001B85102 OFFICE OF PESTICIDES RND TONIC SUBSTANCES OFFICE OF TOHIC SUBSTANCES Information Management Division Chemical Information Branch 01 3 WOOD PRESERVATIVES: A CHRONOLOGY OF REGULATORY ACTION & BIBLIOGRAPHY 'DFCFMBLR. 1 eCDKHPDHEQ) CDS? cOCDCSSlM! Ho PBDTTC? CHEHICRL LIBRARY (RTB-TOSD SQM3CD U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V, U'•••'' v ------- At,* US. environment ------- iUOOD PBESEBUflTIUES: fl Chronology of Regulatory fictions fr Bibliography Information has been gathered on the issue of mood preseruatlues to assist you in finding answers to questions on the regulatory status, restrictions on the uses of treated wood, and scientific studies and reports produced on this subject of wide public concern. Bbout this Bibliography This bibliography is arranged in two sections: • Regulatory Information including Federal Register (FB) and Code of Federal Begulations (CFB) references • EPB funded report references Bibliography updates will be compiled and sent to you as they become auailable. Document Buailability The OTS Chemical Library staff recognizes that a bibliography is of little ualue if the documents it refers to are not readily auailable. The staff has made euery effort to make all the Items referenced here a part of the OTS Chemical Library Collection. To obtain a copy of any of these documents, or to make suggestions for other OTS Chemical Library subject bibliographies please contact: Beraldine D. Nowak, Head The OTS Chemical Library US Enuironmentai Protection Hgency Office of TOHIC Substances (TS-793) 401 M Street SUI Washington, DC 20460 (202)382-3568 ------- Regulatory Information These citations from the Federal Register database refer to Federal Register (FR) notices and the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR) . ------- TITLE: DATE: ABSTRACT: Federal Register Vol. 50, no. 20 p. 4269 January 30, 1985 Notice: EPA postpones until further notice proposal (July 13, 1984, 49 FR 28666) to cancel registration tor pesticide products containing pentachlorophenol & inorganic arsenicals. Jan 30, 1985. Doc. No. OPP-41001A. Langley (703) 557-7401. creosote, Effective Contact: Carol TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 49 No. 240 p. 48367 DATE: December 12, 1984 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA decides to cancel most non-wood use registrations, and to modify remaining registrations, for pesticide products containing pentachlorophenol. See issuance of RPAR (rebut table presumption against registration) at 43 FR 48443 (Oct 18, 1978). Comment deadline Feb 11, 1985. Discussion through p. 48372. Doc. No. OPP-3000/30B. Contact: Lois Rossi (703) 557-7452. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 49 No. 215 p. 44238 DATE: November 5, 1984 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA extends until Dec 21, 1984 the comment period on preliminary determination against registration of pesticide products containing creosote, coal tar and coal tar neutral oil for non- wood preservation uses (seen Aug 22, 1984, 49 FR 33328). Doc. No. OPP-30000/28H. Contact: Lois Rossi (703) 557-7452. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 49 No. 212 p. 43772 DATE: October 31, 1984 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA postpones Nov 1, 1984 effective date to classify for restricted use wood preservative uses of creosote, pentachlorophenol & inorganic arsenicals (seen July 13, 1984, 49 FR 28666), and responds to questions raised by States, Indian tribes, Federal agencies and other. Effective Oct 31, 1984. Doc. No. OPP-41001. ------- TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 49 No. 164 p. 33328 DATE: August 22, 1984 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA issues preliminary determination re risks and benefits associated with non-wood preservative uses of creosote, coal tar and car tar neutral (see Notice of rebuttable presumption against registration, or RPAR, at 43 FR 48154, Oct 18, 1978) . Agency determines risks are greater than benefits, generally, and proposes to deny registration applications for listed herbicidal, fungicidal, disinfectant and repellant uses. Comment deadline Oct 22, 1984. Doc. No. OPP-30000/28G. Contact: Lois Rossi (703) 557- 7452. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 49 No. 136 p. 28666 DATE: July 13, 1984 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA notes conclusion of admin review re proposed cancellation or modification of pesticide registrations for wood preservative uses of creosote, pentachlorophenol, and inorganic arsenicals; text lists terms and conditions to be changed to prevent cancellation. Hearing requests due Aug 13, 1984. Doc. No. OPP-30000/28F; PH-FRL 2630-4. Contact: Carol Langley (703) 557-7401. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 48 No. 219 p. 51684 DATE: November 10, 1983 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA issues analysis of risks and benefits of seven chemicals used for subterranean termite control: chlordane, heptachlor, aldrin, dieldrin, lindane, pentachlorophenol, and chlopyrifos. Comment deadline Feb 8, 1984. Doc. No. OPP-30077. ------- TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 48 No. 130 p. 31081 DATE: July 6, 1983 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA receives pesticide product applications pursuant to FIFRA: Sumitomo Chemical Merica Inc for Danitol containing fenpropathrin for use on ornamental and nonbearing fruit trees, Glyco Inc, for Glycoserve, disinfectant for use as a preservative for soft detergents and soaps, same for use as a preservative for room deodorizers, soft detergents, and household coatings, and as a disinfectant, algaecide, and/or slimicide for industrial uses, Darworth Co for Darworth Copper Neoisoate, fungicide as a wood preservative, same for Darworth Zinc Neoisoate. Comment deadline Aug 5, 1983. Doc. No. OPP-30229. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 48 No. 62 p. 13257 DATE: March 30, 1983 ABSTRACT: Meeting: EPA; re wood preservatives; £pr 14, 1983, 1921 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington VA; agenda, Doc. No. OPP-30000. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 46 No. 33 p. 13020 DATE: February 19, 1981 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA preliminary determination and rebuttable presumption against continued registration (RPAR) of pesticide products containing coal tar, creosote and coal tar neutral oil; pesticide products containing inorganic arsenic and pentachlorphenol used as wood preservatives. Comment deadline May 20, 1981. Doc. No. OPP-30000/28C. ------- TITLE DATE ABSTRACT Federal Register Vol. 46 January 10, 1981 No. 5 p. 2267 Notice: EPA denies Dow Chemical petition to remove ethylbenzene, phenol, dichlorophenol , trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol from Clean Water Act toxic pollutants list. TITLE: DATE: ABSTRACT: Federal Register Vol. 45 No. 193 October 2, 1980 65255 Proposed: 16 CFR Part 13 FTC proposes consent agreement in matter of Darworth Co; to require this Avon, CT manufacturer of wood stains and wood preservative products to stop misrepresenting its products in advertisting re EPA registration. Comment deadline Dec 1, 1980. Fil No. 802 3001. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 44 No. 217 p. 64555 DATE: November 7, 1979 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA invites comment on Dow Chemical petition to remove ethylbenzene, phenol, 2,4-dichlorophenol, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol and pentachlorophenol from toxic pollutants list pursuant to Clean Water Act. Comment deadline Jan 7, 1980. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 44 No. 62 p. 18730 DATE: March 29, 1979 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA notifies of correction to the product search listing applicable to the presumption against registration and registration of certain pesticide products coal tar neutral 15 of coal tar, creosote, and 1979). Doc. No. OPP-30000 15771, Mar, rebuttable continued containing oil (44 FR ------- TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 44 No. 52 p. 15771 DATE: March 15, 1979 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA publishes a correction to its notice of presumption against registration and continued registration of certain products containing coal tar, creosote, and coal tar neutral oil. Rebuttal and other information must be filed by Apr 30, 1979. See product search listing which was inadvertently left out of the original notice at 43 FR 48154, Oct 18, 1978 p. 15771. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 43 No. 230 p. 55819 DATE: November 29, 1978 ABSTRACT: Mseting: EPA Science Advisory Board, Environmental Health Advisory Qnte will meet Dec 19, 1978, 9 am, 1921 Jeff Davis Hwy, Arlington VA; agenda includes formal action on study group's report on pentachlorophenol contaminants . TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 43 No. 225 p. 54290 DATE: November 21, 1978 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA extends time period for submission of rebuttable evidence and other comments on registration and continued registration of certain pesticide products containing pentachlorophenol. New deadline Feb 12, 1979. Doc. No. OPP-30000/30A. See original notice of presumption at 43 FR 48443, Oct 18, 1978. TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 43 No. 225 p.54289 DATE: November 21, 1978 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA extends time for submission of rebuttable evidence and other comments on registration and continued registration of certain pesticide products containing coal tar, creosote and coal tar neutral oils. New deadline Feb 12, 1979. All comments should bear notation OPP-30000/28A. See original notice of presumption against registration at 43 FR 48154, Oct 18, 1978. ------- TITLE: Federal Register Vol. 43 No. 202 p. 48154 DATE: October 18, 1978 ABSTRACT: Notice: EPA establishes a tentative schedule for completion of the rebuttable presumption against registration review of the wood-treatment uses of inorganic arsenic, pentachlorophenol, coal tar and its derivatives. Chemicals comprise the most widely used industrial pesticide wood treatment available. Comments on the comparative risks and benefits of these chemicals will assist EPA in assessing tradeoffs. Other uses for these pesticides will be considered in individual risk-benefit analyses for each chemical. Doc. No. OPP-90077. SEE ALSO notice of rebuttable presumption beginning p. 48154 and continuing thru Book 2 of today's FR. Rebuttable evidence and other information must be filed by Dec 4 1978. Publishes position documents on coal tar, creosote, and coal tar neutral oil p. 48157. See list of federally registered products containing coal tar and creosote beginning p. (MISSING DATA) presumption against registration and continued registration of pesticide products containing inorganic arsenic. Comment deadline Dec 4, 1978 p. 48267. Publishes position documents beginning p. 48270 and continuing into FR Book 2. See list of products containing inorganic arsenicals p. 48399, Book 2. Doc. No. OPP- 30000/29. Notice of rebuttable presumption against pentachlorophenol and its derivatives (PCP) is published p. 48443, Book 2. Comment deadline Dec 4, 1978. Position document begins p. 48446. List of products containing PCP begins p. 48478, Doc. No. OPP- 30000/30. ------- EPH Funded Reports These citations from the National Technical Information Seruice (NTIS) database refer to EPR authored, sponsored, contracted, or otherwise funded reports. ------- Title Index to EPA Funded Reports TITLE PAGE Acute Toxicity of Selected Toxicants to Six Species of Fish 1 Ambient Water Quality Criteria: Pentachlorophenol 1 Ambient Water Quality Criteria for Pentachlorophenol 2 An Intralaboratory Comparative Study of Hydride Generation and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Techniques for Determining Organic and Inorganic Arsenic in Complex Wastewaters 3 Biodegradation and Photolysis of Pentachloro- phenol in Artificial Freshwater Streams 4 Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Contamination of Two Commercially Available Pentachlorophenols 5 Chronic Toxicity of Chlordane, Trifluralin, Pentachlorophenol to Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) 6 Coal Tar, Creosote, and Coal Tar Neutral Oil: Position Document 1 7 Controlled Air Incineration of Pentachlor ophenol- Treated Wood 7 Degradation of Pentachlorophenol and Pentachloronitrobenzene in a Laboratory Compositing System 8 Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Blood, Urine, Tissue, and Clothing 8 Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Hexachlorophene in Human Adipose Tissue 9 ------- Title Index to EPA Funded Reports (cont.d) TITLE PAGE Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Hexachlorobenzene Residues 10 Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Marine Biota and Sea Water by Gas-Liquid Chroma- tography and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography 11 Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Urine: The Importance of Hydrolysis 11 Developmental Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines New Source Performance Standards and Pr etr eatment Standards for the Timber Products Processing Point Source Category 12 Dioxins. Volume II. Analytical Method for Industrial Wastes 13 Economic Impact Analysis of Alternative Pollution Control Technologies, Wood Preserving Subcategories of the Timber Products Industry 13 Effects of Pentachlorophenol on the Growth and Mortality of Embryonic and Juvenile Steel- head Trout 14 Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Development of Estaurine Communities 15 Effect of Technical and Purified Pentachlorophenol on the Rat Liver 15 Effects of a Hexachlorobiphenyl and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Photosynthesis of Phytoplankton 17 Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Field- and Laboratory-Developed Estaurine Benthic Communities 18 Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Hepatic Drug- Metabolizing Enzymes and Porphyria Related to Contamination with Chlorinated Dibenzo-p- Dioxins and Dibenzofurans 18 ------- Title Index to EPA Funded Reports (cont.d) TITLE PAGE Effects of Phenol, 2,4-Dimethylphenol, 2,4- Dichlorophenol, and Pentachlorophenol on Embryo, Larval, and Early-Juvenile Fathead Minnows ('Pimephales promelas1) 19 Effects of Transplacental Exposure to Chlorinated Phenols 20 Epidemiological Notes and Reports: Pentachlorophenol Poisoning in Newborn Infants 21 Fate and Effects of Pentachlorophenol in Hard - and Soft-Water Microcosms 21 Fate and Impact of Pentachlorophenol in a Freshwater Ecosystem 22 Fate and Impact of Wood Preservatives in a Terrestrial Microcosm 23 Gas Chromatographic Analysis of Pentachlorophenol in Human Urine by Formation of Alkyl Ethers 23 Health Assessment Document for Inorganic Arsenic External Review Draft 24 Health Assessment Document for Inorganic Arsenic Final Report 25 Impact of Tubificid Oligochaetes on Pollutant Transport in bottom Sediments 26 Impact on and Recovery of Experimental Macrobenthic Communities Exposed to Pentachlorophenol 27 Indices Identifying Subsurface Microbial Communities That Are Adapted to Organic Pollution 27 Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from Glass Manufacturing Plants: Background Information For Proposed Standards 28 Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from High-Arsenic Primary Copper Smelters - Background Information for Proposed Standards 29 ------- Title Index to EPA Funded Reports (cont.d) TITLE PAGE Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from Low-Arsenic Primary Copper Smelters - Background Information for Proposed Standards 29 Mapping Sunken Pollutant Pools with Depth Finders 30 Microbial Degradation of Selected Hazardous Materials; Pentachlorophenol, Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, and Methyl Parathion 31 Microbiological Decontamination of Pentachlorophenol- Contaminated Natural Waters 32 Multimedia Pollution Assessment of the Wood Products Industries 32 Pentachlorophenol in the Environment. Evidence for Its Origin from Commercial Pentachlorophenol by Negative Chemical lonization Mass Spectrometry 33 Pentachlorophenol: Position Document 1 34 Predator-Prey (Vole-Cricket) Interactions: The Effects of Wood Preservatives 35 Preliminary Study of Sources of Inorganic Arsenic 35 Removal and Treatment of Contaminated River Bottoms: Field Demonstration 36 Removal of Hazardous Material Spills from Bottoms of Flowing Water bodies 37 Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Wood Preserving Wastewaters 38 Screening Study to Development Background Information and Determine the Significance of Air Contaminant Emissions from Pesticide Plants 39 Selected Non-Carcinogenic Effects of Industrial Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic 40 Succession of Microfungi in Estuarine Microcosms Perturbed by Carbaryl, Methyl Parathion and Pentachlorophenol 41 Survey of Methods Used to Control Wastes Containing Hexachlorobenzene 41 ------- Title Index to EPA Funded Reports (cont.d) TITLE PAGE Technical and Microeconomic Analysis of Arsenic and Its Compounds 42 Toxicity of Creosote-Contaminated Sediment to Field-and Laboratory-Colonized Estaurine Benthic Communities 43 Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and Related Compounds to Early Life Stages of Selected Estuarine Animals 44 Treating Wood Preserving Plant Wastewater by Chemical and Biological Methods 44 Validation of an Emission Measurement Method for Inorganic Arsenic from Stationary Sources: Proposed Method 108. Laboratory and Field Test Evaluation 45 Wood Preservatives Decision Fact Sheet 46 Wood Preservative Pesticides Creosote, Pentachlorophenol and the Inorganic Arsenicals (Wood Uses) Position Document 2/3 46 Wood Preservative Pesticides: Creosote, Pentachlorophenol and the Inorganic Arsenicals Position Document 4 47 Wood Preserving Industry Multimedia Emission Inventory 47 [Settlement agreement between EPA and the American Wood Preservers Institute. FIFRA Docket Nos. 529, 48 et al.] ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTE: DATE: ABSTRACT: Acute Toxicity of Selected Toxicants to Six Species of Pish. (Final rept.) Cardwell, Rick D. ; Foreman, Dallas G. ; Payne, Thomas R.; Wilbur, Doris J. Chemico Process Plants Co., El Monte, Calif. Envirogenics Systems. Environmental Research Lab., Duluth, Minn. EPA/600/3-76/008; NTIS: PB-252 4B8/2 EPA-6 8-01 -0 74 8; EPA-ROAP-1 6AAE-0 5 (125p) Mar 76 The relationship between median lethal concentration and exposure time was determined for five chemicals and up to six species of freshwater fish in a flow-through system. The lowest median lethal concentrations found were 0.114 mg/1 for sodium cyanide, 0.118 mq/1 for sodium pentachlorophenate, 2.9 mg/1 for selenium dioxide, 18.0 mg/1 for sodium arsenite, 25.4 mg/1 for beryllium sulfate, and greater than 100 mg/1 for lead chloride. Toxicity curves relating median lethal concentration to exposure time were of three types. One curve, resembling a rectangular hyperbola, characterized the toxicity of sodium cvanide, while another curve, sigmoid in shape, characterized the toxicity of selenium dioxide. Both types of curves were observed in toxicity tests with sodium pentachlorophenate, sodium arsenite and beryllium sulfate. Linear toxicity curves were recorded for some fish species exposed to selenium dioxide, sodium arsenite and beryllium sulfate, but these were usually encountered when exposure times were less than 96 hr. TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: Ambient Water Quality Criteria: Pe ntac hiorophenol Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Criteria and Standards Div. NTIS: PB-292 439/7 -1- ------- NOTE: DATE: ABSTRACT: (93p) 1978 Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1314(a)), requires EPA to publish and periodically update water quality criteria. These criteria are to reflect the latest scientific knowledge on the identifiable effects of pollutants on public health and welfare, aquatic life, and recreation. This report presents water quality criteria for pentachlorophenol. It presents concentration criteria for the protection of freshwater and saltwater aquatic life. Tt presents 'safe' concentrations for humans, and in the case of suspect or proven carcinoqens, qives various levels of incremental cancer risk. A section 304(a) water quality criterion is a qualitative or quantitative estimate of the concentration of a water constituent or pollutant in ambient waters which, when not exceeded, will ensure a water quality sufficient to protect a specified water use. TJnder the Act a criterion is a scientific entity, based solely on data and scientific judqment. Tt does not reflect considerations of economic or technoloq ical feasibility nor is it a water quality standard, and in itself has no requlatory e ffect. TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTE: DATE: ABSTRACT: Ambient Water Quality Criteria Pentachlorophenol. for Environmental Protection Aqency, Washinqton, DC. Criteria and Standards Div. EPA-440/5-80-065; NTIS: PB81-117764 C^S Reqistry No.: 87-86-5 Oct 80 (98p) Section 304(a) of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1314(a) ) , requires EPA to publish and periodically update water quality criteria. These criteria are to reflect the latest scientific knowledqe on the identifiable effects of pollutants on public health and welfare, aquatic life, and recreation. This report presents water quality criteria for the titled chemical. It presents -2- ------- concentration criteria for the protection of freshwater and saltwater aquatic life. It presents 'safe1 concentrations for humans, and in the case of suspect or proven carcinogens, qives various levels of incremental cancer risk. A section 304(a) water quality criterion is a qualitative or quantitative estimate of the concentration of a water constituent or pollutant in ambient waters which, when not exceeded, will ensure a water quality sufficient to protect a specified water use. Under the Act a criterion is a scientific entity, based solely on data and scientific "judgment. Tt does not reflect considerations of economic or technoloqical feasibility nor is it a water quality standard, and in itself has no requlatory effect. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: An Intralaboratory Comparative Study of Hydride Generation and Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Techniques for Determining Organic and Inorganic Arsenic in Complex Wastewaters. (Journal article) Kinard, James T.; Gales, Jr, Morris. Benedict Coll., Columbia, SC. Environmental Monitoring and Support Lab.- Cincinnati, OH. EPA-600/J-81-349; MTIS: PB82-128216 EPA-R-805237 Sc i . Health Pub. in Jnl . of Environmental A16(l), P27-50 1981. (25p) 1981 A detailed intralaboratory comparison of the determination of arsenic in complex wastewater samples by hydride generation and graphite furnace atomic absorption techniques has been conducted. Two hydride generation techniques were employed. One consisted of the use of sodium borohydride pellets and argon to sweep the arsin into a hydrogen flame. In the second, arsine was produced from a sodium borohydride solution and swept into an air-acetylene heated guartz tube. The hydride generation techniques yielded -3- ------- consistent, reliable data for highly complex wastewater matrices only when arsine generation was preceded by a close acid digestion procedure. Complete recovery of arsenic (99%) was achieved using the graphite furnace technique and was found to be independent of the complexity of the wastewater matrix and of the organic form of arsenic present. Hydride generation and graphite furnace atomic absorption techniques were comparable with regard to sensitivity, reproducibility and relative detection limits. The latter was somewhat superior in terms of accuracy and the need for sample pr etr eatment. Both types of techniques are suitable for routine analysis. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE; SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Biodegradation and Photolysis of Pentachlorophenol in Artificial Freshwater Streams. Pignatello, J.J.; Martinson, M.M.; Steifert, J.G.; Carlson, R.E.; Crawford, R.L., Saint Olaf Coll., Northfield, MN. Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN. EPA-600/J-83-162; NTIS: PB84-170927 EPA-R-810016 Pub. in Applied Environmental Microbiology v46, n5 p!024-1031 1983. (lip) C1983 The biodegradation, photolysis, and adsorption of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in outdoor, aquatic environments were examined with man-made channels built by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency at a field station on the Mississippi River near Monticello, Minn. The authors monitored the biotic and abiotic degradation of PCP in these channels for approximately 16 weeks. Most of the PCP-mineralizing microorganisms that developed in the channels were either attached to surfaces (e.g., rocks and macrophytes) or associated with surface sediments. Total bacterial numbers (direct microscopic counts) in the various channels were not affected significantly by PCP -4- ------- concentrations of micrograms per liter. Numerous strains of bacteria able to grow at the expense of PCP were isolated from the adapted channels. The experiments reported here will help predict the responses of flowing aquatic ecosystems to contamination by biocides such as pentachlorophenol. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER! NOTES: Chlorodibenzo-p-dioxin Contamination of Two Commercially Available Pentachlorophenols. DATE: ABSTRACT: Villanueva, Ellen C. Jennings, Ralph W. Burse, Virlyn W.; v21 Environmental Protection Agency, Perrine, Fla. Primate and Pesticides Effects Lab. NTIS: PB-280 096/9. Pub. in Agricultural and Food Chemistry, n4 p739-740 Jul/Aug 73. Included in the report, Journal Articles on Toxicology. Group 10, PB-280 085 (4p) 5 Mar 73 A comparison was made of chlorodibenzo-p- dioxin contamination in a technical and an analytical grade of commercially available pentachlorophenols. Hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin were found in both samples. The technical product was more contaminated than the analytical one by factors of 1400, 600, and 539 for the hexa-, hepta-, and octachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin, respectively. Te tr achlordibenzo-p-dioxin was not found. Results were determined by gas chroma togr aphy and confirmed by infrared spectrophotometry and mass spectr ometr y. Mass spectral analysis indicated the presence of polychlorodibenzofurans and polychlorodiphenyl ethers. A distinction was made, using gas chr oma togr aphy-m ass spectr ometr y , between the chlorobenzof ur ans observed as original constituents of the pentachlorophenol and those derived from the fragmentation of chlor od iphenyl ethers. -5- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Chronic Toxicity of Chlordane, Trifluralin, Pentachlorophenol to Sheepshead Minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus). (Final rept.) Parrish, Patrick R. ; Dyar, Elizabeth E.; Enos, Joanna M.; Wilson, William G. EG and G, Bionomics, Pensacola, Fla. Marine Research Lab. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, Fla. BP-78-1-006; EPA/600/3-78/010; NTIS: PB- 278-269/6 EPA-68-03-2069 (67p) Jan 78 Sheepshead minnows (Cyprinodon variegatus) were exposed to three chemicals--chlordane, trifluralin, or pentachlorophenol in flowing, natural seawater to determine acute and chronic (full life-cycle effects). Mortality of parental fish exposed to mean measured chlordane concentrations > or - 2.8 micrograms/1 was significantly greater than that of control fish. Hatch of juveniles from embryos of parental fish exposed to > or - 0.8 micrograms/1 was significantly less than hatch of control juveniles. The estimated maximum acceptable toxicant concentration (MATC) was >0.5<0.8 micrograms/1 and the application factor (AF) limits, 0.04-0.06. Exposure to mean measured trifluralin concentrations > or - 9.6 micrograms/1 significantly decreased growth of parental fish. Fecundity of parental fish exposed to concentrations > or - 4.8 micrograms/1 was significantly less than that of control fish. Survival and growth of second generation fish were significantly less than the control in concentrations > or - 9.6 micrograms/1. The estimated MATC was >1.3<4.8 micrograms/1 and the AF limits, 0.007-0.025. • Mortality of parental Sheepshead minnows exposed to mean measured pentachlorophenol concentrations >88 micrograms/1 was significantly greater than mortality of control fish. The estimated MATC was >47<88 micrograms/1 and the AF limits, 0.11-0.20. -6- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Coal Tar, Creosote, and Coal Oil: Position Document 1 Tar Neutral Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA. Special Pesticide Review Div. EPA/SPRD-80/82; NTIS: PB80-213879 (122p) 18 Oct 78 Examination of possible unreasonable risks associated with uses of pesticide and a gathering of all available information to determine whether or not this or any other risk does exist are covered. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Controlled Air Incineration of Pentachlorcphenol-Treated Wood Stretz, L.A.; Vavruska, J.S. Los Alamos National Lab., NM. Industrial Environmental Research Lab.- Cincinnati, OH.; Defense Property Disposal Service, Battle Creek, MI. EPA-600/2-84-089; NTIS: PB84-189851 Sponsored in part by Defense Property Disposal Service, Battle Creek, MI. i May 84 llOp) This research was initiated to determine the operating conditions necessary to effect complete thermal destruction (greater than 99.99%) of pentachlorophenol (PCP)-treated wood in a controlled air incinerator (CAI) and to provide a basis for evaluating the applicability of other incineration systems to the destruction of PCP-treated wood. The treated wood in guestion was scrap from used ammunition crates in Korea. It has been proposed that a substantial amount of such wood be disposed of by incineration in a unit located in that country. A major concern in such incineration is the potential formation of such toxic compounds as chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. Test results showed a combustion efficiency of -7- ------- N99.99% for PCP in the primary chamber under test conditions with no detectable production of tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) or tetrachlorodibenzofuran (TCDF) at detection limits in sample extracts of 1 and 5 ppb, respectively. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Degradation of Pentachlorophenol and Pentachloronitrobenzene in a Laboratory Compositing System. Sikora, L.J.; Kaufman, D.D.; Ramirez, M.A.; Willson, G.B. Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, MD. Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. NTIS: PB82-173287 Sponsored in part by Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. Prepared in cooperation with Maryland Environmental Service, Annapolis. Included in Land Disposal of Hazardous Waste, P372-382 1982. No abstract available. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Blood, Urine, Tissue, and Clothing. Barthel, W.F.; Curley, August; Thrasher, C.L.; Sedlak, V.A. ; Armstrong, Robert National Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga. NTIS: PB-276 899/2 Pub. in Jnl. of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, v52 n2 p294-298, Mar 69. Included in the report, Journal Articles on Pesticide Chemical Analysis. Group 5, PB-276 897. (6p) 4 Sep 68 -8- ------- ABSTRACT: An epidemic with two deaths occurred in a nursery in St. Louis after the use of pentachlorophenol as a mildew preventive with the laundry detergent. Samples of blood, urine, tissue, and clothing from the nursery were extracted with ethyl ether. The ether solution was extracted with 5% sodium hydroxide; the basic solution was acidified and then extracted with benzene. The benzene solution was analyzed by electron capture gas chr omatography, using a 3% diethylene glycol succinate column with 2% sirupy phosphoric acid on 60-80 mesh Chromosorb G. Pentachlorphenol was found in the samples in sufficient quantity to account for the epidemic. The presence of pentachlorophenol was confirmed by gas chr omatography-mass spectroscopy and by thin layer analysis. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: The Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Hexachlorophene in Human Adipose Tissue. Shafik, T.M. Perrine Primate Lab. Environmental Fla. Protection Agency, Perrine, NTIS: PB-278 083/1 Pub. in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, vlO nl p57-63 1973. Included in the report, Journal Articles on Toxicology Group 3, PB-278 081. (7p) 1973 The identification and quantitation of potential chemical pollutants and their metabolites in human adipose tissue are of great importance for monitoring human exposure to these environmental compounds. The two highly chlorinated phenols, pentachlorophenol (PCP) and hexachlorophene ( 2 ,2-methylenebis 3 ,4 , 6 ,-tr ichlorophenol) ) (HCP), are widely used, and the article establishes the extent of their storage in human adipose tissue. -9- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE; SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Determination of Pentachlorophenol and Hexachlorobenzene Residues. (Final rept. Jan-Jul 80) Lakings, Duane B.; Subra, Wilma; Going, John Midwest Research Inst., Kansas City, MO. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA-560/13-80-030; NTIS: PB80-222672 EPA-68-01-5915; MRI-4901-A12 Prepared in cooperation with Gulf South Research Inst., New Orleans, LA. (99p) Jun 80 An evaluation of possible exposure to pentachlorophenol (PCP) by residents in Madison County, Kentucky, who had obtained ammunition crate wood treated with PCP from the Blue Grass Army Depot was conducted. Serum and unconjugated urine levels of PCP were determined in 51 test cases and 47 control individuals and in 7 special cases (residents of log homes treated with PCP). In addition, air, food product, and wood samples collected at the residences were analyzed for PCP residues. The results showed similar PCP levels in the serum and urine of the test cases and control individuals. No PCP was detected in the air collected from these groups' residences; and the levels of PCP exposure from the ammunition crate wood. However, high PCP levels were found in the serum and urine of the special cases, particularly three young children who had PCP serum levels above 1,000 ppb (40 times the control individual average). Air and wood samples from a special case residence also contained PCP. Thus, the special cases were being subjected to PCP exposure and additional studies on log home residences are recommended to define the exposure level and the possible adverse health effects. No hexachlorobenzene was found in any samples. -10- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Marine Biota and Sea Water by Gas-Liquid Chromatography and High-Pressure Liquid Chromatography. (Journal article) Faas, Linda F.; Moore, James C. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-600/J-79-053; NTIS: PB80-163678 Pub. in Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v27, n3, p554-557, Jun 79. (5p) Jun 79 A method is described for measuring pentachlorophenol (PCP) in samples from the estuarine environment. Gas-liquid chroma togr aphy (GLC) is used to determine PCP residues in tissues as low as 0.01 ppm by formation of the ethyl di azohydr ocarbon derivative, followed by Florisil cleanup. Application of the method to exposed organisms indicates tha.t PCP accumulates in mullet (Mugil cephalus), grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio), and eastern oysters (Crassostrea virginica). Sea water concentrations as low as 0.002 ppb may be detected by formation of the amyl diazohydrocarbon derivative. Formation of the amyl derivatives of PCP and several related compounds gives GLC separation not possible with the methyl or ethyl derivatives. Parameters are outlined for high-pressure liquid chroma togr aphy (LC) determination of the free phenol without cleanup. Ultraviolet detection limits for PCP by LC are 5.0 ppm in tissues and 2.0 ppb in seawater. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER; Determination of Pentachlorophenol in Urine: The Importance of Hydrolysis. (Journal article) Edgerton, Thomas R.; Moseman, R.F. Health Effect.s Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. Environmental Toxicology Div. EPA/600/J-79/009; NTIS: PB-294 920/4 -11- ------- NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Pub. in Jnl. of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, v27 nl p!97-199 1979. (5p) 4 May 78 A gas chr oma togr aphic method for more reliable determination of pentachlorophenol (PCP) in urine has been developed. After hydrolysis and extraction the sample was reacted with diazomethane to produce the methyl ether of PCP prior to analysis by electron-capture gas chr oma togr aphy. An acid alumina column clean-up system was developed to remove interferences from the sample extracts and allow de tectabili ty of 1 ppb PCP. Average recoveries of greater than 90% were obtained from urine fortified with known amounts of PCP. The importance of hydrolysis and comparisons of present methodologies will also be presented. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Development Document for Effluent Limitations Guidelines New Source Performance Standards and Pretreatment Standards for the Timber Products Processing Point Source Category. (Final rept.) Williams, Richard Environmental DC. Effluent Protect ion Guidelines Agency, Div. Washington, EPA-440/1-81/023; NTIS: PB81-227282 (522p) Jan 81 This document presents the findways of a study of the wood preserving, insulation board, and not process hardboard segments of the Timber Products Processing point source category for the purpose of developing effluent limitations and guidelines for existing point source standards of performance and pretreatment standards for new and existing point sources as mandated by the Clean Water Act (P. L. 95 - 217). The information presented in this document supports regulations promulgated in January 1981 for the Timber Products Processing Point Source Category. Prescriptions of the treatment technologies appropriate for -12- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: achieving the limitations are contained within this document, as well as supporting data, costs estimates and rationale for the development of the proposed effluent limitations, guidelines, and standards of performance. Dioxins. Volume II. Analytical Method for Industrial Wastes. (Final rept. Oct 78-Mar 79) Tiernan, T.O.; Taylor, M.L.; Erk, S.D.; Solch, J.G.; Van Ness, G. PEDCo-Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. Industrial Environmental Research Lab.- Cincinnati, OH. Industrial Pollution Control Div. EPA-600/2-80-157; NTIS: PB80-220080 See also Volume 1, and Volume 3. (80p) Jun 80 The overall objective of this research project was to develop a unified analytical approach for use in quantifying ppt levels of tetr achlorodibenzo-p-dioxins (TCDD's) in various chemical wastes. Waste samples from plants manufacturing trichlorophenol, pentachlor ophenol, and hexachlor ophene , and from processing wood preservatives were provided by the EPA. The extraction procedure developed for isolating the TCDD's from the various types of sample matrices is fully described. Analysis was accomplished using highly specific and sensitive coupled gas chroma togr aphic-mass spectr ome tr ic ( GC- MS) methods. Both low and high resolution MS techniques were employed. This methodology is also described in detail. The procedures presented in this report were acceptable for most of the industrial process samples provided. TITLE: AUTHOR: Economic Impact Analysis of Alternative Pollution Control Technologies, Wood Preserving Subcategories of the Timber Products Industry. (Technical rept. (Final)) Little (Arthur D.), Inc., Cambridge, MA. -13- ------- SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Water Planning and Standards. EPA-440/2-80-087; NTIS: PB81-205825 EPA-68-01-4194 (162p) Jan 81 The report includes an industry characterization (processes, market structure and financial information), industry costs of compliance with the effluent limitations and an economic impact analysis for existing and new sources resulting from the effluent limitations for the Wood Preserving Industry. Wood treating processes include pressure and non-pressure systems. The two pressure processes used are Boulton or Steam processes. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Effect of Pentachlorophenol on the Growth and Mortality of Embryonic and Juvenile Steelhead Trout. Dominguez, S.E.; Chapman, G.A. Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR. EPA/600/J-84/183; NTIS: PB85-144129/XAB Pub. in Archive of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 13, p739-743 Nov. 84. (7p) 1984 The toxicity of sodium pentachlorophenate to early life stages of steelhead trout (Salmo gairdneri) was investigated, using a flow- through exposure system. A 96-hr LC50 of 66 micrograms/1 was derived for previously unexposed ten-week-old fry. A 72-day test, beginning 24 hr after fertilization, yielded a chronic toxicity threshold of 14 micrograms/1. These results, and the acute/chronic ration of 4.7, compare reasonably well with values in the literature. Yolk sac edema and cranial malformations, which are commonly observed in chronic tests with technical grade -14- ------- pentachlorophenol, were rated with purified (99%) material. in this test TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER; NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Development of Estuarine Communities. (Final journal art icle) Tagatz, Marl in E,; Ivey, Joel M.; Tobia, Michael Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, Fla. EPA/600/J-77/069; CONTRIB-310; NTIS 154/1 PB-277 Pub. in Jnl. of Toxicology and Environmental Health, v3 p501-506 1977. (6p) 3 May 77 Pentadorophenol affected the composition of communities of estuarine organisms developed in sand from planktonic larvae in estuarine water that flowed through ten control aquaria and ten aquaria per exposure concentration averaging 7, 76, or 622 microgr ams/li ter. Annelids, arthropods, and mollusks were the numerically dominant phyla when animals were collected in a 1-mm-mesh sieve after 9 wk of exposure. Mollusks were markedly fewer at 7 micrograms/liter; annelids and arthropods at 76 micrograms/liter. Almost no animals occurred at 622 micrograms/liter. The total numbers of individuals and species were significantly less (alpha = 0.01) in aquaria exposed to 76 microgr ams/1 i ter than in those unexposed or exposed to micrograms/liter. (Copyright (c) 1977 by Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health.) TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: The Effect of Technical and Purified Pentachlorophenol on the Rat Liver. (Journal art icle) Kimbrough, Renate D.; Linder, Ralph E. Health Effects Triangle Park, Div. Research Lab., Research NC. Environmental Toxicology -15- ------- REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: EPA-600/J-78-163; NTIS: PB80-130321 Pub. in Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 46, pl51-162 1978. (14p) 17 Nov. 77 Dietary concentrations of 0, 20, 100, and 500 ppm of technical grade pentachlorophenol were fed to male and female Sherman strain rats for 8 months. The same experiment using purified pentachlorophenol was carried out. The food consumption was measured in all rats during the second week of exposure and for one week every 6 weeks thereafter. An autopsy was performed on all rats at the end of the experiment. The brain, lungs, spleen, liver, kidneys, heart, and testes were weighed and examined grossly and microscopically in all rats fed purified pentachlorophenol, all female rats fed technical pentachlorophenol, and in the male rats fed the highest dose of technical pentachlorophenol and the controls. Only the kidneys and livers were examined microscopically in the male rats fed 20 and 100 ppm of technical pentachlorophenol. Although the food intake was comparable, male and female rats fed 500 ppm of technical and male rats fed 500 ppm of purified pentachlorophenol gained less weight. The livers of the male and female rats fed 500 ppm technical pentachlorophenol weighed significantly more than those of the controls. The kidneys of all male rats fed purified pentachlorophenol weighed significantly more than those of the controls; however, there was no dose-related increase. No morphological changes were seen in the kidneys. At the 500-ppm dietary concentrations, technical pentachlorophenol produced a severe effect in the liver of female rats characterized by vacuolation of the hepatocytes, an increase in fibroblasts and other mononuclear cells within sinusoids, bile duct proliferation, periportal fibrosis, degenerated liver cells, increased mi tot ic figures, and an accumulation of brown pigment in macrophage's and in Kupffer cells. In male rats at the 100- or 500-ppm dietary concentrations of technical pentachloro- phenol, the predominant lesion consisted of enlarged pleomorphic hepatocytes which had foamy cytoplasm or cytoplasm with large -16- ------- "acuoles. The walls of the hepatic central veins of the livers in animals of both sexes were thickened. At the 100-ppm dietary concentrations similar but less pronounced effects were observed in the livers. Only mild alterations were noted at the 20-ppm dietary concentration. Purified pentachlorophenol caused slightly enlarged liver cells with occasional eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusions at 500 ppm but no alterations were observed in the livers of rats fed the 100- and 20-ppm dietary concentrations. The results suggest that most of the toxicity associated with feeding technical grade pentachlorophenol to rats at these dietary concentrations stems from toxic contaminants rather than from pe nt ac h lor op he no 1. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Effects of a Hexachlorobiphenyl and Pentachlorophenol on Growth and Photosynthesis of Phy top lank ton. (Journal art icle) Gotham, I.J.; Rhee, G-Y. New York State Dept. of Health, Albany. Environmental Health Inst. Environmental Research Lab.-Duluth, MN. EPA-600/J-82-367; NTIS: PB84-110261 EPA-R-806126 Pub. in Jnl. of Great Lakes Research, v8 n2 p328-335 1982. (lip) C1982 The effects of two organochlorine compounds 2,4,5,2',4',5',-hexachlorobiphenyl (HCB) and pentachlorophenol (PCP) on photosynthesis and growth were investigated in semicont inuous cultures of three species of algae: Ank istr odesmus falcatus, Melosira sp. , and Microcystis sp. -17- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER; NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Field-and Laboratory-Developed Estuarine Benthic Communities. (Journal article) Tagatz, M.E.; Ivey, J.M.; Gregory, N.R.; Oglesby, J.L. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-600/J-80-126; ERL.GB-J081; NTIS: PB81- 197378 Pub. in Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 26, p!37-143 1981. (9p) 1981 A study of the response of benthic communities exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP) was conducted to obtain additional information on the effects of this widely used chemical on the estuarine environment and to compare its effect on estuarine benthic communities developed in the field and in the laboratory. PCP is used as a wood preservative, an insecticide, a fungicide and a bactericide, and has been shown to be toxic to many aquatic organisms. In the present study, already established communities were challenged with PCP. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Effects of Pentachlorophenol on Hepatic Drug- Metabolizing Enzymes and Porphyria Related to Contamination with Chlorinated Dibenzo-p- Dioxins and Dibenzofurans. (Journal article) Goldstein, Joyce A.; Friesen, Marlin; Linder, Ralph E.; Hickman, Patricia; Hass, J. Ronald Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. Environmental Toxicology Div. EPA-600/J-7 7-171 , NTIS: PB80-129976 Pub. in Biochemical Pharmacology, v26 p!549- 1557, 1977. (lip) 12 May 76 The hepatic effects of technical and pure grade pentachlorophenol were investigated in -18- ------- female rats fed 20, 100 and 500 ppm of each for 8 months. Technical pentachlorophenol was contaminated with 8 ppm hexa-, 520 ppm hepta-, and 1380 ppm octachloro- dibenzodioxins; pure pentachlorophenol contained less than 0.1 ppm of each of these contaminants. Technical pentachlorophenol produced hepatic porphyria and increased hepatic aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, glucuronyl transferase activity, liver weight, cytochrome P-450 and microsomal heme, but not N-demethylase activity. The peak of the CO-difference spectrum of cytochrome P-450 was shifted to 448 nm, and there was a dramatic increase in the 455-430 ratios of the ethyl isocyanide difference spectrum. The enzyme changes were observed at 20 ppm of technical pentachlorophenol. Porphyria occurred at 100 and 500 ppm. Pure pentachlorophenol had no significant effect on aryl hydrocarbon hydroxylase activity, liver weight, cytochrome P-450, microsomal heme, the ethyl isocyanide difference spectrum or N-demethylase activity at any dose level, but did increase glucuronyl transferase at 500 ppm. In contrast, both pure and technical pentachlorophenol decreased body weight gain comparably at 500 ppm. It is concluded that technical pentachlorophenol produces a number of liver changes which cannot be attributed to pentachlorophenol itself, but are consistent with the effects of biologically active chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: Effects of Phenol, 2,4-Dimethylphenol, 2,4- Dichlorophenol, and Pentachlorophenol on Embryo, Larval, and Early-Juvenile Fathead Minnows ('Pimephales promelas')- (Journal art icle) Holcombe, Gary W.; Phipps, Gary L.; Fiandt, James T. Environmental Research Lab. -Duluth, MN. EPA-600/J-82-159; NTIS: PB82-207887 Pub. in Arch. Environm. Contam. Toxicol. 11, p73-78, 1982. (8p) 1982 -19- ------- ABSTRACT: Embryos of fathead minnows were more resistant to phenol, 2,4-dimethylphenol (2,4- DMP), 2,4-dichlorophenol (2,4-DCP), and pentachlorophenol (PCP) than were larval or juvenile life stages. Growth of 28-day-old fish was the most sensitive indicator of stress during exposures to phenol, 2,4-DMP, and PCP, whereas survival was the most sensitive indicator of toxic effects from 2,4-DCP exposure. Based on these effects, the estimated maximum acceptable toxicant concentration for fathead minnows in Lake Superior water lies between 1,830 and 3,570 micrograms/L for phenol; 1,970 and 3,110 micrograms/L for 2,4-DMP; 290 and 460 microgr ams/L for 2,4-DCP; and 44.9 and 73.0 micrograms/L for PCP. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Effects of Transplacental Exposure to Chlorinated Phenols. (Journal article) Exon, Jerry H.; Roller, Loren D. Idaho Univ., Moscow Health Effects Research Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA-600/J-81-373; NTIS: PB83-187914 EPA-R-807267 Pub. in Environmental Health Perspectives, v46 p!37-140 1982. (6p) 1982 Female rats were exposed to 0,5,50 or 500 ppm of 2-Chlorophenol (2CP) or pentachlorophenol (PCP). The study was designed to produce progeny which were exposed to the chlorophenolic compounds both prenatally and postnatally. Percent conception, litter size, birth weight, and number of stillbirths was determined at parturition. Hematologic parameters and body weights of the progeny were recorded at weaning age (3 weeks). Effects on reproduction were observed in both the 2-CP and PCP-exposed groups, as indicated by decreased litter sizes and increased number of stillborn. The data indicate that these chlorinated phenolic compounds may be feto- or embryotoxic at high doses. Effects -20- ------- on hematologic parameters were not observed. Further study involving tr ansplacental and chronic exposure to these chlorophenolic compounds appears warranted. TITLE: CORPORATE SOURCE: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Epidemiological Notes and Reports: Pentachlorophenol Poisoning in Newborn Infants. National Communicable Disease Center, Atlanta, Ga . NTIS: PB-276 321/7 Pub. in Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, v!6 n40 p334-335 n.d. Included in the report, Journal Articles on Chemical Residues in Man, PB-276-320 (2p) 1967 From April to August 1967, nine cases of a clinically distinct illness characterized by fever and profuse sweating occurred in a small nursery for newborns in St. Louis, Missouri. Two of the cases were fatal. Only after the ninth case developed was it discovered that an antimildew agent, containing a high concentration of sodium pentachlorophenate (the sodium salt of pe ntachlorophe nol) , was being used in the hospital laundry. All of the clinical, epidemiological, and biochemical evidence indicated that this outbreak resulted from pentachlorophenol poisoning. The only identified mode of exposure was skin absorption of sodium pentachlorophenate residues on diapers and other fabrics, resulting from the misuse of the antimildew agent in the final laundry rinse. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: Fate and Effects of Pentachlorophenol in Hard- and Soft-Water Microcosms. (Journal art ic le) Brockway, D.L.; Smith, P.D.; Stancil, F.E. Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA. EPA/600/J-84/229; NTIS: PB85-160430/XAB -21- ------- NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Pub. in Chemosphere 13, n!2 p!363-1377. (17p) 1984 The influence of hard water and soft water on the fate and effects of pentachlorophenol (PCP) was investigated in small microcosms. Minor differences in the fate of PCP and minor changes in microcosm structure were noted between the hard-and soft-water systems. Definite differences between hard- water and soft-water systems were detected in dissolved oxygen production and dissolved silica concentration at an exposure concentration of 4 mg 1/1 PCP. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE; SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Fate and Impact of Pentachlorophenol in a Freshwater Ecosystem. (Final rept. Jul 75- Nov 77) Pierce, Jr, Richard H. University of Southern Mississippi, Hattiesburg. Inst. of Environmental Science. Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA. EPA/600/3-78/063; NT IS: PB-286 830/5 EPA-R-803820 (74p) Jul 78 The investigation was undertaken to determine the fate of pentachlorophenol (PCP) that caused extensive fish kills in a freshwater lake in December 1974 and again in December 1976. The kills resulted from the accidental release of wood-treating wastes containing PCP in fuel oil. Food chain relationships were investigated in the lake and the accumulation and elimination of sublethal concentrations of dissolved PCP was studied under laboratory conditions for the bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus). The highest concentrations of PCP in fish were observed in the bile followed by liver, gills, and muscle. Lake sediment and leaf litter contained high concentrations of PCP throughout the two-year study. Studies of leaf litter from the contaminated water shed -22- ------- area showed it to be source for chronic pollution of the aquatic ecosystem. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Fate and Impact of Mood Preservatives in a Terrestrial Microcosm. (Journal article) Gile, Jay D.; Collins, James C.; Gillett, James W. Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR. EPA-600/J-82-218; NTIS: PB82-261363 Pub. in Jnl. of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, v30 n2 p295-210 Mar-Apr 82. (9p) 6 Dec 81 The transport and effects of 14C-labeled wood preservatives (creosote with labeled phenanthrene or acenaphthene, pe ntachlorophenol, and bis(tri-n- butyltin)oxide) impregnated in wood posts were examined in a terrestrial microcosm chamber (TMC-II) in comparison to a reference compound, the insecticide dieldrin. The TMC- II contained a Willamette Valley topsoil, ryegrass, invertebrates, and a gravid gr ay- tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus). Approximately 2.5 months after introduction of the posts, 95% of the chemicals remained in the posts. Of the material released into the ecosystem, most remained in the upper soil layer immediately surrounding the posts. Concentrations in plants ranged from 0.7 ppm for dieldrin to 8.8 ppm for phenanthrene. Residue accumulation by the invertebrates was highly variable. Of the chemicals tested, creosote accumulated in the vole to the greatest extent (e.g., whole body concentrations of 7.2 and 37.0 ppm for phenanthrene and acenaphthene, respect- ively). Only dieldrin exhibited any acute toxic effects (e.g., cricket survival). TITLE: AUTHOR: Gas Chrornate-graphic Analysis of Pentachlorophenol in Human Urine by Formation of Alkyl Ethers. Cranmer, Morris; Freal, Joseph -23- ------- CORPORATE SOURCE: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Environmental Protection Agency, Perrine, Fla. Perrine Primate Lab. NTIS: PB-280 882/2 Pub. in Life Sciences, v9 p!21-128 1970. Included in the report. Journal Articles on Toxicology, Group 15, PB-280 879. (9p) 18 Sep 69 Pentachlorophenol (PCP) is an herbicide, defoliant, and antimicrobic chemical used throughout the United States as a preservative agent for many products. Pentachlorophenol seems to be present everywhere, appearing in municipal water supplies, wells, paints, wood and paper products, and in urine of every person now being examined. The ubiquity of human exposure to this potentially dangerous compound has prompted concern in the field of public health. This interest has been stimulated by several recent industrial and public intoxications which resulted in fatalities. This report describes a simple and rapid method for the determination of PCP based upon its conversion to any one or more of seven possible alkyl ethers. PCP ethers are detected and quantitated by electron capture gas chr omatogr aphy and their identity is confirmed by p-values. Data are presented for seven GLC columns and three p-value solvent systems. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Health Assessment Document for Inorganic Arsenic. External Review Draft. (Draft rept.) Mushak, Paul; Piscator, Magnus; Sivulka, Donna J. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Health and Environmental Assessment. EPA-600/3-83-021A; NTIS: PB83-232306 (308p) Jun 83 This document summarizes current scientific information regarding the effects of -24- ------- inorganic arsenic on man and the environment. The observed effects, as presented herein, constitute the health basis from which the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will make determinations regarding regulatory initiatives pursuant to the Clean Air Act. Specifically, this document discusses the following topics--phys ical and chemical properties of inorganic arsenic; environmental distribution and cycling; inorganic arsenic metabolism, toxicology and essentiality--and identifies the factors most germane to assessing quantitative and qualitative human health risks. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Health Assessment Document for Inorganic Arsenic. Final Report Jacobson-Kram, D.; Mushak, P.; Piscator, M.; Sivulka, D. J.; Chu, M. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Environmental Criteria and Assessment Office. EPA-600/8-83-021F; NTIS: PB84-190891 See also PB83-232306. (350p) Mar 84 Inorganic arsenic, predominantly the tr i- and pentavalent forms, is emitted to the environment primarily through smelting activity, biocide use and glass manufacturing. Monitoring data indicate a concentration of equal to or less than 0.1 microgram/cu m for most locations. Major routes of absorption of inorganic arsenic in the general population are inhalation and ingestion. Inhaled inorganic arsenic deposited in the lungs is eventually absorbed. Most ingested soluble inorganic arsenic is absorbed, whereas insoluble forms pass through the gastrointestinal tract with negligible absorption. Inorganic arsenic metabolism in man is complicated by biotrans- formation processes which include the me thy la t ion and oxidation-reduction interconversion of inorganic arsenic. Long- term accumulation of inorganic arsenic does not generally occur in physiologically active compartments in the body; renal clearance -25- ------- appears to be the major route of excretion of absorbed inorganic arsenic. Acute symptoms of inorganic arsenic poisoning include severe gastrointestinal damage, facial edema, cardiovascular reactions, peripheral nervous system disturbances, and hematopoi et ic system effects. General population concerns arising from long-term exposures to moderate levels of inorganic arsenic include respiratory tract cancer, skin cancer, non-cancerous skin lesions, peripheral neuropathological effects and cardiovascular effects. There appears to be a nutritional requirement for low levels of inorganic arsenic in certain experimental animals; however, this requirement has not yet been established in man. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Impact of Tubifield Oligochaetes on Pollutant Transport in Bottom Sediments. (Journal art icle) Karickhoff, S.W.; Morris, K.R. Environmental Research Lab., Athens, GA. EPA/600/J-85/400; NTIS: PB85-170140/XAB Pub. in Environmental Science and Technology, v!9 nl p51-56 1985. (8p.) 1985 Pollutant transport in bottom sediments effected by tubificid oligochaetes was studied in laboratory microcosms. Tubificids burrow in surfacial sediments (typically 6-10 cm), ingest sediment fines (silt and clay particles), and egest them at the sediment/water interface as sand-sized fecal pellets. Sorbed pollutants are transported by default in this process irrespective of the relative pollutant fugacities in the system. For the compounds studied (hexachlorobenzene, pentachlorobenzene, and trifluralin), more than 90% of the chemicals contained in the biologically worked zone were transported to the sediment surface via this process during a 30-50 day period. Pollutant release into the water column was not comparably enhanced, which showed a 4-6 fold increase (over a 90-day period) in the -26- ------- presence of the worms. Pollutant release from intact fecal pellets was highly retarded by sorption. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Impact on and Recovery of Experimental Macrobenthic Communities Exposed to Pentachlorophenol. (Journal article) Tagatz, M. E.; Deans, C. H. ; Plaia, G. R. ; Pool , J. D. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-600/J-83-139; NTIS: PB84-144500 Pub. in 136 Oct 1983 Northwest 83. (8p) Gulf Science, v6 n2 p!31- Recovery of macrobenthic animal communities was determined 7 weeks after a 5-week exposure to 55 micrograms per liter pe ntachlorophenol. The communities developed from planktonic larvae in aquaria containing clean sand and continuously flowing estuarine water. Significantly fewer individuals and species occurred in contaminated aguaria than in control aquaria immediately after exposure to pentachlorophenol. Numbers of arthropods, chordates, echinoderms, and mollusks were decreased; annelids and coelenterates were not affected. Seven weeks after exposure was 'discontinued, and with continued input of estuarine water, the communities showed various degrees of recovery, carry-over effects, and changes unrelated to exposure. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE; SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: Indices Identifying Subsurface Microbial Communities That Are Adapted to Organic Pollution Smith, G. A.; Nickels, J.S.; Davis, J.D.; Findlay, R.H.; Vashio, P.S. Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. Center for Biomedical and Toxicological Research. Robert S. Kerr Environmental Research Lab., Ada, OK. EPA/600/D-85/055; NTIS: PB85-177780/XAB -27- ------- CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: EPA-R-809994 (19p) Mar 85 The subsurface microbiota and their extracellular excretion products are of primary importance in the maintenance of the ground-water resources particularly when the water is polluted. With the development of quantitative biochemical assays for biomass, community structure, and metabolic activities of the microbes of the subsurface sediments, it proved possible to search for assays that correlated with exposure to pollution. The subsurface sediments from an abandoned creosote waste deposit showed that exposure to pollution increased the total microbial biomass as measured by the extract able phospholipid; shifted the community structure by decreasing the proportion of gram positive bacteria that form glycerol teichoic acids and induced distinctive changes in the ester- linked phospholipid fatty acids. TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from Glass Manufacturing Plants: Background Information for Proposed Standards. (Draft rept. (Final)) Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/3-83-011A; NTIS: PB84-152073 (190p) Apr 83 A national emission standard for glass manufacturing plants is being proposed under authority of Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. The purpose of the proposed standard is to minimize glass manufacturing furnace arsenic emissions to the level which, in the judgment of the Administrator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, provides an ample margin of safety to protect the public health. The standard will have the effect of reducing uncontrolled emissions of arsenic from these furnaces by about 90 percent. Environmental impact and economic impact -28- ------- statements Quantifying the impacts of the proposed standard and alternative control options are included in the document. TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER! NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: TITLE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from High-Arsenic Primary Copper Smelters - Background Information for Proposed Standards. (Draft environmental impact statement (Final)) Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/3-83-009A; NTIS: PB83-234120 See also PB83-234138. (402p) Apr 83 Standards of performance to control emissions of inorganic arsenic from new and existing primary copper smelters processing feed materials containing an annual average of 0.7 percent or greater arsenic are being proposed under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. This document provides information on the background and authority, regulatory alternatives considered, and environmental and economic impacts of the regulatory alternat ives. Inorganic Arsenic Emissions from Low-Arsenic Primary Copper Smelters - Background Information for Proposed Standards. (Draft environmental impact statement (Final)) Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. EPA-450/3-83-010A; NTIS: PB83-234138 See also PB83-234120. (490p) Apr 83 Standards of performance to control emissions of inorganic arsenic from new and existing primary copper smelters processing feed materials containing an annual average of less than 0.7 percent arsenic are being proposed under Section 112 of the Clean Air Act. This document provides information on -29- ------- the background and authority, regulatory alternatives considered, and environmental and economic impacts of the regulatory alternatives. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Mapping Sunken Pollutant Pools with Depth Finders. Meyer, R. A.; Brugger, J. E.; Lowrance, D.J. Rockwell International, Newbury Park, CA. Lowrance Electronics, Inc., Tulsa, OK.; Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. EPA-600/D-84-076; NTIS: PB84-168699 Prepared in cooperation with Lowrance Electronics, Inc., Tulsa, OK. (24p) 1984 Many hazardous substances and mixtures are immiscible with and more dense than water. When spillages or releases into waterbodies occur, the hazardous materials will disperse in a pattern controlled by physical properties of the material, flow and dispersion effects, and topography of the waterbody bed. Mapping (i.e., location and thickness determination) of the spilled substance is essential for prompt and economical removal to protect biota and ensure minimal contamination of water. Analysis of the reflection patters of acoustic waves (ca. 200 kHz) beamed into water from a boat is shown in this and in previous work to serve as an excellent mapping technigue. When the project to map pollutants was initiated, no suitable commercial devices were available. A very effective, portable, battery-operated prototype system was constructed. The reflection data (intensity vs time) were displayed on an on-board dual-trace oscilloscope that had time-delay features. Subseguently a suitable commercial system was test marketed and has been successfully used -30- ------- in the field to locate creosote in a water body. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Microbial Degradation of Selected Hazardous Materials; Pentachlorophenol, Hexachlorocyclopentadienef and Methyl Parathion. (Final rept. 11 Feb 77-11 May 7) Thuma, N. K.; O'Neill, P. E.; Brownlee, S. G. ; Valentine, R. S. Atlantic Research Corp., Alexandria, VA. Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. ARC-49-5707; EPA-600/2-83-117; NTIS: PB84- 123934 EPA-68-03-2491 (76p) Nov 83 This program evaluated the use of selected pure culture microorganisms for potential in biodegrading the hazardous materials pentachlorophenol (PCP), hexachlorocyclopentadiene (HCCP), and methyl parathion (MP). Each chemical was separately challenged by each of 24 organisms in an aqueous medium under aerobic conditions. Following the initial screening and selection process, pure culture organisms identified as having potential for biodegradation of the selected chemicals were subjected to further testing and evaluation. Although no fully conclusive evidence of biodegr ada tion of these substances was obtained, data indicated that a number of fungi have potential for disposal of PCP, HCCP, and MP. One bacterial culture demonstrated tolerance to PCP at 200 ppm in soil and appeared to reduce the PCP concentration in an aqueous medium when dextrose was provided. This isolate may have potential for-removal of PCP from spill- contaminated areas. A fungus also showed some potential for degrading PCP. Time constraints and budgetary requirements precluded the use of C-14-labeled chemicals and the extensive analyses required for isolation, identification, and quantification of potential by-products and metabolities of -31- ------- the biodegradation or biotransformation of the selected chemicals. Improvements on existing HPLC and GC-EC methods were developed. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Microbiological Decontamination of Pentachlorophenol-Contarainated Natural Waters. Martinson, M. M.; Steiert, J. G.; Saber, D. L.; Mohn, W. W.; Crawford, R. L. Minnesota Univ., Minneapolis. Environmental Research Lab. - Duluth, MN. EPA/600/D-84/225; NTIS: PB84-246263 EPA-R-810016 (18p) Sep 84 Inoculation of pentachlorophenol-contaminated natural waters with cells of a pentachlorophenol-degradi ng Flavor bacterium was shown to be an effective method for decontamination of PCB-polluted aquatic environments. Numerous types of waters were decontaminated, including: river water, lake water, and groundwater. Decontamination was most effective between 15 C and 30 C, and between pH 7.5 and pH 9.0. Inoculation of waters with as few as 10,000 cells/ml resulted in effective PCP removal. PCB concentrations between 10 ppb and 100 ppm were reduced to undetectable levels, usually within 48 hours. Microbiological decontamination of PCP-polluted waters appears to be a promising waste treatment alternative when compared to traditional treatment techniques. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: Multimedia Pollution Assessment of the Wood Products Industries. (Final rept. ) Casana, J. Jordan (Edward C.) Co., Inc., Portland, ME. Industrial Environmental Research Lab.- Cincinnati, OH. -32- ------- REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: EPA-600/2-81-008; NTIS: PB84-160266 EPA-68-03-2605 (296p) Feb 84 This report presents a summary and commentary on pollutants, abatement technologies, and regulations in the wood products industries. Industries included in the study are pulp, paper and paperboard, veneer/plywood , particleboard, millwork and structural members, fabricated wood products, and gum and wood chemicals, and wood preserving. Water pollution abatement legislation has established guidelines based on Best Practicable Control Technology Currently Available (BPCTCA). These guidelines primarily address conventional pollutants, including five-day biochemical oxygen demand (BODS), total suspended solids (TSS) and pH. In addition, guidelines based on Best Available Technology Economically Achievable (BATEA) and Best Conventional Pollutant Control Technology (BCPCT) are currently being established to address conventional, priority (toxic), and nonconventional (neither conventional nor toxic) pollutants. Existing external air pollution control devices, in conjunction with internal process controls, can be effective in the reduction of air pollutants, especially particulates and sulfur dioxide. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE; SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: Pentachlorophenol in the Environment: Evidence for Its Origin from Commercial Pentachlorophenol by Negative Chemical lonization Mass Spectrometry. (Journal art icle) Kuehl, Douglas W.; Dougherty, Ralph C. Florida State Univ., Tallahassee. Dept. of Chemistry. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-600/J-80-085; ERL.GB-JO070; NTIS: PB81- 125676 EPA-R-806334-00-10 -33- ------- NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT! Pub. in Apr 80. Analytical (5p) Chemistry, v!4 n4 p447-449 18 Jan 80 Commercial pentachlorophenol (PCP) contains significant quantities of te tr achlorophenol (TCP). The occurrence of TCP in environmental samples provides a chemical marker of PCP originating from commercial formulations. Negative chemical ionization mass spectrometry has been used to examine a commercial PCP formulation and a series of environmental and human samples. Tetr achlorophenol was determined by the ion current at m/z 229, tetrachlorophenoxide, and PCP was determined by the ion current at m/z 267, pentachlorophenoxide. The ion current at m/z 267 may include contributions from the oxygen/chloride exchange product of hexachlorobenzene, an environmental precursor of PCP. The ratio of PCP to TCP in Dowcide G-ST, a commercial PCP formulation, was 2.5 plus or minus 0.1. The ratio of m/z 267 to m/z 229 in a jellyfish, Mnemiopsis macrydi, from the Gulf of Mexico was 2.7 plus or minus 0.1, in human semen it was 4.1 plus or minus 0.1, and in human adipose tissue it was 15.5 plus or minus 0.1. PCP in the semen was concentrated in the sperm cells by a factor of 9. TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Pentachlorophenol: Position Document 1. Environmental Protection Agency, Arlington, VA. Of ice of Noise Abatement and Control. EPA/SPRD-80/85; NTIS: PB81-109464 (70p) 18 Oct 78 The report is a preliminary risk assessment for pentachlorophenol. It gives a preliminary examination of its use, environmental residues, and health effects including toxicology data. Limited information is provided for exposure and extent of risk. Results of a literature search are provided. -34- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT; Predator-Prey (Vole-Cricket) Interactions: The Effects of Wood Preservatives. (Journal article) Gillett, J. W.; Gile, J. D. ; Russell L.K. Corvallis Environmental Research Lab., OR. Northrop Services, Inc., Corvallis, OR. EPA-600/J-83-068; NTIS: PB84-110048 Prepared in cooperation with Northrop Services. Inc., Corvallis, OR. Pub. in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v2 p83-93. (13p) c!983 The rate'of loss of crickets (Acheta domestica), with and without the presence of an adventitious predator, the gray-tailed vole (Microtus canicaudus), has been studied in Terrestrial Microcosm Chambers (TMC-II) treated with pine stakes impregnated with creosote, bis(tri-n-butyltin) oxide (TBTO), dieldrin (HEOD), pentachlorophenol (PCP) or a toluene solvent control. The first-order rate of cricket loss (-k) increased only for HEOD, to a maximum at 33d post-treatment with oscillations of about a 16-d period. This result infers a 'cricket-available' compartment of HEOD and/or metabolites with concentrations that must be greater than those measured in air, soil, water or plants and other biota. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: Preliminary Study of Sources of Inorganic Arsenic. (Final rept.) Miles, A. J.; Brooks, G. W.; Keller, L. E. Radian Corp., Durham, NC Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, NC. Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards. -35- ------- REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: RAD-82-240-016-18-12; EPA-4 50/5-82-0 05; NTIS: PB83-153528 EPA-68-02-3058 (322p) Aug 82 The purpose of this study was to analyze the severity of inorganic arsenic emissions from seven source categories including primary copper, lead, and zinc smelting, secondary lead smelting, cotton ginning, glass manufacturing, and arsenic chemical manufacturing. The magnitudes of arsenic emissions from each source category were quantified and control systems were investigated to determine baseline and estimated best control (EEC) for arsenic. The environmental, energy, and economic costs of implementing EBC, in source categories where it is not being used, were estimated. Two source categories, primary lead smelting and arsenic chemical manufacturing, were determined to have EBC in place as a result of compliance with existing regulations. The number of people exposed to arsenic from each of the source categories will be assessed separately by EPA using emissions and stack data generated in this study. The physical and chemical characteristics of arsenic and their impact on the control of arsenic emissions from the source categories were also examined. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: Removal and Treatment of Contaminated River Bottoms: Field Demonstration. (Final rept. Apr 73-Apr 75) Agnew, R. W. Envirex, Inc., Milwaukee, WI. Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH. EPA-600/2-84-006; NTIS: PB84-129022 EPA-68-03-0182 (70p) -36- ------- DATE: ABSTRACT: Jan 84 This report documents the results of a project to remove creosote contaminated river bottom muds from the Little Menomonee River in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Bioassays were conducted to determine toxicity levels for aquatic organisms, and primary skin irritation tests were performed to establish skin irritation levels in humans. Based on these tests, an allowable residual concentration of 500 mg/kg of hexane solubles was established. The removal/treatment system was designed and operated to accomplish the cleanup with an absolute minimum of damage to the shoreline and adjacent land. The system consisted of two floating, hydr aulical ly powered river sweepers to dredge mud from the river bottom and pump the material to a presettling tank for removal of sand and other high density sol ids. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Removal of Hazardous Material Spills from Bottoms of Flowing Waterbodies. (Final rept. Jul 72-Dec 74) Hansen, Charles A.; Sanders, Robert G. Rexnord, Inc., Milwaukee, WI. Municipal Environmental Research Lab., Cincinnati, OH EPA/600/2-81-137; NTIS: PB81-230922 EPA-68-03-0181, EPA-68-03-0182 Prepared in cooperation with Industrial Bio- Test Labs., Inc. Northbrook, IL. (113p) Jul 81 This report documents the results of a study to determine the feasibility of removing spilled insoluble hazardous materials from the bottom of flowing watercourses. Descriptions are given of two full-scale systems developed to suck up spilled materials and contaminated bottom mud, remove excess water from the pumped slurry, and decontaminate the water removed so that it can be returned to the stream. -37- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Removal of Phenolic Compounds from Wood Preserving Wastewaters. (Final rept. Nov. 20, 78-May 20, 80) Wallin, Bruce K. ; Condren, Arthur J. ; Walden, Roy L. Jordan (Edward C.) Co., Inc., Portland, ME. Industrial Environmental Research Lab.- Cincinnati, OH EPA-600/2-81-043; NTIS: PB81-172637 EPA-68-03-2605 (150p) Mar 81 Laboratory and pilot-scale studies were undertaken to develop economically feasible technologies for the treatment of wastewaters from wood preserving operations. Of prime concern was the removal of phenol and its chlorinated derivatives, in particular, pentachlorophenol. Screening analysis of the wastewater indicated that pentachlorophenol was the only chlorinated derivative consistently present in concentrations of approximately 100 mg/1. Treatment technologies investigated for the treatment of these wastewaters included: (1) adsorption; (2) biological oxidation; (3) chemical oxidation; (4) coagulation; (5) extraction; and (6) pH adjustment. Each of the above, alone or in combination, was capable of yielding a measurable reduction in the concentration of total phenols and pentachlorophenol in the untreated wastewater. Two technologies yielded consistently high levels of treatment: pH adjustment of this wastewater, followed by adsorption with bentonite clay and final polishing by the polymeric adsorbant, XAD-4 ; and pH adjustment of the wastewater, followed by extraction with a mixture of No. 2 fuel oil and a co-solvent such as still bottoms from amyl alcohol production. -38- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Screening Study to Development Background Information and Determine the Significance of Air Contaminant Emissions from Pestiei^e Plants. Ifeadi, C. N. Battelle Columbus Labs., Ohio. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA/540/9-75/026; NTIS: PB-244 734/0 EPA-68-02-0611 (85p) Mar 75 In this study, available background information is developed and the significance of air contaminant emissions from the manufacture of six pesticides determined. Pesticides studies are (1) insecticides: methyl parathion and toxaphene; (2) trifluralin; (3) fungicides and wood preservatives: pentachlorophenol; and (4) fumigant: paradichlorobenzene. Background information is gathered from published data and responses to the questionnaires sent to the pesticide manufacturing firms. Based on the available data, production projections are made up to the year 1980. A list of manufacturers of each pesticide is presented. Manufacturing processes, raw, and waste material handling, air contaminant emission sources, quantity or quality, and pollutants, together with their present practical control methods are discussed. Significance of air contaminant emissions from the pesticide industries is evaluated on the basis of available data on the emission quantities and/or toxicity of the pollutants emitted. Gaps in the data required to make a complete evaluation of significance are identified and recommendations to fill those gaps are made.. -39- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Selected Non-Carcinogenic Effects of Industrial Exposure to Inorganic Arsenic. (Final rept.) Landau, Emanuel; Thompson, Donovan J. ; Feldman, Robert G.; Goble, Guy J.; Dixon, Wilfrid J. American Public Health Association, Washington, D.C. Boston Univ., Mass. School of Medicine; Washington Univ., Seattle. School of Public Health and Community Medicine.; California Univ., Los Angeles.; Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Office of Toxic Substances. EPA/560/6-77/018; NTIS: PB-276 988/3 EPA-68-01-2490 Prepared in cooperation with Boston Univ., Mass. School of Medicine, California Univ., Los Angeles, Washington Univ., Seattle. School of Public Health and Community Medicine. (41p) Oct 77 In June 1976, a study team representing four Universities and a research institution carried out a study of possible neurological effects of long-term exposure to airborne arsenic trioxide in a western copper smelter. The study involved comparing active working men heavily exposed to arsenic in the work force with workers not so exposed. Its purpose was to determine whether nerve conduction velocity can be utilized as a biological indicator of the subtle health effects of chronic exposure to inorganic arsenic in a community setting. The double- blind electrophysiologic and clinical study was based on 111 volunteers recruited from a selected set of smelter workers with at least five years of high urinary arsenic levels (37 men) and five years of low urinary levels (33 men). The control population consisted of members of the same union who worked at an aluminum plant in the same city (13 men) as well as male municipal employees with no industrial exposure (28 men). The conclusions of the study are that: (1) -40- ------- chronic arsenic exposure in an industrial setting affects the peripheral nervous system, and (2) the neurologic parameters used in this study appear to be suitable for use in screening a community population for changes related to arsenical neuropathies. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Succession of Microfungi in Estuarine Microcosms Perturbed by Carbaryl, Methyl Parathion and Pentachlorophenol. (Journal art icle) Cook, W. L.; Fiedler, Denise; Bourquin, A. W. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-600/J-80-098; ERL/GB/CONTRIB-397; NTIS: PB81-129512 Prepared in cooperation with Georgia State Univ., Atlanta. Dept. of Biology. Pub. in Botanica Marina, v23 p!29-131 1980. (5p) c!980 The effects of carbaryl, me thylpar athion and pentachlorophenol on the microfungal succession of an estuarine microcosm were examined. Resident fungi were succeeded by Fusarium in the carbaryl-treated microcosm; by a fungus in the Penicillium chrysogenum series in the methyl parathion-treated microcosm; and by a fungus in the Penicillium canescens series in the pentachlorophenol treated microcosm. Small auantities of 14C02 were released from the xenobiotic molecules by fungi selected from the microcosms. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: Survey of Methods Used to Control Wastes Containing Hexachlorobenzene. (Final rept.) Quinlivan, S.; Ghassemi, M.; Santy, M. TRW Systems Group, Redondo Beach, Calif. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Office of Solid Waste Management Programs. EPA/530/SW-120c; NTIS: PB-253 051/7 EPA-68-01-2956 -41- ------- NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: (92p) 1976 This study presents the results of a survey of methods used to control wastes containing hexachlorobenzene (HCB). The specific objectives were to identify the sources and characteristics of manufacturing wastes containing HCB, to document methods used for treatment and disposal of HCB wastes, and to evaluate the environmental adequacy of the treatment and disposal methods. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Technical and Microeconomic Analysis of Arsenic and Its Compounds. (Final rept. on task 2) Burruss, Jr., Robert P., Sargent, Donald H. Versar, Inc., Springfield, Va. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Office of Toxic Substances. 454-2; EPA/560/6-76/016; NTIS: PB-253 980/7 EPA-68-01-2926 Mar 75, PB-244 625. See also report dated (242p) Apr 76 The role of arsenic (and its compounds) in the environment and in the economy of the United States was studied, to evaluate the need for and the projected effect of controlling its production, use, dissipation, and emission. The ocurrence, chemistry, and toxicology were reviewed; the prevalence of arsenic as an impurity in commercial raw materials, processes, and products was systematically documented; the intentional commercial flow of arsenical products was quantified; the sources of pollution were identified and characterized; and the health hazards were evaluated. The intentional production and use of arsenic and its compounds is greatly exceeded by the quantities unintentionally mobilized by industrial activities. The arsenic currently in food and water presents no identifiable health hazard, and present controls on -42- ------- arsenical products, by a number of Government agencies, appear adequate. Emissions particulate collection devices appear adequate. Emissions to the air from high- temperature processes are large, particulate collection devices appear largely inadequate, and the dangers presented are of serious concern. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Toxicity of Creosote-Contarainted Sediment to Pield-and Laboratory-Colonized Estuarine Benthic Communities. (Journal article) Togatz, M.E. E. M. Plaia, G.R.; Deans, C.H.; Lores Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA-600/J-83-189; CONTRIB-486; NTIS: PB84- 175231 Pub. in Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, v2 p441-450, 1983. (13p) 8 Aug 83 Macrobenthic animal communities that colonized uncontaminated and creosote- contaminated sand during 8 weeks were compared to assess effects of marine-grade creosote on community structure. Aquaria were colonized in the laboratory by planktonic larvae entrained in continuously supplied unfiltered seawater and in the field by animals that occurred naturally. Individuals and species in aquaria that contained 844 and 4420 micrograms creosote/g were significantly fewer than those in the control. Abundance of animals in field- colonized communities contaminated with 177 micrograms/g, but not in laboratory-colonized communities, also was less than that in the control. The lowest concentration at either site that affected numbers of individuals or species was 844 micrograms/g for mollusks and 177 micrograms/g for echinoderms, annelids, and arthropods. Initial measured concentrations of creosote in sand (mid-range concentration) decreased by 30% in the laboratory and by 42% in the field at the end of the eight-week test. -43- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Toxicity of Pentachlorophenol and Related Compounds to Early Life Stages of Selected Estuarine Animals. (Journal article (Final)) Borthwick, Patrick W.; Schimmel, Steven C. Environmental Research Lab., Gulf Breeze, FL. EPA/600/J-78/076; CONTRIB-343; NTIS: PB-290 073/6 Pub. in Pentachlorophenol, p!41-146 1978. (8p) 1978 Newly hatched individuals of four estuarine species were exposed to pentachlorophenol (PCP), sodium pentachlorophenate (Na-PCP), or Dowicide G (79%Na-PCP), in static toxicity tests. The 96-hour LC50 values for sheepshead minnow (Cyprinodon variegatus) fry exposed to PCP at ages 1-day, 2-week, 4-week, and 6-week were 329, 392, 240, and 223 micrograms/1, respectively. The 96-hour LC50 value for 2-week-old fry exposed to Dowicide G was 516 micrograms/1. The larvae (48-hour post hatch) of pinfish, Lagodon rhomboides, were particularly sensitive to Na-PCP (96 hour LC50: 33 micrograms/1) and Dowicide G(96-hour LC50:66 micrograms/1). For 24- hour-old grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugio) larvae exposed to NA-PCP the 96-hour LC50 was 649 micrograms/1. NaPCP caused abnormal development of eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica) embryos, the 48-hour EC50 being 40 micrograms/1. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: Treating Wood Perserving Plant Wastewater by Chemical and Biological Methods. (Final rept.) White, John T.; Bursztynsky, T. A.; Crane, John D.; Jones, Richard H. Environmental Science and Engineering, Inc., Gainesville, 'Fla. Koppers Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Forest Products Div.; Industrial Environmental Research Lab.-Cincinnati , Ohio. EPA/600/2-76/231; NTIS: PB-265 454/9 -44- ------- CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: EPA-12100-HIG Prepared by Koppers Co., Inc., Pittsburgh, Pa. Forest Products Div. (lllp) Sep 76 A completely mixed activated sludge system was designed for a wood preserving plant with an average daily wastewater flow of 27,000 I/day (7,150 gal/day), a BOD concentration of 1,100 mg/1, and a phenol concentration of 120 mg/1. Included in the design were capabilities for pre- and pos t- chlorination. The activated sludge system alone was capable of removing 90 percent BOD, 75 percent COD, 99 percent phenol, and 76 percent pentachlorophenol. Post chlorination dosages of over 50 mg/1 resulted in 50 and 52 percent reductions of phenol and pentachlorophenol, respectively. Laboratory pre-chlorination studies showed removal of phenol and pentachlorophenol at chlorine dosages in excess of 250 mg/1. TITLE: AUTHOR: CORPORATE SOURCE; SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Validation of an Emission Measurement Method for Inorganic Arsenic from Stationary Sources: Proposed Method 108. Laboratory and Field Test Evaluation. (Final rept.) Ward, T. E. ; Jayanty, R. K. M.; Groshse, P. M.; Gutknecht, W. F. ; Brut fey, C. L. Research Triangle Inst., Research Triangle Park, NC . PEDCo-Environmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH.; Environmental Monitoring Systems Lab., Research Triangle Park, NC. EPA/600/4-84/080; NTIS: PB85-115160/XAB EPA-68-02-3767 Prepared in cooperation with PEDCo- Envir onmental, Inc., Cincinnati, OH. (94p) Oct 84 The United States Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has listed inorganic arsenic emissions as a hazardous air pollutant. USEPA proposed Method 108 for the measurement of -45- ------- these emissions from stationary sources has been subjected to validation studies in this work. Laboratory and field studies were performed. Laboratory studies included analysis of laboratory samples, preparation and analysis of liquid and filter audit samples, and sample stability determinations. Field studies included determination of the precision of the method in the measurement of inorganic arsenic emissions from stationary sources at the two industries currently subject to the USEPA proposed inorganic arsenic emissions regulations. Considering the sampling sites and the variability of process operations, these results indicate a highly acceptable degree of precision. Literature reviews to reveal the sources of emissions are reported. Recommendations are made for improving the method. TITLE: AUTHOR: NOTE: DATE: ABSTRACT: Wood Preservatives Decision Fact Sheet USEPA Office of Pesticide Programs In Office of Pesticide Program Fact Sheets (6p. ) July 11, 1984 No Abstract Available TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER; NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: Wood Preservative Pesticides Creosote/ Pentachlorophenol and the Inorganic Arsenicals (Wood Uses) Position Document 2/3. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances. EPA-540/9-82-004; NTIS: PB82-229956 Errata sheet inserted. (906p) Mar 82 This document details the final determination regarding the Rebut table Presumption Against Registration (RPAR) of products containing the above chemical. The responses by EPA to comments on the preliminary determination by -46- ------- TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: ABSTRACT: the Scientific Advisory Panel and the United States Department of Agriculture are contained in the document. A bibliography of citations used in this final determination is also provided. Wood Preservative Pesticides: Creosote, Pentachlorophenol and the Inorganic Arsenicals. Position Document 4. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC. Office of Pesticide Programs. EPA/540/9-84/003; NTIS: PB84-241538 See also PB82-229956. (367p) Jul 84 This Position Document 4 contains the Environmental Protection Agency's (EPA) final decision on the Wood Preservatives Pentachlorophenol, Creosote and Inorganic Arsenicals. EPA has decided to: restrict use of these chemicals to certified applicators; reguire reduction of dioxin (HxCDD) in pentachlorophenol products; institute a consumer awareness program for sate handling of pr essur e-tr eated wood; and further protect workers in wood treatment plants through protective clothing and other measures. This regulatory action was taken under the authority of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act. TITLE: AUTHOR: SPONSOR: REPORT NUMBER: CONTRACT NUMBER: NOTES: DATE: Mood Preserving Industry Multimedia Emission Inventory. (Final rept. Apr 78-Jun 80) DaRos, Bruce; Fitch, Bill; Franklin, Carole; Friedman, Mike; Merrill, Richard Industrial Environmental Research Lab.- Cincinnati, OH. ACUREX-FR-80-53/EE; EPA-600/2-81-066; NTIS: PB81-205999 EPA-68-03-2584 Acurex Corp., Mountain View, CA. Energy and Environmental Div. (269p) Apr 81 -47- ------- ABSTRACT: Restriction of the discharge of wastewater generated during the preservation of wood has resulted in the increased use of evaporation techniques by the wood preserving industry. This report discusses emissions that may occur during evaporation and projects the pollutant burden on the environment. The information presented includes a description of the wood preserving industry, its products, the regulations impacting its emissions, and the nature of its emissions. The application of preservatives is discussed in detail and includes discussions of the waste streams generated during the treatment process. Disposal of the generated waste- water is the primary topic of discussion, supported by the laboratory and field sampling data. The measured emissions are compared to evaporation models, followed by an industrywide projection of the emission of organics if evaporation is used for the disposal of wastewater. The impact of regulations on future emission rates is also projected. The primary conclusion of this work is that organic compounds are emitted to the atmosphere during evaporation. The rate of release is based on the type of evaporation system used: solar ponds, thermal (pan) evaporators, spray ponds or cooling towers; the temperature (thermal) driving force used; the molecular weight and volatility of the substances; and the concentration of each component in solution following wastewater pr etr eatme nt. TITLE: AUTHOR: REPORT NUMBER: ABSTRACT: [Settlement agreement between EPA and the American Wood Preservers Institute. FIFRA Docket Nos. 529, et al.l U.S. Environmental Protection Agency EPA 540/MISC, FIFRA DOCKET NO. 529, et al. A settlement agreement on regulatory measures covering the distribution, sale and use of pesticides for preserving wood has been reached by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and major parties representing the wood preserving industry. However, the issue of what hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (HxCDD) contaminant limit will be imposed for pentachlorophenol products was not resolved by the settlement. The agreement was signed -48- ------- on September 30. Representatives of the wood preserving industry participating in the agreement were the American Wood Preservers Institute, the National Forest Products Association, the Society of American Wood Preservers, the Chapman Chemical Company, and other wood preservative registrants. The terms of this settlement agreement, will be implemented through notice in the Federal Register. In July, 1984, the agency issued a notice requiring extensive changes to the terms and conditions of registration for the wood preservative pesticides creosote, pentachlorophenol, and inorganic arsenicals. The changes restricted the use of these products to certified applicators, required protective clothing for workers using the chemicals, and imposed a limitation on the HxCDD contamination of pentachlorophenol. The notice also called for the implementation of aeons umer awareness program to inform the public about the proper use and handling of wood treated with preservatives. Numerous registrants, trade associations and user groups challenged the agency's action under provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act and requested a hearing beofre an administrative law judge. These reauests automatically delayed the effective date of the agency's action. In the settlement that has been reached, EPA and the participating parties have agreed to adopt certain modifications in the registrations of the three wood preservative pesticides, thus avoiding a lengthy hearing on these issues. Specifically, the settlement agreement includes provisions for restricting most uses of wood preservatives to certified applicators; label changes governing the use of the pr eservt ives; and measures to reduce worker exposure, including the wearing of protective clothing. For the limited number of creosote uses not restricted to certified applicators, the industry has agreed to adopt stringent packaging and labeling restrictions for the affected products and to institute a mandatory, EPA-approved training program for all applicators. Also under the agreement, the trade associations (on behalf of their members) have agreed to implement a voluntary consumer awareness program for providing the public with information about the proper use, handling and disposal of treated wood. Ths -49- ------- program includes an industry-sponsored audit approved by the agency which is designed to evaluate the success of the voluntary program. The associations have agreed to begin this program within 60 days. The agreement does not resolve the issue of the HxCCD limitation for pentachlorophenol products. The agency and certain pentachlorophenol registrants are currently involved in negotiations on this issue. Copies of this agreement can be obtained by calling or writing to: Office of Public Affairs (A-107) U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 (202) 382-4355 -50- ------- U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region V, Li ?rary 230 South Dearborn Street Chicago, Illinois 60604 ------- |