ENVIRONMENTAL
PROTECTION
AGENCY
^^ ^
$ JP% \
FISCAL YEAR 1973
BUDGET
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Pr.CITCTTOlJ AGSICY
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Contents
Purpose Statement and Budget Summary 1
OPERATIONS, RESEARCH, AND FACILITIES ORF-1
Research and Development
Ai r RD-1
Water qua!ity RD-13
Water hygi ene RD-19
Sol id wastes RD-22
Pesti ci des RD-26
Radiation RD-30
Noi se RD-34
Interdisciplinary RD-38
Program management and support RD-44
Abatement and Control
Ai r AC-1
Water quality AC-19
Water hygi ene AC-44
Solid wastes AC-53
Pesticides AC-65
Radiation AC-75
Noi se AC-86
Interdisciplinary AC-90
Program management and support AC-93
Enforcement
Air E-l
Water quality E-6
Pesticides E-l 2
P rogram management and support E-l 5
Facilities F-1
New facilities F-3
Repairs and improvements F-5
Agency and Regional Management ARM-1
Agency management and support ARM-3
Regional management and support ARM-6
CONSTRUCTION GRANTS CG-1
SCIENTIFIC ACTIVITIES OVERSEAS SAO-1
Special Analyses SA-1
Table of contents provided in Special Analyses section
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Purpose Statement
The Environmental Protection Agency's budget proposal is presented
under three appropriations, as follows:
1. Operations, Research, and Facilities - This appropriation
covers the following activities to support a national program of
environmental protection and pollution abatement:
a. Research and Development programs to determine the cause-
and-effect relationships of environmental pollutants and to
develop and demonstrate technological solutions for pollution
abatement and control.
b. Abatement and Control programs which provide for development
and implementation of environmental standards, monitoring
and surveillance of pollution, pollution control planning,
financial and technical assistance to State and local pollution
control agencies, assistance to other Federal agencies to
minimize impact of their activities on the environment, and
support of training of personnel engaged in pollution control
activities.
c- Enforcement programs to assist State and local agencies
and to carry out direct enforcement activities to assure
compliance with Federal pollution control standards, permits,
and regulations.
d- Facilities programs to provide construction of new EPA
facilities and repair, improvement, and alteration of
existing EPA facilities.
e. Agency and Regional Management activities to provide both
centralized and regional leadership and administrative support
for EPA's programs.
2. Construction Grants - This appropriation provides grants to
local public agencies for construction of municipal waste water
treatment facilities to assist States and localities in attaining
and maintaining water quality standards.
3. Scientific Activities Overseas (Special Foreign Currency Program)-
This appropriation supports cooperative programs of research and
demonstration to find solutions to environmental problems which are
of interest to the United States and to cooperating foreign
agencies or countries.
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Summary of Budget Authority,
Permanent Positions, Man-Years,
and End-of-Year Employment
1971 1972 1973
Operations, Research, and
Facilities
Budget Authority $299,712,000 $440,520,318 $439,300,000
Permanent Positions 7,026 8,065 8,526
Man-Years 5,202 6,347 7,525
End-of-Year Employment. 5,787 7,818 8,279
Construction Grants
Budget Authority 1,000,000,000 2,000,000,000 2,000,000,000
Permanent Positions ... ...
Man-Years
End-of-Year Employment.
Scientific Activities
Overseas
Budget Authority 3,500,000 7,000,000 7,000,000
Permanent Positions
Man-Years
End-of-Year Employment.
Revolving Fund
Budget Authori ty
Permanent Positions 12 12 51
Man-Years 12 12 51
End-of-Year Employment. 12 12 51
Advances and Reimbursements
Budget Authority.
Permanent Positions 152 162 162
Man-Years 150 160 160
End-of-Year Employment. 152 162 162
Total, Environmental
Protection Agency
Budget Authority 1,303,212,000 2,447,520,318 2,446,300,000
Permanent Positions 7,190 8,239 8,739
Man-Years 5,364 6,519 7,736
End-of-Year Employment. 5,951 7,992 8,492
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Summary
1972 1973 Increase
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Authorized Positions
Man-Years
End-of-Yedr Employment
Revolving Fund
Authorized Positions
Man-Years
End-of-Year Employment.
Advances and Reimbursements.
Authori zed Pos i tions
Man-Years
End-of-Year Empl oyment
Total
Authorized Positions
Man-Years
End-of-Year Emolovment
8,065
6,347
7,818
12
12
12
162
160
162
8,239
6,519
7,992
8,526
7,525
8,279
51
51
51
162
160
162
8,739
7,736
8.492
461
1,178
461
39
39
39
500
1 ,217
500
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Summary of Available Funds
(in thousands of dollars)
1971 1972 J973
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Appropriation $38,910 $441,400
Budget estimate ... ... $439,300
Transferred from other agencies.... 250,606
Transferred to other agencies -126 -880
Not transferred from other agencies 14,428
Unobligated balance available,
start of year 27,850 27,972 59,194
Unobligated balance available,
end of year -27,972 -59,194
Unobligated balance lapsing -5^.878 ._._. ._._.
Total Available 297,818 409,298 498,494
Construction Grants
Appropriation ... 2,000,000
Budget estimate ... ... 2,000,000
Transferred from other agencies 1,000,000
Unobligated balance available
start of year 439,891 211,527 231,027
Unobligated balance available,
end of year -211,527 -231,027 -131,027
Total Available 1,228,364 1,980,500 2,100,000
Scientific Activities Overseas
_ (Special Foreign Currency Program)
Appropriation ... 7,000
Budget estimate ... ... 7,000
Transferred from other agencies.... 3,500
start of year ... 795
Unobligated balance available,
end of year -795 ...
Total Available 2,705 7,795 7,000
Total Available, Environmental
Protection Agency 1.528,887 2.397.593 2,605,494
Unobligated balance available,
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ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Operations, Research, and Facilities
Purpose^
Five major activities are supported under this appropriation. They
are as follows:
1. Research and Development - This activity includes research
concerning the effects of pollutants on man and the environment and the
processes which influence the movement, dispersion and fate of pollutants;
and it includes research and development leading to new and improved
analytical methods and instruments for detecting and measuring pollution
and to new and improved technology for preventing and controlling pollution.
Research and development activities are conducted through grants, contracts,
and other agreements with universities, industries, other private commerical
firms, non-profit organizations, State and local governments, and other
Federal agencies as well as through research and development at EPA's
laboratories and field locations.
2. Abatement and Control - This activity includes EPA's pollution
control efforts in support of and in cooperation with State and local
agencies, as follows: development of environmental standards and related
guidelines and regulations; conduct of monitoring and surveillance to keep
appraised of pollution conditions; grant support for State and local
pollution control planning; direct Federal pollution control planning;
grant support for development and operation of State, regional, and local
pollution control programs; provision of technical assistance to pollution
control agencies and organizations; assistance to other Federal agencies
in bringing their facilities into compliance with environmental standards
and ensuring that their activities have minimum environmental impact; and
support for and conduct of training to improve the skills of pollution
control personnel and to increase the supply of trained pollution
control manpower.
3. Enforcement - This activity includes EPA's efforts to achieve
compliance with environmental standards and regulations in air, water,
and pesticides products. Much of the effort is in support of or in
cooperation with State and local enforcement programs, such as in enforcement
of ambient air quality and air stationary source standards; navigable
and interstate water quality standards; and permits under the Rivers and
Harbors Act of 1899; while some efforts involve a primarily Federal
responsibility, such as in enforcement of air mobile source standards and
pesticide product registrations. Enforcement includes such actions as
notices of violation, abatement orders, enforcement conferences, civil
and criminal court actions, and, in the case of pesticides, recalls and
seizures.
ORF-1
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4- Facilities - This activity provides for construction of laboratory
facilitiesand alterations, repairs, and improvements to existing
facilities.
5. Agency and Regional Management - This activity provides for top-
level management of EPA through the Administrator's immediate office and
the immediate offices of the Regional Administrators and for administrative
support to the program activities through the Office of Planning and
Management and its regional counterparts.
1971 1J72 1973
Budget Authority:
Research and Development $131,167,000 $165,042,818 $165,596,400
Abatement and Control 122,068,000 184,428,800 204,664,700
Enforcement 8,205,000 20,946,800 28,059,400
Facilities ... 28,000,000 1,000,000
Agency and Regional Management 23,844,000 33,701.900 39,979.500
Total Available Budget
Authority 285,284,000 432,120,318 439,300,000
Employment Reduction Savings.. ._._. 8,400,000 _._..
Total Budget Authority 285,284,000 440,520,318 439,300,000
Manpower Resources
Permanent Positions 7,026 8,065 8,526
Man-Years 5,202 6,347 7,525
End-of-Year Employment 5,787 7,818 8,279
ORF-2
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Summary of Available Funds
(in thousands of dollars)
1971 1972 1973
I Appropriation $38,910 $441,400
Budget estimate ... ... $439,300
Transferred from other agencies 250,606
Transferred to other agencies.. -126 -880
Not transferred from other
- agencies 14,428
Unobligated balances available,
start of year 27,850 27,972 59,194
I Unobligated balances available,
end of year -27,972 -59,194
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Unobligated balance lapsing -5,878
I Total available 297,818 409,298 498,494
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ORF-3
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Air
Purpose
The Air Research and Development program encompasses (1) research
on the effects of air pollutants on man, animals, plants, materials,
and the general environment, (2) research on the processes, such as
dispersion that affects air pollution,(3) the development of new
and improved sampling and analytical methods and instruments for
measuring air pollutants, and (4) the development and demonstration of
new and improved technology for preventing and controlling air pollution.
The research on pollution effects and processes is directed toward
development of adequately protective but economically feasible air Quality
and emission standards. The scientific information developed by this program
provides the basis for establishing and revising such standards. The
analytical methods and instrumentation development is focused on providing
improved methodology for monitoring air quality and air emissions to enable
surveillance of air quality and emission standards. The development of
control technology is directed toward providing effective and feasible
means for complying with air quality and emission standards.
In short, the Air Research and Development program is a "foundation"
program oriented toward producing the scientific knowledge and the tools
for regulating, abating, and preventing air pollution.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Pollution processes and
effects $23,416,000 $31,065,000 $7,649,000
Pollution control technology. 34,715,418 39,647,noo_ 4,931 ,582
Total 58,131,418 70,712,000 12,580,582
End-of-Year Employment
Pollution processes and
effects 310 301 -9
Pollution control technology. 124 J24 ._._._
Total 434 425 -P
Man-Years, Total 320 375 55
RD-1
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Summary of Increases^ and Decreases
1972 1973
Pollution Processes and Effects $23,416,000 $31,065.000 +$7,649,0
Regional air pollution study.. ... 4,994,000 +4,994,000
To provide for development of an analytical model for each of three
emissions to ambient air quality and air quality standards and thereby
enable development of fully-effective, least-cost abatement
requirements and strategies.
metropolitan areas. Each model will provide for relating air
Pollution effects research 9,666,500 14,937,200 +5,270,700
I To expand epidemiological, controlled human exposure and animal
PYnncnrp QtnrHpc tn nain imnrnvpri rlata nn thp hpalth p-ffprtc nf
exposure studies to gain improved data on the health effects of air
pollutants for the establishment and revision of air quality standards.
Pollution processes research.. 7,069,400 6,024,800 -1,044,600
A decrease made possible by the completion in 1972 of certain research
on atmospheric processes the results of which will have application
in the regional air pollution study (above).
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accomplishments in the development of new and improved sampling
Analytical methods ............ 6,680,100 5,109,000 -1,571,100
A decrease in extramural grant and contract work made possible by
accomplishments in the development of new and improv<
and analytical methods and instruments through 1972.
Pollution Control Technology 34,715^418 39,647,000 +4,931,582
Particulate control ......... 750,400 2,697,200 +1,946,800
I To expand the development of improved technology for control! inq the
emissions of fine particulate which produce significant health effects.
Sulfur oxides control ......... 21,053,518 19,580,200 -0,473,318
An adjustment to the 1972 level of effort which will enable continuation
^ of a program to develop and demonstrate both first-generation and
advanced technologies for the control of sulfur oxide emissions and
the desulfurization of fuels.
Nitrogen oxides control ....... 1,714,100 4,606,100 +2,892,000
To expand development and demonstration of modified combustion processes
I to achieve improved control of nitrogen oxides emissions to enable
compliance with standards by 1975.
RD-2
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1972
Pollution Control Technology-
Continued
Other pollutants control $435,500 $1
1973 Change
.R17.70D +fri ..i«?.?nn
To expand development and demonstration of control technologies for
hazardous pollutants including asbestos, mercury, and beryllium.
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Land use planning 527,100
765,500 +238,400
To accelerate the development of methods and guidelines for alleviating
air pollution through proper planning of land
systems.
Mobile source control 10,234,800 10
An adjustment which provides for continuation
in the development and demonstration of three
power systems capable of meeting the 1975-1976
standards and in the testing and demonstration
and advanced power systems through the Federal
use and transportation
,180,300 -54,500
of the 1972 level of effort
alternative automotive
automobile emission
of other emission control
Clean Car Incentive Program
RD-3
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Research and Development
Air
Pollution Processes and Effects
Justification
1972: $23,416,000
1973: 31,065,000
Change: +7,649,000
1972 1973 Change
Regional air pollution study ... $4,994,000 +$4,994,000
The Clean Air Act, as amended, requires the development and adoption of
State plans for implementation of ambient air quality standards. Among other
things, these plans are to set forth emission standards for all significant
sources within each designated air quality region based on a determination of
the impact that the emission from each source has on air quality of the
region. To make such determination requires a complex analysis of the
dispersion, mixing, travel, decay, and atmospheric reaction of the pollutants
discharged by each source and analyses of the influencing atmospheric processes.
From these analyses it is possible to assess the impact that emissions from
each and all sources have on air quality at points throughout the region and
to develop therefrom the limitations to be placed on individual sources to
enable compliance with the ambient air quality standards.
Currently, the methods available for making such analyses and thereby
developing implementation plans having a high probability for achieving
standards compliance are relatively crude and embody only first-order precision.
Although these current methods are deemed adequate for development of the
first generation plans to be adopted during 1972, it is quite clear that future
growth and concentration of pollution-causing industry and residential and
commercial sources and activities will require analytical methods having greater
precision to enable effective revision of State implementation plans. To
provide such methods, EPA plans to embark on a multi-year regional air pollution
study.
Preliminary work for this study was accomplished in 1970 and 1971 but the
follow through work as herein proposed had to be deferred in 1972 to meet the
many critical, time-constrained requirements of the Clean Air Amendments of
1970. Nevertheless, a significant amount of support research in atmospheric
processes and analytical methods development was accomplished in 1972.
An increase of $4,994,000 is requested to initiate the development of an
air pollution model for each of three metropolitan areas having different
meteorological/air pollution characteristics. Each model will enable thp
correlation of air emissions with ambient air quality and ambient air quality
standards and thereby provide a tool for establishing fully-effective, least-
cost abatement strategy for the area and other areas of similar character.
The first model will be developed for St. Louis and the otners will be started
six and 12 months later in two other dissimilar areas. The development of
each model will involve a comprehensive source inventory, pollution and
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meteorological measurements and data analysis,and model development and
verification. These models will be much superior to the techniques now
available and used to establish air emission limitations for specific
sources and other aspects of abatement strategy.
1972 1973 Change
Pollution effects research $9,666,500 $14,937,200 +$5,270,700
A vital element of EPA's air program is the air pollution effects
research program. The objective of this program is to produce the body of
scientific knowledge necessary to support development of adequately protective
but not unreasonably restrictive air quality standards. Several years of
research by EPA and its predecessor in the air program has provided the body
of knowledge on which present primary and secondary ambient air quality
standards for participates, sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, hydrocarbons,
photochemical oxidants, and carbon monoxide have been set. Even though this
body of knowledge has been deemed sufficient to support these standards, it
is by no means fully complete. Further work is essential to provide the
basis for sustaining or revising present ambient air quality standards so
that the Nation might have a set of standards that are fully adequate to
protect human health and the environment.
The air pollution effects research program has already made significant
progress in eliminating the detrimental effects of air pollution on human
health. This has been primarily accomplished by, but not limited to, the
Communities Health Effects Surveillance Studies (CHESS), the characterization
of emissions from motor vehicle fuels, their additives and their health
effects, and the research on biological systems, both human and animal, to
assess the effects of air pollutants. The expansion of these efforts in
1973 will increase the base of scientific information presently available so
as to provide a better understanding of exposure effects and thereby result
in setting or revising standards with greater confidence.
An increase of $5,270,700 is requested to expand the collection of
scientific information on the effects of air pollutants on human health and
welfare. A series of epidemiological investigations in urban settings,
where known exposure to air pollutants exists, will be conducted,expanding
on the current CHESS program. In addition, direct studies on human and
animal exposures under laboratory conditions along with further studies of
human populations exposed to particular kinds of stationary source emissions
(power plants, incinerators, etc.) will be conducted. This research
expansion in the air health program will provide EPA with scientifically
sound data for development and revision of criteria and standards for air
pollutants and for appraisal of the effectiveness of environmental standards
already promulgated in protecting human health. This health data will also
enable the Agency to reduce the true social costs of air pollutant exposure
by providing firm quantitative information on the contribution of air
pollutants to diseases of major public health importance.
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1972 1973 Change
Pollution processes research. $7,069,400 $6,024,800 -$1,044,600
Pollution processes research in the air program is an important aspect
in trying to understand how various air pollutants impact on man's health
I and welfare. This research deals with a combination of (1) the processes
of dispersion, transformation, and ultimate disposition of pollutants in
the atmospheric transfer cycle from source to receptor,and (2) atmospheric
I chemistry and physics. It is vital in order to describe and predict
pollutant concentration distributions ranging from local to global scale,
thus enabling development of effective methodologies of environmental
resource management for control strategy utilization and long-range planning
objectives. Atmospheric chemistry and physics are the basis for pollution
control strategies^ Knowledge of the details of how pollutants react with
each other, with the permanent atmospheric gases, with the sunlight, and
with the hydrosphere and biosphere is required. Although there has been
B much progress in this area, there are still many important aspects of the
problem which have not been studied and many others which have been studied
but have not yielded a satisfactory understanding.
A decrease of $1,044,600 in this activity has been accomplished through
completion in 1972 of the more significant theoretical modeling efforts,
model tests, and monitoring and field tests which have direct application to
work being conducted under the air pollution effects research program and
the regional air pollution study. A base program will be available in 1973
to continue necessary research in order to (1) estimate the relationship
between arbitrary distributions of pollutant sources and the resultant air
quality; (2) evaluate the impact of air pollutants on weather and climate;
(3) provide a description of the roles and interrelationships of atmospheric
processes and ecology in effective air, water, and land resource management;
and (4) define the chemical and physical production and/or decay or removal
of pollutants of importance in the atmosphere.
1972 1973 Change
Analytical methods $6,680,100 $5,109,000 -$1,571,100
Proper enforcement of air quality standards that have been or will De
promulgated under the Clean Air Act requires a capability to determine the
concentrations of pollutants in both the ambient air and at the sources of
the pollutants. The measurement of pollutants depends on the availability
of standardized and calibratible instrumentation and/or methodology for
measurement. These methods or instruments must be made available to Federal,
State, and local control agencies for routine monitoring of ambient air
(for the achievement of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards) or
pollution sources (to enforce controls on stationary and mobile source
emissions). In addition, these measurement methods, both manual and
instrumental, support such special research activities as the CHESS program.
RD-6
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A decrease of $1,571,100 was made possible by a modification in policy
to seek greater involvement of the private sector in support of EPA's
research and development activities. With the advancement made by EPA in
the field of instrumentation and analytical methods development during prior
years, it is logical that private industry, given access to this data, can
assume a role in further development of some phases of this program. In
1973, the government will continue to invest funds for support of highly
sophisticated phases of R&D instrumentation and methodology development
which the private sector may not have the expertise to pursue or the
desire to invest in.
RD-7
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Research and Development
Air
Pollution Control Technology
Justification
1972: $34,715,418
1973: 39,647,000
Change: +4,931,582
1972 1973 Change
Participate control $750,400 $2,697,200 +$1,946,800
An important aspect in the prevention and control of air pollution
is the development of effective and practical processes, methods, and
prototype devices for meeting the National Ambient Air Quality Standards
for particulates. Currently, technology is inadequate for the removal
of fine particulates of particle sizes two microns or less. Since a
substantial part of the physiologically active particulates is
concentrated in these fine particulates and since the fine particulates
are very slowly removed by natural processes, there is a critical need
for R&D to improve present control devices and measures to cope with
this fraction of the particulate emissions. Fine particulates are
chiefly implicated .in health and welfare effects. The objective of the
program is to provide the basis for setting new standards for fine
particulates should these prove necessary.
During 1972, efforts in this program have consisted of the program
planning activities required to attack the problem, maintain cognizance
of technology development elsewhere, and accomplish limited theoretical
studies.
The expanded effort in 1973 will undertake more in-depth theoretical
studies, including mathematical modeling of electrostatic precipitation
(ESP), and bench-scale laboratory tests to verify theoretical studies
and to gather basic engineering data on fabric filter characterization, wet
scrubbing techniques and ESP designs. Through a process of pilot-scale
demonstrations on those systems having the greatest commercial potential,
users of these devices will have sufficient data for selection, design,
cost, and operation of particulate control devices.
An increase of $1,946,800 is requested to (1) expand and accelerate
research on wet scrubbing, electrostatic precipitation, and fabric
filtration particulate control devices to increase their efficiency
and applicability, particularly for the control of fine particulates;
(2) characterize and quantify the fine particulate control capability of
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conventional control equipment currently being evaluated; and (3)
quantify the collectibility of fine particulate and particulate in the
presence of difficult-to-handle co-contaminants. The control of fine
particulate (chiefly implicated in health and welfare effects) will
consider both increasing the efficiency of existing techniques and
initiating research on novel approaches to the problem.
1972 1973 Change
Sulfur oxides control $21,053,518 $19,580,200 -$1,473,318
Approximately 75 percent of sulfur oxide emissions originate from
fossil fuels combustion in stationary sources. EPA, in its role of
carrying out research and development for the prevention and control
of air pollution, includes research and development into new and
improved methods for attacking pollutuon from the combustion of fuels.
Improved, low-cost techniques having industry-wide application are
required for (1) removal of potential air pollutants from fuels prior
to combustion; (2) improvement in the efficiency of fuel combustion to
reduce the formation of pollutants; and (3) removal of pollutants from
flue gases after combustion.
In 1972, development and demonstration of ongoing clean fuels
projects will be accelerated. These projects include the mechanical
and chemical desulfurization of coal, molten iron combustion which
partially burns coarsely ground coal in a molten bed of iron and traps
the sulfur, in the form of hydrogen sulfide, in the slag together with
coal ash, and the fluidized gasification/desulfurization of residual
oil. A second result will be the intensified development and adaptation
of flue gas cleaning technology to the industrial source sector. Part
of this effort is the Agency commitment to demonstrate six flue-gas
treatment techniques, one of which (dry limestone injection) has been
completed.
During 1973, efforts will be broadened to achieve (1) product
emission control capabilities for industrial and area combustion sources
which have a primary effect on ambient air quality; (2) improved,
second generation control capabilities for large combustion sources;
and (3) control for specific industrial processes which are major
emission contributors in specific localities.
A reduction of $1,473,318 has been made to adjust the level of
effort associated with sulfur oxides control. This adjustment recognizes
a necessary shift in effort resulting from the successful completion of
a series of expensive first generation flue gas desulfurization process
demonstrations devised for large combustion source application.
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1972 1973 Change
Nitrogen oxides control $1,714,100 $4,606,100 +$2,892,000
The control of nitrogen oxides emissions is an important achievement
in solving the health problems of the cities. On a national basis, 65
percent of these emissions are from sources other than motor vehicles.
In some air quality regions, complete elimination of all motor vehicles
may not reduce nitrogen oxides enough to achieve ambient standards within
the time frames set by the Clean Air Act. Control technology for nitrogen
oxides is still at an early stage of development. Further work is
essential to provide the body of knowledge necessary to advance the
state-of-the-art for attainment of ambient air standards in a number of
regions.
Previous efforts in this area involved basic research and development
of potential aqueous absorbants. Expansion of combustion modification
research and development will generate considerable data on combustion
kinetics, the practicality of combustion modification and techniques
such as flue gas recirculation, staged combustion, and low-excess-air
firing. The data will be reduced to specific combustion system hardware
through applied research and development utilizing bench, pilot, and
demonstration test units to define technical and economic feasibility.
An increase of $2,892,000 is requested to expand combustion
modification research and development in two broad areas: (1) field
testing and fuels research and development, covering mechanisms and
chemistry of NOX production, and (2) process research and development
studies, covering application of theory and field testing findings to
specific combustion system hardware.
Other pollutants control 435,500 1,817,700 +1,382,200
The Clean Air Act authorizes National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Pollutants (NESHAPS), New Source Performance Standards (NSPS),
and National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS). Standards are
currently based on the best available technology. Subsequent standard-
setting for new pollutants or sources, or revision of current standards,
will probably require the development and demonstration of improved
control technology by EPA. Currently, there exists little knowledge
of technology to control emissions of the most hazardous pollutants
such as asbestos, mercury, and beryllium. Better techniques and
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information are needed to allow more comprehensive standards to be set
for these pollutants.
Preliminary work for this program emphasizes investigations and
development of control technology for odors and products of incineration
and planning studies for hazardous pollutants. Current technology for
controlling emissions of hazardous pollutants (asbestos, mercury, and
beryllium) from some sources is limited.
In 1973, the program will be expanded to include investigating
at bench-scale, multiple approaches to odor control, and initiating
pilot-scale and demonstrations work on control technology for asbestos,
mercury, and beryllium.
An increase of $1,382,200 is requested to initiate research and
development projects on control technology. These projects will include
(1) characterization and quantification of the hazardous pollutant control
capability of ongoing or planned control system projects for combustion
and industrial processes, and (2) extension and acceleration of studies
on specific industries and pollutants in order to quantify the pollutants
emitted and the degree of control currently available. The output of
these efforts will support more comprehensive standards to be set for
hazardous pollutants.
1972 1973 Change
Land use planning $527,100 $765,500 +$238,400
Recent Federal legislation recognizes the need to control and
prevent air pollution through urban and transportation planning actions.
The need for this program is to ensure that air pollution control needs
are objectively considered in the design and function of urban land use
and transportation planning systems. Facets of transportation and
land use planning will be investigated and incorporated into the planning
guidelines which are issued to the States for their use.
An increase of $238,400 is requested to expand ongoing efforts in
formulation and issuance to the States of planning guidelines and
methodologies. The following topics will be covered in future
guidelines: controlling the air pollution impact of regional growth
through land use management; planning multi-model transportation systems;
planning, locating, and designing buildings; developing legislation and
conducting administrative studies to implement land use; and effecting
transportation actions.
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1972 1973 Change
Mobile source control .,.$10,234,800 $10,180,300 -$54,500
A very important aspect of the EPA's air program is the research,
development,and demonstration of mobile source pollution control
technology. The primary objective of this element is to provide direct
proof that an unconventionally-powered low emission vehicle capable
of meeting the 1975-1976 emission standards of the Clean Air Act can
be produced by the mandatory dates or within a minimum extension of such
dates. Several years of research have been devoted to this problem,
providing the base of technical data from which has been identified
the most promising alternative automotive power systems for meeting the
1975-1976 standards. Further work on such systems is essential to fully
develop and commercially demonstrate a practical and mass-produceable
low emission power system.
For the gas turbine and Rankine cycle engines, development of low
emission combustors was carried out in an attempt to eliminate the
principal problem which has blocked several industry-sponsored
development efforts. For the stratified charge engine, second-stage
prototype demonstration and testing was undertaken with the expectation
that preproduction prototype demonstration can begin in 1973. In
addition to these projects being conducted under the Advanced Automotive
Power Systems (AAPS) program, testing and demonstration was begun on
several entries received from private industry under the Federal Clean
Car Incentive program (FCCIP). These proposals covered such systems
as the diesel, hybrid Rankine cycle, heat engine-electric hybrid,
internal combustion with thermal reactor, internal combustion with
catalytic reactor, internal combustion with fuel reformer, and internal
combustion with thermal coating. Evaluations will continue on any
additional entries received under FCCIP.
An adjustment decrease of $54,500 maintains the 1972 level of
effort in the development and demonstration of these alternative
automotive power systems: the stratified charge, gas turbine, and
Rankine cycle.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Water Quality
Purpose
The Water Quality Research and Development program embodies: (1)
research on the effects of water quality on water uses and on animal
and aquatic life; (2) research on the processes which influence the
movement, dispersion, and fate of water pollutants; (3) the development
of new and improved sampling and analytical methods and instrumentation
for measuring water quality and effluents; and (4) the development of
new and improved technology for abating and preventing water pollution.
The effects and processes research is oriented toward development of
water quality and effluent standards. The analytical methods and
instrumentation development is directed toward providing new and
improved techniques for water quality and effluent monitoring and
surveillance of standards compliance. The purpose of the control
technology development is to provide the Nation with effective and
feasible methods for complying with water quality standards and
regulations for the abatement and prevention of water pollution. Like
the Air Research and Development program, this is a "foundation" program
providing the scientific knowledge and the technology for carrying out
an effective national water pollution control program.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Pollution processes and effects $17,564,600 $20,519,400 $2,954,800
Pollution control technology... 33,564,000 30,586,400 -2,977,600
Total 51,128,600 51,105,800 -22,800
End-of-Year Employment
Pollution processes and effects 239 243 4
Pollution control technology... 290 294 4
Total 529 537 8
Man-Years, Total 418 488 70
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Pollution Processes and Effects $17,564,600 $20,519,400 +$2,954,800
Great Lakes research ... 4,000,000 +4,000,000
Initiation of a concerted effort to identify and assess the pollution
problems of the Great Lakes and to develop effective control measures.
Effects and processes research 14,278,200 13,698,400 -579,800
A decrease in water quality effects and pollution processes research
made possible by accomplishments achieved in 1972 and prior years in
developing the scientific base for establishment of water quality
standards.
Analytical methods 3,286,400 2,821,000 -465,400
A decrease made possible by a modification in policy to seek greater
involvement of the private sector in research and development of
sampling and analytical instrumentation for measuring water quality
and effluents.
Pollution Control Technology 33,564,000 30,586,400 -2,977,600
Effluent guidelines 500,000 2,450 000 +1 950 000
To expand activities which will provide the information base upon which
preferred pollution control technology can be defined and ultimately
reflected in effluent guidelines.
Control technology 33,064,000 28,136 400 -A 927 600
A decrease made possible by a modification in policy to seek greater
involvement at the private sector in development and demonstration
of wastewater treatment and control methods.
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Research and Development
Water Quality
Pollution Processes and Effects
Justification
1972: $17,564,600
1973: 20,519,400
Change: +2,954,800
1972 1971 Change.
Great Lakes research ... $4,000,000 +$4,000,000
The Great Lakes are one of the Nation's most valuable natural resources
and as such they merit a high priority in the national effort to control
and prevent water pollution. Recognizing this priority, the United States
is entering into an agreement with Canada on the control of pollutants
discharged into the Great Lakes. In this agreement, the parties will
both agree to programs which will make significant progress toward the
alleviation and prevention of water quality degradation in the Great Lakes.
However, it is recognized that these measures will encompass only programs
which can be carried out under present knowledge and available technology;
thus, the programs will not be capable of addressing many of the complex
water quality problems afflicting the Lakes problems such as some aspects
of eutrophication and agricultural pollution.
In order to develop a continuing program that will ultimately
lead to an attack on the full array of water quality problems which affect
the Great Lakes, it will be necessary to carry out an expanded program of
research and investigation. Concerning eutrophication, a major source of
water degradation throughout the Lakes, there are several areas of required
investigation. The most important of these are a determination of the
nutrient contributions of agricultural sources and the development or
identification of feasible control techniques for these and other nonpoint
discharges of nutrient pollutants. A systematic study of the water quality
and pollution discharges in the upper Great Lakes is also needed. Finally,
a series of planning and demonstration studies is very much needed to find
solutions for a variety of difficult water quality problems, for the
appropriate abatement actions are not now apparent.
A total of $4,000,000 is required to address these researcn and
investigation needs. Of this amount, $300,000 will fund the upper Great
Lakes Study and $200,000 the agricultural pollution study, both of which are
in support of the U.S.-Canada agreement. $200,000 will fund EPA
participation on the International Joint Commission with Canada.
$1,600,000 of the total will be applied to agreements with State and local
agencies to develop water pollution control plans and demonstrate new water
pollution control methods and techniques, as authorized by Section 15 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. $1,700,000 of the total is
to conduct eutrophication studies of the Great Lakes. The purpose of these
studies is to determine sources other than point sources of nutrient
pollutants and to set forth a solid program for pollution abatement and control
for the future.
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1973. Change
Effects and processes research.. $14,278,200 $13,698,400 -$579,800
EPA has over the past few years been deeply involved in research to
provide data and pertinent information for the establishment of water
quality criteria that will provide a sound scientific basis for setting
standards for such stream uses as public water supply, recreation, fish
and wildlife propagation, agricultural supply, and industrial purposes.
These uses are applicable to freshwater, saltwater, and estuarine areas.
In-depth studies have been carried out to determine such parameters as
the physical, chemical, biological, microbiological, pesticidal, and
radiological effects on water quality when usage involves the areas
mentioned above. Related to the effects of various pollutants in water
are questions concerning the types, movement, and ultimate fate of
pollutants in fresh surface, ground, marine, and large lake waters.
Serious deficiencies exist in techniques for tracing pollutants and how
they interact within the total ecosystem. This information is needed to
relate the concentration and form of pollutants to the size, character,
composition, and location of their sources in order to establish
effective water quality standards, treatment, and control requirements.
The body of scientific data accumulated in 1972 and prior years has
established a very significant base from which critical water quality
standards can be derived. This is not to say that the total problem
has been solved, since the requirement definitely exists for much more
researcn before the Nation can feel it has control of its life-giving
waters. This research will be accomplished in 1973 at a minimum reduction
in funding from the 1972 level.
Analytical methods .............. 3,286,400 2,821,000 -465,400
Abatement and control of water pollution through a combination of
research, standard-setting, and enforcement is dependent upon the knowledge
of exactly what chemical and/or biological pollutant is causing the damage.
The means must be available to rapidly detect, identify, measure, and
trace these pollutants so as to achieve their effective control. Seniors,
and the necessary instrumentation to utilize these sensors, must be
developed to detect the presence of pollutants and automatically make all
pertinent measurements. This is the only practical and economic way of
accomplishing the enormous task of sampling and analyzing for pollutants
in the bodies of water which are of concern to this Nation.
In the past, most of this program has been accomplished through
in-nouse efforts. A decrease of $465,400 has been made possible by a
modification in policy to seek greater involvement of the private sector
in instrumentation development; the rationale being to shift the responsibility
for instrumentation involving treatment and control to the eventual users.
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Research and Development
Water Quality
Pollution Control Technology
Justification
1972: $33,564,000
1973: 30,586,400
Change: -2,977,600
1972 1973 Change
Effluent guidelines $500,000 $2,450,000 +$1,950,000
Permits issued by EPA under the Refuse Act Permit Program (RAPP),
will include effluent guidelines which specify the maximum quantity of
effluent which may be released. Such guidelines must reflect preferred
pollution control technology. Existing contracts are developing reports
on the state-of-the-art of control technology for selected industries as a
basis for developing effluent guidelines.
An increase of $1,950,000 is requested to expand the activities which
provide the base of information upon which preferred pollution control
technology can be defined. This includes those programs which characterize
industrial control problems and the technological capabilities, both existing
and under development, for their solution. The studies will also be used
to define research and development needs for improving current technology.
Control technology 33,064,000 28,136,400 -4,927,600
The objectives of water pollution control technology are to support
the regulatory and standard setting activities of EPA and to develop and
demonstrate new engineering technology to achieve more efficient water
pollution control. This program is providing new techniques, processes
and procedures for technically and economically improving present waste
water treatment systems, and developing and demonstrating new techniques
and processes for treatment and/or control of water pollution. This
involves development of technology to reduce water-borne pollution
emanating from municipal, combined sewer, industrial, agricultural, and
other sources such as oil and hazardous materials and mining wastes.
A decrease of $4,927,600 is planned reflecting a policy to place
greater reliance on the private sector for development of new and
improved wastewater treatment control methods. EPA will continue to
carry out a base program in 1973 reflected in such on-going research,
development, and demonstration projects as full-scale demonstrations of
phosphorous removal, oxygen aeration, electrochemical chlorination,
and other processes for up-grading municipal waste treatment technology;
demonstrations of processes to remove color from Kraft pulp mill wastes,
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chemical-biological treatment of joint municipal-industrial wastes and
treatment of dye stuff and various organic wastes for industrial waste
sources; research on controlling animal feedlot pollution, salinity
pollution, and land run-off drainage for agricultural wastes; a
reverse-osmosis process for neutralizing acid mine drainage and a
self-sealing permeable plug for closing mine entries to control acid
mine pollution; and research on removing organic contaminants in the
treatment of drinking waters. Cold climate treatment technology will
be addressed to completing the demonstration of and preparing the
mandated report to the Congress on sanitary waste handling facilities
for Alaska Villages. However, the Agency will expect (1) to obtain
higher levels of participation by industry in cost-sharing demonstration
projects, and (2) greater amounts of private research and development
to meet the effluent requirements imposed by Refuse Act waste discharge
permits and stipulations set forth in Federal and State enforcement actions
This decrease will be primarily embodied in the industrial, advanced waste
treatment, oil and hazardous materials, and mining control technology
activities.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Solid Wastes
Purpose
EPA's research and development efforts in the solid wastes area
concentrate on developing economically and environmentally sound
methods of solid waste disposal including the perfection of sanitary
landfill ing and incineration; the development of an implementation
plan for the disposal of hazardous materials; and improved
understanding of solid waste problems and solutions by analyzing the
sensitivity of waste management costs to institutional, system
management, and technological change. Furthermore, as provided in the
Resource Recovery Act of 1970, resource conservation studies and
demonstration projects will be conducted to determine means for
recovering materials and energy from solid wastes. The resource
recovery demonstrations will be limited to those localities with
proven markets for recovered materials and energy.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Pollution control technology $25,529,800 $10,375,200 -$15,154,600
Total 25,529,800 10,375,200 -15,154,600
End-pf-Year Employment
Pollution control technology 65 65 ._._.
Total 65 65
Man-Years. Total 59 61 2
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973
Pollution Control Technology $25,529,800 $10,375,200 -$15,154,600
Reflects reorientation of the solid waste program from heavy
emphasis on technology development to greater emphasis on technical
assistance, market studies, systems demonstrations, and other efforts
directed to overcoming the institutional barriers to proper solid
wastes management. This decrease does not reflect the estimated
carry-over of $13,500,000 of 1971-1972 funds for the demonstration of
resource recovery systems.
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Research and Development
Sol id Wd'-tos
Pollution Control Technology
Justification
1972: $25,529,800
1973: 10,375,200
Change: -15,154,600
1972 1973 Change
Pollution control technology $25,529,800 $10,375,200 -$15,154,600
The solid waste program is shifting its emphasis from technology
development to the upgrading of current solid waste management practices
by assisting State and local agencies to overcome the problems of high
cost and environmentally offensive disposal practices. Efforts will
be directed toward evaluation and demonstration of municipal collection
and storage systems, alternate transportation and waste reduction
systems, and methods to control gas and water pollution associated
with landfills. Support will be given to from 18 to 20 demonstrations
of solid waste management systems at the State and regional level,
emphasizing new institutional and financial arrangements. This
request will be in addition to a carry-over of $13.5 million from
previous years that will be used to support a total of four resource
recovery demonstrations planned for 1972 and 1973.
Efforts in 1972 include research, development, and demonstration
of new and improved technology for the collection, transportation,
processing and disposal of municipal solid waste. Included are
projects for the demonstration and evaluation of automated collection
equipment, investigation of alternate waste transportation systems,
evaluation of new combustion techniques, development of improved
materials separation technology as an aid to resource recovery, and
the demonstration of effective sanitary landfill management practices
under a variety of climatic and geographic conditions. Also being
undertaken are projects for development and demonstration of methods
to recover energy and/or materials from solid wastes. These include
demonstration of a pilot-scale material recovery plant which separates
paper fiber, ferrous metals, and glass from municipal refuse and
converts it into reusable, recyclable materials; demonstration of
recovery of energy from the use of groundup refuse as a supplement to
boiler fuel for producing steam-generated electricity; and
demonstration of a system that utilizes hot gases directly to generate
electricity.
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In 1973, under the revised program strategy of applying existing
proven technology and management practices to upgrade community systems,
efforts to develop new technology will be reduced. However, selective
increases are planned to initiate the demonstration of solid waste
management systems. Another selective increase will support studies
mandated by Section 205 of the 1970 Resource Recovery Act. These will
be designed to improve knowledge of and ability to influence demand for
resources that would result from recovery technology before investing
heavily in new technical development. Studies required by the Act
include a comprehensive analysis and evaluation of the feasibility of
various tax and other economic incentives or disincentives, subsidies,
depletion allowances, capital gains benefits, etc., to promote the
recycling of solid waste materials and/or the reduced generation of
solid wastes. Studies contemplated for 1972 will consider means to
create demand for waste-based raw materials and other waste materials
and products through fiscal mechanisms and the economic and
environmental impact of "virgin" versus waste material utilization.
Five to ten case studies of local market opportunities for recovered
wastes will be initiated. Also planned for 1973 is continuation of
two of the resource recovery technology demonstrations initiated in
1972 and initiation of two additional ones. These demonstrations
will involve two to four year projects supported by Federal grants
authorized under Section 208 (1970 Resource Recovery Act). Each
participating municipality will provide up to 50 percent of the cost of
the demonstration. The emphasis will be on some form of energy
recovery; at least one system will feature material recovery of
municipal waste or a special waste, such as incinerator residue or
abandoned vehicles.
The decrease of $15,154,600 reflects the reorientation from
technology development to improvement of solid waste management
practices and omission of a request for funds for demonstration of
resource recovery systems under Section 208 of the Resource Recovery
Act of 1970. The carry-over funds from prior years will be adequate
to support this latter activity.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Pesticides
Purpose
EPA conducts an extensive research program on pesticides in the
environment to determine more precisely the effects on human, animal,
and aquatic life. A variety of clinical and behavioral studies are
needed to determine the effects of various chemicals on particular
organs, metabolic reactions, reproduction, and behavioral responses.
Laboratory toxicological studies involving such activities as bioassays
of aquatic animals and organisms are also necessary to determine both
acute and chronic toxic effects of pesticides on freshwater and
saltwater life. This effort is vital in providing knowledge of the
levels and pathways of pesticide contamination and in supporting such
other related programs as pesticide label registration, especially since
too little is known about the toxic hazards of most pesticide chemicals
upon living matter. The program also includes research on new and
improved pest control methods to further the search for environmentally
safe alternative control techniques. This work is carried out in
cooperation with the Department of Agriculture and the National Science
Foundation.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Pollution processes
and effects $3,050,400 $3,115,600 $65,200
Pollution control
technology 900,000 1,800,000 900,000
Total 3,950,400 4,915,600 965,200
End-of-Yea r Emp 1oyment
Pollution processes and
effects 109 120 11
Pollution control
technology ... ... ...
Total 109 120 11
Man-Years, Total 96 109 13
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1972 1973 Change
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Pollution Processes and Effects _ $3,050,400 $3,115,600 +$65,200
An adjustment to provide for the continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in research on the effects of pesticides on human health,
animal well-being, and aquatic life.
Pollution Control Technology _ 900,000 1,800,000 _ +900,000
| Pest control methods .......... 900,000 1,800,000 +900,000
I To expand research on the development of environmentally safe
alternative pest control methods.
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Research and Development
Pesticides
Pollution Processes and Effects
Justification
1972: $3,050,400
1973: 3,115,600
Change: +65,200
1972 1973 Change
Pollution processes and
effects $3,050,400 $3,115,600 +$65,200
A continuing program of research on the effects of pesticides and
their metabolites on human health, and animal and aquatic life is essential
for the support of EPA's other pesticide programs: pesticide-label
registration, residue tolerance setting, and technical assistance to
State, local, and other Federal agencies. Far too little is known about
the toxic hazards of most pesticide chemicals both before and after their
application. Much needs to be learned about the health effects to crop
workers who come into contact with foliage sprayed with pesticide
chemicals. Also, more needs to be known about the hazards of improper
disposal of pesticide containers and waste chemicals. These are but a
few of the areas which require improved knowledge through continuing
research.
An increase of $65,200 is requested for 1973 to provide for an
increase in personnel to strengthen the intramural research aspects of
the program. Otherwise, a continuing-level program is proposed for 1973.
This will include the continuation of controlled animal exposure studies
using primates and rats as test animals. A variety of clinical and
behavioral studies will be continued to determine the effects of various
chemicals on particular organs, metabolic reactions, reproductions, and
behavioral responses. Bioassays with aquatic animals and organisms will
also be continued to determine both acute and chronic toxic effects of
pesticides on aquatic life. This work will include studies with both
freshwater and saltwater ecosystems.
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Research and Development
Pesticides
Pollution Control Technology
Justification
1972: $900,000
1973: 1,800,000
Change: +900,000
1972 1973 Change
Pest control methods $900,000 $1,800,000 +$900,000
Increasing awareness of the adverse environmental impact of using
chemicals to control pests has shifted the emphasis of research and
development to seek alternative strategies for pest control management.
Perhaps no environmental problem illustrates more clearly than this one
the need for expanded research in an area that encompasses the complex
interactions that take place throughout the ecosystem, and the caution
that must be exercised to be sure that beneficial changes made by man
in one part of the system do not create serious damage in another. It
is apparent that safer and better methods must be developed for controlling
pests if the possible side effects of such chemicals entering the
environment are to be prevented.
An increase of $900,000 is requested to provide for expanded on-going
research and demonstration of pest control management techniques. This
work will be carried out jointly with the National Science Foundation
and the Department of Agriculture and would involve the participation of
top university specialists in carrying out contract-supported research
on new and improved pest control methods. Some of these possibilities
are chemicals that disrupt pest behavior; specific insect diseases and
viruses; development of crop plants resistant to insect attack;
management of predatory and parasitic insect populations that feed on
insect pests; and use of insect attractants to bring insects to traps
or to poisons in containers.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Radiation
Purpose
The Radiation Research and Development program supports research
on human exposure to and the health effects of both ionizing and
non-ionizing radiation. This work is carried out in support of EPA's
radiation standards-setting programs.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Pollution processes and effects $2,690,100 $2,662,700 -$27,400
Total 2,690,100 2,662,700 -27,400
End-of-Year Employment
Pollution processes and effects 93 92 -1
Total 93 92 -1
Man-Years , Total 87 86 -1
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I Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
I Pollution Processes and Effects $2,690,100 $2,662,700 -$27,400
I An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in research on human exposure to and health effects of ionizing
and non-ionizing radiation.
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Research and Development
Radiation
Pollution Processes and Effects
Justification
1972: $2,690,100
1973: 2,662,700
Change: -27,400
1972 1973 Change
Effects research $2,690,100 $2,662,700 -$27,400
Under the reorganization plan establishing EPA, the Agency assumed
Federal authority to set generally applicable environmental radiation
standards. In this role, EPA must conduct research on the health
impact of radiation from all sources and monitor radiation in the
environment.
Proliferation of nuclear power plants requires EPA to provide
maximum assurance of safe population exposure to the principle
radionuclides such as tritium, krypton, plutonium, and strontium
released from nuclear power reactors and fuel reprocessing plants.
Present standards for maximum exposure have not been experimentally
evaluated. In addition, populations are extensively exposed to
electromagnetic radiation from the communications industry. No
standard exists for exposure of the general population to these
non-ionizing radiations, especially at chronic low-dose levels.
Research on molecular, biochemical, genetic, and functional changes
induced by electromagnetic radiation exposure must be conducted to
provide an adequate base of health effects data for appropriate
regulatory action. The knowledge obtained in this program through
community and biomedical studies will relate toxicological information
to radiation exposures of the population and will provide health
effects information for the setting and appraisal of radiation
standards.
An adjustment decrease of $27,400 will permit continuation of the
1972 level of effort in radiation effects research and development.
In 1972, studies are being conducted to determine the effects of
exposure to Iodine 131 from fall out and therapeutic doses, to radon
and to Cesium 137 in milk. Fundamental research studies are being
conducted on the adverse effects of radiation on cells and on the
environmental pathways by which strontium and tritiumtwo hazardous
radionuclides emitted by nuclear reactors and nuclear fuel reprocessing
plantsmay reach man. Investigation is being conducted on the
possible synergistic or additive effects of environmental agents such
as viruses, heavy metals such as methyl mercury and cadmium, and
chemicals like DDT and NTA on the effects of radiation. Enhancement
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or mitigation of radiation effects by these agents must be determined
in the establishment or modification of radiation protection guides
and standards. Potential nuclear testing activities are under
investigation. An understanding of the behavior of selected
radionuclides in man's food chain and in his environment is required
if adequate nuclear testing criteria and radiation protection
standards are to be established. In addition, dose exposure of
communities located adjacent to large sources of radionuclides and
electromagnetic radiation will be defined and long-term effects of
human exposure to ionizing radiation will begin to be documented
through epidemiological studies of populations with known high-level
exposure.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Noise
Purpose
The Noise Research and Development program encompasses research on
human exposure to noise and on the effects of noise on human health and
well-being. These efforts are directed toward porviding the scientific
base which could eventually be used for establishing noise standards.
The program also includes research on methods to control noise so as to
provide the means for abating and preventing noise pollution.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Pollution effects and control
technology $196.000 $283,500 $87,500
Total 196,000 283,500 87,500
End-of-Year Employment^
Pollution effects and control
technol ogy ._._. ._._. ._._.
Total
Man-Years, Total
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A decrease made possible by completion of the required report to the
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_ Summary of Increases and Decreases
" 1972 1973_ Change
I Pollution Effects and Control
Technology $196.000 $283.500 +$87,500
Pollution effects... 50,000 205,000 +155,000
To expand research on the effects of noise on human health and well-
being necessary for the ultimate establishment of standards.
Pollution control technology.. 146,000 78,500 -67,500
A decrease made possible by
President and the Congress.
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Research and Development
Noise
Pollution Effects and Control Technology
Justification
1972: $196,000
1973: 283,500
Change: +87,500
1972 1973 Change
Pollution effects $50,000 $205,000 +$155,000
In accordance with the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970, EPA
has established a noise program to investigate and study noise and its
effect on the public health and welfare. Standards for noise emanating
from many processes and products may be established in the near future.
Except for hearing loss, the needed health effects information for these
standards is inadequate. Behavioral effects are less well documented and
the full impact of noise upon stress-related disorders, including
cariovascular diseases is unknown. Noise standards based solely upon hearing
loss would ignore the potentially costly health effects.
In 1972, an effort was completed to discover, assemble, and
organize all existing information on the adverse effects of noise. Also
completed was the report to the President and the Congress called for by
the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970.
An increase of $205,000 is requested to initiate research on human
exposure to noise and the effects of noise on human health and well-being.
Efforts will be directed toward developing the scientific information
necessary for ultimately establishing noise standards. On-going efforts
will continue on three noise effects studies initiated in 1972: (1)
(1) community noise scale development; (2) an individual exposure study;
and (3) an economic impact study.
Pollution control technology 146,000 78,500 -67,500
Sources of noise must be identified and classified in order to develop
a basis for establishing criteria for overall noise abatement and control.
Such criteria are necessary to support EPA's responsibility under Section
402(c) of the Clean Air Act, as amended, to provide guidance and technical
assistance to other Federal agencies in their noise control efforts. Noise
sources may be generally classified as construction equipment and operation,
transportation vehicles and aircraft, other equipment powered by internal
combustion engines, building equipment and appliances, and industrial plants.
Little is known of the atmospheric and climatological effects upon attenuation
of noise; especially low frequency noise. Research must be conducted to seek
new approaches to control noise both at its source and in the propagation
path between the source and the receiver. The thrust of this effort will be
accomplished through such means as measurement of noise and vibration
generation levels, design and application of noise suppression devices and
design modification to noise producing sources.
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In 1972, also in support of the required report to the President
and the Congress a literature search to determine the state-of-the-art
of noise control technology was completed.
During 1973, studies will be undertaken to determine the extent to
which presently available noise abatement and control technology is being
applied to alleviate the sources of noise. Investigations will also be
carried out to determine the technology that will be required to develop
effective means of suppressing noise at its source and in its path to the
receiver.
The decrease of $67,500 reflects an adjustment made possible by the
completion of the noise report to the President and the Congress.
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 J973 Change
Pollution Processes and Effects $4,626.000 $6,349,600 +$1,723,600
Implementation research 558,700 1,696,600 +1,137,900
To expand the development of: (1) basic information and analytical
methods to be used in performing cost/effectiveness analyses in the
development of standards, regulations, and abatement strategies, and
(2) systems approach in evaluating environmental and ecological
impacts of pollution and in forecasting the impact of future
technological development.
Environmental studies research. 67,300 653,000 +585,700
To expand the development of methods for long-range forecasting of
environmental quality and for evaluating the impact of environmental
actions upon society as a whole.
National Center for Toxicological
Research 4,000,000 4,000,000
To continue joint participation with the Food and Drug Administration
in operation of the National Toxicological Research Center at Pine
Bluff, Arkansas, and in carrying out basic toxicological research at
the Center.
Pollution Control Technology 588.000 1.106,200 +518.200
Technology transfer 588,000 1,106,200 +518,200
To expand the preparation of design manuals, technical bulletins and
_ other materials and the conduct of seminars to promote the use and
application of new and improved pollution control technology developed
anrl/nr HomnnctratoH thvnimh tho vocoari-h o-f-Fnvtc nf PDfl anH r\+-hovc
and/or demonstrated through the research efforts of EPA and others.
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Research and Development
Interdisciplinary
Pollution Processes and Effects
Justification
1972: $4,626,000
1973: 6,349,600
Change: +1,723,600
1972 1973 Change
Implementation research $558,700 $1,696,600 +$1,137,900
The core of EPA's role in combating environmental pollution is the
development of standards, regulations, and abatement strategies. The
Agency must have the capability for assessing cost/effectiveness for
the proper specification of these standards, regulations, and control
strategies. As more highly technical standards and complex regulations
are issued by EPA, the task of determining the appropriate emissions
and ambient reduction to minimize environmental damage becomes more
difficult. An important ingredient in the EPA environmental pollution
control planning strategies is the cost and effect to the Nation of such
pollution. Only limited in-depth work has been done utilizing a systems
approach to evaluate the environmental and ecological impacts of pollution.
In addition, another important aspect involves consideration of the
impact of future environmental technological development on the Nation,
We need to ensure that non-polluting technological developments are
favored. EPA must be in a position to be able to forecast such impacts
in terms of the cost and effects of pollution on the country as well
as the possible costs of pollution control.
An increase of $1,137,900 is requested to expand the on-going
implementation research program and provides for development of:
(1) improved analytical methods required to perform cost/benefit and
cost/effectiveness studies related to standards research and ecological
impacts of human activities; (2) increased standards research by expanding
the Regional Air Pollution Study of St. Louis to determine the least-cost
strategy for meeting air quality standards and determining the feasibility
of integrating the standard setting procedures for each media; (3)
analysis to determine the relative benefits and costs of pesticides
regulations; (4) increased research efforts in the ecological impact
area in support of Agency reviews of environmental impact statements by
developing reproducible measures of environmental quality and methods
for efficient data collection and analysis; and (5) research in greater
depth on the cost and benefits of environmental improvements, to support the
cost of Clean Air and Water reports, with improved methodology and
interpretation of data on cost and benefits.
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1972 1973 Change
Environmental studies research. $67,300 $653,000 +$585,700
Environmental management and policy has historically focused on
specific, limited problem areas and on the direct, short-term effects
of pollutants upon the physical and biological environment. Little
attention has been given to developing the tools for long-range forecasting
of environmental quality or for evaluating the impact of environmental
actions upon society as a whole.
Environmental studies research is concerned with developing a
comprehensive view of the environment so that, through research, environmental
management and policy may be improved. The long-range focus of the
program will be directed toward the development, evaluation, and use of
forecasting methodologies. Also involved will be study of the implication
of institutional change on the environment and the impacts of environmental
actions on the society at-large, including its institutions.
An increase of $585,700 is requested to expand the environmental
studies research program that was initiated during late 1972. In 1973
the program will start a number of activities in areas such as long-range
impacts on the environment, institutional and policy research, and
alternative futures.
1972 1973 Change
National Center for
lexicological Research $4,000,000 $4,000,000
The National Center for Toxicological Research (NCTR) is being
developed jointly by the Food and Drug Administration and EPA as a
national facility to study the long-term effects of low doses of chemical
toxicants. Past research efforts associated with chemical toxicants and
their effects on man and the environment have been oriented toward
investigation of highly concentrated doses. Concern has arisen in the
scientific community regarding the possibility that much more severe
damage to man and the environment may be occurring through low dose
exposure to chemical toxicants over a long period of time. Research
must be undertaken to evaluate such cumulative, low-dosage effects.
There is no request for an increase of funds for this effort in
1973. During 1971 and 1972, EPA has participated with the FDA in
converting the facilities made available by the phase-out of biological
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warfare efforts at the Army's Pine Bluff Arsenal. Demilitarization of
this facility should be completed early in 1972. In 1973, testing will
be initiated to study the biological effects of potentially toxic
chemical substances found in man's environment. Research projects will
be undertaken to: (1) determine the adverse health effects resulting
from long term, low-dose exposure to chemical toxicants; (2) determine
the metabolic processes for chemical toxicants in animal organisms; (3)
develop improved methodologies for evaluating the safety of chemical
toxicants; and (4) develop scientific research data that will facilitate
the extrapolation of findings from animals to man.
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Research and Development
Interdisciplinary
Pollution Control Technology
Justification
1972: $588,000
1973: 1,106,200
Change: +518,200
1972 1973 Change
Technology transfer $588,000 $1,106,200 +$518,200
The successful completion of a research, development, and
demonstration project does not necessarily mean that the end item or
process will automatically find its way to proper application in
controlling pollution. An avenue must be available to funnel the
output of R&D into the hands of those individuals who are directly
concerned with the practical application of new and improved technology
for immediate and wide use in the control of pollution. This program
is specifically designed to bridge that gap. It will complement and
facilitate conformance with the Refuse Act permit conditions, new
enforcement standards, construction grant regulationssand other
regulatory requirements which themselves serve as strong inducements
to adoption of new technology. This program to date has been limited
to the field of municipal wastewater pollution control.
An increase of $518,200 is requested to provide for expanded
development of design manuals and guidelines, technical bulletins
and seminars for use by consulting engineers, designers, inspectors,
State and local engineers, and others directly involved in placing
pollution abatement technologies in operation. The additional funds
will also enable the Agency to expand this effort into an integrated
EPA program for transfer of technology in all environmental pollution
control fields. This increased emphasis will be directed to the
development of process design manuals for industrial waste treatment
processes and a technology transfer program for both air and solid
waste pollution.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Research and Development
Program Management and Support
Purpose
This activity encompasses overall management of and support for
the Research, Development, Demonstration and Monitoring program
activities administered by the Assistant Administrator for Research
and Monitoring. The resources involved are utilized for program
management and support. Program management covers the managerial
functions necessary to overall direction and administration of the
Agency's Research and Monitoring (R&M) program. This includes program
policy, strategy development, program review, and Headquarters-level
direction of program activities. These program management resources
are not involved with the direct supervision of specific program
activities, those functions being covered by resources within the
respective program areas. Further, these program management resources
do not encompass the functions of Agency management which are covered by
Agency and Regional Management, described in a later section. Program
management resources provide for staffing of the immediate offices of the:
Assistant Administrator for Research and Monitoring
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Research
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Monitoring
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Program Operations
and Divisions of this Office
These resources also cover: (1) R&M headquarters Division Directors
and Branch Chiefs and their immediate staffs, (2) Directors of the three
National Environmental Research Centers (NERC's), (3) the Director of the
Western Environmental Research Laboratory, (4) Directors of the various
research laboratories associated with the NERC's, and (5) the immediate
offices of these Directors and the general support staffs at these locations,
Also included are the regional R&M liaison staffs located at each of the
Agency's ten regional offices.
Program support includes the funding of rents, utilities, telephones,
reproduction services, supplies, and other common services required to
support R&M program activities.
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Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Program management ....... $7,113,900 $6,955,200 -$158,700
Program support .......... 8,821,900 8,904,900 _ 83,000
Total .............. 15,935,800 15,860,100 -75,700
End-of-Year Employment
Program management ....... 388 367 -21
Program support .......... _ ._._. _ ._._. _ ._^
Total .............. 388 367 -21
Man-Years, Total ........... 290 346 56
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The reduction will result from the decrease in Regional Research and
Monitoring staff effort.
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
]972 1973 Change
Program management $7,1.13,900 $6,955,200 -$158.700
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Program support 8,8.21,900 8,904.900 +83.000
I To provide for increased costs of rents, utilities, telephones,
supplies, and other common services necessary to support the increased
activity requested for the Research and Monitoring programs in 1973.
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Research and Development
Program Management and Support
Program Management
Justification
1972:
1973:
Change:
$7,113,900
6,955,200
-158,700
1972
1973
Change
Program management $7,113,900 $6,955,200 -$158,700
To provide overall management of the Research and Monitoring
programs as described in the foregoing sections, the following
staffing is currently provided:
Office of Research and Monitoring.,
Office of Research
Offi ce of Moni tori ng ,
Office of Program Operations ,
Regional R&M Representatives ,
Regional Surveillance and Analysis
Division
Laboratory Direction ,
End-of-Year
Employment
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27
59
45
11
190
The functions of these offices have been delimited to those
normally required to provide adequate policy and overall program
direction and coordination. The direct management and supervision of
specific program activities has been excluded from this budget item
and included in the respective program activities.
During 1972, the research and monitoring programs inherited by
the Agency have been functionally integrated. In addition, the
approximately 20 laboratories inherited by the Agency have been
organizationally coordinated by naming three of these as National
Environmental Research Centers and assigning other laboratories to
these Centers as associated laboratories. This program integration
and laboratory coordination has been accomplished while at the same
time reducing the number of positions involved during 1972.
In 1973, the staffing of the regional components--the regional
research representatives and the research/monitoring function of the
Surveillance and Analysis Divisionwill be reduced by 21 positions.
This is made possible by the organizational streamlining achieved in
1972. The dollar savings indicated above will result from this
reduction.
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Research and Development
Program Management and Support
Program Support
Justification
1972: $8,821,900
1973: 8,904,900
Change: +83,000
1972 1973 Change
Program support $8,821,900 $8,904,900 +$83,000
Program support resources cover a variety of program costs which
are applicable to more than one program activity. These costs include
communications costs, such as Federal Telecommunications System (FTS),
telephones, toll calls, penalty mail, etc.; printing costs; laboratory
and office security and custodial services; supplies and materials;
and space rental costs.
An increase of $83,000 is requested to support these types of
common services costs associated with the additional program effort
proposed for 1973.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Air
Purpose
The Air Abatement and Control program encompasses those
activities required under the Clean Air Act, as amended (with the
exception of activities related directly to research and development
and enforcement). The Abatement and Control activities include: development
establishment, and implementation of ambient air quality standards,
stationary source standards, and mobile source standards. Because
development and implementation of standards is part of a joint
Federal-State-local effort, in which greatest responsibility lies with
the States and communities, most of EPA's abatement and control
efforts are oriented toward support of State and local efforts. The
bulk of the resources under this program are in the form of grants to
State and local air pollution control agencies; EPA activities in
monitoring and surveillance are in direct support of the State and
local programs; EPA provides technical assistance to the State and
local agencies in development and operation of their programs;
and EPA provides or supports training to improve the skills of
State and local air pollution control personnel as well as to increase
the availability of air pollution control manpower. Also, under this
program, EPA assists other Federal agencies to bring their facilities
into conformance with prevailing air pollution standards and helps
ensure that the programs, projects, and other activities of Federal
agencies produce a minimum air pollution impact.
Budcjet Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations
Monitoring and surveillance
Control agency support
Technical information and
assistance
Federal activities
Manpower planning and
training
Total
1972
$9,691 ,300
8,758,900
42,922,000
6,792,300
909,200
5,632,400
74.706.100
1973
$9,708,300
11,448,900
51 ,540,000
7,262,800
854,600
4,574,500
85.389.100
Increase
or Decrease
$17,000
2,690,000
8 618 000
470,500
-54,600
-1,057,900
10.683.000
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r..tfjm (larch , quidelines, and
regulations
Monitoring and surveillance
Control agency support
Technical information and
assistance
Federal activities
Manpower planning and
training
Total
Man-Years , Total
197
213
1
289
36
45
781
622
197
321
1
289
36
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889
787
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End-of-Yoar Employment
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Standards, Guidelines, and
Regulations $9,691,300 $9,708.300 +$17.000
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in developing new source performance standards, hazardous
emission standards, and motor vehicle and fuel standards and
regulations.
Monitoring and Surveillance 8.758.900 11.488,900 +2,690.000
Air quality monitoring 2,765,400 2,604,700 -160,700
An adjustment, reflecting nonrecurring equipment costs, to provide
for continuation of the 1972 level of effort in conducting a national
State/Federal air quality monitoring program.
Stationary source surveillance 1,319,000 2,403,500 +1,084,500
To provide regional staff to conduct field surveillance and review
compliance reports.
Mobile source surveillance 4,674,500 6,440,700 +1,766,200
To initiate assembly-line testing of new 1973 model-year vehicles,
and to expand performance testing of in-use vehicles to 1973
model-year light-duty vehicles.
Control Agency Support 42,922,000 51,540,000 +8,618,000
To increase grants to State and regional air pollution control
agencies and to initiate one or more special purpose grant
demonstrations of in-use vehicle inspection and/or implementation
programs.
Technical Information and
Assistance 6.792,300 7.262.800 +470.500
To provide for the full-year employment costs of new positions
filled in 1972 to continue the 1972 level of effort in assisting
the States to revise, upgrade, and execute their implementation
plans.
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1972 1973 Change
Federal Activities $909,200 $854,600 -$54,
Federal activities 510,500 486,600 -23,
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in assisting other Federal agencies in complying with
standards and preventing and abating air pollution from their
installations and activities.
Environmental impact
statements 398,700 368,000 -30,
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
600
900
700
effort in reviewing and commenting on environmental impact statements.
Manpower Planning and
Training 5,632,400 4,574,500 -1,057,
Training grants and
fellowships 3,680,800 2,636,500 -1,044,
A decrease in the award of graduate training grants and
fellowships to implement a change in EPA policy.
Direct training and
planning 1,951,600 1,938,000 -13,'
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in conducting a short-course, ski 11 -improvement training
program, and in assessing and forecasting national manpower and
training needs in the air pollution field.
900
300
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Abatement and Control
Air
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
1972: $9,691,300
1973: 9,708,300
Change: +17,000
1972 1973 Change
Standards, guidelines, and regulations $9,691,300 $9,708,300 +$17,000
Under the Clean Air Act, as amended, EPA is responsible for protection
of air quality. Two general types of standards are required -- ambient
standards, which establish limits for the levels of specific pollutants
or classes of pollutants that may be allowed to occur in the air environment,
and emission, or pollution-source standards, which establish limits on the
discharges of pollutants into the air environment. The establishment of
these standards involves review of available research and other technical
information relative to health, economic, and other effects of various
pollutants; determination of allowable levels; and promulgation of specific
enforceable standards.
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 required that EPA establish primary
and secondary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for individual air
pollutants which adversely affect public health and welfare and which
result from emissions from numerous and diverse mobile and stationary
sources. The primary standards are for the protection of public health,
whereas the secondary standards are for the protection against adverse
effects on vegetation, animals, materials, weather, visibility, and personal
comfort and well-being.
Following promulgation of the standards, the States are required to
develop and submit for Federal approval implementation plans to obtain
compliance with the primary standards within three years after Federal
approval and compliance with the secondary standards within a reasonable
period after Federal approval. Where the States fail to submit such plans
or fail to submit approvable plans, EPA is required to develop and promulgate
such plans or appropriate portions thereof.
Development of standards
Primary and secondary standards were established April 31, 1971, for
six pollutants sulfur oxides, particulate matter, carbon monoxide,
photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons, and nitrogen oxides. Control of
other pollutants will be achieved through establishment and implementation
of performance standards for new stationary sources, hazardous emission
standards, mobile source emission standards, and control of motor vehicle
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fuel additives. These standards are being developed in accordance with
the Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970, which require (1) that national
performance standards be set for control of air pollution from new
facilities in designated classes of industries; (2) that emission
standards be set for hazardous air pollutants to which no ambient air
quality standard is applicable; (3) that emission standards be set
for motor vehicles and aircraft; and (4) that fuels and fuel additives
be registered and regulated. The Amendments further specify that a series
of special studies and reports to Congress be developed in connection with
these standards.
New source performance standards for the first five designated
industriessteam electric power plants, municipal incinerators, cement
plants, nitric acid plants, and sulfuric acid plantswere promulgated
early in 1972. Hazardous emission standards for asbestos, beryllium,
and mercury will also be promulgated in 1972. In 1972, the studies of
the feasibility of emission standards for mobile sources will be
continued and expanded. The aircraft studies will be extended in 1972
to characterize aircraft emissions, evaluate aircraft movements and to
translate emissions into ambient air quality levels near airports. The
emphasis on development of new standards will continue through 1973. A
second group of new source standards will be issued early in the fiscal
year, and a third group of standards are expected to be promulgated by
February 1973. Standards for aircraft emissions also will be set in
1973. Fuel additive studies will be extended so as to permit
establishment of controls at the earliest possible date.
Imp 1 ejnentati on of s tandards
State air implementation plans were required to be submitted by
January 31, 1972, in accordance with Section 110 of the Clean Air Act.
Plans for all but two States have been received and are being reviewed.
A program of technical assistance in plan development is expected to
result in plans which will be approvable in most cases. Where plans or
segments of plans are not acceptable, the Agency will continue to assist
States. The Agency will develop and promulgate plans for a State only
as a last resort.
Plan reviews and approvals will continue throughout the latter
part of 1972 and into 1973. Requests for extensions, postponements, and
development of essential revisions to reflect new knowledge and improved
control techniques will be evaluated and necessary assistance will be
provided throughout 1973.
The 1973 increase represents a technical adjustment which will
permit continuation of the 1972 level of effort in development and
implementation of pollution source standards which include new source
performance standards, hazardous emission standards, and motor vehicle
and fuel standards and regulations.
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Abatement and Control
Air
Monitoring and Surveillance
Justification
1972: $8,758,900
1973: 11,448,900
Change: +2,690,000
The air quality monitoring and surveillance program includes
three activitiesair quality monitoring, stationary source
surveillance, and mobile source surveillance. These activities are
supported by laboratory units which perform sample analyses and by
the National Aerometric Data Information Service (NADIS) which
provides computerized data storage and retrieval systems to handle
the data developed.
1972 1973 Change
Air quality monitoring $2,765,400 $2,604,700 -$160,700
The ambient air quality monitoring program currently operates 300
Federal monitoring stations. These stations are complemented by 2,000
State and local stations to form an integrated Federal-State-local system
which presently covers approximately 40 percent of the Nation's urban
population. This network is gradually being expanded. In addition to
operation of these stations, the program supports the State and local
programs by verifying sampling results, calibrating instrumentation to
ensure consistent results, and monitoring pollutants for which the State
and local agencies have no monitoring analytical capability.
During 1972, data gathering for Priority I Air Quality Control
Regions will be completed and monitoring established for the first
group of hazardous air pollutants covered by standards. Program
expansion through 1973 will ensure that States and localities have
the capability to monitor pollutants covered by National Ambient Air
Quality Standards by the end of 1974, and will provide an independent
assessment of where Air Quality Control Regions stand with respect to
attainment of standards.
Emergency episode control
The emergency episode control program assists State and local
authorities during air pollution episodes, and takes immediate action when
State and local authorities fail to act in an air pollution episode of
imminent danger to human health. The EPA Emergency Operations Control Center
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receives advance warnings of potential air pollution episodes so that
abatement actions can be initiated to avoid build-up of pollutant
concentrations. Currently, air quality data is measured in 50 cities
and transmitted to the Center by telephone. This capability is
gradually being expanded and by the end of 1973 will include an
additional 15 cities for a total of 65. Information on the development
of atmospheric inversions is obtained through NOAA. However, these
forecasts cover too broad an area of the country for forecasting on
one-city episodes and Environmental Meterlogical Support Units (EMSU's)
are being established to provide local forecasting capability.
Currently there are 14 EMSU's in operation and it is planned to have
18-21 in operation by the end of 1973.
The decrease represents an adjustment to reflect nonrecurring
equipment costs, and to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in conducting a national, State/Federal air quality monitoring
program.
1972 1973 Change
Stationary source
surveillance $1,319,000 $2,403,500 +$1,084,500
Standards surveillance includes progress monitoring on State
implementation plans and review of State administration of New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for
Hazardous Air Pollutants (NESHAP). Implementation plans will be
reviewed through quarterly reports from States on air quality,
semiannual reports on total progress in executing implementation plans,
reviews of specific State actions, and general field investigations of
air quality control regions.
Primary emphasis during 1972 will be on initiating a surveillance
program to follow the progress of States in carrying out implementation
plans to meet ambient air quality standards and to acquaint affected
industries and State and local regulatory personnel with the
requirements of the new standards.
In 1973 compliance reports will be routinely reviewed where States
have been delegated enforcement responsibility, with follow-up field
investigations as necessary. Delegating this responsibility to States
will enable the Agency to carry out a selective surveillance program,
rather than comprehensive, high frequency surveillance of all sources
affected by standards. The emphasis will be on verification of the
surveillance work done by State and local agencies and the affected
sources.
An increase of $1,084,500 is requested to provide staff at the
regional level to conduct field surveillance and review compliance
reports of industries subject to NSPS now being promulgated and the
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NSPS scheduled to be promulgated in 1973. Sources subject to hazardous
pollutant standards (NESHAPS) will also be identified, polluters
informed of new requirements, and compliance plans reviewed. Where
States have been delegated the responsibility for enforcement of NSPS
and NESHAPS, compliance reports will be reviewed and verified.
1972 1973 Change
Mobile source
surveillance $4,674,500 $6,440,700 +$1,766,200
Mobile source monitoring evaluates the performance of emission
controls of new and in-use vehicles for determination of conformance
with Federal standards. Detection of noncompliance in a class or model
of vehicles can be used to undertake enforcement action against a
manufacturer to correct the deficiency through recall or other
procedures.
During 1972, the program will consist primarily of a combination
of prototype testing and in-use testing of 1972 model year vehicles.
In 1973, the Agency will implement the total three step mobile source
compliance program: prototype testing, assembly line testing, and
in-use testing and recall. Assembly line testing provides for a
continuous evaluation of whether vehicles in production comply with
applicable regulations, thus complementing prototype testing and
certification. Addition of the 1973 model year to the in-use testing
program provides the follow-up essential to ensure that in-use vehicles
stay in compliance with standards and is essential to implementation
of the recall program.
An increase of $648,900 is requested to initiate assembly-line
testing of new 1973 model-year vehicles. An additional increase of
$1,117,300 is requested to expand performance testing of in-use
vehicles to 1973 model-year light-duty vehicles.
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Abatement and Control
Air
Control Agency Support
Justification
1972: $42,922,000
1973: 51,540,000
Change: +8,618,000
1972 1973 Change
Control agency support $42,922,000 $51,540,000 +$8,618,000
As authorized under Section 105 of the Clean Air Act, EPA provides
control program grants to State, regional, and local air pollution control
agencies. Control program grants provide the necessary financial stimulus
to State and local governments to establish and develop air pollution
control programs. Grant support to control agencies progresses in various
developmental stages, from planning through development, improvement, and
maintenance. To the extent possible, EPA provides matching funds to State
and local agencies as required to support workable control programs. The
Clean Air Act Amendments of 1970 liberalized the matching authorization
from 2:1 to 3:1 for program improvement grants and from 1:1 to 3:2 for
maintenance grants. Still another change in the legislation authorizes
the assignment of temporary Federal employees to agencies in lieu of grant
funds. This new authority provides added flexibility for alleviating the
manpower resource gap.
During 1972, $42.9 million in Federal grants are being made available to
match an estimated $56.8 million provided by 208 State and local control
agencies. Of the 208 control agencies supported, there are 55 State
agencies, and 153 local agencies. In 1972, a total of approximately 300
temporary employees will be assigned to States to supplement an estimated
5100 employees on the rosters of State and local agencies.
In 1973, assistance will be provided not only through control program
grants and State assignee personnel, but also through Basic Ordering
Agreements which allow States to utilize the services of Federal contractors;
and special purpose grants for motor vehicle inspection programs and/or
demonstrations of Air Quality Implementation Plan execution (which will
demonstrate such new techniques as transportation control systems and land
use planning). The actual form of assistance provided will be tailored to
meet the needs of individual agencies. Approximately the same number of
agencies will be provided control program grant assistance as in 1972; an
additional 200 temporary Federal employees will be assigned for a total of
500, and approximately 18-25 special purpose grants for motor vehicle
inspection programs and/or demonstrations of implementation plan executions
will be awarded in 1973.
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The increase of $8,613,000 is requested to increase grants to State,
local, and regional air pollution control agencies, increase the number of
temporary Federal employees assigned to control agencies, provide for Basic
Ordering Agreements, and initiate special purpose grant demonstrations.
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Allocation of Control Agency Grants
Air
State or Territory 1972 1973
Alabama $438,153 $669,227
Alaska 61,914 65,686
Arizona 329,809 320,156
Arkansas 285,853 400,352
California 3,937,254 4,986,676
Colorado 491,905 475,485
Connecticut 791,803 944,469
Delaware 234,314 251,468
District of Columbia 177,956 147,304
Florida 1,128,551 1,233,065
Georgia 823,918 982,525
Hawaii 63,636 84,716
Idaho 133,204 173,146
Illinois 2,415,101 2,992,029
Indiana 1,198,704 1,600,297
Iowa 493,110 655,759
Kansas 310,830 410,004
Kentucky 682,389 818,264
Louisiana 514,635 707,860
Maine 213,662 295,320
Maryland 1,184,575 1,052,712
Massachusetts 1,168,297 1,443,450
Michigan 2,205,250 2,688,230
Minnesota 666,254 794,067
Mississippi 307,747 432,010
Missouri 973,357 1,091,033
Montana 191,597 224,660
Nebraska 218,650 268,523
Nevada 142,259 130,942
New Hampshire 137,032 184,518
New Jersey 2,094,746 2,391,423
New Mexico 234,150 221,378
New York 3,988,650 5,037,310
North Carolina 996,031 1,215,931
North Dakota 69,243 97,202
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State or Territory 1972 1973
Ohio 2,283,099 2,933,332
Oklahoma 353,523 421,769
Oregon 645,778 691,489
Pennsylvania 2,985,848 3,340,341
Rhode Island 195,979 248,347
South Carolina 532,171 641,315
South Dakota 67,196 86,945
Tennessee 888,132 938,947
Texas 2,092,963 2,533,059
Utah 136,822 157,458
Vermont 86,468 102,001
Virginia 743,994 899,580
Washington 1,064,404 1,031,341
West Virginia 387,308 463,863
Wisconsin 745,635 1,065,168
Wyoming 54,775 67,201
American Samoa 3,254 5,029
Guam 22,201 28,858
Puerto Rico 264,227 331,462
Virgin Islands 41,684 43,298
Total, Air 42,900,000 51,518,000
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Abatement and Control
Air
Technical Information and Assistance
Justification
1972: $6,792,300
1973: 7,262,800
Change: +470,500
1972 1973 Change
Technical information and assistance.. $6,792,300 $7,262,800 +$470,500
EPA provides technical assistance to State, local, and other Federal
agencies for the control of air pollution. These activities encompass
development of the technical bases for developing implementation plans,
for developing comprehensive environmental protection and pollution control
plans, for developing and operating surveillance and monitoring systems,
and for the performance of other pollution abatement and control activities.
This work includes identification of sources, estimates of emissions, and
identification of appropriate control technologies for use in developing
control strategies.
EPA also reviews worldwide literature and assembles technical news
and information concerning the scientific and engineering advances and
innovations in the field of air pollution control. This technical
information is disseminated to government agencies, industries, research
groups, and universities.
The Clean Air Amendments of 1970 placed substantial new burdens on
the States. The States were required to designate remaining air
quality control regions within their boundaries; expand their inventory
of air quality and source emission data; develop and submit, for EPA
approval, regional implementation plans for the six pollutants presently
covered by National-Ambient Air Quality Standards; establish legal authority
for regulatory programs; and develop emergency plans for meeting air
pollution episodes. Implementation plans must provide for obtaining
compliance with primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards within three
years after their approval and, as they pertain to primary standards, must
be adopted and submitted by the States within nine months after
promulgation of the primary standards by EPA (January 31, 1972). EPA is
required to review and approve the States' plans. If any of these plans
are found inadequate, EPA must develop and promulgate Federal plans within
six months after their submittal.
In addition to the requirements of the National Ambient Air Quality
Standards, the States may develop plans to implement New Source
Performance Standards (NSPS) and National Emission Standards for Hazardous
Air Pollutants (NESHAPS). Those States which develop acceptable plans and
procedures will be delegated the authority to implement and enforce such
standards. A total of six NSPS and three NESHAPS are being promulgated
in 1972. Additional NSPS and NESHAPS are scheduled for 1973. In order to
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enable the States to exercise primary responsibility for air pollution
abatement and control, considerable technical assistance will be required
to extend plans and strategies to these standards. Further, implementation
plans will need to be continuously revised as additional NSPS and NESHAPS
are developed.
An increase of $470,500 is requested to provide for the full-year
employment costs of new positions filled in 1972, to continue the 1972
level of effort in assisting the States in revising and upgrading their
implementation plans and in assisting them in executing these plans.
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Abatement and Control
Air
Federal Activities
Justification
1972: $909,200
1973: 854,600
Change: -54,600
1973 Change
Federal activities $510,500 $486,600 -$23,900
The purpose of this program is to ensure that other Federal
agencies' activities produce a minimum air pollution effect and do
not violate prevailing standards. Executive Order No. 11507 requires
that, by December 31, 1972, all installations owned or leased by
the Federal Government be in compliance with or have under way
remedial actions to bring them into conformance with established
Federal, State, and local air and water pollution control standards.
In furtherance of this requirement, EPA compiles, stores, and
processes data on the air pollutant emissions of Federal installations,
develops and issues guidelines, and provides consultation and technical
assistance to Federal facilities and agencies in development of their
air pollution control plans and programs.
In 1972 and 1973, EPA will continue a source and emission inventory
of Federal installations; develop a bank of source and emission data
and render it operational; provide consultation and technical assistance
to Federal facilities and agencies; and assist OMB in review of Federal
agency air pollution control plans.
The decrease represents an adjustment to provide for continuation
of the 1972 level of effort in assisting other Federal agencies in
complying with standards and preventing and abating air pollution from
their installations and activities.
Environmental impact statements.. 398,700 368,000 -30,700
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, amplified by
Executive Order 11514, requires all Federal agencies to prepare
environmental impact statements for review by other agencies. EPA
reviews environmental impact statements for air pollution implications.
In 1972, EPA will review 1,500 environmental impact statements
from the air pollution point of view.
The decrease represents an adjustment to provide for continuation
of the 1972 level of effort.
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Abatement and Control
Air
Manpower Planning and Training
Justification
1972: $5,632,400
1973: 4,574,500
Change: -1,057,900
1972 1973 Change
Training grants and
fellowships $3,680,800 $2,636,500 -$1,044,300
To help meet national needs for professional air pollution control
manpower, EPA provides grants to universities to support air pollution
control training for undergraduate and graduate students and provides
fellowships for graduate study in air pollution control-related courses
of study.
In 1972, grants will support 40 university programs which will
train 200 undergraduate and 375 graduate students in air pollution
control. Fellowships will support 68 graduate students at 55 universities.
In 1973, grant support will be reduced to 20 university programs which
will train 25 undergraduate and 300 graduate students while fellowships
will support 85 graduate students at 70 universities.
These activities are being scaled down in 1973 in keeping with an
EPA policy which encourages assumption of responsibility for environmental
graduate training by non-Federal sources so that EPA may direct its funds
to other forms of training with greater immediate impact in meeting
pollution control manpower needs.
Direct training and
planning 1,951,600 1,938,000 -13,600
EPA develops and conducts short-term orientation and technical
training courses for State and local air pollution control agency
personnel as well as for personnel from private industry and other
Federal agencies. EPA also develops and provides training materials
for use by State and local air pollution control agencies in the conduct
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of their own training and performs surveys and analyses to define
present and future air pollution control manpower needs.
In 1972, EPA will conduct orientation and technical training
courses, training 2,000 State and local agency personnel, 300 personnel
from industry, and 800 from other Federal agencies. A study of manpower
needs in 264 State and local air pollution control agencies will be
completed. The study report will include job descriptions, staffing
requirements, and detailed task analyses.
In 1973, orientation and technical training will continue at about
the same level. A study to relate the task analysis to the training
curriculum will be conducted to ensure that training is responsive
to current needs. Other projects to be initiated include a salary
study of air pollution control personnel and a staffing guide that can
be used by local governments to improve their agency effectiveness.
A system of course fees will be applied to the direct training
program in 1973. Receipts will be deposited in the U.S. Treasury
as general revenues since there is no authority to use such funds
for direct program support. Consequently, the orientation and technical
training program will continue to depend on appropriated funds.
The $13,600 decrease represents an adjustment to provide for
continuation of the 1972 level of effort in conducting a short-course,
ski 11-improvement training program and in assessing and forecasting
national manpower and training needs in the air pollution field.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Purpose
Water quality efforts are directed toward assisting the States
in carrying out water quality improvement programs. The Agency
provides both financial and technical support so that planning and
implementation can be undertaken by the States.
Control agency grants support development and maintenance of
basic water pollution control agencies. Planning grants support
development of basin planning at State, regional, and local level.
Technical assistance and information is provided on the full spectrum
of water pollution problems, including applied technology, water
quality monitoring, standards development, and program management.
Training programs assist in development of adequate skilled manpower
ranging from plant operators to plant designers and managers.
Direct Federal activities include such programs as assistance
to other Federal agencies in meeting water quality standards, reviewing
environmental impact statements, issuing performance standards for
marine sanitation devices, and operating a program for prevention of
oil spills. The spill prevention program also includes development of
regional and State contingency plans to complement the National
Contingency Plan.
Essential complementary activities include water quality monitoring
and reporting; collection and dissemination of water quality and
technical data; monitoring of specific types of pollution sources;
studies of the economic impact of pollution control requirements upon
industry; and participation in Federal water resource planning and
similar programs which help provide the base for development of
criteria and standards, indicate the need for enforcement action, and
otherwise support water quality programs.
This budget activity also includes administration of the
construction grants program, which is the primary mechanism for
encouraging and assisting construction of new and improved municipal
sewage treatment plants.
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Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations $3,302,700 $3,292,500 -$10,200
Monitoring and surveillance... 5,576,400 ' 5,474,800 -101,600
Planning 13,617,400 14,191,000 573,600
Control agency support 15,611,000 20,611,000 5,000,000
Technical information and
assistance 6,378,700 7,348,000 969,300
Federal activities 1,896,000 1,861,900 -34,100
Manpower planning and training 9,141,500 7,512,100 -1,629,400
Construction grants
administration 6,904,500 6,820,900 -83,600
Total 62,428,200 67,112,200 4,684,000
End-of-Year Employment
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations 145 145
Monitoring and surveillance... 273 273
Planning 232 232
Control agency support 32 32
Technical information and
assistance 233 233
Federal activities 106 106
Manpower planning and training 97 97
Construction grants
administration 382 382
Total 1,500 1,500
Man-Years, Total 1,018 1,410 392
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Standards, Guidelines, and
Regulations $3,302,700 $3,292,500 -$10,200
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in surveillance of water quality standards compliance, review of
licences and permits issued by Federal agencies, and operation of an
oil and hazardous materials program including surveillance of
compliance with Federal regulations.
Monitoring and Surveillance 5,576,400 5,474,800 -101,600
Water quality monitoring 3,537,100 3,473,600 -63,500
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in operating a nationwide water quality monitoring program and
the associated information system, STORE!.
Pollution source monitoring... 2,039,300 2,001,200 -38,100
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in monitoring selected pollution sources to ascertain compliance
with water quality standards and in investigating water pollution
problems.
Planning 13,617,400 14,191,000 +573,600
Planning grants 5,370,000 5,370,000
Continuation of the 1972 level of effort in providing grants to
local agencies for development of river basin water quality management
plans.
Federal planning 8,247,400 8,121,000 -126,400
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in administering EPA's regulations requiring metropolitan or
river basin plans prior to award of construction grants and in
participating in interagency water resource planning.
Water Resources Council ... 700,000 +700,000
To provide reimbursement to the Departments of Housing and Urban
Development, Commerce, and Transportation and the Atomic Energy and
Federal Power Commissions to cover their participation in Water
Resources Council planning studies. EPA is serving as the "collector"
agency for funding the participation of these agencies.
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An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in reviewing and commenting on environmental impact statements
submitted by Federal agencies.
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1972 1973 Change
Control agency grants $15,611,000 $20,611,000 +$5,000,000
To increase grants to State and interstate water pollution control
agencies to enable them to strengthen their programs and to better
assume their new responsibilities in certifying Refuse Act permit
applications and in certifying the river basin and metropolitan water
quality plans required by the construction grants program.
Technical Information and
Assistance 6,378,700 7,348,000 +969,300
To initiate a comprehensive investigation of water quality in
Lakes Huron and Superior as part of an interagency, international
effort under the auspices of the International Joint Commission and to
otherwise expand investigation of eutrophication, agricultural runoff,
and other difficult water pollution problems in the Great Lakes.
Federal Activities 1,896,000 1,861,900 -34,100
Federal activities 1,121,300 1,094,000 -27,300
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
assistance to Federal agencies in controlling water pollution generated
by their own installations and activities.
Environmental impact
statements 774,700 767,900 -6,800
Manpower Planning and
Training 9,141,500 7,512,100 -1,629,400
Training grants and
fellowships 5,369,900 3,754,100 -1,615,800
A decrease in graduate training grants and research fellowships
to implement a change in EPA policy.
Undergraduate training 340,000 340,000
Maintenance of the 1972 level of effort in supporting the
improvement of undergraduate training in the design and operation of
wastewater treatment plants.
AC-22
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Operator training ...
An adjustment to provide
effort in supporting the trai
through grants to States and
administration of MDTA traini
Direct training and
planning
An adjustment to provide
effort in conducting a direct
1972 1
$1,782,800 $1,776,
for continuation of the
ning of waste treatment
educational institutions
ng projects.
1,648,800 1,642,
for continuation of the
973 Change
000 -$6,800
1972 level of
plant operators
and
000 -6,800
1972 level of
training program for skill improvement
for Federal, State, local, and other personnel and in
a program for assessing and forecasting manpower and
Construction Grants
Administration
An adjustment to provide
effort in administrating the
6,904,500 6,820,
conducting
training needs.
900 -83,600
for continuation of the 1972 level of
construction grants program.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
1972: $3,302,700
1973: 3,292,500
Change: -10,200
1972 1973 Change
Standards, guidelines,
and regulations $3,302,700 $3,292,500 -$10,200
EPA is responsible for establishment of standards and guidelines for
protection of the environment. These include water quality standards for
interstate waters. In addition, legislation has been proposed to extend
the water quality standards program to include all intrastate waters,
navigable waters, groundwaters, and an increased coastal zone. Environmental
standards establish limits for the levels of specific pollutants or classes
of pollutants that may be allowed to occur in the environment. Accordingly,
they differ from effluent or source standards which establish limits on
the discharges of pollutants into the environment. The establishment of
environmental standards involves review of available research and other
technical information relative to health, economic, and other effects of
various pollutants; determination of allowable levels; and promulgation
of specific enforceable standards. .
Hater quality standards compliance
Under existing legislation, water quality standards are being
established for the interstate and coastal waters of the 50 States,
Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, District of Columbia, and Guam. These
jurisdictions have developed and adopted standards and submitted them
for EPA approval--thus establishing Federal-State standards. Pursuant
to the definitions of the Act, the standards consist of a designation of
water uses, a prescription of water quality criteria to protect these uses,
and an implementation plan delineating abatement requirements, abatement
schedules, and other actions that the States will use to bring about
compliance with the standards. In 1972 and 1973, work will continue
in setting and obtaining adoption of standards.
Oil and hazardous materials
Standards and guidelines are also required for the specific problem
of preventing and controlling spills of oil and hazardous materials. In
accordance with the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended,
during 1972 and 1973, the oil and hazardous materials program will promulgate
and implement regulations for methods and procedures to remove discharged oil
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and develop methods to clean up hazardous substances. It will provide and
assist the development and implementation of regional and local contingency
plans and further develop a program to prevent spills. EPA's National
Contingency Plan to respond to oil and hazardous materials spills will be
supplemented by 10 regional plans covering the States within the new
regional boundaries. In addition, each State will be encouraged to
establish State and local plans.
Licenses and permits
Standards further serve as a reference point for evaluation of applica-
tions for Federal licenses and permits for facilities which discharge into
navigable waters. EPA reviews and comments on such applications. Approxi-
mately 2,000 applications will be reviewed in 1972 and 23,000 in 1973. The
expected increase in productivity in 1973 will result from an expected
increase in operating efficiency.
Implementation of Hater quality standards
During 1972 and 1973, the Agency will be working with the States
on a continuous process of standards implementation and improvement.
Progress on compliance with implementation plans is continuously monitored.
Standards are updated and revised where necessary by virtue of new scientific
knowledge on water quality requirements, changed water use patterns, change
waste discharge patterns, evolving treatment technology, or other appropriate
reasons. In addition, the establishment of standards for intrastate waters,
navigable waters, groundwaters, and an increased Coastal Zone will be
initiated if the proposed enabling legislation is enacted. This work will
involve development and promulgation of regulations on water use designations,
water quality requirements and other features of acceptable standards, pro-
vision of advice and assistance to the States in their development and
adoption of standards, review of standards submitted by the States, and
development and promulgation of Federal standards where necessitated by
inadequate State actions. Relative to the International Field Year on
the Great Lakes, extensive water quality sampling and related field work is
being carried out on Lake Ontario to provide a complete and detailed descrip-
tion of the quality of the Lake.
The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation of
the 1972 level of effort.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Monitoring and Surveillance
Justification
1972: $5,576,400
1973: 5,474,800
Change: -101,600
A broad monitoring and surveillance program is carried out to
gather essential data on water quality nationwide. A basic water
quality monitoring system, using a Federal network plus State and
local stations, gathers routine data on general water quality levels.
Pollution source monitoring systems provide data on specific
municipal and industrial discharges. The water quality network is
supported by laboratory units to perform sample analyses and by
computerized data storage and retrieval systems to handle the data
developed. The data developed is utilized in development of
environmental criteria and standards, for identification of needed
abatement actions, for planning, and for other purposes. The data is
also made available to State and local pollution control agencies and
other Federal agencies to be utilized for similar purposes.
1972 1973 Change
Water quality monitoring $3,537,100 $3,473,600 -$63,500
Monitoring stations
The water quality monitoring program currently operates 420
monitoring stations and supports, through reimbursements, the operation
of an additional 455 stations by the Geological Survey. These Federal
stations are complemented by State monitoring networks. Also, in
addition to operation of monitoring stations, the water quality
monitoring program supplements and supports State efforts by introducing
new technology, providing verification of data and analytical quality
control, and monitoring pollutants outside of State capability. The
program further provides for storage and retrieval of both Federal and
State data in a computerized data system called STORET.
STQRET
The STORET system consists of a central computer and computer
programming and operation capability located in Washington, D, C.
Thirty-nine field offices (including EPA's regional offices and several
State water pollution control agencies) are connected to the system by
teleprocessing units. These units provide the field offices with
storage and retrieval of inventory and monitoring data and perform
various computations to facilitate analyses of these data. The system
AC-26
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is being improved and expanded in 1972, principally to provide an
additional capability for processing industrial waste inventory
information from the estimated 40,000 waste discharge permit
applications. (See page AC-28). A part of this improvement will
involve completion of coding of additional hydrologic maps. Such
coding is necessary to reference the location of waste sources and
monitoring stations, thus facilitating storage and retrieval of
data. Teleprocessing units are being added for an additional six
State water pollution control agencies. Other refinements include the
addition of water use and standards data which will eventually enable
the system to make automatic comparisons of water quality data with
standards for specific locations.
Fiscal year 1972 efforts are aimed at improving and expanding the
water quality monitoring network. Sampling frequency and pollutant
coverage are being increased. Planning for future expansion of both
Federal and State portions of the network is under way. These
improvements and planning efforts will be continued in 1973. Sites
for additional stations will be located and appropriate sampling
equipment designed.
The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation
of the 1972 level of effort.
1972 1973 Chan ge
Pollution source monitoring $2,039,300 $2,001,200 -$38,100
The pollution-source surveillance program has two major parts:
a municipal waste inventory and an industrial waste inventory. Both
activities are directed toward collecting information and data on
sources of pollution and their discharges into or impact on the
environment. This information is used for evaluating pollution problems
and pollution control needs, for assessing pollution control practices and
compliance with established control regulations or standards, and for
planning pollution control programs and estimating pollution abatement
costs. Each of these activities also serves one or more special purposes.
Municipal waste Inventory
The municipal waste inventory contains statistics on 20,000
municipal waste treatment plants. These statistics include the location,
size, and design characteristics of each facility; the quantity and
character of the waste effluents discharged; and the abatement
requirements and compliance schedules imposed by water quality
standards implementation plans, pending enforcement actions, and other
regulations. In short, the inventory provides a concise but
comprehensive characterization of the Nation's municipal waste
treatment systems. The inventory is continuously updated with
AC-27
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information collected from the State water pollution control agencies.
Data from the construction grants program, from water quality
standards and enforcement activities, and from other sources are added
to the inventory as it becomes available.
Industri al waste inventory
The industrial waste inventory was initiated in 1971. The
inventory contains information on the size and type of the industrial
plants and their pollution control facilities, on the quantity and
quality of their waste discharges, and on abatement needs and pending
abatement requirements and schedules. Data are being collected in
two ways: through questionnaires mailed to individual manufacturing
plants and, eventually, through information received in applications
for permits under the Corps of Engineers waste discharge permit program.
In 1971, 10,000 questionnaires were mailed and the processing of these
and the start-up of the permit system initiated. In 1972, the
processing of questionnaires is being continued and the processing of
information from an estimated 40,000 applications received under the
waste discharge permit program will be initiated.
During 1973, efforts will continue to expand the pollution source
inventory and improve its coverage. Inventories will be conducted on
discharges from agricultural, mining, and similar sources not
adequately covered by the existing system, and instrumentation
requirements are being determined.
An adjustment is made in providing for continuation of the 1972
level of effort in monitoring selected pollution sources to ascertain
compliance with water quality standards and investigating water
pollution problems.
AC-28
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Planning
Justification
1972: $13,617,400
1973: 14,191,000
Change: +573,600
1972 1973 Change
Planning grants $5,370,000 $5,370,000
Financial assistance is provided through planning grants so that
States may meet construction grant requirements by developing water
quality management plans for basin and/or metropolitan regional areas.
The principal emphasis for planning programs in 1972 is on
preparation for an expanded construction grant program. With the
doubling in the amount available for construction grants, planning at
the State level must be greatly accelerated to meet legal requirements,
as well as to assure that the funds are used effectively. This, in
turn, will require assistance and consultation in the development of
State plans, and careful review of completed plans to assure that they
are adequate and provide proper guidance and priorities for the use of
construction grant funds.
This emphasis will continue through 1973. After the surge of
activity required in 1972 to catch up with the increased funding,
efforts will be shifted toward development of plans which not only
guide current investment, but also begin to look to the future.
Capability for more substantive, future-looking planning must be
developed at the State level. This will enable States to produce the
plans which will be required to meet national water quality objectives
by 1976.
Federal planning 8,247,400 8,121,000 -126,400
Federal planning includes development of comprehensive river basin
pollution control and abatement plans as required by Section 3(a) of
the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, participation in interagency
water and related land resources planning, and review and evaluation
of water quality management plans being developed by State and local
agencies to qualify for waste treatment facilities construction grants.
The primary emphasis is currently on water quality management plans,
which are necessary to the expanded construction grant program.
AC-29
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No grant for the construction of waste treatment works can be made
unless the project is included in (1) an effective basin-wide pollution
abatement plan and (2) a regional or metropolitan plan, if applicable,
pursuant to 18 CFR 601, published July 2, 1970. Interim procedures
may be used prior to July 1, 1973 in order to reconcile lead time for
planning with existing schedules.
During fiscal year 1972, planning activities are concentrated on
assisting state and local planning agencies to stimulate the development
of adequate basin, regional and metropolitan plans, evaluating completed
plans, and reviewing construction grant project applications to assure
that they are consistent with existing plans or interim plans.
In 1973 efforts will be focused primarily on stimulating development
of fully acceptable plans prior to July 1, 1973. Assistance will be
provided to State, interstate and local planning agencies which are
responsible for basin, regional and metropolitan plans. Completed plans
will be evaluated, and guidance provided to help correct any deficiences.
Accepted plans will be monitored for accomplishment. Construction grant
applications will be evaluated for consistency with accepted plans.
The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation
of the 1972 level of effort.
1972 1973 Change
Water Resources Council ... $700,000 +$700,000
An increase is requested to provide reimbursement to the Departments
of Housing and Urban Development,Commerce, and Transportation, and the
Atomic Energy and Federal Power Commissions to cover their participation
in the Water Resources Council planning studies. EPA is serving as the
"collector" agency for funding the participation of these agencies. Tne
studies involved are Long Island Sound, Southeastern New England, Platte
River, and the Pacific Northwest.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Control Agency Support
Justification
1972: $15,611,000
1973: 20,611,000
Change: +5,000,000
1972 1973 Change
Control agency grants $15,611,000 $20,611,000 +$5,000,000
As originally authorized under Section 7 of the Federal Water Pollution
Control Act, EPA provides matching grants to State and interstate water
pollution control agencies. These grants, which are allocated to States by
formula, are to help support the establishment and maintenance of water
pollution control programs. This budget request is based on the assumption
that new grant program legislative authority will be forthcoming early
enough in the last half of 1972 to allow time for obligation of the 1972
budgeted dollars. Both the 1972 and 1973 estimates are within the proposed
appropriation authority contained in Bills now under consideration by the
Congress.
During 1972, the grant program will help support 59 agencies (51 State,
three territorial, and five interstate). See page AC-32. The Federal
contribution will represent about 25 percent of total costs for these
agencies' programs, the State share consisting of about $43,800,000. The
manpower resources of these agencies will increase from 2,936 man-years to
3,478 man-years.
During 1973, the same agencies will continue to receive Federal support.
The increase will be distributed more or less proportionally among them,
enabling an increase in total staff man-years from 3,478 to 3,800. The
Federal contribution will increase to about 30 percent of total costs of the
State and interstate programs, with the State share rising to about
$45,000,000.
The increase, which will permit slightly larger grants to the State and
interstate water pollution control agencies, will enable them to strengthen
their programs and to better assume their new responsibilities in certifying
Refuse Act permit applications and certifying river basin and metropolitan
water quality plans required by the construction grants program.
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Allocation of Control Agency Grants
Water Quality
State or Territory 1972 1973
Alabama $184,900 $184,900
Alaska 20,400 20,400
Arizona 76,800 76,800
Arkansas 112,600 112,600
California 672,000 672,000
Colorado 90,900 90,900
Connecticut 167,500 167,500
Delaware 86,000 86,000
District of Columbia 86,800 86,800
Florida 276,800 276,800
Georgia 213,800 213,800
Hawaii 69,000 69,000
Idaho 43,900 43,900
Illinois 430,900 430,900
Indiana 233,800 233,800
Iowa 123,300 123,300
Kansas 95,900 95,900
Kentucky 164,000 164,000
Louisiana 179,600 179,600
Maine 63,600 63,600
Maryland 183,900 183,900
Massachusetts 267,800 267,800
Michigan 360,100 360,100
Minnesota 158,000 158,000
Mississippi 137,200 137,200
Missouri 197,400 197,400
Montana 39,500 39,500
Nebraska 67,700 67,700
Nevada 25,500 25,500
New Hampshire 64,900 64,900
New Jersey 312,200 312,200
New Mexico 53,100 53,100
New York 645,400 645,400
North Carolina 258,400 258,400
North Dakota 37,400 37,400
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State or Territory 1972 1973
Ohio 447,800 447,800
Oklahoma 118,000 118,000
Oregon 98,900 98,900
Pennsylvania 489,400 489,400
Rhode Island 108,800 108,800
South Carolina 151,000 151,000
South Dakota 38,900 38,900
Tennessee 204,300 204,300
Texas 424,600 424,600
Utah 56,100 56,100
Vermont 44,200 44,200
Virginia 208,400 208,400
Washington 137,300 137,300
West Virginia 107,600 107,600
Wisconsin 199,500 199,500
Wyoming 24,200 24,200
Guam 74,300 74,300
Puerto Rico 192,500 192,500
Virgin Islands 73.200 73,200
Subtotal, Water Quality 9,400,000 9,400,000
Interstate Agencies
Interstate Sanitation Commission 138,300 138,300
Connecticut New Jersey
New York
Delaware River Basin Commission 133,500 133,500
Delaware New York
New Jersey Pennsylvania
New England Interstate Water Pollution
Control Commission 88,300 88,300
Connecticut New York
Maine New Hampshire
Massachusetts Rhode Island
Vermont
Interstate Commission on the Potomac
River Basin 51,200 51,200
Pennsylvania Virginia
West Virginia
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Interstate Agencies 1972 1973
Ohio River Valley Water Sanitation
Commission , 188,700 188,700
Illinois West Virginia
Indiana Ohio
Virginia New York
Kentucky Pennsylvania
Subtotal, Interstate Agencies 600,000 600,000
Funds will be used for bonuses to States
as prescribed in proposed bill for
extending and amending Section 7 of
the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended 5,000,000 10,000.000
Total, Water Quality 15,000,000 20,000,000
Note: 1973 Subject to change to reflect new population estimates
provided by the Department of Commerce.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Technical Information and Assistance
Justification
1972: $6,378,700
1973: 7,348,000
Change: +969,300
1972 1973 Change
Technical information
and assistance $6,378,700 $7,348,000 +$969,300
EPA provides technical assistance to other Federal, State, and local
agencies for the control of water pollution. These activities encompass
assisting the States in setting and enforcing standards (including stream
uses, criteria, and implementation and enforcement plans), developing
comprehensive environmental protection and pollution control plans,
developing and operating surveillance and monitoring systems, and performing
other pollution abatement and control activities. This work principally
involves field investigations and special studies to determine the sources
or causes of pollution and the most appropriate abatement measures. It
also encompasses technical advice and consultation and the provision of
laboratory services.
Other technical assistance activities include development of interstate
compacts and uniform laws, performance of estuarine and oceanographic
studies, and the development of international agreements for control of
border pollution, pollution of the seas, and other problems of a
multi-national nature. The estuarine and oceanographic program encompasses
the collection, assimilation, and dissemination of water quality, water
use, and associated data pertaining to the Nation's estuarine and coastal
zones and the Great Lakes. This information is utilized by EPA and is
available to State, local, and other Federal agencies for coastal zone
management planning, for assessing the water quality impact of proposed
coastal-zone development activities, and for other purposes.
EPA also reviews worldwide literature and assembles technical news
and information concerning scientific and engineering advances and
innovations in the field of environmental protection. This technical
information is disseminated to government agencies, industry, research
groups, and universities.
Fiscal year 1972 and 1973 efforts will be largely focused on
updating and expanding guidelines and data which are integral to the
technical assistance program. The national Technical Advisory Committee
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Report, Water Qua!ityCriten a, was published in 1968 and provided the
basis for development and establishment of the current Federal-State
water quality standards for interstate waters. Since that publication,
new scientific knowledge on water quality requirements and tolerances
has been acquired. Also, weaknesses in coverage and comprehensiveness
of the Report have been identified. For these reasons, this Report is
being updated and expanded to provide the basis for upgrading presently
established water quality standards where necessary, and to provide the
basis for establishing standards for intrastate waters, navigable waters,
an increased coastal zone, and groundwaters. This is pursuant to the
Administration's proposed legislation to strengthen and extend the
Federal standards-setting authority of Section 10 of the Federal Water
Pollution Control Act, as amended.
Water pollution arising from animal feedlot operations, forestry and
logging practices, irrigation return flows, and rural runoff have not been
studied on a systematic, nationwide basis. Because these sources are
being found to have a substantial adverse impact on water quality, it is
now necessary to make a concerted national effort to minimize these impacts,
Accordingly, a comprehensive inventory and study of these sources, their
effects, and possible remedial measures, preparatory to developing a
national program for their control, has been initiated in 1972.
The estuarine and oceanographic information system will also be
expanded in 1973, especially in coverage of the Great Lakes. Particular
attention will be devoted to consolidation and automation of information
on dredging and filling and to collection of information on other physical
modifications and salt water intrusions. Assistance to States for
developing coastal zone management plans will be greatly expanded and a
small-scale coastal pollution monitoring network will be initiated.
Updated water quality criteria will be used in 1973 to help States
revise and strengthen water quality standards, and extend standards to
all intrastate waters, navigable waters, groundwaters, and an increased
coastal zone, if authorized by pending legislation. Studies on critical
water quality problems initiated in 1972 will be continued and the
information derived from them made available for use in pollution
abatement and control programs. Assistance to States on all phases of
program development will be continued at a high level to support the
national emphasis on water pollution abatement and control.
The increase requested for 1973 is to support an expanded program
of field investigations in the Great Lakes to assess compliance with water
quality standards and waste discharge permits. These investigations
will involve sampling of waste discharges and the waters of the Great Lakes.
This work is directed toward meeting the Agency's commitment under the
U.S. - Canada Agreement for accelerated effort to abate and control water
pollution in the Great Lakes.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Federal Activities
Justification
1972: $1,896,000
1973: 1,861,900
Change: -34,100
1972 1973 Change
Federal activities $1,121,300 $1,094,000 -$27,300
EPA supports other Federal agencies in ensuring that their activities
produce a minimum water pollution effect and do not violate applicable
standards. Executive Order No. 11507 requires that, by December 31, 1972,
all installations owned or leased by the Federal Government be in compliance
with or have under way remedial actions to bring them into conformance
with established Federal, State, and local air and water pollution control
standards.
The EPA program includes an inventory of Federal waste water treatment
facilities, development of guidelines, and consultation and technical
assistance to Federal facilities and agencies in development of their water
pollution control programs and on-site reviews of Federal facility waste
water treatment plants.
In 1973, EPA will continue development of the inventory of Federal waste
water treatment facilities and practices, provide consultation and technical
assistance involving about 5,000 Federal facilities, perform 600 on-site
reviews of Federal wastewater treatment facilities, assist OMB in review of
water pollution control plans from at least 20 treatment facilities, and
assist OMB in review of 12 Federal agency water pollution control plans.
The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation of the
1972 level of effort in assisting Federal agencies in controlling water
pollution generated in their own installations and activities.
Environmental impact statements.. 774,700 767,900 -6,800
The National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, implemented by Executive
Order No. 11514, requires all Federal agencies to prepare environmental
impact statements evaluating the potential effects on the environment of
their proposed actions and projects and to submit the statements to OMB
for review by other agencies. EPA reviews environmental impact statements
for their water pollution implications.
In 1972, EPA will review about 1,000 environmental impact statements
and will be able to handle about the same number in 1973.
AC-37
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The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation of
_ about the same level of effort in 1973 as in 1972.
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The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation of
_ about the same level of effort in 1973 as in 1972.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Manpower Planning and Training
Justification
1972: $9,141,500
1973: 7,512,100
Change: -1,629,400
1972 1973 Chanqe
Training grants and fellowships $5,369,900 $3,754,100 -$1,615,800
In order to help meet professional manpower needs in water pollution
control, EPA provides grants to universities to support water pollution
control training for graduate students and provides fellowships for graduate
study in water pollution control-related courses of study.
In 1972, grants will support approximately 100 university programs
training 30 undergraduate and 1269 graduate students. Fellowships will
support 90 graduate students at 45 universities. One national conference
will be held to review graduate and undergraduate needs for water pollution
control training.
Reflecting the budget decrease in 1973, grants will support apnroximately
54 university programs which will train 30 undergraduate and 765 graduate
students while fellowships will support 22 graduate students at 18
universities. These activities are being scaled down in 1973 in keeping
with an EPA policy to encourage more assumption of responsibility for
environmental graduate training by non-Federal sources so that EPA may
direct its funds to other forms of training with greater immediate impact
in meeting pollution control manpower needs.
Undergraduate training 340,000 340,000
EPA also provides grants to educational institutions to provide
undergraduate training in various technical aspects of water nollution
control. This helps meet some of the short-term needs for technical
manpowerand leads some students to graduate environmental studies and eventual
professional careers in the environment.
In 1972 these grants will support training for 120 undergraduates at
four educational institutions. In 1973 this training will continue at about
the same level.
Operator training 1,782,800 1,776,000 -6,800
EPA provides grants to States and educational institutions for
short-term training of waste water treatment plant operators to helo meet
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the increased need for upgraded skills in this area, generated by the
construction grants program. In 1972, EPA will provide grants to 25
States to update the skills of approximately 3,000 presently employed
v/ater and wastewater treatment plant operators. In addition several
"national impact" grants will be made to educational institutions to
orovide short-course training for 150-200 persons in advanced wastewater
treatment, and 50 State and local projects will train instructors in teaching
methodology. Several small mis cellaneous grants will be made to continue on-
going correspondence course programs, curriculum development and decision-maker
training, and to provide for training of operators in federally operated
water treatment facilities in cooperation with other Federal agencies.
In 1973, operator training carried out with funds appropriated to EPA
will continue at about the same level of effort as in 1972.
The decrease represents an adjustment to permit operation at essentially
the 1972 level.
The above programs are augmented by MDTA funds managed by EPA through
interagency agreements with the Departments of Labor and HEW. These programs
will provide funds to update the skills of approximately 600 presently employed
operators and provide "entry-level" training for 750 operators and 60 technicians,
In 1973, EPA's MDTA programs will provide "update" training for
approximately 600 currently employed operators compared to 700 in 1972
and "entry-level" training (both operator and technician) for 810 operator/
technicians compared to 1,160 persons in 1972. Public Service Career
funds (provided by D.O.L.), utilized in 1971 and 1972 to train approximately
1,000 persons in the water treatment and public works field, will be
discontinued as of June 30, 1972.
The total operator/technician training effort will be substantially
reduced in 1973 due to the cutback in MDTA funds.
1972 1973 Change
Direct training and
planning $1,648,800 $1,642,000 -$6,800
EPA develops and conducts short-term managerial and technical training
for personnel from State and local water pollution control agencies as well
as personnel from other Federal agencies and private industry; provides
guidance to those agencies and develops and provides training in the
conduct of their own training; and develops and implements,in cooperation
with State and local water pollution control agencies, a system for
forecasting manpower and training needs and planning programs to meet
these needs.
In 1972, EPA will conduct approximately 40 managerial and technical
training courses, training 900 State and local agency personnel
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and 700 personnel from industry and other Federal agencies. EPA will
initiate a water pollution control manpower study to provide estimated
needs for each State.
In 1973, EPA will conduct managerial and technical training at about
the same level as in 1972 and will complete the manpower study.
A system of course fees will be applied in 1973 to EPA's direct
training. Receipts will be deposited in the U.S. Treasury as general
revenues since there is no authority to use such funds for direct
program support. Consequently, managerial and technical training in
water pollution control will continue to depend on appropriated funds.
The $6,800 decrease represents an adjustment to provide for
continuation of the 1972 level of effort.
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Abatement and Control
Water Quality
Construction Grants Administration
Justification
1972: $6,904,500
1973: 6,820,900
Change: -83,600
1972 1973 Chanae
Construction grants
administration $6,904,500 $6,820,900 -J83,60n
EPA monitors Federal grants awarded to municipal agencies for the
construction of waste treatment works. To provide effective management,
construction grants administration staffs are maintained at EPA's headquarters
and regional offices. These staffs handle the review and processing of
grant and contract payments, the review and processing of grant applications
and construction plans and specifications, the authorizing of bid advertising,
the review of bids and contract awards, periodic inspections, and the
collateral responsibilities dealing with prevailing wage, anti-kickback,
contract work-hours standards, and civil rights requirements. These staffs
also certify the adequacy of projects for eligibility for sewer loans and
grants awarded by the Economic Development Administration and the Department
of Housing and Urban Development.
In addition to grant processing, this Agency has increased its efforts
to assure that treatment facilities constructed with Federal assistance are
properly located and planned, are well designed according to the best
available technology, are adequately operated and maintained, and are actually
or potentially part of a viable, financially self-supporting operating system.
Increased emphasis is being placed on optimum waste treatment works desiqn
and incorporation into each project of measures for efficient operation
and maintenance.
During 1972, Technical Bulletins are being developed to supplement
guidance now provided through the "Federal Guidelines for the Design,
Operation, and Maintenance of Waste Water Treatment Facilities." these
Technical Bulletins will provide more detailed information in specific
areas. The topics to be covered will include plant staffing requirements,
new advances in technology, and ways to overcome deficiencies in present
design practices. Emphasis will be placed on assuring that the technoloqy
being developed in the Agency's research, development, and demonstration
programs is translated as rapidly as possible into actual use. In its work
with applicants, the Agency will make every effort to encourage the use of new
techniques and, simultaneously, will identify new research needs for the
research and development program. This will require an expanded effort in
evaluating present design criteria and practices and keeping abreast of new
developments and trends. Increased emphasis is also being placed on
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analyzing and providing operation and maintenance data to communities,
consulting engineers, and industrial firms for use in improving the design
of plant equipment and in modifying operating practices so that sewaqe
treatment facilities can be operated as close to maximum efficiency as
possible. The Technical Bulletins and related documents will be issued to
supplement existing operation and maintenance guidelines. In-house
expertise in solving operation and maintenance problems has been increased
and is available to assist local and State personnel with exceptionally
difficult cases.
During 1973 the thrust to develop Technical Bulletins will be continued
for both treatment technology and operation and maintenance. The Federal
design guidelines and operation and maintenance guidelines will be revised
and updated early in 1973 to reflect the changes that have occurred. New
procedures for plant inspection and surveillance will be implemented and a
system for plant performance rating developed and implemented.
The decrease reflects an adjustment to provide for continuation of the
1972 level of effort.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Purpose
The Water Hygiene Abatement and Control program is predominantly
directed toward providing direct and indirect assistance to State and local
agencies to aid them in providing municipal water supplies meeting drinking
water standards and protecting the sanitary quality of recreational waters.
Assistance is provided through several channels: water resource planning,
technical and consultative assistance, training and review of the impact of
Federal activities, and federally licensed, permitted, or sponsored activities.
The purpose of the program is to foster responsibility on the part of State
and local agencies in providing the Nation with safe drinking water supplies
and protected, high quality recreational waters.
The program also provides certification of water supplies used by
interstate carriers pursuant to the Public Health Service Act and Interstate
Quarantine Regulations. This activity is carried out in cooperation with
the Food and Drug Administration which has responsibility for regulating and
enforcing the use of safe water supplies by interstate carriers.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations $304,000 $297,200 $-6,800
Monitoring and surveillance. 174,000 174,000
Planning 218,900 215,500 -3,400
Control agency support 37,000 37,000
Technical information and
assistance 742,500 725,500 -17,000
Federal activities 67,000 67,000
Manpower planning and
training 217,900 214,500 -3,400
Total 1,761,300 1,730,700 -30,600
End-of-Year Employment
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations 21 21
Monitoring and surveillance. 9 9
Planning 12 12
Control agency support 1 1
Technical information and
assistance 32 32
Federal activities 5 5
Manpower planning and
tr a i n i ng H) TO . _._.__
Total 90 90
Man-Years, Total 77 85 8
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations $304.000 $297,200 $-6,800
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of effort
in inspecting and certifying interstate carrier water supplies
relative to compliance with Federal Drinking Water Standards.
Monitoring and Surveillance 174.000 174,000 ...
Continuation of the 1972 level of effort in maintaining a national
inventory and description of municipal water supply systems.
Planning 218,900 215.500 -3,400
A decrease reflecting a lesser degree of involvement and participation
in water resource planning relative to providing for adequate municipal
water supplies and safe recreational waters.
Control Agency Support 37,000 37,000 ._._._
Continuation of assistance in evaluation of State municipal water
supply systems.
Technical Information and Assistance 742.500 725,500 -17.000
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of effort
in providing technical assistance to State, local, and other Federal
agencies.
Federal Activities 67,000 67,000 ._._._
Maintenance of the 1972 level of effort in reviewing and commenting
on environmental impact statements.
Manpower Planning and Training 217,900 214,500 -3,400
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of effort
in conducting ski 11-improvement short-courses and developing training
aids.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
1972: $304,000
1973: 297,200
Change: -6,800
1972 1973 Change
Standards, guidelines,and
regulations $304,000 $297,200 -$6,800
The drinking water certification program provides for classification
of all 660 drinking water supplies in the United States which serve interstate
carriers including airlines, railroads, and bus lines. Certification enables
carriers to utilize these water supplies and indicates that these water
systems are in conformity with EPA drinking water standards as developed under
provisions of the Public Health Service Act and Interstate Quarantine Regulations,
Such standards are related to prevention and control of the spread of
communicable diseases. The certification of these water supply systems is
coordinated with the Food and Drug Administration which is responsible for
maintaining an inventory of water supply points used by interstate carriers
and for inspecting such points.
During 1972, EPA will classify all 660 drinking water supplies serving
interstate carriers throughout the Nation. Classification is based for the
most part on information supplied to EPA by State agencies. To supply
supplemental data, however, EPA will conduct surveys of approximately 100 of
these drinking water supplies. This same level of activity will be continued
during 1973.
The request for 1973 provides for a continuing level of effort.
Estimates of program costs indicate that this can be accomplished at a slightly
lower cost ($6,800 less) than the 1972 program, primarily as a result of
nonrecurring costs for supplies and equipment and other items.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Monitoring and Surveillance
Justification
1972:
1973:
Change:
$174,000
174,000
1972
Monitoring and surveillance $174,000
1973
$174,000
Change
EPA updates and maintains an inventory of municipal water supply facilities
which provides a record of all municipal water supply systems in the United
States serving a population of 25 or more. This inventory is used to nrovide
a national assessment of municipal water supply systems and for information
used in water resource and water supply planning studies by EPA, State,
local, and other Federal agencies.
During 1972, a computerized storage and retrieval system is being
developed to facilitate handling of the inventory data. In addition,
collection and processing of the data is being initiated. This entails
aquisition of detailed information on water supply facilities from State
and municipal agencies.
During 1973, the major updating effort will be completed and operation
of a continuous update process will be initiated.
No change in funding is requested for 1973.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Planning
Justification
1972: $218,900
1973: 215,500
Change: -3,400
1972 1973 Change
Planning $218,900 $215,500 -$3,400
Water supply planning is directed toward assuring adequate water
supplies now and in the future for metropolitan areas, small towns, and
rural areas. Present water supply shortages must be solved and new ones
prevented. Water supply systems need to be stregthened and, where
appropriate, consolidated into more efficient and viable units. Adequate
planning is required to achieve these purposes.
Primary emphasis in 1972 is being given to studies of metropolitan
water supply systems and the quality of raw water used by these systems.
An inventory of information on these systems is being developed. This,
in turn, is being followed by a pilot study of institutional arrangements
for providing drinking water to consumers. These studies will be completed
in 1973.
Consultation and assistance to State and local planners and development
of health aspect appendices for water resource studies will continue at
about the same level during 1972 and 1973. The latter activity is in suooort
of the broad water resource program of the Water Resources Council.
The small decrease represents an adjustment which will permit continuance
of the 1972 level of effort.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Control Agency Support
Justification
1972: $37,000
1973: 37,000
Change:
1972 1973 Change
Control agency support $37,000 $37,000
This program covers assistance provided to State agencies in
evaluating State water hygiene programs as well as the adequacy of
municipal water supply systems within the States, This effort is an
outgrowth of the selected survey of water supply systems which was
conducted throughout the country in 1970-1971 and which revealed
deficiencies in many systems. The work is intended to Identify and
correct any such deficiencies in the programs and water systems of
selected States and to develop procedures by which State agencies can
better detect and prevent deficiencies from occurring in the future.
In 1972, effort has been directed primarily to assistance to the
State of Vermont, provided through the assignment of EPA personnel.
Support to the Vermont program is expected to be completed early in
1973; however, assistance will be shifted to other areas of need. This
work will continue through 1973 with no increase in funding.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Technical Information and Assistance
Justification
1972: $742,500
1973: 725,500
Change: -17,000
1972 1973 Change
Technical information and
assistance $742,500 $725,500 -$17,000
Technical support is provided to State and local water supply agencies
on a wide variety of problems ranging from sample analysis to total nroqram
evaluations. Detailed assistance is provided on specific program, operating,
and technical problems. Such assistance covers drinking water treatment
technology and its application, laboratory analysis, spot training for
specific problems, and consultation on complex problems. Broad assistance
is provided through detailed evaluations of State water hygiene nrograms,
including analyses of legal authority, program structure, staffing,
laboratory facilities, and water supply inspection programs. The findings
and recommendations from these evaluations are provided to the State water
hygiene agencies and direct staff assistance is provided, on request, to
aid in carrying out the recommended improvements.
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Assistance is being provided to all States and territories within the
limits of available resources during 1972. Detailed State evaluations will
be completed in 10 States, with follow-up assistance as needed to help
strengthen State programs.
The same basic level of assistance is planned for 1973. A total of
10 State evaluations are planned. Consultative and other technical assistance
will be provided to agencies, as requested.
The decrease for 1973 represents an adjustment to provide for continuance
of the 1972 level of effort.
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Environmental impact statements prepared and submitted by other Federal
agencies on proposed projects or activities are reviewed and comments prepared
relative to the probable impact of the project or activity on municipal
water supplies and/or recreational water uses. This activity involves not
only the review of final impact statements but also the review of draft
statements. It also encompasses provision of technical assistance and
advice to other Federal agencies on factors to be considered in evaluating
_ environmental impacts and preparing statements.
In addition to impact statements, application for Federal licenses
and permits are submitted to EPA for review and comments, and in some cases
I certification, prior to issuance by the licensing or permitting agency.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Federal Activities
Justification
1972: $67,000
1973: 67,000
Change:
1972 1973 Change
Federal activities $67,000 $67,000
EPA provides such reviews and provides assistance to the States in reviewing
and certifying such applications relative to impact on municipal water
supplies and recreational water uses.
During 1972, 545 environmental impact statements are being reviewed
and comments prepared. Assistance or consultation is being orovided on
approximately 258 of these projects. An additional 1,082 license or permit
applications are being reviewed, with comments.
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applications to be reviewed in 1973 will continue at approximately the
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1972 level.
It is estimated that the 1973 level of activity can be accomplished at
the same level of funding because of experience gained in the program during
the past two years and because of administrative efficiencies achieved
through integration of this program with that inherited from the Federal
Water Quality Administration.
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Abatement and Control
Water Hygiene
Manpower Planning and Training
Justification
1972: $217,900
1973: 214,500
Change: -3,400
]V12_ 1973 Change
Manpower planning and training... $217,900 $214,500 -$3,400
The 1971 survey of the Nation's water supply systems revealed many
systems with serious deficiencies in operation and maintenance resulting
from inadequately trained operating personnel. To address these problems,
EPA provides short-term, ski 11-improvement training for personnel of
agencies having water supply responsibilities. In addition, assistance is
provided to State and local agencies in evaluating their training needs,
in developing training programs, and in developing training courses and aids
and materials.
During 1972, approximately 400 people are receiving training through
the presentation of 25 short courses. In addition, training aids and films
are being developed and made available for training courses sponsored by
State and trade association personnel. These activities will be continued
through 1973, with the course content being continuously upgraded and
expanded and the number of training aids and films increased. The funding
requirements for 1973 are estimated to be only slightly less than for 1972.
A system of course fees will be applied in 1973 to EPA's direct training
programs. Receipts will be deposited in the U.S. Treasury as general revenues
since there is no authority to use such funds for direct program support.
Consequently, direct training in water hygiene will continue to depend on
appropriated funds.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Solid Wastes
Purpose
Included under the Solid Waste Abatement and Control program are
the development of guidelines, operation of an information data system,
and provision of assistance in the form of training, planning ,and
technical advice. The purpose is to illustrate and encourage the use
of the most advanced practices of solid waste management and
technology and to assist in creating institutional change at the local
level to improve labor productivity and provide sound local financing
support for waste management.
This program assists State, local, and private agencies by:
developing guidelines for use in establishing model codes, ordinances,
and statutes; collecting and disseminating information on municipal
solid waste management practices; providing planning assistance to
improve solid waste management systems; providing technical support in
the form of technical literature, data, and advice; providing solid
waste management curriculum material and professional and operator
training; developing and applying mandatory guidelines for improved solid
waste management practices at Federal facilities; and developing an
inventory of waste management practices at Federal facilities and
providing them with technical assessments and assistance.
Budget Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations
Monitoring and surveillance.
Planning ,
Technical information and
assistance
Federal activities
Manpower planning and training
Total
1972
$629,000
405,000
3,065,800
1,759,700
412,800
1,343,200
1973
$400,000
400,000
5,908,800
2,538,200
327,700
1,289,900
Increase
or Decrease
-$229,000
-5,000
2,843,000
778,500
-85,100
-53,300
7,615,500 10,864,600
3,249,100
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Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
End-of -Year Employment
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations ... 21 24 3
Monitoring and surveillance... 6 6
Planning 22 22
Technical information and
assistance 58 68 10
Federal activities 27 27
Manpower planning and training 13 13
Total 147 160 13
Man- Years, Total 130 146 16
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Standards. Guidelines, and Regulations $629.000 $400,000 -$229,000
An adjustment reflecting reduced resources needed to finalize solid
waste management guidelines which are substantially completed and to
initiate work preliminary to future guidelines.
Monitoring and Surveillance 405,000 400.OOP -5,000
An adjustment to provide for continuation of solid waste management data
collection program.
Planning 3,065,800 5,908.800 +2,843,000
Technical Information and Assistance 1,759,700 2,538,200 +778.500
To provide increased technical assistance especially to the local level.
Federal Activities 412,800 327,700 -85,100
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To expand grant support to local and regional agencies to develop
an adequate State and local solid waste management planning capability.
A decrease resulting from a change in emphasis from conducting an
inventory and giving general assistance to concentrating on guideline
implementation.
Manpower Planning and Training 1,343,200 1,289,900 -53.300
A decrease reflecting a change in priorities from the funding of
M aecredse renectmg ct cndnge in priorities rrom tne runamg or
graduate training grants to providing professional and special training
by working through solid waste management professional organizations.
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Abatement and Control
Sol id Wastes
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
1972: $629,000
1973: 400,000
Change: -229,000
1972 1973 Change
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations $629,000 $400,000 -$229,000
The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 requires that EPA develop solid
waste management guidelines. These guidelines are published in the Federal
Register and are made available to State, local, and private agencies to
be used to develop model codes, ordinances, and statutes for assisting
and promoting improved solid waste management. The guidelines are
mandatory for federally operated and licensed solid waste management
activities. Demonstration grants for resource recovery and improved solid
waste management systems must conform to guidelines established under the
Act.
During 1972, guidelines for sanitary landfill operation and incineration
will be completed for publication in the Federal Register. Another
activity scheduled for 1972 is the development of state-of-the-art reports
on the financing, management, and operation of rural collection and disposal
systems. Also, studies will be initiated to support state-of-the-art
reports for transfer/transporatation systems and storage and collection
for high rise buildings.
In 1973, the documents initiated in 1972 will be completed. In
addition, a document on hospital waste storage and collection will be
completed.
The decrease of $229,000 reflects the reduced resources needed to
finalize reports on transfer and transportation systems and storage
and collection for high rise buildings. Activity will be substantially
completed toward developing these during 1972. The decrease also reflects
the reduced resources needed to initiate work preliminary to the development
of future guidelines..
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Abatement and Control
Solid Wastes
Monitoring and Surveillance
Justification
1972: $405,000
1973: 400,000
Change: -5,000
1972 1973 Change
Monitoring and surveillance $405,000 $400,000 -$5,000
The solid waste monitoring and surveillance program consists of a
National Solid Waste Data Network (NSWD) that collects and disseminates
information on various aspects of municipal solid waste management,
fl| including collection and disposal practices and capital and operating
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costs. Solid waste management is typified by a lack of uniform, continuous,
and reliable basic data. The NSWD was created to rectify this situation.
The objective of this data network will be to obtain an accurate
characterization of community solid waste handling programs and a data base
to share with State and local agencies.
In 1972, the network will be expanded from three to 12 Standard
Metropolitan Statistical Areas (SMSA's) and will provide additional
accuracy in data elements and include information on the amortization of
capital expenses in solid waste management systems.
For 1973, the network will continue to collect data from the 12 SMSA's.
In addition, the information obtained from these metropolitan areas will be
integrated with technical assistance, planning, and systems management
demonstrations to concentrate an array of technical and management tools on
specific solid waste management problems. This concept is essential to the
goal of assisting communities and institutions to upgrade solid waste
practices through improved management and technologies. In support of the
above concept, data on special studies will be collected for dissemination
including information on one-man collection systems, transfer stations, and
incinerator operation.
The slight decrease of $5,000 will enable the NSWD to keep pace with
1972 demands in gathering and disseminating information from selected SMSA's.
AC-57
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Abatement and Control
Solid Wastes
Planning
Justification
1972: $3,065,800
1973: 5,908,800
Change: +2,843,000
1972 1973 Change
Planning grants $3,065,800 $5,908,800 +$2,843,000
The overall objective of the solid waste planning grant program is
to improve solid waste management by assisting State, interstate, regional,
and local agencies in developing meaningful, comprehensive plans for
achieving solutions to solid waste management problems. The solid waste
management plans describe present and projected solid waste conditions,
establish control objectives, and set forth a schedule of action for meeting
these objectives. State and interstate plans are broad-gauged, establishing
general strategy, while local and regional plans are more specific and
operationally oriented. Although not a legal requirement, plans are
submitted to EPA for evaluation and approval.
During 1972, 36 State and interstate projects are being supported.
Three State and interstate plans are scheduled for completion in 1972.
Under authority provided by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, planning
grants are also awarded to provide for local and regional planning. The
local and regional plans are oriented to operations dealing directly with
the special solid waste problems of a particular locality and the practical
aspects (equipment, facilities, personnel, procedures, and organization)
of the solutions. In 1972, 18 local and regional projects are being supported.
Four local and regional plans are scheduled for completion in 1972.
During 1973,an estimated 26 State and interstate planning projects
will be supported. About 10 State and interstate plans are scheduled for
completion. In addition, approximately 60 local and regional planning
grants will be awarded with about 30 to be completed.
The increase of $2,843,000 is requested to expand support for local
and regional planning. Such planning is urgently needed to build on the
basis provided by the State and interstate plans and to influence community
solid waste management practices directly.
AC-58
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Allocation of Solid Wastes Planning Grants
To States and Territories
State or Territory 1972 1973
Alaska $31,685 $29,290
Arizona 28,149 20,000
California 79,275
Colorado 24,250
Connecti cut 81,554
Florida 35,000
Georgia 7,000 25,000
Idaho 24,636 10,000
Illinois 148,899 98,867
Indiana ... 20,000
Iowa 22,703 22,703
Kentucky 42,186
Maine , 20,000
Maryland 45,000
j Massachusetts 32,094
Michigan 77,359
Minnesota 76,827
Mississippi 30,000
Missouri 22,697 20,000
Montana 37,065 30,000
Nebraska ... 23,311
Nevada 14,211 14,785
New Hampshire 14,500 12,500
New Mexico 35,000 30,000
New York 150,000
North Carolina 19,000
North Dakota ... 15,000
Ohio 55,000
Oregon 18,684 25,000
Pennsylvania 166,027
Rhode Island ... 15,000
South Dakota 15,000 12,000
Texas 51,029
Utah 12,028 12,000
Vermont 24,250 20,000
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We s t V i rg i n i a
Wisconsin
Wyomi ng
Virgin Islands
Total *
$62,000
35,000
, 34,800
, 28,275
30,000
1.631.183
$50,000
60,000
14,000
34,000
25,000
28,000
85,000
751.456
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Abatement and Control
Solid Wastes
Technical Information and Assistance
Justification
1972: $1,759,700
1973: 2,538,200
Change: +778,500
1972 1973 Change
Technical information and
assistance $1,759,700 $2,538,200 +$778,500
Technical assistance on all aspects of storage, collection, processing,
disposal, and resource recovery is provided to States, local agencies, and
individuals to bring about improvement of solid waste management systems
and solutions to operational problems. Technical information is also
assembled, published, and disseminated to public and private agencies,
organizations, and individuals to acquaint them with new and existing
technology and management practices.
During 1972, approximately 2,500 requests for assistance will be
responded to. Responses range from technical letter reports discussinq
solutions to a specific problem to comprehensive reports of field studies
discussing problem solutions that apply to many locations. An estimated
1,800 open dumps will be eliminated or converted to sanitary landfills
under the Mission 5,000 program. This program has as its objective the
closing or conversion to sanitary landfills of 5,000 open dumps.
For 1973, the number of assistance requests will rise, but more
significantly, assistance efforts will be targeted on areas which have a
capacity to implement improvement. Under the Mission 5,000 program, some
2,800 open dumps are expected to be closed or converted to sanitary landfills,
The increased resources will be used to provide additional expertise
at the regional level to bring the technical assistance activities closer
to the concerned agencies, groups, and individuals. Emphasis will be
given to attaining institutional changes necessary to upgrade current
municipal solid waste systems through application of available technology
and better management. Technical assistance will be integrated with other
solid waste management programs such as planning and systems demonstrations
in developing comprehensive assistance packages directed toward the
solution of problems at specific localities.
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Abatement and Control
Solid Wastes
Federal Activities
Justification
1972: $412,800
1973: 327,700
Change: -85,100
1972 1973 Change
Federal activities $412,800 $327,700 -$85,100
As required by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970, a program is being
conducted to implement improved solid waste management practices at
Federal facilities. This Act requires Federal agencies to comply with
applicable Federal guidelines for solid waste management at their
installations. Technical assistance to upgrade solid waste management
practices and achieve solutions to specific problems is provided to those
facilities. Selected facilities are designated on a priority basis for
survey and monitoring to insure compliance. In addition, in keeping with
the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Federal agency environmental
impact statements are reviewed in terms of their solid waste implications.
During 1972, solid waste disposal and incineration guidelines will be
developed and adapted to Federal facilities. Technical assistance will be
provided by headquarters and regional office staffs in response to about
250 significant inquiries.
For 1973, activity will be focused on implementing the solid waste
disposal and incineration guidelines that were adapted to Federal facilities
during 1972. An estimated 230 significant requests for technical assistance
will be complied with in an effort to upgrade solid waste management
practices and achieve compliance with guidelines.
The decrease of $85,100 reflects a change in emphasis from conducting
a comprehensive inventory of Federal facilities and giving general assistance,
to concentrating effort on implementing solid waste guidelines that are
mandatory for Federal agencies. Assistance in the form of responses to
inquiries relating to specific engineering and management needs will be
directed to this implementation effort.
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Abatement and Control
Solid Wastes
Manpower Planning and Training
Justification
1972: $1,343,200
1973: 1,289,900
Change: -53,300
1972 1973 Change
Manpower planning and
training $1,343,200 $1,289,900 -$53,300
Success in solving the Nation's solid waste problem is to a great
extent dependent upon the availability of qualified solid waste collection,
disposal, and processing systems personnel. Training and manpower programs
directed to meeting this need include support for those embarking on
professional careers in solid waste management as well as for State and
technical institutions to establish training programs for operator and
technical personnel. Short-course training and curriculum development by
EPA training staff are oriented to Federal, State, local, and private
agency personnel who are either just beginning their environmental careers
or who need to upgrade their solid waste management skills. Also, a
modest manpower planning activity is carried on to give direction to the
training effort and maintain a profile of the Nation's solid waste management
training needs.
During 1972, graduate training in solid waste management will be
supported by grants to 12 universities. Additional grants will go to
12 States for the training of operator and supervisory personnel for local
solid waste systems. Direct training of 1600 in-house and professional
and specialist solid waste management personnel is planned for 1972. This
total represents about 30 short-course presentations of three to four
day duration covering aspects of municipal solid waste management and
technology. In addition, a new safety training package for solid waste
collection personnel will be added to the curriculum. The manpower study
required by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970 will be completed in 1972.
For 1973, graduate training at universities will be supported at a
reduced level. This activity is being scaled down in 1973 in keeping with
an EPA policy to encourage more assumption of responsiblity for environmental
graduate training by non-Federal sources so that EPA may direct its
funds to other forms of training with greater immediate impact in meeting
pollution control manpower needs. Grants to States in support of solid
waste operator and supervisory personnel training will be continued.
Direct training activities will continue at a level comparable with 1972.
A system of course fees will be applied in 1973 to EPA's direct training
AC-63
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programs. Receipts will be deposited in the U.S. Treasury as general
revenues, since there is no authority to use such funds for direct program
support. Consequently, direct training in solid wastes will continue to
depend on appropriated funds. New courses will be developed for
professional and specialists solid waste personnel including a course on
new collection equipment, incinerator and sanitary landfill operation, and
a new solid waste management series directed to municipalities covering
organization concepts, labor relations, and financing mechanisms.
The decrease of $53,300 impacts largely on graduate training and
manpower planning, with small reductions in State agency and in-house
training. These decreases are partially offset by an increase in course
development and training to be implemented through contracts with solid
waste professional and technical organizations. A reduction for solid
waste manpower planning results from completion in 1972 of the manpower
study required by the Resource Recovery Act of 1970. Slight reductions
will not notably affect the level of activity planned for State agency
support and in-house training. The increase for course development and
training will be used to develop new courses for both solid waste operators
and management personnel that can be presented by either EPA staff or through
professional and technical solid waste organizations as to have maximum
impact on day-to-day solid waste operations.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Pesticides
Purpp se
EPA's Pesticides Abatement and Control program is predominantly
directed toward regulation of pesticides through registration of
pesticide products under authority of the Federal Insecticide,
Fungicide,and Rodenticide Act and the setting of pesticide residue
tolerances under authority of the Food, Drug,and Cosmetic Act. These
activities are closely supported by EPA's pesticide research and
enforcement programs, both of which are discussed in other sections.
Other key elements of the program are the monitoring and surveillance
of environmental levels of pesticides, studies of effects of pesticides
on human health, and investigation of pesticide accidents. These
activities provide much of the information needed to effectively carry
out the registration and tolerance petition programs.
Finally, the program includes provision of technical assistance and
information to State and local regulatory and health agencies and other
Federal agencies, and provision of training and training assistance to
improve the knowledge and technical capabilities of Federal, State, and
local personnel involved in pesticide activities.
Budget Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations
Monitoring and surveillance...
Technical information and
assistance
Manpower planning and training
1972
$3,954,500
6,576,500
726,900
211,100
1973
$3,688,600
7,541,300
1 ,029,200
214,100
Increase
or Decrease
-$265,900
964,800
302,300
3,000
Total 11,469,000 12,473,200
End-of-Year Employment
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations
Monitoring and surveillance...
Technical information and
as s i s tance
Manpower planning and training
1,004,200
Total
Man-Years, Total
221
173
29
9
432
369
207
188
42
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446
396
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Summary of Increases and Decreases^
1972 1973 Change
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Standards. Guidelines, and Regulations $3,954,500 $3.688,600 -$265,900
Product registration 2,906,500 3,332,600 +426,100
To improve the efficiency and effectiveness of processing pesticide-
label registration applications, including renewal registrations.
Tolerance setting 1,048,000 356,000 -692,000
A proposed decrease in appropriated funds to be offset by increased
Revolving Fund receipts generated by increasing tolerance petition
fees.
Monitoring and Surveillance 6.576.500 7,541,300 +964,800
Community studies 3,592,000 4,193,000 +601,000
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To expand the community studies program to two additional areas and
to expand studies currently underway to improve the statistical
validity of the epidemiological data on the health effects of exposures
to pesticides.
Monitoring 2,984,500 3,348,300 +363,800
To expand joint Federal/State investigations of pesticide accidents;
to improve laboratory capabilities for analyzing pesticide product
samples; and to continue the 1972 level of effort in monitoring
pesticide residues in soils, air, human tissue, and estuaries,
nationwide.
Technical Information and Assistance 726.900 1,029.200 +302,300
To provide for assignment of one pesticide generalist in each region to
assist States in improving their pesticide controls and user monitoring.
To enlarge the Agency's technical information base and improve
Ijl capabilities to respond to informational requests.
Manpower Planning and Training 211,100 214,100 +3,000
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of effort
in assisting the States in training programs for State laboratory
personnel and pesticide applicators.
AC-66
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Abatement and Control
Pesticides
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
I 1972: $3,954,500
1973: 3,688,600
Change: -265,900
1972 1973 Change
Product registration $2,906,500 $3,332,600 +$426,100
The Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act requires that
all pesticide products moving in interstate commerce be registered with
EPA. The product registration program implements this provision of the
Act. Applicants for registration must submit data showing the ingredients
^ of their product, the purposes for which it is to be used, including the
pests which it is intended to control and the crops or other areas on
V which it is to be applied, the directions for use of the product, and
safety precautions to be followed to prevent accidental injury or
environmental damage. A copy of the proposed labeling is required and
results of safety and efficacy tests may also be required. Applications
are reviewed to determine whether the product is safe and efficacious
and meets the other requirements of the law and applicable regulations.
If products satisfy all requirements, they are registered. Scientific
data is continuously reviewed, as is information developed by the enforcement,
monitoring and surveillance programs to determine if products in use
comply with requirements, and if they pose environmental hazards.
Improvements in use directions or safety precautions are instituted as
necessary. Products causing environmental hazards may have their
registrations cancelled or, in cases of imminent hazard, suspended.
During 1972, the product registration program is making considerable
progress in improving the rate of review for registration applications.
In February 1971, approximately 5,000 applications were on hand with a
median age of 60-90 days. By December 1971, the number of applications
on hand had been reduced to about 2,200, with a median age of less than
60 days. During the year, about 27,000 registration applications, including
renewals, amendments, and temporary permits, are being processed.
The results of some 5,500 product sample analyses will be reviewed
and reported to the enforcement group in 1972. During 1973, it is
proposed to further improve both the time of review (toward a goal of
45 days) and the depth of review of applications. The expected number
of applications of all types in 1973 is 25,000.
Some 6,000 product sample analyses will be assessed by the technical
§ staff for possible enforcement action. Another 2,000 analyses will be
reviewed prior to product reregistration. To carry out the proposed
1973 program with its improved and accelerated processing of applications,
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an increase of $426,100 is requested. This increase will cover the
full-year employment cost of new positions filled in 1972 and the
partial-year employment cost of 20 new positions to be filled in 1973
to enable the processing improvements proposed.
It is intended in 1973 to initiate a system of registration fees
to collect approximately $3,000,000. These receipts will be deposited
in the U.S. Treasury as general revenues; accordingly, appropriated
monies will be required to fund the program. The fees will be collected
under the authority of the User Charge Act (31 USC 483a). Although a
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schedule of fees has not yet been developed, it is anticipated that a
system of differently priced fees for different classes of applications
will be instituted and that the individual fees will represent a
relatively minor cost to the applicant when compared to the sales
revenues of the products marketed under the respective registration.
1972 1973 Change
Tolerance setting $1,048,000 $356,000 -$692,000
Pesticide chemicals intended for application on human food or animal
feed crops must have tolerances for residues established under the
provisions of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act. Tolerance levels are
established for pesticide chemicals in or on specified raw agricultural
commodities to protect consumers from toxic effects. Tolerance petitioners
must provide evidence that the proposed tolerance level is safe and that it
will not exceed levels expected to be found when the product is used as
directed. A method for detecting the residue must also be provided. EPA
reviews the petitioners' data to determine its compliance with the law
and applicable regulations and publishes the tolerance in the Federal
Register.
During 1972, the average number of registrant petitions under review
is 150. As with processing of registration applications, emphasis has
been given to improving review and handling capabilities and reducing
overall processing time.
During 1973, it .is expected that the average level of all types of
tolerance petitions received will be 200. In addition, approximately
20 previously issued tolerances will be re-examined in the light of
current scientific knowledge of the environmental effects of pesticides.
Tolerance petition fees very according to the number of tolerances
and commodities involved and range between $3,000 and $4,500. There are
other fees for temporary tolerances, withdrawals of petitions within six
months, etc. During 1972, fees are projected to aggregate to $309,000.
These receipts are credited to a Revolving Fund and are used to defray
a part of the cost of the tolerance petition program. The remaining
costs of the program, $1,048,000, are covered by appropriated funds.
AC-68
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It is proposed to increase the schedule of fees for petitions
in 1973 to enable the collection of $1,109,000. This increase will
cover the costs of 34 positions formerly paid with appropriated funds,
permitting the reduction of 34 positions in the Operations, Research, and
Facilities account> These receipts will continue to be credited to a
Revolving Fund to defray the cost of the program. It is further proposed
to discontinue the waiver of fees for petitions submitted by Federal and
State agencies, universities, and nonprofit organizations. It is estimated
that a part of the cost of the program, $356,000, will not be covered
by fee receipts, and accordingly, an appropriation in this amount is
requested in 1973 for the program. In summary, the proposed increase
«of fees will enable a $692,000 decrease in appropriated funds for the
program for 1973.
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Pesticides
« Monitoring and Surveillance
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Justification
1972: $6,576,500
1973: 7,541,300
Change: +964,800
1972 1973 Change
Community studies $3,592,000 $4,193,000 +$601,000
The community studies program encompasses epidemiological and
toxicological studies to determine the health effects to human population
§ groups exposed in various ways to pesticides. The objectives of the
studies are to identify the sources and magnitude of pesticide exposure
in various areas and to study and assess the cause and effect relationships
between exposures and health reactions for different groups of people.
The results of these studies provide necessary scientific knowledge for the
review of product registration applications and tolerance petitions and provide
information for EPA's technical assistance activities.
During 1972, the community studies program is supporting, through
contracts, studies by 14 State universities, medical schools, and health
departments. In-house efforts are devoted to coordination of these studies
and analysis and assessment of these results. New studies on mutagenesis,
sputum cytology, and retrospective morbidity and mortality are being
undertaken.
During 1973, it is proposed to expand the community studies program
to cover a larger population base and to collect more information to improve
the statistical validity of the results. The number of studies will be
increased from 14 to 16 and two of the ongoing studies will be expanded in
scope and effort.
An increase of $601,000 is requested in 1973 to carry out the expanded
program. This expansion will significantly increase the amount and quality
of results produced by the program and thereby will provide EPA with a
significantly greater and better information base on which to review
registration applications and tolerance petitions and on which to advise
and assist State, local, and other Federal agencies in addressing pesticide
pollution problems and designing and conducting pest control programs.
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197! 1971 Change
Mori i torinfj.. $2,984,500 $3,348,300 +$363,800
The pesticides monitoring program includes a residue profile program
I to study and monitor pesticide residues in soils, crops, air, human tissue,
and estuaries throughout the country; the investigation of pesticide
accidents; and the chemical and biological analyses of pesticide products
available on the market and pesticide chemicals currently or potentially
[ incorporated in pesticide products. The residue profiles program provides
data useful to the registration and tolerance petition programs and
also necessary for making national, regional, and local assessments of
pesticide levels and their possible impact on the environment. The
accident investigation program is a joint Federal-State program to report
and investigate accidental poisonings and spills and other incidents
involving pesticides. Information generated by this program will be used
to improve procedures for use, handling, transportation, and storage of
pesticides to improve safety and prevent future accidents. The sample
analysis program analyzes pesticide products obtained in the market-
I place to be sure that they are quantitatively and qualitatively in
compliance with the statements made in their registrations and are otherwise
in compliance with the law. Current efforts include chemical analysis and
safety and performance testing. This program also provides chemical and
biological analyses of pesticide products and chemicals in direct support
to the registration and tolerance petition programs.
During 1972, in the residue profiles program, soil samples are being
collected from 36 States and 15 urban areas and are being analyzed for
pesticides and heavy metals. Ambient air is being sampled at 36 sites
in 31 States. Estuarine shellfish, silt, water, and planketon are being
collected from 159 sites in 14 States. The joint Federal-State accident
investigation program was operational in four regions early in the year.
To date in 1972, about 275 incidents have been investigated. In the sample
analysis program, about 5,500 product samples are being analyzed to determine
if their active ingredients, safety in use and handling, and biological
effectiveness comply with the statements made in their registration and
with other provisions of the law.
In 1973, it is proposed to expand the accident investigation program
to all ten regions and to handle up to 2,000 incidents during the year.
It is further proposed to improve the capability of the sample analysis
program and to analyze approximately 6,000 samples. The residue profiles
mat program will be maintained at its 1972 level.
To carry out the proposed 1973 monitoring programs, an increase of
$363,800 is requested. Of this, $175,000 will be devoted to expansion of
the accident investigation program and the remainder to the sample analysis
program. The expansion of the accident investigation program is of critical
importance not only to achieve national coverage, but also to improve EPA's
« capacity to secure the valuable information that can be obtained from such
investigations for use in review of registration applications and in provision
of technical assistance. The increase for the sample analysis program is
needed to enable this program to provide an adequate level ofsupport for the
registration and tolerance petitions programs and the pesticide enforcement
programs.
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Abatement and Control
Pesticides
Technical Information and Assistance
Justification
1972: $726,900
1973: 1,029,200
Change: +302,300
1972 1973 Change
Technical assistance $726,900 $1,029,200 +$302,300
EPA provides technical information and assistance to State, local,
and other Federal agencies concerned with pesticide problems. Forty-eight
States have enacted some form of regulatory legislation concerning pesticides.
EPA attempts to obtain uniformity of registered pesticide uses through
liaison with State regulatory agencies. State health agencies are also
provided with support, either by contract or by detailed personnel, in
dealing with health problems and other problems related to pesticides.
Technical assistance is given to other Federal, State, and local agencies
engaged in the operation or management of pest control programs to aid them
in identifying the potential environmental impacts associated with use of
various chemicals and application methods. Finally, EPA collects and
^ disseminates information on pesticides to interested Federal, State, and
H local agencies and to scientists with a research interest in pesticides.
During 1972, 14 State agencies are being assisted through contracts or
«by detail of EPA personnel. Additionally, consultative assistance is being
given to State, local, and other Federal agenices, on request, to the extent
of the Agency's current capabilities. With respect to dissemination of
information, two technical periodicals are being published and approximately
2,000 requests for literature searches or reprints of scientific articles are
being handled.
In 1973, it is proposed to strengthen the technical assistance program
through placing a pesticide generalist in each of the ten regional offices.
The same functions performed in 1972 will be pursued, but involvement of the
| regional offices will greatly strengthen the program by improving contact and
familiarity with the problems being faced. In addtion, the technical
information system will be expanded to include registration and tolerance data
on a current basis, as well as the monitoring and research information currently
being produced. A small increase in staff will be made to improve the
capability to respond to requests for information and to handle a greater
number of requests (2,600). The publication of two technical periodicals
will continue.
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An increase of $302,300 is requested to carry out the expanded 1973
program, as proposed. The essential element of this increase will be the
addition of expertise in the regional offices. This will enable EPA to
give immediate and direct assistance to other agencies to aid them in
solving complex pesticide pollution problems and preventing other such
problems. Expansion of the technical information system is important not
only from the standpoint of providing a greater information base to its
users but also because it will make considerably more accessible the
data and information already on hand in the registration, tolerance
petition, and monitoring programs.
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Abatement and Control
Pesticides
Manpower Planning and Training
Justification
1972: $211,100
1973: 214,100
Change: +3,000
1972 1973 Change
Training $211,100 $214,100 +$3,000
The pesticide training program provides technical training to State,
local, Federal, and industry personnel in pesticide residue analytical
techniques. State and local pesticide control personnel are also given
training in the epidemiology and public health impacts of pesticides.
Course materials are developed to improve the technical expertise and safety
practices of pesticide applicators.
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During 1972, approximately 150 laboratory personnel are being given
technical training in pesticide residue analytical techniques at EPA's
Perrine Laboratory, Florida. Approximately 1,000 State health agency
personnel and others are attending training sessions given by the Agency
at several locations. Two pilot level courses for State personnel are
being given at Chamblee, Georgia, to test the training curricula developed
by EPA for training pesticide applicators in the importance of and in
methods for protecting the environment.
During 1973, this program will continue at its current level. A
slight increase of $3,000 will be required and is requested for this
purpose. A system of course fees will be applied in 1973 to EPA's direct
training programs. Receipts will be deposited in the U.S. Treasury as
general revenues, in accordance with the provisions of the User Charge Act
(31 USC 483a), since there is no authority to use such funds for direct
program support. Consequently, direct training in pesticides control will
continue to depend on appropriated funds.
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M Abatement and Control
Radiation
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Purpose
A primary focus of the Radiation Abatement and Control program is
toward EPA's responsibilities for establishing the basic policies which
guide all Federal radiation protection activities and for setting specific
standards which limit discharges of radiation into the general environment.
This effort is closely supported by the Radiation Research and Development
program.
Other key elements of the program contribute to the guidelines and
standards effort and toward improvement of State, local, or other Federal
radiation control programs. They include environmental radiation monitoring,
provision of technical assistance to other governmental agencies, review of
federally supported or licensed activities involving environmental
radiation, and support of training programs.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations $593,600 $762,400 $168,800
Monitoring and surveillance 1,404,600 1,541,500 136,900
Technical information and
assistance 373,900 380,900 7,000
Federal activities 864,500 981,500 117,000
Manpower planning and training. 1.068,600 827,900 -240,700
Total 4,305,200 4,494,200 189,000
End-of-Year Employment
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations 13 13
Monitoring and surveillance 80 80
Technical information and
assistance 19 19
Federal activities 54 60 6
Manpower planning and training. 11 TJ .^.
Total 177 183 6
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Man-Years, Total 158 171 13
AC-75
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Summary of Increases and Decreases^
1972 1973 Change
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations $593,600 $762,400 +$168,800
To complete the assessment and possible development of environmental
protection standards covering the entire nuclear fuel cycle,
particularly for nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, and to initiate
studies to develop information required for establishment of a standard
for the liquid metal fast-breeder reactor.
Monitoring and Surveillance 1,404.600 1.541,500 +136,900
To continue development of the National Environmental Radiation Monitoring
Program, so as to ob'
on a national basis.
Technical Information and Assistance 373,900 380,900 +7,000
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of effort
in providing technical assistance to State and other agencies.
Federal Activities 864,500 981.500 +117,000
| Program, so as to obtain improved information on population exposures
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To expand staff effort, including field data acquisition, necessary for
review of the increased number of more technically complex environmental
impact statements.
Manpower Planning and Training 1,068,600 827,900 -240.700
Training grants and fellowships 800,000 569,500 -230,500
To decrease graduate training grants so as to implement a revised
Agency policy.
Direct training 268,600 258,400 -10,200
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of effort
in providing short-course, ski 11-improvement, training courses.
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Abatement and Control
Radiation
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
1972: $593,600
1973: 762,400
Change: +168,800
1972 1973 Change
Standards, guidelines,
and regulations ....... $593,600 $762,400 +$168,800
EPA has two primary responsibilities associated with radiation protection
guidance and standards. The first of these involves the formulation of basic
Federal policies on radiation protection and the development of Radiation
Protection Guidelines which are to be followed by all Federal agencies
concerned with radiation control. This was the function exercised by the
Federal Radiation Council prior to establishment of EPA. The second
responsibility is for the establishment of environmental protection standards
which limit radiation levels in the general environment outside the boundaries
of nuclear power plants or other radiation producing installations.
During the current fiscal year, work in the area of basic radiation
protection policies is centered around a major review of the scientific
bases for existing guidelines. This review has been undertaken in response
to growing concern about the potential hazards associated with the expanding
nuclear energy industry. It is a long-range undertaking and involves expert
assistance from several other Federal agencies, the National Academy of
Sciences, and the National Council for Radiation Protection and Measurements.
An EPA posture with respect to environmental standards is being developed
which takes into account health risks, currently available control technology,
and cost/benefit considerations in setting limitations applicable to specific
classes of radiation sources or facilities.
During 1973, the extensive investigation of existing radiation policies
and guidelines will be concluded and attention will be directed to specific
radiation policy questions as they occur. The development of environmental
protection standards will be continued by initiating the assessment of the
entire nuclear fuel cycle, particularly the nuclear fuel reprocessing
plants. Efforts will also be increased to identify the information necessary
for a future standard for the liquid metal fast-breeder reactor which is
currently under development by the AEC. This particular reactor concept,
while having a great potential for meeting the Nation's long-range energy
requirements, is unusually complex and will present unique problems in
terms of environmental protection requirements.
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An increase of $168,800 is requested to permit undertaking the pro-
posed 1973 program. This increase is required to complete the assessment
and possible development of a standard for nuclear fuel reprocessing plants
and to initiate studies to identify or develop the information required
for establishment of a standard for the liquid metal fast-breeder reactor.
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Abatement and Control
Radiation
Monitoring and Surveillance
Justification
1972: $1,404,600
1973: 1,541,500
Change: -136,900
1972 1973 Change
Monitoring and surveillance $1,404,600 $1,541,500 +$136,900
A major component of EPA's Radiation Monitoring and Surveillance
activity is the conduct of the National Environmental Radiation Monitoring
program. This program involves State and local as well as Federal
effort. It is aimed at obtaining baseline data on existing levels of
environmental radiation; assessing changes in these levels and relating
these changes to their probable sources; and determining if these levels
are within established guidelines and standards. In a related area,
EPA conducts on-site inspections of individual radiation facilities to
determine if the discharges of radioactive materials or radiation levels
resulting from their operations are within prescribed standards. Finally,
the Agency supports State and local and other Federal radiation protection
programs by carrying out field surveys and investigations of potential
radiological health problems.
During 1972, the effort involved in the National Environmental
Radiation Monitoring Program includes the operation of four environmental
surveillance networks which cover milk, water, food, and tritium as well
as analysis and publication of resultant data. State and local input into
the program is being further strengthened through contractual arrangements
with additional States to provide more timely data, and by improvement in
analytical and quality control methods used in connection with State data.
The inspection of nuclear facilities and other facilities using radioactive
materials has been initiated and work is focused on the organization of
inspection teams, development of inspection procedures, and establishment
of arrangements with the AEC, States, and facility operators for access to
individual facilities. Finally, field survey work is being conducted to
determine radiation levels resulting from the prior use of uranium mill
tailings in construction of residential and commercial structures. Detailed
surveys are being made in the Grand Junction, Colorado area to help
establish the extent of this potential problem, and survey work is being
initiated in eight other Western States where these materials have been used
in a similar manner.
AC-79
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In 1973, the National Environmental Radiation Monitoring Program
will be continued by operating the necessary surveillance networks.
Additional contracts with State agencies will be made to receive
surveillance data related to specific radiation sources. Preliminary
work on the inspections program will be completed and full-scale inspections
will be initiated. The field investigations on the uranium mill tailings
problem will continue until detailed survey work can be completed in all
nine Western States where the problem is evident.
To carry out the proposed 1973 program, an increase of $136,900 is
requested. This will provide for continued development of the monitoring
program, including the acquisition of data on specific radiation sources
so that more precise population dose information can be obtained on a
nationwide basis.
AC-80
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Abatement and Control
Radiation
Technical Information and Assistance
Justification
1972: $373,900
1973: 380,900
Change: +7,000
1972 1973 Change
Technical information and
assistance $373,900 $380,900 +$7,000
EPA maintains a small staff in nine of its ten regional offices to
provide continuing liaison and assistance to State and local environmental
radiation programs. This assistance includes a variety of functions such
as promotion of effective State control programs through evaluation of
on-going activities and development of needed improvements; development of
Federal/State/local radiological emergency plans; and arranging for provision
of technical assistance and consultation on specific problems.
During 1972 and 1973, regional technical assistance will be continued
as described above at essentially the same level in each year. However,
in 1973, greater attention will be given to providing for regional office
review of environmental impact statements covering nuclear power olants and
other major radiation sources.
To carry out the proposed 1973 program, an increase of $7,000 is
requested to cover increased employment costs.
AC-81
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Abatement and Control
Radiation
Federal Activities
Justification
1972: $864,500
1973: 981,500
Change: +117,000
1972 1973 Change
Federal activities $864,500 $981,500 +$117,000
As a part of its overall responsibilities for review of environmental
impact statements submitted by other Federal agencies, EPA conducts detailed
evaluations of proposals for the design, construction, and modification of
radiation producing facilities which are to be operated by Federal agencies
or are subject to Federal regulation. In order to provide the technical
base necessary to conduct these environmental assessments, EPA also conducts
a series of engineering studies aimed at providing a better understanding
of the design and operation of devices and systems for containment, treatment,
and disposal of radioactive wastes.
During 1972, approximately 75 environmental impact statements are being
reviewed. Of this number, about 30 are directly related to the nuclear
power industry while the remainder cover such diverse radiation producing
activities as underground weapons testing, aerospace applications, methods
for shipment of radioactive materials, and facilities and equipment used
for research in the physical and biological sciences. In the related
program of engineering studies, current year effort includes investigations
of three operating reactors and a fuel reprocessing plant. These studies
will provide more detailed information on the radioactive wastes discharged
by these types of plants and on the exposure levels that they create in the
surrounding environment. They also provide information required for development
of procedures for inspection of radiation facilities.
Based upon projections provided by the AEC and prior experience with
other Federal agencies, it is expected that the total number of environmental
impact statements submitted to EPA for evaluation in 1973 will increase to
100. Of this total, approximately 65 will be related to nuclear power
plants, and these will be of greater complexity as a result of the recent
court decision covering the Calvert Cliffs nuclear plant That decision
requires that the scope of impact statements for nuclear facilities be
AC-82
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extended to include all environmental considerations rather than being
limited to radiation effects. In addition, impact statements on nonionizing
radiation sources are expected to increase. Two of the four engineering
studies covering pressurized water reactors will be completed in early
1973 and an additional study will be initiated on the waste disposal
problems associated with the liquid metal fast-breeder reactor.
An increase of $117,000 is requested to support six additional positions
required to handle the increased impact statement review workload projected
for 1973. These reviews afford EPA a major tool for control of environmental
radiation by enabling the Agency to directly influence the siting, design
features, and operating conditions of individual nuclear facilities.
AC-83
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Abatement and Control
Radiation
Manpower Planning and Training
Justification
1972: $1,068,600
1973: 827,900
Change: -240,700
1972 1973 Change
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The training grants program is directed toward assuring the availability
of adequate numbers of professionally and technically trained personnel
to staff State and local radiation control programs. To this end, EPA
makes grants to academic institutions to support both graduate level study
and the training of technicians. These grants cover the costs of faculty
salaries, equipment and similar costs and, in some instances, tuition and
stipends for selected students.
During 1972, grants for graduate level study are being made to 13
institutions which in turn will provide for the training of approximately
173 students working toward MS and Ph.D. degrees. These students will
follow programs of study which have application to radiation protection
programs and include fields such as health physics and nuclear engineering.
Technician training programs are being supported at three academic institutions
and provide for the training of about 90 students working toward associate
or bachelor level degrees. These persons are being trained for entrance
level professional positions in radiation protection programs or as
subprofessionals to be employed in radiation monitoring and analytical
activities.
In 1973, assistance provided for graduate training will be reduced so
that eight institutions and 56 students will be supported. This reduction
is in keeping with an EPA policy of encouraging non-Federal sources to assume
a greater share of the responsibility for graduate training in environmental
disciplines so that EPA may direct its resources to other forms of training
which have a greater immediate impact on pollution control manpower retirements
Accordingly, a decrease of $230,500 is proposed for the 1973 training
grants program.
Direct training 268,600 258,400 -10,200
EPA provides short course training to persons already employed in
radiation control activities in State, local, and other Federal agencies and
in the private sector. These courses are conducted by EPA staff in EPA
facilities and are intended to improve the skills and knowledge of trainees
in specific subject areas.
AC-84
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During 1972, 20 short courses are being offered at EPA field locations
with 500 students attending. They cover such subjects as radiation
protection guides, radionuclide analysis, radiation surveillance, and
reactor safety.
During 1973, it is proposed to conduct the same number of courses
for approximately the same number of trainees. It is estimated that this
effort can be carried out at slightly lower costs than 1972. Beginning
in 1973, a system of course fees will be applied to EPA's direct training
programs. Receipts will be deposited in the U.S. Treasury as general
revenues since there is no authority to use such funds for direct program
supports. Consequently, direct training in radiation control will
continue to depend on appropriated funds.
AC-85
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Noise
Purpose
Current authorities provide for the abatement and control of
objectionable noise through investigations aimed at identifying and
classifying the sources and causes of noise as well as by developing
recommended plans and programs to control the effects of noise on public
health and welfare. The investigations required to plan control programs
relate to current and projected levels of community noise, effects of noise
on human health, the social and economic impacts of noise, the effects on
wildlife, and laws and regulatory schemes for noise abatement.
Current authority also requires EPA to provide technical assistance
and guidance to Federal agencies to ensure effective control of noise
resulting from Federal activities. To this end, EPA assists in the
incorporation of noise control measures in the conceptual and design
phases of Federal projects by the issuance of guidelines. Assistance is
also provided by reviewing and evaluating noise control plans of Federal
agencies, recommending abatement actions, and advising on control measures
and available technology.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Planning $922,700 ... -$922,700
Federal activities 70,000 $895.000 825,00"
Total 922,700 895,000 -Q7,700
End-of-Year Employment
Planning 8 ... -8
Federal activities 1 9 8
Total 9 9
Man-Years, Total 9 9
AC-86
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Summary of Increases^ and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Planning $922,700 -$922,7PP
A decrease reflecting the completion of the Report to the President
and the Congress on Noise required by the Noise Pollution and Abatement
Act of 1970.
Federal Activities 70,000 895,000 +825,npo
To provide technical assistance to other Federal agencies for the
purpose of preventing and abating objectionable noise from Federal
facilities and activities and to conduct surveys and studies to
develop a data and information base on the economic and engineering
aspects of noise abatement and control.
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Abatement and Control
Noise
Planning
Justification
1972: $922,700
1973:
Change: -922,700
1972 1973 Change
Planning $922,700 ... -$922,700
In 1972, this activity involved investigations and studies of noise
and its effects on the public health and welfare, and the holding of eight
public hearings in major U.S. cities. A report on these studies, as
required by the Noise Pollution and Abatement Act of 1970, was submitted
to the President and the Congress on December 31,1971.
The decrease reflects the completion of this activity and the
submission of the report. No authority exists for continuing this
activity in 1973.
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Noise
Federal Activities
Justification
1972: $70,000
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1973: 895,000
Change: +825,000
1972 1973 Chanae
Federal activities $70,000 $895,000 +$825,000
Title IV of the Clean Air Amendments of 1970 requires that any Federal
agency carrying out or sponsoring any activity resulting in noise
determined by the Administrator to be a public nuisance or to be otherwise
objectionable shall consult with EPA to determine possible means of abating
such noise.
An increase of $825,000 is requested to provide technical assistance
to Federal agencies in the identification of objectionable noise and the
taking of appropriate measures for its abatement. Emphasis will be placed
on developing systems of communication and cooperative relationship among
the Federal agencies for the purpose of noise control. Federal anencies
require assistance in initiation of noise abatement implementation
activities, with emphasis on preventive engineering techniques in the
conceptual and design phases of plans and projects. In addition, the
current state-of-the-art of noise control technology at Federal agencies
will be evaluated by on-site assessments of noise abatement programs and
practices and review of the adequacy and effectiveness of control measures.
Technical studies will be initiated to develop the data base necessary for
determining the adequacy of noise guidelines and to provide knowledge on
the availability of noise control technology. An inventory of Federal
installations will be carried out to assemble data on protective measures
currently in use and present Federal agency noise control capabilities.
AC-89
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Interdisciplinary
Purpose
Under the provisions of the Tax Reform Act of 1969, industries
which install new pollution control facilities are entitled to
accelerated cost amortization benefits upon proper certification from
the States and the Environmental Protection Agency. Before certifying
a facility, EPA must review the application for accelerated amortization
and determine whether the facility complies with technical and legal
requirements. EPA findings are forwarded to the Internal Revenue Service
which makes final determinations on eligibility.
1972
1973
Increase
or Decrease
Budget Authority
Standards, guidelines, and
regulations
$99.800 $99,800
Total
End-of-Year Employment
Standards, guidelines,
regulations
99,800
99,800
and
Total
8
Man-Years, Total
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations $99,800 $99,800 _ .__
To maintain the 1972 level of effort in the review and certification
to the Internal Revenue Service of applications for accelerated
amortization of facilities installed for air and water abatement
M and control .
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To encourage the construction and installation of pollution control
facilities, Congress included a provision in the Tax Reform Act of 1969
to allow for accelerated amortization of the costs of such facilities.
Upon certification from the State in which the installation is located
and the Environmental Protection Agency, such facilities may be amortized
over a 60 month period, with attendant tax benefits. Prior to certifying
any such facility, EPA must review the application for accelerated
amortization to assure that necessary technical and legal requirements have
been met.
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Interdisciplinary
Standards, Guidelines, and Regulations
Justification
1972: $99,800
1973: 99,800
Change:
1972 1973 Change
Certification for tax amortization... $99,800 $99,800
In order to qualify for rapid amortization, a facility must first be
certified by the State as being in conformance with the State program or
with requirements for air or water pollution abatement and control. Upon
State certification, the application is submitted to EPA for review. The
EPA review consists largely of an examination of the facts presented in
the application, including plans and specifications for the facility. To
the extent possible, EPA relies upon the State certification to avoid
overlapping in-depth reviews and on-site inspections. Decisions to make
inspections and site visits are based on such factors as questions on the
volume and toxicity of the discharge, the amount of money at stake, and
indications that a State may be ignoring obvious violations of applicable
air or water quality standards.
|| Following EPA certification, applications are forwarded to the
Internal Revenue Service.
The certification program is being initiated in 1972. Regulations and
^ guidelines for processing applications for accelerated amortization have been
developed and published and applications distributed. Initial certifications
are expected to be issued late in the year.
In 1973, the emphasis will shift to processing applications and issuing
certifications. Several hundred applications are expected to be received
and processed, requiring the same overall level of effort and funding as in
the current fiscal year.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Abatement and Control
Program Management and Support
Purpose
This activity encompasses overall program management of and support
for the Abatement and Control program activities administered by the
Assistant Administrators for Air and Water Programs and Categorical Programs
Relative to program management, this activity provides for staffing of the
immediate offices of the:
Assistant Administrator for Air and Water Programs;
Assistant Administrator for Categorical Programs;
Deputy Assistant Administrators for Air Programs, Water
Programs, Solid Waste Management Programs, Pesticide Programs
and Radiation Programs, and the major divisions within these
offices; and
Air and Water Divisions and Categorical Divisions within the ten
regional offices.
These offices perform the managerial functions necessary to overall
direction and administration of the Abatement and Control program
activities, including such functions as program, policy and strategy
development, program review, and headquarters level direction of program
activities. These offices are not engaged in conduct of specified program
activities; the staffing and resources for such activities are included
in the respective foregoing sections of the Abatement and Control program.
H Further, these offices do not encompass the functions of Agency management,
which are covered by Agency and Regional Management and discussed in a
later section.
The program support activity includes the funding of rents, utilities,
telephones, reproduction costs, supplies and other common services required
mm to support the Abatement and Control program activities.
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Budget Authority
Program management
Program support
1972
$7,946,900
13,104,100
1973
$7, 937, 500
13,668,400
Increase
or Decrease
$-9,40n
564,300
Total 21,051,000 21,605,900 554,900
End-of-Year Employment
Program management 369 369
Program support ._._. __.,_ ...
Total 369 369
Man-Years, Total. 312 350 38
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Program Management $7,946,900 $7,937.500 $-9,400
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Air and Water Programs
An adjustment which
of staffing.
Categorical Programs..
An adjustment which
of staffing.
Program Support
Air and Water Programs
To provide for the i
supplies, and other
requested for the Ai
Categorical Programs..
3,703,500 3,702,600 - 900
will provide for continuation of the 1972 level
4,243,400 4,234,900 -8,500
will provide for continuation of the 1972 level
13,104,100 13,668,400 +564,300
10,013,400 10,445,000 +431,600
ncreased costs of rents, utilities, telephones,
common services associated with the program increases
r and Water Abatement and Control programs .
3.090.700 3.??3.400 +13?. 700
To provide for the increased costs of rents, utilities, telephones,
supplies and other common services associated with the program
increases requested for the Categorical Abatement and Control orograms .
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Abatement and Control
Program Management and Support
mm Program Management
Justification
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1972: $7,946,900
1973: 7,937,500
Change: -9,400
1972 1973 Change
Air and Water Programs $3,703,500 $3,702,600 -$900
Proper management of the resources devoted to the Air and Water
Abatement and Control program, as described in the foregoing, requires an
adequate staff of managerial and support personnel. To provide this, the
following staffing was initially developed for Air and Water Program
Management in the early part of 1972:
End-of-Year
Employment
Office of Air and Water Programs 40
Office of Air Programs (headquaters
and Durham) 48
Office of Water Programs 46
Regional Air and Water Divisions 19
- The functions of these offices have been delimited to those required
to provide overall Agency-level policy and program direction and
~ coordination. The direct management and supervision of specific program
activities has been excluded from this budget item and included in those
respective program activities. Accordingly, staffing of Air and Water
Program Management has been and is being minimized to that level deemed
necessary to provide top-level management.
No increase in staffing or funding is required for Air and Water
Program Management in 1973,
Categorical Programs 4,243,400 4,234,900 -8,500
To provide overall management of the resources allocated to the
Categorical Abatement and Control program previously described, the
following staffing has been established for Categorical Program Management:
End-of-Year
Employment
Office of Categorical Programs 24
Office of Solid Waste Management Programs
(headquaters and Cincinnati) 54
Office of Pesticides Programs
(headquaters and Chamblee) 82
Office of Radiation Programs 29
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Regional Categorical Divisions 27
As with Air and Water Program Management, the functions of these
offices have been delimited to encompass only overall Agency-level
policy and program direction and coordination. The direct management
^ and supervision of specific program activities has been excluded from
this budget item and included in the respective program activities.
For 1973, a slight decrease in funding will be possible in Categorical
Program Management, while still maintaining the 1972 level of staffing.
This results from nonrecurring office equipment and other initial costs
acc«-ii~-i a -ho/H with -Hia rvoa'Unn an^ c+affinn r\f l-hoco nff-irac i-llfvirm 1Q79
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associated with the creation and staffing of these offices during 1972.
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Abatement and Control
Program Management and Support
M Program Support
Justification
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1972: $13,104,100
1973: 13,668,400
Change: +564,300
1972 1973 Change
Air and Water Programs $10,013,400 $10,445,000 +$431,600
Program support resources cover a variety of program costs which
are applicable to more than one program activity. These costs include
communications costs, such as Federal Telecommunications System (FTS),
telephones, toll calls, penalty mail, etc.; printing costs; laboratory
and office security and custodial services; supplies and materials; and
space rental costs.
An increase of $431,600 is requested to support these types of
common services costs associated with the additional staff proposed for 1973,
Categorical Programs 3,090,700 3,223,400 +132,700
Program support resources cover a variety of program costs which
are applicable to more than one program activity. These costs include
communications costs, such as Federal Telecommunications System (FTS),
telephones, toll calls, penalty mail, etc.; printing costs; laboratory
and office security and custodial services; supplies and materials; and
space rental costs.
j An increase of $132,700 is requested to support these types of
common services costs associated with the additional staff proposed for 1973.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Enforcement
Air
Purpose
The Air Enforcement program is directed toward achieving compliance
with designated standards for both stationary and mobile sources of
air pollution under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, as amended.
The stationary source enforcement program is being undertaken in
cooperation with the States and includes enforcement of State implementation
plans, new source performance standards, and national emission standards
for hazardous air pollutants. The mobile source enforcement program is
primarily a Federal effort directed toward achieving compliance with
motor vehicle emission standards, fuel standards, and aircraft emission
standards.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Stationary source enforcement $1,230,000 $2,196,500 $966,500
Mobile source enforcement 138.000 445,000 307,000
Total 1,368,000 2,641,500 1,273,500
End-of-Year Employment
Stationary source enforcement 47 116 69
Mobile source enforcement 10 27 17
Total 57 143 86
Man-Years, Total 51 104 53
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Stationary Source Enforcement $1,230,000 $2,196.500 +$966,500
To provide additional staff in each regional office to assist and
support the States in enforcing violations of approved air quality
implementation plans and, where delegated, enforcement where there
are violations of new source performance standards and emission
standards for.hazardous air pollutants; and to provide for Federal
enforcement of these plans and standards as appropriate.
Mobile Source Enforcement 138,000 445,000 +307,000
To participate in program design and regulations development for
assembly line testing; to implement a program to detect marketing
of uncertified new vehicles; to begin operation of a program for
recall of classes of in-use vehicles which fail to comply with
emission standards; to implement a program to enforce against
tampering with emission control devices; and to initiate enforcement
of lead fuel standards.
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Enforcement
Air
Stationary Source Enforcement
Justification
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1972: $1,230,000
1973: 2,196,500
Change: +966,500
1972 1973 Change
Stationary source enforcement.. $1,230,000 $2,196,500 +$966,500
Responsibility for enforcement of standards applicable to stationary
sources of air pollution is shared by EPA and the States. Implementation
plans prepared by the States were submitted in January 1972 and must be
approved or disapproved by EPA by May 1972. Plans not approved will be
modified and promulgated by EPA not later than July 1972. EPA is providing
support, assistance, and incentives to the States to enable them to exercise
primary responsibility for enforcing implementation plans and achieving
compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards. EPA will only
assume enforcement responsibility for plans, or portions thereof, where
States fail to act. Responsibility for enforcing new source performance
standards and emission standards for hazardous air pollutants rests with
EPA but may be delegated to the States. In December 1971, new source
performance standards were promulgated for five sources: power plants,
incinerators, cement plants, nitric acid plants, and sulfuric acid plants.
It is anticipated that standards for an additional 18 sources will be
promulgated in 1973. EPA plans to delegate enforcement responsibility for
new source performance standards to approximately half the States by 1973.
Construction lag times will preclude initiation of a significant number of
enforcement actions related to new source performance standards through 1973.
In June 1972, EPA will promulgate hazardous emission standards. It is
anticipated that pollutants covered will include asbestos, beryllium, and
mercury. EPA will continue to exercise primary responsibility for enforcing
hazardous emission standards, delegating this responsibility to only a few
States during 1973.
Primary emphasis during 1972 is being directed toward program planning
and development. This is being accomplished through establishing an enforcement
staff nucleus in each regional office to develop an effective enforcement
program capability and provide limited support and assistance to the States.
Enforcement activities related to new source performance standards
and emission standards for hazardous air pollutants will include
identifying tasks and developing programs to ensure that affected sources
understand and comply with the standards; preparing for review of preconstruction
plans of new sources as specified by the Clean Air Act; and developing
guidelines for delegating enforcement authority to the States. It is
estimated that EPA will initiate 25 notices of violation, 10 abatement
orders and conferences, and two court actions in 1972.
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In 1973, EPA will continue to work closely with States in enforcing
implementation plans and new source standards and hazardous emission
standards where responsibilities have been delegated. In early 1973, it
is anticipated that EPA will receive, review, and issue approximately 3,000
waiver requests from sources unable to comply with emission standards for
hazardous air pollutants by September 1972. It is expected that 5,000
citizen complaints will be reviewed and 650 performance tests will be performed
in support of State or Federal actions. In addition, preconstruction plans
for sources subject to new source performance standards or hazardous emission
standards will be reviewed; start-up tests for such sources will be observed;
and routine periodic source inspections will begin. It is anticipated that
approximately 200 notices of violation, 100 abatement orders and conferences,
and 20 court actions will be initiated to achieve compliance with standards
in 1973.
The requested increase will provide for increasing the size of EPA
regional staffs from 31 to 95 so that they can provide the necessary
support and assistance to the States and to ensure compliance in the event
of State failure to enforce. Activities will include helping States to set
up enforcement programs, evaluating State/local capabilities, conducting
field investigations and performance tests on stationary sources, responding
to citizen complaints, and providing direct case development support to
encourage and facilitate State enforcement activities. The requested increase
will also provide for the substantial increase in the number of enforcement
actions planned for 1973. This increase in enforcement activity is considered
necessary to assure that compliance with standards will be achieved in a
timely manner.
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Enforcement
Air
Mobile Source Enforcment
Justification
1972: $138,000
1973: 445,000
Change: +307,000
1972 1973 Change
Mobile source enforcement $138,000 $445,000 +$307,000
Standards for motor vehicle emissions, aircraft emissions, and fuels
have been promulgated by EPA under the provisions of the Clean Air Act, as
amended. A program geared to enforcement of those standards is being
designed and developed in 1972. Mobile source enforcement activities
include preventing the introduction into commerce of uncertified new
domestic and imported motor vehicles, instituting recall proceedings
where in-use vehicles fail to meet standards, preparing prosecutions
where tampering with emission control systems is apparent, and enforcing
Federal regulations on fuel and fuel additives. The program also includes
collecting evidential data and assisting in preparation of cases requiring
court action.
Major emphasis in the mobile source enforcement program during 1972
is being directed toward the design and development of programs which will
serve as a basis for enforcement of mobile source emission standards in the
future. Accordingly, those programs which will be implemented in 1973, as
discussed below, are being designed and developed in the current fiscal
year. Enforcement actions anticipated in 1972 include approximately
seven investigations of possible violations, five hearings on extensions
and waivers, three recalls, and one civil action.
The design and development of the mobile source enforcement programs
will be continued in 1973. In addition, resources will be utilized to
implement a monitoring system to detect and prevent the introduction of
uncertified new domestic and imported vehicles into commerce; to initiate
operation of a recall program for in-use vehicles; to implement a program
to prohibit tampering with emission control devices; to initiate enforcement
of lead fuel standards; to participate in program design and regulations
development for assembly line testing, record keeping requirements, and
right of entry procedures; and to prepare the annual report on aircraft
compliance. Enforcement actions anticipated for 1973 include approximately
680 investigations of possible violations, eight hearings on extensions and
waivers, 20 recalls, and 10 civil actions.
The requested increase for mobile source enforcement will be utilized
to implement the monitoring system, recall program, tampering program,
enforcement of lead standards, regulations development, and report on
aircraft compliance, as discussed above. The increase will also permit
the substantial expansion in the number of enforcement actions.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Enforcement
Water Quality
Purpose
The water enforcement program includes both the issuance of permits
under the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and the pursuance of enforcement
actions under the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as amended. The
goal of the water enforcement program is to achieve compliance with
water quality standards through a combined program of limiting discharges
from point sources through the permit program, supplemented by enforcement
actions in cases of noncompliance with water quality standards. Enforcement
actions utilized include enforcement conferences, 180 day notices, and
civil and criminal court actions.
Increase
l§Zi 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Enforcement $8,797,500 $10,283,500 $l,486,0nn
Refuse Act permits 4,996,200 8,408,20n 1,412,000
Total 13,793,700 18,691,700 4,898,000
End-of-Year Employment
Enforcement
Refuse Act permits
Total
Man-Years , Total
368
359
727
649
518
359
877
759
150
150
110
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Enforcement $8,797,500 $10.283,500 +$1,486,000
To permit conduct of approximately 75 additional enforcement actions,
to address an expected increase in violations of water quality
standards, and to further address the expected increase in violations
of Refuse Act permits as greater numbers are issued.
Refuse Act Permits 4.996.200 8.408.200 +3,412.000
To expand the computerized system for processing and handling permit
data in order to facilitate more efficient and effective review of
permit applications, and to purchase field sampling and laboratory
equipment to support monitoring of wastes discharged by permittees.
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Enforcement
Water Quality
Enforcement
Justification
1972: $8,797,500
1973: 10,283,500
Change: +1,486,000
1972 T973 Change
Water enforcement $8,797,500 $10,283,500 +$1,486,000
Under the provisions of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act,
as amended, enforceable Federal/State water quality standards have
been promulgated for all navigable and interstate waters in the United
States. Standards include implementation plans delineating abatement
requirements, abatement schedules, and other actions necessary to bring
about compliance. Enforcement of standards is shared by the Federal
and State levels of government. EPA provides technical and enforcement
assistance to all State enforcement agencies. Direct enforcement of
standards is ordinarily only undertaken by EPA 1n those States which
do not have strong enforcement programs or where States fail to take
action in cases of significant noncompliance with standards. Before
initiating enforcement actions, EPA ordinarily attempts to bring
about voluntary compliance through informal conferences and hearings
with suspected violators. Enforcement actions utilized to bring about
compliance with water quality standards include enforcement conferences,
180 day notices, and civil and criminal court actions. Court actions
are also utilized to bring about compliance with Refuse Act permit
conditions. The program also includes the conduct of field investigations
and development of evidentiary data in support of enforcement actions.
During 1972, major emphasis in the water enforcement program is
being placed on decentralizing responsibility to the regional office
level for actions against single sources of water pollution. It is
anticipated that this shift in responsibility away from headquarters
will lead to a more responsive and streamlined enforcement program.
In 1972, the investigation of mercury discharges has been completed
and abatement has been achieved in all but a very few cases which
are currently the subject of enforcement actions. In addition,
significant effort is being undertaken to abate pollution in shellfish
areas where the marketing of shellfish in interstate commerce is
adversely affected. It is estimated that enforcement actions initiated
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in 1972 will include 10 new enforcement conferences, 10 reconvened
conferences, and approximately 200 single source actions.
During 1973, the water enforcement program will be intensified
to bring about compliance in river basins throughout the country on
a priority basis. Major emphasis will continue to be focused on abating
pollution in shellfish areas and in the Great Lakes. Enforcement actions
in support of the Refuse Act permit program will be increased. It is
anticipated that EPA will initiate approximately 10 new enforcement
conferences, 10 reconvened conferences, and 275 actions against single
sources of water pollution during 1973.
The requested increase in 1973 will enable EPA to initiate
approximately 75 additional enforcement actions against single sources
of water pollution. These actions will include civil and criminal
enforcement of Refuse Act violations and 180 day notices against those
in violation of water quality implementation plans and enforcement
conference schedules. The increase in the number of enforcement actions
will be utilized to bring about compliance in those river basins selected
the country.
on a priority basis with the most critical water pollution problems in
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Enforcement
Water Quality
Refuse Act Permits
Justification
1972: $4,996,200
1973: 8,408,200
Change: +3,412,000
1972 1973 Change
Refuse Act permits $4,996,200 $8,408,200 +$3,412,000
The Refuse Act permit program, initiated in 1971 under authority
of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, is a cooperative effort involving
EPA, the States, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and the Department
of Justice. It involves the receipt and review of permit applications
from industries discharging or proposing to discharge wastes into
navigable waterways, the drafting of conditions designating the grounds
on which permits will be issued, and the issuance of permits where
conformance to industrial effluent and water quality standards can be
demonstrated. Under this program, industries which discharge wastes
into navigable streams or tributaries thereof are required to file
applications for permits with the Corps of Engineers. Completed
applications are forwarded to EPA and the States, who recommend conditions
under which permits will be issued. These conditions usually require
some treatment of industrial wastes. Permits are issued by the Corps
of Engineers based on the conditions and recommendations received from
EPA and the States.
Full-scale processing of permit applications has been initiated
during 1972. To date, the Corps of Engineers has received approximately
20,000 completed applications, most of which will be forwarded to EPA
for review before the end of the fiscal year. It is estimated that
EPA will draft conditions for approximately 2,700 applications in 1972.
Other activities being undertaken during 1972 include providing
assistance to States in the development of their certification programs,
working with industries to assist them in meeting permit conditions,
and developing effluent guidelines on an industry-by-industry basis.
Those activities described above will be continued in 1973 when
it is anticipated that EPA will draft conditions for approximately
20,000 additional permit applications. The 1973 program will also
provide for purchase of laboratory equipment and supplies and
expansion of the data storage and retrieval system.
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The requested increase in 1973 will provide for the purchase of
laboratory equipment and supplies and expansion of the data storage and
retrieval system. Laboratory needs include boats, sampling devices,
testing agents, containers, and sophisticated equipment required to
measure industrial discharges. These purchases will total $2,000,000 and
will provide equipment and supplies needed by EPA to monitor and
evaluate discharges emanating from permitted facilities to determine
compliance with permit conditions. The sum of $1,412,000 is required
to expand the data storage and retrieval system to permit manipulation
of technical data contained in permits or permit applications in a
variety of ways and to provide a mechanism for more effective management
and control of the Refuse Act permit program. This system will:
1(1) provide comprehensive effluent information which can be utilized
as a data base for effluent guidelines; (2) permit EPA to monitor
compliance with effluent standards and implementation schedules;
_ (3) permit charting of progress toward cleanup through analysis;
(4) provide information on waste abatement practices across industries
and firms within industries; and provide many other meaningful data
comparisons.
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Enforcement
I Pesticides
Purpose
EPA's Pesticides Enforcement program includes surveillance and inspection
activities to determine compliance with the provisions of the Federal
Insectide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act and initiation of voluntary recall,
seizure, and criminal prosecution actions in cases of noncompliance.
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Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Enforcement $1,034,900 $1,010,900 -$24,000
Total ............. 1,034,900 1,010,900 -24,000
End-of-Year Emp1oymen.t
Fn-Fny^amorrh
Enforcement 80
Total 80 80
Man-Years, Total 77 77
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
197? 1973 Chango
Enf_qrcement__ $1,034,900 $1,010,900 -$24,nnn
An adjustment to provide for continuation of the 1972 level of
effort in surveillance activities and, at the same time, pursue a
more aggressive enforcement role by recommending more violations
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for prosecution and initiating a program of direct regional enforcement
activity.
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Enforcement
Pesticides
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Justification
1973: 1,010,900
Change: -24,000
1972 1973 Change
^ Pesticides enforcement $1,034,900 $1,010,900 -$24,000
Surveillance and inspection of domestic and imported pesticides
products serves as the basis for EPA's enforcement actions under the
flj post-market regulatory provisions of the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide,
and Rodenticide Act. Surveillance of registered pesticide products is
carried out through surveying and inspecting all types of establishments
which handle, distribute,and sell pesticides; examining required records
maintained by such establishments; collecting and evaluating product
samples; monitoring temporary permits; and carrying out inspector visits
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of returned products. When violation of the Act is alleged, notices
of violations are issued and compliance can be achieved through voluntary
recall and removal of the product by the manufacturer or through seizure
of the product by EPA. For other than minor violations, notices can
mi lead to criminal prosecution under the Act. Voluntary recall and seizure
actions can also be utilized where pesticides registrations are cancelled
due to threats to public health or welfare.
During 1972, the pesticides enforcement program is being reoriented
toward a stronger regional office role than has been the case in previous
years. Whereas, regional staffs were formerly solely concerned with
surveillance and product collection activities, under the program currently
being implemented, regional offices will now also be responsible for
initiating seizure actions and violations notices and preparing evidence
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for possible prosecution. More emphasis will be placed on pesticides
enforcement activities than previously has been the case. It is estimated that
there will be 5,500 product samples collected, 50 voluntary recalls,
1200 violation notices, 36 seizures, and 25 criminal prosecutions in
1972.
In 1973, those efforts to strengthen the regional enforcement
* program initiated in 1972 will be continued. It is anticipated that
there will be 6,000 product samples collected, 50 voluntary recall
actions, 1200 violation notices, 50 seizures, and 100 criminal prosecution
in 1973.
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Enforcement
Program Management and Support
Purpose
This activity encompasses overall program management of and support
for the Agency's Enforcement activities and staffing of the Agency
General Counsel and Regional Counsel offices. In the program management
area, this activity provides for staffing of the immediate offices of the:
Assistant Administrator for Enforcement and General Counsel;
Deputy Assistant Administrator for Water Enforcement and
General Enforcement;
General Counsel and Regional Counsel; and
Enforcement Division within the regional offices
The program support activity includes the funding of rents, utilities
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telephones, reproduction costs, supplies, and other common services required
to support the Enforcement program activities and the General and Regional
Counsels.
Increase
or
1972 1973 Decrease
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Budget Authority
Program management $2,037,400 $2,172,600 $135,
Program support 2,712,800 3,542,700 829,
Total 4,750,200 5,715,300 965,
End-of-Year Empjoyjnent
Program management 121 131
Program support ... ...
Total 121 131
Man- Years, Total 106 120
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
I 1972 1973 Change
Program Management _ $2.037,400 $2.172.600 +$135.200
I To provide a 10 position staff increase in the offices of the
Regional Counsels.
I Program Support _ 2.712,800 3.542.700 _ +829.900
To provide for the increased costs of rents, utilities, telephones,
supplies, and other common services associated with the program
* increases requested for Enforcement programs.
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Enforcement
Program Management and Support
| Program Management
Justification
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Office of the Assistant Administrator for
Enforcement and General Counsel 21
Office of Water Enforcement 8
Offi ce of General Enforcement 11
^ Off i ce of General Counsel 37
Office of Regional Counsel 30
Regional Enforcement Divisions 14
1972: $2,037,400
1973: 2,172,600
Change: +135,200
1972 1973 Change
Program management $2,037,400 $2,172,600 +$135,200
To provide overall management of the Enforcement program activities as
described in the previous sections. For 1972, the following staffing has
been established.
End-of-Year
Employment
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The functions of these offices have been defined as those required to
provide overall Agency-level policy and program direction. Direct management
and supervision of specific program activities have been excluded from this
budget item and included in the respective program activity as discussed
in the foregoing sections.
An increase of $135,200 is requested for 1973 to increase staffing of
the Office of Regional Counsel by 10 positions. This is to provide an
additional attorney for each Regional Counsel to enable them to handle the
workload that 1972 experience has shown to exist.
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Program Management and Support
Program Support
Justification
1972: $2,712,800
1973: 3,542,700
Change: +829,900
1973 1972 Change
Program support $2,712,800 $3,542,700 +$829,900
Program support resources cover a variety of program costs which are
applicable to more than one program activity. These costs include
communications costs, such as Federal Telecommunications System (FTS),
telephones, toll calls, penalty mail, etc.; printing costs; laboratory
and office security and custodial services; supplies and materials; and
space rental costs.
An increase of $829,900 is requested to support these types of
common services costs associated with the additional staff proposed for 1973.
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Facilities
Purpose
This activity covers two categories of work: the construction and
equipping of new facilities and the repairs and improvements of existing
facilities occupied and maintained by EPA. Funds for acquisition of land,
preparation of architectural and engineering plans and specifications,
construction, and initial equipping of new facilities are carried under
the first of these categories. To date, EPA and its predecessor agencies
have constructed and now operate seven new facilities, mostly water
quality laboratories. Funds for repair and improvement projects at
these and other EPA facilities, for which this Agency has maintenance
responsibility, are carried under the second category. Currently, EPA
has such responsibility for 23 facilities, mostly water laboratories,
at which repair and improvement needs can arise.
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This activity does not cover the leasing of space and facilities
or the costs of alteration of leased facilities. These costs are
carried under Agency and Regional Management and under the Program
Management and Support sections of Research and Development, Abatement
and Control, and Enforcement. Essentially all of EPA's office space,
including that of the headquarters and regional offices and several
of its major facilities, such as those at Durham, North Carolina, and
Ann Arbor, Michigan are leased either directly or through the General
Services Administration. Generally, it is the policy of the Agency
to undertake the construction or ownership and the subsequent operation
of only thoje,,special purpose facilities, such as laboratories, which
cannot be readily or reasonably acquired through leasing or other
nonownership arrangements.
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
New facilities $28,000,000 ... -$28,000,000
Repairs and improvements.. $1,000,000 +1,000,000
Total 28,000,000 1,000,000 -27,000,000
End-of-Year Employment......
Man-Years, Total
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
I 1972 1973 Change
New Facilities $28,000,000 -$28,000.000
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A reduction reflecting the nonrecurring funding requirement for
construction and initial equipping of the National Environmental
Research Laboratory in Cincinnati, Ohio.
Repairs and Improvements ._._. 1,000,000 1,000,000
To fund 76 repair and improvement projects at 15 of the facilities
operated by EPA to correct conditions detrimental to personnel
safety, provide proper maintenance and protection of the Federal
investment, improve the general utility of these facilities for
support of program activities, and meet specific program requirements,
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Facilities
New Facilities
Justification
1972: $28,000,000
1973:
Change: -28,000,000
1972 1973 Change
New facilities $28,000,000 ... -$28,000,000
The 1972 appropriation included $28,000,000 for construction and
equipping of the National Environmental Research Laboratory at Cincinnati,
Ohio. Preparation of the plans and specifications and perfection of site
acquisition are near completion. The current schedule calls for invitations
for construction bids in June 1972, award of the construction contract in
October 1972, and completion of construction by August 1975. Initial occupancy
is programmed to begin in September 1975. Slippage in the previously
projected initial occupancy date has been occasioned by the need to modify
initial construction plans and specifications in order to provide a facility
which will adequately meet the Agency's laboratory needs, plus some delay
in completing land title transfers. Based on current cost estimates, no
additional funds are required in 1973 to proceed with this schedule.
The Agency is currently engaged in a thorough comprehensive study
of its future laboratory needs, both immediate and longer term. This
study is considering requirements for both (1) research laboratory
facilities to fit within the consolidated framework of the National
Environmental Research Centers and satellite laboratories established in
the early part of 1972 and (2) technical support laboratory facilities
attached to the 10 regional offices. Further, the study is considerina
the desirability of consolidating or otherwise modifying existing facilities
and is considering the most appropriate ways for acquiring any new facilities
identified as being needed by the study. Following completion of the study,
the Agency intends to present a comprehensive plan delineating future
funding needs for new facilities. Finally, the study is considering the need
for proceeding with design and/or construction of those facilities for which
funds have been previously appropriated. These facilities and the funds
currently available from prior appropriations are as follows:
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1. Air Facility, Durham, North Carolina
For planning and design $1,164,500
|| 2. Water Quality Facility, Narragansett,
Rhode Island
M For construction 1,727,926
3. Water Quality Facility, Ann Arbor, Michigan
For construction 2,098,165
i 4. Water Quality Facility, Jackson-Vicksburg,
Mississippi
| For planning and site acquisition 160,000
5. Water Hygiene Laboratory, Manchester,
Washington
For construction 1,035,000
6. Water Hygiene Laboratory, Narragansett,
Rhode Island
For construction 1,108,000
7. Water Quality Laboratory, Stevens Point,
Wisconsin
For planning 79,200
8. Water Quality Laboratory, Columbia, Missouri
For planning 112,800
9. Water Quality Laboratory, Middle Atlantic
Area
For planning 160_,OQO_
Total 7,645,591
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Facilities
Repairs and Improvements
Justification
1972:
1973: $1,000,000
Change: +1,000,000
1972 1973
Repairs and improvements ... $1,000,000 +$1
Change
,000,000
EPA is responsible for the maintenance (repairs and improvements) of
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the following facilities:
Facility Location
1. Southeast Water Laboratory Athens, Georgia
2. Water Quality Laboratory Grosse He, Michigan
3. National Water Quality
Laboratory Duluth, Minnesota
4. Water Quality Laboratory Edison, New Jersey
5. Robert S. Kerr Water Research
Laboratory Ada, Oklahoma
6. Fish Toxicology Laboratory Newtown, Ohio
7. Pacific Northwest Water
Laboratory Corvallis, Oregon
8. Water Quality Laboratory Bears Bluff, South Carolina
9. Alaska Water Laboratory College, Alaska
10. Water Quality Laboratory Alameda, California
11. Water Quality and Air
Pollution Laboratory Cincinnati, Ohio
12. Southeast Water Hygiene
Laboratory Dauphin Island, Alabama
13. Northeast Water Hygiene
Laboratory Narragansett, Rhode Island
14. Northwest Water Supply
Laboratory Manchester, Washington
15. Pesticides Laboratory Gulf Breeze, Florida
16. Pesticides Laboratory Bay St. Louis, Mississippi
17. Pesticides Laboratory Corvallis, Oregon
18. Pesticides Laboratory Wenatchee, Washington
19. Pesticides Laboratory Beltsville, Maryland
20. Pesticides Laboratory Perrine, Florida
21. Pesticides Laboratory Chamblee, Georgia
22. Pesticides Laboratory Denver, Colorado
23. Radiation Laboratory Las Vegas, Nevada
Size
(Sq. Ft.)
56,134
20,000
44 000
127,588
50,300
5,091
49,500
20,000
20,000
18,345
184,987
9,625
20,100
9,000
20,000
40,000
2,000
3,240
23,682
43,000
27,665
55,000
5,724
The Agency maintains a continuous review of repair, improvement, and
alteration needs at each of these facilities.
During 1972, 88 projects are being initiated with carryover
prior years. These projects are grouped by class, as follows:
funds from
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Class I - Correction of Conditions Detrimental to Personnel Safety
Includes projects to install and repair fire protection
and alarm systems, construction of hazardous materials
storage facilities, water system improvements, and
correction of site drainage conditions. Includes 23
projects at nine separate facilities
$638,000
Class II - Maintenance and Protection of the Federal Investment
Covers a number of interior and exterior painting
projects, office and laboratory roofing, replacement
of mechanical equipment, parking area renovation, and
air conditioning system modifications. Includes 20
projects at eight separate facilities
273,000
Class III - Improvement of the General Utility of the Facility
Includes installation of an emergency generator,
modification of an auxiliary laboratory site,
renovation of a restroom, modification of docking
facilities, installation of emergency power facilities,
steam system modifications, elevator repairs, and
development of a fish toxicology laboratory and storage
area modification. Includes 34 projects at 11 separate
faci1i ti es
Class IV - Improvements to Meet Specific Program Requirements
Includes modification of wet laboratory facilities,
seawater system modifications, computer system
modification, animal facility modification, training
area alterations, office and laboratory space
modifications, and installation of an insect emergence
facility and a pilot plant. Includes 11 projects at
seven separate facilities
1,956,446
829,000
For 1973, an additional $1,000,000 is requested to fund 76 projects at
15 facilities. Nearly one-half of these funds is to be allocated to Class
I and II projects to provide a safe working environment for EPA personnel
and to properly maintain and protect the Agency's investment in its
facilities. The remaining part of these funds is to be assigned to various
projects needed to improve facilities for the conduct of current high
priority programs and activities. The projects are grouped by class,
as follows:
Class I - Correction of Conditions Detrimental to Personnel Safety
Installation of electrostatic precipitators and hood exhaust
ducts, roof repairs, ventilation system alterations, building
fault analysis, and security fencing 257,000
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Class II - Maintenance and Protection of the Federal Investment
Various exterior and interior repainting projects,
roof maintenance, laboratory barge repairs, masonry
repairs, heating system repairs, exterior sealing and
waterproofing, and boathouse repairs $195,000
Class III - Improvement of the General Utility of the Facility
Dike and gate repairs, installation of boathouse loading
ramp, repair of road and parking area, group relamping,
modification of air conditioning system, repair of
corridor ceilings, and installation of hydraulic surge
tanks 353,000
Class IV - Improvements to Meet Specific Program Requirements
Installation of a seawater well and a heat exchanger,
repairs to docking facilities, alteration of a boat
slip and launching ramp, office and laboratory space
modifications, greenhouse repairs, and modification of
training area facilities 195,000
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Operations, Research, and Facilities
Agency and Regional Management
Purpose
This activity provides for the general management of EPA which
includes overall direction, through the Administrator and immediate
staff, and administrative support to the program activities. The
principal cost in this activity is for salaries of personnel which
fall into two major classifications: agency management which includes
the Administrator and his staff offices reporting directly to the
Administrator, and the Assistant Administrator for Planning and
Management; and regional management which includes the Regional
Administrators of 10 EPA regional
Budjjet Authority
Agency management and
suDoort $25 ,
Regional management and
support 8,
Total 33,
End-of-Year Employment
Agency management and
support
Regional management and
support
Total
Man-Years , Total
offices
1972
638,300
063,600
701 ,900
1 ,194
394
1 ,588
1 ,395
and their management
1973
$30,735,200
9,244,300
39,979,500
1 ,194
444
1,638
1 ,523
staffs.
Increase or
Decrease
$5,096,900
1,180,700
6,277,600
50
50
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Summary of Increases and Decreases
1972 1973 Change
Agency Management and
Support $25,638,300 $30,735,200 +$5,096
Agency management 21,209,300 24,777,200 +3,567
To provide an increase in economic studies to assess the
economic costs and impacts of proposed standards, regulations,
abatement strategies, and agency programs.
Agency support 4,429,000 5,958,000 +1,529
,900
,900
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To provide for the full -year costs of headquarters space acquired
in 1972.
Regional Management and
Support 8,063,600 9,244,300 +1,180
Regional management 7,335,900 8,020,000 +684
To increase staffing of regional management by 50 positions to
facilitate implementation of functions decentralized to the
regions.
Regional support 727,700 1,224,300 +496
To provide for the full-year costs of regional space acquired
in 1972 and increased common services costs.
,700
,100
,600
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Shortly after congressional review of the 1972 budget, the
Environmental Protection Agency was reorganized along functional lines
with Assistant Administrators designated for: Planning and Management;
Research and Monitoring; Air and Water Programs; Categorical Programs;
and Enforcement and General Counsel. In order to facilitate
presentation and review of the 1973 budget, the activity structure
has been realigned to be generally consistent with major organizational
responsibilities. The 1972 budget provided for Agency management
requirements as part of the Program Direction and Support activity.
This 1972 format also included the personnel and support costs
associated with the direction of major programs such as Air Quality,
Water Quality, etc., in the Program Direction and Support activity.
In this budget the requirements for program management are associated
directly with the Research and Development, Abatement and Control, and
Enforcement activities in order to better relate organization and
budget.
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Agency and Regional-Management
Agency Management and Support
Justification
1972: $25,638,300
1973: 30,735,200
Change: +5,096,900
1972 1973 Change
Agency management $21,209,300 $24,777,200 +$3,567,900
Agency management consists of three major organizational groupings
which constitute the top level policy and management team of the
Environmental Protection Agency. The first of these groupings include
the Administrator, the Deputy Administrator, and their immediate staffs.
The second cluster includes those staff elements reporting directly to
the Administrator which are concerned with Agency level policy functions.
Specific organizational elements are: the Office of Legislation; the
Office of International Affairs; the Office of Civil Rights and Urban
Affairs; the Office of Public Affairs; and the Office of Federal Activities,
The third cluster involves the centralized Agency planning, analysis, and
administrative management functions assigned to the Assistant Administrator
for Planning and Management. Specific organizational elements are: the
Office of Planning and Evaluation; the Office of Resources Management;
the Office of Administration; and the Office of Audit.
The organizational composition of Agency management remains
essentially identical with the 1972 budget justification. Although
there have been some minor adjustments between the policy staff and
management support organization, the total position request for 1973
of 1,194 compares with an estimate of 1,188 In the 1972 budget. One
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reason for this general stability in the Agency management area is that
the Agency policy staff and Planning and Management functions were the
first organizations to be functionalized and their structure and
responsibilities were well along at this point last year. The 1972
budget noted that initial staffing of Agency level functions was
accomplished through centralization of policy and management support
staff transferred to EPA from inherited organizational components.
Also noted was that this approach would avoid the problem of duplicating
^ policy and support staff at the Agency level. Now that it is possible
to look back at this rationale, we feel that it has been a successful
approach.
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Although the manpower requirements for Agency management have
remained essentially constant, the fund requirements have increased
some $3.5 million for 1973 to support economic and cost analyses
by the Office of Planning and Management. This increase will be used
for:
1. Expansion of studies assessing the impact of
pollution abatement control costs on the
national and regional economies and on specific
industries. Rigorous economic modeling and
industry studies will be undertaken to measure
the effect of pollution control costs on
national and regional employment, prices, trade,
and on industrial plant closings and community
impacts.
2. Assessment of the capacity, timing, and cost
implications of industries supplying and
constructing pollution control facilities.
Studies will analyze equipment requirements
and the ability of suppliers to fulfill
these demands for air and water pollution
abatement control equipment plus the
capacity of the construction sector to put
public and private facilities in place.
These studies will provide the basis for
better estimates of the cost of controlling
pollution and could lead to phasing decisions
or incentive programs to facilitate
compliance at a minimum cost.
Assessment of the nature of the private
sector compliance with environmental
regulations or standards. Studies will
encompass technological progress, process
changes, the identification of determinants
of compliance, and the use of incentives to
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foster the development of more cost effective
methods of pollution abatement control.
1972 1973 Change
Agency support $4,429,000 $5,958,000 +$1,529,000
Agency support resources cover a variety of program costs which
are applicable to more than one program activity. These costs include
communications costs, such as Federal Telecommunications System (FTS),
telephones, toll calls, penalty mail, etc.; printing costs; laboratory
and office security and custodial services; supplies and materials; and
space rental costs.
An increase of $1,529,000 is requested to support the full-year
costs of headquarters space acquired by the Agency during 1972.
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Regional Management and Support
1 Justification
t!972: $8,063,600
1973: 9,244,300
Change: +1,180,700
1972 1973 Change
Regional management $7,335,900 $8,020,000 +$684,100
The regional management activity provides for a Regional Administrator
and his immediate staff in each of the 10 regions. Regional Administrators
are responsible for directing the various environmental protection activities
within the boundaries of their respective regions. The immediate staff of
the Regional Administrators include personnel engaged in procurement,
personnel and fiscal management, administration, program planning, and
housekeeping activities. The 10 EPA regions and their boundaries are
shown on pages SA-2 and SA-3.
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As in agency management, staffing of the regional offices is beinq
accomplished in an evolutionary manner. During this process> the agency has
evolved a regional management structure that is self-contained and will
permit Regional Administrators to operate more independently and effectively.
Within the revised organizational concept, the Regional Administrators have
been assigned additional functions such as grant administration, intergovernmental
relations, and equal employment opportunity. Also, they will have greater
involvement in program management. The Regional Administrators will play a
greater role in the formulation of programs and projects vis-a-vis an
execution role. Establishment of the regional structure and the staffing
of these organizations has been underway for several months. However,
this phase is now complete with appointment of the last Regional Administrator
on December 1, 1971.
Staffing requirements necessary for implementation of functions
decentralized to the regions will require an increase of 50 positions in
1973. This will permit Regional Administrators to adequately staff areas
such as data systems support, personnel and fiscal management, equal
employment opportunity, etc. Also, the increase will permit each Regional
Administrator to be represented on the Federal Regional Councils which
provide a coordinating function among all Federal activities in each of
the 10 regions.
Regional support 727,700 1,224,300 +496,600
Regional support resources cover a variety of program costs which are
applicable to more than one program activity. These costs include
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communications costs, such as Federal Telecommunications System (FTS),
telephones, toll calls, penalty mail, etc.; printing costs; laboratory
and office security and custodial services; supplies and materials; and
space rental costs.
An increase of $314,000 is requested to support the full-year costs
of regional space acquired by the Agency during 1972. An increase of
$182,600 is requested to support the common services costs for the
additional staff proposed for 1973. «
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Construction Grants
Purpose
This appropriation covers the Federal grants that are made
available to municipal, intermunicipal, State, and interstate agencies
for the construction of waste treatment works and major interceptor
sewers under Section 8 of the Federal Water Pollution Control Act, as
amended.
Increase or
1972 1973 Decrease
Budget Authority
Construction grants $2,000,000,000 $2,000,000,000
End-of-Year Employment
Man-Years, Total
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Construction Grants
Justification
1972: $2,000,000,000
1973: 2,000,000,000
Change:
1972 1973 Change
Construction grants $2,000,000,000 $2,000,000,000
Federal grant assistance for the construction of municipal waste
treatment works has been authorized since 1956; since that time, through
January 31, 1972, $3.4 billion of assistance has been provided for
12,412 projects having a total cost of $12.3 billion. Over this period
both the percentages of Federal grants and the annual amount of monies
authorized and appropriated has been increased in several steps. The
current percentages of Federal assistance range between 30 and 55 percent.
In 1971, EPA assessed planned construction of the Nation's municipal
waste treatment facilities using a survey and an economic projection
technique. This analysis showed that cities and other local jurisdictions
are planning investments for such facilities totalling from $14.5 - $18.1
billion during the time period 1972 through 1976.
In additon, EPA has undertaken an economic analysis to determine
the capability of the construction industry to absorb Federal, State,
and local funds for municipal facilities construction. Based on the
results of the municipal survey and the economic analysis, it has been
determined that total investment needs during 1973 will amount to
approximately $4.0 billion. It is estimated that the continuing Federal
share will result in a Federal funding requirement of $2.0 billion.
Accordingly, this amount of funds is requested for 1973.
It is to be recognized that this request is necessary based on
assumptions as to the program and appropriation authorities that would
be embodied in legislation to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act, as amended. Section 8 of the Act, which authorizes construction
grants, expired on June 30, 1971 .J_/ Several bills for amending the
Act, including the Administration's bill, a Senate-passed bill and a
pending House bill, are being considered in the Congress. Each of these
bills would not only extend, but would substantially modify the expired
Section 8 authorities. Because it is not possible to predict the final
provisions that would be enacted out of the pending bills, the foregoing
budget request for 1973 assumes the provisions of the Administration's bill
and the implementation of these provisions in addressing the projected
national needs for municipal waste treatment facilities as indicated
above.
]_/ Section 8 has subsequently been extended through April 30, 1972.
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Construction Grants
Summary of Available Funds
(in thousands of dollars)
1971 1972 1973
Appropriation ... $2,000,000
Budget estimate ... ... $2,000,000
Transferred from
other agencies $1,000,000
Unobligated balance available,
start of year 439,891 211,527 231,027
Unobligated balance available,
end-of-year -211,527 -231,027 -131,027
Total Available 1,228,364 1,980,500 2,100,000
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Scientific Activities Overseas
| (Special Foreign Currency Program)
Purpose
Scientific Activities Overseas, developed and implemented under the
Special Foreign Currency Program, are funded from excess foreign
currencies accruing to the United States under various U.S. programs.
«A11 of the overseas activities relate to the broad spectrum of national
and world-wide concern for environmental problems and contribute
directly to the fund of environmental knowledge of the United States,
of the host countries, and of the world community. Scientific Activities
Overseas not only supplement and complement the domestic mission of EPA,
but also serve to carry out the mandate of Section 102(e) of the National
_ Environmental Policy Act to "recognize the world-wide and long-range
character of environmental problems, and where consistent with the foreign
policy of the United States, lend appropriate support to initiatives, resolutions,
and programs designed to maximize international cooperation in anticipating
and preventing a decline in the quality of mankinds world environment."
Increase
1972 1973 or Decrease
Budget Authority
Air...... $2,637,000 $2,025,000 -$612,000
Water , , 1,370,000 1,300,000 -70,000
Solid Wastes , 647,000 1,175,000 528,000
Pesticides 1,900,000 1,125,000 -775,000
Radiation 296,000 775,000 479,000
Noise 100,000 550,000 450,000
Office of International Affairs
Support ,...,.. 50,000 50,000 ._._._
Total , 7,000,000 7,000,000
End-of-Year Employment
Man-Years, Total
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Scientific Activities Overseas
(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Justification
1972: $7,000,000
1973: 7,000,000
Change:
The EPA Special Foreign Currency Program is designed to contribute
to the solution of environmental problems which confront all Nations.
These problems are not limited by national boundaries, nor is their
impact altered by ideological and regional differences. Research and
research-related activities carried out under the Program therefore offer
unique opportunities for cooperation between this country and the excess
foreign currency countries. Further, the Program enables EPA to develop
productive relationships between American environmental scientists and
their counterparts abroad, melding scientific capabilities and resources
among nations in a concerted effort to meet mutual objectives. In the
excess currency countries, important and unique research opportunities
exist for the development of new knowledge and insights that are not
readily attainable in the United States, reflecting such conditions as
indigenous ecological conditions and research costs that generally are
substantially lower abroad. To assure that projects will enhance
environmental research efforts in both this country and abroad, all
proposals are reviewed by appropriate EPA technical experts. These
reviews include the assessment of program relevance, soundness of
M methodology, and capability of the foreign investigator.
1972 1973 Change
Air program ................... $2,637,000 $2,025,000 -$612,000
Projects developed by scientists concerned with air pollution problems
are directed toward filling gaps in technology by supplementing domestic
financial resources and by utilizing the skills and expertise of scientists
abroad.
Major projects to be funded with 1972 appropriations include Indian
efforts in the research and applications of coal beneficiations, and
statistical analyses and processing of air quality data; Polish efforts on
coal-cleaning and on the current and historic relationships of stable and
i radioactive lead; and a Yugoslavian study on the health effects on
populations living near mines and smelters.
With 1973 funding, a Polish scientific group will seek to apply
present research methods for the measurement of polycyclic hydrocarbons
in the development of routine methods of measurement for ready utilization.
The National Chemical Laboratory in Poona, India, will investigate gas
solid reaction mechanisms and kinetics providing a basis for optimization
of the manganese oxide sorption process for removing SO? from flue gases.
A second Indian project will develop an external catalytic control system
for reducing NOX emissions from power plants. This control technology
development represents an area in which there has been little U.S. activity.
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MM nations are raced witn two common prooiems; ^i; developing
standards and techniques that will assure a water supply suitable for
drinking and other beneficial purposes, and (2) developing technology
_ for the renovation of wastewaters for reuse. One aspect of the former
problem is presently being investigated in Israel in a project on Health
i Effects of Nitrates in Drinking Water. A project in Yugoslavia is
investigating the incidence of blood oxygen deficiencies in children
exposed to drinking water with high nitrate content.
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Present technology for controlling noxious or unpleasant odors
is inadequate. A proposed project in India for development of catalytic
material for afterburners will be of substantial assistance in producing
an economical control technology.
Economics, lack of authority, construction codes, and lack of
experience and motivation are a few of the constraints that impede the
application of new pollution technology. Means for implementing findings
from research using alternative procedures will include studies directed
to developing analytical methods for an environmental early warning
system such as the investigations of new techniques for rapid and accurate
analysis of atmospheric aerosols with particular emphasis on heavy metal
aerosols, and evaluation of new analytical techniques such as the use of
X-ray fluorescent and elastic alpha scattering analysis to increase the
rate of chemical analyses of effluents while improving accuracy and reducing
costs.
The thrust of these studies in Poland and Yugoslavia is to improve
techniques for application to routine monitoring of samples to determine,
on a continuing basis, the kinds of pollutants entering the environment.
1972 1973 Change
Water program $1,370,000 $1,300,000 -$70,000
All nations are faced with two common problems: (1) developing
Studies to be undertaken with 1972 funds include Indian research on
the long-term physiological effects of continued use of poor quality
water, and on the isolation of enteric viruses from water; the Tunisians
will investigate the effects on water quality resulting from irrigation
return flow; and the Yugoslavians will study the role that drinking
water quality may play in certain kidney diseases, and the long-term public
health effects and benefits of reservoirs and dams.
For 1973, a proposed study in Pakistan is being planned to examine a
reported condition in which pathogenic organisms are present in water
without the accompaniment of coliform bacteria. If verified, this unique
discovery could necessitate a revision of the evaluative criteria for
drinking water safety. A microbiological study to be conducted in India
would develop procedures and methods for detecting leptospires, organisms
causing blood disease, in natural bathing waters and for correlating their
presence with fecal coliform. A study in the UAR is being developed to
examine the concentration and pathology of the diarrhea and dysentery
associated shigella organism in drinking water.
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Projects in the field of water pollution will be conducted in Poland
and Yugoslavia to investigate meaningful approaches to joint municipal/
industrial treatment of wastewaters, mine drainage pollution control, and
the problems of silt, nutrients and pesticides run-off. A Polish project
will support the initial research involving a laboratory or a small pilot
plant investigation of a joint treatment facility for both municipal
and either steel or pulp manufacturing wastes. The nature of steel and
pulp manufacturing wastes has historically indicated that they not be
included in municipal treatment. A second Polish project in mine drainage
pollution control will significantly assist in the develooment of
procedures for abating a major source of water pollution in this country.
Mine drainage represents a very difficult control situation because of
both economic and technical practicality problems.
To supplement EPA's recently initiated effort to solve the principal
pollution problem of many of our States, two Yugoslavian efforts will
investigate silt, nutrient, and pesticide pollution of waters as a
consequence of rural surface drainage.
1972 1973 Change
Solid wastes program $647,000 $1,175,000 +$528,000
The Resource Recovery Act of 1970 placed new emphasis on recycling
and called for studies of methods to encourage resource recovery. Two
major studies are planned for initiation in this area, using 1972 funds.
A Polish team will conduct research and development of an incinerator system
to utilize mixed municipal refuse, low-grade coal, and waste-combustible
^, fluids for steam production. Yugoslavian scientists will undertake
| research and development of materials purification systems for upgrading
components of separated municipal solid wastes. These studies will provide
needed information for the U.S. effort in solid waste management and will
initiate working relationships between U.S. scientists and their counterparts
abroad.
With 1973 funds, Poland will analyze procedures and methods for
disposal of organic industrial wastes. With the accelerating restrictions
against discharge of these wastes into streams, industries are increasingly
turning to land disposal methods, which often result in undesirable
aesthetic effects and contamination of surface and groundwaters. The
analysis would develop appropriate procedures for mixing these wastes with
soils for biological and/or chemical attenuation of the organic materials.
India will engage in a project to evaluate the technology of the pyrolysis
method of solid waste disposal and the technology of separating by-product
gases and liquids. The project will emphasize the use of pyrolysis as a
new industrial source for raw chemical materials.
Pakistan will conduct extensive research on the components of
agricultural crop residues, leading to the development of new processing,
either chemical or microbiological, to convert these residues into
economically usable materials.
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1972 1973 Change
Pesticides program $1,900,000 $1,125,000 -$775,000
It is generally recognized that pesticides and other toxic chemical
residues are ubiquitous in the world today. Consequently, research efforts
on the occurrence and effects of chemical residues on man and other life
forms, and the environment in general, are of interest and overt concern
to persons everywhere.
Three studies are planned for the Indian government in 1972. They
include an effort to epidemiologically survey the population in a
nonindustrialized but heavy pesticide-use area; the development of a
method to biologically monitor the presence of pesticides; and analyses
and studies on the rate of movement and biodegradability of pesticides
in irrigated agriculture.
A program to develop alternatives to conventional chemical pesticides
will be emphasized for all excess currency countries having the interest
and technical capability. These studies are needed to assist existing
domestic programs that are attempting to meet our needs for new technology
to replace highly toxic or persistent chemical pesticides. This effort
§will be closely coordinated with existing domestic research in this Agency
and the Department of Agriculture. In 1972, a major Polish effort to
develop biological alternatives to chemical pesticides will be funded.
In 1973, Indian government scientists will assess the pesticide
residues in soil and food in areas of high and low pesticide usage.
Other Indian laboratories will study the chemodynamics of pesticides with
particular respect to the contributory effects of "run-off" and soil
erosion. Polish doctors will research the cause-effect relationship,
if any, between pesticides, their residues, and human disease.
Pesticides represent only one important aspect of the toxic chemicals
polluting our environment and endangering man and his resources.
Polychlorinated biphenols, mercury, and nitrates are a few examples
of other man-made chemicals that are of increasing concern from a health
point of view. Consideration of the problems posed by these environmental
pollutants will be given in the research programs developed under the
general category of pesticides and other toxic chemical residues.
Radiation program ........ 296,000 775,000 +479,000
Research activities abroad enhance domestic radiation protection
progress in the development of protection criteria, standards and policies,
methodology for measuring and controlling radiation exposure to man, and
assessment and evaluation of the impact of new and developing radiation
technology on man and the environment.
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Included in the planned 1972 studies are Polish research on the
biological incorporation of tritium and the bone deposition of bone
seeking radionuclides. The Indians will conduct an epidemiological
study of the residents of Kerala, South India, where high levels of
naturally occurring background radiation exist, and will also study
the action of radiation and radiomlmetic agents on biological systems.
Proposed studies using 1973 funds in Poland, Yugoslavia, and the UAR
will lead to new insights on such subjects as the toxicity of radioiodine,
» solidification of radioactive xenon and krypton, and the influence of
climate on absorption, distribution, and excretion of selected radionuclides,
§ including those resulting from fly ash. Among other things» the krypton
studies may determine the feasibility of collection and management of
this gas which is associated with nuclear power plants and fuel reprocessing.
A study to correlate inhalation of lead 210 and relatable physiological
measurements will be undertaken in Poland.
1972 1973 Change
Noise program $100,000 $550,000 +$450,000
Recognition of the noise problem is a matter of universal growing
concern. Knowledge of noise control techniques far exceeds knowledge of
the effects of noise on the public health and welfare. The first project
_ in this area will be in Yugoslavia, with a study to be conducted with
1972 funds on the sleep disturbance effects of community noise. Studies
^ are proposed in 1973 to conduct experiments and collect comparative data
on community noise "climates" in Poland and Yugoslavia. Other studies will
assess the effects of noise on health, including physiological stress, and
an assessment will be made of the nature and epidemiology of indigenous
community noise climates ranging from the quietest rural to the noisiest
t urban.
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Office of International Affairs
support 50,000 50,000
These funds are required, in both 1972 and 1973, for travel to provide
program leadership, including exploratory travel and, as appropriate, to
pay costs of travel for foreign investigators to visit the United States
to develop research proposals.
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Scientific Activities Overseas
(Special Foreign Currency Program)
Summary of Available Funds
(in thousands of dollars)
1971
Appropriation
Budget estimate
Transferred from other agencies...
Unobligated balance available,
start of year
$3,500
Unobligated balance available,
end of year ,
J972
$7,000
795
1973
$7,000
Total Available.
-795
2,705
7,795
7,000
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