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Contents
 3 History and Organization of
   EPA
 5 Water Quality
 6 Safe Drinking Water
 9 Air Quality
11 Waste
14 Pesticides
16 Toxic Substances
19 Radiation
21 Research and Development

23 Enforcement of
   Environmental  Laws
24 Appendix
   Offices
            EPA Regional
25 Appendix II  EPA Research
   Facilities and Centers of
   Excellence
                       U.S. Eitvttcnrantal Pretectkn mncy

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Preface
Our environment has been threatened by
many decades of human activities
undertaken without regard for the effects
on the life-sustaining, economic, and
recreational value of the air, land, and
water. To protect and restore the quality
of these essential and irreplaceable
resources. Congress enacted a series of
laws which have brought about significant
environmental improvements though
many challenging problems remain.
  The U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) is responsible for executing
the federal laws protecting the
environment. Questions concerning air,
water, and land affect nearly every aspect
of our lives As our understanding of
environmental issues has grown, so have
EPA's responsibilities. This booklet
describes  how EPA addresses the major
environmental problems confronting our
nation

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                                                                                              Associate Administrator
                                                                                              for International Activities
Administrator
Deputy Administrator
                                                                                               Associate Administrator
                                                                                               for Regional Operations
  Assistant Administrator
  for Administration and
  Resources Management
                                                                                                                         Assistant Administrator
                                                                                                                         for External Affairs
Assistant Administrator
for Enforcement and
Compliance Monitoring
                               General Counsel
                                                                                            Assistant Administrator
                                                                                            for Policy, Planning,
                                                                                            and Evaluation
    Office of
    the Comptroller
                                                                                            Office of
                                                                                            Policy Analysis
                                                                                              Office of
                                                                                              Intergovernmental Liaiso
    Office of
    Administration
                                                                                            Office of
                                                                                            Standards and Regulations
                                                                                              Office of
                                                                                              Congressional Liaison
    Office of
    Information Resources
    and Management
                                                                                            Office of
                                                                                            Management Systems
                                                                                            and Evaluation
                                                                                              Office of
                                                                                              Public Affairs
                                                                                                                               Office of
                                                                                                                               Federal Activities
Office of
Human Resources
Management
    Office of Administration
    Cincinnati. OH
    Office of Administration
    RTP, NC
                                 Assistant Administrator
                                 for Solid Waste and
                                 Emergency Response
                                                                                           Assistant Administrator
                                                                                           for Pesticides and
                                                                                           Toxic Substances
                                                                                             Assistant Administrator
                                                                                             for Research and
                                                                                             Development
Assistant Administrator
for Water
Assistant Administrator
for Air and Radiation
    Office of Water
    Regulations and Standards
                               Office of
                               Solid Waste
                                 Office of Air Quality
                                 Planning and Standards
                                                                                               Office of
                                                                                               Pesticide Programs
                                                                  Office of
                                                                  Monitoring Systems
                                                                  and Quality Assurance
    Office of
    Ground-water Protection
                               Office of Emergency
                               and Remedial Response
                                 Office of
                                 Mobile Sources
                                                                                               Office of
                                                                                               Toxic Substances
                                                                                                                                 Office of
                                                                                                                                 Environmental Enginee
                                                                                                                                 and Technology
Office of
Drinking Water
  Office of Waste
  Programs Enforcement
                                                                Office of
                                                                Radiation Programs
                                                                                                                                 Office of
                                                                                                                                 Environmental Process
                                                                                                                                 and Effects Research
Office of Water
Program Operations
    Office of Water
    Enforcement and Permits
                                                                                                                             Office of
                                                                                                                             Health Research
                                                                                                                    Region 7
                                                                                                                    Kansas City
            Region 2
            New York
   Region 3
   Philadelphia
                                                                          Region 5
                                                                          Chicago

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Staff Offices

Administrative Law Judges

Civil Rights

Small and Disadvantaged
Business Utilization

Science Advisory Board
History and  Organization of EPA
Inspector General
 Office of Audit

 Office of Investigations

 Office of Management
 and Technical Assistance
 Assessment
 Office of
 Research Program
 Management

 Office of
 Exploratory Research

 Office of
 Health
 and Environmental
 Assessment
The U S. Environmental Protection
Agency was created through an
Executive reorganization plan designed to
consolidate a number of federal
environmental activities into a single
agency. The plan (Reorganization Plan #3
of 1970) was sent to Congress by
President Nixon on July 9, 1970, and EPA
was formally established as an
independent agency in the Executive
Branch on December 2,  1970.
   EPA was formed by putting together
15 components from five Executive
departments and independent agencies
Air pollution control, solid waste
management, radiation, and the drinking
water program were transferred from the
Department of Health, Education, and
Welfare (now the Department of Health
and Human Services). The federal water
pollution control program was taken from
the Department of the Interior, as was
part of a pesticide research program
From the Department of Agriculture, EPA
acquired authority to register pesticides
and to  regulate their use, and from the
Food and Drug Administration the
responsibility to set tolerance levels for
pesticides in food EPA was assigned
some responsibility for setting
environmental radiation protection
standards from the old Atomic Energy
Commission, and absorbed the duties of
the Federal Radiation Council
  The enactment of major new
environmental laws and important
amendments to older laws in the 1970's
greatly expanded EPA's responsibilities.
The Agency now administers nine
comprehensive environmental protection
laws: the Clean Air Act (CAA); the Clean
Water Act (CWA); the  Safe Drinking
Water Act (SDWA); the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA, or
"Superfund"); the Resource Conservation
and Recovery Act (RCRA); the Federal
Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide
Act (FIFRA); the Toxic Substances
Control Act (TSCA); the Marine
Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act
(MPRSA); and the Uranium Mill Tailings
Radiation Control Act.
  The Agency is directed by an
Administrator and a Deputy Administrator,
who are appointed by the President with
the advice and consent of the Senate
Nine Assistant Administrators, who
manage specific environmental programs
or direct other Agency functions;  the
Agency's General Counsel; and its
Inspector General also are named by the
President and subject to Senate
confirmation. Ten Regional Administrators
across the country cooperate closely with
state and local governments to make
sure that regional needs are considered
and that federal environmental laws are
properly implemented. (Appendix  I lists
these Regional offices.) The Agency's
executive staff includes Associate
Administrators for International Activities
and Regional Operations. The chart shows
how EPA is organized.

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Water Quality
Oceans, rivers, streams, lakes, estuaries,
underground aquifers, and wetlands are
essential, in one way or another, to all
forms of life, and play a central role in
much of our economic activity and
recreation.
  These functions have been  seriously
threatened  by the long- standing use of
natural bodies of water as dumping
places for human and industrial wastes,
by the destruction of major parts of water
systems such as wetlands, and by poor
land management practices that choke
waters with sediment and poison them
with toxic pollutants
  Water pollution has two major origins:
point sources and nonpoint sources  Point
sources are specific points of  discharge,
such as outfall pipes from industrial
facilities or  sewage treatment plants.
Nonpoint sources, on the other hand,
cannot be located so precisely. Runoff
from city streets, from construction sites,
and from farms and mines are examples
of nonpoint sources.  Both sources
contribute heavily to the pollution of our
nation's waters.
  Water has been polluted by many kinds
of substances  Some pollutants, such as
sewage from households, are discharged
in very large amounts Unless treated,
sewage can overload the  natural capacity
of water bodies to cleanse themselves.
Other pollutants, toxic substances, can
cause damage to our waters,  even in
very small amounts
  The first  federal legislation to protect
our waters  from  pollution was the  Rivers
and Harbors Act  of 1899  Congress
enacted stronger legislation in 1948,
1956, 1965, 1966, and  1970 However,
EPA's current program of water pollution
control is based upon the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of
1972, also known as the Clean Water
Act  Amendments passed  in 1977 and
1981 made some important changes, but
the basic objectives and procedures  of
the Clean Water Act remained
  The major objective of the Clean Water
Act is to restore and maintain the
"chemical, physical, and biological
integrity of the Nation's waters " The Act
seeks to secure  "water quality which
provides for the  protection and
propagation of fish,  shellfish, and wildlife,
and provides for recreation in and on the
water." Progress toward this objective
has required spending billions of dollars
and the control of hundreds of thousands
of water pollution sources
  The Act requires each state to  set
water quality standards for every
significant body of surface water with-m
its borders  Water quality standards
represent the goals  which  pollution
controls are  meant to secure  To  set
these standards, states specify the uses
of each body of water (such  as drinking
water,  recreation, commercial fishing) and
restrict pollution  to levels that permit
those uses
  To curb pollution from household and
commercial sewage, the Act requires that
all publicly-owned municipal sewage
systems provide secondary treatment of
wastewater (a  bio-chemical process)
before  it is discharged
  Since few communities could afford
the  facilities  needed to  provide such
treatment. Congress established a
financial assistance program  of
construction grants as part of the 1972
law.  Under this program, EPA provides
funds to the states,  which  allocate the
money to local communities to help
finance new or improved treatment
facilities. In the first 10 years,
construction grants to the states
amounted to about $33 billion
Amendments enacted in 1981 reduced
the federal share in funding new facilities,
but EPA still expects to provide  about
$24 billion in construction grants during
the program's  second decade
  To ensure that communities meet
treatment requirements, sewage facilities
must secure permits under the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES). The permits specify the types
and amounts of pollutants that may be
discharged.
  Industries discharging pollutants into
waterways or publicly-owned sewage
systems also are subject to control
requirements, with an ultimate goal of
completely eliminating the  discharge of
pollutants into  the Nation's waters.
Nationwide standards are established by
EPA for industrial pollutants, with specific
requirements tailored to the availability
and economic  feasibility of control
technology. These effluent limitations will
become increasingly stringent through
the 1980's, particularly for discharges of
toxic pollutants.
  Like  municipal dischargers, industrial
point source dischargers must secure
permits under  the NPDES program.
Industries using public sewage systems
must meet pretreatment standards
designed to prevent the discharge of
pollutants, particularly toxics, that
adversely affect or simply pass through
secondary treatment facilities
  Sometimes,  however, even stringent
control of industrial and municipal point
sources is not  enough to attain stipulated
water quality standards. There are two

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                                                                                 Safe  Drinking  Water
major reasons for this. First, many bodies
of water are heavily polluted by nonpoint
sources. Second, even with stringent
controls, the amount of pollution
discharged from point sources may be
too much for the receiving water to
accept. This may be the case in urban
regions  particularly.
  To bridge this gap, state and local
governments must devise plans  laying
out the steps they will take to bring water
quality up to acceptable levels. In general,
these plans will involve a mixture of
controls on nonpoint sources and more
stringent controls on point sources,
including a general  prohibition  against  the
discharge of toxic materials in  toxic
amounts. To determine if  they are
discharging toxic amounts, sources may
be required to conduct biological tests on
fish and shellfish in receiving waters.
Such tests are often more useful than
standard chemical tests for showing the
effects of complex pollutant mixtures.
Funding to the states for planning their
control strategies is provided through
EPA's water quality management
program.
  Two other programs that are important
in the protection of water resources are
the dredge and fill permit  system and  the
regulation  of ocean dumping.
  Under section 404 of the Clean Water
Act, EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers  are jointly responsible for
protecting waters against  degradation  and
destruction caused by disposal of
dredged spoils or fill. This protection
extends to the Nation's wetlands - its
marshes, swamps, bogs, and similar
areas. Wetlands are vital elements of
natural water systems, providing flood
control benefits, habitats for fish and
wildlife, and natural pollution filters.
Permits to carry out dredge and fill
activities are granted by the Corps of
Engineers, subject to EPA approval.
  Under the Marine Protection, Research,
and Sanctuaries Act of 1972, EPA is
required to protect the oceans from
indiscriminate dumping of wastes. The
Agency is authorized to designate safe
sites for dumping, to issue permits for
dumping, and to assess penalties for
improper dumping.
  Water quality is protected by nearly all
of the laws EPA administers. Air pollution
controls, for example,  keep harmful
pollutants from entering the water from
the atmosphere. Laws governing
radiation, toxic substances, and pesticides
also deal with special pollution problems
which may affect water quality. In
addition, a major objective in regulating
solid wastes is to  prevent the
contamination of ground water and
surface waters by the  seepage of harmful
substances from disposal sites
Less than 100 years ago, epidemics of
waterborne diseases were a major public
health menace in the U.S. Today, we
hardly give them a thought. Twentieth
century methods of water purification —
particularly chlorination — have been
remarkably effective in reducing instances
of cholera, typhoid, dysentery, and
infectious hepatitis Waterborne diseases
still occur with unnecessary frequency,
but major epidemics have been all but
eliminated in this century.
   In recent years, however, public health
professionals have become increasingly
concerned about other contaminants in
our water supplies. These include
inorganic chemicals such as nitrate,
arsenic, and lead,  as well as toxic organic
chemicals which have been produced in
ever-growing volumes Certain pesticides
also have been added to the list of
contaminants that have found their way
into drinking water in some places. Some
of these pollutants are harmful even in
small amounts, and can  be extremely
difficult  to remove once  they have
contaminated a water supply.
  To deal with these problems, Congress
passed the Safe Drinking Water Act of
1974, and amended that act in 1977.
Under the Act, EPA establishes national
standards for drinking water from both
surface  and ground water sources.
(Ground water comes from underground
aquifers.) These standards provide
maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) for
pollutants in drinking water. States are
primarily responsible for enforcing  the
standards, with financial assistance from
EPA.

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  The Safe Drinking Water Act also
authorized EPA to protect aquifers against
contamination from the disposal of
wastes by injection into deep wells.
Some states  have assumed responsibility
for managing these underground injection
control programs as they develop their
own regulatory systems.
  Ground water sources are very
vulnerable to serious, perhaps
irreversible, contamination from other
sources,  such as leachate from hazardous
waste landfills or leaking underground
storage tanks. Protection of essential
aquifers is one of the major
environmental challenges of the 1980s.
EPA has  developed a comprehensive
strategy to safeguard ground water and
has established a separate staff within its
Office of Water to oversee this effort.


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 Air Quality
People have known for centuries that air
can carry poisons. That's why miners
used to take canaries with them into the
coal pits. A dead bird meant the presence
of lethal gases. But before the
smokestack boom  of the industrial
revolution, "bad air" was an isolated
phenomenon.  By the beginning of the
twentieth century,  however, it was a
common urban characteristic,  and by
mid-century, it had become a  serious,
sometimes fatal, health  hazard.  In 1952,
for example, a "killer fog"  in London was
responsible over five days  for some 4,000
more deaths than would have occurred
normally in the same period of time.
  Air pollution is not limited to
industrial cities. Automobile exhaust is a
major contributor to air pollution; heavy
traffic can cause air quality problems
even in cities with  little or  no  industry
Neither is air pollution a  respecter of
boundaries. Its effects frequently appear
far away from  its sources.
  Federal legislation to control air
pollution was first enacted in 1955, and
strengthened in 1963, 1965 and 1967.
However, it was the Clean Air Act of
1970 that shaped the control program we
have today. Congress reviewed and
amended the law in 1975 and 1977, but
retained the  basic principles of the  1970
Act
  The fundamental objective of the Clean
Air Act is the protection  of the public
health and welfare from  harmful effects
of air pollution. To define this goal,  EPA
sets two kinds of National  Ambient Air
Quality Standards (NAAQS) specifying
maximum acceptable levels for pollutants
in outdoor air.  Primary standards set
limits which  protect human health,
including "sensitive populations" such as
children, asthmatics or the elderly
Secondary standards protect plants,
animals and material from harmful effects
of air pollution
   EPA has set primary and secondary
standards for six criteria pollutants
carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides,
ozone; lead; sulfur oxides; and
particulates. These standards are based
on medical and scientific evidence of a
pollutant's health and environmental
effects. EPA reviews this evidence every
five years and analyzes any new data
available  If the review indicates changes
are needed,  the standard is revised.
   Some regions of the Nation, such as
national parks and wilderness areas, have
exceptionally good air quality—better, in
fact, than the quality that could be
assured by the primary and secondary
standards To retain this quality, such
areas must meet prevention of significant
deterioration (PSD) standards established
to preserve the pristine air and clear
vistas that contribute to the natural
beauty of these national lands
  The Clean Air Act also requires that
EPA establish National Emissions
Standards for Hazardous Pollutants
(NESHAPS) to control the emission of
substances so toxic that even small
amounts may adversely affect health.
EPA has established  NESHAPS for
asbestos, berylium, mercury, and vinyl
chloride,  and has proposed standards for
benzene and arsenic
  Most air pollution comes from
stationary sources, such as factories,
power plants, and smelters, or from
mobile sources— automobiles, buses,
trucks, locomotives, and airplanes Some
facilities, such as major highways and
shopping centers, are called indirect
sources because traffic concentrates at
those places and increases local pollution
levels.
  To control pollution from mobile
sources, the Clean Air Act and supporting
regulations provide for automobile
emission controls that have become
more stringent as increasingly effective
technology has developed. The  use of
catalytic converters and unleaded
gasoline in newer model cars has  been
particularly important in achieving better
air quality despite a continuing rise in the
number of motor vehicles  on the road.
  To help ensure compliance with air
quality standards by stationary sources,
EPA sets New Source Performance
Standards that limit emissions allowed
from new industrial plants and existing
plants that are substantially modified. By
requiring uniform emission limits on new
sources regardless of location, Congress
has prevented air pollution controls from
becoming a source of regional rivalry
Standards are  now in effect for  most
major industries.
  Since national  performance standards
apply only to new or  modified plants,
these controls generally are not adequate
in themselves  to assure acceptable air
quality. State governments must
therefore draw up and enforce State
Implementation Plans (SIPS),  which spell
out additional measures that will be
undertaken to  achieve compliance
Typically, these include controls on older
industrial plants and other  stationary
sources of pollution, along with  measures
to cut back traffic volumes or in other
ways reduce emissions related to  motor
vehicles. SIPS  are subject  to EPA
approval  If a State plan is  not acceptable,
EPA is required to provide an

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                                        implementation plan which the State
                                        must then enforce.
                                          Some rural areas have air quality
                                        problems, but atmospheric pollution is
                                        primarily an urban problem. And it can
                                        pose a cruel dilemma for the nation's
                                        older cities, which seek to regain their
                                        economic vitality by attracting new
                                        industrial development. New industry
                                        means new sources of pollution, and this
                                        can threaten progress  already made in
                                        cleaning up the air.
                                          EPA has sought innovative approaches
                                        to pollution control that will allow both
                                        new industrial development and
                                        continued progress toward cleaner air
                                        One such approach is  the bubble
                                        concept, which treats  a plant as though it
                                        were covered by an imaginary bubble
                                        with only one opening through which
                                        pollutants can reach the surrounding air.
                                        Instead of having to meet emissions
                                        limits  at each individual stack or source
                                        within a facility, managers can devise an
                                        overall control plan that may save millions
                                        of dollars without compromising progress
                                        toward improved air quality  Another
                                        approach is emission trading This allows
                                        a company to receive  credits for reducing
                                        emissions below levels required by EPA
                                        and the State implementation plan. With
                                        State  approval, another company that
                                        wants to expand its facilities or put up  a.
                                        new plant may buy the credits earned by
                                        the first company Again, the result is
                                        economic growth accompanied by
                                        continued progress in  air quality.
  In recent years, the nation has seen a
steady improvement in air quality. Since
1975 the ambient levels of all six criteria
pollutants have decreased, in some cases
dramatically. Ambient lead, for example,
has dropped already by 64 percent,
largely due to the increasing use of
unleaded gasoline. Particulate levels
decreased by 15 percent, ozone levels by
18 percent, carbon monoxide levels by 31
percent, and sulfur dioxide levels by 33
percent. Although nitrogen dioxide levels
increased between 1975 and 1979, they
began dropping in 1979;  by 1982,
ambient levels were the  same as in 1975,
and well  below the standard. The number
of times that the standards  were
exceeded also dropped significantly
during this time.
10

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Waste
The numbers alone are overwhelming.
We Americans discard billions of tons of
solid waste every year, and we all want it
to go somewhere else.
  In the past, it usually did go away. The
philosophy was "out of sight, out of
mind." Through ignorance or
carelessness, we literally dumped it
anywhere, regardless of the
consequences. Now we know that
irresponsible disposal methods not only
put off real solutions, but can cause
severe health and environmental effects.
Improper disposal, particularly of
hazardous wastes, can contaminate
surface and ground water and contribute
to air pollution.
  Congress recognized the serious
problems associated with  waste disposal
as early as 1965, when the Solid Waste
Disposal Act was passed.  By the
mid-1970's, however, it was clear that a
more vigorous national effort was
needed. In 1976, Congress enacted the
Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
(RCRA), which authorized  EPA to regulate
current and future waste management
and disposal practices  Congress was
particularly concerned about the
management of hazardous wastes, the
careless disposal of which we now have
learned may lead to the contamination of
entire neighborhoods and communities.
At Love Canal in New York, for example,
hazardous waste buried over a 25-year
period contaminated ground and water
and finally forced the evacuation of an
entire neighborhood. In Times Beach,
Missouri, oil contaminated with  highly
toxic dioxm was sprayed on  roads,
eventually leading to a federal "buyout"
of all homes and businesses in the
community
                                    11

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  RCRA can help prevent future Love
Canals and similar tragedies, but it does
not address a legacy of abandoned waste
sites or emergencies created by spills or
other releases of hazardous substances.
To deal with these situations, Congress in
1980 passed the Comprehensive
Environmental Response, Compensation,
and Liability Act (CERCLA, or
"Superfund")  Financed for the most part
by a tax on chemical manufacturers,
Superfund sets up  a $1.6 billion trust
fund over five years and gives EPA the
authority to respond to hazardous
substance emergencies which threaten
public health or the environment.

RCRA
Although RCRA has important provisions
encouraging sound municipal disposal
practices and resource recovery, EPA's
major priority under the Act has been the
development of "cradle-to-grave"
regulations governing the generation,
storage, transport,  treatment, and
disposal of hazardous wastes. These
wastes include toxic substances,
caustics, pesticides, and other flammable,
corrosive, or explosive materials EPA
recently estimated that over 71 billion
gallons of such wastes are produced
every year. That  amounts to more than
one ton of waste for every man, woman,
and child in the country.
  To carry out RCRA's provisions,  EPA is
responsible for:

•  identifying the characteristics of
hazardous wastes  in general and
identifying specific hazardous wastes;

•  developing standards applicable to
generators and transporters of  hazardous
wastes, and to operators of hazardous
12
waste treatment, storage, and disposal
facilities. Under these standards,

- generators must identify the wastes
they produce and report the means of
on-site treatment, storage, or disposal

- transport of such wastes is monitored
through a uniform manifest system which
ensures a verifiable record of the origin,
route, and destination of each shipment.

- treatment,  storage, and disposal
facilities must have permits to operate,
and their design must be adequate to
prevent dangerous waste from leaching
through the soil and contaminating water
sources Active  land disposal sites must
be monitored constantly to prevent
ground-water contamination;  closed sites
must be capped properly, as well as
monitored. In addition, owners or
operators of such facilities must
demonstrate financial responsibility for
damage occurring during active
operations, and  set aside funds for
monitoring and  maintenance after the site
is closed.

  Another major goal under RCRA is to
encourage states to develop
comprehensive  programs for managing
non-hazardous solid waste, and every
state now has a solid waste management
agency. EPA has supported research and
demonstration projects  to stimulate
promising new  methods of waste
disposal, resource/energy recovery, and
innovative technology The Agency also
has laid out guidelines for developing
waste management plans, established
criteria for classifying land disposal
facilities according to their environmental
acceptability,  and published a national
inventory of unacceptable facilities.
Superfund
Superfund authorizes EPA to respond
immediately to situations or sites that
pose a danger to public health or the
environment.  While some emergencies
occur because of accidents in the
handling or transporting of hazardous
wastes, the vast majority of hazardous
waste emergencies are the result of
improper or uncontrolled  disposal
practices in the past. EPA already has
identified some 17,000 uncontrolled
hazardous waste sites across the country
and estimates that the total could reach
22,000
  Superfund authorizes EPA to take the
following direct actions in emergency
situations:
• Immediate  removals are begun in
cases of imminent danger (oil spills, tram
derailments, leaking barrels, fires, explo-
sions, etc ). Their objective is to bring the
situation under control by stabilizing or
stopping the release of the hazardous
substances. The law ordinarily limits
immediate  removal actions to six months
and total costs of one million dollars.

• Planned removals are carried out when
a hazard is substantial, but does not
necessarily require immediate removal
The objective is to  minimize any increase
in danger or exposure that might
otherwise occur Planned removals are
complete when the situation is stabilized
and the imminent threat is abated They
are subject to the same time and cost
limitations as  immediate removals

  Superfund also authorizes the Agency
to take long-term, remedial acttons  to
achieve a permanent cleanup of hazardous
waste sites Remedial actions are permit-
ted only at sites identified on EPA's

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National Priorities List. More than 500 site
in 47 States and five territories have beer
declared eligible for remedial actions.
  EPA encourages owners to clean up
abandoned sites voluntarily, but if the
owners are unknown, or unable or
unwilling to assume the cleanup
responsibility,  EPA and the states will
perform the work. In such cases, the
owners may be liable for punitive
damages of up to triple the costs of
federal remedial work.  When EPA and
states perform cleanup work, the state
contributes 10 percent of the costs for
privately-owned sites, and 50 percent for
publicly-owned sites. In addition to
cost-sharing, states participate in site
selection and in establishing cleanup
priorities  States also must designate
approved sites to receive wastes
removed in cleanup operations.
  Both RCRA and Superfund activities
tend to generate intense public interest
and involvement. Congress has been
careful to protect the interests of affecte
citizens by including specific public
participation requirements in the  enablmc
statutes  Public participation means that
there is ample opportunity for citizens to
air their views,  that the public is given ar
opportunity to understand clearly the
programs and  actions proposed, and that
officials respond substantively and in a
timely fashion to public concerns  RCRA
legislation, for example, requires  EPA am
the states to assist and encourage public
participation in the development, revision
implementation, and enforcement of
actions taken under its authority. A key
aspect of any Superfund  response is to
ensure that local citizens' and officials'
concerns are taken  into account and that
information about the site is widely
distributed.

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Pesticides
Pesticides are chemical or biological
substances used to control unwanted
plants, insects, fungi, rodents or bacteria.
About 35,000 products are registered for
such use in this country, and we use
more than a billion pounds of these
pesticides every year on farms and in
homes, hospitals, commercial
establishments and elsewhere.
  Pesticides have contributed greatly to
modern agricultural productivity and to
improved public health through  control of
disease-carrying pests. But pesticides
have a dark side, too. Many of them are
extremely toxic and cause serious harm,
even death, if spilled on the skin, inhaled,
or otherwise misused. We know that
some pesticides  have caused severe
damage to wildlife populations  Now
studies are showing evidence that
pesticides may cause long-term adverse
health  effects such as cancer and genetic
damage in people, as well. Many
pesticides persist in the environment over
long periods of time and have been found
to accumulate in the tissues of  people,
animals, and plants. Repeated
applications of pesticides may also lead
to resistant pest  populations, which then
may require ever stronger doses for
control.
  EPA regulates  pesticides under two
laws: the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) and the
Pesticide Amendment to the Federal
Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)

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As originally enacted in 1947, FIFRA
made it illegal to detach or destroy
pesticide labels and provided for pesticide
inspections. It applied, however, only to
products in interstate commerce and did
not address pesticide-related health or
environmental problems. In 1972,
Congress amended the law to provide
much broader regulatory coverage;
further changes were enacted in 1975,
1978 and 1980.
  Under these amendments,  EPA is
responsible for registering specified uses
of pesticide  products on the basis of  both
safety and benefits. FIFRA requires EPA
to determine whether a pesticide can
perform its intended function without
causing unreasonable adverse  effects
upon human health or the environment
while taking into account the potential
benefits of the proposed use. This
balancing of risks and benefits underlies
all basic regulatory decisions under the
Act.
  Manufacturers of pesticides are
required to provide data on the potential
for skin and  eye  irritation;  hazards to
non-target organisms including fish and
wildlife; the possibility of acute poisoning,
tumor formation, birth defects,
reproductive impairments, or other
serious health effects; the behavior of
the chemical in the environment after
application; and the quantity and nature
of residues likely to occur in food or feed
crops.
  Amendments to FIFRA enacted in 1972
also  require  EPA to assess the safety of
pesticide chemicals already in use  Most
older pesticides do not  meet the
standards of testing required now.  In  the
re-registration process, therefore,
manufacturers of these older products
must meet the same testing standards
which new chemicals must meet. This
normally requires undertaking and
completing various tests which are then
reviewed by the Agency to determine
whether products may remain on the
market.
  If a pesticide ingredient  poses  a special
concern due to a perceived health or
environmental risk, the Agency can
conduct a special review of the product's
risks and benefits. The review process
allows all interested parties — the
general public, environmentalists,
pesticide users,  manufacturers, and
scientists — to participate. At the
conclusion of a special review, EPA may
decide to continue, restrict, or cancel
pesticide uses under consideration A
regulatory decision to cancel uses of a
pesticide may be appealed to the EPA
Administrator for an adjudicatory hearing.
  EPA inspectors periodically check
marketed pesticide products for their
conformity with  label claims concerning
content, effectiveness, and safety.  Labels
also are reviewed to  ensure that their
claims agree with those accepted by EPA
at the time of registration  Penalties for
non-compliance may  range from  informal
notices to manufacturers to initiation of
civil or criminal proceedings.
  Finally, EPA is required to classify and
certify all pesticide products for either
general or restricted use  General use
pesticides are considered safe for use by
anyone, provided label directions,
restrictions, and precautions are carefully
observed. Restricted pesticides may be
used only by  persons who have been
certified as trained applicators. Training
and certification is administered through
EPA-approved state pesticide programs.
FFDCA

  Pesticide provisions of the FFDCA
require EPA to establish tolerances for
pesticide residues on feed crops and raw
and processed foods. Tolerances are
established at levels well below amounts
that might cause  harm  to people or the
environment  For  agricultural
commodities, tolerances are enforced by
the Food and Drug Administration; in
meat, poultry, and fish  products, they are
enforced by the U.S Department of
Agriculture.
                                                                                                                       15

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                                                                              Toxic Substances
                                                                              Chemicals are a vital part of our lives, and
                                                                              most of them are not dangerous to our
                                                                              health or the environment if used
                                                                              properly. But some are toxic substances
                                                                              that even in minute amounts can cause
                                                                              death, disease, genetic damage, or
                                                                              severe environmental harm. Toxic
                                                                              substances include a number of
                                                                              manufactured chemicals, as well as
                                                                              naturally-occurring heavy metals and
                                                                              other materials. The damage already
                                                                              caused by uncontrolled releases of these
                                                                              substances has been enormous.
                                                                              Polychlormated biphenyls (PCBs), dioxm,
                                                                              and asbestos are now  among the toxic
                                                                              materials whose common use in earlier
                                                                              years has left a legacy of contamination
                                                                              that plagues wide areas of the country
                                                                              today
                                                                                It was to provide a safeguard against
                                                                              the introduction of additional
                                                                              contaminants to our environment and to
                                                                              address the risks posed by existing
                                                                              chemicals that Congress in 1976 passed
                                                                              the Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA)
                                                                              TSCA is intended to identify and control
                                                                              chemicals that pose an unreasonable risk
                                                                              to human health or the environment
                                                                              through their manufacture, processing,
                                                                              commercial distribution, use, or disposal
                                                                              (Eight categories of chemical products are
                                                                              exempt from TSCA because they are
                                                                              regulated under other laws. These include
                                                                              pesticides, tobacco,  nuclear materials,
                                                                              firearms and ammunition, food, food
                                                                              additives, drugs, and cosmetics.)
                                                                                One of EPA's major  regulatory tools
                                                                              under TSCA is its authority to screen new
                                                                              chemicals through the  premanufacture
                                                                              notification process  Manufacturers are
                                                                              required to notify  EPA  at least 90 days
                                                                              before producing or importing a new
                                                                              chemical substance. This enables the
16

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Agency to assess the potential risks of a
new chemical before manufacture begins.
If a chemical substance is suspected of
posing an unreasonable risk, but key data
are missing, EPA may  require
manufacturers to test the substance for
toxicity, cancer-causing potential,
reproductive effects, or other
characteristics. In  addition, an  Interagency
Testing Committee of government
experts advises EPA if certain  chemicals
should be tested  Chemicals deemed to
be harmful may be regulated in a  number
of ways,  ranging from  labeling
requirements to outright bans  on  the
manufacture or use of  especially
hazardous substances  If appropriate, EPA
may also refer chemicals to other Federal
agencies  with regulatory responsibility
over toxic chemicals. These agencies
include the Occupational Safety and
Health Administration;  the Food and Drug
Administration; the Consumer Product
Safety Commission; and the Food Safety
and Quality Service of the Department  of
Agriculture.
  TSCA also requires EPA to develop and
keep current a comprehensive chemical
inventory. This inventory, which is based
on information submitted  by chemical
manufacturers, processors, and
importers, presents an overall  picture of
the chemicals used for commercial
purposes in the  U.S. (Although there are
well over four million known chemical
compounds, most of these are used only
in research and development TSCA is
applicable only to those chemicals in
commercial use.) Chemicals not on the
inventory must be reviewed by EPA
before they can  be manufactured  in or
imported  into the U S.
  In addition to keeping its own chemical
inventory, EPA also by rule requires the
chemical industry to report on and keep
records on the manufacture,  processing,
use, and disposal of chemical substances,
by-products generated by manufacture,
the number of people exposed in the
workplace, and other relevant
information, including all significant
adverse reactions to health and the
environment alleged to have  been caused
by a chemical  Industry also must report
to EPA any information that indicates that
a chemical substance or mixture presents
a risk to health or the environment These
reporting requirements enable EPA to
monitor the actual environmental and
health effects of a substance, and to take
further action if necessary
  Another of EPA's concerns is to ensure
consistency in evaluating chemical
hazards, both within and outside the
Agency. The Good Laboratory Practices
standards assure that test data submitted
to EPA conform with requirements for
administration of testing labs, the control
and management of laboratory test
animals, the documentation of tests,  and
the handling of test data. In addition, EPA
works closely with the 24-nation
Organization for Economic Cooperation
and Development to develop uniform
chemical testing guidelines
  Some toxic substances require special
attention because they are so widespread
in the environment or because they pose
serious health threats even at extremely
low levels of contamination. Particularly
troublesome substances include
polychlormated biphenyls (PCBs),
asbestos, and dioxin. PCBs, for example,
were widely used for about 50 years
because of their heat resistant properties.
So persistent is this substance that
everyone in this country likely has trace
levels of it  in  their bodies now Further
production  of PCBs was banned
specifically by TSCA because they were
found to cause  adverse reproductive
effects, skm lesions, developmental
effects, and tumors.
  Another substance of concern is
asbestos, which when inhaled by human
beings causes lung cancer and
mesothelioma, a cancer of the
membranes lining the chest and
abdomen  These effects may take many
years to show up, depending on the
degree and length of exposure. Asbestos
frequently was used in buildings as a fire
retardant, and in many cases has started
to crumble  and  be released into the air.
Because many school buildings used
asbestos, hazards to children are a
particular concern. EPA's school asbestos
rule, issued in May of 1982, requires all
elementary and secondary school
administrators to have their buildings
inspected for  friable asbestos, notify
parents and employees of any asbestos
detected, and maintain records certifying
compliance with the rule. (Friable
materials are those that, when dry, may
be crumbled,  pulverized,  or reduced to
powder by hand pressure )

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18

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Ionizing radiation can be a serious
environmental contaminant. Sources of
this form of radiation include uranium
mining and milling, nuclear power
wastes, and radioactive materials used in
medicine. The health effects of
non-ionizing radiation—such as
microwaves and radiation from high
voltage power lines—are not as well
understood, but they, too, may be
hazardous.
  A number of federal agencies, including
EPA, are responsible for protecting the
public from unnecessary exposure. EPA
received its authority in this area under
the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, the
Public  Health Service Act of 1962, the
Safe Drinking Water Act of 1974, the
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977, the
Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control
Act of  1978, the Marine Protection and
Sanctuaries Act, the Clean Water Act,  the
Nuclear Waste Policy Act of 1982, and
the Comprehensive Environmental
Response, Compensation, and Liability
Act. The Agency's major responsibilities
are to set radiation guidelines, to assess
new technology, and to monitor radiation
in the environment.
  To protect the public from environ-
mental exposure to excess radiation, EPA
has set standards which limit releases
from nuclear power plants, from  mill
tailings at active and inactive uranium
processing sites, and from radionuchdes
in drinking water.  In cooperation with the
Food and Drug Administration,  the
Agency has developed guidance for other
federal agencies on the use of x-rays in
medicine. EPA has proposed standards
for limiting airborne emissions of
radionuchdes and for the disposal of
high-level radioactive wastes, and is
currently developing standards for the
disposal of low-level wastes.  EPA also is
developing guidance for protective action
in nuclear accidents, for cleanup of
contaminated areas, for occupational
exposure, and for exposure to radiation
from non-ionizing sources.
  Another EPA responsibility  is to
participate in planning for radiological
emergencies. The Agency is prepared to
provide field monitoring assistance to
other federal agencies, as well as state
and local governments,  in the event of an
emergency at a nuclear facility.
  Finally, EPA monitors radiation in the
environment through a network of 264
stations that sample drinking  water, air,
precipitation, and milk The data from this
monitoring are used to identify trends in
environmental radiation  levels, to
establish ambient levels of radioactivity,
and to  assess actions needed to protect
the public.
                                                                              19

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20

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 Research and Development
Protecting people from environmental
hazard is a complex task, made all the
harder because many actions must be
taken on the basis of incomplete
scientific information. To maintain public
trust in EPA's decisions, it is essential
that the Agency's decision makers
objectively interpret and work with the
best available scientific data.
  EPA's research office provides this data
and interpretation, for the most part in six
major research areas:  engineering and
technology; environmental processes and
effects; monitoring systems and quality
assurance; health effects; health and
environmental assessment;  and
exploratory research.
  Research in environmental engineering
and technology assesses pollution from
industrial and municipal sources, and
analyzes alternative control technologies
Examples of research include innovative
techniques for removing and disposing of
pollutants, and developing cost-effective
methods of providing safe drinking water.
  Environmental processes  and effects
research seeks to develop the data
necessary for predicting and managing
the movement of pollutants  through the
environment and for determining their
effects on ecosystems and  nonhuman
organisms. Research within  this area also
develops mathematical models relating
pollution emissions to  air quality.
  Through its research in monitoring
systems and quality assurance, EPA
develops methods to measure and
monitor pollutants, as well as ensure that
these measurements are accurate and
follow standardized procedures
  Health effects research provides the
data needed to accurately estimate
human mortality and illness caused  by
pollutants. Research facilities include one
of the nation's few facilities capable of
testing human exposure, and research
areas include developing data on
dose-responses and methods of using
such data to estimate human health
effects.
  A major factor in EPA's regulatory
decisions is the Agency's determination
of the hazard posed by various pollutants.
EPA's health and enviromental
assessment research includes an effort to
provide an integrated, scientific
foundation for  evaluating the health  and
environmental  effects stemming from
exposure to  a substance and for
determining  the risks of such exposure
  EPA also needs to anticipate
environmental  problems  and issues  The
exploratory research program assesses
potential environmental trends and funds
research to meet needs for basic
scientific knowledge. EPA has 14
research laboratories and several field
stations to carry out its in-house research,
and this capability is extended through
grants, cooperative agreements,  and
research contracts with universities  and
other private institutions. The Agency's
largest research centers  are in Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina, and
Cincinnati, Ohio. In addition, EPA has
special arrangements with eight academic
institutions and consortiums. Each
university or consortium specializes in an
area of particular concern to the Agency,
and carries out long-term research
programs (Appendix II lists all EPA
laboratories and field stations and the
eight academic centers.)
  EPA also relies on its Science Advisory
Board for technical advice and review
This Board is a panel of eminent non-EPA
scientists established by Congress to
advise the Agency on scientific issues
and review the quality of EPA scientific
research

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22

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Enforcement of  Environmental  Laws
EPA's mission is to protect human health
and the environment. That's the goal of
its hundreds of complicated regulations
In most cases, the regulated community
complies with these requirements But
when regulated  entities fail to comply
voluntarily, EPA  can take a  number of
actions. Enforcement activities may take
the form of education, technical
assistance, negotiated compliance
schedules, and ultimately, judicial
enforcement, which involves civil or
criminal proceedings in federal court
against violators.
  Judicial enforcement is only one of
EPA's tools for inducing compliance, but
it is a very important one Not the least of
its virtues is  its deterrence  value  By
seeking and  winning large financial and
criminal penalties against significant
violaters, the Agency can perhaps remove
any incentives to non-compliance EPA
will seek penalties at least as large as the
profit a company may have realized by
violating the  law. A major objective is to
ensure that violators are not inclined to
consider fines simply as a risk of doing
business. More and more, the courts
have shown  they are willing to punish
willful polluters with criminal convictions,
substantial fines and prison sentences.
  To support these enforcement efforts,
EPA maintains a National Enforcement
Investigations Center in Denver,
Colorado. The Center's combination of
laboratory, investigative, and engineering
skills is often instrumental in developing
the solid evidence that enables EPA to
win its  cases in court
  Another key component in the
Agency's enforcement effort is the work
of its newly-formed criminal investigation
unit. Because of their specialized training
in criminal law enforcement techniques,
these investigators have been successful
in cracking down on  illegal discharges
into waterways, "midnight dumping" of
toxic substances, and the deliberate
destruction or falsification of vital
environmental reports.
  Enforcing environmental laws and
regulations often calls for close
cooperation among EPA, its regional
offices, the U S  Justice Department, and
myriad state and local agencies  All have
an important role in achieving  significant
improvements in environmental  quality

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Appendix  I:   EPA  Regional Offices
EPA Region 1
JFK Federal Building
Boston, MA 02203
(617)223-7210
Connecticut, Massachusetts,
Maine, New Hampshire,
Rhode Island, Vermont

EPA Region 2
26 Federal Plaza
New York, NY 10278
(212) 264-2525
New Jersey, New York,
Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands

Field Component
Caribbean Field Office
P O Box 792
San Juan, PR 00902
(809) 725-7825

EPA Region 3
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106
(215) 597-9800
Delaware, Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia,
West  Virginia, District of Columbia

EPA Region 4
345 Courtland Street NE
Atlanta, GA 30365
(404) 881-4727
Alabama, Florida, Georgia,
Kentucky, Mississippi,
North Carolina,  South
Carolmajennessee
EPA Region 5
230 South Dearborn Street
Chicago, IL 60604
(312)353-2000
Illinois, Indiana,
Michigan, Minnesota,
Ohio, Wisconsin

Field Component
Eastern District Office
25089 Center Ridge Road
Westlake, OH 44145
(216)835-5200

EPA Region 6
1201  Elm Street
Dallas, TX 75270
(214)767-2600
Arkansas, Louisiana,
New  Mexico, Oklahoma,
Texas

EPA Region 7
324 East 11th Street
Kansas City, MO 64106
(816) 374-5493
Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
Nebraska

EPA Region 8
1860 Lincoln Street
Denver, CO 80295
(303)8373895
Colorado, Montana,
North Dakota, South
Dakota, Utah, Wyoming

EPA Region 9
215 Freemont Street
San Francisco, CA 94105
(415)974-8153
Arizona, California, Hawaii,
Nevada, American Samoa, Guam,
Trust Territories of the Pacific

Field Component
Pacific Islands Office
P O Box 50003
300 Ala Moana Boulevard
Room 1302
Honolulu, HI 96850
EPA Region 10
1200 Sixth Avenue
Seattle, WA 98101
(206) 442-5810
Alaska, Idaho, Oregon,
Washington

Field Components
Alaska Operations Office
Room E556, Federal Building
701 C Street
Anchorage, AK99513
(907) 271-5083

Alaska Operations Office
3200 Hospital Drive
Juneau, AK 99801
(907) 586-7619

Idaho Operations Office
422 West Washington Street
Boise, ID 83702
(208) 334-1450

Oregon Operations Office
522 S W  5th Avenue
Yeon Building, 2nd  Floor
Portland, OR 97204
(503) 221-3250

Washington Operations Office
c/o Washington Department of
  Ecology
Mailstop PV 11
Olympia, WA 98504
(206) 753-9437
                                                                          U.S. Environmental  Protection Agency ncy
                                                                          Region 5, Library (PL-12J)               ^.
                                                                         ,77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
                                                                         (Chicago,  IL  60604-3590
 24

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Appendix  II:  EPA Reseat
                                                              DATE
                                                                                      iters  of Excellence
EPA Region 1

New England Regional Lab
60 Westview Street
Lexington, MA 02173
(617)861-6700

Environmental Research Lab
South Ferry Road
Narragansett, Rl  02882
(401) 789-1071

Centers of Excellence
University of Rhode Island

EPA Region 2

Oil and Hazardous Spills
  Lab
Woodbndge Avenue
Rantan Depot, Bldg. 10
Edison, NJ 08837
(201) 321-6635

Centers of Excellence
Cornell University

EPA Region 3

Central Regional  Lab
839 Bestgate Road
Annapolis, MD 21401
(301)224-2740

Analytical Chemistry Lab
Bldg 402 - ARC East
Beltsville, MD 20705
(301)344-2187

Environmental Photographic
  Interpretatjon.Center fi

PO Box'1587. Bldg. 166
WarrentoR,-VA 22186
(703)347-6224  •      f.* -v}.<.
Centers of Excellence
University of Pittsburgh
                                  EPA Region 4

                                  Environmental Monitoring Systems
                                    Lab
                                  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
                                  (919)541-2106

                                  Environmental Sciences Research
                                    Lab
                                  Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1
                                  (919)541-2191

                                  Health Effects Research Lab
                                  Research Triangle Park, NC 2771 1
                                  (919)541-2281

                                  Industrial Environmental Research
                                    Lab
                                  Research Triangle Park, NC 27711
                                  (919) 541-2821

                                  Eastern Environmental Radiation
                                    Facilities
                                  1890 Federal Drive
                                  P O  Box 3009
                                  Montgomery, AL 36193
                                  (205) 272-3402

                                  Environmental Research Lab
                                  Sabine Island
                                  Gulf Breeze, FL 32561
                                  (904)932-5311

                                  Environmental Research Lab
                                  College Station Road
                                  Athens. GA 30613
                                  (404) 546-3134

                                  Environmental Chemistry Lab
                                  Bldg. 1105
                                  NSTL, MS 39529a   > . .
                                              '
                                 EenteVsi of
                                          State
                                                                   EPA Region 5

                                                                   Center for Environmental
                                                                     Research Information
                                                                   Cincinnati, OH 45268
                                                                   (513) 684-7391

                                                                   Environmental Monitoring
                                                                     and Support Lab
                                                                   Cincinnati, OH 45268
                                                                   (513)684-7301

                                                                   Industrial Environmental
                                                                     Research Lab
                                                                   Cincinnati, OH 45268
                                                                   (513) 684-7418

                                                                   Municipal Environmental
                                                                     Research  Lab
                                                                   Cincinnati, OH 45268
                                                                   (513)684-7951

                                                                   Central Regional  Lab
                                                                   536 South Clark Street
                                                                   Chicago, IL 60605
                                                                   (312)353-8370

                                                                   Large Lakes Research Station
                                                                   9311 Groh Road
                                                                   Grosse lie. Ml 48138
                                                                   (313) 675-5000

                                                                   Environmental Research Lab
                                                                   621 Congdon Blvd
                                                                   Duluth, MN  55804
                                                                   (218)727-6692

                                                                   Monticello Ecological
                                                                     Research Station
                                                                   Box 500
                                                                   Monticello, MN 55362
                                                                   (612)295-5145

                                                                   Centers of Excellence
                                                                   Illinois Institute of Technology/
                                                                     University of Notre Dame

                                                                   University of Illinois at
                                                                     Urbana
 EPA Region 6

 Robert S Kerr Environmental
   Research Lab
 P.O. Box 1198
 Ada, OK 74820
 (405) 332-8800

 Centers of Excellence
 University of Oklahoma/
   Oklahoma State University/
   Rice University

 EPA Region 7

 Central Regional Lab
 25 Funston  Road
 Kansas City,  KS 66115
 (913)236-3720

 EPA Region 8

 National Enforcement
   Investigations Center
 Bldg. 53, Box 25227
 Denver, CO 80225
 (303) 236-5100

 EPA Region 9

 Environmental Monitoring
  Systems Lab
 P.O  Box 15027
 Las Vegas, NV89114
 (702) 798-2100

Centers of Excellence
 UCLA

Region 10

Environmental Research Lab
200 SW 35th Street
Corvalhs. OR 97330
(503) 757^601

Marine Science Lab
Marine Science Drive
Newport, OR 97365
(503) 867-4041

Manchester Lab
P.O. Box 549
Manchester, WA 98353
(206) 442-0370

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