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COASTAL MARINAS
AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH
904K86100
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COASTAL MARINAS
AN ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH
\
o
I
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Ch--:.-»f»o, Illinois 60604
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•RODUCTION
1 s booklet introduces the
astal Marinas Assessment Handbook,
- , andbook of information for the development and regulation
c: oast a I marinas in an environmentally sound manner.
!'••'• coastal zone supports more than fifty per-
ce> si of the U.S. population and this percentage is
int ,-f asing. This is especially true in the South-
ed: ' 4/here population growth along the Atlantic
at <'• :;ulf Coasts continues to increase from util-
i?.c,'i >n of coastal areas for recreation, industrial
cs« opment and retirement. Increased develop-
mc' along the southeastern coast has brought
at ,t a population influx into formerly sparsely
DOi,1 iated coastal areas.
• ? ..-<• example, the population in North Carolina
tc astal counties increased by 18 percent be-
r
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o
Steadily increasing recreational and commercial
utilization of these coastal areas has heightened
the concern for protecting and conserving the
natural and aesthetic resources; the very re-
sources that attract people to the coast.
• 60 percent of America's threatened or endan-
gered species live in the coastal zone.2
• Each year 2,500 acres of wetlands are lost in
the Southeastern States due to population
growth and urbanization, energy develop-
ment, industrial development and recreational
activities.1
Overall increased development throughout the
coastal zone in conjunction with increasing
demand for recreational marina facilities has led
to progressively complex issues that must be
resolved by governmental agencies, marina
developers and coastal residents. These issues
are related to the need to protect the sensitive
coastal environment, while preserving or enhanc-
ing multiple uses of valuable coastal resources.
Coastal Marinas Assessment Handbook is an
up-to-date and comprehensive handbook of
information that addresses many of these envi-
ronmental issues. The Handbook was developed
by EPA Region IV to provide guidance to marina
developers and regulatory agencies for the devel-
opment of coastal marinas in an environmentally
sound manner. Although developed specifically
for the Region IV States, much of the information
in the Coastal Marinas Handbook is applicable
nationwide.
The following sections introduce many complex
and interrelated issues associated with present-
day marina development. For more information
the reader is encouraged to obtain a copy of the
Handbook and to contact the applicable agen-
cies listed on the last page of this booklet.
Marina expansion/condominium development in South Carolina
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COASTAL MARINAS IN REGION IV
The six Coastal States of EPA Region IV provide
almost 18,000 miles of shoreline.3 The innumer-
able estuaries, sounds, bays and tidal rivers invite
exploration by recreational boaters. Approx-
imately 930 marinas presently serve recreational
boaters along the coast in Region IV.
Increased recreational use of coastal waters is
evident throughout the Southeast. From 1980 to
1985 coastal marinas in South Carolina increased
from 12 to 35 with 24 pending permits. In Florida,
demand for coastal berthing facilities is projected
to increase by 63 percent between 1982 and
2005.
Along the Intracoastal Waterway in Region IV,
Florida and North Carolina have the largest num-
ber of marinas serving cruising boats of at least
25 feet in length. Most of the marinas serve both
power and sailboats year-round. These marinas
provide the opportunity for overnight docking or
permanent liveaboards. Services offered include
engine, propeller and hull repair, fuel, electricity,
sanitary services and food.
In addition to their value in providing protected
moorage for boats, coastal marinas provide many
social and economic benefits including:
• Access to coastal waters
• Focal points for community activities
• Focus for upland development
• Tax revenues for local communities
• Revenue for owners and the broader marine
industry
• Employment opportunities.
53/607 AL
1350/8426
N/Nzcoastline/shoreline
301/3375
187/2876
100/2344
Proportion of shoreline in
Region IV coastal states
N = number of boats
(X1000)
N = number of
coastal marinas
Estimated numbers of coastal marinas
and registered boats in Region IV
coastal states
"Newspaper Enterprise Association, Inc., 1984. The World
Almanac 1985 NEA, New York.
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Environmental impacts from coastal marina con-
struction and operation may be temporary or long-
term. Adverse impacts may result from:
• Dredging and dredged material disposal
• Placement and design of shoreline and protec-
tive structures
• Wastewater discharge and stormwater runoff
• Boat operation and maintenance.
The potential for adverse environmental impacts
is a function of many variables including marina
location, design, services offered and numberand
type of boats served. Therefore, the potential for
adverse environmental change is not the same
for all marinas. The potential for adverse impacts
can be heightened when marina siting, design
and management is not based on sound environ-
mental principles.
The demand for recreational marinas is high in
the coastal area and will continue to increase. The
challenge is to meet this demand through pru-
dent application of environmentally sound prin-
ciples in the siting, design, construction and opera-
tion of coastal marinas. The Coastal Marinas
Handbook provides guidance for meeting this
challenge.
:-rM
Typ«« of marina (crvice* and functional relationship of facilities
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COASTAL MAR IN AS: THE ENVIRONMENTAL APPROACH
The Coastal Marinas Handbook examines the
major aspects of coastal marina development:
• Siting
• Environmental impacts
• Environmental solutions
• Regulation.
Each of these topics is broad in scope and is dis-
cussed in consecutive chapters of the Handbook.
Handbook organization follows the typical marina
development process.Thisorganization provides
the user with a stepwise approach to environ-
mentally sound marina development from siting
considerations through environmental solutions
applicable during marina operation and mainte-
nance.
Information in the Siting chapter permits early
identification of permitting issues resulting from
potential environmental impacts; the Environ-
mental Impacts chapter presents techniques for
assessing these environmental impacts; the Envi-
ronmental Solutions chapter provides alternative
measures for resolving potential permitting issues.
The regulatory framework for marina develop-
ment in Region IV is described in the Regulation
chapter.
Siting—Site selection based upon a clear under-
standing of potential environmental impacts may
be the single most important factorfor successful
coastal marina development Proper siting can
avoid many permitting issues and help eliminate
costly environmental solutions. The Siting chap-
ter provides the marina developer with a g uide f or
site planning prior to initiating permit applications.
Topics discussed include:
• Marina development process
• Environmental and engineering considerations
for site planning
• Advantages and disadvantages of potential
marina sites
• Identification of potential permitting issues.
Environmental Impacts — Environmentally
sound marina development can best occur when
potential impacts are assessed early enough in
the coastal marina development process to allow
for solutions in the planning and design phases of
marfna development. The Environmental Impacts
chapter provides the marina developer, design
engineer and regulator with impact assessment
techniques that can be used to evaluate potential
environmental impacts for proposed marina sites
or design configurations.
The techniques presented provide reasonable
approximations for screening potential impacts.
These techniques also can be used in evaluating
marina permit applications orto evaluate the oper-
ational performance of the coastal marina. Topics
discussed include:
• Approach to environmental assessment
• Potential impacts to coastal resources
• Impact assessment techniques for:
— Water quality impacts
— Ecological impacts
— Other impacts.
Problem area: Hull repair at the water's edge
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Environmental Solutions — Following proper
siting, the ultimate environmental performance of
a marina depends on the design, construction
and operation of the facility. Although many envi-
ronmental impacts can be avoided through marina
siting and design, unavoidable impacts can occur.
The Environmental Solutions chapter provides
the marina planner, developer and regulator with
optional solutions for:
• Water quality impacts
• Ecological impacts
• Other impacts.
The various options serve as a source for impact
mitigation during:
• Marina design and construction
• Marina operation and maintenance.
Regulation — Marina permitting processes vary
considerably within EPA Region IV. The marina
developer can use information in the Regulation
chapter to identify the principal permitting and
review agencies and agency concerns for impacts
to specific coastal resources. Permit application
and review processes for each Region IV coastal
state are summarized. Additional guidance
includes:
• Regulatory/planning processes and agency
responsibilities
• Functional roles of Federal, State and Local
agencies
• Basis for decision-making
• Actions required of the marina developer in
obtaining a permit.
The Coastal Marinas Handbook also includes:
• A detailed bibliography of related literature
• Sample permit application forms
• Permit evaluation criteria
• Examples of measurement methods for marina
environmental assessment
• Examples of ordinances now being enacted by
local governments to regulate the marina
industry.
Environmental Solution: Use of upland area for boat maintenance
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SITING THE COASTAL MARINA
Many permitting problems and costly delays in
obtaining permits can be avoided by selecting an
environmentally sound marina site. The informa-
tion in the Siting chapter assists the coastal marina
developer in obtaining an overview of the advan-
tages and problem areas associated with specific
marina sites. This overview is provided by a
screening checklist designed to flag potential
permitting issues that could adversely affect
marina permit approval. These issues involve:
• Wetland resources
• Shellfish resources
• Protected habitats and species
• Existing water quality
• Marina flushing potential
• Navigation
• Public access
• Existing regulations, rules, policies or guidelines
• Local opinion
• Historic/archaeological resources
The checklist also is useful for identifying areas
where additional information may be needed. It is
keyed to subsequent sections of the Handbook
that present environmental assessment tech-
niques and alternative environmental solutions to
marina impact problems. The Handbookaddresses
the relationship of marina construction and oper-
ation activities to these issuea
Maximum use of naturalcoastalfeaturescan min-
imize potential environmental impacts. Almost any
coastal site can be made into a marina, but gener-
ally the more extensive the required mod-
ifications, the greater the construction costs and
potential for environmental impacts. The Siting
chapter describes site characeristics that can
make candidate marina sites more desirable or
less desirable.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT CONSIDERATIONS
Water Quality 1 Ecological 1 Other
Impact Source
Considerations
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S - Environmentally Sound Manna Si_te. Selection
D = Design. of Marina with Environmental Considerat
C = Environmentally Guided Marina Construction Techniques
O- Proper Operation and Maintenance of Marina Systems and Boats
E = Enforcement of Rules and Regulations and Education of Marina
Users in the Environmental Impacts or Thefr~'Actions
Impact sowrca consMarations a Ml primary
solutions for watar quality , acotoofcal and otbor impact*
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Desirable site characteristics include:
• Within easy access to open waters, population
centers, utilities, public sewer and water lines
• Accessible from existing roads and waterways
• On sheltered waters providing adequate storm
protection with deep waters close to shore
• Near existing state or federally maintained
channels
• Near currently permitted public areas for dis-
posal of dredged material
• High tidal range or flow and high flushing rates
such as near the mouths of estuaries or tidal
creeks, near inlets or on convex shorelines
• Compatibility with existing land and water
uses
• Away from shellfish beds used for harvesting
for human consumption.
Undesirable site characterisitcs include:
• Too shallow or with inadequate water or land
area for intended use, requiring extensive
dredging or filling
• Low tidal range or flow and low flushing rates,
such as dead-end channels or canals or the
upper reaches of tidal creeks
• In a location with poor water quality, marginally
meeting state water quality standards
• Near specially designated fish or wildlife pro-
tection areas or near shellfish beds or grassbeds
• The presence of rare, threatened, endangered
or otherwise designated unique or outstanding
aquatic or terrestrial species or habitats
• On or adjacent to recognized historic, archaeo-
logical or scenic resources
• Inhibiting public access to navigable waters or
hindering safe navigation by requiring struc-
tures that would extend into existing channels.
D**lr*bl* and Und**lr*bl* M*rin* Sit** A and B
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ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS OF MARINA DEVELOPMENT
The potential forenvironmental impacts and their
significance are a function of marina design and
operational characteristics. The potential will not
be the same for every marina. Basic environ-
mental assessment techniques can be reasonably
applied in screening potential environmental prob-
lem areas. The Environmental Impacts chapter
provides basic techniques for use in evaluating
proposed marina sites, marina design con-
figurations or marina permit applications.
The impact assessment techniques contained in
the Handbook provide reasonable approx-
imations for screening problem areas when site-
specific data are not available. Complex computer
models that require interpretation by an expert
familiar with the model are not discussed, although
these techniques may be necessary in order to
make a final determination of the significance of
problem areas identified during initial screening.
Impact assessment techniques provided in the
Handbook cover three broad areas:
• Water quality impacts
• Ecological impacts
• Other impacts.
Many of the activities in a marina, such as dredg-
ing, wastewater disposal, fueling operations and
boat maintenance may affect the water quality in
the marina basin and adjacent waters. These im-
pacts can result from the discharge or accumula-
tion of pollutants, nutrients, oxygen-demanding
wastes or sanitary wastes. Therefore, flushing and
circulation are important characteristics to be
considered in marina planning and design. Two to
four day flushing times are generally considered
satisfactory.
flushing
POTENTIAL
turbidity
pollutant
loading
circulation
sedimentation "'
habitat
modification
PERMITTING ISSUES
dissolved '••{' shoaling ' ' critical
oxygen , habitats
IMPACT EVALUATION FACTORS ;
/ s erosion
•ENVIRONMENTAL
'aesthetic
values
boating
activity
SOLUTIONS
historical/archaeological
values
public access
navigation
Interrelationship of impact evaluation factors for assessing
potential impacts to coastal resources
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In the Handbook, methods are presented for esti-
mating flushing time, sediment deposition and
shoaling rates and sedimentation from construc-
tion. Dilution and dispersion methods for estimat-
ing pollutant concentrations in open and semi-
enclosed marinas are presented. Empirical meth-
ods and dye studies that may be used to estimate
waste contribution from boats are discussed.
Guidance is given on how to consider the signifi-
cant ecological impacts. These impacts include:
• Effects of construction, boat operation and pol-
lutants on shellfish, grassbeds and water
quality
• Presence of protected species or habitats on or
near the marina site
• Increased fecal coliform concentrations affect-
ing the commercial and recreational harvest-
ing of shellfish near marinas
• Danger to manatees and sea turtles from colli-
sions with boats
• Effects on historical/archaeological, aesthetic
and navigation resources.
GOOD FLUSHING POTENTIAL
POOR FLUSHING POTENTIAL source
Flushing potential of marina basins
"South Carolina Coastal Council. Guidelines for preparation
of coastal marina report Charleston, S.C.
Manatee injured by boat propeller
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ENVIRONMENTAL SOLUTIONS TO MARINA IMPACT
The ultimate environmental performance of a
properly sited marina depends on the marina
design, construction and operation. The Environ-
mental Solutions chapter provides the marina
developer with alternative measures that can be
used to solve potential environmental problems
in marina design, construction, operation and
maintenance as they affect waterquality, ecologi-
cal and other coastal resources.
Poroua surface for runoff control
Controlling pollutants from runoff and boat
wastes is a critical environmental solution. Meas-
ures that have or can be used include:
Proper planning that complements the marina
design can help avoid or minimize many of the
impacts from marina development.
Designs making maximum use of natural site
attributes can significantly reduce or eliminate
adverse construction impacts.
Use of clear and concise marina operation and
maintenance planscan contribute significantly
to the environmentally sound performance of
the marina facility.
Basin designs that promote flushing
Effective spill, runoff and erosion control
measures
Mandatory pumpout facilities and slipside waste-
water collection systems for sanitary wastes
Use of upland facilities for boat maintenance
activities
Use of public or permanently dedicated upland
sites for disposal of dredged material.
%,*<«<*.
Upland boat maintenance and storage facilities
5Fisheries and Marine Services. 1978 Guidelines for land
development and protection of the aquatic environment.
Tech. Rpt. No. 807. Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Van-
couver, B.C. 55 pp
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PROBLEMS
In addition to the pollutant control measures,
ecological solutions for protecting aquatic habi-
tats, shellfish and wetlands include:
• Use of sediment curtains during dredging
• Minimizing habitat modifications
• Scheduling construction activities around crit-
ical spawning or breeding periods
• Informing marina users of the presence of sen-
sitive habitats and organisms and the need to
avoid these sensitive areas
• Using sloping vegetated revetments and float-
ing or detached breakwaters
• Extending dockage to deep water areas and
providing upland boat storage
• Planting mangroves, marsh jrasseo or sea-
grasses to compensate for unavoidable habitat
losses.
Many coastal states impose buffer zones around
marinas, and shellfish beds are closed to harvest-
ing in these areas. The Handbook provides a de-
tailed discussion of marina permitting, shellfish
resources and interpretation of the antidegrada-
tion policy as it applies to permitting marinas in
open shellf ishing waters because of the potential
for resource-use conflicts between shellfisher-
men and marina developers.
Other alternative environmental solutions involve
public access and aesthetic resources. Marina
designs that incorporate provisions for public
access to navigable waters by providing boat
ramps, parks or other public recreational facilities
are considered to be positive factors during per-
mit application review. Marinas that are attrac-
tively designed and well-maintained can enhance
the coastal area in which they are located.
Designing the marina for maximum use of natural
site attributes, using good operation and main-
Deployment of sediment curtains
to protect sensitive organisms
EXISTI'.G SLOPE
Vegetated revetment providing aquatic habitat
tenance practices, and selecting appropriate
alternative environmental solutions can facilitate
the entire marina development process from per-
mit application through completion of marina
development.
6Virginia Marine Resources Commission. 1979. Best manage-
ment practices handbook Planning Bull 319 VSWCB.
Richmond, VA.
7U S. Army Corps of Engineers. Alternatives
to vertical bulkheads for shoreline protection. Brochure
prepared by Jacksonville, District USACOE.
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REGULATION IN MARINA DEVELOPMENT
A complex and sometimes confusing variety of
federal, state, regional and local regulations con-
cerning coastal marina development have evolved
over the years. These regulations are designed to
protect the public interest and conserve coastal
resources by reducing development impacts and
providing foran orderly approach to coastal marina
development.
The Regulatory chapter in the Coastal Marinas
Handbook provides both marina developers and
regulatory agency staff with a resource that out-
lines the objectives, procedures and areas of re-
sponsibility for the principal regulators of marina
development. Because of the complexity of the
marina permitting process, it is advisable for the
marina developer to request a pre-application
conference with permitting agencies after selec-
tion of the marina site.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE) is the
primary federal agency involved with permitting
of coastal marinas. EPA develops the criteria used
by the COE and also has authority to veto Section
404 (d redge and fill) permits. The National Marine
Fisheries Service and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service have significant review roles but do not
issue permits. The U.S. Coast Guard is respon-
sible for inspection of marine sanitation devices
(MSD's) aboard boats and gives approval for
placement of navigational aids.
Marina permit and review at the state level can be
complex, involving multiple agencies, and varies
among Region IV coastal states. Some states
issue separate state dredge and fill, marshland or
wetland permits for marina developments, while
other states review federal permit applications
but do not issue separate state permits. With the
exception of Georgia, all coastal states have veto
power over federal perm its if the proposed action
is inconsistent with the state's Coastal Zone
Management program. All states issue water
quality certifications under authority of the Clean
Water Act.
dredging/filling
beach nourishment
construction of:
canals or islands
boat ramps
breakwaters
bulkheads
dolphins
groins or jetties
piers
discharging materials
placement of:
signs
mooring buoys
riprap
pipes or cables
Some activitie* requiring permits
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The Clean Water Act requires states to adopt
water quality standards that define state water
quality goals for water bodies by indicating uses
for the water body and setting criteria to protect
that use. The water quality standards program,
through the antidegradation policy, requires that
existing uses be maintained. Shellfish harvesting
is a use covered by the antidegradation regula-
tions. The Handbook discusses the state's role in
considering the antidegradation policy as itapplies
to state decision-making related to marina devel-
opment in shellfishing waters.
Regional and local agencies require various per-
mits and compliance with ordinances. Increasing
participation of regional and local agencies in
marina development has been observed in Cali-
fornia and Florida. Some county regulations re-
quire liveaboard boats in marinas to be connected
to a slipside sanitary wastewater system that de-
livers wastes to the municipal sewer system.
Innovative approaches are in place or are under
development within Region IV to simplify the
marina permitting process.
Joint state/federal permits and granting states
authority under Army Corps of Engineer general
permits have been used to better coordinate
among state and federal agencies.
Clear and objective permit criteria made avail-
able to the marina developer and explained at
the pre-application conference expedite the
permitting process.
A "Cooperative Outreach Program" can further
streamline permitting processes by assigning
a state field representative to assist the marina
developer through the permitting process.
AQENCY
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Coast Guard
Community Development, Office of Coastal Management
North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
South Carolina Coastal Council
South Carolina Department of Health and Environmental
Control
Georgia Department of Natural Resources, Coastal
Committee
Protection Division
Georgia Department of Natural Resources
fiorjda Department of Environmental Regulation
Florida Department of Connunity Affairs
Florida Department of Natural Resources
Alabama Department of Environmental Management
Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources
Alabama State Docks Department
Krssfssippi Bureau of Marine Resources
Mississippi Bureau of Pollution Control
Mississippi Secretary of State
RESOURCE
Water Aquatic Terrestrial Socio-
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Major impact consideration* by agency and roaowco
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:S
/HO TO CONTACT
ISli
For more information about the Coastal Marinas Assessment Handbook
contact EPA Region IV:
United States Environmental Protection Agency
Region IV, Environmental Assessment Branch
345 Courtland Street, N.E.
Atlanta, Georgia 30365
Telephone: (404) 881-3776
The agencies listed below may be contacted for specific information about marina devel-
opment in Region IV coastal states:
NORTH CAROLINA
Wilmington District
Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28402
Telephone: (919) 343-4631
Department of Natural Resources
and Community Development
Office of Coastal Management
P.O. Box 27687
Raleigh, NC 27611-7687
Telephone: (919) 733-2293
SOUTH CAROLINA
Charleston District
Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 919
Charleston, SC 29402
Telephone: (803) 724-4330
Coastal Council
Office of Coastal Planning
Summerall Center, Suite 802
19 Hagood Avenue
Charleston, SC 29402
Telephone: (803) 792-5808
GEORGIA
Savannah District
Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 889
Savannah, GA 31402
Telephone: (912) 944-5347
Department of Natural Resources
Coastal Protection Division
Marsh and Beach Section
1200 Glynn Avenue
Brunswick,GA31523
Telephone: (912) 264-7365
FLORIDA
Jacksonville District
Corps of Engineers
P.O. Box 4970
Jacksonville, FL 32232
Telephone: (904) 792-1666
Department of Environmental Regulation
Twin Towers Office Building
Tallahassee, FL 32301-8241
Telephone: (904) 488-0130
ALABAMA
Mobile District
Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Functions Branch
P.O. Box 2288
Mobile, AL 36628
Telephone: (205) 694-3771
Department of Environmental Regulation
Permit Coordination Center
1751 Federal Drive
Montgomery, AL 36130
Telephone: (205) 271-7700
MISSISSIPPI
Mobile District
Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Functions Branch
P.O. Box 2288
Mobile, AL 36628
Telephone: (205) 694-3771
Department of Natural Resources
Bureau of Pollution Control
Jackson, MS 39209
Telephone: (601) 864-4602
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region V, Library
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, Illinois 60604
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