U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
PACIFIC NORTHWEST ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY
An Associate Laboratory of the
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
NATIONAL ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH CENTER - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
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905R75004
REPORT
ON
KBIT LAKE
OAKLAND AND LIVINGSTON COUNTIES
MICHIGAN
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 199
WITH THE COOPERATION OF THE
MICHIGAN DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
AND THE
MICHIGAN NATIONAL GUARD
* r .
:?: En*fa>*m«ntal Protection Agency
FEBRUARY, 1975
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword i i
List of Michigan Study Lakes iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map v
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 4
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 5
IV. Nutrient Loadings 9
V. Literature Reviewed 14
VI. Appendices 15
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ii
FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey's eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning [§303(e)], water
quality criteria/standards review [§303(c)j, clean lakes [§314(a»b>)],
and water quality monitoring [§106 and §305(b)] activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation's
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Michigan Department of
Natural Resources for professional involvement and to the
Michigan National Guard for conducting the tributary sampling
phase of the Survey.
A. Gene Gazlay, former Director, and David H. Jenkins, Acting
Director, Michigan Department of Natural Resources; and Carlos
Fetterolf, Chief Environmental Scientist, and Dennis Tierney,
Aquatic Biologist, Bureau of Water Management, Department of Natural
Resources, provided invaluable lake documentation and counsel during
the course of the Survey. John Vogt, Chief of the Bureau of Environ-
mental Health, Michigan Department of Public Health, and his staff
were most helpful in identfying point sources and soliciting municipal
participation in the Survey.
Major General Clarence A. Schnipke (Retired), then the Adjutant
General of Michigan, and Project Officer Colonel Albert W. Lesky,
who directed the volunteer efforts of the Michigan National Guardsmen,
are also gratefully acknowledged for their assistance to the Survey.
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IV
LAKE NAME
Allegan Res.
Barton
Belleville
Betsie
Brighton
Caro Res.
Charlevoix
Chemung
Constantine Res,
Crystal
Deer
Ford
Fremont
Higgins
Holloway Res.
Houghton
Jordon
Kent
Long
Macatawa
Manistee
Mona
Muskegon
Pentwater
Pere Marquette
Portage
Randall
Rogers Pond
Ross
St. Louis Res.
Sanford
Strawberry
Thompson
Thornapple
Union
White
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF MICHIGAN
COUNTY
Allegan
Kalamazoo
Wayne
Benzie
Livingston
Tuscola
Charlevoix
Livingston
St. Joseph
Montcalm
Marquette
Washtenaw
Newago
Roscommon
Genesee, Lapeer
Roscommon
Ionia, Barry
Oakland
St. Joseph
Ottawa
Manistee
Muskegon
Muskegon
Oceana
Mason
Houghton
Branch
Mecosta
Gladwin
Gratiot
Midland
Livingston
Livingston
Barry
Branch
Muskegon
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KENT LAKE
STORE! NO. 2643
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data and the records of others show that Kent Lake
is eutrophic. Of the 35 Michigan lakes sampled in November
when essentially all were well-mixed, 14 had less mean total
phosphorus, 10 had less mean dissolved phosphorus, and 11 had
less mean inorganic nitrogen; of all 41 lakes sampled, 38 had
less mean chlorophyll a^, and 24 had greater mean Secchi disc
transparency*.
Depletion of dissolved oxygen with depth was observed at
station 2 in June and September, and Survey limnologists noted
a heavy algal bloom in progress in September, 1972.
Ketelle and Uttormark (1971) report that algal blooms are
intense and frequent in this lake.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
There was a significant nutrient loss in the algal assay
sample, and the results are not representative of conditions
in the lake at the time the sample was taken (09/20/72). How-
ever, the lake data indicate nitrogen limitation in June and
September but phosphorus limitation in November.
See Appendix A.
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C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sourcesDuring the sampling year, Kent Lake
received a total phosphorus load at a rate about five times
that proposed by Vollenweider (in press) as "dangerous";
i.e., a eutrophic rate (see page 13). However, the mean
hydraulic retention time of Kent Lake is a relatively short
33 days, and Vollenweider's model may not be applicable.
It is calculated that the communities of Mil ford and Wixom
contributed about 54% of the total phosphorus load to Kent
Lake during the sampling year with Wixom contributing over 35%
of the total.
Phosphorus removal at the 80% level is currently being
provided at the Milford wastewater treatment plant. It is
estimated that provision of the same level of phosphorus
removal at the Wixom plant* would reduce the phosphorus load
2
to the lake to about 10 Ibs/acre/yr or 1.14 g/m /yr. While
this loading rate would still be about 3^ times the eutrophic
2
rate of 0.30 g/m /yr; in view of the questionable applicability
of Vollenweider's model, it is likely the lower phosphorus load-
ing rate would result in presistent phosphrous limitation in
Kent Lake (see page 8) and a reduction in the incidence and
severity of nuisance algal blooms.
* Operation of phosphorus removal facilities at the Wixom plant began in
September, 1974.
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2. Non-point sources (see page 12)--During the sampling
year, the phosphorus export of the Huron River was a relatively
2
low 45 Ibs/mi of drainage area. This export rate is similar
to the export rates of unimpacted Michigan streams studied
elsewhere.
In all, it is estimated that non-point sources, including
precipitation, contributed about 46% of the total phosphorus
load to Kent Lake during the sampling year.
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II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS
A. Lake Morphometry :
1. Surface area: 1,000 acres.
2. Mean depth: 6.6 feet.
3. Maximum depth: 38 feet.
4. Volume: 6,600 acre-feet.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: 33 days.
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix B for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Name Drainage area* Mean flow*
Huron River 134.0 mi 90.6 cfs
Minor tributaries & 2
immediate drainage - 12.4 mi 9.4 cfs
Totals 146.4 mi2 100.0 cfs
2. Outlet -
Huron River 148.0 mi2** 100.0 cfs
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 32.6 inches.
2. Mean annual: 33.1 inches.
t MI Dept. Cons, lake inventory map (1957); mean depth from Fetterolf (1973),
* Drainage areas are accurate within ±5%; mean daily flows for 74% of the
sampling sites are accurate within ±25% and the remaining sites up to
±40%; and mean monthly flows, normalized mean monthly flows, and mean
annual flows are slightly more accurate than mean daily flows.
** Includes area of lake.
*** See Working Paper No. 1, "Survey Methods, 1972".
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III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Kent Lake was sampled three times during the open-water season of
1972 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each time, samples
for physical and chemical parameters were collected from three stations
on the lake and from two or more depths at each station (see map, page v).
During each visit, a single depth-integrated (15 feet or near bottom to
surface) sample was composited from the stations for phytoplankton identi-
fication and enumeration; and during the second visit, a single five-gallon
depth-integrated sample was composited for algal assays. Also each time,
a depth-integrated sample was collected from each of the stations for
chlorophyll a^ analysis. The maximum depths sampled were 15 feet at sta-
tion 1, 35 feet at station 2, and 9 feet at station 3.
The results obtained are presented in full in Appendix C, and the
data for the fall sampling period, when the lake essentially was well-
mixed, are summarized below. Note, however, the Secchi disc summary
is based on all values.
For differences in the various parameters at the other sampling times,
refer to Appendix C.
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A. Physical and chemical characteristics:
FALL VALUES
Parameter
Temperature (Cent.)
Dissolved oxygen (mg/1)
Conductivity (ymhos)
pH (units)
Alkalinity (mg/1)
Total P (mg/1)
Dissolved P (mg/1)
N02 + N03 (mg/1)
Ammonia fmg/1)
(11/13/72)
Minimum Mean
Median
Maximum
6.0
8.8
430
8.0
187
0.029
0.012
0.080
0.220
6.3
9.3
444
8.1
192
0.040
0.015
0.091
0.326
6.4
9.0
440
8.1
191
0.042
0.015
0.080
0.335
6.5
10.6
465
8.2
200
0.047
0.017
0.140
0.410
ALL VALUES
Secchi disc (inches)
34
45
45
60
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B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Samp!i ng
Date
06/15/72
09/20/72
11/13/72
Domi
nant
Genera
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Melosira
Cocconeis
Fragilaria
Pediastrum
Stephanodiscus
Other genera
Total
Microcystis
Anabaena
Melosira
Dinobryon
Flagellates
Other genera
Total
Asterionella
Flagellates
Fragilaria
Dinobyron
Synedra
Other genera
Number
per ml
3,007
2,174
761
725
543
2,935
10,145
Total
932
900
679
317
271
634
8,733
5,940
4,210
1 ,053
1 ,053
526
2,030
14,812
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8
2. Chlorophyll a^ -
(Because of instrumentation problems during the 1972 sampling,
the following values may be in error by plus or minus 20 percent.)
Sampling Station Chlorophyll a^
Date Number (yg/1 ) _
06/15/72 01 16.2
02 17.6
03 30.1
09/20/72 01 41.3
02 57.5
03 52.5
11/13/72 01 19.6
02 33.0
03 37.7
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
There was a loss of 44% of the dissolved phosphorus and 29%
of the inorganic nitrogen in the assay sample between the time
of sample collection and the beginning of the assay, and the
assay results are not representative of conditions in the lake
at the time the sample was collected (09/20/72).
The lake data indicate nitrogen limitation in June and Sep-
tember (N/P ratios = 9/1 and less) but phosphorus limitation in
November (N/P = 28/1).
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IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix D for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Michigan National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the tribu-
tary sites indicated on the map (page v), except for the high runoff
months of April and May when two samples were collected. Sampling was
begun in October, 1972, and was completed in October, 1973.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the year
of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were provided by the Michi-
gan District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the tributary sites
nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were determined
by using a modification of the U.S. Geological Survey computer program for
calculating stream loadings*. Nutrient loadings for unsampled "minor
tributaries and immediate drainage" ("ZZ" of U.S.G.S.) were estimated by
using the means of the nutrient concentrations in the Huron River at sta-
tion A-4 and the mean annual ZZ flow.
The operator of the Mil ford wastewater treatment plant provided monthly
effluent samples and corresponding flow data. However, the Village of Wixom
did not participate in the Survey, and nutrient loads were estimated at 2.5
Ibs P and 7.5 Ibs N/capita/year.
See Working Paper No. 1.
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10
In this report, all of the nutrient loads attributed to the two treatment
plants are assumed to have reached Kent Lake during the sampling year. In
the following loading tables, the loads given for the Huron River are those
measured at station A-2 minus the STP loads.
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal -
Pop. ., Mean Receiving
Name Served Treatment Flow (mgd) Hater
Mil ford
Wixom
4,699
2,010
act. sludge 0.700
+ P removal
act. sludge 0.201*
+ P-removal**
Huron River
Norton Creek
2. Industrial - Unknown
t Howard, 1973.
tt 1970 Census.
* Estimated at 100 gal/capita/day.
** Phosphorus removal began in September, 1974.
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11
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
Ibs P/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Huron River 6,040 42.7
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 330 2.3
c. Known municipal STP's -
Milford 2,610 18.4
Wixom 5,020 35.5
d. Septic tanks - Unknown ?
e. Industrial - Unknown ?
f. Direct precipitation* - 160 1. 1
Total 14,160 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Huron River 10,860
3. Net annual P accumulation - 3,300 pounds
* See Working Paper No. 1.
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12
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
Ibs N/ % of
Source yr total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Huron River 132,290 66.1
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 18,910 9.4
c. Known municipal STP's -
Mil ford 24,430 12.2
Wixom 15,080 7.5
d. Septic tanks - Unknown ?
e. Industrial - Unknown ?
f. Direct precipitation* - 9,630 4.8
Total 200,340 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Huron River 215,840
3. Net annual N loss - 15,500 pounds
D. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
2 2
Tributary Ibs P/mi /yr Ibs N/mi /yr
Huron River 45 987
See Working Paper No. 1.
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13
E. Yearly Loading Rates:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loading
rates are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (in press).
Essentially, his "dangerous" rate is the rate at which the
receiving waters would become eutrophic or remain eutrophic;
his "permissible" rate is that which would result in the
receiving water remaining oligotrophic or becoming oli go-
trophic if morphometry permitted. A mesotrophic rate would
be considered one between "dangerous" and "permissible".
Note that Vollenweider's model may not be applicable to
water bodies with very short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Units _ Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
Ibs/acre/yr 14.2 3.3 202.3 loss*
grams/m2/yr 1.59 0.37 22.5
Vollenweider loading rates for phosphorus
(g/m^/yr) based on mean depth and mean
hydraulic retention time of Kent Lake:
"Dangerous" (eutrophic rate) 0.30
"Permissible" (oligotrophic rate) 0.15
* The apparent loss of nitrogen may be due to nitrogen fixation in the lake,
solubilization of previously sedimented nitrogen, unmeasured ground-water
inputs, or underestimation of nitrogen contributions. However, a similar
nitrogen loss has been observed in Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, which has been
studied intensively by EPA's National Eutrophication and Lake Restoration
Branch.
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14
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Fetterolf, Carlos, 1973. Personal communication (mean depth of Kent
Lake). MI Dept. Nat. Resources, Lansing.
Howard, Alan, 1973. Treatment plant questionnaire (Milford STP). MI
Dept. Publ. Health, Lansing.
Jackson, George, 1971. A biological investigation of Norton Creek,
vicinity of Ford Motor Company, Wixom, Oakland County, Michigan.
MI Dept. Nat. Resources, Lansing.
Ketelle, Martha J., and Paul D. Uttormark, 1971. Problem lakes of
the United States. EPA Water Poll. Contr. Res. Ser., Proj.
16010 EHR.
Vollenweider, Richard A. (in press). Input-output models. Schweiz.
Z. Hydro1.
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15
VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
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U.S. environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boutevard. 12tfl Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590
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