U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Annapolis Field Office
Annapolis Science Center
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
TECHNICAL REPORTS
Volume 3
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Table of Contents
Volume 3
19 Potomac-Pi seataway Dye Release and Wastewater
Assimilation Studies
21 LNEPLT
23 XYPLOT
25 PLOT3D
27 Water Quality and Wastewater Loadings
Upper Potomac Estuary During 1969
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PUBLICATIONS
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION III
ANNAPOLIS FIELD OFFICE*
VOLUME 1
Technical Reports
5 A Technical Assessment of Current Water Quality
Conditions and Factors Affecting Water Quality in
the Upper Potomac Estuary
6 Sanitary Bacteriology of the Upper Potomac Estuary
7 The Potomac Estuary Mathematical Model
9 Nutrients in the Potomac River Basin
11 Optimal Release Sequences for Water Quality Control
in Multiple Reservoir Systems
VOLUME 2
Technical Reports
13 Mine Drainage in the North Branch Potomac River Basin
15 Nutrients in the Upper Potomac River Basin
17 Upper Potomac River Basin Water Quality Assessment
VOLUME 3
Technical Reports
19 Potomac-Pi seataway Dye Release and Wastewater
Assimilation Studies
21 LNEPLT
23 XYPLOT
25 PLOT3D
* Formerly CB-SRBP, U.S. Department of Health, Education,
and Welfare; CFS-FWPCA, and CTSL-FWQA, Middle Atlantic
Region, U.S. Department of the Interior
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VOLUME 3 (continued)
Technical Reports
27 Water Quality and Wastewater Loadings - Upper Potomac
Estuary during 1969
VOLUME 4
Technical Reports
29 Step Backward Regression
31 Relative Contributions of Nutrients to the Potomac
River Basin from Various Sources
33 Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality in the
Potomac Estuary
35 Water Resource - Water Supply Study of the Potomac
Estuary
VOLUME 5
Technical Reports
37 Nutrient Transport and Dissolved Oxygen Budget
Studies in the Potomac Estuary
39 Preliminary Analyses of the Wastewater and Assimilation
Capacities of the Anacostia Tidal River System
41 Current Water Quality Conditions and Investigations
in the Upper Potomac River Tidal System
43 Physical Data of the Potomac River Tidal System
Including Mathematical Model Segmentation
45 Nutrient Management in the Potomac Estuary
VOLUME 6
Technical Reports
47 Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Input Study
49 Heavy Metals Analyses of Bottom Sediment in the
Potomac River Estuary
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VOLUME 6 (continued)
Technical Reports
51 A System of Mathematical Models for Water Quality
Management
52 Numerical Method for Groundwater Hydraulics
53 Upper Potomac Estuary Eutrophication Control
Requirements
54 AUT0-QUAL Modelling System
Supplement AUT0-QUAL Modelling System: Modification for
to 54 Non-Point Source Loadings
VOLUME 7
Technical Reports
55 Water Quality Conditions in the Chesapeake Bay System
56 Nutrient Enrichment and Control Requirements in the
Upper Chesapeake Bay
57 The Potomac River Estuary in the Washington
Metropolitan Area - A History of its Water Quality
Problems and their Solution
VOLUME 8
Technical Reports
58 Application of AUT0-QUAL Modelling System to the
Patuxent River Basin
59 Distribution of Metals in Baltimore Harbor Sediments
60 Summary and Conclusions - Nutrient Transport and
Accountability in the Lower Susquehanna River Basin
VOLUME 9
Data Reports
Water Quality Survey, James River and Selected
Tributaries - October 1969
Water Quality Survey in the North Branch Potomac River
between Cumberland and Luke, Maryland - August 1967
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VOLUME 9 (continued)
Data Reports
Investigation of Water Quality in Chesapeake Bay and
Tributaries at Aberdeen Proving Ground, Department
of the Army, Aberdeen, Maryland - October-December 1967
Biological Survey of the Upper Potomac River and
Selected Tributaries - 1966-1968
Water Quality Survey of the Eastern Shore Chesapeake
Bay, Wicomico River, Pocomoke River, Nanticoke River,
Marshall Creek, Bunting Branch, and Chincoteague Bay -
Summer 1967
Head of Bay Study - Water Quality Survey of Northeast
River, Elk River, C & D Canal, Bohemia River, Sassafras
River and Upper Chesapeake Bay - Summer 1968 - Head ot
Bay Tributaries
Water Quality Survey of the Potomac Estuary - 1967
Water Quality Survey of the Potomac Estuary - 1968
Wastewater Treatment Plant Nutrient Survey - 1966-1967
Cooperative Bacteriological Study - Upper Chesapeake Bay
Dredging Spoil Disposal - Cruise Report No. 11
VOLUME 10
Data Reports
9 Water Quality Survey of the Potomac Estuary - 1965-1966
10 Water Quality Survey of the Annapolis Metro Area - 1967
11 Nutrient Data on Sediment Samples of the Potomac Estuary
1966-1968
12 1969 Head of the Bay Tributaries
13 Water Quality Survey of the Chesapeake Bay in the
Vicinity of Sandy Point - 1968
14 Water Quality Survey of the Chesapeake Bay in the
Vicinity of Sandy Point - 1969
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VOLUME 10(continued)
Data Reports
15 Water Quality Survey of the Patuxent River - 1967
16 Water Quality Survey of the Patuxent River - 1968
17 Water Quality Survey of the Patuxent River - 1969
18 Water Quality of the Potomac Estuary Transects,
Intensive and Southeast Water Laboratory Cooperative
Study - 1969
19 Water Quality Survey of the Potomac Estuary Phosphate
Tracer Study - 1969
VOLUME 11
Data Reports
20 Water Quality of the Potomac Estuary Transport Study
1969-1970
21 Water Quality Survey of the Piscataway Creek Watershed
1968-1970
22 Water Quality Survey of the Chesapeake Bay in the
Vicinity of Sandy Point - 1970
23 Water Quality Survey of the Head of the Chesapeake Bay
Maryland Tributaries - 1970-1971
24 Water Quality Survey of the Upper Chesapeake Bay
1969-1971
25 Water Quality of the Potomac Estuary Consolidated
Survey - 1970
26 Water Quality of the Potomac Estuary Dissolved Oxygen
Budget Studies - 1970
27 Potomac Estuary Wastewater Treatment Plants Survey
1970
28 Water Quality Survey of the Potomac Estuary Embayments
and Transects - 1970
29 Water Quality of the Upper Potomac Estuary Enforcement
Survey - 1970
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30
31
32
33
34
Appendix
to 1
Appendix
to 2
3
4
VOLUME 11 (continued)
Data Reports
Water Quality of the Potomac Estuary - Gilbert Swamp
and Allen's Fresh and Gunston Cove - 1970
Survey Results of the Chesapeake Bay Input Study -
1969-1970
Upper Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Studies - Bush River,
Spesutie Narrows and Swan Creek, C & D Canal, Chester
River, Severn River, Gunpowder, Middle and Bird Rivers -
1968-1971
Special Water Quality Surveys of the Potomac River Basin
Anacostia Estuary, Wicomico .River, St. Clement and
Breton Bays, Occoquan Bay - 1970-1971
Water Quality Survey of the Patuxent River - 1970
VOLUME 12
Working Documents
Biological Survey of the Susquehanna River and its
Tributaries between Danville, Pennsylvania and
Conowingo, Maryland
Tabulation of Bottom Organisms Observed at Sampling
Stations during the Biological Survey between Danville,
Pennsylvania and Conowingo, Maryland - November 1966
Biological Survey of the Susquehanna River and its
Tributaries between Cooperstown, New York and
Northumberland, Pennsylvnaia - January 1967
Tabulation of Bottom Organisms Observed at Sampling
Stations during the Biological Survey between Cooperstown,
New York and Northumberland, Pennsylvania - November 1966
VOLUME 13
Working Documents
Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Mine Drainage
Chesapeake Bay-Delaware River Basins - July 1967
Biological Survey of Rock Creek (from Rockville, Maryland
to the Potomac River) October 1966
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VOLUME 13 (continued)
Working Documents
5 Summary of Water Quality and Waste Outfalls, Rock Creek
in Montgomery County, Maryland and the District of
Columbia - December 1966
6 Water Pollution Survey - Back River 1965 - February 1967
7 Efficiency Study of the District of Columbia Water
Pollution Control Plant - February 1967
VOLUME 14
Working Documents
8 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study - Susquehanna
River Basin from Northumberland to West Pittson
(Including the Lackawanna River Basin) March 1967
9 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Juniata
River Basin - March 1967
10 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Rappahannock
River Basin - March 1967
11 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Susquehanna
River Basin from Lake Otsego, New York, to Lake Lackawanna
River Confluence, Pennsylvania - April 1967
VOLUME 15
Working Documents
12 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, York River
Basin - April 1967
13 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, West Branch,
Susquehanna River Basin - April 1967
14 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, James River
Basin - June 1967
15 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Patuxent River
Basin - May 1967
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VOLUME 16
Working Documents
16 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Susquehanna
River Basin from Northumberland, Pennsylvania, to
Havre de Grace, Maryland - July 1967
17 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Potomac
River Basin - June 1967
18 Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs, Central Western
Shore of Chesapeake Bay Area (Magothy, Severn, South, and
West River Drainage Areas) July 1967
19 Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs, Northwest
Chesapeake Bay Area (Patapsco to Susquehanna Drainage
Basins in Maryland) August 1967
20 Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs - The Eastern
Shore of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia - September 1967
VOLUME 17
Working Documents
21 Biological Surveys of the Upper James River Basin
Covington, Clifton Forge, Big Island, Lynchburg, and
Piney River Areas - January 1968
22 Biological Survey of Antietam Creek and some of its
Tributaries from Waynesboro, Pennsylvania to Antietam,
Maryland - Potomac River Basin - February 1968
23 Biological Survey of the Monocacy River and Tributaries
from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to Maryland Rt. 28 Bridge
Potomac River Basin - January 1968
24 Water Quality Survey of Chesapeake Bay in the Vicinity of
Annapolis, Maryland - Summer 1967
25 Mine Drainage Pollution of the North Branch of Potomac
River - Interim Report - August 1968
26 Water Quality Survey in the Shenandoah River of the
Potomac River Basin - June 1967
27 Water Quality Survey in the James and Maury Rivers
Glasgow, Virginia - September 1967
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VOLUME 13 (continued)
Working Documents
5 Summary of Water Quality and Waste Outfalls, Rock Creek
in Montgomery County, Maryland and the District of
Columbia - December 1966
6 Water Pollution Survey - Back River 1965 - February 1967
7 Efficiency Study of the District of Columbia Water
Pollution Control Plant - February 1967
VOLUME 14
Working Documents
8 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study - Susquehanna
River Basin from Northumberland to West Pittson
(Including the Lackawanna River Basin) March 1967
9 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Juniata
River Basin - March 1967
10 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Rappahannock
River Basin - March 1967
11 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Susquehanna
River Basin from Lake Otsego, New York, to Lake Lackawanna
River Confluence, Pennsylvania - April 1967
VOLUME 15
Working Documents
12 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, York River
Basin - April 1967
13 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, West Branch,
Susquehanna River Basin - April 1967
14 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, James River
Basin - June 1967 .
15 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Patuxent River
Basin - May 1967
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VOLUME 16
Working Documents
16 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Susquehanna
River Basin from Northumberland, Pennsylvania, to
Havre de Grace, Maryland - July 1967
17 Water Quality and Pollution Control Study, Potomac
River Basin - June 1967
18 Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs, Central Western
Shore of Chesapeake Bay Area (Magothy, Severn, South, and
West River Drainage Areas) July 1967
19 Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs, Northwest
Chesapeake Bay Area (Patapsco to Susquehanna Drainage
Basins in Maryland) August 1967
20 Immediate Water Pollution Control Needs - The Eastern
Shore of Delaware, Maryland and Virginia - September 1967
VOLUME 17
Working Documents
21 Biological Surveys of the Upper James River Basin
Covington, Clifton Forge, Big Island, Lynchburg, and
Piney River Areas - January 1968
22 Biological Survey of Antietam Creek and some of its
Tributaries from Waynesboro, Pennsylvania to Antietam,
Maryland - Potomac River Basin - February 1968
23 Biological Survey of the Monocacy River and Tributaries
from Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, to Maryland Rt. 28 Bridge
Potomac River Basin - January 1968
24 Water Quality Survey of Chesapeake Bay in the Vicinity of
Annapolis, Maryland - Summer 1967
25 Mine Drainage Pollution of the North Branch of Potomac
River - Interim Report - August 1968
26 Water Quality Survey in the Shenandoah River of the
Potomac River Basin - June 1967
27 Water Quality Survey in the James and Maury Rivers
Glasgow, Virginia - September 1967
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VOLUME 17 (continued)
Working Documents
28 Selected Biological Surveys in the James River Basin,
Gillie Creek in the Richmond Area, Appomattox River
in the Petersburg Area, Bailey Creek from Fort Lee
to Hopewell - April 1968
VOLUME 18
Working Documents
29 Biological Survey of the Upper and Middle Patuxent
River and some of its Tributaries - from Maryland
Route 97 Bridge near Roxbury Mills to the Maryland
Route 4 Bridge near Wayson's Corner, Maryland -
Chesapeake Drainage Basin - June 1968
30 Rock Creek Watershed - A Water Quality Study Report
March 1969
31 The Patuxent River - Water Quality Management -
Technical Evaluation - September 1969
VOLUME 19
Working Documents
Tabulation, Community and Source Facility Water Data
Maryland Portion, Chesapeake Drainage Area - October 1964
Waste Disposal Practices at Federal Installations
Patuxent River Basin - October 1964
Waste Disposal Practices at Federal Installations
Potomac River Basin below Washington, D.C.- November 1964
Waste Disposal Practices at Federal Installations
Chesapeake Bay Area of Maryland Excluding Potomac
and Patuxent River Basins - January 1965
The Potomac Estuary - Statistics and Projections -
February 1968
Patuxent River - Cross Sections and Mass Travel
Velocities - July 1968
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VOLUME 19 (continued)
Working Documents
Wastev;ater Inventory - Potomac River Basin -
December 1968
Wastewater Inventory - Upper Potomac River Basin -
October 1968
VOLUME 20
Technical Papers -
1 A Digital Technique for Calculating and Plotting
Dissolved Oxygen Deficits
2 A River-Mile Indexing System for Computer Application
in Storing and Retrieving Data (unavailable)
3 Oxygen Relationships in Streams, Methodology to be
Applied when Determining the Capacity of a Stream to
Assimilate Organic Wastes - October 1964
4 Estimating Diffusion Characteristics of Tidal Waters -
May 1965
5 Use of Rhodamine B Dye as a Tracer in Streams of the
Susquehanna River Basin - April 1965
6 An In-Situ Benthic Respirometer - December 1965
7 A Study of Tidal Dispersion in the Potomac River
February 1966
8 A Mathematical Model for the Potomac River - what it
has done and what it can do - December 1966
9 A Discussion and Tabulation of Diffusion Coefficients
for Tidal Waters Computed as a Function of Velocity
February 1967
10 Evaluation of Coliform Contribution by Pleasure Boats
July 1966
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VOLUME 21
Technical Papers
11 A Steady State Segmented Estuary Model
12 Simulation of Chloride Concentrations in the
Potomac Estuary - March 1968
13 Optimal Release Sequences for Water Quality
Control in Multiple-Reservoir Systems - 1968
VOLUME 22
Technical Papers
Summary Report - Pollution of Back River - January 1964
Summary of Water Quality - Potomac River Basin in
Maryland - October 1965
The Role of Mathematical Models in the Potomac River
Basin Water Quality Management Program - December 1967
Use of Mathematical Models as Aids to Decision Making
in Water Quality Control - February 1968
Piscataway Creek Watershed - A Water Quality Study
Report - August 1968
VOLUME .23
Ocean Dumping Surveys
Environmental Survey of an Interim Ocean Dumpsite,
Middle Atlantic Bight - September 1973
Environmental Survey of Two Interim Dumpsites,
Middle Atlantic Bight - January 1974
Environmental Survey of Two Interim Dumpsites
Middle Atlantic Bight - Supplemental Report -
October 1974
Effects of Ocean Disposal Activities on Mid-
continental Shelf Environment off Delaware
and Maryland - January 1975
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VOLUME 24
1976 Annual
Current Nutrient Assessment - Upper Potomac Estuary
Current Assessment Paper No. 1
Evaluation of Western Branch Wastewater Treatment
Plant Expansion - Phases I and II
Situation Report - Potomac River
Sediment Studies in Back River Estuary, Baltimore,
Maryland
Technical Distribution of Metals in Elizabeth River Sediments
Report 61
Technical A Water Quality Modelling Study of the Delaware
Report 62 Estuary
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Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory
Middle Atlantic Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U. 3. r>epartmerit of the Interior
POTOMAC-PISCATA; /AY
LYE RELEASE"
AKD
v / AT TEWATTCR A.-.: o IKTLATIOH STUDIED
"lortert A. Ja.vocc-.ii
and
•' ant;s } 1. -Jon ;\so.1, Jr .
'TechnicaJ Report Ho. 19
De-emter l.^'.9
JohanA. Aalto, Chief,, CTSL
Field Survey Crew:
Robert- L. Vallandiagham
Alan l-Cirochtaiim
G-erald Donovan
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
FOREWCRD iv
LIST OF FIGURES v
LIST OF TABLES viii
Chapter
I INTRODUCTION I - 1
A. Purpose and Scope 1-1
B. Authority 1-2
C. Adaiowledgments 1-3
II SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS II - 1
III DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA Ill - 1
IV SURFACE DYE RELEASE NEAR PROPOSED POTOMAC
OUTFALL LOCATION IV - 1
A. Release Conditions IV - 1
B. Transect Locations and Monitoring
System IV - 3
1. Analytical Measurements IV - 3
2. Visual Monitoring IV - 3
C. Analysis of Dye Release Data IV - 4
V SUBSURFACE RELEASE NEAR PROPOSED POTOMAC
OUTFALL LOCATION V - 1
A. Release Conditions V - 1
B. Transect Locations and Monitoring
System V-l
C. Analysis of Dye Release Data V-l
1. Dye Intrusion V-l
2. Time of Travel V-3
3. Dispersion Coefficient V -15
ii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)
Chapter Page
VI PISCATAWAY EMBAYMENT DYE RELEASE VI - 1
A. Release CondlLions VI - 1
B. Transect Locations and Monitoring
System VI - 1
C. Analysis of Dye Release Data VI- 3
VII ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS VII - 1
A. Dispersion VII - 1
B. Dilution and Transport VTI - 2
C. Intrusion Into Embayments VII - 13
D. Time of Travel VII - 1k-
E. Discussion of Considerations VII - 16
APPENDIX
A. Mathematical Models . . A - 1
B. Determination of Dispersion Coefficient ... B - 1
C. Pioeataway Creer. Survey C - 1
GLOSSARY
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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FOREWORD
The determination of the assimilation capacity of tidal waters
receiving wastewater discharges is complicated not only "by tidal
excursion but by hydrographic features such as fresh water inflow
that may affect mixing and dispersion. Ety-e studies, in conjunction
with the use of mathematical models, are feasible means of investi-
gating the effects of various parameters on water quality at both
present and proposed outfall locations.
Previous studies have shown that nutrient intrusions into the
lower portion of the Piscataway Embayment from the Potomac Estuary
are far greater than the contribution from the Piscataway Wastewater
Treatment Plant located in the upper portion of the embayment. However,
it was not known what nutrient concentrations could be expected within
the embayment under higher anticipated loading to the Piscataway plant
if the outfall remained in the embayment.
A need existed for a stud,} of the effects on water quality of
alternative locations of the discharge from the Piscataway plant.
While this report presents the results of dye and mathematical model
simulation studies for the proposed Potomac Estuary and current out-
fall locations from the Piscataway Wastewater Treatment Plant,
techniques and findings may give insight to other wastewater outfalls
currently discharging into embayinents of the Potomac Estuary.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number
m_ i
-*-
m_ ?
t_
III- 3
IV- 1
IV- 2
IV- 3
IV- k
IV- 5
IV- 6
IV- 7
IV- 8
V- 1
V- 2
V- 3
V- k
V- 5
V- 6
V- 7
V- 8
V- 9
V-10
V-ll
Potomac Estuary Study Area .
Potomac Estuary Chloride Concentration . ...
Potomac Estuary near the Piscatavay Enibayment . . .
Dye Release Sampling Stations - December 1968 . . .
Tidal Stages for Potomac near Piscataway
December 10, 1968
Dye Position at 9:00 A.M. December 10, 1968 . . .
Dye Position at 10:00 A.M. December 10, 1968 . . .
Dye Position at 11:00 A.M. December 10, 1968 . . .
Dye Position at 1:00 P.M. December 10, 1968 . . .
Dye Position at 3:00 P.M. December 10, 1968 . . .
Dye Concentration Isopleth - December 12, 1968 . .
Dye Concentration Isopleth - April 26, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - April 30, 1969 • • •
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 2, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 5> 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 5, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 7, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 10, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 13, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May Ik, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 20, 1969 ....
Spacial Concentration of Dye - May 26, 1969 ....
V
Page
III- k
J__i_^_ ^r
m_ 5
x
III- 7
IV- 2
IV- 6
IV- 7
IV- 8
IV- 9
IV-lO
I V-ll
IV- 12
V- 4
V- 5
V- (>
V- 7
V- 8
V- 9
V-10
V-ll
V-12
V-13
V-14
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Number
- -IL i-__i_ 1.1 i mii
V-12 Peak Concentration Movement Rate V-16
V-13 Low Water Tidal Heights V-17
V-1^4- Dispersion Coefficient vs Distance from
Chain Bridge V-20
VI- 1 Transect Locations - June 16, 1969 • VI- 2.
VI- 2 Dye Concentration Isopleth - June 18, 1969 ... VI- h
VI- 3 Dye Concentration Isopleth - June 20, 1969 . . . VI- 5
VI- ^ Dye Concentration Isopleth - June 23, 1969 . • • VI- 6
VI- 5 Dye Concentration Isopleth - June 26, 1969 . . . VI- 7
VII- 1 Simulated Pollutant Profiles - Potomac
River Estuary VII- 5
VII- 2 Piscataway Creek Surveys - TPO, as PO,^ VII- 6
VII- 3 Piscataway Creek Surveys - TK5I as N VII- 7
VII- 4 Piscataway Creek Surveys - Chlorophyll a .... VII- 8
VII- 5 Piscataway Creek Surveys - DO VII- 9
VII- 6 Simulated Pollutant Profiles - Piscataway
Embaysient V1I-10
VII- 7 Peak Movement for Varying Flows - Potomac
Estuary VTI-15
A- 1 Interface Cross-sectional Area vs Distance ... A~ 3
B- 1 Upier Potomac Estuary - April 30, 1969 B- 2
B- C u].,-;r Potomac Estuary - May 2, 1969 B- 4
B- 3 Upper Potomac Estuary - May 5, 1969 B- 6
B- ^ Upper Po-comac Estuary - May 5, 1969 B~ 8
vi
o
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LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
Number Page
B- 5 Upper Potomac Estuary - May 7, 1969 B-10
B- 6 Upper Potomac Estuary - May 10, 1969 B-12
B- 7 Upper Potomac Estuary - May 13, 1969 B-14
B- 8 Upper Potomac Estuary - May iV, 1969 B-16
B- 9 Upper Potomac Estuary - May 20, 1969 B-18
B-10 Upper Potomac Estuary - May 26, 1969 B-20
B-ll Piscatavay Creek - June 20, 1969 , . . B-22
B-12 Piscataway Creek - June 23, 1969 B-24
vii
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
III-
V-
V-
VII-
VII-
B-
B-
B-
B-
B-
B-
B-
B-
B-
1
1
2.
1
2
1
2
3
if
5
6
T
8
9
B-10
B-ll
B-12
Wastevater Loadings
Intensive Survey,
Potomac Estuary Sam;
Dispersion Coefficii
Potomac Estuary
Potomac Estuary Phyi
Nutrient Loadings -
Treatment Facilit:
Potomac Estuary Dye
Potomac
Potomac
Potomac
Potomac
Potonac
Potomac
Potomac
Potomac
Potomac
Estuary
Estuary
Estuary
Sstuary
Estuary
Estuary
Estuary
Estuary
Estuary
Dye
Dye
Dye
Dye
Dye
Dye
Dye
Dye
Dye
- Potomac Estu)
August 11-18, .
pling Stations
snt Summary -
ary
1969
sical Parameters
Piscataway Wastewater
f
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Analysis
Piscataway Creek Dye Analysis
Piscataway Creek
Dye Analysis
- April 30, 1969 • •
- May
- May
- May
- May
- May
- May
- May
- May
- May
2,
5,
5,
1,
10,
13,
i*,
20,
26,
1969 . . .
1969 . . .
1969 • • •
1969 • • •
1969 . . .
1969 . . .
1969 . . •
1969 . . .
1969 . . .
- June 20, 1969 . .
- June 23
, 1969 . •
Ill- 2
V- 2
V-19
VII- 3
VII -12
B- 3
B- 5
B- 7
B- 9
B-ll
B-13
B-15
B-17
B-19
B-21
B-23
B-25
viii
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LIST OF TABLES (Continued)
Number Page
C- 1 Piscataway Creek Survey - 1968 C- 1
C- 2 Piscatavay Creek Survey - April 30-May 1, 1969 . . C- 4
C- 3 Piscataway Creek Survey - May 13, 1969 C- 5
C- U Piscatavay Creek Survey - June 23, 1969 C- 6
C- 5 Piscataway Creek Survey - July 15, 1969 C- 7
C- 6 Piscataway Creek Survey - August 5, 1969 C- 8
C- 7 Piscatavay Creek Survey - December 8, 1969 .... C- 9
ix
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1-1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
As part of the Chesapeake Bay-Susquehanna River Basins Project,
the Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory (CTSL)* of the Middle
Atlantic Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
(FWPCA) has undertaken an extensive water quality management study
of the Potomac River Basin. A significant part of this study has
been to determine the effect of organic matter including nutrients
on the water quality in the upper Potomac Estuary.
In the early summer of 1968, there was considerable public
interest in the operation of the new Piscataway Wastewater Treat-
ment Plant (PWTP) and the effect of the highly-treated plant
effluent on water quality in the Piscataway embayment. An inves-
tigation was made and a report prepared by CTSL on operation of
the plant and effect on water quality conditions in the Piscataway
embayment [1] .
One of the recommendations in the report was the extension of
the outfall to the main channel of the Potomac Estuary as originally
proposed by the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission (WSSC). To
assist in the engineering analysis, dye releases were made in the
vicinity of the proposed outfall point and in the embayment to
* Formerly Chesapeake Field Station
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1-2
aid in determining the following:
1. The amount of possible direct intrusion of treated effluent
into the embayment during the first flood tide,
2. The transport of wastewater constituents into and out of
the Piscataway embayment from the Potomac Estuary during tidal
flushing,
3. The possible use of aerial photography as a means of
supplementing fluorometric dye studies,
4. A comparison of the dispersion capacity of the Piscataway
embayment and the Potomac Estuary by use of a "dispersion coeffici-
ent," and
5. The verification of the previously determined dispersion
coefficients required in the use of mathematical models of the
Potomac Estuary.
This study was limited to diffusion, dispersion, and dilution
effects of the receiving water. Studies are currently being made
by CTSL on specific wastewater treatment requirements by zones
and nutrient transport mechanisms required to investigate and
develop alternative water management plans for the upper estuary.
B. AUTHORITY
This report is prepared under the provisions of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 tf.S.C. 466 e£ sea.)
which directed the Secretary of the Interior to develop programs
for eliminating pollution of interstate waters in cooperation
with other federal agencies, state water pollution control
-------
-------
1-3
agencies, and the municipalities and industries involved.
C. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The assistance and cooperation of the following agencies is
gratefully acknowledged:
Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission
Maryland State Department of Health
Maryland Department of Water Resources
Maryland Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs
NFIC, FWPCA, Cincinnati, Ohio
Their contributions enabled CTSL to collect, assemble, and evalu-
ate the necessary data in a much shorter tine period than would
otherwise have been required. Special acknowledgment is made for
the aerial photography provided by C. L. Robey of the Division of
Marine Police, Maryland Department of Chesapeake Bay Affairs.
-------
II-l
CHAPTER II
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Two dye releases were made in the main channel of the Potomac
Estuary to simulate the movement of the effluent from the proposed
outfall of the Piscataway Wastewater Treatment Plant. A third
release was made in the upper portion of the Piscataway embayment
to study movement of an effluent discharged in that area. Based on
the data from the releases and the results from numerous simulations
by mathematical models of the upper estuary, and of the Piscataway
embayment, the following summary and conclusions were prepared:
1. Res-alts of the first study in which dye was released
at the surface indicated that direct intrusion into the embayment
(on the first tidal cycle with no mixing) would occur if the
Piscataway Wastewater Treatment Plant (PWTP
outfall were placed
at a 20 foot depth at the proposed location
2. No direct intrusion was observed during the second dye
release which was made at the same general location but at a depth
of kO feet. After two tidal cycles, intrusion of dye into the
embayment was confirmed. The intrusion was by a well-mixed dye,
similar in concentration to that in the Potomac, and not by a "slug"'
as occurred during the first flood tide after surface release.
3. The average time of travel of the peak dye concentration,
although greatly affected by wind conditions, showed good agreement
with values calculated by the Potomac Estuary mathematical model.
-------
-------
II-2
4. The dye release in the upper Piscataway embayment, in
which there is very little fresh water flow, indicated that move-
ment of the dye is caused mainly by tidal dispersion. Approximately
three weer.s were required for the dye to diffuse out of the
embayment.
5. Dispersion coefficients determined from data from the sub-
surface Potomac dye release were consistent with values previously
calculated from an earlier dye study and from salinity intrusion
data.
6. The dispersion coefficients in the Potomac Estuary near
Washington, D. C. are about 0.0^ square miles per day (smpd) and
increase downstream as a function of the cross-sectional area
with a maximum value of 10.0 smpd near the Chesapeake Bay.
7. The dispersion coefficient is about 0.66 smpd in the
Potomac Estuary near the Piscataway embayment and about 0.05 smpd
in the embayment.
8. Visual observation of the dye as well as use of aerial photo-
graphy were most helpful during the initial days. Visible movement
can be detected over large areas in a relatively short time.
9- The results of these investigations indicated that the
following should be considered in locating any outfall in the upper
Potomac Estuary:
a. Relative locations of existing and proposed waste-
water outfall s,
b. Dispersion characteristics of the receiving water,
-------
II-3
c. Effects of dilution and transport as influenced by
cross-sectional areas and tidal exchange, and
d. Protection of high water quality use areas such as
shellfish beds.
10. Mathematical model simulations indicate that the Potomac
Estuary near the proposed outfall has, about a hundred-fold greater
capacity to receive and transport a pollutant than does the
Piscataway embayment.
11. Based on the dye release, water quality surveys and mathe-
matical simulations, the most advantageous wastewater discharge
locations (in terms of a predicted response to a given pound loading
of waste) appears to be the main channel of the Potomac Estuary and
not in embayments with relatively small fresh water inflow rates
such as the Piscataway embayment.
12. In order to maintain the same increase in nutrient levels
in the Piscataway embayment as used in developing the removal require-
ments for the main stem of the Potomac Estuary, the maximum loadings i/
of phosphorus and nitrogen were determined to be 50 and 250 Ibs/day,
respectively.
13. With the proposed expansion of the Piscataway Waste Treatment
Plant capacity to 15 mgd, the removal requirements for phosphorus and
; ,
nitrogen as recommended by the conferees in the recent Potomac Enforce-
ment Conference will result in nutrient concentrations in the upper
Piscataway embayment similar to those in the main channel of the
Potomac Estuary.
-------
Il-k
ik . Any significant expansion over the lr> :ngd system will
require nutrient removal above that recommended by the Enforcement
Conference.
-------
-------
CHAPTER III
DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA
The Potomac River Basin is the second largest watershed in the
Middle Atlantic States. Its tidal portion begins at Little Falls in
the Washington, D. C. metropolitan area and extends 116 miles south-
eastward to the Chesapeake Bay, (Figure III-l)
The estuary is several hundred feet in width at its head near
Washington and broadens to nearly six miles at its mouth, A
shipping channel with a minimum depth of 24 feet is maintained in
the estuary up to Washington. Except for the channel and a small
reach just below Chain Bridge where depths up to 80 feet are found,
the estuary is relatively shallow with an average cross-sectional
depth usually less than 15 feet.
The upper tidal portion of the estuary from Marshall Hall at
River Mile 21.5 to Washington contains fresh water. In the middle
portion of the estuary from Marshall Hall to Indian Head at River
Mile 29.5, there is a transition zone from fresh water to brackish
water. The upper boundary of the salt wedge varies with fresh water
in flow and tidal stage. Figure III-2 exhibits the intrusion of
salt from the Chesapeake Bay measured during an intensive survey in
September, 1966 when the fresh water flow was about 780 cfs.
The effluent from 12 wastewater treatment plants, serving a
population of about 2,500,000 people, is discharged into the upper
estuary. (Table III-l)
-------
III-."
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LOCATION MAP
71 ESTXARY SEGMENT
• MAJOR \WSTE TREATMENT PLANTS
A G*3NO STATION
!-i POTOMAC RIVEN <* wtASHNGTON, ac
A OSTHICT Of CQtjuMBA
8 AHLNGTON COUNTY
C ALEXANDRIA SAMTARV ALnXORtTV
0 FARFAX COUNT> - WESTGATt CLANT
E FAJRFAX COUNTY - LITTLE HUNTING CREEK PLANT
f rMftx OX*TV - DfJfMt CREW PLANT
G V*SHINGTDN SUBURB SANITARY COMMISSION - PSCATAWiY
H ANDREWS AR FORCr BASE - PLANTS *l oM *4
SCAL£ M MLES
POTOMAC ESTUARY
-------
Q. I-
O O
FIGURE m - a
-------
Ill- 6
Fig'iire III-3 shows the Piscataway embayment and it's location
along the estuary which 1s about l8.2 miles from Chain Bridge. The
embayment is about 2.6 miles long with an average depth of U -feet and
a width averaging from 2,000 to l+.OOO feet.
The Piscataway Creek watershed has a drainage are*a,of 31..5
Square mile.? . The maximum, mean, and minimum flowo for a stream
e
paging station established in 1965 near Piscataway., Maryland, with
a, drainage ar«a of 39-5 square miles, were approximately 328, 20, and.
0 cfs, rcc.f ectively. Using the longer term record'" for Heri^ou Creek,
with a drainage area of 16.7 square miles in the adjacent watershed,
the average annual flow for the entire watershed was estimated to be
about 90 cfs.
Using a tidal prism height of 2.it feet and a surface area, of
39,100,000 square feet, 93,8^0,000 cubic feet of water, or about 700
million gallons enter and leave Piscataway embayment during each tidal
cycle. This tidal movement of about 2,000 cfo, when compared to the
average fresh water flow of 90 cfs, is one of the main driving force?
for most of the mixing and transport of any pollutant in the lower
portion of the embayment near the confluence with the Potomac Estuary.
-------
POTOMAC ESTUARY
near fh«
PISCATAWAY EMBAYMENT
SCALE IN MILES
MGURE. IE - 3
-------
-------
IV-1
CHAPTER IV
SURFACE DYE RELEASE NEAR PROPOSED POTOMAC OUTFALL LOCATION
The intrusion of a pollutant into the Piscataway embayment from
the proposed outfall of the Washington Suburban Sanitary Commission
facility was simulated by a surface dye release. Use of aerial
photography as a means of supplementing fluorometric dye studies
was also investigated during the release.
A. RELEASE CONDITIONS
Approximately 1,000 feet from the shoreline and in about 20
feet of water, 250 pounds of Rhodamine WT dye were released
instantaneously at the surface of the site of the proposed outfall
in the Potomac channel. A map of the area shows the release point
(Figure IV-1). The red channel marker "N 76" was used as the pri-
mary reference point.
To simulate the flow of the effluent into the embayment under
the most adverse conditions, the release was made during low slack
water or when the tidal velocity was zero following a low tide.*
On December 10, 1968, the following were the tidal stages for the
Potomac near Fort Washington:
Low tide 6:06 a.m.
Low slack water 6:47 a.m.
Time of dye dump 8:00 a.m.**
* In the Potomac Estuary, low slack water lags low tide by about
3/4 of an hour
** The release was scheduled for 6:47 a.m. but was delayed by ice
conditions
-------
CO
FIGURE 3Z
-------
-------
IV-3
Figure IV -2 is a graphical presentation of tidal conditions for the
release date.
B. TRANSECT LOCATIONS AND MONITORING SYSTEM
During the first flood tidal stage, dispersion and movement of
the dye were monitored using both analytical measurements of concen-
tration at predetermined transects and visually from a helicopter.
During the two days following the release, only analytical measure-
ments were made.
1. Analytical Measureiqents
To facilitate dye detection, eight transects in the Potomac
Estuary and three in the Piscataway embayment were established.
(Figure IV-l) Discrete samples were taken at various depths and
locations across each transect.
The concentration of dye in the samples was measured using a
fluorometer equipped with excitation and light emission filter
designed to measure selectively the fluorescence of the dye being
used. With this tracer measurement system, a sensitivity of about
0.01 parts per billion (ppb) was attained.
2 . Visual
As an experiment, visual observations were also made of the
dye movement from a helicopter. Photographs were taken at ele-
vations varying from 300 to 600 feet using Ektachrome high speed
color film at shutter speeds of about 1/500 of a second. Flights
were made at 8:00 a.m., 9:00 a.m., 10:00 a.m., 11:00 a.m., 1:00 p.m.,
and 3:00 p.m. The weather was clear except for some cloud cover
-------
during the 3:00 p.m. flight.
C. ANALYSIS OF DYE RELEASE DATA
As can be seen in Figures IV-3, TV-4, and IV-5, the dye moved
upstream hugging the Maryland shoreline at the confluence of the
Piscataway embayment and the estuary upstream near Fort Washington.
This caused a slight dye intrusion into and out of the Piscataway
embayment resulting in a horseshoe configuration.
During flood tide, the movement of dye in this configuration
was from the southern shore to the northern shore as shown in
Figure IV-5. A slight intrusion^Lnto Swan Creelc can also be seen
in Figure IV-4.
At 11:00 a.m., the upstream movement was about at its maximum
limit with an upstream excursion of approximately 4.0 miles. To
allow for the delay in starting, the total upstream movement was
estimated to be about 4.5 miles.
In Figures IV 6 and IV-7, the downstream movement of dye can
be seen during the first phase of ebb tide. High tidal currents
in the main channel near Fort Washington caused the dye to disperse
fairly rapidly. The net downstream movement during *bb tide was
estimated to be about 5.3 miles. With this ebb tide excursion,
the effluent from the proposed outfall would almost reach Guneton
Cove.
During the afternoon flights, no significant dye concentrations
were observed visually in the embayment. Some samples of water
taken in the embayment during the afternoon sampling runs contained
-------
-------
TV-S
very small concentrations of dye.
During the first tidal cycle, the dye layered at the surface.
This appears to have been caused by the density difference between
the cold water and the dye and to a lesser degree in the erabayinent
by ice conditions.
After four complete tidal cycles, the dye was fairly well
dispersed both vertically and horizontally. As can be seen in
Figure TV-8, the concentration was in the main channel at the
confluence.
When dye distribution configurations in Figures 3TV-3 through
IV-7 are compared, it can readily be seen that during flood tide
the bulk of dye remained relatively concentrated. However., during
ebb tide, the dye appeared to diffuse and disperse much more
rapidly. Lack of adequate fluorometer data makes accurate calcu-
lation of dispersion coefficients impossible.
-------
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-------
DYE POSITION
at
*•
9:00 A.M., DECEMBER 10, 1968
„ POTOMAC ESTUARY
rCRT WASHIMGTQ
NATIONAL PARK
-------
\ I
DYE POSITION
at
10:00 A.M., DECEMBER 10, 1968" \
POTOMAC ESTUARY
-------
DYE POSITION
at
i 1:00 A.M., DECEMBER 10, 1968 !l
POTOMAC ESTUARY
WASHINGTO
NATIONAL PARK
""-•OPOSeO
O' ' 'ALL'
-------
DYE POSITION
at
1:00 P.M., DECEMBER K), 19681
ij
POTOMAC -ESTUARY >
PROPOSED
WASMINGTO
NATIONAL PARK
FIGURE TV - F
-------
DYE POSITION
at
3:00 P.M., DECEMBER 10, £68
POTOMAC ESTUARY
rORT WASHINGTO
NATIONAL
DDOPO-S£D
x O1 IT'ALL''
FIGURF PJ-7
-------
-------
DYE CONCENTRATIONS ISOPLETH
(ppb)
DECEMBER 12, 1968
' 11:30
POTOMAC ESTUARY
FORT HUNT
NATIONAL PARK
FORT WASHINGTON
NATIONAL PARK
FIGURE ffi-8
-------
V-l
CHAPTER V
SUBSURFACE RELEASE NEAR PROPOSED POTOMAC OUTFALL LOCATION
The direct intrusion of a pollutant into the embayment, time of
travel, and the dispersion characteristics of the upper Potomac
Estuary were simulated by a subsurface release.
A. RELEASE CONDITIONS
On April 25, 1969, 750 pounds of 20 percent concentration of
Rhodamine WT dye were instantaneously released during low tide at
9:00 a.m. The dye was pumped down to a depth of 40 feet below the
surface about 1,500 feet from the shoreline in the same general
location as the previous release (Figure IV-l). The average fresh
water flow into the estuary during the release was about 4,700 cfs.
B. TRANSECT LOCATIONS AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Samples were taken at all points indicated in Table V-l and
shown in Figure IV-1. Monitoring was done on a daily basis, either
by CTSL personnel or by Steuart Petroleum Company personnel in con-
junction with a nutrient transport study. The dye was followed for
22 days to provide the necessary data required to determine the
objectives of the atudy.
C. ANALYSIS OF DYE RELEASE DATA
1. Dye Intrusion
During the first flood tide following the release, no dye was
detected in the embayment. About one hour after the release a
considerable amount of dye was observed at the surface in the main
channel of the Potomac Estuary near the Fort Washington lighthouse.
-------
-------
7-2
Table V-l
POTCWAC ESTUARY SAMPLING STATIONS
April 25, 1969
Dye Studies
Station Miles From Chain Bridge
A 14.6
B 15.6
C 17.1
D 17.6
H 18.2
J 19.4
K 20.4
L 21.6
M 22.5
N 24.3
0 24.8
P 26.0
Q 26.3
R 27.2
S 29.5
-------
-------
V-3
Based upor: iluororaetric readings, it appears that considerable quan-
tities of dye came to the surface as a result of turbulence caused
by a change in channel direction and elevation. As with the first
release, the maximum excursion during flood tide was about 4.5 miles
reaching a point just below Broad Creek.
On April 26, 1969.7 or two complete tjdal cycles after the release,
the. dye was still visually detectable near the release point and
along the shoreline near Mount Vernon. Fluorometrie readings Con-
firmed tiiese visual observations.
Figure V-l shows the intrusion of the dye into the Piscataway
embaymenr, after two complete tidal cycles . The dye remained close
to the southern side of the embayment with very little dye moving
upstream.
A comparison of Figures V-l and 17-3 indicates that movement of
dye from surface and subsurface releases at the proposed loi-ation
of the outfall will result in intrusion into the embaymeni, (visible
and measured) to 3>700 feet from trie confluence of the embaymf- n'. and
the Potomac.
2. Time of Travel
Time of travel is an important parameter in determining -.he
position of a pollutant and in calculating the residual of any non-
conservative pollutant.
Figures V-2 through V-ll present spacial plots of dye for various
sampling periods. The rate of movement of peak concentration can be
-------
DYE CONCENTRATIONS ISOPLETH
(ppb)
AWIL ?6, 1969
10:00
POTOMAC ESTUARY
SCALE IN MILES
2-1
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-------
V-15
determined by observing the positions of the peak concentration on
the various special plots.
As can be seen in Figure V-12, the peak movement was greatly
affected by tidal conditions. On April 29-30; northwest winds at
a. velocity of about 20 miles/hour caused extremely low tides.
(See Figure V-13)
Compensating for the extremely low tides, an adjusted low tide
peak movement is presented in Figure V-32 . A comparison of the
time-of-travel of the adjusted movement with the travel time as
determined by a mathematical model of the estuary for a freshwater
inflow of 5,000 cfs, indicates a fairly close agreement. It appears
that the large peak movement caused by extreme tides was temporary.
As can also be seen in Figure V-12, the rate of movement or the
advective velocity decreases with distance from Chain Bridge. The
velocity in the vicinity of the Piscataway embayment was 1.^- mi/day
as compared to about 0.5 mi/day at Indian Head.
3• Dispersion Coefficient
As indicated previously, the dispersion coefficient can serve as
a parameter indicative of an estuary's ability to diffuse pollutants
discharged from wastewater treatment facilities. The method of cal-
culating the dispersion coefficient used in this report is the same
as outlined by O'Connor [5] and is presented in the appendix.
For the sub-surface release, the calculated dispersion coefficients
in the Potomac Estuary below the proposed Piscataway outfall ranged
-------
\
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tz
1
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Q.
-s
1
900RM MWO MCXU MV3H1SNMOO S31*
FIGORE
-------
LOW WATER TIDAL HEIGHTS
WASHINGTON, D.C.
1969
DATUM = 4.26 f». MLW
6.0-
5.0-
5 4-0-
3.0-
2.0
DATUM
i i i i I I f I I I
20 25 30
APRIL
I I 1 I I T T I J I I T I I I I I I I
5 10 15 20
MAY
FIGURE 2-13
-------
V-18
from 0.76 to 2.17 as presented in Table V-2 and Figure V-l4 shows close
agreement with values determined by Hetling [ 3 J • In the area near the
Piscataway embayment, the dispersion coefficient was about 0.60 smpd.
Except for the May J, 1969 data, the dispersion coefficient for
the trailing edge of the release was higher than for the leading edge.
This could possibly be due to shearing effects caused by differences
in the cross-sectional velocities.
-------
-------
V-19
TABLE V-2
Dispersion Coefficient Summary
Potomac Estuary
Dispersion Coefficient
Date
Release
Trailing
Leading
Average
Remarks
(sq_ mi/day) (sq. mi/day )(sq mi /day)
4.30-69
5-02-69
5-05-69
5-05-69
5-07-69
5-10-69
5-13-69
5-14-69
5-20-69
5-26-69
5.12
7.16
10.16
10.25
12.08
15-12
17-75
19.13
25.25
31-50
2.58
2.45
2.60
1.70
0.22
1.50
1.69
2.33
2.30
1.84
1.19
0.90
1.30
1.50
1.29
1.03
1.66
2.01
1.86
1.19
1.89
I.o7
1.95
1.60
0.76
1.26
1.68
2.17
2.08
1.51
Extreme low tides
•
Extreme high tides
Near background
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-------
VI-1
CHAPTER VI
PISCATAWAY EMBAYMENT DYE RELEASE
A Piscataway embayroent dye release was made to simulate the move-
ment of a wastewater discharge into the embayment. The results
obtained were used to determine the feasibility of locating an out-
fall in the embayment.
A. RELEASE CONDITIONS
At approximately midstream and 0.25 miles east of Transect A
(Figure VI-l), 8 pounds of a 20 percent concentration of Rhodamine
WT dye were released instantaneously at the surface. The release
was made during high tide to simulate the maximum flow and mixing
effect in the embayment. Tidal stages on June 16, 1969, the day of
the release, were as follows:
High tide 9:26 a.m.
High slack water 10:10 a.m.
Time of dump 9:45 a.m.
B. TRANSECT LOCATIONS AND MONITORING SYSTEM
Samples were taken along each transect (Figure VI-1) during high
and low water slack tides during the first day of the dye release.
Samples were taken every day for the next four days and then twice
a week until the measured dye concentrations decreased to approxi-
mately the background concentration before the release. Transect
locations were chosen in such a manner as to demonstrate the effects
of the embayment configuration and tidal flushing and to provide
information describing the movement of the dye.
-------
FIGURE 33-
-------
VI-3
C. ANALYSIS OF DIE RELEASE DATA
Figures VT-1 through VT-5 show that the movement of the dye was
influenced by wind direction. Figure VT-1 indicates that the dye
moved in the same direction as the prevailing wind on that day.
Figures VT-2 through VI-5 show that most of the dye remains in
the same area indicating that the net tidal movement is very slight,
in that section of the embayment. It took approximately three weeks
for the dye to diffuse out of the embayment during which the concen-
tration isopleth of the transect data indicated little evidence
of mixing in the embayment.
The dispersion coefficient based upon the method outlined by
O'Connor [5] was about 0.05 square miles per day. Because of the very
low inflow from the tributary streams, the velocity of the fresh
water inflow to the embayment was assumed to be zero.
The embayment can be divided into three distinct segments each
having different characteristics. The first segment, extending from
the most eastward point shown in Figure VT-1 to the end of the
floral growth shown, has no significant mixing because of this growth.
The upper segment is flushed only during heavy rains or extreme high
tides.
The second or middle segment extends from the floral growth west-
ward to Transect C. There is no significant mixing in this segment
and only minimal tidal transport which occurs mainly at extremely
high or low tides.
-------
FIGURE SI-2
-------
FIGURE Sl-3
-------
FIGURE 21-4
-------
FIGURF ffl --
-------
Vl-8
The third segment extends from transect C to the estuary and is
marked by pronounced tidal transport from the Potomac Estuary. It
is in this third segment that mixing and flushing occurs during
each tidal cycle (FiguresVI-2 and VI-5).
-------
VII-1
CHAPTER VII
ENGINEERING CONSIDERATIONS
In evaluating the location of the outfall, four engineering
criteria were considered:
A. Dispersion,
B. Dilution and transport,
C. Intrusion into the numerous embayment , a.nd
D. Time of travel.
Thest-j are discussed separately below:
A. DISPERSION
The dispersion coefficient is the parameter used in this report to
indicate how rapidly a pollutant diffuses. Dispersion coefficients
in the upper Potomac Estuary range from 0 to 3 -ffipd with a value of
0.66 srapd in the vicinity of the proposed outfall.
The Piscataway embayment ha:, an average dispersion coefficient
of 0.05 smpd. Based upon the dispersion coefficient, the lower value
in the embayment indicates that it is advantageous to discharge the
effluent into the main stem of the Potomac.
As shown in Figure V-6, the dispersion coefficient increases
exponentially with distance from Chain Bridge. Consequently,
considering dispersion only, it is more advantageous to locate the
outfall as far downstream as possible.
-------
VII-2
B. DILUTION AND TRANSPORT
1- Discharge into Main Stem;of Potomac
Figure VII-1, which is based on numerous mathematical model
runs, indicates that there is no particular advantage in locating
an outfall in either Segment 9> 10, or 11 (Figure III-l gives the
estuary segments). The effects of dilution and dispersion in
each of the segments are the same (Table VII-1 gives segment
volumes).
There would be a slight advantage in locating the outfall
in Segment 11 as far downstream as possible from the large load-
ing in Section 6 which is from the Washington, D.C. metropolitan
area. However, the projected population discharging into Section
12 from the Gunston Cove area in Virginia is expected to be about
310,000 in 1980 and over 1,600,000 by 2020 and must be considered
as well as the future loading from the Piscataway area in Maryland.
Hence, if the proposed outfall were located in Segment 11, it
would result in a combined population of over 2,000,000 by 2020
from Maryland and Virginia discharging wastewater into Segments
11 and 12.
2. Discharge iuto Piscataway Embayment
Stream survey data as reported in 1968 [8] and as summarized
for 1969 in Figures yjI-2, VII-3, VII-4, and VII-5 also indicated
that the water quality in the embavment near the Potomac Estuary
is controlled by the quality in the, Potomac. In the upper end
-------
Table VII-1
POTCMAC ESTUARY PHYSICAL PARAMETERS
Vll-3
Segment
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Length
(Miles)
2.69
2.09
1.75
1.31
1.87
2.11
2.57
2.19
2.44
2.06
2.25
3.95
2.94
2.93
4.41
4.26
4.42
4.57
5.36
5.20
Volume*
(Cubic Feet)
x 107
25
24
33
40
45
52
76
66
79
65
92
252
170
250
330
445
520
535
620
525
Surface Area
(Square Feet)
x 106
3.3
14.3
26.4
40.0
33.8
46.4
93.4
63.9
85.0
60.8
78.3
219.7
124.1
201.7
301.9
314.3
368.6
428.5
131.4
334.5
Mean*
Depth
(feet)
30.1
16.7
12.5
10.0
13.3
11.2
8.1
10.3
9.3
10.7
11.7
11.5
13.7
12 ..4
10.9
14.1
14.1
12.5
26.7
15.7
21
5.69
630
387.2
16.3
Mean Tide Level
-------
VTI-4
of the embayment, the water quality is mainly under the influence
of the discharge from the Piscataway wastevater treatment facility.
Because of the slow diffusion process, the concentration of
nutrients was consistently higher in the upper part of the embay-
ment as exhibited in Figures VTI-2 and VII-3. Because of the
high concentration of algal cells as indicated by chlorophyll a
(Figure VTI-4), the DO (Figure 7II-5) vas also higher in the
ujper portion. These data were for daylight conditions only.
The reduction in all four parameters in August 1969 was due to
a flushing action caused by heavy rains.
Simulated profiles for a discharge into the upper end of
the embayment, presented in Figure VTI-6, verify this slow dif-
fusion process and also show the effect of various decay rates
and wastewater flows on the concentration of a pollutant. It
also can be seen that major effects of the discharge were in the
upper and middle portion of the embayment near the discharge
point.
When the profiles in Figure VTI-1 are compared to Figure VTI-6,
it can readily be observed that the capacity to receive and trans-
port nutrients for given residuals in the receiving water is about
100-fold greater in the main Potomac than in the embayment. For
example, a discharge of 100,000 Ibs/day will increase the concen-
tration about 1.5 mg/1 in the main Potomac while only 1,000 Ibs/day
will increase the concentration in the upper embayment to about
the same level.
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VTI-11
Assuming the wastewater treatment requirements are met for
discharges into the main Potomac, the maximum loading of total
phosphorus to the embayment would be 50 Ibs/day with total
nitrogen being 250 Ibs/day. This is based on ma.i • taining a
maximum increase in concentration of 0.1 mg/1 of ihosphorus and
0.5 mg/1 of total nitrogen in the upper part of the embayment.
When the waste flow of about 5.0 mgd co the Piscataway facility
is increased to 15 mgd as currently being planned, the treatment
requirements as stipulated by the conferees at the May 1969 Potomac
River Enforcement Conference will result in phosphorus concentra-
tions within these limits. The concentration of nitrogen will
be slightly above the recommended maximum of 0.5 mg/1- If the
plant's capacity is expanded above 15 mgd, a higher degree of
treatment than that stipulated at the Enforcement Conference would
be required if the maximum phosphorus and nitrogen limits are to
be met,. Table VII-2 gives projected loadings before and after
treatment.
-------
VII-12
Table VII-2
NUTRIENT LOADINGS
For Various Flow From The
Piscataway Wastewater Treatment Facility
Before Treatment*
After Treatment**
Flow
(mgd)
*>
1>
30
100
TPO, as P
H
(Ibs/day)
460
1,380
2,760
4.600
T. Nitrogen
(Ibs/day)
840
2,500
3,040
8,400
TPOj as P
( IDS /day)
18
54
110
184
T. Nitrogen
(Ibs/day)
126
378
756
1 , 260
Based on average concentration of TPO, of 11.0 mg/1 and 22 mg/1
of total nitrogen.
Based on Potomac Enforcement Conference report of 96 percent
removal of phosphorus and 85 percent removal of nitrogen.
-------
VII-13
C. INTRUSION INTO SMBAYMEWTS
Direct intrusion into 3wa:. Cree,.c and *.he Piscataway embayment
was observed visually after the surface release. This consisted
of a "slug" of dye that hugged the Maryland side of the Potomac
Estuary from the proposed outfall location 'o Swan Creek.
A horseshoe configuration of dye was formed L>i the Piscataway
embayment indicating the upper range of tidal intrusion therein.
In Swan Creek a wedge-llx.e intrusion was olserved initially and
later a horseshoe configuration. Direct intrusion into Swan Green
could possibly be eliminated by moving the o itfall downstream, but
direct intrusion into the Piscataway embayse^t and hugging along
the shore of the Fort Washington Park woulu still occur.
The subsurface release gave no indication of direct intrusion
in "slag" concentrations into any of the errbayments . Neither did
the subsurface release give any indication o:" hugging the par1
shoreline.
While placement of the proposed outfall in the main channel at
a depth of about ko -feet will eliminate direct intrasion into the
embayments. it will not eliminate intrusior Caused by tidal
excnanges after mixing. Moreover, since tl>-re are numerous embay-
ments along the Potomac Estuary, tidal intrusion into an embayment
will always occur to some degree.
-------
D. TIME OF TRAVEL
Oyster harvesting is one of Maryland'3 leading seafood industries.
The effects of the pollutants in the effluent on oyster production
is beyond the scope of this report. Consideration was given to an
outfall location that would yield the longest time of travel for bio-
logically degradable pollutants and coliforr:s originating in wastewater
discharges in the Washington area. The longer the travel time the
more "buffer zone" is provided and thus any adverse effect on the
oyster beds, located about 6^ miles below Chain Bridge, will be
minimized.
For a freshwater inflow of about 5,000 cfs, the advection velocity
an the Potomac Estuary in the region of th- Piscataway embayment is
l.J4 mi/day and decreases to 0.5 mi/day at Mile Point 30- The travel
time from the proposed outfall to the oyster beds is about 8J+ days
at a flow of ^,000 cfs. This travel time would be reduced to 72 days
if the outfall were at Indian Head. Trave-*- "Ame Tor other flows are
given in Figure VTI-7-
The best possible outfall location, considering the time of
travel of the pollutant, would be at the most upstream position.
This would allow the maximum time for decax of any biological pollu-
tant, including coliforms, before it reaches the oyster beds.
-------
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VII-16
E. DISCUSSION OF CONSIDERATIONS
The two basic alternatives in locating the outfall from the
Fiscataway wastewater facility are (l) advanced wastewater treat-
ment with discharge into the main Potomac, and (2) a higher degree
of advanced wastewater treatment with discharge into Piscataway
embaymerit. Dye .Ttudles and simulation analyses from mathematical
models indicate that the most advantageous location of the outfall
i:; into the main channel of the Potomac in the vicinity of the uro-
ioced oucfaJj . Based on the subsurface dye released, it appears,
that if the outfall is extended out into the main channel where the
depth of water is over ^4-0 feet, maximum transport and minimum embay-
ment intrusion would occur.
During the course of this study., it also has been pointed out
thai: if a sufficient level of treatment is provided 'with a given
riant reliability, wastewater can bo discharged at any joint in
the system. Nevertheless, with ever increasing need for protecting
ths. water quality and with the current state of waste treatment
technology, the most advantageous discharge point is the main channel
of the Potomac estau^y and not the present discharge point.
-------
A-l
APPENDIX A
A. MATHEMATICAL MODELS
During the past 50 years, engineers and scientists have investi-
gated the use of mathematical models to simulate the response of
natural phenomena to varied conditions. Recently, with the develop-
ment of computers, the use of such models has become feasible.
Mathematical models are useful tools in determining the distri-
bution and resulting effect on water quality of conservative and non-
conservative substances discnarged into the receiving waters.
O'Connor [6] and Thomann [7] have developed mathematical models
to simulate the effects of pollutants on the water quality in
estuaries. O'Connor's model is based primarily on the conservation
of mass, and for a one-dimensional estuary is as follows:
M
ftc + S
?>r ~ (c,r,t)
where:
A = Cross-sectional area
c = Concentration of the substance
E = Dispersion coefficient
r = Distance from point of release
S = Sinks and sources
t = Time in days
u = Velocity
-------
A~2
The variable c may apply to any substance. In this report, c
is dye concentration.
In most estuaries, the cross-sectional area is a function of
distance and can be related to distance by one of the following
expressions as suggested by O'Connor [6]:
A = Ao er (2)
A = Ao (-L-) (3)
ro
A = Ao (— ) n U)
ro
The upper Potomac Estuary appears to be best described by a power
function of the form of equation 4, as shown in Figure A-l.
An analytical solution to equation 1 is not available for the
particular case of the Potomac Estuary. Therefore, a constant
cross-sectional area was assumed and the following solution was
obtained using O'Connor's model for an instantaneous release:
-( (r-ut)2 _kt)
C = M e UEt (5)
2A
where :
M = mass of dye released
k = 1st order decay rate with r, u, t, E as defined
previously
The dispersion coefficient, which is the only unknown value
in the above equation, can be directly related to the cross -
sectional area as suggested by O'Connor [6],
-------
-X)
NOI1D3S-SSOH3 3OWM31M
-------
A-4
Thomann found some advantage in a numerical solution, which
today is applicable through the use of high speed digital and
analog computers. In Thomarm's model, a rrass balance of a substance
in each of a system of "n" segments, shown ;n figure II-1, includes
terms describing changes in dye concentration caused by advection,
dispersion, and losses. A mass balance constituted for the "i" th
segment takes the following form:
___
- Qi * (?i + Ci + (1 - ?i 4
- dV-j Ci + PJ
where:
V. = Volume of "i" th j-egnent icf)
C. = Mean dye concentraiion in "i" -h segment (Ib/of)
4. - Net v/aterflow a TOPS the upstrern., boundary of the
segment (c f/day}
- A dimensionless proportionality factc1" used to ^s
the concentration at the upper boundary of the ''i" th
E. = Turbulent exchange iactor for u;jtreaii; boundary of the
('i" th segment (cf/day)
.1 = Dye loss rate constant (day )
i. = Rate of dye added from external source? (Ibs/day>
t = T ice (days)
There exist 28 linear first order, non-homogeneous, ordinary
differential equations which were solved simultaneously by numerical
-------
A-5
methods using a digital computer. The only value in the 28 equations
which was not known was the turbulent exchange factor which was
determined by use of Pick's first law of difussion; i.e.,
Ni (Ib/sf/day) = K dC/dr (k dc/dr) ('•')
where:
"N1' is rate of mass transfer of substance per unit area across
a boundary and "K" is the longitudinal dispersion coefficient.
Thomann's dispersion coefficient, is the same as the one described in
the mathematical model by O'Connor.
The dispersion coefficient as described by both models is the
unit square miles per day and is an indict:,ion of the ability of the
receivJng water to diffuse the polluting .^Dstance, Values of "K"
for the Potomac Estuary using Thomann's mathematical model as deter-
mined by Hetling [3] for a dye release in May, 19'-'.'5, range from
zero at Little Falls to 1C) in the lower Potomac iiear the Chesapeake
Bay. The dispersion coefficient used in the models is an average
over the tidal cycle.
As mentioned previously, Thomann's mathematical model makes use of
Fick's first law of diffusion to relate the dispersion coefficient to
the turbulent exchange factor as follows:
E = K.A.
i i
0.5 (L. + L. _x) cf/day
-------
A-6
If the mean concentration in two segments is known then it can "be
shown from geometry that:
0.5 (L,. _1 + L.)
where :
K.. = Dispersion coefficient
A, = Area in "i" th segment
i
L, = Length ''i" th segment
i+1 = Length ("i" + i) th segment
C. = Concentration in "i" th segment,
Q
i+1 = Concentration in (''i1' + 1) ti. segment
N = Mass transferred across the , uterface substituting
equation 9 into Pick's la?/
N. = k (C. -i + C.)
0.5 (Li + + L.) Ibs/sf/day (10)
multiplying (11) by the cross-sectional area across which turbu-
lent exchange takes place arid setting D = K.A yields
D = A.k. (C. - C. )
i 1 x i i ~i
0.5 (L. - Li + 1) (11)
which is the expression used in Thomann's model to describe turbu-
lent exchange across a boundary.
The preliminary values of ' E" had to be adjusted to bring the
calculated and actual values of the dye concentration closer.
O'Connor [5J suggested that the calculated "K" should serve only as
preliminary values and are not Immune to change or adjustment.
-------
A-7
The longitudinal dispersion coefficient can be computed from dye
mass transfer studies resulting in variations in tidal velocity over
a. given cross-section and from turbulent diffusion. The variation in
tidal velocity is a "shear" tyre phenomena whereas diffusion is related
to concentration and density gradients. I-. essence, the coefficient
doer, not represent pure dispersion but rather a combination of the
diversion and advection transfer mechanism of the estuary system.
The magnitude of the longitudinal di.~ <:~. ion coefficient is
dependent upon factors such as (l) cross-sectional area, (2) salinity
(density) gradients, (3) fresh water inflow. ('-) tidal characteristics,
and (5) frictional properties.
The dispersion coefficient computed from O'Connor's Model repre-
sents a slac^ tide approximation. Thomann'. Model incorporates a
coefficient which is time-averaged over a :,_.ial cycle. The two may
not be comparable and care must be t,a.»:en i:; ' nterchanging the dis-
persion coefficient between the two models.
-------
B-l
APPENDIX B
B. DETERMINATION OF DISPERSION COEFFICIENT
O'Connor has outlined two methods for the determination of "E".
One method involves a plot of the following:
In c .. e kt vs. (r - ut)2 (13)
kt
the sloje of which will be 1/E. Although a:.y direct method used
for determine "E" will only yield an approximate value, this
method introduces more error by the ommissioi; of a term, /E.
The other method outlined by 0"Connor i~ a plot of In c/c_
squared. The slope of this plot is equal t-o 1/UEt, from which
"E" can be determined and are presented in Tables B-l through B-12.
The "E" thus determined is the dispersion coefficient at the place
where the peak occurs.
-------
Table B - 1
POTOMAC ESTUARY DYE ANALYSIS
April 30, 1969
1
x1
Mile
Point
30
25
30
.35
37
E -
El =
-ri _
0.076
0.200
0.355
0.175
0.025
I/slope * 4t,
1.19
2.58
C/Co
0.160
0.560
1.000
0.492
0.071
t = 5.12
-10 100
25
0 0
5 25
Eave =1.39
Where:
E = Dispersion coefficient
E ,E+= Dispersion coefficient of the leading and trailing edges
Eave = Average of the leading and trailing edges
t = Time and days
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
APRIL 30, 1969
I - 5.12 doyi
LLGEND
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
20
40 60 80 100
DISTANCE FROM PEAK SQUARED - SQ ML
140
HGUPF
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 2, 1969
7.i6 days
EGEND
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
40 50
DISTANCE 'ROM PEAK 'SQUAREC - SQ. Ml.
FIGURE B n
-------
Mile
Table B - 2
POTOMAC ESTUAHY DYE ANALYSIS
May 2, 1969
Point
20
25
28.3
30
35
c
0.095
0.250
0.267
0.262
0.042
C/Co
0.35
0.93
1.00
0.98
0.15
X1
-0.3
-3,3
.0
+ 1.7
+o.7
(x1)2
08.89
10.89
.00
2.89
44 . 89
E = I/slope * 4t, t = 7.16
EI = 0.90
Et = 2.45
Save = 1.67
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 5, 1969
t - 10.35 day*
0.5
0.4
u
0.3
0.2-4
i-EQENQ
+ UPSTREAM
• DOWNSTREAM
20
60 80 100
DISTANCE FROM PEAK SQUARED - SQ. Ml.
140
FIGURE 8-3
-------
Table B - 3
POTOMAC ESTUARI DIE ANALYSIS
May 5, 1969
Mile
Point
20
25
29.4
30
35
40
C
0.054
0.138
0.192
0.189
0.077
0.031
C/Co
0.28
0.71
1.00
0.94
0.40
0.16
1
- 9.4
- 4.4
.0
+ 0.6
+ 5.6
+10.6
U1)2
88.36
19.36
.00
.36
31.36
112.36
E = I/slope * 4t, t = 10.25
E! = 1.50
Et = l'7Q
Eave = 1.60
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 5 , 1969
t = 10.16 day*
D.5-
0.4-
X3-
LEGEND
+ UPSTREAM
• DOWNSTREAM
20
40 60 80 100
DISTANCE FROM PEAK SQUARED - SQ. Ml.
120
140
FIGURE B 4
-------
Table B - 4
POTOMAC RIVER DYE ANALYSIS
May 5, 1969
Mile
Point
20
23
25
28
30
35
39
E
El =
Et =
Eave =
0.115
0.170
0.196
0.213
0.205
0.080
0.020
I/slope * 4t,
1.30
2.60
1.90
C/Co X1
0.53 - 8
0.79 - 5
0.92 - 3
1.00 0
0.96 + 2
0.37 + V
0.09 +11
t = 10.16
(X1)2
64
25
9
0
4
49
121
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 7, 1969
» - 12.08 day*
0.8
n ?
0.6 -
0 4-
X
U
03-
0.2 -
+ UPSTRE AM
• DOWNSTREAM
1
80
I
r
I
l
-------
Table B - 5
POTOMAC ESTUARY DYE ANALYSIS
May 7, 1969
'
Mile
Point
15
20
25
28.5
30
35
40
E
El =
Et =
Eave =
C
.044
.089
.14?
.186
.172
.072
.024
I/slope * 4t, t =
1.29
0.22
1.79
C/Co x1
0.23655 -13.5
0.47849 - 8.5
0.79032 -3.5
1.00000 .0
0.92473 + 1.5
0.38709 + 0.5
0.12903 +11.5
= 12.08
(x1)2
182.25
72.05
12.25
.00
2.25
42.25
132.25
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 10, 1969
t - I 5. I 2 day*
UPSTREAM
JOWNSTREAV
DISTANCE FROM PEAK SQUARED - SQ. Ml.
FIG'.'RE
-------
Table B - 6
POTOMAC ESTUARY DYE ANALYSIS
May 10, 1969
Mile
Point
23
25
30
34.5
35
40
45
.062
.062
.137
.166
.150
.076
.032
C/Co
0.230
0.373
0.825
1.000
0.904
0.458
0.193
1
-11.5
- 9.5
- 4.5
.0
+ .5
+ 5.5
+10.5
(x1)2
132.00
90.25
20.25
.00
.25
30.25
110.00
E,
= I/slope * 4t, t - 15.12
1.03
1.50
Eave =1.26
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 13. 1969
t : 17.25 days
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
80 120 160 200
DISTANCE fRO/ PEAK SQUARED -SQ. Ml.
240
?.&0
FIGURE B-7
-------
Table B - 7
POTOMAC ESTUAHT D3TE ANALYSIS
Jfey 13, 1969
Mile
faioi c
15 .028
20 .050
25 .100
30 .125
35 .109
40 .0601
45 .0199
E = I/slope * 4t, t
E1 = 1.66
Et « 1.69
Eave * 1.68
C/Co ^
.224 -15
.400 -10
.600 - 5
1.000 0
.872 - 5
.481 +10
.160 +15
= 17.75
(x1)2
225
100
25
0
25
100
225
-------
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 14, 1969
t - 19.13 days
LEGEND
UPSTREAM
DOWNSTREAM
120 (60 200
DISTANCE FROM PEAK SQUARED - SQ. Ml.
240
280
FIGURE 8-8
-------
Table B - 8
POTOMAC ESTUAET DIE ANALYSIS
May 14, 1969
Mile
Point
17
20
25
30
33.5
35
40
45
C
.022
.039
.073
.099
.106
.105
.080
.045
a/Co
.20
.36
.68
.93
1.00
.99
.75
.43
1
-16.50
-13.50
- 8.11
- 3.50
.00
+ 1.50
+ 6.50
+11.50
(X1)2
272.25
182.25
65.77
12.25
.00
2.25
42.25
132.25
E = I/slope * 4t, t » 19.13
EI = 2.01
Et = 2.33
Have = 2.17
-------
'1.4 -
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 20, 1969
t r >5.25 days
+ UPSTREAM
• DOWNSTRtAM
I
20
I
40
60
DISTANCE.
80
PEAK SQUARED - SC Ml.
T
100
120
140
FIGURE H - 9
-------
Table B - 9
POTOMAC ESTUABY DTE ANALYSIS
May 20, 1969
Mile
Point
20
25
30
33
35
40
45
E
El '
Et =
.046
.054
.105
.110
.106
.087
.075
I/slope * 4t,
2.30
1.86
C/Co
.419
.492
.958
1.000
.960
.790
.680
t « 25.25
jd
-13
- 8
- 3
0
+ 2
+ 7
+12
169
64
9
0
4
49
144
Eave = 2.08
-------
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
MAY 26, 1969
i - 31.50 days
0.4-
3.1-
•»• UPSTREAM
• DOWNSTREAM
20
I
4Q
60
I
SO
DISTANCE FROM PEAK
100
120
140
FIGURE B-!
-------
Table B - 10
POTOMAC ESTUARY DYE ANALYSIS
May 26, 1969
Mile
Point
25
30
33.5
36.5
39
41
45
.057
.063
.075
.081
.077
.068
.053
C/Co
0.70
0.77
0.92
1.00
0.95
0.83
0.65
1
-11.50
- 6.50
- 3.00
.00
+ 2.50
+ 4.50
+ 8.50
(x1)2
132.25
42.25
9.00
.00
6.25
20.25
72.25
E
"t
Eave
I/slope * 4t, t
1.19
1.84
1.57
= 31.5
-------
-------
PISCATAWAY CREEK
JUNE 20, 1969
0.2 0,4 0.6
DISTANCE PROM PEAK CONCENTRATION, MILES
FIGURE 8-It
-------
Table B-ll
PISCATAWAY CREEK
June 20, 1969
Q = 0
Distance from Concentration
Peak (X1)
(mile)
.00
.40
.50
.70
1.00
(x1)2
.000
.160
.250
.490
1.000
E = I/slope * 4t, t =4.1
E = .03 smpd
C C/Co
[ppb)
.70 1.00
.60 .85
.40 .57
.20 .28
•10 1
-------
PISCATAWAY CREEK
JUNE 23, 1969
o i -
0 -i 0.6 0.8
DISTANCE FROM PEAK CONCENTRATION. MILES
1
1.0
T
1.2
1.4
FIGURE 8-12
-------
Table B-12
PISCATAWAY CREEK
June 23, 1969
Q = 0
Distance from Concentration
Peak (X1)
. (pile)
.00
.05
.20
.35
.70
(x1)2
.0000
.0025
.0400
.1225
.4900
C
(cub)
.45
.40
.30
.20
.10
C/Co
1.00
0.89
0.67
0.45
0.22
E = I/slope * 4t, t = 7.2
E = .08 smpd
-------
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GLOSSARY"
A = Cross-sectional area, miles'"
c = Concentration of the substance, parts per billion (ppb)
C. = Mean dye concentration in "i" th segment, Ib/cf
C = Peak concentration, (ppb)
d = Dye loss rate, constant (day )
D = Mass flow rate, (ibs/day)
E = Dispersion coefficient, square miles per day (smpd)-O'Connor's
Method; Analogus to K, the longitudinal dispersion coefficient-
Thoinann's Method
E. = Turbulent exchange factor for upstream boundary of the "i" th
1 segment, (of/day)
pp = A dimensionles proportionality factor used to estimate the
concentration at the upper boundary of the "i" th segment
k = 1st order decay rate, per day
K = Longitudinal dispersion coefficient (smpd)
M = Mass of substance released
N = Rate of mass transfer across a boundary; (Ib/sf/day)
P.. = Rate of dye added
^. = Net waterflow across the upstream boundary of the "i" th
segment, cubic feet per day (cf/day)
r = Distance from point of release, miles
S = Sinks and sources
t = Time, days
U = Velocity of fresh water, cubic feet per second (cfs)
-------
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Jaworski, N. A., Lear, D. W., Aalto, J. A., "A Technical Assess-
ment of Current Water Quality Conditions and Factors Affecting
** Water Quality in the Upper Potomac Estuary," Technical Report
No. 5. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Middle
Atlantic Region, Chariottesvilie, Virginia, 2^69
«**»
2. Hetling, L. J., O'Connell, R. L., "A Study of Tidal Dispersion
in the Potomac River," CB-SRBP Technical Paper No. .7. Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration, Region III, 1965
3. Hetling, L. J., "The Potomac Estuary Mathematical Model,"
Technical Report Np. 7. Federal Water Pollution Control Admini-
** stration, Middle Atlantic Region, Charlottesville, Virginia,
1969
,» 4. Hetling, L. J., "Simulation of Chloride Concentrations in the
Potomac Estuary," CB-SRBP Technical Paper No. 12. Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration, Middle Atlantic Region,
Charlottesville, Virginia, 1968
5. O'Connor, D. J., "Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study,"
Technical Report No. 1. U. S. Department of Health, Education,
«*• and Welfare, Public Health Service, Division of Water Supply
and Pollution Control, 1962
m 6. O'Connor, D. J., "Estuarine Distribution of Nonconservative
Substances," Jpurnajl pf the Sanitary Engineering Division. ASCE.
No. SA1, pp. 24-42, February, 1965
**" 7. Thomann, R. V., "Mathematical Model for Dissolved Oxygen,"
Journal of the Sanitary Engineering Division. ASCE. No. SA5,
pp. 2-30, October, 1963
In
3. Aalto, J. A., Jaworski, N. A., "A Water Quality Study of the
Piscataway Creek Watershed," Federal Water Pollution Control
^ Administration, Middle Atlantic Region, Charlottesville,
Virginia, August, 1968
-------
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory
Middle Atlantic Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Department of the Interior
Technical Report No. 21
LNEPLT
by
Paul R. Dorn
August 1969
Johan A. Aalto, Chief, CTSL
Norbert A. Jaworski, Chief, Engineering Section
Richard Burkett, Draftsman
-------
LNEPLT was written to aid the Chesapeake
Technical Support Laboratory of the Middle
Atlantic Region, Federal Water Pollution Control
Administration in analyzing and displaying data.
The collection of subroutines uses a modified
version of the subroutine PPLOT written by the
computing center of the Johns Hopkins University.
LNEPLT is operational on the IBM 360/Model 65
at the United States Geological Survey computer
center, Department of the Interior in Washington, D.C.
This package was compiled using the IBM G-level
compiler. The subroutines should work with
little or no change on any 360 IBM computer with
a G or H level compiler.
For further information regarding this and
other available plotting routines, contact,
Dr. Norbert Jaworski, CTSL, Annapolis Science
Center, Annapolis, Maryland 21401, or phone
1-301-268-5038.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT 1
DESCRIPTION 2
SUBROUTINES 3
RESTRICTIONS 16
TIMING 17
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS 17
APPENDIX I: PROGRAM LISTING 18
APPENDIX II: SAMPLE MAIN PROGRAM AND SAMPLE
PROBLEM . 26
-------
PROGRAM; LNEPLT
ABSTRACT: LNEPLT is a collection of subroutines which
enables the user, with a minimum of programming, to
create a plot of one or two dependent variables versus
a common independent variable on the 1403 line printer.
- 1 -
-------
DESCRIPTION;
LNEPLT consists of three subroutines (with multiple
entries) which allow the user to plot on the 1403 line
printer one or two dependent variables (Y-variables)
versus a common X-scale. The normal size of the plot is
101 printing spaces along the X-axis and 51 lines in the
Y-direction. However, the size of the Y-axis may be
changed if desired.
The axes' scales are normally calculated using the
maximum and minimum values of the points to be plotted.
This is done by the plotting subroutine itself. When
plotting two Y-variables, ID'S are given to identify
the different variables; this feature is not available
when only one Y-variable is plotted.
A description of the subroutines in the package,
and their various entries, follows. Each entry is
considered a separate subroutine (and to the programmer,
they act as separate routines.)
-------
SUBROUTINE TWOPLT
Usage:
CALL TWOPLT (NSP1,NSP2,X1,Yl,X2,Y2,M,IHEAD)
Purpose:
This subroutine is used to plot two Y-variables
versus a common X-scale. The plot is labeled with
a one line title. Each graph begins on a new page.
However, at the end of the plot, the routine does
not skip to the next page. The coordinates of the
points are re-arranged in descending Y-order.
However the pairs [X(I),Y(I.)] remain together
Ci.e. the X's are interchanged as well as the Y's).
The two sets of lists (corresponding to Y~variables
one and two) remain distinct.
List of Variables:
NSP1 - The number of points of variable Yl to be
plotted.
NSP2 - The number of points of variable Y2 to be
plotted.
XI - The vector containing the X-coordinates of
the first Y-variable to be plotted (Yl).
Dimension sNSPl.
Yl - The vector containing the Y-coordinates of
first Y-variable to be plotted.
Dimension S
-------
-------
X2 - The vector containing the X-coordinates of
the second Y-variable to be plotted (Y2).
Dimension SNSP2.
Y2 - The vector containing the Y-coordinates of
the second Y-variable to be plotted.
Dimension ^ NSP2.
M - If zero, separate Y-scales are calculated
for Yl and Y2. If one, a common Y-scale
is used.
IHEAD- The title of the graph. Dimension = 20.
NSP1, NSP2, M and IHEAD are INTEGER*4; all others are
REAL*4.
-------
SUBROUTINE PLTTWO
Usage:
CALL PLTTWO (NSP1, NSP2, XI, Yl, X2, Y2, M)
Purpose:
PLTTWO plots two Y-variables versus a common
X-variable. This subroutine is identical to
TWOPLT except it assumes the user has supplied
a title and (if desired) skipped to a new page.
To conform with the output of TWOPLT, the user
has three lines for the title (TWOPLT gives a
one line title and skips two lines before
beginning the actual plot).
The coordinates are the points are re-arranged
in descending Y-order. However the pairs
[X(I),Y(D] remain together (i.e. the X's
are interchanged as well as the Y's). The
two sets of lists (corresponding to Y-variables
one and two) remain distinct.
List of variables:
NSP1 - The number of points of variable Yl to be
plotted.
NSP2 - The number of points of variable Y2 to be
plotted.
XI - The vector containing the X-coordinates of
the first Y-variable to be plotted (Yl).
Dimension =NSP1.
-------
Yl - The vector containing the Y-coordinates of
the first Y-variable to be plotted.
Dimension sNSPl.
X2 - The vector containing the X-coordinates of
the second Y-variable to be plotted (Y2).
Dimension = NSP2.
Y2 - The vector containing the Y-coordinates of
the second Y-variable to be plotted.
Dimension ^NSP2.
M - If zero, separate Y-scales are calculated
for Yl and Y2. If one, a common Y-scale
is used.
NSP1, NSP2 and M are INTEGER*4. All others are REAL*4,
-------
SUBROUTING ONEPLT
Usage:
CALL ONEPLT (NSP1, XI, Yl, IHEAD)
Purpose:
This subroutine is used to plot one Y-variable
versus an X-variable. The plot is labeled with
one line of title. Each graph begins on a new
page. However, at the end of the plot, the
routine does not skip to the next page.
The coordinates of the points are re-arranged
in descending Y-order. However the pairs
[X(I),Y(D] remain together (i.e. the X's are
reordered as well as the Y's).
List of Variables:
NSP1 - The number of points to be plotted.
XI - The vector containing the X-coordinates
of the points to be plotted.
Dimension § NSP1.
Yl - The vector containing the Y-coordinates
of the points to be plotted.
Dimension § NSP1.
IHEAD - The title of the graph. Dimension = 20.
NSP1 and IHEAD are INTEGER*4; XI and Yl are REAL*4.
-------
8
SUBROUTINE PLTONE
Usage:
CALL PLTONE (NSP1, XI, Yl)
Purpose:
This subroutine is used to plot one Y-variable
versus an X-variable. The plot is the same as
from ONEPLT except the user must supply the title
and the paging (if desired).
The coordinates of the points are re-arranged in
descending Y-order. However the pairs [ X(I),Y(I) ]
remain together (i.e. the X's are interchanged as
well as the Y's).
List of Variables:
NSP1 - The number of points to be plotted.
XI - The vector containing the X-coordinates
of the points to be plotted.
Yl - The vector containing the Y-coordinates
of the points to be plotted.
NSP1 is INTEGER*4; XI and Yl are REAL*4.
-------
The previous four subroutines are the ones the user
employs to do the plotting. The basic subroutine of the
package is PLOT1. The subroutine is not directly
accessed by the programmer. It is used by the previous
routines to plot a symbol in a specific location.
Initialization of the program is done using the
pseudo-subroutine BLOCK DATA. This subroutine is not
directly referenced by the program.
The following subroutines are employed to change
certain characteristics of the plotter. Once these changes
have been made, the new parameters are used until further
use is made of these utility routines. That is, once
a plot has been made, the program does not reset its
paramters back to their initial values.
-------
10
SUBROUTINE LNECHG
Usage:
CALL LNECHG (LINE)
Purpose:
This subroutine changes the number of lines in the
Y-axis. This is initially set: at 50 (actually 51
since a zero line is plotted). Calling LNECHG (LINE)
sets the Y-axis as LINE+1 lines. Calling LNECHG (50)
sets the Y-axis back to normal. At this position,
the program completely fills one computer page.
LINE should be a multiple of 10. If more than 50
lines are specified, the user must insure that the
page overflow test is suppressed.
List of Variables:
LINE - The number of lines in the Y-axis
(Actually the number of lines minus one).
LINE is INTEGER*4.
-------
11
SUBROUTINE SYMCHG
Usage:
CALL SYMCHG (EXTRA, NUMBER)
Purpose:
This subroutine replaces the symbols used in
plotting. Originally the plotting symbol for
Yl is a dot (.). The plotting symbol for Y2
is normally an asterisk (*). If both symbols
should appear in the same printing location,
an oh (0) is plotted.
These symbols should not be used as replacements:
+ 1
since they are used to draw the graph's axes.
List of Variables:
EXTRA - This is the replacement symbol.
NUMBER - This variable specifies which symbol is
to be replaced, coded as follows:
1 - Replaces the plotting symbol
for Yl.
2 - Replaces the plotting symbol
for Y2.
3 - Replaces the plotting symbol
used to show that variables
Yl and Y2 both occupy the same
printing location.
NUMBER is INTEGER*4 while EXTRA is INTEGER*2.
-------
12
SUBROUTINE NAMCHG
Usage:
CALL NAMCHG (NAME, I)
Purpose:
This subroutine changes the names of the Y-variables,
They are used only when plotting two Y-variables.
Originally the two names are 'VAR 1 ' and
1VAR 2 '.
List of Variables:
NAME - This variable gives the replacement name.
Its printing format is 2A4. Dimension =2.
I - This is the number of the Y-variable whose
name is to be changed (either 1 or 2).
Both NAME and I are INTEGER*4.
-------
13
SUBROUTINE GIVMM
Usage:
CALL GIVMM (I)
Purpose:
This subroutine is used to signify the user is
supplying the axes' scales. If this routine is
never called, it is the same as calling GIVMM(O).
List of Variables:
I - If zero, the program determines the axes' scales,
If one, the user must supply the axes' scales.
(See subroutine MAXMIN.)
I is of type INTEGER*4.
-------
14
SUBROUTINE MAXMIN
Usage:
CALL MAXMIN (II, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, XMIN, XMAX,
Y1MIN, Y1MAX, Y2MIN, Y2MAX)
Purpose:
This subroutine gives the user-selected maxima
and minima of the X and Y scales. To use the
supplied values of maxima and minima requires a
call to GIVMM(l). (See SUBROUTINE GIVMM.)
When using this option, note that the program
either calculates all its own scales or uses all
the given ranges—a combination of the two is not
permitted. However, if the coordinate of a point
to be plotted is outside the selected range, the
normal method of selection is used to calculate
the offending range value. Therefore by selecting
obviously incorrect ranges, certain scales may be
calibrated by the program and others by the user
(e.g. setting XMIN = +9.E+40 assures that the
subroutine will recalculate XMIN).
-------
15
List of Variables:
II - If zero, a new value for XMIN ±s not given.
If one, a new value of XMIN is given.
12 - If zero, a new value for XMAX is not given.
If one, a new value for XMAX is given.
13 - If zero, a new value for Y1MIN is not given,
If one, a new value for Y1MIN is given.
14 - If zero, a new value for Y1MAX is not given.
If one, a new value for Y1MAX is given.
15 - If zero, a new value for Y2MIN is not given.
If one, a new value for Y2MIN is given,
16 - If zero, a new value for Y2MAX is not given.
If one, a new value for Y2MAX is given.
YMIN - The new value for XMIN (requires II = 1).
XMAX - The new value for SMAX (requires 12 = l).
Y1MIN - The new value for Y1MIN (requires 13 = 1).
Y1MAX - The new value for Y1MAX (requires 14 = 1).
Y2MIN - The new value for Y2MIN (requires 15 = 1).
Y2MAX - The new value for Y2MAX (requires 16 - 1).
II - 16 are INTEGERM; the others are of type REAL*4,
Initially all the range values are set to 0,0. See
SUBROUTINE GIVMM(l) for further instructions.
-------
16
RESTRICTIONS:
The following names may not be referenced by the
programmer except as previously described:
GIVMM
LNECHG
LNEPLT
MAXMIN
NAMCHG
ONEPLT
PLOT1
PLTONE
PLTTWO
SYMCHG
TWOPLT
-------
17
TIMING:
To plot one graph consisting of two Y variables
and 25 points for each variable took 0.60 seconds.
(See the sample problem in Appendix II.)
STORAGE REQUIREMENTS:
This subroutine package requires 686 f bytes
ID
-------
18
APPENDIX I: PROGRAM LISTING
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26
APPENDIX II: SAMPLE MAIN PROGRAM AND SAMPLE PROBLEM
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Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory
Middle Atlantic Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Department of the Interior
Technical Report No. 23
XYPLOT
Paul R. Dorn
July 1969
Johan A. Aaltos Chief„ CTSL
Norbert A. Jaworski, Chiefs Engineering Section
Richard Burkettj Draftsman
-------
XYPLOT was written to aid the Chesapeake Technical Support
Laboratory of the Middle Atlantic Region^ Federal Water
Pollution Control Administration in analyzing and displaying
data.
This program uses a modified version of the subroutine PPLOT
written by the computing center of the Johns Hopkins Univer-
sity. This modified subroutine was incorporated in the
plotting packagea LNEPLT. For further information on this
packages see Technical Report No. 21.
XIPLOT is operational on the IBM 360/Model 65 at the United
States Geological Survey, Department of the Interior in
Washington} B.C. The program was compiled using the IBM
G-level compiler. The program should work with little or
no change on any 360 IBM computer having a G or H level
compiler.
For further information regarding this and other current
plotting routines;, contact Dr. Worbert JaworsHia CTSLS
Annapolis Science Center, Annapolis9 Maryland} 21401S
or phone 1-301-268-5038.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PURPOSE ««ee«0ooo««1
DESCRIPTION 2
RESTRICTIONS .......... 3
PROGRAM RUN PREPERATION ........ 4
JOB CARD o«o«««<»o0ex>5
SYSTEM CONTROL CARDS ........ 8
HEADER CARD . . . . . . . . . .10
OPTIONS . . . . . . . . . . .11
VARIABLE SELECTOR CARD 12
OBSERVATION SELECTOR CARD . „ . . . . .13
VARIABLE ID CARD . . . , . . . . .14
LINE COUNT CARD . . . . . . . „ .15
RANGE CARD . . . . . . . . . .16
END CARD . . . . . . . . . . .17
DRAWINGS . . . . . . . . . . .18
APPENDIX2 FLOWCHART AND SOURCE LISTING 23
APPENDIX? USE OF XYPLOT WITH CARD ENTRY PROGRAM . . .34
APPENDIX: SAMPLE PROBLEM ........ 37
-------
PROGRAM; XYPLOT
PURPOSE; XYPLOT is a STATPAC format program which produces a line
plot of one or two dependent variables versus a common independent
variable.
-------
DESCRIPTIONS
XYPLOT will plot on the 1403 printer one or two dependent
variables versus a common independent variable for any number of
observations. Each plot can contain from 1 to 400 points for each
Y (dependent) variable,, If more observations are selected^ they
are plotted on another graph,. The scales are varied from graph
to graph, even within the same job (e0ge if 600 points are to be
plotted, the scale for the first plot—which might contain 400
points^ is different from the scale for the second graph—which
contains the other 200 points,) This feature may be overridden by
selecting your own scaling factors,, (See the RANGE SELECTOR CARD.)
Options are available to vary the number of lines in the Y di-
rection (50 lines is the default option), to specify the number of
points per plot (default selection is 200), to use a common Y as
well as a common X scale,, to select your own scales for the axess
to rename the selected variables^ and to select specific observations.
The program will handle indeterminant values as well as complete
observations. The program checks the indeterminant codes of the
three (or two) selected variables. If all of them are blank,, the
observation is used. If the X-variable is indeterminants the obser-
vation is skipped.
Normally, the observation is also skipped if either of the Y-
variables has an indeterminant code. However, an option is available
so if only one of the Y-variables does not contain an indeterminant.,
that point will be plotted and the other Y-value ignored. (Naturally
-------
this option is not used when plotting a single Y-variable.) Therefore,
the number of points of the first Y-variable plotted does not have
to equal the number of points of the second Y-variable plotted. The
plot is generated as soon as one of the Y-variables has the maximum
number of points per plot8 regardless of the status of the other
Y-variable. (See the NUMBER OF POINTS/PLOT CARD.)
RESTRICTIONS;
A maximum of 99999 rows (observations) and 199 columns (var-
iables) is permitted on the input tape, with a maximum of 199 pairs
of selected rows with a total of 99999 individual rowsj and two
or three selected columns.
-------
-------
PROGRAM RUN PREPERATION;
The following is a complete deck setup for this program;
1. JOB card
2. System control cards (including object or source deck)
3. Header card
4. Variable selector card
5« Observation selector card*
60 Variable ID card*
7. Line count card*
8, Number of points/plot card*
9. Range card*
10. End card (delimiter)
*0ptional cards—-see the various sections for the usage of each
card.
If more than one run is to be performedj repeat cards three
through nine as necessary. The final card should be the delimiter
card.
-------
-------
JOB CARD;
The JOB card cannot be catalogued and is installation as well
as machine dependent. Below is the specification for the 360/65
located in the Department of the Interior buildings in Washington
B.C. The structure of the JOB card changes occasionally, and one
should check with the computer center before using the below
form.
Card 1 -
Card Columns
1 - 2
3
4-5
6-8
9-10
11
12
15
16
17
- 14
Contents
- 20
Center Code;
D = Denver9 Colorado
F = Flagstaff., Arizona
I = Crystal Plazas Virginia
M = Menlo Park, California
R = Rollas Missouri
W = Washington B.C.
Agency Code.
User registration code.
User's ID, May be changed by user as
desiredo Do not use the same two char-
acters for different jobs run during the
same day.
Blank.
JOB (i.e. the word JOB).
.Blank,
( (Left parenthesis).
Program Number.
-------
Contents
, (Comma).
Auxiliary account number.
t (Comma).
Estimated execution time in minutes.
Requires four numeric digits.
3\ , (Comma).
32 - 35 Estimated lines of print expressed in
thousands of lines. Requires four digits.
36 s» (Comma).
37 „ 40 Estimated number of cards to be punched.
Requires four numeric digits.
41 » (Comma).
42 Reserved for future use; must be a 1 punch,
43 , (Comma),
44 Reserved for future use; must be a 1 punch.
45 8 (Comma).
46 Type of run:
C = Compile only
T = Test of program
p = Production use of program
47 s (Comma).
48 - 49 Number of lines per page. A value of zero
suppresses page overflow tests. If this
field (and the preceding comma) is elimin-
ated, a default option of 61 lines per page
is used. In this case the following fields
are shifted left 3 columns. (Except 62-72)
50 ) (Right parenthesis).
51 , (Comma).
-------
-------
Card Columns Contents
52 ' (Apostrophe).
53-61 Name of the usera
62 ' (Apostrophe).
63 9 (Comma).
64 - 71 Blank.
72 X (The letter X).
Card 2 -
Card Columns Contents
1-2 //
3-15 Blank.
16-25 MSGLEVEL=1
26 9 (Comma),
27-33 CLASS=C
34 - 72 Blank.
-------
-------
SYSTEM CONTROL CARDS;
If an object deck is used:
Card 1 -
1
//bEXECbLINKFORTj REGION.G0=1OOK, TIME.GO=J
where J is the time required to run the program (in minutes)•
The b stands for a blank space*
Card 2 -
1
//LKED.SYSINbDDb*
Next comes the object deck (including its delimiter).
If a source deck is used:
Card 1 -
1
//bEXECbFORTGCLGs FARM,, FORT=' DECK», REGION. G0= 10OK,, TIME. G0=J
where J is as before.
Card 2 -
1
//FORT.SYSINbDDb*
Next comes the source deck (including its delimiter).
Cards 3 & 4 -
If the data resides on the disc SYSDK:
//GO.FT1OFO01bDDbDSN=&NAME3 UNIT=SYSDK,DISP=(OLDB I^T™, >DELETE)
DELETE
//bDCB=(RECFM=VB,LRECL=RRRS BLKSIZE=BBBB)
where &NAME is the name of the storage space. (The & signifies the
storage is temporary—it exists only for the extent of the job.)
PASS is used if the data file is used later on; otherwise use DELETE.
-------
-------
If the data resides on magnetic tape, use the following cards:
1
//GO.FT10F001bDDbUNIT=2400,LABEL=(8SL),VOLUME=(,RETAIN,, sSER=YYYYY),
//bDCB=(RECFM=VB,LRECL=RRR,BLKSIZE=BBBB),
//bDISP=(OLD,KEEP),DSN=STAPAC
The letters "YYYYYY" in the first tape card represent a six digit
input tape number (leading zeros must be given).
The quantities "RRR" and "BBBB" are computed as follows:
RRR = 8M + 24 where M = number of columns in the data matrix.
BBBB = K(RRR) + 4 where K is an integer chosen so that the
positive difference (7200-BBBB) is as small as posible.
If a tape is used, a tape setup card is required. Its form is:
Columns Contents
1 - 9 /*MESSAGE
10-12 Blank.
13-20 The same characters as in columns 3-10 of
the JOB card,
21-22 Blank.
23 - 27 SETUP
28 - 29 Blank.
30 - 36 The number of the tape used (i.e. YYYYYY).
*
37 - 38 /9
If the tape is written on as well as read during this jobs in
column 39 place an R (for ring in). This card should be placed
right after the JOB card. (This card's format is particular to the
360/65 in Washington D.C.)
Card 5 -
1
//GO.SYSINbDDb*
-------
10
Columns Format
1-30
7A49A2
31-38
39-43
44-46
2A4
15
13
47-56 1011
73-77 15
Entry Description
TITLE Up to 30 characters of alpha-
numeric information used to
title the output for this data
set. It is also used as the
title of the graph.
INPUT ID Up to 8 characters of alpha-
numeric information used to
identify the input data set.
INPUT N The number of rows in the input
data matrix (right justified),
INPUT M The number of columns in the
input data matrix (right just-
ified, 199).
OPTIONS See the following sheet.
PRON The number of pairs or row
numbers needed to select the
desired rows of the input matrix.
(If blank,, all rows are included.
If not blanks this number must
be right justified and row
selector cards must be included.)
-------
11
OPTIONS -
0-50 lines are used for the Y-axis.
OPTIONC 1) - 1 - LINE COUNT card gives the number of lines in
the Y-direction.
0 - 200 points for each Y-variable are plotted per
OPTIONC 2) - graph,
1 - POINTS/PLOT card gives the number of points for
each variable to be plotted per graph,,
0 - Both Y-variables must not contain indeterminants
OPTIONC 3) - f°r the P°lnts to be
1 - If one of the Y-variables does not contain an
indeterminants, that point will be plotted.,
nprr,TOW/ .* 0 - Two Y-variables will be plotted.
OPTIOIH 4) - Y^variable will be plotted.
np Tr).,/ ,.» 0 - Seperate Y-scales are calculated.
1 - A common Y-scale is used.
0 - The program calculates the minimum and maximum
OPTIONC 6) - values of the plot's scale.
1 - The user supplies maximum and minimum values to
be used in scaling*
OPTIONC 7) - NOT USED.
OPTIONC 8) - NOT USED,
OPTIONC 9) - NOT USED.
0 - No action taken.
OPTIONC 10) - 1 - New variable names are read in for the three (or
two) selected variables.
-------
12
VARIABLE SELECTOR CARD -
In columns 1-3 place the number of the independent variable.
The first Y variable should be placed in columns 4-6. The second
dependent variable should be placed in columns 7-9. (If only one
Y variable is to be plottedj leave columns 7-9 blank.) The numbers
should be right justified.
-------
13
OBSERVATION SELECTOR CARP -
These cards are used only if PRON on the HEADER card is
non~zero. The number of pairs of row numbers used to select the
desired rows of the data matrix is entered in the field PRON, right
justified. Each pair specifies that the rows FROM and including the
first member of the pair TO and including the last member of the
pair to be selected. The pairs must be entered starting in the
left most field of the card (columns 1-5) and continuing across
eight pairs per cardc If more pairs are used, continue on another
card. If a particular pair consists of only one observation, the
FROM portion should be completed and the TO portion left blank,,
The 'FROM1 members are entered in columns 1~5, 11-15, 21-25S etc.s
while the "TO9 portions are entered in columns 6-10, 16-20, 26-30,
etc.
The row numbers must form an increasing sequence (except the
blank 'TO* field signifying a single observation); i.e. rows
must be selected in the order they appear in the data matrix.
These numbers must also be right justified.
-------
14
VARIABLE ID CARD -
This card is used if OPTION(IO) is not blank. In columns 1-8
place the new name of the independent variable. In columns 9-16
place the new name of the first dependent variable and in columns
17-24 place the name of the second dependent variable. Note that
these names do not replace the original names on the STATPAC tape.
-------
LIKE COUNT CARD -
This card is used if OPTION(1) is not blank or zero. In
columns 1-39 place the number of lines to be used for the Y-axis.
This number should be right justified. Note that this is actually
one less than the number of lines actually plotted since a zero
line is used. This number should be a multiple of ten (10).
Leaving this option blank gives a plot which just fills one page
of output (50 lines)* When using this optionj be sure to specify
page overflow test suppression on the JOB card if more than
fifty lines/plot is desired.
-------
16
RANGE CARD -
This card is used if OPTION(6) is non-zero. It gives the
coordinates of the maximum and minimum values of the plot for the
X and I axeso If this option is not used<, the maximum and minimum
values of the variables being plotted gives the graph's range*
The format of the card is;
Columns Value
1
11
21
31
41
51
- 10
- 20
- 30
- 40
- 50
- 60
XMIN
XMAX
YMINI
YMAX1
YMIN2
YMAX2
The data may be entered in decimal or scientific notation.
If only one Y-variable is plotted, columns 41-60 may be left blank.
If a common Y-scale is desired,, the Y-minima and Y-maxima should be
the same. These values must be at least as large as the actual
coordinates of the plotted values or else the normal method is used
to select the ranges,,
-------
MS CARD (delimiter) -
This must physically be the last card of the deck* It has
the forms
1
/*
(Note that another delimiter occurs right after the object or source
decko)
-------
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APPENDIXi Use of XYPLOT with the Card Entry Program
XYPLOT already assumes the data is located on a magnetic
device in STATPAC format,, STATPAC programs allow the user to
perform tranformations on the data9 select observations,, change
data in error and other desired changes in the data0 Therefore
the serious user of this program should consult the STATPAC
manual for the other programs in this series0 It may be obtained
from the U0S0 Geological Surveys Computer Center Division.,
Department of the Tnterior0
The program which transfers the data from cards to tape is
D00920 It is available as an object deck9 a source deck, or on
the system Iibrary0
The deck setup for using this program in conjunction with the
XYPLOT program is shown on the next page*, (This assumes the
library is used to obtain a copy of D00920)
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37
APPENDIX; SAMPLE PROBLEM
Suppose one is given 50 observations with 6 variables,, and one
wants the X-variable to be input variable number 38 the first depend-
ent variable to be input variable 2, and the second Y-variable to
be input variable 5» Only observations 6 and 31»50 are to be used
for the plot. The plot is to have 50 lines in the Y-direction, with
the scales selected by the program,, There are to be 50 points per
plot; the variable names are also to be changed* The data is
named DATAblNb*
The data is located on the tape 003516. The input deck and
the results follow.
-------
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-------
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory
Middle Atlantic Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Dep
artment of the Interior
Technical Report No. 25
PLOT3D
Paul R. Dorn
August 1969
Johai
Norbert A. J
Rich?
. A. Aalto, Chief, CTSL
.worski, Chief, Engineering Section
ird Burkett, Draftsman
-------
PLOT3D was written to aid the Chesapeake Technical
Support Laboratory of the Middle Atlantic Region, Federal
Water Pollution Control Administration in analyzing and
displaying data. It has especially been used to display
chemical concentrations at sampling stations at various
times of the year.
This program uses a modified version of the subroutine
PLDT3D written by Ronald W. Durachka of the Goddard Space
Flight Center, Greenbelt, Maryland.
PLDT3D is operational on the IBM 360/Model 65 at the
United States Geological Survey, Department of the Interior
in Washington, B.C. The program was compiled using the
IBM G-level compiler. The program should work with little
or no change on any 360 computer having a G or H level
compiler, and the North American Aviation's Stromberg-
Carlson 4020 plotting package.
For further information regarding this and other current
plotting routines, contact Dr. Norbert Jaworski, CT5L.,
Annapolis Science Center, Annapolis, Maryland,, 21401, or
phone 1-301-268-5038.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Introduction ........... i
Program 1
Abstract ........ .. 1
Description <> 2
Restrictions , 5
Program Run Preparation 6
JOB card . . . 7
System Control Cards 10
Header Card . 13
Options 14
Basic Parameter Card .... ........... 15
Selected Observation Card ...... ...... 17
Variable ID Card ...................... 18
Title Card ..... .............. 19
Axis Label Cards 20
Range Card 21
Object Time Format Card 22
Data Cards 23
Delimiter Card 24
-------
Page
Appendix I-. STATE AC Data Cards 29
Appendix II: Sample Output , 35
Appendix III: EBCDIC Characters 45
Appendix IV: Program Listing ......... ....... 46
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Deck Setup .................. 25
Program Setup ........................ 26
Control Cards ....................... 27
STATPAC Data Cards .... ...... ...... 34
Program Output (Sample) ... 35
USGS 4020 Request Form 64
-------
PROGRAM: PLOT3D
ABSTRACT: PLOT3D is a STATPAC1 format program which provides
a means of plotting data in three dimensions at various degrees
of rotation (0°-90°). It also allows data to be read directly
from cards.
STATPAC is an acronym for the U.S. Geological Survey Statistical
Package. For further information, see the STATPAC manual which
is available at the Department of the Interior., Computer Division^
in Washington, DoC.
-------
DESCRIPTION:
PLDT3D allows the user to view a plot three dimensionally
at various angles of rotation., using the 5TRQMBERG-CARL50N
4020 plotter. It only plots points in the first octant of three
space (i.e. the three coordinates of the point must all be
greater than or equal to zero).
The program plots the points on the graph, and connects
them with straight lines. Any number of plots may be made on
the same graph, but the same number of points is required for
each plot.
The graph may be viewed at any degree of rotation about
the Z-axis (0°-90C). The same graph may easily be drawn at more
than one angle of rotation to allow the user to select the best
viewing angle.
Options are available to label the axes, to title the graph,,
to read the data from cards rather than tape, to supply new
variable identifiers, and the reorder the points in decreasing
values of X and I.
The axes' labels consist of 24 characters each. The title
is 64 characters in length and is of larger print than the rest
of the labeling. The labels are placed in the upper right-hand
corner of the page; the title is centered at the bottom.
-------
The variable names are not written on the graph but are
only used in the accompanying 1403 line printout.
It is often desirable to reorder the points to make the
graph more meaningful. Two methods*are available:
(i) Assume there are N points per line on the graph. The
points are first rearranged in decreasing value of Y. Then the
first group of N points is rearranged in decreasing value of X.
Next the second group of N points is rearranged in decreasing
X. This continues until all the points are reordered.
(ii) The second method is identical to the first except
the points are first reordered in X and then in Y.
The output from this program is written on a 7-track3 non-
labeled magnetic tape which is then run on the STROMBERG-
CARLSON 4020 plotter to form the actual graph„
This program handles indeterminants in the Z coordinate
but not in the X or Y coordinate. If the code is N, L, or 1S
a value of +0.0 is assumed. If the indeterminant is a G or H,
a value of +1.QE+49 is assumed. This point is not actually
plotted and does not affect the graph's scales. Instead the
line connecting the points is broken^, signifying the point is
off scale. If the indeterminant code is B (implying no data
given), the program assigns it the weighted average of the pre-
-------
ceding and succeeding points. If it is the first (or last)
point in the line, it is given the Z coordinate of the second
(or last) point in the line. Note that the program does not
consider the values of points in other lines of the same graph.
This action occurs after the points have been reordered (if this
option is chosen).
Although the plot must be entirely in the first octant,
this program is capable of handling values in other parts of
3-space. The program will translate the coordinate axes if
necessary to make all the points lie in the first octant.
Diagnostic messages are provided to indicate this has occurred.
Because the axes' scales are printed using a decimal format,
it may be necessary to rescale the input data. Provisions are
made to multiply the coordinates by a power of ten. The
accompanying line printout lists these scaling factors.
Rather than using scaling factors, it is also possible
to delete the printing of the scales. The user can then insert
them by hand.
-------
RESTRICTIONS;
A maximum of 99999 rows (observations) and 199 columns
(variables) are permitted on the input tape or data cards.,,
with a maximum of 199 pairs of selected rows with a total of
200 individual rows. Indeterminants are allowed in the 2
but not in the X and Y variables.
-------
-------
PROGRAM RUN PREPARATION;
The following is a complete deck setup for this program:
1. JOB card
2. System control cards (including the object or source deck)
3. Header card
4. Basic parameter card
5. Selected observation card(s)*
6. Variable ID card*
7. Title card*
8. Axes label cards*
9. Range card*
10. Object time format card*
11. Data cards*
12. Delimiter card
*0ptional--see the individual sections on the various cards.
If more than one run is to be made, repeat cards 3-11 as
necessary. Card number 12 (delimiter) should be placed last
in the deck.
-------
JOB CARD:
The JOB card cannot be catalogued and is installation as
well as machine dependent. Below is the specification for the
360/Model 65 located in the Department of the Interior building,
in Washington, D.C. The structure of the JOB card changes
occasionally, and one should check with the computer center before
using the below form.
Card 1 -
Card Columns Contents
1-2 //
3 Center Code:
D = Denver, Colorado
F = Flagstaff, Arizona
I = Crystal Plaza., Virginia
M = Menlo Park., California
R = Rolla, Missouri
¥ = Washington, D.C.
4-5 Agency Code.
6 - 8 User registration code.
9 - ID User's ID. May be changed by the user
as desired. Do not use the same two
characters for different jobs run during
the same day.
11 Blank.
12 - 14 JOB (i.e. the word JOB).
-------
Card Columns Contents
15 Blank.
16 ( (Left parenthesis).
17 - 20 Program Number.
21 , (Comma)„
22 - 25 Auxiliary account number.
26 , (Comma).
27 - 30 Estimated execution time in minutes.
Requires four numeric digits.
31 , (Comma).
32 - 35 Estimated lines of print expressed in
thousands of lines. Requires four numeric
digits.
36 , (Comma).
37 - 40 Estimated number of cards to be punched.
Requires four numeric digits.
41 , (Comma)„
42 Reserved for future use; must be a 1 punch.
43 , (Comma).
44 Reserved for future use; must be a 1 punch.
45 , (Comma).
46 Type of Run:
C = Compile only
T = Test of program
P = Production use of program
-------
Card Columns
Contents
47
48 - 49
50
51
52
53
62
63
64
72
- 61
- 71
, (Comma)„
Number of lines per page. A value of zero
suppresses page overflow tests. If this
field (and the preceding comma) is elim-
inated, a default option of 61 lines per
page is used. In this case,, the following
fields are shifted left 3 columns.
(Except columns 62-72.)
) (Right parenthesis).
, (Comma).
' (Apostrophe).
Name of the user.
' (Apostrophe).
, (Comma).
Blank.
X (The letter X).
Card 2 -
Card Columns
Contents
1
3
16
26
27
34
2
15
25
33
72
Blank.
, (Comma) .
CLASSIC
Blank.
-------
-------
10
SYSTEM CONTROL CARDS;
Cards 1 & 2:
(a) If the object deck is used -
1
//bEXECbLINKFORT,REGION.GO=252K,TIME.GO=J
//LKED.SYSINbDDb*
where J is the time required to run the program (in minutes).
The 'b1 stands for a blank space. Next comes the object deck
(including its delimiter).
(b) If the source deck is used -
1
//bEXECbFORTGCLG,PARM.FORT='DECK',REGION.GO =2 52K,TIME.GO =J
//FORT.SYSINbDDb*
where J is as before. Next comes the source deck (including
its delimiter)„
Cards 3 & 4:
(a) If the data resides on the disc STSDK -
//GO. FT10F001bDDbDSN=&NAMEJUNIT-SYSDKJDISP = (OLD5^TS2 DELETE),
-U.hj.Li.Ei I ill
//bDCB=(RECFM=VB,LRECL=RRR,BLK5IZE=BBBB)
where &NAME is the name of the storage space. (The '&' signifies
the storage is temporary—it only exists for the extent of the
job.) PASS is used if the data file is used later on; otherwise
use DELETE.
The letters »RRR' and 'BBBB' are computed as follows:
RRR = 8M + 24 where M - number of columns in the data matrix.
= K(RRR) + 4 where K is an integer chosen so that the
positive difference (7200-BBBB) is as small as possible.
-------
11
(b) If the data resides on magnetic tape -
1
//GD.FT10F001bDDbUNIT=24DD,LABEL=(,SL),VOLUME=(JRETAIN3,J5ER=YYYYYY)
//bDCB=(RECFM=VB,LRECL=RRR,BLKSIZE=BBBB),
//bDISP=(OLD,KEEP),DSN=STAPAC
where 'YYYYYY' in the first tape card represents a six digit
input tape number (leading zeros must be given).
The letters 'RRR1 and 'BBBB' are as before.
When a tape is used, a tape setup card is required. Its form
is:
Card Columns Contents
1-9 /^MESSAGE
10 - 12 Blank.
13 - 20 The same characters as in columns 3-10
of the JOB card.
21 - 22 Blank.
23 - 27 SETUP
28 - 29 Blank.
30 - 36 The number of the tape used.
37 - 38 /9
If the tape is written on as well as read, in column 39
place an R (for ring in). This card should be place right after
the JOB card. (This card's format is particular to the 360/65
in Washington, B.C.)
-------
12
(c) If the data is on cards -
1
//GO.FTlOFQOlbDDbDUMMY
Cards 5 & 6:
1
//GO.FTllF001bDDbUNIT=24QO-2,VOL=SER=ZZ2ZZZ,LABE]>(,NL),
//bDCB=(DEN=l,TRTCH=C,RECFM=U,BLK5IZE=40Q)
The letters 'ZZZZZZ' in the first tape card represent a six
digit output tape number. (Leading zeros must be given.) This
tape also requires a tape setup card,, Its form is identical to
the above setup card except in columns 37-40 place the four
characters /7NR. In the event both input and output tapes are
used, only one message card is required. Place a comma in
column 40, the plot tape in columns 41-46, and'/7NR' in
columns 47-50.
Card 7:
1
//GO.SISlNbDDb*
-------
HEADER CARD:
13
Columns Format
1-3Q
7A4,A2
Entry
TITLE
31-38
39-43
44-46
47-56
73-77
2A4
15
13
1011
15
INPUT ID-
INPUT N
INPUT M
OPTION
PRON
Description
Up to 30 characters of alpha-
numeric information used to
title the output for this
data set. It is also used
when listing the total number
of plots createdo It is not
used on the graph.
Up to 8 characters of alpha-
numeric information used to
identify the input data set.
The number of rows in the
input data matrix. (Right
justified „)
The number of columns in the
input data matrix, (Right
justified,, g 199.)
See the following sheet.
The number of pairs of row
numbers needed to select the
desired rows of the input
matrix. If blank., all rows
are included^ If not blank,
this number must be right
justified and row selector
cards must be included.
-------
-------
14
OPTIONS -
OPTIONf 1) -D " N° action taken-
1 - A title is read for the graph(s).
OPTIONf 2) -° ~ No action "taken.
1 - Labels for the three axes are read.
0 - No action taken.
OPTION( 3) -1 - Data resequenced on Y, then X.
2 - Data resequenced on X, then Y.
0 - Data read from STATPAC tape.
OPTIQNf 4) -1 ~ •Data read usin£ STATPAC 10 values/card, G-format.
2 - Data read using STATPAC 7 values/card, G-format,
3 - Data read using object time format.
OPTIQNf 5} -° ~ Program calculates scales.
1 - User supplies scales.
OPTION( 6) -° ~ N° acti°n taken'
v ' 1 - Data is listed.
OPTIQNf 7} -° ~ ^x^s scales are printed.
1 - Axis scales are not printed.
0 - Cameras left unchanged (originally 9-inch on).
Tn-,^ _\ _1 - 35mm camera on; 9-inch camera off.
2 - Both cameras on.
3 - 9-inch camera on; 35mm camera off.
OPTION( 9) -Not used.
OPTION(IO) -? - f3 action taken.
1 - New variable ID's are read.
-------
15
BASIC PARAMETER CARD:
This card is used to give the individual characteristics
of the plot.
Columns Format Entry
IX
1-3
4-6
7-9
10-12
13-15
16-18
19-21
22-24
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
13
IXMULT
II
IYMULT
IZ
IZMULT
IPER
NPLOT
Description
Number of the X variable.
Must be right justified.
The power of 10 to multiply
times the X variable.
Must be right justified.
Number of the Y variable.
Must be right justified,,
The power of 10 to multiply
times the Y variable.
Must be right justified.
Number of the Z variable.
Must be right justified.
The power of 10 to multiply
times the Z variable.
Must be right justified.
The number of points per plot.
The total number of selected
observations must be evenly
divisible by IPER.
The number of graphs to be
made for this run; i.e. the
number of different angles
at which the data is to be
displayed.
-------
16
Columns Format Entry Description
25-29 F5.0 THETAS The viewing angle for the
first plot, (in degrees).
30-34 F5.0 DELTA The increment to be added
to THETAS between graphs.
(in degrees) .
-------
17
SELECTED OBSERVATION CARD:
These cards are used if PRON on the HEADER card is non-zero,
The number of pairs of row selectors used to pick the desired
rows of the data matrix is entered in the field PRON, right
justified. Each pair specifies that the rows FROM and including
the first member of the pair TO and including the last member
of the pair to be selected. The pairs must be entered starting
in the left most field of the card (columns 1-5) and continuing
across eight pairs per card. If more pairs are used, continue
on another card. If a particular pair consists of only one
observation, the FROM portion should be completed and the TO
portion left blank. The FROM members are entered in columns
1-5, 11-15, 21-25, etc., while the TO portions are entered in
columns 6-10, 16-20, 26-30, etc.
The row numbers must form an increasing sequence (except
the blank TO fields signifying a single observation); i.e.,
rows must be selected in the order they appear in the data
matrix. These numbers must also be right justified.
-------
18
VARIABLE IT) CARD:
This card is used if OPTION(IO) is not blank or zero. In
columns 1-8, place the new name of the X variable. In columns
9-16, place the new name of the Y variable and in columns 17-24,
place the name of the Z variable. Note that these names do not
appear on the graph but only on the accompanying line printout.
The names do not replace the original names on the STATPAC
tape.
-------
19
TITLE CARD:
This card is used if DPTION(l) is not blank or zero. This
title is placed at the bottom of the graph(s) produced by this
run. It should be placed in columns 1-58 of the card. For
aesthetic reasons, the title should be centered, although it is
not required. The allowed characters are shown in Appendix III,
Since the title is printed in A format, BCD characters may
print differently.
-------
20
AXIS LABEL CARDS:
This card is used if OPTION(2) is not blank or zero. In
columns 1-28, place the label of the axis. The first card should
be the X axis' label, the second card for the Y axis, and the
third should be the label for the Z axis.
The labels are printed in the upper right-hand corner of
the graph(s). They are printed in the form:
X = LABEL
-------
21
RANGE CARD:
This card is used if OPTION(5) is non-zero or blank. It
gives the coordinates of the maximum and minimum values of the
plot for the X, Y, and 2 axes. If this option is not used, the
maximum and minimum values of the variables being plotted gives
the graph's range. The format of the range card is:
Columns Value
1-10
11-20
21-30
31-40
41-50
51-60
XMIN
XMAX
YMIN
YMAX
ZMIN
ZMAX
The data may be entered in decimal or scientific notation.
These values must be at least as large as the actual coordinates
of the plotted values or the normal method is used to select the
ranges (i.e., the minimum and maximum values of the points gives
the ranges).
For aesthetic reasons, it is best to supply the range values
rather than letting the program calculate them. To make the
axes' scales whole numbers, the ranges should be divisible by
5.
-------
-------
22
OBJECT TIME FORMAT CARD:
This card is used if OPTION(4) is equal to 3. That is,
if the data is read from cards in a non-STATPAC formate If
this method is used, indeterminants are not allowed; they are
not even to be read. Nor are any observation identifications
to be used.
The format of this card is identical to the standard FORTRAN
FORMAT statement except it begins with the left parenthesis
rather than the word FORMAT. It must end with a right parenthesis,
It is only to be used to read in the data values, not indeter-
minant codes.
Example -
Standard FORMAT statement: FDRMAT(3X,F10.1,12X,F5.0/F3.0)
Object time FORMAT statement: (3X,F1D.1,12X,F5.0/F3.0)
-------
23
DATA CARDS:
The data cards are used only if OPTION(4) is not zero.
The type of data card depends upon the value of DPTIDN(4):
(1) STATPAC cards - ID values/card
(2) STATPAC cards - 7 values/card
(3) Non-standard cards; given by Object Time Format
If non-standard cards are read, indeterminants are not used.
For STATPAC cards the row sequence number (columns 79-80) is
not checked. For further information on the STATPAC format
cards, see Appendix I.
-------
DELIMITER CARD:
This card must physically be the last card of the deck.
It has the form:
1
/*
-------
25
PROGRAM CARDS
//GO.5KIN DD *
r
r
'/ TdPE CARDS
/*
ROUTINE SWITCH
FNE ARRANG I
1
SUBROUTINE SEARCH
SUBROUTINE FLOTD3
r
SUBROUTINE PLOTS
r
MAIN - PLT1D
|
r
//EXEC LINKFORT
//LKED0SYSIN DD *
AMES s AGE
// JOB
DECK SETUP
-------
26
NUMBER 1DATA CARDS
OBJECT TIME FORMAT
SELECTED OBSERVATION CARDS
BASIC PARAMETER CARD
//SYSTEM CONTROL CARDS
PROGRAM SETUP
-------
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29
Appendix I_: 5TATPAC Data Cards
These cards contain the elements in the data matrix. Each
element (or data value) in the matrix is made up of a number
and an associated code. The code can be omitted in which case
the data value is a number (e.g., 3.75) or a code can be used
with a data value to qualify that value (e.g., S3.75).
The following types of codes are provided in the STATPAC
system:
Code Deseription
N Not detected, looked for not found, or
less than some indefinite lower limit
of analytical sensitivity.
H Present in concentrations greater than
some indefinite limit of sensitivity.
L Concentration is less than some stated
lower limit of analytical sensitivity.
G Concentration is greater than some stated
upper limit of sensitivity.
B No data - blank.
T Trace, concentration is near the lower
limit of sensitivity.
The meaning of these codes is only relative; therefore they
can be used to indicate any situation the user has where the
definition applies. Programs in the STATPAC system treat qualified
-------
30
values in various ways and therefore the user is cautioned, to
read the documentation of the particular programs he is interested
in using. For this program, see the section DESCRIPTION.
Each data card contains the following fields:
Columns Format Entry
1-70 (See data field
below)
71-78 2A4 row
identifier
79-80 12 sequence
number
(i) Data field -
The format selected must be the same for all data cards
pertaining to a given data matrix (see OPTION(4))0 The elements
of the data matrix are entered onto the data cards, starting
with the value of row one, column one, placed in the first
position of the first data card. The remaining values in this
same row are placed across the balance of the card, with a
maximum of either 7 or 10 values per card. The maximum number
of values per card depends upon the format selected. If the
rows of the data matrix contain more than the maximum allowed
per card, then the remaining values are placed on subsequent
cards, starting in position 1 of the next data card, and placing
-------
-------
31
the maximum allowed per card. A new row of the data matrix always
begins on a new card (position 1).
Types of Data Field Formats
1. 10 values per card, G-Format
This format allows a maximum of 10 values per card. Each
value occupies 7 card columns and is expressed in either decimal.,
scientific, or integer notation. The first value is placed in
columns 1-7, the second in columns 8-14, etc., the last (or 10th
value) in columns 64-70.
The following is a description of the value field:
P_p_sition Description
1 The code used with this value.
2-7 The data value in either decimal, scientific,
or integer notation.
If decimal notation is used, a decimal point must appear in the
number and the number may be placed anywhere in the field. If
scientific notation is used, then the number must be expressed
in exponential form and right aligned in the field. If integer,
then the number must not contain a decimal point and must be
right justified in the field. If any of the positions are left
blank, then a zero is assumed for those positions. Different
notations may be used on the same card.
-------
32
2. 7 values per card, G-format
This format is similar to the '10 values per card, G-format'
except that 7 values are punched per card with each value occupying
10 columns. The first value is placed in columns 1-9, with its
code in column 10, the second in columns 11-19, with its code
in column 20, etc.; the last (or 7th value) is placed in columns
61-69 with its indeterminant code in column 70.
Position Description
1-9 The data value in either decimal, scientific,
or integer notation.
10 The code used with this value.
(ii) Row Identifier field -
In columns 71-78 of the data cards, eight alphanumeric char-
acters can be inserted to identify each row of the data matrix.
This identifier must be repeated for each of the data cards per-
taining to a particular row.
(iii) Sequence Count field -
In columns 79-80 of each data card, a sequence number can
be inserted. This number is the sequence of data cards pertaining
to one row of a data matrix. The units position of the number
must be placed in column 80.
The sequence number for the first card of each row of a
data matrix must be a 1. The sequence numbers for subsequent
-------
33
data cards pertaining to this must form a consecutive increasing
sequence.
Although this program does not check the sequence count.,
it is necessary if the data cards are used with the 5TATPAC
card entry program^
-------
PUNCHING INSTRUCTIONS
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Appendix III: EBCDIC Characters
45
Alphabetic
Characters
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-------
46
Appendix IV: Program Listing
-------
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-------
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory
Middle Atlantic Region
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
U.S. Department of the Interior
Technical Report No. 2J
WATER QUALITY
AND
WASTEWATER LOADINGS
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
DURING 1969
Norbert A. Jaworski
November 1969
Supporting Staff:
Johan A. Aalto, Chief, CTSL
Donald W. Lear, Jr., Chief, Ecology Section
James W. Marks, Chief, Laboratory Section
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
LIST OF TABLES ii
LIST OF F-'GUBES ill
1 . INTRODUCTION I- 1
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS II- 1
III . DESCRIPTION OF THE POTOMAC ESTUARY III- I
IV. FACTORS AFFECTING WATE? QUALITY IV- 1
A. General IV- 1
B. Wastewater Discharges IV- 3
C. Fresh Water Inflow IV- 6
D. Comparison of Sources TV- 8
V. CURRENT WATER QUALITY V- 1
A. Bacteriological V- 1
B. Dissolved Oxygen,Total Organic Carbon and
Carbon Dioxide in the Upper Estuary V- -
C. Nutrients (Phosphorus and Nitrogen) V-10
D. Chlorophyll V-l1!
F. Dissolved Oxygen in the Middle and Lower Estuaries V-19
F. Chlorinated Hydrocarbon Pesticides V-21
VI. WASTEWATER CONTROL REQUIREMENTS VI- 1
A. General VI- 1
B. Zone I VT- 4
C. Zone II VI- 5
VII. CURRENT INVESTIGATIONS AND RESEARCH NEEDS VII- 1
REFERENCES
APPENDIX - Data Summaries and Survey Data
-------
ii
I1ST OF TABLES
Number Table. Page
IV-1 BOD, TOG and S. Solids, Wastewater Loadings IV- 4
IV-2 Nitrogen and Phosphorus, Wastewater Loadings IV- 5
IV-3 BOD, Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus, IV- 7
Fresh Water Inflow Contributions
IV-k BOD, Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus, IV- 9
Summary of Contributions
V-l Potomac Estaary Fish Kill Cruise- V- >
May 8, 1969
V-2 Potomac Estuary Fish Fall Cruise- V- 6
May 15, 1969^
V-3 Potomac Estuary Fish Kill Cruise- V- 7
May 16, 1969
V-4 Pesticides Analyzed and Minimum Detectable V-22
Limits
VI-1 Zones of Upper Potomac Estuary VI- 3
A-l Upper Potomac Estuary Intensive Survey,
Field Data, August 12-14, 1969
A-2 Upper Potomac Estuary Intensive Survey,
Chemical Analyses, August 12-14, 1969
A-3 Potomac Fever Bacteriological Survey,
July 30-August 5, 1969
A-4 Bacteriological Survey, Potomac Estuary
March 24-April 4, 1969 •
A-^ Potomac Estuary Data, Water Pollution Control
Division, D. C. Department of Sanitary
Engineering
-------
111
L1L1T OF FIGUKEo
Number Figure Page
III- 1 Vastewai er Discharge Zones in Upper Potomac III- 2
Estuary
TV- 1 Slreairi I'low, Potomac Payer near Washington, D.C. IV- 2
V- 1 Fecal Coilfora, Upper* Potomac Estuary, 1969 V- 2
V- 2 DO Profiles, lh t,er Potomac Estuary, 1969 V- 8
V- 3 Total Organic Carbon Profiles, Upper Potomac V- 9
Estuary, 1969
V- 1) 101 as II Profiles, Upper Potomac Estuary, 1969 V-ll
V- 5 N02+W0,, as K Profiles, Upper Potomac V-12
EstuaVy, 19^9
V- 6 Total Phosphorus Profiles, Upper Potomac V-13
Estuary, 1969
V- 7 Chlorophyll a, Upper Potomac Estuary, 1969 V-15
V- 8 Chlorophyll a, Potomac Estuary at V-16
Piscataway Creek
V- 9 Chlorophyll a, Potomac Estuary at V-17
Indian Head
V-10 Chlorophyll a, Potomac Estuary at V-18
Possum Point
V-ll DO Profiles, Lower Potomac Estuary, V-20
June ^.J-30, 1969
VI- 1 Carbonaceous and Nitrogenous Oxygen Demand VT- 6
Loading for Maintaining an Average of 5-0 rag/1
of Dissolved Oxygen in Zone IT
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1-1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
The third cession of the Potomac River-Washington Metropolitan
Area Enforcement Conference, convened in April and May of 1969?
resulted in agreement by the conferees on a set of recommendations
as a basis for future corrective action. To measure progress in the
implementation of the recommendations, meetings wjll be held every
six months.
This report has been developed to provide the conferees and
others interested the current status of the water quality, waste-
water loading and control needs. The scope of this report is limited
to current conditions (1969) in the Potomac Estuary.
This is one of five technical reports prepared by the Chesapeake
Technical Support Laboratory (CTSL) of the Middle Atlantic Region,
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration (FWPCA) of the
Department of the Interior, to define the water quality in the entire
Potomac River basin. The other reports include inventories of muni-
cipal and industrial waste discharges, water quality and nutrient
studies, arid effects of mine drainage in the upper basin.
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II-l
CHAPTER Tl
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Based upon 1969 estuary data collected by personnel of the U. 3.
Geological Survey; Dalecarlia Filtration Plant, U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers; Department of Sanitary Engineering,, District of Columbia;
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory (CT3L) and by the wastewater
treatment facilities in the Washington metropolitan area, an analysis
of current water quality conditions and wastewater loadings was made
and is summarized below:
1. The fresh water inflow from the upper Potomac basin for the
first eight months of 1969 was non-typical in that below average flows
occurred during the first six months and above normal flows during
the months of July and August.
2. For the first, eight months of 1969, about 55 percent or
129,000 Ibs/day of the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) entering the
Potomac Estuary from all major sources was from wastewater discharges
in the Washington area.
3- Also for the first eight months, wastewater discharges in the
Washington area contributed about 86 percent of the total phosphorus
(27,000 Ibs/day as P) and 66 percent of the total nitrogen (51,500
Iba/day as N).
J+. Of the more Than 851,000 Ibs/day of total carbon entering the
upper estuary from all sources during the first eight months in 1969,
about 089,000 Ibs/day were from the upp>er basin, mainly in the form
of inorganic carbon (carbonic acid and bicarbonates).
-------
II-2
•?. dissolved oxygen (JX\) nonce:.T rs Mo^s of less than 2.0 mg'1
were regularly observed near tr:e Wood-row Wi.lso-i ?. idge from May through
September 1969 •
'-'. L'ven when tr*-, 1'rrr-" wa^er inflow i.rrear-^d to 9.000 cfs, as
occurred in Augist, D'1 levels of ?.0 :r4i' 1 were :\e.asi;red in the upper
es vuary.
7". A fisn iCill occurred In the j|:er esiuar.. near Woodrow Wilson
Br'dge between May j a:;d ft, 19''->9- Dissolved oxyyen -:oncentrat-ions
were lesr: i-hai 1.0 '-= 1 or May S 1: • ne at ea of • r.e kill.
H. A.S a cesiol' of 1 :•'..» i-ated chlor : na'io.n 01 *,hfj wa,stev,atr-r treat-
nient facility effluen-.s. coliforrr. densities were significantly lower
in the area of '.he Woodiow V/:lso" BrJdgi. Lha-: in i9'j<3. Foi examrie,
on September 29,. 19p"'9. fecal jolirorrr, densities exceeded 1,000 MPN/lOOml
at only one of 22 sianions samfled.
^. High coliform densities werc s'ill prevalent at times in fhe
area 01 Roosevelt Island where Po.-lc ; ree '. enters • he estuary, jrobably
the result of storm and coir.clned sewer overflows.
10. High algal populations, as raeaeareci by chlorophyll "a", and
high total organic carbon o.:.irred in early March near Possum Point.
11. During the summer months, massive algal I looms occurred in the
upper and middle- estuary as far downstream as thf n.J. I'oate 301 Bridge,
12. Depressed DC concentrations (t-low 2.0 r^u/l) at t,he lower
deptns occurred durirg the s _jnrner months in the reach of the estuary
from U..-". Rou+-e 301 Bridge :o -.he Chesapeake Bay.
-------
II-3
13- During August 19^9> six samples taken from the estuary
between Chain Bridge and U.S. Route 301 Bridge contained no detect-
able pest/i cides .
Ik. To facilitate the determination of wastewater discharge
loadings, the estuary was zoned into fifteen mile reaches. Maximum
waste discharge loadings for BOD (organic carbon), nitrogen, and
phosphorus have been determined for Zone I in the Washington area.
These loadings were adopted by the conferees at me May 8, 19^9»
session of the Potomac River-Washington Metropolitan Enforcement
Conference.
I'?. Preliminary estimates of loadings have been established
for I'orie II downstream from r,he Washington area.
16. Field studies are currently being conducted by CTSL to
further define nutrient, transport and eutrophication characteristics
in the upper and middle estuaries.
IT- CTSL and the Joutheast Regional Laboratory, FWPCA, are
continuing studies to refine the nutrien'. requirements (carbon,
nitrogen, and pnosphorus) for algal growth especially in the area
of salt water Intrusion.
18. The effects on water quality in the lower estuary and the
Chesapeake Bay of tne highJy eutrophlc condition,'.; in the upper and
rniddJe estuartts are ^ot fully d.nown.
I1,). The role of rooted aquatic j lant.s (submerged and emergent) in
nutrlfctit storage; and release has not been fully determined. This role is
esiecially important wliere wastewater discharges are made Into shallow
embayrnen'.s.
-------
TII-1
CHAPTER Til
DESCRIPTION OF THE POTOMAC ESTUARY
The Potomac River Basin i? the second largest watershed, in the
Middle Atlantic State-. It? tidal portion begins at Little Falls in
the Washington metropolitan area and extends 106, miles southeastward
to the Chesapeake Bay.
The estuary is several hundred feet in width at its head near
Washington and broadens to nearly six miles at its mouth. A shipping
channel with a rrunimtur, del ti of 2^ feet is rnairite i.'<-d upstream to
Washington. Except 1'or the channel and a small reach just below Chain
Bridge where dei ths up to 80 feet are found, the estuary is relatively
shallow with an average depth of about ly feet.
The upper portion of the estuary from Marshall Hall at River Mile
8^.0 to Little Falls above Washington is fresh water. In the middle
portion of the estuary from Marshall Hall to Indian Head at River Mile
77-5, there is a transition zone from fresh to slightly tracxish water.
The upper boundary of the salt wedge varies with fresh water inflow
and tidal stage .
Effluents from twelve wastewater treatment plants, serving a
population of about 2,^00,000 people, are discharged into the upper
estuary. The locations of the discharge,-, from these wastewater facil-
ities are shown in Figure III-l. Also shown are the wastewater
discharge zones in the upper estuary.
-------
ANDREWS A.R B.
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE ; 0
ALEXANDRIA
WESTGATE
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE - 15
HUNTING Ck.
DOGUE Ck.
FORT BE^VOIR
PlSCATAWAY Ck.
ZONE II
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE = 30
WASTEWATER DISCHARGE ZONES
m UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
ZONE III
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE - 45
FIGURE III - I
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17-1
CHAPTER IV
FACTORS AFFECTING WATER QUALITY
A. GENERAL
During the first eight months of 1969, the fresh water inflow
from the upper Potomac basin was non-typical. River discharges were
below normal for the first six months and above normal in July and
August (Figure 17-1). This non-typical flow pattern had an effect
on the water quality by variations in the relative contributions of
carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus.
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IV-3
E. WASTEWATEF DISCHARGES
Tables 77-1 and 1V-2 present the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD),
total organic carbon (TOC), suspended solids, nitrogen and phosphorus
loadings from the 13 rna.jor wastewater discharges in the upper Potomac
Estuary for the August 1969 intensive survey. The loadings measured
were similar to those determined during the August 1968 intensive
survey [l .
Of tne 129,390 Ibs/day of BOD discharged to the upper estuary,
about 75 percent was from the District of Columbia waste treatment
facility. While this is the major contributor, It should be noted
that hk percent of '.he population served by this treatment pjant is
in Maryland, ^ percent, in'Virginia, and the remaining ^9 percent in
the District of Columbia.
About 70 percent of the 5-day BOD is currently being removed by
the treatment plants. Tn addition, the wastewater treatment facilities
are currently removing about 23 percent of the total phosphorus and
20 percent, of the total nitrogen.
-------
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IV-6
C. FRESHWATER INFLOW
As part of a nutrient transport study in the Potomac Estuary,
weekly water quality analyses of the Potomac River at Great Falls
are being made by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers' Dalecarlia Water
Treatment Plant and CTSL personnel. During high flow periods daily
analyses are conducted.
Table 3TV-3 shows the average monthly BOD, carbon, nitrogen, and
phosphorus loadings from the upper Potomac basin as measured at Great
Falls for the first eight months of 1969. It should be noted that
during August the flows were about twice the normal .average for this
month. As a result of these high flows, the contributions of BOD,
carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus entering the estuary during the late
summer months were much higher than normal. For example, from
August 11 to 22, 1968, when the fresh water inflow was about 2,700 efs,
the BOD contribution from the upper basin was about 52,000 Ibs/day
as compared to 157.,000 Ibs/day during August of 1969-
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IV-
D. COMPARISON OF SOURCES
For the first eight months of 1969, a comparison was made of the
wantewater and fresh water inflow contributions and is presented in
Table IV-4. The relative percentages contributed by fresh water
inflow and wastewater discharge are given below:
Parameter Fresh Water Inflow Wastewater Discharge
(% of total) (% of total)
BOD 45 55
Organic Carbon 68 32
Inorganic Carbon 89 11
Total Carbon 80 20
Total Phosphorus 14 86
Total Nitrogen 34 66
From the above tabulation, it can readily be seen that the three
parameters most controllable by wastewater treatment are BOD, total
phosphorus, and total nitrogen. Any attempt to control total carbon
appears to be impractical at present since the largest percentage comes
into the estuary in the uncontrollable inorganic form.
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•v-i
CHAPTER V
CURRENT WATER QUALITY
A, BACTERIOLOGICAL
During June 1969, chlorination of the final effluent from the
District of Columbia wastewater treatment facility vas instituted.
In September 1969, continuous chlorination of the final effluent was
initiated by tne City of Alexandria Sanitation Authority. Thus all
effluents from all major wastewater treatment facilitites are currently
being chlorinated.
Thio increase ir. chlorination has reduced bacterial densities in
the upper estuary near the Woodrow Wilson Bridge as shown in Figure V-l.
When the data for August 1968 and June 1969 were compared, the fecal
collform densities were found to be considerably lower for the 1969
survey.? . However, high fecal coliform densities (over 60,000 to
80,000 MPN/lOOml) were detected above Memorial Bridge reflecting the
effects of storm water and combined sewer overflows.
.Sampling data for the month of September by the Department of
Sanitary Engineering, District of Columbia, indicate that the fecal
coliform densities can be effectively controlled by chlorination (See
Table A-;>). At only one station near the Blue Plains facility was the
fecal density greater than 1,000 MPN/lOOml.
Intensive bacteriological surveys were conducted during two periods,
March 2k to April k and July 31 to August 5, 1969. (Data tables in the
Appendix) Salmonella bacteria were isolated in areas from Cabin John
-------
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UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
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-------
V-3
Gree1-, to Dogue Cree.'i during the spring survey which extended downstream
to Piney Point in the lower etrtuary. Daring the summer survey, which
was restricted to a reach from Great Falls to Woodrow Wilson Bridge,
positive salnon-ella identification was made at; three of the five
stations sampled.
-------
V-'-f
E. DISSOLVED OXYGEN, TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON, AND CARBON DIOXIDE
IN THE UPPER ESTUARY
In early May 19'->9> %• large fish riill occurred in the upper
estuary near tne Woodrow Wilson Bridge. Three sampling cruises on
the estuary indicated dissolved oxygen (DC1) concentrations, espe-
cially or. Ma~ c, 1Q''9. whe^ tne IX) was less than 1 mg/'l in the area
of the Kill (Tables V-l, 7-2. and V-3).
Pig Lire V-2 shows DC1 profiles for the upper estuary for sample
cru-ises J r>. Jire, July, and August IQ'^9 - Dissolved oxygen cor.cen-
trations of less tnar. 2.0 [%•'! were measured on August 17, 19^9?
whe; the fresh water inflow -vas as high as 8,390 el's. Increase in
fresh wat-er inflow caused tne minimum DO point to move further down-
stream as Js evident by comparing the Jane 30 and August I.k i'rofiles .
The increase in tot,al organic carton (TOG) from the wastewater
discharges, shown in Figure V-3, is fairly closely related to low DC1. As
in the case of DO, *he effect of increased fresh water inflow is the
movement of tne poi^t of maximum TOC concentration downstream.
As a result of laborator,, studies ty EWPCA's Southeast Regional
Office, reported by Williams [1 and a paper presented by Kneutzel [2],
inorganic carbon including carto; dioxide (C0p) measurements were
initiated by CTSL daring the summer of 19b9- Preliminary data indicate
a consideracle increase in CO,, near the wastewater discharge points
followed by a decrease in areas of large algal growths. (Tables A-l
and A-2j However, significant levels of bicarbonates were always
present in the areas of high algal densities.
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SOT TOM
DO PROFILES
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
1969
JUNE II. 1969
Q = 1800 cfj
JUNE 30.1969
Q = 940 cfj
0 >
Q 6 8
BOTTOM
JULY 29, 1969
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10
W. WILSON BRIDGE
AUGUST 14, 1969
Q- 8890 cfs
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RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE
30
FIGURE V - 2
-------
10
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON PROFILES
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
1969
JUNE II. 1969
Q = 1800 cf»
12
10
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Q = 940 cf»
JULY 29, 1969
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10
SURFACE - UNFILTERED
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-W. WILSON BRIDGE
AUGUST 14. 1969
Q = 8890 cfj
10 20
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE
30
FIGURE V - 3
-------
7-10
C. NUTRIENTS (PHOSPHORUS AND NITROGEN)
For the same dates as for the DO and TOO, data profiles for
three nutrient parameters--phosphate (PO, ), ammonia (NH ), and
nitrite + iltrate (NOp+NO^)--are shown in Figures 7-^. 7-S, and 7-6,
respectively. The large increases in PO, and NH were caused by
the wastewater discharges in the Washington metropolitan area as
presented i:i the previous chapter.
The increase in NO +WO concentrations is a result of the
oxidation of NH to the more Liable state, figures 7-^- and 7->
illustrate these occurrences. Previous studies have indicated that
thia oxidation j.rocess has a greater influence on DO than the oxi-
dation of organic carbon [3:-
-------
NH3 as N PROFILES
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
1969
JUNE (I, 1969
Q = 1800 cf»
? I
JUNE 30,1969
Q = 940 cf»
JULY 29. 1969
Q = 3200 cfs
- W. WILSON BRIDGE
AUGUST 14. 1969
Q = 8890 cfs
10 20
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE
30
FIGURE V-4
-------
NO2 + NO3 as N PROFILES
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
!969
JUNE M, 1969
Q = 1800 cf«
(M
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JUNE 30,1969
Q = 940 cfs
JULY 29, 1969
Q = 3200 ci,
W. WILSON BRIDGE -
AUGUST 14. 1969
Q - 8890 cf«
10 20
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE
30
FIGURE V-5
-------
TOTAL PHOSPHORUS PROFILES
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
1969
JUNE II, 1969
Q = 1800 cf»
I 2
3*
a.
BOTTOM
-SURFACE
JUNE 30,1969
Q = 940 eft
SURFACE
JULY 29. 1969
Q = 3200 ef»
AUGUST 14. 1969
Q = 889Ocf*
-W. WILSON BRIDGE
10 20
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE
30
FIGURE V-6
-------
D. CHLOROPHYLL
Chlorophyll "a" was used as a measure of als/al standing crops.
Phytoplanhlon levels on '.he foui sampling dates previously mentionei
and for three stations in the middle part ol ~he estuary a,re shown
in Figures 7-7, 7-3,, 7-9, and V-10.
The chlororhyll levels ir. Figure *-! show sir:.if lean* increases
in phytoplanktoi, from June 11 to June 30, 19^9- -">" high flows of
late July and early August resulted in movement of hloom ^ondiMons
i'urther downstream in "he estuary.
The temporal chlorophyll "a" plots (Fig-ares T,-8, ¥-9, and -7-10}
for the Potomac Estuary near Piscataway, Indian Head, arid Possum
Point, respectively, demonstrate the seasonal change in phytoplankton
quantities. In March 19^9? wi"h water tempergtares nr-ar kr <}., a
large "bloom of diatoms was verified in tn^ es+uary re=3r Possum Poinr.,
Ifear Piscataway, the chlorophyll Je^el? inor e =3sect during Msy
and June (f±gare 7-8). However, the eff-.tt of the rather laref fresh
water inflows during mid and late July in moving the algal blooms
further downstream can also be seen ir Figures 7"8 ^nl 7-9-
-------
CHLOROPHYLL a. PROFILES
UPPER POTOMAC ESTUARY
1969
100
JUNE II. 1969
Q = 1800 eft
200
100
JUNE 30.1969
Q = 940 cfi
I
a.
o
200
100
JULY 29. 1969
Q = 3200 cf.
100
AUGUST 14, 1969
Q = 8690 eft
10 20
RIVER MILES FROM CHAIN BRIDGE
30
FIGURE V-7
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-------
7-19
E. DISSOLVED OXYGEN IN THE MIDDLE AND LOWER ES'ItJARi
In the middle and lower Potomac Estuary, DO concentrations at,
lower depths are usually depressed under summer conditions. For the
period of June 26 to 30, 1969> the DO in the bottom waters of the
main channel for about 40 miles of the lower estuary was less than
2.0 rng/1. (Figure V-ll) Similar observations were made by CT3L
in July and August 1969 and by the Chesapeake Bay Institute (3BI)
during a nutrient cruise in June of 1965 [M.
It appears that the low dissolved oxygen levr-ls art asso':iat,ed
with the salinity intrusion from Chesapeake Bay which has low DO
at lower levels during the summer. While this may explain some of
the dissolved oxygen depression, two major unanswered questions
remain: (l) the effect of flows from the Potomac Estuary on water
quality in the Chesapeake Bay, and (2) the contribution of the
eutrophic condition in the upper and middle Potomac Estuary to t,he
dissolved oxygen depression in the lower estuary and possibly in
the Chesapeake Bay.
-------
(/) O)
V-ll
-------
V-21
F. CHLORINATED HYDROCARBON PESTICIDES
During August 5 to 11, 1969* samples obtained from six stations
in the Potomac Estuary and a 2k-hour composite sample of the final
effluent from the D.C. facility at Blue Plains were analyzed for
pesticides. The estuary stations sampled are as follows:
Station
Chain Bridge
Arlington Memorial Bridge
Woodrow Wilson Bridge
Piscataway
Indian Head
U.S. Route 301 Bridge
Miles from Chesapeake Bay
106.5
100.7
9^.4
89.0
77-5
The compounds for which the samples were analyzed and the
minimum detectable concentrations are presented in Table V-k.
No compounds were detected in any of the six estuary samples
or in the 2U-hour composite of the final effluent from the Blue
Plains facility.
-------
V-22
TABLE Y-U
PESTICIDES ANALYZED AND
MINIMUM DETECTABLE.LIMITS
Compound
Minimum Detectable Concentration
ng/1
Dieldrin
Endrin
DOT
DDE
Heptachlor
Heptachlor Epoxide
Al drin
BHC
Chlordane (Tech. )
Toxaphene
Methoxychlor
10
2s
1,000
* ng/1 = nanograms/liter
-------
VI-1
CHAPTER VI
WASTEWATER CONTROL REQUIREMENTS
A. GENERAL
Nutrient removal or control is a relatively new concept in
water quality management and consequently subject to various inter-
pretations. During a technical workshop on Nutrient Removal Needs,
Methods,, and Costs at Fredericksburg, Virginia, May 13-14, 1969? a
summary statement on nutrient removal concepts was developed as part
of the panel* discussion and is presented below:
"1. Accelerated eutrophication is recognized as a significant
form of pollution.
"2. In some waters this hypertrophy is so advanced that
immediate action is needed.
"3- Phosphorus (P) and nitrogen (N) removal together will
normally alleviate this environmental stress because:
(a) These elements are known to be nutrients to which
the plant life is responsive at concentrations
that are practical to manage; the actual levels
will probably vary in different environments.
(b) The removal of either P or N alone will still
allow the blooming of undesirable species
leaving the ecosystem imbalanced; the more
nearly natural condition of the wastewater,
the less disturbance of the ecosystem.
"4. Processes to remove these nutrients that are mutually
compatible have been developed which are adequate for
preliminary engineering cost analysis.''
Panel members were: Dr. Donald V/. Lear, Jr., Chief, Ecology Section,
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory, FWPCA, Annapolis, Maryland;
Dr. Kenneth Williams, Chief, Aquatic Ecology Activities, FWPCA,
Athens, Georgia; Dr. Clair N. Sawyer, Senior Associate, Metcalf &
Eddy, Inc., Boston, Massachusetts; Dr. Morris L. Brehmer, Virginia
Institute of Marine Sciences, Gloucester Point, Virginia
-------
VI-2
This summary statement emphasizes two important concepts:
(l) that eutrophication is a form of pollution, and (2) the nearer
the quality of the waste discharge to natural conditions of the
receiving waters the less it will disturb the ecosystem. Using the
same basic concepts, maximum levels of BOD (organic carbon),
nitrogen, and phosphorus were developed for the upper estuary.
To facilitate determination of water quality control require-
ments, the upper estuary was segmented into 15 mile zones beginning
at Chain Bridge (Table VI-1 and Figure III-l). Establishment of
zones similar in physical characteristics allows flexibility in
developing control needs.
-------
VT-3
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-------
VI-4
B, ZONE I
In the FWPCA report, "Potomac River Water Quality, Washington,
D. C. Metropolitan Area/' a maximum total discharge of 16,500 Ibs/day
of BOD and 96 percent removal of phosphorus was recommended for
waste Treatment facilities ir. the enforcement area. The BOD loadings
were determined with a simultaneous 85 percent reduction in nitroge-
nous oxygen demand.
The BOD and unoxidized nitrogen loadings were based upon main-
taining an average DO of 5-0 nig/1 for a fresh water inflow of 705 cfs
which is the sever.-day-low-flow with a recurrence interval of once-in-
ten-years.
Total phosphorus loadings were determined, using a maximum
phosphorus concentration in the upper estuary near the discharges at
or below 0.1 mg/1 as P. The phosphorus level in the reach from
Piscataway to Possum Point would normally be below O.Oh mg/1 as a
result of maintaining the maximum level at 0.1 mg/1. This reach is
currently most susceptible to algal growth.
Adopting the zonal concept, the conferees of the Potomac River-
Washington Metropolitan Area Enforcement Conference agreed May 8, 1969?
upon a BOD loading of 16,500 Ibs/day and a phosphorus loading of 7^-0
Ibs/day (96 percent removal at current wastewater loadings). To
further enhance the water quality in the upper estuary and to reduce
any stimulation by discharges of large quantities of nitrate-nitrogen,
the conferees recommended a total nitrogen loading be adopted equiv-
alent to that required to meet the 85 percent reduction in nitrogenous
oxygen demand or 6,000 Ibs/day of total nitrogen.
-------
(:. /.ONE Tl VI-5
Assuming that loadings for both carbonaceous and nitrogenous
oxygen demands have been satisfied in Zone I, preliminary estimates
of oxygen demand loading components for Zone II have been determined
as shown ir. Figure VT-1. The loadings are based on a single dis-
charge point into the main channel in the center of Zone II.
Since oxygen demanding loadings can be either carbonaceous or
nitrogenous, an inflnice combination of the two components exist
which will achieve an average dissolved oxygen concentration of
).0 mg/1 for a water temperature of 29° C. at a fresh water inflow
of 708 cfs. For example, Figure VI-1 shows that the 5.0 mg/1 DO
criterion can be met if the carbonaceous and nitrogenous oxygen
demand;: arr below 30,000 and 10,000 Ibs/day, respectively.
Nutrient loadings for algal control have been determined as
follows:
-------
CARBONACEOUS AND NITROGENOUS OXYGEN DEMAND LOADINGS
FOR MAINTAINING AN
AVERAGE OF 5.0««/i OF DISSOLVED OXYGEN
HM
ZONE IE
/ 0,000-
OF DO
IOOOO
UNOXIOIZED NITROGEN AS N
flbi./doy)
2QPOO
FIGURE VI- I
-------
VI-7
"b. Environmental Conditions
(l) Water temperature of 29° C.
(2) Fresh water inflow of 70> cfs
c. Residual Concentrations from Zone I in the Center of Zone II
(l) An average DO of 6.9 mg/1
(2) A phosphorus concentration of 0.03 mg/1 as P
(3) No residual carbonaceous or nitrogenous oxygen
demanding material
(4) Inorganic nitrogen concentration of 0.1 mg/1
-------
V1I-1
OHAFL'E? ~T1
CURRENT JNTESTTGATI^ia AND RESEARCH HEEDS
To aid in further determination of r at riant, i emoval require-
ments, especially in *he middle and l^wer porticr of the estuary,
field activities ire < ontir.uj 'v . A:, ares of majoi emphasis for CTSL
during the. summer of 19"'9 war O"- ^-c ecology of the middle estuary
in the area of ?^lir.:!~y i:i*,,'^i: or;, S'yj'ii-v, a:^e cor ",inuintr to deter-
mine- t,he f. ff'e-,-fc of ccLiir.l^y o-. ',he r=it- limlMng • oa'.entrations of
nutrients i .1 al)-al prow^n.
Anothf ^ ai-ea of major eir.Lhacic is ';r.e transport of nutrients
Ihroughou* the f:^.r.±r>- «ct'.:ary. A -,oopf ra^.ivf. ctudv with the Steuart
Petroleum Company, I'..'. A/ny 'Jc^ i :: of Krifrineejs, Aqjeduc", Di'/ision,
B.C. Depai tmen-t, of Sanitary t'ngineerirv-, and C'lSL was initiated in
February 19^9- "he major T^rioses were */o determi",e Vhe nutrient
movement on an g.inval basis throa^hou". t.hf. er,",ire <=•;*,uary, and ",o
provide S'jf i'i.,i-.V, ua:a ^pon wti-.h niaM-jeii.a^i'-.al models car. be
verified. Data from '.r.is snudy will also ce. used to further define
annual nutrient ,:ontrol rcq^iremen'.s . In-jluicd will be a detailed
analysis of nitrot/enoj^ ox/ge.. demand removal requirement under
winter conditions
Coojer ari ve la to:-1 "ory ?/d field t-t^iies are being made wiT,h
the Southeast V«ate: .,&,: orq^ory of FWF JA "3 de~ermi.:e the role of
carbon in algal growth, stimulation. V/hile preliminary dat.a for the
Potomac indicate that the control ot i.arbon may not be feasible under
-------
VI-2
all conditions at, the present time, the possible need for CO control
is also being considered especially in the design of advanced waste-
water treatment.
Another important need is a eutrophication study involving
rooted and emergent aquatic plants. The role of these plants in the
Potomac estuarir.e ecology should be examined, including the effects
of nutrient additions in relation to maximum utilization, retention,
and recycling in an ecological system.
As indicated in Chapter V, depressed dissolved oxygen levels
jn the lower depths occur in "he lower reaches of the estuary and
in the Chesapeake Bay under summer conditions. These depressions
are often considered "natural conditions." A need also exists for
a further understanding of the effects of the highly eutrophic
conditions in the upper and middle estuary on water quality in the
lower estuary ar.d in the Chesapeake Bay. For example, preliminary
laboratory studies by CTSL indicate tha.t remineralization of NH-,
nitrogen from algal cells can be a significant source of nitrogenous
oxygen demand.
-------
REFERENCES
1. Williams, Kenneth, "Nutrient-Fhytoplankton Relationships,"
A Water Pollution Control Technical Workshop on Nutrient
Removal Needs, Methods, and Costs. Fredericksburg, Virginia,
May 13-14, 1969.
2. Kuentzel, L. W., "Bacteria, Carbon Dioxide and Algal Blooms,"
Presented at Industrial Waste Conference, Purdue University,
May 6-8, 1969.
3. Jaworski, W. A., Lear, Donald W., Jr., and Aalto, Johan A.,
"A Technical Assessment of Water Quality Conditions and
Factors Affecting Water Quality in the Upper Potomac Estuary,"
Technical Report No. 5, CTSL, MAR, FWPCA, U.S. Department
of the Interior, May 1969.
4. Whaley, R. C., Carpenter, J. H., and Baker, R. L., "Nutrient
Data Summary 1964, 1965, 1966," Special Report No. 17,
Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University,
Reference 66-9, November 1966.
-------
APPENDIX
DATA SUMMARIES
AND
3UTWEY DATA
-------
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TABLE A-j
POTOMAC RIVER BACTERIOLOGICAL SORVEY
July 31 - August 5> 1969
CHESAPEAKE TECHNICAL SUPPORT LABORATORY
Date
, Sample
Taken
11 7- 31
8-1
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8-5
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3.5
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Time
Sample
Taken
Water
Temp
°C
Cclifcra
MPN/100 ml
Grreat Fails (Water
09.35
1200
0950
1000
1000
0900
IG25
11,05
1.0.30
i LOO
1055
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i«.)50
1C "30
j ;OC
1-30
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J. i,..x
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1 20 5
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1230
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170
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6,601.
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Ratio
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7
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790
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170
16
280
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TABLE A-5
POTOMAC ESTUARY DATA
WATER POLLUTION CONTROL DIVISION
Department of Sanitary Engineering
District of Columbia
September 29, 1969
Station
Ch. Bridge
FI. B.H.
Th. Sis.
Roose. I.
Mem. Br.
Hwy. Br.
Pot. Pk.
Ha ins Pt.
Gies. Pt.
Ab. WPCP
Op. WPCP
Be. WPCP
«W. Bridge
?t. Ft.
?t. Wash.
4. Hall
fall. Pt.
!nd. Hd.
t. Neck
an. Pt .
m. Pt.
d. Pt.
Sampling
Time
AM
8:03
8:28
8:48
9:05 '
9:20
9:35
9:40
9:50
10:03
10:15
10:25
10:33
10:48
11:20
11:55
12:38
1:13
1:43
2:18
3:02
3:38
4:13
Water
Temp.
20.0
20. 0
20.5
20.9
20.6
20.0
20.0
20.4
20.9
21.0
21.5
21.0
21.3
21.6
21.5
21.7
21.5
21-5
21.4
21.4
21.4
21.1
D.O.
8.6
8.8
7-3
8.6
9.9
8.5
8.4
6-3
5.6
4.6
6.4
5.0
3-3
3-7
3.8
6.8
6.0
6.2
9-5
8.3
12.0
8.8
BOD
(mg/1)
4
5
4
5
4
4
4
4
4
9
4
4
5
7
7
3
5
5
5
3
5
3
Coliform
(MPN per
100 ml)
24,000
9,300
4,300
7,300
9,300
4,300
2,400
4,300
9,300
240,000
9,300
43,000
21,000
7,300
2,400
430
930
930
9,300
2,400
2,400
430
Fecal
Coliform
(MPN per
100 ml)
360
23
36
73
23
73
23
91
230
360
230
1,500
230
230
23
23
36
9
' 2
2
2
2
Chloride
fflg/1
15
15
15
15
16
18
17
18
25
21
25
30
29
26
24
20
13
11
38
100
120
3^7
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