7281
no. 343
905R76010
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
WORKING PAPER SERIES
REPORT
ON
VERSAILLES LAKE
RIPLEY COUNIY
INDIANA
EPA REGION V
WORKING PAPER No, 343
CORVALLIS ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH LABORATORY - CORVALLIS, OREGON
and
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING & SUPPORT LABORATORY - LAS VEGAS, NEVADA
&G.P.O. 699-440
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CONTENTS
Page
Foreword i i
List of Indiana Study Lakes iv
Lake and Drainage Area Map v, vi
Sections
I. Conclusions 1
II. Lake and Drainage Basin Characteristics 4
III. Lake Water Quality Summary 5
IV. Nutrient Loadings 9
V. Literature Reviewed 14
VI. Appendices 15
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FOREWORD
The National Eutrophication Survey was initiated in 1972 in
response to an Administration commitment to investigate the nation-
wide threat of accelerated eutrophication to fresh water lakes and
reservoirs.
OBJECTIVES
The Survey was designed to develop, in conjunction with state
environmental agencies, information on nutrient sources, concentrations,
and impact on selected freshwater lakes as a basis for formulating
comprehensive and coordinated national, regional, and state management
practices relating to point-source discharge reduction and non-point
source pollution abatement in lake watersheds.
ANALYTIC APPROACH
The mathematical and statistical procedures selected for the
Survey's eutrophication analysis are based on related concepts that:
a. A generalized representation or model relating
sources, concentrations, and impacts can be constructed.
b. By applying measurements of relevant parameters
associated with lake degradation, the generalized model
can be transformed into an operational representation of
a lake, its drainage basin, and related nutrients.
c. With such a transformation, an assessment of the
potential for eutrophication control can be made.
LAKE ANALYSIS
In this report, the first stage of evaluation of lake and water-
shed data collected from the study lake and its drainage basin is
documented. The report is formatted to provide state environmental
agencies with specific information for basin planning {ง303(e)>, water
quality criteria/standards review {ง303(c)>, clean lakes (ง314(a,b)},
and water quality monitoring {ง106 and ง305(b)> activities mandated
by the Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.
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Beyond the single lake analysis, broader based correlations
between nutrient concentrations (and loading) and trophic condi-
tion are being made to advance the rationale and data base for
refinement of nutrient water quality criteria for the Nation's
fresh water lakes. Likewise, multivariate evaluations for the
relationships between land use, nutrient export, and trophic
condition, by lake class or use, are being developed to assist
in the formulation of planning guidelines and policies by EPA
and to augment plans implementation by the states.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
The staff of the National Eutrophication Survey (Office of
Research & Development, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency)
expresses sincere appreciation to the Indiana State Board of
Health for professional involvement, to the Indiana National
Guard for conducting the tributary sampling phase of the Survey,
and to those Indiana wastewater treatment plant operators who
provided effluent samples and flow data.
The staff of the Division of Water Pollution Control, Indiana
State Board of Health, provided invaluable lake documentation and
counsel during the Survey, reviewed the preliminary reports, and
provided critiques most useful in the preparation of this Working
Paper series.
Major General Alfred F. Ahner, Adjutant General of Indiana,
and Project Officers Lt. Colonel Charles B. Roberts (Retired)
and Colonel Robert L. Sharp, who directed the volunteer efforts
of the Indiana National Guardsmen, are also gratefully acknowledged
for their assistance to the Survey.
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iv
NATIONAL EUTROPHICATION SURVEY
STUDY LAKES
STATE OF INDIANA
LAKE NAME
Bass
Cataract
Crooked
Dallas
Geist
Hamilton
Hovey
James
James
Long
Marsh
Mississinewa
Maxinkuckee
Monroe
Morse
01 in
Oliver
Pigeon
Syl van
Tippecanoe
Versailles
Wawassee
Webster
Westler
Whitewater
Winona
Witmer
COUNTY
Starke
Owen, Putnam
Steuben
LaGrange
Hamilton, Marion
Steuben
Posey
Kosciusko
Steuben
Steuben
Steuben
Grant, Miami, Wabash
Marshall
Brown, Monroe
Hamilton
LaGrange
LaGrange
Steuben
Noble
Kosciusko
Ripley
Kosciusko
Kosciusko
LaGrange
Union
Kosciusko
LaGrange
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85' 14
85" 12
VERSAILLES LAKE
<8> Tributary Sampling Site
X Lake Sampling Site
? . V . ?Km.
l i n
o ' Mi.
Scale
39'08
39" 04
-------
vi
I39 20
VERSAILLES LAKE
ฎ Tributary Sampling Site
X Lake Sampling Site
ff Sewage Treatment Facility
ป0 Drainage Area Boundary
P .... 5
V>Km.
I3910
I3905
Ind.
) 2*
Map Location
85 20
85'05
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VERSAILLES LAKE
STORE! NO. 1850
I. CONCLUSIONS
A. Trophic Condition:
Survey data indicate that Versailles Lake is eutrophic. It
ranked twenty-third in overall trophic quality when the 27 Indiana
lakes sampled in 1973 were compared using a combination of six
parameters*. Twenty-four of the lakes had less median total phos-
phorus, 22 had less median dissolved phosphorus, 18 had less
median inorganic nitrogen, 19 had less mean chlorophyll a^, and
25 had greater mean Secchi disc transparency. Near-depletion of
dissolved oxygen with depth occurred at sampling station 3 in
August and October.
Survey limnologists reported rooted aquatic vegetation along
about 20% of the shoreline in August and October and some algae
along the shore near station 1 in October.
B. Rate-Limiting Nutrient:
The algal assay results indicate that Versailles Lake was
phosphorus limited at the time the sample was collected (04/29/73).
The lake data indicate phosphorus limitation at the other sampling
times as well.
C. Nutrient Controllability:
1. Point sourcesThe phosphorus contributions of known point
sources amounted to 42.9% of the total reaching Versailles Lake
* See Appendix A.
-------
2
during the sampling year. The communities of Ba-
Osgood (2.7%), and Napoleon (0.5%) were the sour
loads. However, the non-point phosphorus export
Creek was substantially higher than would be exf
12). It is possible that additional point soun
ville or Osgood municipal areas contributed sig
phosphorus load, the load from Napoleon may hav
or both.
The present phosphorus loading of 44.42 g/r
that proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider am
a eutrophic loading (see page 13). However, t
retention time of the lake probably is quite s
and Vollenweider's model may not apply.
A 100% reduction in the phosphorus loads f
sources would lower the overall loading rate t
Because Versailles Lake is phosphorus limited,
inputs should be minimized to the greatest prc
slow the aging of this water body.
2. Non-point sourcesAbout 57% of the t
to Versailles Lake came from non-point source
year. Laughery Creek contributed 55.4%; howe
above, the phosphorus export rate of 58 kg/kr
higher than the rates of other tributaries i
-------
3
This may have been due in part to unknown point sources rather
than to non-point source inputs. Other contributing gaged
tributaries were Cedar Creek, 0.7%; Unnamed Stream C-l, 0.5%;
and Falling Timber Creek, 0.3%. The ungaged tributaries were
estimated to have contributed 0.2% of the overall phosphorus
load.
-------
II. LAKE AND DRAINAGE BASIN CHARACTERISTICS1"
A. Lake Morphometry :
1. Surface area: 0.93 kilometers2.
2. Mean depth: Unknown.
3. Maximum depth: 9.1 meters.
4. Volume: Unknown.
5. Mean hydraulic retention time: Unknown but probably is quite
short; if the mean depth is equal to the maximum depth, the
retention time would only be 24 days.
B. Tributary and Outlet:
(See Appendix C for flow data)
1. Tributaries -
Drainage Mean flow
Name area (km2)* (m3/sec)*
Laughery Creek 396.5 3.78
Falling Timber Creek 15.5 0.14
Unnamed Stream C-l 7.8 0.07
Cedar Creek 11.9 0.11
Minor tributaries &
immediate drainage - 4.1 0.02
Totals 435.8 4.12
2. Outlet -
Laughery Creek 436.7** 4.12
C. Precipitation***:
1. Year of sampling: 128.3 centimeters.
2. Mean annual: 105.4 centimeters.
t Table of metric conversionsAppendix B.
tt Winters, 1975.
* For limits of accuracy, see Working Paper No. 175, "...Survey Methods,
1973-1976".
** Includes area of lake.
*** See Working Paper No. 175.
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5
III. LAKE WATER QUALITY SUMMARY
Versailles Lake was sampled three times during the open-water
season of 1973 by means of a pontoon-equipped Huey helicopter. Each
time, samples for physical and chemical parameters were collected
from a number of depths at three stations on the lake (see map, page
v). During each visit, a single depth-integrated (4.6 m or near bottom
to surface) sample was composited from the stations for phytoplankton
identification and enumeration; and during the first visit, a single
18.9-liter depth-integrated sample was composited for algal assays.
Also each time, a depth-integrated sample was collected from each
of the stations for chlorophyll a_ analysis. The maximum depths sampled
were 0.9 meters at station 1, 1.5 meters at station 2, and 4.6 meters
at station 3.
The sampling results are presented in full in Appendix D and are
summarized in the following table.
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B. Biological characteristics:
1. Phytoplankton -
Sampling
Date
04/29/73
08/02/73
10/10/73
2. Chlorophyll a_ -
Sampling
Date
04/29/73
08/02/73
10/10/73
Dominant
Genera
1. Cryptgmonas sp.
2. OscillatoTTa sp.
3. Centric diatoms
4. Synedra sp.
5. Navicula sp.
Total
1. Stephanodiscus sp.
2. Chroomonas sp.
3. Flagellates
4. Chlorogonium sp.
5. Melosira sp.
Other genera
Total
1. Oscillatoria sp.
2. Melosira sp.
3. Centric diatoms
4. Merismopedia sp.
5. Cryptomonas sฃ.
Other genera
Total
Station
Number
1
2
3
1
2
3
1
2
3
Algal Units
per ml
2,170
9,794
10,228
3,133
2,580
1,843
1,659
4.607
24,050
Chlorophyll
(yg/1)
3.2
9.9
19.8
64,
29,
4.9
30.
41.
22.6
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8
C. Limiting Nutrient Study:
1. Autoclaved, filtered, and nutrient spiked -
Spike (mg/1)
Control
0.050 P
0.050 P + 1.0 N
1.0 N
Ortho P
Cone, (mq/1)
0.050
0.100
0.100
0.050
Inorganic N Maximum yield
Cone, (mg/1) (mg/1-dry wt.)
1.280
1.280
2.280
2.280
19.7
22.6
29.0
21.8
2. Filtered, and nutrient spiked -
Ortho P
Cone, (mg/1)
Inorganic N Maximum yield
Cone, (mg/1) (mg/1-dry wt.)
0.035
0.085
0.085
0.035
1.185
1.185
2.185
2.185
10.9
27.5
30.3
13.2
Spike (mg/1)
Control
0.050 P
0.050 P + 1.0 N
1.0 N
3. Discussion -
The control yields of the assay alga, Selenastrum capri-
cornutum, indicate that the potential primary productivity
of Versailles Lake was high at the time the sample was col-
lected (04/29/73). Both the autoclaved-filtered and filtered-
only assays showed significant increases in yield with the
addition of orthophosphorus alone, although smaller increases
than would be expected. Note that the addition of nitrogen
alone did not result in significantly increased yields as
compared to the control; hence, phosphorus limitation is indi-
cated.
The lake data indicate phosphorus limitation at all sam-
pling times; i.e., the mean inorganic nitrogen/orthophosphorus
ratios were 20/1 or greater.
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IV. NUTRIENT LOADINGS
(See Appendix E for data)
For the determination of nutrient loadings, the Indiana National
Guard collected monthly near-surface grab samples from each of the
tributary sites indicated on the map (page vi), except for the high
runoff months of January and February when two samples were collected.
Sampling was begun in June, 1973, and was completed in May, 1974.
Through an interagency agreement, stream flow estimates for the
year of sampling and a "normalized" or average year were provided by
the Indiana District Office of the U.S. Geological Survey for the
tributary sites nearest the lake.
In this report, nutrient loads for sampled tributaries were
determined by using a modification of a U.S. Geological Survey computer
program for calculating stream loadings*. Nutrient loads shown are
those measured minus point-source loads, if any.
Nutrient loads for unsampled "minor tributaries and immediate
drainage" ("ZZ" of U.S.G.S.) were estimated using the means of the
nutrient loads, in kg/km2/year, at stations B-l, C-l, and D-l and
multiplying the means by the ZZ area in km2.
The operators of the Osgood and Batesville wastewater treatment
plants provided monthly effluent samples and corresponding flow data.
The community of Napoleon did not participate in the Survey; nutrient
loads from this source were estimated at 0.567 kg P and 3.401 kg
N/capita/year, and flows were estimated at 0.3785 m3/capita/day.
* See Working Paper No. 175.
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10
All estimated phosphorus loads were reduced by 50% to adjust for a
phosphate detergent limitation in effect in Indiana since January, 1972.
A. Waste Sources:
1. Known municipal
Name
t
Pop.
Served
Treatment
Mean Flow
(mVd)
Batesville #1
} 4,000
Batesville #2
Osgood 1,500
Napoleon 400**
2. Known industrial - None
tr. filter 1,097.8
act. sludge 1,047.3
662.4
tr. filter
+ P-removal*
stab, pond 151.4
Receiving
Water
Little Laughery
Creek
Little Laughery
Creek
Branch of Plum
Creek
Laughery Creek
t Treatment plant questionnaires.
* Begun in November, 1974.
** Anonymous, 1971.
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11
B. Annual Total Phosphorus Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg P/ % of
Source y_r total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Laughery Creek 22,875 55.4
Falling Timber Creek 140 0.3
Unnamed Stream C-l 195 0.5
Cedar Creek 285 0.7
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 80 0.2
c. Known municipal STP's -
Batesville #1 9,920 24.0
Batesville #2 6,475 15.7
Osgood 1,100 2.7
Napoleon 225 0.5
d. Septic tanks* - <5 <0.1
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 15
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12
C. Annual Total Nitrogen Loading - Average Year:
1. Inputs -
kg N/ % of
Source y_r total
a. Tributaries (non-point load) -
Laughery Creek 302,320 89.9
Falling Timber Creek 4,785 1.4
Unnamed Stream C-l 3,690 1.1
Cedar Creek 7,445 2.2
b. Minor tributaries & immediate
drainage (non-point load) - 1,925 0.6
c. Known municipal STP's -
Batesville #1 5,430 1.6
Batesville #2 4,215 1.3
Osgood 3,875 1.2
Napoleon 1,360 0.4
d. Septic tanks* - 175 <0.1
e. Known industrial - None
f. Direct precipitation** - 1.005 0.3
Total 336,225 100.0
2. Outputs -
Lake outlet - Laughery Creek 353,070
3. Net annual N loss - 16,845 kg.
D. Mean Annual Non-point Nutrient Export by Subdrainage Area:
Tributary kg P/km2/yr kg N/km2/yr
Laughery Creek 58 762
Falling Timber Creek 9 309
Unnamed Stream C-l 25 473
Cedar Creek 24 626
* Estimate based on two camps and one park; see Working Paper No. 175.
** See Working Paper No. 175.
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13
E. Yearly Loads:
In the following table, the existing phosphorus loadings
f
are compared to those proposed by Vollenweider (Vollenweider
and Dillon, 1974). Essentially, his "dangerous" loading is
one at which the receiving water would become eutrophic or
remain eutrophic; his "permissible" loading is that which
would result in the receiving water remaining oligotrophic
or becoming oligotrophic if morphometry permitted. A meso-
trophic loading would be considered one between "dangerous"
and "permissible".
Note that Vollenweider's model may not be applicable to
water bodies with short hydraulic retention times.
Total Phosphorus Total Nitrogen
Total Accumulated Total Accumulated
grams/mVyr 44.42 13.56 361.5 loss*
Vollenweider phosphorus loadings
(g/m2/yr) based on surface area and mean
outflow of Versailles Lake:
"Dangerous" (eutrophic loading) 2.20
"Permissible" (oligotrophic loading) 1.10
* There was an apparent nitrogen loss during the sampling year. This may
have been due to nitrogen fixation in the lake, solubilization of pre-
viously sedimented nitrogen, recharge with nitrogen-rich ground water,
unknown and unsampled point sources discharging directly to the lake,
or (probably) insufficient sampling in relation to the short hydraulic
retention time of the lake (see page 4). Whatever the cause, a similar
nitrogen loss has occurred at Shagawa Lake, Minnesota, which has been
intensively studied by EPA's former National Eutrophication and Lake
Restoration Branch (Malueg et al., 1975).
-------
14
V. LITERATURE REVIEWED
Anonymous, 1971. Inventory of municipal waste facilities. EPA
Publ. OWP-1, vol. 5, Wash., DC.
Grayer, John W., 1973. Treatment plant questionnaire (Osgood STP).
Osgood Sanitation Dept., Osgood.
Plodder, Art, 1973. Treatment plant questionnaires (Batesville
STP's). Batesville.
Malueg, Kenneth W., D. Phillips Larsen, Donald W. Schults, and
Howard T. Mercier; 1975. A six-year water, phosphorus, and
nitrogen budget for Shagawa Lake, Minnesota. Jour. Environ.
Qua!., vol. 4, no. 2, pp. 236-242.
Vollenweider, R. A., and P. J. Dillon, 1974. The application of
the phosphorus loading concept to eutrophication research.
Natl. Res. Council of Canada Publ. No. 13690, Canada Centre
for Inland Waters, Burlington, Ontario.
Winters, John, 1975. Personal communication (lake morphometry).
IN Div. of Water Poll. Contr., Indianapolis.
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VI. APPENDICES
APPENDIX A
LAKE RANKINGS
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APPENDIX B
CONVERSION FACTORS
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CONVERSION FACTORS
Hectares x 2.471 = acres
Kilometers x 0.6214 = miles
Meters x 3.281 = feet
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Cubic meters x 8.107 x 10 = acre/feet
Square kilometers x 0.3861 = square miles
Cubic meters/sec x 35.315 = cubic feet/sec
Centimeters x 0.3937 = inches
Kilograms x 2.205 = pounds
Kilograms/square kilometer x 5.711 = Ibs/square mile
-------
APPENDIX C
TRIBUTARY FLOW DATA
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APPENDIX E
TRIBUTARY DATA
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U.S. Environmental Protection Agencr
Region 5, library (PL-12J)
77 West Jackson Boufevard, 12tft Floor
Chicago, it 60604-3590
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