longer useful or useable.
(d) The term "marine toilet" means any toilet on or within any watercraft
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to discharge waste.
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(e) The term "waters of this State" means all of the waterways on which
watercraft shall be: used or operated.
\
Note: In some states it may be desired to limit the application of
this Act to certain waters only and thereby exempt large bodies of
water or wate^ areas that are remote from population centers and on
which there is no congestion and no conceivable boat pollution prob-
lem. The waters subject to pollution control under this Act could
be enumerated or the state agency which is designated to administer
the Act could be authorized to make a finding that a particular
waterway should or should not be affected.
(f) The term "person" means an individual, partnership, firm, corporation,
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association, or other entity.
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(g) The term "Department" means the (name of the State agency which shall
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administer this Act).
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The choice of agency lies within the discretion of each state. It
is recoBsaended, however, that consideration be given to the state
agency dealing with boating matters in general.
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2. LITTERING OR POLLUTING WATER - RESTRICTIONS
(a) No person shall place, throw, deposit, or discharge, or cause to be
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placed, thrown, deposited, or discharged into the waters of this State,
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any litter> sewage, or other liquid or solid materials which render the
water unsightly, noxious or otherwise unwholesome so as to be detrimental
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to the .public health or welfare or to the enjoyment of the water for rec-
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reational purposes.
* *
(b) It shall be unlawful to discharge, dump, deposit or throw, garbage
into the waters of this State frpm a watercraft engaged in commerce.
This section is deemed sufficiently broad and flexible to prohibit
any act committed on shore, in the water, or. from aboard any descrip-
tion of watercraft, which litters or tends to pollute the water.
§ 3. MARINE TOILETS - RESTRICTIONS
(a) No marine toilet on any watercraft used or operated upon waters of
this State shall be operated so as to discharge any untreated sewage into
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said waters directly or indirectly.
(b) No person owning or operating a w&tercraft with a marine toilet shall
use, or permit the use of, such toilet on the waters of this State, unless
the toilet is equipped with facilities that will Adequately treat, hold,
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incinerate or otherwise handle sewage in a mannar that is capable of pre-
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venting wat^r pollution.
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(c) No container of sewage shall be placed, left, discharged or caused to
be placed, left or discharged ija.. or-near any waters of this State by any
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person at any time.
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This section prohibits the discharge of any untreated sewage from
marine toilets.
§ 4. MARINE TOILETS - POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES
»
(a) After the effective date of this Act every marine toilet on watercraft
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used or operated upon the waters of this State shall be equipped with
a suitable pollution control device in operating condition.
(b) Pollution control devices that are acceptable for purposes of'this
Act are:
1. Facilities that macerate or grind sewage solids and which, by
chlorination or other means, disinfect the remnants before discharge
into the water.
2. Holding tanks which retain toilet wastes for disposal at dockside
or on-shore pumping facilities or in deep waters away from shore.
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3. Incinerating type devices which reduce toilet wastes to ash.
4. Any other device that is tested by a recognized testing labo-
ratory and determined to be effective in arresting the possibility
of pollution from sewage passing into or through marine toilets.
This section recognizes that there are a variety of devices on the
market designed to eliminate the possibility of water pollution
from sewage passing into or through toilets aboard watercraft. Many
of these devices have been tested by various state public health
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.and "water pollution control, agencies and independent laboratories
and found to be efficient for their purpose. However, with further
improvements and innovations likely in this product area in the
future, it is unwise to "freeze" specifications for such devices in
statutory language. All technological changes can be readily incor-
porated into rules and regulations.
The desirability of nationwide uniformity in requirements for
marine toilet pollution control devices cannot be emphasized too
strongly. Boatmen will have to incur additional expense to install
and maintain such devices. It would be a hardship and an incon-
venience for boatmen traveling from state to state to be subjected
to different jurisdictional standards of acceptability of these
.
devices.
§ 5. MARINE TOILETS - CHEMICAL TREATMENT FACILITIES - STANDARDS-
(a) Every chlorinator or chemical treatment facility shall be securely
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affixed to the interior discharge opening of a marine toilet, and all
sewage passing into or through such toilet shall pass solely through such
treatment facility.
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(b) Sewage passing through a marine toilet equipped with a chlorinator
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or chemical treatment facility shall be deemed untreated unless the efflu-
ent meets the following minimum standards:
1. Sufficiently divided into fine particles so as to be free of
unsightly solids.
2. Containing 1,000 or less coliform per 100 ml.
This standard meets the requirements of the U. S. Public Health Serv-
ice and is acceptable by most state public health agencies for swim-
ming and bathing purposes. " .
(c) The chlorinator or chemical treatment facility shall be of a type
which functions automatically with the operation of the marine toilet,
does not depend on septic action as part of its treatment, is easy to
clean and maintain, and does not permit the escape of dangerous gases or
obnoxious odors.
(d) The disinfecting agent used in the facility shall be of a kind that
does not necessitate too frequent replenishment, is easily obtainable, and
when discharged as a part of the effluent is not toxic to humans, fish or
wildlife.
The foregoing standards are generally acceptable under existing state
I marine chlorinator laws. In the interest of uniformity they are rec-
ommended to other states proposing the adoption of such laws.
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§ 6. MARINE TOILETS - STANDARDS FOR MANUFACTURERS OF POLLUTION CONTROL DEVICES
Every manufacturer of a marine toilet pollution control device described
in this Act shall certify to the Department in writing that his product
meets the standards set forth in this Act or in any implementing regula-
tions adopted by the Department. Every such certified statement shall
be accompanied by a test report showing that the product meets the pre-
scribed standards. It shall be unlawful to sell or to offer for sale in
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this State any marine toilet pollution control device that has not been.
so certified and approved by the Department.
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§ 7. CERTIFICATE OF NUMBER
The Department may require persons making application for a certificate
of number for a watercraft pursuant to (statutory citation of State Boat
Numbering Act to be entered here) to disclose whether such watercraft has
within or on it a marine toilet, and if so, to certify that such toilet
is equipped with a suitable pollution control device as required by this
Act. The Department is further empowered to' direct that the issuance of
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a certificate of number or a renewal thereof be withheld if such device
has not been installed as required by this Act.
§ 8. ON-SHORE TRASH RECEPTACLES
The owner or whoever is lawfully vested with the possession, management
and control of a marina or ot:her waterside facility used by watercraft
for launching, docking, mooring and related purposes shall be required
to -have trash receptacles or similar devices designed for the depositing
4
of trash and refuse at locations where they can be conveniently used by
watercraft occupants.
g 9. EDUCATION
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The Department is hereby authorized to undertake and to enlist the sup-
Iport and cooperation of all agencies, political subdivisions, and organ-
: ,
izations in the conduct of a public educational program designed to inform
the public of the -undesirability of depositing trash, litter, and other
materials in the waters of this State and of the penalties provided by
this Act for such action, and use funds provided by the Legislature for
this purpose. The Department is further authorized to utilize all means
of communication in the conduct of this program.
8 10. ENFORCEMENT
All watercraft located upon waters of this State shall be subject to
inspection by the Department or any lawfully designated agent or inspector
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thereof for the purpose of determining whether such watercraft is equipped
In compliance herewith. The Department is further authorized to inspect
marinas or other waterside public facilities used by watercraft for launch-
ing t docking or mooring purposes to determine whether they are equipped
with trash receptacles and/or sewage disposal equipment.
§ 11. LOCAL REGULATIONS PROHIBITED
Through the passage of this Act, the State fully reserves to itself the
exclusive right to establish requirements with reference to the disposal
of sewage from watercraft. In order to ensure state-wide uniformity, the
regulatipn by any political subdivision of the State of sewage disposal
from watercraft is prohibited.
i 12. RULES AND REGULATIONS
The Director of the Department is hereby authorized and empowered to make,
adopt, promulgate, amend and repeal all rules and regulations necessary,
or convenient for the .carrying out of duties and obligations and powers
conferred on the Department by this Act.
g 13. FILING OF REGULATIONS
A copy of the regulations adopted pursuant to this Act and any of the
f
amendments thereto, shall be filed in the office of the Department and
In the office of the (official State record keeping agency). Rules and
regulations shall be published by the Department in a convenient form.
§ 14. PENALTIES :
(a) Every manufacturer ofi a marine toilet pollution control device who
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violates Section 6 of this Act or an/regulations adopted by-the Depart-
ment pursuant thereto shall be deemed guilty of a misdemeanor and upon
conviction shall be punished with a 'fine of not more than $ .
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(b) Any person who violates any other provision of this Act or regula-
tions of the Department adopted pursuant thereto shall be deemed guilty
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of a misdemeanor and upon conviction shall be punished with a fine of
not more than $ , or by imprisonment of not more than days,
or by both such fine and imprisonment at the discretion of the court.
I 15. SAVINGS CLAUSE
If any court shall find any section or sections of this Act to be uncon-
stitutional or otherwise invalid, such findings shall not affect the
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Validity of any sections of this Act which can be given effect.
I 16. EFFECTIVE DATE
The provisions of this Act with reference to requiring watercraft with
toilet facilities to be equipped with pollution control devices shall
take effect three years from the date of the adoption of this Act. The
provisions of this Act prohibiting littering the waterways shall take
effect immediately.
It is suggested that the effective date of this Act be delayed so
that all persons affected by its provisions will have a reasonable
amount of time to become acquainted with it and secure the required
treatment devices.
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EXHIBIT B
Division of Water Supply cnc! Pollution Centre
Washington, D. C. 20201
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/nfT* f\^ £rr^ ^/^r* T T\? *t
oi Or biAiiv LA//
FOR
SANITARY FACILITIES FOR BOATS AND I-dRINAS
BY
THOeSS F. XELL2KEX
PROGRAM PLANNING OFFICER FOR BOATS MD
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Prepared as a Service to the
Interested in the ccrtcrol of
March
States and Others
Boat and Marina Pollution
15 1965
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Ji05i*l&7 Session
Act 147, I*:;5 1905
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Colorado Revised
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S&ctloa 23-24
Ko crjoa or
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* f
Section 23-703
The Wa£;er Pollution
exsrciccs general supervision ovs
enforceable of all li.c?*3 relating to tJje pollution
of the waters of ths Sar^a*
Section 23-711
Violation of ony provir-icr:." of tfes l«vo re lac: las to pollution or' of any
orders of the Ccr^i^sics subjscCtf the cff^ivicr to a fiaa of not less than
/
$10 nor c-ora than £100 for c^.cli offense.
*
ection 16-12CI
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not Ices thun vl,COO cor siore chaa v5>OGO, In juk
an order fcr abateni^nt of tha naisaacc uitbia 20 d
, tlu court iscuao
after conviction.
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See. 112-5
th* B^.rd of
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All vessels r^inte.ined as
ti equipped vith. a toilet in vcrklng
F -^P v «*« j* J ifl * ^^ ^^ «»n ^K idt- *-^ ^H _« j 1«_ -« d_ f _ *_ ^tl*^ -^ ^^ »_d. ^h ^ * ^L> ^BA -*«'
residenceo for
J r ^*- r** - - *rXf * -\ *".'"* * <* ' -, -^-» ^C -PS ^
iV-ii^ pui oui^o ^n&»
lution in ha^'bor vs-
pped vith
anting pol-
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urns Indians S ;;.-:t ut es ,
um-
nnoae
ueicet Suppl.)
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Sec. 68-820
It shall be unlawful to Veep,
rr.aria
public waters of this State an
in or operate upon the
euied with
w
ch
is
a
X-T^ Cl (2.
f J.oc
-? T"1 .* >~* ^ "yVj f~ ^ "t I* d
11; \-_NJ. ("I c u j. V ti
T v^, 4"^\ *ni^/*iy~> T./*"^ "r* r ~^ "Vj r*
IHOv) SUCi: wci T/ t^l'^
\^
ODeratlncr solel uoor. the
/" ~^<* *'L T
;G j. JJL
-
Sec. 68-868
Violation of above section Is
*
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an
days.
f rt
6-C.
ubs
euent
offenses by max'mu:.
M-- anor.
C> >* - ^
CJ 1 1 ^c
ne
or
sixty
/ "I
t JL
\
1 iv-, K
-L i i
t-r>/-\l /^ y> r'
-^VJ^L 0.1*0
^ ^
any substance which Is deiererioua bo
the
ub
to the prosecution o
any
or lawful ooeu'
V\ J.
lor
or
or
whereby any fi£ih life or any bcneTicial anliaal or vegetable
11 f*£* rr4^ IT l
XX C- ii,C- V v
W
prevented o
c«
r Irijuriously
Se
c.
5-SC-CI
r*.
"^o<**l *f~ V-
*. :»^ci -L.VI*
T%T*r\Q ji r** T *- <-s -11 ^ r- "r» T/ " Tl r* 1 " ^ ~ T'\7 ^ T'
Ui L>O^wU-U'^> s^}- *. W L v>Ii JF *Li i*-i U. W u* i y v^ X
the water nay be lawfully used,
fA?Vl ^
/. -1 X
c
V>
Se
W '
It is made unlawful for any corporation, municipal corpora-
tion, association, partnership,, person or any c^her legal
entity to throv/, run, drain, or otherv;lse dispose into any
otherwise dispose into such v:aters any organic or inorganic
matter that will cause or contribute to a polluted condition
of such waters according to determination made "by the Stream
Pollution Control Board-
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.- ***.'*«>
^** _
Sec.
10 rr
, c^;acno;-t
J * v ft C H ^-^ c i
T* i*» r1* * J -1 * j"i".^' » ** J- *"p *-» ^v * ^ "f ^" **.
i-i-C n?cv~C?.i£* wJ. oll^ ^j^J^ut
^ " *" ** f* ^* >** ^- n
^caui.& ^ uH
Sec. 3.525
^* r*> A» ****** rs i *? if^
wliC UUJLJ.%-
** i*^ T*
^ Oi
7*** "^ j 4,
r i-' >*
C I v
otha
^ *
\ ^ ":'**.
^ <~vt/-.
' "
aeesca a
Sec, 3.529
.
V ^*'
""
-, *
under Io euoject to Q poucilty or not to exceed y>00 pe
c? such violation.
d-^y f
or each
Section 1» Act r:O> 32 01* the* Public Acta ot 192^
section 750-1 to 750* 5^ or the Cor^il.od. lavs of
, is hereby ancnded
* "*
a"^^/*^
v^
C-
i
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-> Tf* *. -v« ^** -^
v ^;jT Oj.
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.*
^ *-
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--" <-* ^- *^, f*s *^ T *" J T* r1
--? L---.vt.it. U-i v; -L Ul-
^- ** «, * f " .
'
u - '*
O-
^
->H
E^'t^ r"'/**
,^Lw U.'^
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Sac. 115.03 Subd.
,
I?'*
l
*-,
to ** 'v-
fc^1*^ t* fc-t *
Sec. 115.07;
ubJ,4
, n j > y^ *
vio
,- - 4-
ur
*
Sac, 115.07,
Violet ica o
is a
any provisiionc of
£~-t or of any order of tha C
Sec
P**
i
^ :T 1 : ^
H- * 4 , vS
^/ V -%. 4 ** -*
* >
^r marine
'*
/*-
>^ **
or
"* "
V
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O
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.vO
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t-*^v^ t. *r/^r,*v **,w* j
/*; ** *t t*~ * ** % "* ** 1
Ox IT.C^i ciCC I
'^tT
+ i V
* ,
w* **
4 tt /"L rf%* t-* »*S *-! ^* r's.-» f « ^ J -^ ^* m^ *»« j*. »-a {^ j*- -> » £j j** ,* f- f > *J- - -*,-, --^ >-, L.- ,-v J* j1. w* j i ** fc* ,^**» » "% t*-l\ £* \ \ f't*1 O ** "i^i O '," **"j V*
111 Wi IwC-cii. *~ia 7 \vcii»O A i? v L 1* -71 fll V* i 1 ** *** *^ - ^ C*1* "^ /**T* -T t-*. ^ ! *** "- V; *n *f ^ V- J ^^\* ^^ \"\ * I * * ^ * /"^-f^ rt ." ^? > "^ ** ?7
viiviiiu -i.*-y t^-* *^ *» * ^i^i**i ii itUii^c.^i^wO Oi i^ ^wt i ^t* i;,_..4wi *-i -J>. j,/x> -. JL^t* -^wii w-^. o u^ii
V t >* 4» a A* ft ** -* > *^ l -i V -T ^* h - *"^.r'1 r^ -** ^^ *-"J f -% "* *" ^* "_ -V^ /i .f -1* r***VT^ V"X r"~* ** *f "* ^ *'* -*1 ^*+-- * ^* '** "*^ - -* -*\ ^ ^* -^i J^l /** P * **» ** '^
wscciy 3 oy w.j»y po^.^Cii Oi. JK. i.ij*j«i si* ^-;=y LXii,^ «^uc^/.or-
** ^ H^ ii.
*
Uir
-
0 *""£.
*^ 'j* ***^
V T
v
^3 ^ *t\ i~ 7^
^ WiCi*
i- l^
«
i- ^> A.
- - * , , i «
t»i. «_. 1. i i, >:-." 2. i
^-^^"'"los^ VLSI*"* -"lc
4** \^ *H* .*- -* -^ V>XH> - j _A« ^w « ^» <
» * Ik
** *s "^ -a -*^ ^* »*i y^ 1!'* 7"* *** V i^ ^* rfS ^ ?% **^ T
iCt^ c^wCv-iO^^.y ii,t uO LliO i-
* * i * *
"-^^ 1 XT
* "-j- J-y
V ^.
turir.e toilet except upon certification by ths owner of the
of cr. accetable treatas:;t device for use with such r^rin-a
installatio
Anyone violet ir.g th-3 provioioas of J:his cscuior* is guilC-y of a
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Sec, 20*^030
-
Sec. 20^.030
^ffS''\
XC J
r^--H » ,
vO rJ
bf^W f**
^ S
*
_
' ^vc
/**iT* *J"^i i"^ ^ "^' * ^f* ^ ^4* <"a r ^/ £*-? ^ *j i *^t*i? ^--'-:? -*, '-.-v "I/**-*T-^ t \*Vi* rr* ^ j -"%>* r\^-* ^"**4" V-'t *? ^ T1 O A /^-"r'*.^
U-l 1/j.iC Ov^ocJ <-iv z~iij »jJJ-.vr tjv -\.^/ ^JO-i^O*! ^cUx^v«JZ Ui -c^v ,CJ i*^ O^LG O»^.-c;
* i*. *+t * T *.* * 4-« f*^^ * \- *"- ^* ^*% "** J** r~*f f*W^I ^* *»" l R**"^ -^* * *i' *^v -^-, "> " ^*9 ***
jcr^u^-C^ £TUCoU OX C^ClJlO^Ulw Oi w^O Co'ciu*
f\ ^ r~^f r-
Sec, 300*270
y*V ^^ ^ V J*i 4- ^»*^* r*
on wui*cjrs
** *
> ****-!
iJ/
of the Wcrter
**-
Pollrr-io^
Sec, 305*290
V**T J*v"7 " T* T ,**i A
J-OJ^^oZw^i
*K/ v
*
*A ^* ^*"^^.*j»r**i
-*w iU -***-* v \-i-V-i-i, .1*
> '
J-
I
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T* ^
tiw
T-' ^J OA?
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"
69^3505 ll.C«M
.
d to road
follows:
(
V i*
i V l^*c
'. ri'" - ; ~
*
*-*Vrf v 4
r*> **-/*»
Q «.'
{* ***^
i*-i
r"- f*
/
V
O^*,
^
cr cau^e,, norcdi or suffer to
b
T**j >"*^^*
* i. .i^w ^*
3 I-I^rch 4, 1935
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Revised Stacut'is of Mcbrar.k
{& 1961 Cun. Sup? I.)
Sac. 71-3003
Creates within ths
Council.
o
K;:alth & 3
Water Pollution Control
Sec. 71-3CC4(2)
The Council adepts a
and absten.2i.it of ollution of the
c
or
te
ptc-vaation, control
37-516
s it iinlac7ful for es
State vatorc .
Sac. 23-1016
Makes it a nuisance for aa
i to dischargis say refuse into or near any
to corrupt or
y s tru
or
Sac. 81-315.17
Authorises tha Caics, "Foreatcticn and Parks Cc^rai^sion to
regulations to carry out the St£te Boat Act*
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Nevada 3evi-:e
»/V"t-
£.-Jw
St S/E Is cs.uuho7ri25 o
ctko
o
l^s
3 regulations for,
the eaaitasy protection or vctei* and the control
,
Sac,
The State Scard of Hi
rc;3 for e
is uuthcclscd enon;;
^r rds ., (5) to
or verier ollution orlir^tir. in -
.
i
Sec. 133*335
Asy Eir^ine tollot loeated oa or vixlrln any bo::'- ejected on vetoes of
this State aiiill rave securely c^i'i^cd to t?ie interior di'sc tores openin
1%-?* *i-*rvV^ 4*Ai "J <."* ?» *ttiiv"*~'T'-11^' ^"i*.'-'-"'-"I*T^ -'-"-h ^ ".ir-"r>f> "fi^i c""*/"*""'""-*."> **v/ cr/^i^^T/t rrn
WA kjix.Oij, OWJ,-I-N- U ^-- fcl Mi-i, V"»^-t*** Vi'-v'-'w^-*-w *-*> V-m^ ' **.V'Srf -t.*-* W^ Vl^fc. w*O,L,o~-^ ^*-V^^. v.*~*. W ^JiJ.*
rtcA1!"* <"t-^*V*'"i^'« v- " '"^ i--^*-^ ^ e-*^- -v-*-* -^,"1 ! T* ^7- fit'-t. -*-rJ * ~\ 7* - - ."V f ?"f "f* ". 'J)"". "^ it - ^"TT*"V #^"*'"T /"*."f *f" (I "5 ^T" J*l'*" i£*
CQiI3 ui U.O uisj. c-^u, j.wiST.'^*-^-U. J^Ii c^-^^o^u^o^-^ t/J, ^..i ^ ow*«i,^OJ.V-»-.» OJ, ^i_O OU J-vC
Bcpwi*t^j:i'S of EciLtb or &cxit? otb^r trc^traent ^coility cr r;;^tliod. cutiiorizs
"by r^^ulcrtioa of tha St^to D-^iir-r-^-^z^t of HoalvC* /JJ- cerate pcidsing into
j
^u.
1-33^0:5
* N-*1*/ J ^t-/
*-*i -*»*-,*
-l u- 'v
**
>v-"*' /*
u ^
V, r\ '%*
* W
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SGC. 149:
*
f^-*1-*** r* A- '?
tha
Sec. 140-/,:2
P
^
r
*rf» T.5 ^iT .^fct"^
- £ Oi. ^.lilL3.
>^ *^S
OH
* * ' "
*
t ;^ ?
W ul-
T t** *=
15
£
*
"'* * r -,^ »^* ^**\ "*-- **
i up 5*0 v-
** I > "
..^ <.-
ox
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Sec. 58-12-2
***^"*^
*.^*l V
* * -
are brouut
Its
State,
i** «"
i
- "** f"'T'^"i.'***
^i- C* _ -I-i
i
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w* J^ <-
Sec.
-
*^*^>' / ?
^w- r *
*
*- -/ -*
^ ^ A ^
*^ ~
*?" TT ^*s** *- =r*trt
- *^ **
;uiy of civ-
ucters
of
the
"* *
*
J ^ ^ ^* 't^? *i irt
i,uuOQ ill
- *^ *
,^ L.
Sec. 2A: 170-59.1
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/ $
~ - *
"*
* ""
"
-
pollute t!-c C^ci
o
suc
c a
-
"
jfi *Vt *? «*1 ^*\ f-*O -J*v^ f "-K-- *-» /*i <-" -* *v %; -A* --J*
Ally pUL^Gjl v'**-
' y'/*
v 1^ t,
tt-
by
w
-T *r»7**/a^
_u w b»l~U
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f > + A * # i* 4 _ - * 1* % % *
E*. *3 "V'j"1 5"^*! ** -" »* .?"? "* *,* ,** *--*** - j-^* > *tT "*** O-'^^L"* ?"*₯* *>*^ **i **--*. ** tr^ A "*a^*> 1 ^ -^ ^ ^^ "^ '^r*1 i*5 v? ' * J 3 ^^/*% 9^ ^ TV* "I *T» ,.'-
t,Oi-O uO ^ **^> ^, ^iitar:tJ« t*-^ ^ ^.jr' ^^4. o^Pii j -^ii-_l t-^^-*i i^ WiiV JL*^c* LH.*U ^ JJ *Lii UC pUvIiwtL
y?~ r'if:^* f^t-* ^f*t ^^jf!:/5 s*^c.n »^fc?.^ r^'i^ r *r>v*tx r^*-^^ filsir* ^rt'* f"?c ^ ^-st*/*^ rtrrp^i
^^- ik A^-rX> v> ^ *^-^-' W ^vKv*^^.^ v »= i* Y «*i ""^^t'l^'^'-^r^ ^?^?* *^ ^* VV^V-Tj ^"*/^ *^ i*"S *^- ^ rt i? «i*H /* ^ "iC* ?' f" r* "> ,*» S *t "*>A V*^*-?* ^"^VJi
i-ti ,i.t>-i t^^^t^^i .j'.^iJ^'^^ w^^it ** N**iit-i£c-'< *i JL^*,*V- v>^_ ii^i- jt^fc> t> Wi*-:->ii v -S*^W l^v^ -i. *?i ti
t'^i-V r*\ . *? * " J 1 --Jj V* **,-* -! «-^-»1,-**"- ir*- -*,*- ji***i»*^* V* ^*** *.-** V-'-.r*V*^ ?*± ^*fn«*» »>^ **( v*« -»**-^ i -'i-rvw^ **i*-» 1^, rf** ?* -*
Ci-iii v*^t>vi c?.r wy jLui^fc^-jOi^-tv^i-'C EOT lav&r i^Ui. c cL*^i!3. nXt-ui^y uwi^u, o^ cocii*
^t
%>
I70
9.1b
w* J^t ** I t"\ *" Li" O v
Lu J. tCL X^
» *^ I**, f* f-«
f-« /V1^
-v O
^^r*
OX
^"i *j* ^?~j ^-
"JL =^^
* *{ ^** 'j ** * j * ^* " j
icii uitc+u 3-»
< * ? ' - *+> -v*
**-^ CO T?
* -»
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:*£v/ Jersey Statuses Annotated 2
(ccncinuod)
Sec. 5C: 10-15
Prohibits tha disch^rgs f ro;a w&tt:er cloje^s or uriaala fren any steaa or
srsr boar vhile bsir otratcd within territcriil linitations of
p
Sec. 58:10-16
Violation of above section ic a
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-T, .* -, t5 f* ** , P-
i_i* *-:..*. t* ;rOCf.s. -
12 10 r^"r. "£ -' r R" -' c ?- v > r
* -t- 4fc* A.^ * ^ lS J,, ,'-*rf * J-1 ^> *,. Iu i t -.' r.T*
<
--
-s »
*Juu
^*i. j- - « ^
Oi. w-..'
.
T"* Y*rttf ^ 4t O /I *! t*£ -1* -
P Ju w v iV;\J -Lit i^.
U'r*
£
7~i ]**«. if* ;
j
T'ir-*"/*v* *>- /***i " /i * ^11?
w wC*u *> y
S^i-»
wC *
M-^lrr
^ii.C*p.
^"^ »^r rs -f * ^/*^* 1 v fiT f ^/^ ^ T-
*^4- fc- ^/i^. ^ « i ^ V^ c.. -^^f V'X J*d'' * *» >- V-
*'
"
^F **L T t r- £*
LciJL XO u
*-*. *
''i .^-^y
*^L* L
t.j.1 A
*
V ^.O
** ^\
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"
TS
*h.^J
V
"
enjoined frc^i coatlr-uia^ ^uch violatio
,
--u*v-***
* *^r
*""*' ** ' ^
-?"^ T ^t * 1 ^
^*\^* >«^ v*- *7 '* -T »^
O2T u-iy i-Lt
^**< --^^^
.; O*.
of tha co^iiccioaar n^d^ pur^u^nt to uhl^ article la guilty or a
t^anor end, upon cetvriecieu thereof, ic pi?ai£had by ci fins cf r.ct
ti**» ^ *^ *^
illiu
Ices
ft
»- *_**^i^ X *i-
violation. Each ccy up-on vhich. ^uch violet icr. occurs ia a aapar
offence.
Sec. i1?^
u\tf*w« 4*^*^^
; 4.
** -*v T "* ^*l
tt^t «.J-'^P* i. X i» JL,^^ i i
*l fi
ill
i-r-**-
" ?T j^T"
-i.i^ T^l -*,
i*^
t>
* "
Sec. 33 iffriviTaeirsu
i^. Mifc»ai%f i*i i >»r^i > -wiitfn !!! i 'r **- -
if* "I c -i rni cir?/' "'-** ^*^»T7* f'p^T1* /*» ovrar i* ^rt L^r^T^c^^ i. t" ^ nv I^A *^^! Prt ^r" *? 1 ^ 't^rv*'^ rs ^
W -U*-^ *-* U-X*-' ^t-Ui,^^4>*.i.*wP4. JL W X i »lj- WJt ^- S-**^ SH*S»- L> W«> Jb I*- * *i_^ U w kU C^t«^U^»X. j Ov£« *- ***W^i j
excrenont, garb^aas or other putrid of ofrsr^iva sitter ir*to the nsvi£able
watcfa of th
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'' ;^ -'":"- - ^ 1 ^i r* f* a1*-*" **? 7 **
*- *«*Vt-l.* ^ J* JLi.fr L*t*W t-t i^
(f*/"*^^ 'I r?? t -^ *V
\--*-* itW i. iiV-k-l**^ J
Violation c;:rri-J3 a fine cf sot to eucccd $100 or iK?ri
core th^n o.i-i yaasr, or both*
of not
U
'
"J j** -?s t * vr (*
Av-^1 A > ^ * t
_V*.-w «* ->*^-* ^ '
** J
'**
." ?
.- J*
/ - -, L« . A* t « »"- -i «* J- -*.* ^ f « . _ ^W ,n -,** *.
Ui-c V , Lllo-'.Z: Lx 2.i.'lIu*2Cl
tf ?
' V* h'^*\ T -,fc ^*
s or
""^ * k~
v . [ i Ji
r ;l4^r?""^>^ -rtt* r- ' -X' \0 1 r
\JL l*£*J ,*\x»^ W rf,*^r w V* +., +2 > v *>C
*?* \v*. ** f ^" T* ft **"" ^* ^ ' ^*"- i */ -*
i U p^vi i-Uii wi w --<**, ;^ c
^
-*** " >L". - 1> H ^ * (**- i
*-u* ^^ t*^ Jl L;
"*
* * ;** * "I ** '* *' ** I
Ci-vi-3 __ ;<* J JL
3*1*^.
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~
Sec. 143-2
Eft
O
Sec. 143-215.2
Prohibits «iaycr*c
of tlvs Scste, afte
fro;?,
or othcir wastes into the waters
effoccivo data applicable to any
C^ *^ ^v fc_,,_ ^_ £ 1/1 -* -*-
h * f I i , * * # *^ ^% ^ i vT * j >
1£iTr*^'*% ^ t* i*Ti 1 E'^vFsO 'Prsv i^^w t^^^^n^ ^^ ^^^T;r*4 OT* TV^^r;r/r-^: ?* A CP/**\'*?\? 1^^^ riT
**-**: V^^*O C W44 Xtfe.~J.iU.*. i^^' A «i *»li<^ Vj*i^^-i,O v 1^ A^^,^^^. *> ^-.L*^ i^. u.4i Uiii-X.^- %^L«S^ 4.*Wi^v^ V* ^^ i -*»
^rti^rt fr *? v"^ ^*j -rt t>v t ^ o -"* *"*I"1 "T ' "* "^ i"* ?**-** t IT b.>^-w*^ ' ^ ^> ^>*?* **" "^ ? ?" f* *\*** ^ ^ ^ -j*t *? ?*» f ^ ^ *.\ ***/* i /TI^ i^y? ^ V*b* "*
\rfOUUi-iUt^ 3 £-i*y F*C?U£^ t*
i**^^ dl L*
*.
^*> * *
i.J w i. ti
r$\f ^*
ujr *.
c*
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JLL1 ww
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Ohio :7>-. .,-?. i;cc: Cod
i
Sec. 6.111.03
lias W^-ter Fo.'iluticr: Control Bor;rd i.5 u.u-horisse.1 to develop protasis for
the prevention, control and ^batc'-rt of r;^/ or oxistins pollution of the
ators of the State; to irssvc?, rac-iliCy, and r::vX'"ko orders prohibit 1*13 or
abating the disch^rjo or sewage, Industrial vs-ste and othsr wastes into
State voters*
P^-v?n4
iOil-L
r^x1 -f ^ * P ^ V -"V^S T
u***.i*tv j Ct._ > *fip.-*&'t L
*^
i
Provides that no person, slv.ll violate tli^ rsr<:*/ri^ior.,o 03? tie Act or ai^y
order of thi Bo^-rd* An action for 3crt iajur*ctica ^-.y to brousiit against
the violator*
House Bill 1:0^885, r;porovod 7A'3/o3j ^f^ctive 10/3/03
A:rendrj ccctt 15-;-loI o£ the Kcvio^d Code, rolc;tin2 to a:i Acr^enent bettre
t>»^ ?iiiT'f:r"^ n^"* H^'ir1 - r-» "? ^p'r^'i^v"* V^T:^ v-/^;- »-sv"r7".A-''^ TAI^"£» "P*./"r^-""h;*"''j"ri"''- P.^ctlO^i
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Eousc Bill ?:o, 602
/V»3? oiTcctivc 9/30/63
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Sec. 4^9*OCO
The Saate&ry A
pollution of S
*?"»*- ZtAO 1 "; **
lL>CCb M «->./» 4. *..>
It 13 ur;l~v?ful
&ay rivc-r, 3
H -E
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se^as ar oth^r deleter ious ustter
*iasi o
body or
Authority.
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Cl U « V ^ OV> O- * S-r i* V **^ * X^V'lX A.J^J-V*-rV» V- *- *-* *-*L-» ^*"4 Z^
**tf<*
. 1 -^ J4.
improved device to render w.
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vvs* r j *~* V » V -v !T* > ~fc>
^ W-K *i_i**.> IT JL V *-* * £ X~-£
(£* *
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Sec. 71-540
The Sanitary Uatsr Soo.rd ia th
functions of controlling wate
"T*n f'l
^ *.! Ct J
i-siTt of Health
ths priory
Sec. 71-540
(11) (e) Tho
Is
co ru:
vulos aad
for the
*
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See. 35-691.301
.
v
waters of
th3 Act*
a
y industrial wastes, except as provided in
Sec.
35,691.60
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life is harx-by srorajsly forbidden."
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South
Godo of 1939
19
Sec. 61.0104 (I5cO Suppl.)
o
aeral supervision over t
Sec. 25.1405(10} (1550 Sais
Provides th^t: every vj::ool
v
uith I-citch^n or toilet facilities
U
"2t*tt
2-u
V11*
and/or iTj
,* >~v
u**
blc by a £ir:S up to $100
r^sri ctf co
irt
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Sac. 144.53
Sec* 146.13
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Sac. 20,01
(4} All
fallen:
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er£ane2 t?icu rulca adopted by the GCct5:c board o£ hoc 1th
Ass<2nds:2nt Pending
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EXHIBIT C
REGULATION MADE UNDER
THE ONTARIO WATER RESOURCES COMMISSION ACT
1. In this Regulation,
i
(a) "approved device" means a device of a type
and specifications approved by the Commission;
(b) "marine toilet" means any toilet installed on ,or.
within a pleasure boat; ' -'
V
f
*
(c) "pleasure boat" means a boat that is used for pleasure
and does not carry goods or persons for hire or reward,
and includes a boat chartered or hired by or on behalf
of the persons carried therein;
. (d) "sewage" means organic and inorganic waste and litter,
and includes human excrement, fuel, lubricants, paper,
rags, bottles, glass, crockery, cans, scrap metal,
junk, or similar refuse or garbage;
»
(e) "sleeping accommodation" means an enclosed or partially
enclosed structure designed for the purpose of providing
sleeping accommodation and furnished with berths,
1 ' beds, or any arrangement of seating or dining facilities
designed for use as sleeping accommodation, but does
not include a sleeper seat, cuddy space or a cabin
designed for storage or emergency shelter,
T
2. Clauses a. and b of section 4 and sections 5 and 6 apply only
, to a pleasure Foat that has sleeping accommodation.
3. No person shall discharge or deposit,
(a") sewage consisting of human excrement; or
wv , w
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(l>) sewage that 'is not human excrement,
from a pleasure boat into any water or otherwise permit
such sewage to enter the water.
Every owner of a pleasure boat shall ensure that the boat,
while in any water, is equipped with,
«
(a) a marine toilet;
~
» .
(t>) an approved device for the storage or disposal of sewage
consisting of human excrement; and
t
(cj containers suitable &>r the storage of sewage that is
not human excrement.
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No person shall discharge or deposit sewage consisting of
human excrement into or in a pleasure boat unless the
sewage is discharged into or deposited in a marine toilet
constructed, installed and arranged in accordance with
this Regulation.
6, Every owner of a pleasure boat shall ensure that the marine
toilet in the boat is constructed, installed and arranged
so that sewage consisting of human excrement deposited
in or discharged into the toilet,
(a) is stored in or disposed of by an approved device
for the storage or disposal of such sewage^ and
»
(b) is prevented from entering any water,
7* Every owner or operator of a pleasure boat shall ensure
that sewage consisting of human excrement deposited in
or discharged into any device provided for the storage,
treatment or disposal of such sewage that has not been
approved by_the Commission is not discharged into, deposited
in or otherwise permitted to enter any water but is retained
. in the device until such time as the sewage can be lawfully
discharged or deposited ashore or is stored in or disposed
5f by an approved device for the storage or disposal of such
sewage .
, Every owner or operator of a pleasure boat shall ensure
that sewage that: is not human excrement is retained on board
in suitable containers until such time as the sewage can be
lawfully dischar-.ged or deposited ashore. s
9« (1)
(2)
Subject to subsection 2, this Regulation comes into
force on the 1st day of July, 1967.
Section 2t clause a. of section 3, clauses a and £ of
section 4 and sections 5, 6 and 7 do not apply until
the 1st day of July, 1968 to a pleasure boat in which
a device for the treatment of sewage consisting of
human excrement that is not an approved device is in-
stalled before the date this Regulation is published
in The Ontario Gazette.
ONTARIO WATER RESOURCES
.COMMISSION:
Dated at Toronto,
this 15th day of
July 1966.
Chairman
(d*Juv &o»$
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EXHIBIT D
FACT SHEET
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New York State Health Department
Pure Waters Division
*
F
This Fact Sheet summarizes significant pure waters laws, passed by the 1965
and 1966 New York State Legislature, which have statewide application.
* .
To Provide Financial Aid or Tax Advantages
Chapter # 176 (1965) .
*
*
* ' '
(Pure Waters Bond Act) authorizes the creation of a State debt up to $1
billion for the construction, reconstruction and improvement of sewage treatment
plants and interceptor sewers. It also permits the granting of up to 60 per-
cent of the costs of such construction to local governments. The Act also al-
lows the State comptroller to issue and sell State bonds up to $1 billion sub-
ject to the State Finance Law. The Act was subject to a majority vote as
Proposition No. 1 in the November, 1966 election and passed by a large margin.
Chapter # 177 (1965) ~ Became # 1263b Public Health Law
i
(Construction Aid Act) provides for State aid of 30 per cent to local gov-
ernments for the cost of sewage treatment works, plus the prefinancing of a
federal grant share of an additional 30 per cent. This means the local share
for pollution control would be only AO per cent of the total cost. The grant
is retroactive to May 12. It would be effective until March 31, 1972. The
initial appropriation Is $300 million.
*
Chapter # 178 (1965) Became # 1233 Public Health Law
Chapter 178 permits, under State Income Tax Laws, deduction in the year of
construction of waste treatment facilities of the total cost of such facilities
by private industry. The legislation is retroactive to January 1, 1965 and ef-
fective to January 1, 1972. Such facilities must be certified by the State Com-
missioner of Health as complying with all pertinent laws, regulations, permits
and orders.
«
Chapter # 179 (1965) Became # 1232 Public Health Law
*. V '
v Chapter 179 grants tax exemptions from local real property taxes for all
;/ privately constructed industrial waste treatment facilities, when properly
certified by the State Commissioner of Health as complying with pertinent laws,
; regulations, permits or orders. The legislation is effective from May 12, 1965
to March 31, 1972.
*
p
- Chapter # 627 (1966) Amends # 299-W County Law
»
*
Chapter # 627 amends the County Law, to require that State aid provisions .
* ** *
for small watershed protection districts shall apply to projects for which reim-
bursement made subsequent to April 1, 1963 was limited to $20,000, to the extent
of the difference between $20,000 and one-half of such local small watershed
protection expenditure.
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Chapter # 481 (1966). -- Amends # 43,122 Transportation Corporation Law
*
Chapter # 481 amends the Transportation Corporations Law, to authorize
water and sewer companies to contract with the U. S. Department of Agriculture
to operate without profit and receive federal aid under the Consolidated Farmers
Home Administration Act, subject to approval of the majority of the stockholders,
with those not approving to receive the fair value of their stock and other
rights and benefits
To Facilitate Enforcement .
Chapter #180 (1965) Amends # 1205, 1223, 1245, 1252 and repeals # 1224
Public Health Law
*
»
Chapter # 180 abolishes the one-year period before an order. to abate pollu-
tion becomes absolute. It permits the Commissioner to issue orders to abate
pollution and to establish reasonable timetables for compliance with such orders;
provides for review by either the Water Resources Commission or the courts, but
not both; eliminates independent applications to the Water Resources Commission for
dilatory relief by a polluter on the grounds of financial inability or lack of
known methods of wastes treatment, and reduces the time for an appeal from an
order from four months to 60 days.
*
Chapter # 451 (1965 -- Amends # 34.00, 36.00 Local Finance Law
.Chapter # 451 amends the Local Finance Law by abolishing .the authority of
cities and villages to require that bond resolutions to finance sewage disposal
or treatment facilities ordered by the State Health Commissioner or the courts
be subject to permissive referenda.
*
Chapter # 793 (1966) -- Amends # 1230 and adds # 1255 Public Health Law
Chapter # 793 amends and adds to the Public Health Law, to empower the
health commissioner of a county or part-county health district or a city to
bring an action in court for recovery of penalties provided by local law for
small-scale violations of water pollution control provisions, occurring in 'the
district or city in which the commissioner has Jurisdiction, and to make other
provisions as to local enforcement. ,
Chapter # 794 (1966) Amends tf 1223, 1251 Public Health Law
Chapter 9 794 amends the Public Health Law, to authorize the Attorney
General, at the request of the Water Resources Commission or the State Commis-
sioner of Health, in the first instance, without prior administrative pro-
ceedings, to bring actions for injunction for violations of water pollution
control provisions, based on evidentiary matter or proof which the Commission
or the Commissioner will furnish him on his request. * . v
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Chapter # 402 (1966) Amends # 36.00 Local Finance Law
, . .
Chapter # 402 amends the Local Finance Law, to except from certain pro-
visions requiring bond resolutions adopted by a village finance board to be sub-
ject to permissive referendum, a resolution authorizing issuance of bonds for
construction or reconstruction of facilities for the conveyance, as well as the
treatment and disposal of sewage required by an order of the State Commissioner
of Health or the Water Resources Commission.
3-2 Establish Regulations and Standards - "
Chapter # 986 (1965) Amends # 1205 Public Health Law
* * *
Chapter # 986 amends the Public Health Law (Water Pollution Control Act)
by establishing water quality and purity standards for various classifications
of surface waters in terms of maximum permissible numbers of organisms of the
coliform group. It stipulates that surface waters shall be protected by ade-
quate disinfection of sewage treatment plant effluents.
v
Chapter # 605 (1965) Amends # 266 County Law '
t
Chapter # 605 amends the County Law to authorize establishment of scale
of sewerage and treatment charges, on any equitable basis.
*
Chapter # 595 (1966) Amends # 1210, adds # 1226 Public Health Law
V
Chapter # 595 amends the Public Health Law, to require the State Department
of Health to make rules, regulations and standards for testing and measuring the
volume, strength and constituents of industrial wastes and other wastes at their
outlets into classified waters of the State and require such dischargers of
wastes to maintain permanent records of the resulting data and to report them
periodically to the Commissioner.of Health; and to prohibit the use of existing
or new outlets for the discharge of such wastes unless in compliance with such
rules, regulations and standards and such data are reported thereon.
Chapter # 538 (1966) Amends # 429-f, adds # 630, 631 Conservation Law
»
Chapter # 538 amends the Conservation Law, to fix new provisions prescrib-
ing penalties for violations of any provisions of the Water Resources Law, or
determinations or orders of the Water. Resources Commission, and Procedures for
recovery of such penalties.
Chapter
955 (1965) Amends Conservation Law generally and # 31, 32
Navigation Law
Chapter $ 955 amends the Conservation Law and the Navigation Law to vest
the Water Resources Commission with authority, formerly in the Conservation
Department and Department of Public Works to issue permits for construction, re-
construction or repair of dams, impoundment structures, docks, piers and wharfs
in any natural watercourse, and for excavations and fills in the navigable waters
of the State.
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Chapter # 897 {196*6) Adds # 33c Navigation Law
_,_ * «
- -* <
Chapter # 897 adds to the Navigation Law, to prohibit the discharge of
sewage or other liquid or solid materials into the waters of the State from
watercraft, marinas or moorings which will render the water unsightly, noxious
or otherwise unwholesome and detrimental to the public health or welfare or to
the enjoyment of the waters for recreational purposes; to prohibit the discharge
of any litter luto such waters from such sources; to prohibit the use of marine
toilets on watercraft unless such toilets are equipped with approved facilities
of a type approved by the. State Commissioner of Health that will adequately
treat, hold, incinerate or otherwise handle sewage in a manner that is capable
of preventing water pollution, and which if they provide for chlorination or
chemical treatment will produce an effluent that is free from unsightly or
floating solids and contains 1,000 or less coliform organisms per 100 ml.
Provisions of the law relating to use of pollution control devices take
effect June 1, 1968; provisions relating to littering take effect August 1, 1966;
provisions relating to marina sewage disposal facilities took effect immediately
under the provisions of the State water pollution control law.
Chapter # 287 (1966) ~ Adds # 1115a Public Health Law
m *
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\ .
Chapter # 287 amends the Public Health Law, to permit the owner of land
acquired as one parcel for residential purposes to apply to local or State
Health Departments having Jurisdiction, for a certificate approving the water
supply and sewage facilities for said parcel as adequate and satisfactory, and
to make other provisions as to the contents of such certificate and the filing
thereof.
* 9
*
Chapter # 971 (1965) Amends f 180 Conservation Law
F
*
Chapter # 971 amends the Conservation Law to authorize enactment of com**
patible local laws, prohibiting the disposal of earth, soil, refuse, or other
solid substances in streams, ponds or lakes within any county, city, town or
village.
Other Water Resources Legislation
VBMfl^MMVWH* ._- «_tart -MWMM» ^H^IP^^M^^-.MMM ^
1
. Chapter # 681 (1965)
Chapter # 681 continues the Temporary State Commission on Water Resources
Planning until March 31, 1966 and outlines five specific functions of the Com-
mission: completion of studies of effects of detergent wastes and other sewage-
origin wastes cm ground water resources; Investigation of problems of water
rights and water laws In terms of effective water resources planning, develop-
ment and use; completion of studies of waste water treatment to supplement
ground waters; Investigation of problems of providing sewers and water systems
for subdivisions, and study of water pollution from boats and marinas in inland
water areas.
Chapter # 661 (1965) Adds Article 5-H General Municipal Law
*
Chapter f 661 amends the General Municipal Law to authorize municipal
corporations to engage in and pay for activities to develop the use of atmos-
pheric water resources (rain-making).
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Chapter # 663 (1965) Amends f 410 Conservation Law
Chapter # 663 makes the Commissioner of the Office for Local Government
aft additional regular member of the Water Resources Commission.
Chapter # 481 (1965) Amends # 192a Town Law
* *
»
Chapter # 481 amends the Town Law to permit Installation of sewage col-
lection facilities in excess of those required to serve a proposed sewer dis-
trict, by resolution subject to permissive referendum, and to specify financing
methods for such excess facilities.
Chapter # 805 (1966)
Chapter # 805 extends until March 31, 1967 the existence of the Temporary
State Commission on Water Resources Planning, with the provisions to be retro-
active and deemed to have been in effect on and after April 1, 1966.
w
Chapter # 905 (1966) -- Adds # 823-829 Conservation Law
Chapter # 905 adds to the Conservation Law, to create a regional Inter- .
governmental compact to formulate provisions for planning, conservation, utlli-
zatlon, development and management of water resources and related natural re-
sources of the Champlain basin, and to fix other provisions relating to the
purposes, membership on the basin panel, advisory committee, budget and audit,
with such provisions to become effective when enacted by the legislatures of
New York and Vermont.
To Mod ify Conservation Laws
t
Chapter # 630 (1966) -- Amends # 275 Conservation Law
" i
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Chapter # 630 amends the Conservation Law, to prohibit a person maintaining
a dam which holds back water known by him to be inhabited by fish, from drawing
off water so as to cause substantial loss of fish within the empoundment, without
written permission from the Water Resources Commission, subject to certain
exceptions.
Chapter # 598 (1966) ~ Adds # 429-J Conservation Law
-
*
Chapter # 598 adds to the Conservation Law, to prescribe the right of persons
to make harmless alterations in watercourses and lakes and to prohibit action for
damages or for injunction unless harm is caused or would .be caused to the plaintiff;
defines harmless alterations and prescribes procedures to protect rights and de-
fenses thereto. . -> -
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EXHIBIT E
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