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2174NORWAY
ENUIftONMifVT
NORWAY
Office of international Activities
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
October W77
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Office oi- "international Activities
Environmental Protection Agency
October 19'/"?
FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY
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PREFACE
This is a brief report on the organization and management of environmental
HC.fi. v'ities on the national level in Norway. Reports on Japan, Luxemburg, Belgium,
C-.reat Britain, the Netherlands, Spain_, Australia, the Federal Republic of Germany,
Swiaan, Switzerland, Canada and France have already been distributed. Similar
reports on other countries will be available soon. These reports, which are back-
papers for EPA staff involved in international activities, are not for dis-
outside the Agency.
Emphasis is on policy and regulatory functions of national environmental
as well as on legal instruments for environmental control. Research and
envelopment, often under the auspices of other departments, for example, science and
•cec'iuology , are not covered in these reports.
Source documents for the reports, received under the International Documents
Exchange, are available in the EPA Headquarters Library. English summaries of the
f'Tbign documents are published in the monthly bulletin "Summaries of Foreign Govern-
p.t .n '_ Pvep o rt s . "
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
I. National Organization for Environmental Control 1
II. Environmental Laws 9
III. Standards 19
IV. Enforcement Procedures 21
V. Interrelationships Between Government and Industry 24
Reference Notes 28
Bibliography 30
Appendix 31
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l-N.l!iP.N..iIlN!At Ilo.lE.c.llo.N III 1\ .^ _
I- National Organization for Environmental Control
overall governaent 'structure
The Kingdom of Norway has a population of almost four nil Li on people con-
centrated primarily in a few major areas around cities like Oslo, Bergen and Trond-
heim. The country's high mountains and deep fjords make only fou-.- percent of
Norwegian territory suitable for agriculture. Its forests provide t:h>» raw material
for about one-fourth of its total exports, and it is one of the world's major fish-
ing nations.
Norway is governed under the My 17, 1814 Constitution promulgated by the
National Assembly of Eidsvoll. It is an hereditary monarchy wi-.h .:> accession to the
throne operating in direct male line in order of primogeniture. AJchough executive
power is nominally vested in the King, :•.-. is actually exercised ta> c/t-gh the Council
of State'(King's Cabinet), which consists of the Prime Minister ai:d "J 4 Councillors
of State or Ministers (statsrader) . Both the King and his Council sisp. all resolu-
tions, and the King has a suspensive ridit to veto legislation, aitrough no recent
monarch has exercised this power.
Legislative power rests with the unicameral Storting, wnc^e 155 members
are elected every four years by univproal adult suffrage. After ^acL election, the
Storting is given a bicameral character for legislative purposed wv.eu party leaders,
in consultation with their party members, divide it into two part..-; the Lagting,
composed of one-fourth the total membership, and the Odelsting, coir?rising the
remaining three-fourths. All bills are first introduced into the Cd?.lsting. After
passage by the Odelsting, they are sent on to the Lagting, which, may pass them or
return them with amendments. If a bill is passed twice by the Od'ilsring and both
times rejected by the Lagting, then it is submitted to the plenary Snorting, where
it must receive a two-thirds majority. Any change in the Constltu-ion must also be
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considered in the Storting as a whole.
There are certain minor exceptions to the legislative power of the
Storting. The Cabinet can proclaim "provisional decrees," which are laws pertain-
ing to a restricted area when it is necessary to act quickly and the Storting is
not in session. The Storting can at any time delegate other legislative authority
to the Cabinet, which also has certain legislative competence in church affairs.
In general, however, the power of the King and his Council has greatly diminished
since the introduction of the parliamentary system in 1884. Since this date, with
one exception, the King's Council has sat only as long as it has enjoyed the confi-
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dence of the Storting.
It should be pointed out that Norwegian parliamentary government differs
in some respects from other parliamentary systems. A vote of no confidence in the
government does not result in a dissolution of the legislative body and a new elec-
tion, but a new government is formed from the parties as they are already repre-
sented in the Storting. Secondly, the ministers are not members of the Storting;
they are allowed to take part in the debates of the parliament, but they have no
vote.
The special office of "Ombudsman" was established by law on June 22, 1962
to protect the rights of citizens in relation to public administration. The Ombuds-
man is elected for a four-year term by the Storting, cannot be a member of this
body, and must exercise the position of Ombudsman as his sole occupation. His
services are offered free of charge. A law of March 22, 1968 expanded the respon-
sibilities of the Ombudsman to include not only matters of national government but
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municipal administration as well.
national environmental body
The Norwegian Ministry of Environment, established by'Royal Decree on
"All reference notes will be found beginning on page 28.
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May 5, 1972, is responsible for: coordinated planning of the use of water-and land
resources at rh-~; municipal, regional, county, and national levels; pollution con-
trol and noisf* jbsteinent; waste disposal; conservation of nature areas, flora and
fauna, and Uuntxr*:; and fishing resources; supervision of open-air recreation areas;
preservation of landmarks, historical and cultural sites; and coordination of en-
vironmental nic.tT e^s.
The Ministry of Environment is headed by the Minister, who is assisted
by the Under~rec.ri-.tary of State and a. Private Secretary, the Minister's personal
assistant. Ttt?S'i offices are political and may change personnel if a new Govern-
ment is elected The office of Secretary General, with primarily administrative
functions, is, in contrast, a permanent post, not a political one.
The >r.nistry is divided into five departments, which in turn are divided
into several se-.cjons (see organizational chart, page 3a). The General Coordination
Department desis vith matters of administration, staff, internal finance, and co-
ordination of interdepartmental affairs. It also coordinates the Ministry's infor-
mational and Gilt.rational activities, aspects of international cooperation, and co-
operation wir.h research institutions.
Thii_ JVllution Control Department produces general surveys of existing
pollution and ->€ tne utilization of air and water resources. It develops guidelines
for the use of <-:ii and water resources and prescribes measures for the prevention
of pollution, wa3tr» problems and noise. The department prepares general pollution
legislation sni "is responsible for the organization of central and local adminis-
tration for pollution control. It analyzes the economic aspects of pollution abate-
•y
ment and allocates state grants, loans and subsidies to industries and municipalities
for pollutior control equipment during transitional periods. Legal and administra-
tive questions pertaining to the Act Restricting the Use of Fuel Oil, the Water
Pollution Act and air pollution cases in violation of the Neighbor's Aqt, sections
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19-23, also fall within the purview of this department. In addition, the department
is responsible for consideration of the environment and natural resources in physi-
cal planning.
The Nature Conservation and Open-Air Recreation Department deals with
the application of the Open-Air Recreation Act and the Expropriation Act, section
2, no. 37, as well as with all matters pertaining to the Nature Conservation Act.
It also carries out planning for seashore and mountain areas and administers and
manages matters pertaining to hunting and wildlife.
The Planning Department develops legislation, policy and regulations
relating to planning and approves or ratifies regional, municipal and local plans.
It also studies regional development and assists projects at the regional level.
Its Architect Division offers training courses and seminars for planners and local
officials and provides technical guidelines for physical planning. This division
also handles matters pertinent to the Building and Planning Act, the Act Relating .
to Historic Monuments and Archaeological Remains, and the Building Conservation Act.
The Department of Natural Resources surveys the use and availability of
natural resources and issues guidelines for their future utilization. Among other
things, it coordinates data systems and services concerned with natural resources
and develops automatic mapping and other tools in natural resources management.
Resource accounting and budgeting and the coordination of natural resources manage-
ment are also under the supervision of this department.
Several organizations with significant functions are subordinate to the
departments of the Ministry of Environment. They include the State Pollution Control
Authority, the Smoke Control Council, the Council on Oil Pollution, and the Product
Control Council, all of which are responsible to the Pollution Control Department.
The State Pollution Control Authority, established on May 24, 1974 by
Royal Decree, issues permits for the discharge of polluted water to industrial
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plants and other polluting e^tcblishments that might be harmful or disturbing to a
large part of the population o1 cause damage over a x./ide area. The Authority may
also issue regulations or prrhibitions for the whole country applying to potentially
polluting types of enterprises. The Authority acts as secretariat for the Smoke
Control Council, the Council or> Oil Pollution, and the Product Control Council.
The Smoke Control Co'incil issues permits for the discharge of polluting
emissions into the air in accordance with the Neighbor's Act. The Council has
eight members appointed b/ various organizations and authorities, among others, the
Federation of Norwegian Inda-~ tries and the Norwegian Federation of Labor. The chair-
man of the Council is a Supreme Court judge.
The Council on Oil Pollution, established pursuant to section 3 of the
1970 Law on Protection Agai^c Damage Due to Oil, is in charge of the supervision,
planning and coordination c "• programs to prevent damage from oil pollution. Its
17 members are elected every four years from^various government agencies and insti-
tutions .
Finally, the rece'.n^y established Product Control Council, among other
things, collects information or potentially harmful products, suggests appropriate
measures to be taken in r?.g.*rd to such products, informs the public, and coordinates
natters regarding harmful puc-ut-cts that fall within the jurisdiction of several other
authorities. It has 13 nui^srs, appointed for two-year terms by other ministries
as well as by organizations representing industry, employer, employee, consumer,
and environmental interests Ihe Council and the Pollution Control Authority work
in close cooperation in implementing the Products Control Law.
Other institutions subordinate to departments of the Ministry of Environ-
ment are: the State Council fo.c Open-Air Activities, the State Council for the
Conservation of Nature, and th-a Directorate for Wildlife and Freshwater Fish, under
the Nature Conservation and Cpp.n-Air Recreation Department; the Geographical Survey
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of Norway and the Hydrographic Office of Norway, responsible to the Department of
Natural Resources; and the Central Office of Historic Monuments, within the juris-
diction of the Planning Department.
Three institutions which, while not subordinate to the Ministry, work in
close affiliation with it are the Norwegian Institute for Air Research, the Norwe-
gian Institute for Water Research and the Norwegian Institute of Urban and Regional
Research.
other agencies with major responsibility in environment
Although the Ministry of Environment has taken over many of the responsi-
bilities previously assigned to other governmental departments, certain areas of
environmental responsibility still remain with other agencies.
One of these, the Ministry of Social Affairs, implements the 1960 Health
Law, pursuant to which regulations concerning the amount of lead in gasoline have
been issued as well as municipal health regulations stipulating that sewage and
wastewater installations must pass inspection by the Board of Health. Furthermore,
the 1933 Law on Inspection of Foodstuffs authorizes the Ministry to issue regula-
tions on drinking water and to issue approval of waterworks. The Ministry also
administers the Law Concerning Municipal Sanitation Fees.
Two other ministries exercise specialized environmental functions related
to their general areas of competence. The Poisons Board in the Ministry of Agricul-
ture must approve pesticides and other plant protection products before they may be
marketed. The Ministry of Communications is responsible for the regulation of noise
from cars and airplanes as well as equipment for the prevention of pollution from
automobile exhaust systems.
The Ministry of Industries is responsible for the implementation of legis-
lation concerning nuclear energy. Legislation pertaining to the continental shelf
is also administered by this Ministry, which may issue regulations providing for
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the security of activities involving the extraction of petroleum from the North Sea.
Other ministries also have duties contributing to the prevention of
pollution of the. sea. Under the 1933 Harbor Act, the Ministry of Fisheries is
authorized to issue regulations concerning the pollution of harbor areas. The
Ministry may aJso forbid or limit pollution from industry which may hamper fish-
ing pursuant r.o the 1955 Salt Water Fisheries Law. In addition, the Ministry of
Commerce and Shipping has issued regulations on the transportation of dangerous
products at ses, pursuant to the 1903 Act on Government Control of Ship's Seaworthi-
ness.
natiouai-regional-local-government relationships
The T'lorwagian people have always enjoyed a certain degree of autonomy
in local affa.i?.:, primarily due to their country's natural topographical barriers.
It was not unfll 1837 that the country obtained a Local Government Act (fornann-
skapslovene). This law did not specifically define the duties of local government
but stated rhac the Storting x^as to delegate such pox^er, a provision which still
prevails.
Today Norway is divided into 20 counties (fylke), each county headed by
a governor (uyikeimann), representing the central government. Within the counties,
there are 47 iirbir municipalities (bykommuner) and 396 rural municipalities (herreds—
kommuner) . II? ®y are administered by municipal councils (kommunestyre) , consisting
of from 13 to r*t councillors, and by a committee (forraannskap) , which is elected by
and from the mer;bcrs of the Council. These rural and urban municipal councils
manage raunic.pai r.ffairs and have the right to assess taxes and appropriate funds.
However, certain Tinancial matters, for example the obtaining of loans, must be
approved by ;:hi.i Crown. The Crown can also request strict supervision of a munici-
pality when its financial status seems to warrant it or as a consideration to its
creditors. In '-.he last decade, the central government has delegated more and more
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power to local authorities, including decision-making in the fields of education.
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and public health, public relief and the building and maintenance of roads.
In environmental matters, municipal authorities are responsible for water
supply, sewage treatment and sanitation. The municipalities also have authority
for land use planning within their boundaries, and they can prevent the establish-
ment of a polluting industry if they feel it would have a negative influence on
the population and housing. All planning activities are supervised by the county
governor, who is appointed by the central government. The governor's office func-
tions as a secretariat for regional planning and may, in some cases, provide major
assistance in local planning. Ultimately, all plans require the approval of the
Ministry of Environment.
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II. Environmental Laws
legislative system
Norway makes an iniportant distinction between laws and resolutions.
The Norwegian system defines a law as "a legislative act which affects or regul?.t2S
a citizen's rights and duties and his relationship to the state."^ Resolutions,
which are not given the status of law, deal with natters such as the approval o_:
treaties and budgets, the granting of citizenship, financial affairs, questions
about the rules of the Storting and constitutional amendments. Only members of"
the Odelsting or members of the King's Cabinet can introduce law proposals or Mils.
Resolutions, on the other hand, can also be introduced by members of the Lagt.xt'?..
Citizens can and do prevail on Odelsting members to introduce bills for then.'., b'
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general provisions under which certain types of pollution may be controlled. One
of these, the May 16, 1860 Health Law authorizes health officials to make agree-
ments and to issue guidelines in order to prevent nuisances, including noise, which
could prove damaging to public health. Another, the December '7, 1956 Law on Workers'
Protection contains general provisions to assure a healthy and safe work environment
and establishes certain rules to prevent pollution at the work site. It includes,
for example, instructions on how to store and use dangerous substances. This law
will be superseded by the Law on Workers' Protection and the Work Environment, etc.,
which was passed on February 4, 1977 and will go into effect at a time to be decided
by the Crown. Finally, the June 18, 1965 Building Act, as amended, contains general
provisions regarding land-use planning, including provisions to prevent noise pollu-
tion.
Norway obligated itself to certain general environmental provisions at
the international level when it signed the Nordic Environmental Protection Convention
on February 19, 1974, followed by passage of the April 19, 1976 Law No. 21 Giving
the Convention Between Norway, Denmark, Finland and Sweden the Status of Law in
Norway. The Convention, which is comprehensive and deals with a variety of pollu-
tion problems, provides that in granting a permit for an activity that is potentially
detrimental to the environment, an examining authority should consider a possible
nuisance to a neighboring Nordic nation in the same manner as he would a nuisance
in his own country. It gives citizens of one Nordic country the right to institute
proceedings relative to the permissibility of a disturbing activity with the appro-
priate court or authority in a second nation. The convention, which applies to
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stationary installations, defines harmful activities as the discharge from land or
facilities of solid or liquid waste or gas or other substances into watercourses,
lakes or seas as well as pollution of the air, noise, vibration, changes in tempera-
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ture, and emission of ionizing radiation or light.
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water
Norway has a comprehensive water pollution act in the June 26, 1970 Law
No. 75 on the Prevention jf Water Pollution, amended May 31, 1974, which is intended
to protect groundwater, lak-=>.s, watercourses, and the sea from pollution and to reduce
existing pollution, especially if it endangers the health and well-being of man and
animals. The law seeks to yiGvent disagreeable odors and the unpleasant appearance
of water; adverse influences on the bottoms of lakes, watercourses or the ocean;
and harmful changes in water level or temperature range. The law specifies condi-
tions for obtaining and hoJ.uJ.rjg certain licenses to prevent pollution and authorizes
the Crown to issue regulac.ic.zis on activities and installations entailing a particular
pollution risk. On May 31, J.974, authority for the implementation of this law was
shifted from the Ministry of Industry to the Ministry of Environment.
Although .so"me pollution control is also afforded by the June 24, 1933 Law
Concerning the Harbor Systaj., section 24 of which stipulates that it is unlawful to
dispose of solid waste in harbors or in narrow or shallow waters which are used for
general travel.
There has been a Icisr-standing desire to control oil damage in Norwegian
waters. In this respect, t:i<-:- March 6, 1970 Law No. 6 on Protection Against Carnage
Due to Oil, as amended June 11, 1976, is designed to prevent, avert and restrict
damage due to oil in the ses PS well as in watercourses and on land. It empowers
the Crown to prohibit the discharge of oil or mixtures containing oil into the sea
from vessels or other installit ions in sea areas where such discharges are prohib-
ited under international agrseuents to which Norway is a party. It also prohibits
sach discharges into the sea or on land from any other source if they can enter
into the sea. Oil separators or similar devices must be installed on all Norwegian
ships, and precautionary measures must be taken in order to prevent the escape of
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oil. Norwegian vessels are ^JLso required to keep a special oil register to record
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the cleaning of tanks and the discharge of oil residues.
Pursuant to Law No. 6 of 1970, Interim Regulations Concerning Warning
About the Escape of Oil-Mixed Liquids were passed on March 16, 1973. The regula-
tions, which were amended on October 3, 1973, stipulate that anyone who notices an
oil spill is obligated to report it regardless of who is responsible for the damage.
The regulations make various provisions for differing circumstances, depending, for
instance, on whether the oil spill is caused by a ship or an airplane; whether it
comes from a production platform or a storage tank on the Continental Shelf; or
whether it occurs over Norwegian territory or watercourses, in international waters,
or in the territorial waters of a foreign state.
Norway is party to a number of international conventions to' prevent pollu-
tion of the seas. She has ratified the May 12, 1954 International Convention for
the Prevention of Pollution of the Sea by Oil, which prohibits the discharge of oil
in certain zones and restricts such discharges elsewhere. It requires ships to be
equipped with devices to separate and store oily waste, and ports to be provided
with facilities for the collection of such waste. Appropriate commissions are to
be established to study the records pertaining to any accidental discharge or loss
of oil. Resolutions also encourage participating governments to cooperate in
research and education on measures to eliminate the discharge of persistent oils
at sea,
Norway also ratified the November 29, 1969 International Convention
Relating to Intervention on the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties
(Brussels Convention). The Convention, designed to protect party states from oil
pollution of the sea or their coastlines resulting from a maritime casualty, permits
a state to take measures to prevent, reduce or eliminate the danger.
Pursuant to the Convention, the June 16, 1972 Law No. 46 on Undertakings
in Accordance with the Brussels Convention was passed, authorizing the May 2, 1975
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Interim Regulations on Intervention on the High Seas in Case of Oil Pollution or
Danger of Oil Pollution Resulting From a Maritime Accident. The regulations outline
methods to be used in case of a maritime accident involving oil pollution and
authorize the Council on Oil Pollution to organize and execute plans to stop or
prevent pollution. In addition, Norwegian authorities may confer with nations
which may also be affected by pollution and with the nation under whose flag an
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involved vessel was sailing.
On November 28, 1970, Norway signed the 1969 Convention for Cooperation
in Dealing With Pollution of the North Sea by Oil (Hamburg Convention). The sig-
natories promised to notify any member country of oil spillage which might threaten
the second nation's coast and to assist in eliminating the polluting oil if help
was requested.
Finally, Norway is party to the February 15, 1972 Oslo Convention for
the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping From Ships and Aircraft. The parti-
cipating countries agreed to take all possible steps to prevent pollution of the
sea by substances that might create hazards to human health, harm living resources
and marine life, damage amenities, or interfere with other legitimate uses of the
sea. Certain substances, such as mercury and mercury compounds, cadmium and cadmium
compounds, and persistent plastics and other persistent synthetics, were totally
prohibited.
air
Low density population and a widescale industrial use of clean, smokeless
hydroelectricity should make air pollution less serious in Norway than is the case.^
The country's topographical character and meteorological conditions, however, con-
tribute to the air pollution problem with high mountains and deep closed valleys
where sulfur dioxide and other air pollutants are sometimes trapped for several days
before strong winds can carry them away. This is particularly a problem in
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Vestlandet, in the western part of the country. -> To compound the problem, southeast
and southwest x^inds sweep so-called acid precipitation, formed xjhen atmospheric
pollutants gradually increase the acidity of rainwater, from the industrial belts
of continental Europe and Great Britain across Norway. The southern part of the
country, where total sulfur dioxide emissions were 0.6 tons per square kilometer in
1973, is particularly exposed to this source of pollution, which has far-reaching
effects in many areas. It has caused soil deterioration, which in turn has had
a negative effect on vegetation. As the acidification of water has increased, a
drastic reduction of the fish population has been noted as well.
To control pollution from Norwegian industrial installations, the June 16,
1961 Neighbor's Act, as amended, forbids industrial or other enterprises which
spread gases, smoke, radiation, or the like so as to cause damage or inconvenience
to many people over a large area to undertake operations without prior approval
by the Crown. Before granting such approval, licensing authorities consider the
kind of industry, the amount of pollution, and the age of the industrial plant.
During the cold winter months, the concentration of sulfur dioxide in the
air increases considerably as the result of the burning of heavy fuel oils for
heating purposes.1 The June 19, 1970 Law No. 64, Placing Restrictions on the Use
of Fuel Oils, etc., empowers the Crown to limit air pollution by iss.uing regulations
prohibiting the combustion of oil and the combustion of oil containing sulfur and
sulfur residues in excess of certain maximum levels. The regulations may also apply
to the design, equipment, and operation of oil-fired installations, although excep-
tions can be granted. Provisions of the regulations may also apply only to certain
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periods of the year.
The November 16, 1973 Crown Resolution Prescribing Regulations on the
Utilization of Leaded Gasoline was issued in pursuance of the June 20, 1964 Law
No. 5 on Pharmaceutical Products and Poisons and the May 16, 1860 Public Health Act.
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It stipulates that substances other than lead may not be added to gasoline without
the consent of the Ministry of Social Affav s. Leaded gasoline may not be used in
heating or lighting installations or for cleaning purposes. It must also be colored
in accordance with instructions from the Ministry, and the pumps serving tanks con-
taining leaded gasoline must be specially marked.
noise
Noise nuisance may be controlled uader certain general laws such as the
previously mentioned June 15, 1961 NeigbJO'.'^ Act, as amended, the May 16, 1860
Health Law, and the June 18, 1965 Buildlr.^ Act. Aircraft noise is limited to an
extent by the August 29, 1976 Regulations on Noise Certification of Civilian Air-
craft, which require civilian subsonic jets and civilian propeller-driven craft
meeting certain specifications to obtain aoJse certificates from the Norwegian Civil
Aeronautics Administration in order to bt registered.
product control
The June 11, 1976 Law Concerning Product Control is intended to prevent
damage to health or to the environment by .pollution, waste, or noise from any pro-
duct. Regulations may be issued pertain! i,;. to any aspect of the production, import,
distribution, sale, labeling, use or o;h«.r handling of a product. Limitations may
be set on the emission of pollutants or ..ic^ae from a product, and measures prescribed
to reduce wast3 from the use of the prodi.^r. Products may be subject to official
approval prior to marketing, production oc 'zaport, or these activities may be pro-
hibited altogether for a given product, i-janaf acturers or importers are required to
obtain any information necessary to detemina whether a product may pose health or
environmental hazards, and, in general, aivone who handles a product is to exercise
care to prevent or limit hazards emitting from it. Furthermore, a producer or im-
porter nay be required to provide samples of products or to conduct investigations
necessary to determine the nature or effects of products. The August 5, 1977
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Regulations Concerning the Implementation of the 1976 Law establishes the Product
Control Council and stipulates the duties of the Council, the Ministry of Environment
and the State Pollution Control Authority in carrying out the provisions of the Pro-
duct Control Law.
solid waste
Several laws contain provisions for solid waste control. Among these are:
the June 8, 1924 Law Concerning the Sanitation Tax, which gives municipalities
authority to take care of necessary sanitation problems, including solid waste;
the April 12, 1957 Law on Slaughterhouses, the Meat Industry, and Official Meat
Control, which provides regulations for disposing of meat waste, animal carcasses,
etc.; the June 14, 1974 Provisional Law on Deposit Containers for Beer, Mineral
Water, and Other Soft Drinks; and the June 21, 1963 Road Act, which has general
provisions prohibiting littering.
In addition, the June 19, 1970 Law No. 63 on the Protection of Nature, as
amended on June 2, 1972, a general law dealing with protection of the landscape and
the natural environment, includes prohibitions against discharging and dumping wastes
in a manner liable to disfigure or impair nature.
Of special significance is the June 11, 1976 Law Concerning Product Control,
already mentioned above, which can be used to reduce waste problems from any type of
product. Among other things, it authorizes mandatory return and deposit schemes and
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waste source reduction and sets up handling requirements.
The Recycling Commission, established in 1973, has proposed a new law on
the collection, transport, and treatment of waste xvhich xjould regulate the practical
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and administrative aspects of waste disposal. The proposal includes recommendations
requiring the municipalities to organize systematic refuse collection schemes and
authorizing them to set up recycling arrangements, which might help Norway overcome
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anticipated raw material and energy problems in the future.
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pesticides
The July 17, 1970 Crown Resolution Amending the Regulations on Plant
Protection Products of December 4, 1964 (made pursuant to the April 5, 1963 Law
on Plant Protection Products) requires that pesticides and other plant protection
products receive approval from the Poisons Board of the Ministry of Agriculture*
before being marketed. Conditions for approval and information to be included on
applications for approval are specified and detailed provisions on packaging and
labeling of pesticides are included. A system for classifying such products on
a scale ranging from highly toxic to slightly toxic is presented and used as a
basis for provisions relating to conditions on the use, manufacture, importation,
and sale of plant protection products.
radiation
Three laws designed to protect the public from radiation may be men-
tioned.
The May 12, 1972 Act No. 28 Concerning Nuclear Energy Activities contains
provisions relating to the construction of nuclear installations as well as excep-
tions to these provisions. It includes rules pertaining to the granting of con-
cessions for owning or operating nuclear installations and permits for holding
nuclear activities and obligates the operators of nuclear installations to take
safety precautions.
The February 9, 1973 Regulations Concerning the Organization and Functions
of the Nuclear Energy Safety Authority, issued in'pursuance of section 10 of the above
act, delineate the structure of the Authority, which is subordinate to the Ministry
of Industries. The main responsibilities of the Board include implementation of the
functions assigned to it by the 1972 Act and participation in the preparatory work
concerning site choices for nuclear installations.
The June IS, 1938 Law No. 1 Concerning the Use of X-rays and Radium
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authorizes the issuing of special regulations concerning the installation and opera-
tion of radioactive equipment. Special working conditions and regular health check-
ups for personnel operating equipment of this kind may also be stipulated.
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Ill. Standards
water
There are no legally binding national water quality standards in. Norway.
The Neighbor's Act states, however, that government approval of regional, municipal
and local planning pursuant to the Building Act of June 18, 1965 is conditional
upon adequate provisions for clean water supplies and sewage treatment plants.
In addition, both industrial enterprises and municipalities are required
to apply for permission to discharge polluted water according to the June 26, 1970
Law on Prevention of Water Pollution, so that conditions may be set to fit each case.
air
There are no legally prescribed national standards to limit air pollution
in Norway. However, under the Neighbor's Act, all new or expanding enterprises
require a permit to discharge polluting emissions into the air. These permits,
issued by the Smoke Control Council, set pollution limits in each instance. The
Council has tightened the stringency of its requirements in recent years, and per-
9 n
mits have become increasingly hard to obtain, as evidenced by the. following exam-
ples regarding limitation of sulfur emissions. Since 1970, permission has not been
given for the use of fuel oil containing more than 2.5 percent sulfur. An increas-
ing number of firms have been required to use light fuel oil (sulfur content under
0.8 percent) or fuel oil with a maximum sulfur content of 1.2 percent. In a dif-
ferent approach to the problem, the Council required a new oil refinery at Mongstad,
with a capacity of four million tons a year, to limit its sulfur dioxide emissions
71
to 2,500 tons per year, or 0.3 tons per hour.
Locally applicable regulations governing the maximum content of sulfur in
fuel oils have been laid down in accordance with the June 19, 1970 Act Concerning
Restrictions on the Use of Fuel Oil for the Cities of Oslo and Drammen. In Oslo,
private oil-burning installations with an annual consumption of up to 700 tons and
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all public installations must burn fuel oil with a maximum sulfur content of 0.8
percent. Private installations and all industrial installations with an annual
fuel consumption over 700 tons have a "limit of 1.2 percent. For Drammen, the cor-
responding figures are 0.8 percent and 1.2 percent between October 1 and April 1,
and 2.5 percent for the rest of the year.
The Ministry of Environment has been studying a proposal for a formal
national limit of 2.5 percent sulfur content for heavy oil with possible dispensa-
tion, when emission gases are cleaned or when the sulfur dioxide is part of the
product. For light oils, a limit of 0.3 percent sulfur dioxide is proposed. If
approved, these guidelines would be put into effect no later than January 1, 1978.22
Lead emissions are limited by the November 16, 1973 Crown Resolution Pre-
scribing Regulations on the Utilization of Leaded Gasoline, which prohibits the
use of gasoline containing more than 0.4 grams of lead per liter.
noise
Although there are no national noise standards in Norway, some practical
steps have been taken to control noise deriving from aircraft. The Oslo Fornebu
Airport, for instance, shuts down for regular traffic from 11:30 p.m. to 7:00 a.m.
in order to protect citizens against noise.
Noise is limited at the source to an extent by the August 29, 1976
Regulations on Noise Certification of Civilian Aircraft, which contain maximum
noise levels for ci\'ilian subsonic jet and propeller-driven aircraft when measured
at various specified points. These levels conform in general to requirements of
the International Civil Aviation Organization.
pesticides
Norway has prohibited the use of alkylmercury compounds since 1966 and
the use of DDT (except for treatment of conifers prior to planting) , aldrin and
dieldrin since 1970.
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IV. Enforcement Procedures
court system
There are 100 courts of first instance (herredrett or byrett). in Norway.
Each community also has a Conciliation Court (forliksrad), consisting of three
persons elected by the district council for a four-year term, before which civil
cases must initially be brought for me d". at, 5-on. The Court of Second Instance
(lagmannsrett) is primarily a court of appeal, although it also hears certain
cerious criminal cases as a court of fii.ii. Instance. For the purposes of these
courts, Norway is divided into five diitrx-rs (lagd^mmer). The third level of
judicial authority is the Supreme Court (:\j$yesterett) > which consists of seventeen
judges and a prasident (chief justice) . Ecxch case is presided over by five of the
judges.
Both civil and criminal cases are heard in the same courts by judges, who
are state officials appointed for life> Zxcept -fop the Supreme Court, the .partici-
pation of lay assessors and jurors, sumionad. for each case, varies according to the
civil or criminal nature of the case. Environmental cases are dealt with in the
regular courts since the country has no environmental court per se,
enforcement mechanisms
The Ministry of Environment works closely with local authorities through
its Planning Department in order to pra^-nt pollution arising from local endeavors.
The two planning divisions of this departnect have the authority to approve and
ratify local plans.
The 1970 Water Pollution Law provides for concessions and permits as the
primary means of controlling the discharge of polluted water and assumes that they
will be dealt with on an individual basis. Permits are issued for a minimum of
ten years, with a five-year warning if the authorities want to cancel or change the
terms. Concessions are granted for a -jhorter period of time or on a temporary basis.
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The State Pollution Control Authority is responsible for issuing these
permits. According to the May 31, 1974 Amendment to the Neighbor's Act and the
Water Pollution Law, the Authority may also issue regulations or prohibitions for
the whole country or for certain areas of the country, which apply to enterprises
that could cause pollution. All or parts of such regulations and prohibitions may
replace provisions contained in an individual permit for a given enterprise. In
addition, the Authority may test water quality and often conducts such tests with
municipal help or, at times, with the aid of universities under contract. ;
Municipal Building Boards issue permits to discharge wastewater from
waterclosets, kitchens, baths, washrooms, etc., under the Regulations for Sewage
Discharge From Scattered Housing and Recreation Buildings, issued pursuant to the
1970 Water Pollution Law.
The Council on Oil Pollution supervises, plans and coordinates programs
to prevent damage due to oil pollution. In case of oil spills or discharges of
oil or oily liquids into the sea, the closest police authority is notified, which
in turn notifies the Council. The municipalities are responsible for oil spills
within their borders but are assisted in their planning by the Council.
The Smoke Control Council can set conditions for permits on a case-by-case
basis to protect the public from damages arising from industrial or other enterprises
that can spread gases, smoke, radiation or the like in a manner causing damage or
inconvenience to many persons or over a large area.
penalties
In cases of violation of environmental laws, a prison term or a fine or
both is often stipulated. Violations of the 1970 Water Pollution Law can result in
a fine or imprisonment of up to four months. Under the May 31, 1974 amendment to
this law, violations of a permit issued pursuant to the law may result in a fine
that continues as long as the violation persists or that is payable upon each
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violation. In addition, a. permit issued on the basis of false or misleading
information given in regard to significant details may be revoked.
Under the 1961 Neighbor's Act, as amended May 31, 1974, a person who
fails to apply for a permit as required fay the law or who violates other provisions
of the law may be punished by a fine or imprisonment up to four months. Under both
the Water Pollution Law and the Neighbor's Act, an organization or society may be
held responsible for a violation committed by a person representing that organiza-
tion or society. The entire organization could then be fined or lose its right to
operate if the violation was committed to further the interests of the organization
or if it derived considerable advantage from the violation.
According to the June 12, 1970 Law Placing Restrictions on the Use of
Fuel Oils, intentional or negligent contravention of prescriptions or orders issued
pursuant to the law may be punished by "fines or imprisonment up to three months.
Other environmental laws contain similar penalty provisions: violation
of the June 19, 1970 Law on the Protection of Nature could result in fines; viola-
tions of the March 6, 1970 Law on Protection Against Damage Due to Oil is punishable
by fines or a prison term of three months; and violation of the June 11, 1976 Law on
Product Control may result in fines or imprisonment for up to three months or both.
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V. Interrelationships Between Government and Industry
general
Norwegian industry, although generally having a rather free hand, is
also subject to certain governmental restrictions. Such control is partially
exercised through the March 20, 1970 Law No. 15 on Establishment Control, which
stipulates that any new industry wishing to employ more than 15 persons must be
approved. For this purpose, the Crown has appointed a Localization Board, an inde-
pendent, cooperative organization, whose ten members serve four-year terms. Three
of the members are proposed by the Federation of Norwegian Industries, two by the
Norwegian. Federation of Enterprises in Handicraft and Small-Scale Industries and
five by the Government.
The building site of a proposed industry must also, according to the
Building Act of 1965, fulfill certain environmental requirements before construc-
tion can be approved, for instance, adequate provisions for proper sewage disposal
and satisfactory water supply. Special provisions for heating plants and furnace
installations are also stipulated so that the surroundings are not disturbed by
smoke, gas, dust, odor, or noise.
The Government also keeps strict control over industry through certain
standards and permit systems, which have already been discussed.
polluter pays principle
Norway subscribes to the polluter pays principle as do all Organization
for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries.
Although the amendment of May 31, 1974 to the Law on the Prevention of
of Water Pollution affords the opportunity to directly implement the polluter pays
principle by authorizing the Crown to establish regulations requiring the payment
of fees based on pollution levels at various industries, this has not been carried
out to date. Nevertheless, industry must bear the costs of installing equipment to
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comply with environmental standards in order to obtain, the. necessary permits for
operation. Pollution control measures utilizing the ;'bv.st available technology"
must be taken into consideration as part of production costs in new industry, and
in older industry work is underway for the implemertacicn of guidelines for pollu-
tion control measures issued by Parliament in 1973-13/4. Treatment requirements
and deadlines for implementation have been set for s number of industries, incl'jdicg
the ferro-alloy industry, cement industry, iron and steel foundries, galvano-tech-
nical industry, fish meal and fish oil factories, daf.rirs, and large segments of
O /
the pulp and chemical industries. It is estimated f'i?c the aluminum, "ferro-alloy,
and woodworking industries will have to allocate tha ^argest sums for environmental i
improvements based on estimates projected to 1984. ^
According to a study conducted by the Fedato.f.on of Norwegian Industries,
more than 4.9 billion kroner will be needed during tie period 1974-1984 to overcome
pollution in existing industry alone. Expenditures for water protection during
this period will be approximately 2.5 billion kroner; for air protection, about
2,150 million; for waste removal, 2,000 million; and for noise abatement, 75 million- 6
During the period 1969-1974, according to cr-e study, 60 percent of indus-
try's environmental investments were spent on improvc.aE.ants in air quality, with the
aluminum industry constituting the largest investor.'-' In. commenting on the study,
the Federation accepts the principle that new industry must pay for its own pollu-
tion problems, but also expresses the view that existing industry cannot manage
28
this task alone. Industry would prefer an extension of the existing financial
arrangements with subsidies and loans from the govermaant to a postponement of en-
*
vironmental investments, which has been mentioned as an alternative.
Current government programs to help industry financially with environ- .
mental programs include the December 17, 1975 Regulations on Exemption From Invest-
ment Taxes on Environmental Investments', which stata that established industries
-25-
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fulfilling stipulated requirements are exempt from paying taxes on investments
made in compliance with environmental regulations pursuant to the Neighbor's Act
and the Law on the Prevention, of Water Pollution. Provisions of the February 27,
1976 Regulations Concerning Tax-Exempt Fund Allotments for Environmental Protection
Measures are intended both to help industry better meet the demands of environmental
protection and to stimulate employment. In addition, the government has earmarked
funds for direct loans. During the winter of 1975-1976, for example, 225 million
kroner were reserved for this purpose. 0 Furthermore, the state offers older indus-
try guarantees for loans on the open market, liquidity loans for special purposes,
exemption from investment charges, and direct state grants.
major Industries
Norwegian industry is, to a large extent, based on raw materials produced
within the country. Forests, which cover approximately one—quarter of Norway's
surface, provide raw materials for almost one-quarter of its total exports.
Norway ranks fifth among the world's fishing nations, making the fishing industry
32
of major importance. Mining has always been an essential industry with iron and
o o
other ores extracted from the earth since ancient times. The country's hydroelec-
34
trie power production is second in Europe only to that of the Soviet Union. This
power has made possible the tremendous upswing of the aluminum industry in Norway
in the last three decades. Oil and natural gas from the Norwegian continental
shelf are also expected to be of great significance in the future.
environmental protection by industry and government-industry
cooperation
There is a general awareness in Norwegian industrial circles that research
is of utmost importance in solving pollution problems. As a result, the Federation
of Norwegian Industries in 1968 established its own research agency, the Pollution
Board of the Federation of Norwegian Industries, later renamed the Industrial
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Environmental Protection Board, which cooperates with the government.
The Norwegian Council for Scientific and Industrial Research has also
worked closely with the Ministry of Env-".roi:ment. This cooperation resulted in the
development of the research project "The. Effects of Acid Precipitation on Forest
O £
and Fish," which was co-sponsored by the Agricultural Research Council of Norway. -
Industry also works closely with the Ministry of Environment to find
solutions to specific problems. When tha ftatoil/Mobil group was denied permission.
by the Ministry to use a specific typ.-a o.f •sludge in boring on the Continental Shelf,
plans for a new system were made in clo^e cooperation with the State Pollution Con-
trol Authority.
Cooperation between industry :»iid the authorities exists on the local level
too. Because oil pollution is a real tV-sat along the coast of Norway, many munici-
pal councils have formed committees in ordtr to handle acute oil pollution. These
committees not only-include'the local fire chief, the chief of police, and the har-
bor captain, but also, if possible, a representative of the oil industry. °
-------
Reference Notes
Numbers in brackets following entries are the identification numbers assigned
to documents which have been abstracted for the Foreign Exchange Documents
Program of the EPA Office of International Activities. Copies of documents
are filed under these numbers at the EPA Headquarters Library in Washington, B.C.
1. Henry Naerstad. Laerebok i Samfunnskunnskap, (Oslo: Rich. Andvord, 1955), p 79.
2. Frank J. Duffy. The Political Institutions and Government of Norway, (Oslo:
University of Oslo, 1953), p 80.
3. ibid., p 81.
4. Ola Johnsrud and Tore Sandberg. Politisk ABC, (Oslo: Gyldendal Norsk Forlag,
1969), p 27.
5. Norway. Ministry of Environment. Tiltak mot Forurensninger. Parliamentary
Report, no. 44 (1975-76), p 85.
6. Frank J. Duffy, op. cit., p 111.
7. Leiv Mjeldheim. Politiske Prosessar og Institusjonar, (Bergen: Universitets-
forlaget, 1969), p 170.
8. ibid.', p 171.
9. Olav S. Nedenes. Milj^vern, (Oslo: Ministry for Local Government and Labor, 1970),
p 167.
10. Douglas V. Smith. Norway Innovates in Environmental Planning, (Oslo: Norwegian
Institute of Urban and Regional Research, 1973), p 9.
11. ibid.
12. ibid., p 75.
13. United States. Department of State. "Norwegian Outlines International and
Domestic Environmental Priorities." Department of State Airgram, No. A-168,
(Oslo: Amembassy, Sept. 20, 1974), pp 1-2. [ID #0217lA]
14. "Environmental Protection in Norway." News of Norway, March 9, 1973, p 19.
15. United States. Department of State. "Air Pollution in Norway." Department of
State Airgram, No. A-188, (Stockholm: Amembassy, January 7, 1975), p 8.
1
16. Olav R. Skage. Luftforurensing og Arealdisponering, (Oslo: Norwegian Institute
of Urban and Regional Research, 1970), p 43. ,
17. Acid Precipitation and Its Effects in Norway, (Oslo: Ministry of Environment,
September, 1974) p 4. [ID #02656A]
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18. Per A. Gulden. Environmental Product Control, (Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, May, 1976) , p 92.
19. "Ecological Topics." News of Norway, January 16, 1976, p 2.
20. Acid Precipitation and Its Effects in Norway, op_. cit., p 8.
21. ibid.
22. ibid., p 9.
23. Douglas V. Smith, op. cit., p 3.
24. Norway. Ministry of Environment, op. cit., p 8.
25. "Environmental Protection Will Cost Much More Than Expected." Aftenposten.
November 18, 1975, p 13.
26. ibid.
27. ibid.
28. "Ecological Topics," op. cit., p 3.
29. "Environmental Protection Will Cost Much More Than Expected," op. cit. , p 13.
30. "Gro Harlem Brundtland: Many Industries Do Not Comply With the Concession."
AftJenpbVtem7 October 30, 1975,~p~29 . ~~]
31. Gunnar Jerman and Finn P. Nyquist. New Norway, (Oslo: The Export Council of
Norway and Gr&idahl and S«5n, 1970) , p 58.
32. ibid. , p 66.
33. ibid., p 42.
34. ibid. , p 20
35. ibid., p 38.
36. Acid Precipitation and Its Effects in Norway, ojp. cit., p 3.
37. "Statoil/Mobil Was Denied Using Oil-Sludge." Aftenposten, November 22, 1975,
p 11.
38. Beredskap~Mot~AIcutt Foruren'sning. Norges Offentlige Utredninger, no. 25} (Oslo:
Universitetsforlag, 1974), p 33.
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Bibliography
Publications that were of significant value in the preparation of this
study and are recommended for those undertaking research on environmental protection
in Norway are listed below.
1. Gulden, Per A. Environmental Product Control—A Comparative Study
of the United States and Norway. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (Office of International Activities), 1976.
2. Nedenes, Olav S. Milj^vern—Teknisk/0konomiske Analyser Ved Over-
siktsplanlegging (Environmental Protection—Technical/Economic
-Analysis With Survey Plan). Oslo: Ministry for Local Government
and Labor, 1970.
3. Norway. Ministry of Environment. Acid Precipitation and Its Effects
in Norway. Oslo: Ministry of Environment, September 1974. [ID #02656A]
4. Norway. Ministry for Local Government and Labor. Vern om Naturrnilj^et
(Protection of the Natural Environment). Oslo: Norwegian Institute of
Urban and Regional Research, 1971.
5. Norway. Ministry of Environment. Lov om Produktkontroll (Law on
Product Control). Oslo: Odelsting Bill No.. 51, 1974-1975. [ID #04396A]
6. Norway. Ministry of Environment." Tiltak mot Forurensninger (Measures
Against Pollution). Parliamentary Report, no. 44 (1975-76). Oslo:
Ministry of Environment, 1976.
1, Norway. Norway's Nature Protection League. Naturvern i Norge (Nature
Protection in Norway). Oslo: Norway's Nature Protection League, 1970.
8, Beredskap Mot Akutt Forurensing (Preparation to Handle Acute Pollution).
Norges Offentlige Utredninger, no. 25. Oslo - Bergen - Troms?$:
Universitetsforlaget, 1974.
9. Norway. Erstatningsansvar for Forurensingsskader (Claim for Compensation
for Pollution Damages). Norges Offentlige Utredninger, no. 8. Oslo -
Bergen - Ironist: Universitetsforlaget, 1972.
10. Skage, Olav R. Luftforurensing og Arealdisponering (Air Pollution and
Land Use). Report 15. Oslo: Norwegian Institute of Urban and Regional
Research, 1970.
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APPENDIX
NORWEGIAN ENVIRONMENTAL LAWS AND REGULATIONS
INCLUDED IN THIS REPORT
GENERAL
May 5, 1972 Royal Decree Establishing the Norwegian >liuJstry of
Environment
June 28, 1957 Open-Air Recreation Act As Amended ir. 7.969
June 19, 1970 Law No. 63 on the Protection of Nature, As Amended
June 18, 1965 Building Act As Amended by the Act of. June 19, 1969
June 16, 1961 Neighbor's Act With the Amendment of Junu 19, 1969
May 24, 1974 Establishment of the State Pollution Control Authority
June 29, 1951 Act Relating to Historic Monuments ar.d Archaeological
Remains
May 16, 1860 Health Law
1933 Law on the Inspection of Foodstuffs
February 4, 1977 Law No. 4 on Workers' Protection ana r.he Work
Environment
April 19, 1976 Law No. 21 Giving the Convention Between Norway,
Denmark, Finland and Sweden the Status of Law in Norway
ID. NO.*
December 17, 1975 Regulations on Exemption From
Environmental Investments
Taxes on
February 27, 1976 Regulations Concerning Tax-Exempt Fund Allotments for
Environmental Protection Measures
AIR
June 19, 1970 Law No. 64 Placing Restrictions on tha lise of Fuel
Oils, Etc.
Nov. 16, 1973 Crown Resolution Prescribing Regulations on the
Utilization of Leaded Gasoline
01455A
01458B
01452A
01456A
02315A
*These are the identification numbers assigned to documents abstr-ced for
the Foreign Documents Program of the EPA Office of International Activities
-31-
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ID. NO.
June 19, 1970 Act Concerning Restrictions on the Use of Fuel Oil
for the Cities of Oslo and Drammen
June 16, 1961 Neighbor's Act With the Amendment of June 19, 1969
May 31, 1974 Law No. 18 To Amend the June 16, 1961 Neighbor's Act
and the June 26, 1970 Law No. 75 on the Prevention of Water Pollution
May 16, 1860 Health Law
NOISE
June 18, 1965 Building Act As Amended by the Act of June 19, 1969
June 16, 1961 Neighbor's Act With the Amendment of June 19, 1969
May 16, 1860 Health Law
August 29, 1976 Regulations on Noise Certification of Civilian
Aircraft
PESTICIDES
April 5, 1963 Law on Plant Protection Products
July 17, 1970 Crown Resolution Amending the Regulations on Plant
Protection Products of December 4, 1964
PRODUCT CONTROL
June 11, 1976 Law Concerning Product Control, As Amended
August 5, 1977 Regulations Concerning the Implementation of the
1976 Law Concerning Product Control
RADIATION
June 18, 1938 Law No. 1 Concerning the Use of X-rays and Radium
May 12, 1972 Act No. 28 Concerning Nuclear Energy Activities
February 9, 1973 Regulations Concerning the Organization and
Functions of the Nuclear Energy Safety Authority
SOLID WASTE
June 8, 1924 Law Concerning the Sanitation Tax
April 12/1957 Law on Slaughterhouses, the Meat Industry, and Official
Meat Control
June 14, 1974 Provisional Law on Deposit Containers for Beer, Mineral
Water, and Other Soft Drinks
-32-
01452A
01452B
01455B
01452A
04396A,B,C
04396D
01658A
-------
June 21, 1963 Road Act
June 19, 1970 Law No. 63 on the Protection of Nature, As Amended
Junt 11, 1976 Law Concerning Product Control, As Amended
WATER
Juna 24, 1933 Law Concerning the Harbor System
n= 26, 1970 Law No. 75 on the Prevention of Water Pollution
May 31, 1974 Law No. 18 To Amend the June 16, 1961 Neighbor's
Act and the June 26, 1970 Law No. 75 on the Prevention of
Watar Pollution
July 14, 1972 Regulations Concerning the Dumping of Substances
L:.abie to Have Harmful Effects on Marine Life and Human Health
lebtua-ry 24, 1977 Interim Regulations to Prohibit the Discharge of
Vj,'.3te From Ships
Mate> 0, 1970 Law No. 6 on Protection Against Damage Due to Oil
March i6, 1973 Interim Regulations Concerning Warning About the '
Escape of Oil-Mixed Liquids
Jane 16, 1972 Law No. 46 on Undertakings in Accordance With the
Brussels Convention of November 29, 1969 Relating to Intervention
cm the High Seas in Cases of Oil Pollution Casualties
May 2, 1975 Interim Regulations on Intervention on the High Seas in
Case of Oil Pollution or Danger of Oil Pollution Resulting From a
f.aritime Accident
Ret'olucion to Transfer Responsibility for Matters Involving Pollution
by Ships From the Ministry of Commerce to the Ministry of Environment
February 16, 1977 Regulations Concerning Storage and Spreading of
Li ---estock Manure
1903 Act on Government Control of the Seaworthiness of Ships
June j.7, 1955 Salt Water Fisheries Law
ID. NO.
01455A
04396A,B,C
01460A
01452B
01460B
01460C
01459A
04401A
04450A
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