-------
Appendix E
BOTTOM DRIFTER RESPONSE SHEET
in zmttrt appreciation
far cooperation in
oteanograptfit
Mrefltor, Westinghouse Ocean Research
Laboratory
Annapolis, Maryland
Example of card forwarded to persons returning drifters. Reward of one
silver dollar accompanied this card, with a letter of thanks and explana-
tion of the purpose of the program.
- 133 -
-------
75ฐ00'W
74ฐ30 W
74 00 W
RESEARCH AREA
RESEARCH AREA
a *
5
38ฐ30'N
38ฐ00 N
THANK YOU!
We sincerely appreciate your returning the card from our plastic "sea-bed drifter." As
you may have noticed if you found it in the water, the small weight on the stem is designed to
keep the drifter barely negatively buoyant - that is, just barely floating above the bottom, but
not rising to the surface. When submerged, the drifters are practically weightless, and therefore
are easily moved about even by weak currents, which may be present at the sea floor.
The drifter which you found was released at.
.hours on.
at the location shown above in red. We cannot tell its exact path, but the information you
provided is important in understanding the overall "drift" of bottom currents in this area. From
this study, we are attempting to interpret the movements of coastal waters along our valuable
shorelines. Your assistance in our oceanographic research will help all of us in our efforts to
understand the complex marine environments.
Harold D. Palmer
Manager, Aquatic Physical Sciences
Westinghouse Ocean Research Lab.
- 134-
-------
This report has been reviewed by Region III, EPA, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY OF TWO INTERIM DUMPSITES
MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT
OPERATION "FETCH"
Cruise Report 5-10 November 1973
Compiled and Edited by
Donald W. Lear
Susan K. Smith
Maria L. O'Malley
Annapolis Field Office
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Project Officer
Albert Montague
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
-------
ABSTRACT
A second oceanographic survey cruise was made to an interim
municipal sludge dumpsite and initially to an interim dumpsite for
the disposal of industrial acid waste in the fall of 1973. Both
sites are located on the continental shelf in the Middle Atlantic
Bight. Observations were made of hydrographic and bathymetric
conditions, major circulation patterns, water quality, sediment
composition, heavy metals in sediments and biota, bacteriology,
phytoplankton and zooplankton communities, vertebrates and benthic
invertebrates.
-------
CONTENTS
Abstract "
List of Figures ,\r
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements ix
Conclusions x1
Introduction 1
I. WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS 7
A. Hydrography 7
1. Local Hydrographic Structure 7
2. Major Circulation Patterns 14
B. Water Quality Parameters 18
C. Biology 21
1. Phytoplankton 21
2. Metals in Zooplankton 24
II. BENTHIC INVESTIGATIONS 26
A. Bathymetry 26
B. Sediments 27
1. Size Distribution 27
2. Metals in the Sediments 30
3. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 41
C. Biota 43
1. Infauna 43
-------
2. Macrobiota 107
3. Metals in Macrobiota 109
4. Bacteriology 119
IV. REFERENCES 122
APPENDIX A - Participants in Operation "Fetch" 129
Aboard R/V Annandale
APPENDIX B - Ship's Log 130
APPENDIX C - Scientific Log 133
iv
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
1 Index Map for the Upper Chesapeake Bight Area 3
2 Station Location Map 4
3 R/V Annandale 5
4 Bathythermograph at Station 9 9
5 Bathythermograph at Station 14 10
6 Bathythermograph at Station 17 11
7 Salinity-Temperature Profile at Station 9 12
8 Distribution of Iron in Sediments 36
9 Regression of Lead and Iron in Sediments 39
10 Regression of Chromium and Iron in Sediments 39
11 Regression of Manganese and Iron in Sediments 40
12 Regression of Zinc and Iron in Sediments 40
-------
LIST OF TABLES
1 Station Locations 6
2 Bathythermograph (BT) and Salinometer Readings 18
3a, 3b Surface and Seabed Drifter Releases- 16
4 Surface Drifter Returns - Operation "Quicksilver" 17
5 Water Quality Parameters 20
6 Phytoplankton 22
7 Metals in Zooplankton 25
8 Size Distribution of Sediments 28
9 Analyses of Barged Waste Materials 31
10 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; 34
Flame Operating Parameters
11 Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer; 34
Furnace Operation Parameters
12 Qualitative Texture and Metals Contents of 38
Sediments
13 Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Sediments 42
14 Species List of Benthic Invertebrates from 49
Operation "Quicksilver" (QK) and
Operation "Fetch" (FE)
15 Rank, Number, and Cumulative Percent of 57
Benthic Invertebrates from Operation
"Quicksilver"
16 Rank, Number, and Cumulative Percent of 60
Benthic Invertebrates from Operation "Fetch"
17 Number of Species (S), Individuals (I), and 68
Scaled Diversity (SD) Indices for
Operation "Quicksilver"
18 Number of Species (S), Individuals (D), and 70
Scaled Diversity (SD) Indices for
Operation "Fetch"
vi
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
19 Sign Test for Comparison of Fauna! Diversity 71
for Comparable Stations of Operation
"Quicksilver" and Operation "Fetch"
20 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 78
Station 1 - "Quicksilver"
21 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 80
Station 2 - "Quicksilver"
22 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 81
Station 5 - "Quicksilver"
23 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 82
Station 8 - "Quicksilver"
24 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 84
Station 9 - "Quicksilver"
25 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 86
Station 11 - "Quicksilver"
26 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 87
Station 13 - "Quicksilver"
27 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 89
Station 14 - "Quicksilver"
28 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 90
Station 17 - "Quicksilver"
29 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 92
Station 1 - "Fetch"
30 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 93
Station 2 - "Fetch"
31 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 95
Station 5 - "Fetch"
32 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 97
Station 8 - "Fetch"
33 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates ^
Station 9 - "Fetch"
vii
-------
LIST OF TABLES (continued)
34 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 101
Station 11 - "Fetch"
35 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 103
Station 14 - "Fetch"
36 Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates 105
Station 17 - "Fetch"
37 Macrobiota 108
38 Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and 113
Mollusc Tissue
39 Heavy Metals in Benthic Macrofauna 118
40 Coliforms, Fecal Coliforms in Water Column 121
and Sediments (MPN/100 ml)
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, wishes to
acknowledge and thank the personnel of EPA Headquarters, Washington,
D. C.; the EPA National Environmental Research Centers at Corvallis,
Oregon and Narragansett, Rhode Island; the EPA Annapolis Field Office,
Annapolis, Maryland; the EPA Wheeling Field Office, Wheeeling, West
Virginia; the City of Philadelphia Water Department; the Marine Science
Consortium, Lewes, Delaware, and American University, Washington, D. C.
for their able participation in the many phases of this cruise.
Special thanks are due Dr. D. Maurer and his staff at the University
of Delaware Laboratory, Lewes, Delaware, for their excellent analyses
of benthic invertebrates; and to Dr. H. D. Palmer, Westinghouse Ocean
Research Laboratory, for sediment data.
We thank Margaret Munro for typing of the manuscript.
The responsible authors of respective sections of this report are:
Introduction - D. W. Lear, EPA, Annapolis
I. Water Quality Investigations
A. Hydrography
1. Local Hydrographic Structures - D. W. Lear and
R. J. Callaway, EPA, Corvallis
2. Major Circulation Patterns - R. J. Callaway
B. Water Quality Parameters - D. W. Lear
-------
C. Biology
1. Phytoplankton - S. K. Smith, EPA, Annapolis
2. Metals in Zooplankton - P. Johnson and
D. W. Lear, EPA, Annapolis
II. Benthic Investigations
A. Bathymetry - D. W. Lear
B. Sediments
1. Size Distribution - H. D. Palmer, Westinghouse
Ocean Research Laboratory, and D. W. Lear
2. Metals - P. Johnson and D. W. Lear
3. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons - R. Kaiser and
D. W. Lear, EPA, Annapolis
C. Biota
1. Infauna-D. Maurer, University of Delaware
2. Macrobiota - M. O'Malley, EPA, Annapolis
3. Heavy Metals in Macrobiota - Bruce Reynolds,
EPA, Narragansett, D. W. Lear, and P. Johnson
4. Bacteriology - M. O'Malley
-------
CONCLUSIONS
Temperature and salinity profiles of the area indicated the pre-
sence of a pycnocline but with relatively small differences between
surface and bottom waters.
Net bottom water movements, as indicated by neutral buoyancy
seabed drifters released on the spring "Quicksilver" cruise, indicated
a net movement towards the west and southwest to the Delaware, Maryland
and Virginia beaches.
Nutrient concentrations in waters near the bottom showed seasonal
variation in concentrations. Nitrate plus nitrite concentrations were
elevated in bottom waters at the municipal sludge site.
Phytoplankton populations of these waters were characteristic of
mid-temperate coastal communities during the fall and winter regime.
Diatoms were dominant organisms generally, and the marine filamentous
blue-green alga Trichodesmium was found throughout the area.
Mercury, nickel and manganese concentrations were greater in
zooplankton samples taken during this cruise as compared with the spring
cruise in May 1973. This suggests that certain metals may be accumulating
in the zooplankton.
There are indications that Fe, Mn, Cr, Hg, Zn, Cu, and Pb are being
deposited in sediments as a result of acid waste disposal practices, and
Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Ni are depositing as a result of municipal sludge
disposal operations. These inferences were drawn on geographical dis-
tribution patterns. An increase in mercury and lead concentrations was
detected in the sediments at the municipal sludge disposal site when
compared between spring and fall conditions.
xi
-------
A significant relationship was found between iron concentrations in
sediments and those of zinc, manganese and chromium. These relationships
may be useful as management indicators for dumping practices.
There was no evidence of accumulations of organohalogens, including
PCB and DDE.
Intensive investigations of bottom dwelling faunal communities
showed no major shifts of key species (Goniadella gracilis, Lumbrinereis
acuta, Trichophoxus epistomus) between the spring and fall cruises.
Faunal diversity increased significantly between spring and fall sampling
and was attributable primarily to seasonal recruitment and secondarily to
artifacts of taxonomy. No measurable effects of pollution on benthic
organism communities was detected.
Macroinvertebrates and vertebrates taken by bottom trawl and dredge
showed no visible signs of ecological stress.
In a systematic survey of sand dollars (Echinarachnius parma) iron
concentrations were found to be less during this fall cruise than found in
the spring cruise. A mechanism is postulated in which iron is not as
available to the bottom community because of accumulation at the pycnocline.
The moon snail (Polinices), a predator, showed copper concentrations
a decimal order of magnitude greater than prey species, illustrative of the
fact that metals can concentrate in higher trophic levels.
XII
-------
Sponges, fish, crabs, and a clam were analyzed for metals and
showed greater concentrations of manganese, nickel, leas, and cadmium
at the municipal waste site in fall compared with spring observations,
although there were too few data for firm conclusions.
Bacteriological analyses indicated no accumulations of coliform
or fecal coliform bacteria as a result of dumping activities.
Some evidence (bacteria, metals, organohalogens) suggested the
inshore "control" Stations 9 and 17 may be influenced by additions
other than the specified ocean dumping activities.
xm
-------
INTRODUCTION
The vastness of the seas is diminishing as man's technology,
population density and the cumulative effects of time progress.
An awareness of man's role in the total environment in the past
decade led to serious efforts to lessen the burdens on rivers and
harbors, and a consequence of this activity has increased use of
the seas for waste disposal. These practices are, however, required
to be supervised by a vigilant program specified by Public Law
92-532, the "Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972."
Results of several ocean survey cruises to the vicinity of the
acid waste dumpsite (du Pont, 1972; Meyers, 1973) and to the municipal
sludge dumpsite (Palmer and Lear, 1973) indicated measurable environ-
mental changes may have occurred as a result of ocean disposal practices,
Some observations included:
1. Unexplained mortalities of sand dollars in the proximity of
the acid waste dumpsite.
2. Apparent accumulation of some metals in the sand dollar
population at the sludge dumpsite.
3. Possible deposition of materials from the acid waste dumpsite
on the sludge dumpsite.
An oceanographic cruise was designed to resolve some of these
uncertain!ties and to further develop practical field and laboratory
methods for continuing programs to evaluate environmental conditions
under the impact of man's additions.
1
-------
Station locations (figures 1 and 2, and Table 1) were selected
to replicate the stations from the previous spring cruise (Palmer
and Lear, 1972) and to assay conditions on the acid waste dumpsite
as well as the sludge waste dumpsite. A major portion of daylight
cruise time was allocated to search for cylindrical sediment traps
buoyed out on the spring cruise.
Oceanographic operations were conducted on eight hour round-the-
clock watches, and one working day was lost due to such wind and wave
conditions as to make deck work impractical. Details of routine are
given in the ship's log and scientific log, included as appendices.
-------
AREA OF STUDY
77'
76'
74"
40'
39'
38'
39'
76'
75'
74"
SCALE IN MILES
I I
20 30 40 50
-------
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
SCALE M STATUTE MILES
SOS
-------
CO ซ^C
Q
o) z:
s- <
3 z:
01 Z
"- <ฃ
-------
Table 1
Station Locations
Operation "Fetch"
11/5-10/73
STATION
9
17
1
8
2
14
11
D
F
E
5
C
B
A
G
H
DATE
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-9-73
11-5-73
11-5-73
11-8-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
TIME
1536
2000
2330
0115
0705
1605
2030
1355
2230
1645
0350
0239
0930
0620
1635
1900
LORAN
3222 -
3183 -
3371 -
3313 -
3356 -
3513 -
3371 -
3401 -
3310 -
3350 -
3334 -
3420 -
3416 -
3505 -
3360 -
3360 -
LOCATION
3051
3034
3000
3020
3019
2963
3000
3030
2985
3025
3013
3043
3048
3065
3053
3085
DEPTH
(meters)
36.6
37.2
45.7
39.6
47.9
51.8
48.2
39.6
63.7
45.7
48.2
48.8
45.7
40.2
39.6
36.6
-------
I. WATER QUALITY INVESTIGATIONS
A. HYDROGRAPHY
1. Local Hydrographic Structure
Hydrographic conditions can materially affect the distribution of
dumped materials. For the design purposes of this cruise, the presence
or absence of a pycnocline, due to thermal and/or salinity discontinuities,
was measured. Previous studies (du Pont, 1972) indicated released indus-
trial acid wastes may be delayed in reaching bottom in the presence of a
well established density discontinuity, and possibly may be transported
from the loci of dumping by advective forces before eventually depositing.
Bathythermographs (BT's) were taken at Stations 9, 14 and 17, and
temperature and salinity readings made with a Beckman RS-5 induction
salinometer at Station 9.
Bathythermograph data were reduced at sea by aligning the surface
temperature in the viewing grid to match the surface bucket temperature.
Bathythermographs are shown in Figures 4, 5, and 6.
Temperature and salinity profiles are shown in Table 2 and Figure 7.
The temperature data showed a relatively cool isothermal surface layer
increasing to 15ฐC at about 30 meters. At Station 14 a maximum of 17.5ฐ
was reached at 38 meters decreasing to less than the surface temperature
below 45 meters. The salinity-temperature profile shows that the stability
of this inversion layer is maintained by an increase in salinity of approxi-
mately 2"'/-. between 20 and 30 meters.
-------
The difference between surface and bottom layer temperatures
was approximately one-degree C , indicating the fall overturn was
nearly reached, for these waters can become isothermal in winter
(Bumpus, et al, 1972; Meyers, 1973).
The halocline was coincident with the theemocline, augmenting
the stability of the upper layer.
During the course of this cruise, winds of up to 52 knots were
recorded, with seas greater than 3 meters, indicating that storm
conditions do not, in short periods of time, disrupt even relatively
small density discontinuities. The deposition of wastes into this
environment would not, therefore, be materially accelerated by short
term turbulence factors.
The discrepancies in temperature, approximately 1.5 ฐC, between
the BT and the induction salinometer, are probably due to the more
recent calibration of the BT. The relative differences by both
instruments, however, are valid.
-------
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH STATION 9
5-J
10-
I5-1
to
cr
UJ
h-
LU
2 20-
T
h-
a
LJ
o
25-
30-
13
TEMPERATURE ฐC
14 15
16
NOV. 7, 1973 1545
- 9
FIGURE- 4
-------
5-
10-
I 5-
20-
K 25-
UJ
LJ
30-
CL
^ 35-
40-
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH STATION 14
14
TEMPERATURE ฐC
15 16
17
18
i
45-
50-
55-
60-
NOV. 8, 1973 1610
FIGURE- 5
10
-------
BATHYTHERMOGRAPH STATION 17
TEMPERATURE ฐC
13 14 15
16
0-
5-
10-
15-
cr
UJ
h-
LJ
2
a
UJ
a
20H
25-
30-
35-
40-
NOV. 7, 1973 2055
FIGURE- 6
-------
SALINITY - TEMPERATURE PROFILE AT STATION 9
SALINITY
33
34
5-
10-
15-
UJ
H-
Ul
2
X
I-
Q.
UJ
20-
25-
30-
35-
40-
35
i
36
TEMPERATURE ฐC
5 16 17
NOV. 7, 1973 1536
FIGURE- 7
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-------
2. Major Circulation Patterns
Seasonal circulatory patterns were estimated by release of
surface drifter cards and by bottom drifers (Woodhead and Lee, 1960).
Previous releases have also been made from this area (du Pont, 1972);
Palmer and Lear, 1973; Ketchum, 1953). These techniques demonstrate
semi-quantitatively the larger scale transport of surface and bottom
materials of neutral density.
a. Surface drifter releases.
During a previous cruise (Palmer and Lear, 1973) 269 surface
drifters were released. During this cruise one hundred and forty
surface drift cards were released as shown in Table 3a. To date
no returns have been made from either cruise.
b. Seabed drifter releases.
A total of 199 yellow seabed drifters (Woodhead and Lee, 1960)
were released in the survey area, as shown in Table 3b. The distance
from the release point nearest to shore was 26 nautical miles. Assuming
an average onshore drift rate of 0.015 knots, the first recoveries
should not be made before January 1974.
c. Seabed drifter returns from the spring cruise.
Two hundred yellow bottom drifters were released by EPA and 480
red drifters by Westinghouse Ocean Research Laboratory during the spring
cruise, Operation "Quicksilver". Four EPA (yellow) drifters have been
recovered from the spring cruise. Statistics of recovery data are
shown in Table 4. The drifters traveled for approximately 202 days
towards the southwest at an average rate of 0.014 knots.
14
-------
Of the 480 red drifters released by Westinghouse Ocean Research
Laboratory, only 12 drifters were returned in this period of time.
Most of the recoveries were made on the Delaware, Maryland and Virginia
beaches. The low recovery may reflect a seaward transport of the
majority of drifters, and firmer conclusions will be made with more
return data.
d. Buoy search operations.
Sediment traps were buoyed and anchored at eight stations during
the spring cruise, Operation "Quicksilver". One of the objectives of
the fall cruise, Operation "Fetch", was retrieval of this apparatus.
Watches were maintained during daylight hours while on stations,
and on two days an "expanding square" search plan with all available
hands on watch was instituted. No buoys were sighted, possibly due
to the wave heights encountered during most of this cruise, and possibly
due to trawler activity known in this area.
15
-------
Table 3(a)
Surf ace Drifter Releases, Operation "Fetch"
1973
EST - Date Station Numbers Total Latitude, N. Longitude, W.
1545
2017
1605
2030
1355
EST
1545
2017
0115
0705
1605
2030
7 Nov.
7 Nov.
8 Nov.
8 Nov.
9 Nov.
- Date
7 Nov.
7 Nov.
8 Nov.
8 Nov.
8 Nov.
8 Nov.
9
2
14
11
D
Seabed
Station
9
17
8
2
14
11
3631-3640
3671-3680
3621-3630
3661-3670
3601-3620
3641-3660
3681-3690
3691-3700
3751-3760
3701-3710
3741-3750
3761-3770
Table
20
20
50
20
30
3(b)
38ฐ18.7'
38ฐ12.6'
38ฐ29.5'
38ฐ45.5'
38ฐ28.4'
74ฐ31.6'
74ฐ29.T
73ฐ58.0'
73ฐ58.0'
74ฐ17.4'
Drifter Releases, Operation "Fetch"
1973
Numbers
1400-1424
1375-1399
1525-1549
1374
1450-1473
1500-1524
1425-1449
1550-1573
1474-T499
Total
25
25
25
50
49
25
Latitude, N.
38ฐ18.7'
38ฐ12.6'
38ฐ20.4'
38ฐ21.8'
38ฐ29.5'
38ฐ45.5'
Longitude, W.
74ฐ31.6'
74ฐ29.1'
74ฐ19.2'
74ฐ13.T
73ฐ58.0'
73ฐ58.0'
16
-------
CO
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CD
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"0^2:
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17
-------
B. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
Bottom water samples for analysis for nutrients were collected
with a 10-liter PVC Van Dorn bottle, placed in polyethylene containers,
frozen in dry ice and maintained in the frozen state until analysis at
the Annapolis Field Office, EPA.
Nitrate plus nitrite nitrogen was determined by using the Technicon
"Autoanalyzer". This procedure utilizes cadmium reduction of nitrate
to nitrite and subsequent diazotization with sulfanilamide and N-(l-
naphthyl)-ethylenediamine dihydrochloride with the optical density
measured at 540 my. The results were reported as nitrogen (Strickland
and Parsons, 1968).
Distribution patterns indicate elevated concentrations of nitrate
plus nitrite in bottom waters at Stations 1, 2, 5, 11, and F, indicating
deposition of materials from the municipal sludge activities southeast-
ward of the release zones. This sustains the observations that metals
were similarly transported and deposited. Concentrations were greater
at these stations, compared with other stations observed on the fall
cruise, and the concentrations at the specified stations were greater
than observed on the spring "Quicksilver" cruise at the same sites.
Total Kjeldahl nitrogen includes ammonia and organic nitrogen and
was determined by the standard micro-Kjeldahl procedure. The sample
was digested in the presence of strong acid to convert the organic
nitrogen to ammonia. The ammonia was then distilled, collected in boric
acid solution, nesslerized, and determined colorimetrically. The values
found generally agree with those reported in other coastal waters
18
-------
(Duursma, 1965), and with the previous cruise (Palmer and Lear, 1973),
but may be greater at Station 1, 8, B, and E.
Total phosphorus was determined after persulfate oxidation of
the sample in an autoclave at 15 psi for 30 minutes. The resultant
orthophosphate was then determined colorimetrically as the molydenum-
blue complex with optical density measured at 882 my. Orthophosphate
was determined on a Technicon "Autoanalyzer" (Menzel and Corwin, 1965;
Murphy and Riley, 1962).
The concentrations found are in agreement with other observations
reported by Kester and Courant and in the spring cruise (Palmer and
Lear, 1973), with the expected seasonal variation.
19
-------
Table 5
Water Quality Parameters
Station Date
F 11-5-73
E
E
9 11-7-73
1 11-8-73
8
5
2
14
11
D 11-9-73
C
C
B
A
Time
2230
1645
1536
2230
0115
0350
0705
1605
2030
1355
0239
0930
0620
Sample
Depth
(meters)
63.7
22.1
44.2
36.6
47.2
38.1
44.2
44.2
50.3
46.6
39.6
48.8
48.8
44.2
38.1
Total P
PO*
mg/T
.085
.028
.035
.050
.083
.025
.087
.081
.072
.086
.045
.056
.067
.022
.059
Inorganic
PC*
mg/T
.077
.023
.016
.040
.076
.008
.075
.081
.057
<.001
.035
.047
.049
.007
.039
TKN
mg/1
.011
.265
.197
.079
.248
.299
.192
<.01
.118
.152
.163
.011
.085
.462
,011
N02+N03
mg/1
205
.060
.025
.110
.230
.025
.240
.230
.190
.230
.075
.120
.120
.035
.095
20
-------
C. BIOLOGY
1. Phytoplankton
There are two major phytoplankton regimes found in this typical
mid-temperate shelf area. The spring-summer regime is primarily a
dinoflagellate community, developing during the presence of a well
defined thermocline and exhibiting lower diversity and larger standing
crop of phytoplankton. This regime was typified by the May, 1973,
"Quicksilver" cruise.
The phytoplankton samples taken on the "Fetch" cruise, November,
1973, was indicative of the fall-winter regime. These samples were
composed primarily of diatoms. There was a larger diversity of species
and appeared to be a reduced phytoplankton volume at many stations.
Several dinoflagellate species were found in each sample, but at greatly
reduced standing crops. At all stations the thermocline was relatively
poorly defined.
The phytoplankton was dominated by several diatoms and one genus
of filamentous blue-green alga. Diatoms, Rhizosolenia alata, Chaetoceros
spp., Skeletonema spp., Nitzschia spp., and Stephanopyxis sp. were found
at all stations in abundance. The filamentous marine blue-green alga,
Trichodesmium sp. was found at all stations and was the dominant phyto-
plankter at Stations E and 11.
In summary, the phytoplankton in this area, at this time of year,
seemed to be as expected from previously published work by Mulford (1971)
and University of Delaware, College of Marine Studies (1972). It was
a healthy,diverse,diatom dominated community.
21
-------
Table 6
Phytoplankton Observations, Operation "Fetch"
Stations
1 E* 2 11 9* 17
Diatoms:
:! i n '] o^ter i urn
Nitzschia lonqissima
Nitzschia seriata
Nitzschia spp.
PI eurosi qma sp.
Rhizosolenia alata
Rhizosolenia sp.
Skeletonema spp.
Stephanopyxis spp.
Thalassionema nitzschioides
Thalassiosira spp.
x occurrence
1-8 indicates most abundant species
* 1 iqht sanple
22
14
X
X
X
4
-
X
X
X
5
X
X
X
-
1
-
5
7
6
8
X
X
-
x 2
-
X X
X
~ Y
4 5
x x
x 3
X
-
5 1
x
x 7
" Y
6
4
x
-
-
X
X
-
-
X
2
X
-
6
-
7
-
3
x
X
_
X
X
-
6
-
X
-
X
1
X
-
3
-
2
-
5
x
x
_
X
X
-
4
-
-
-
X
X
X
7
X
-
1
-
3
5
x
8
x
6
-
2
-
-
x
-
X
X
4
X
X
3
X
1
8
x
5
-
-
2
x
x
-
-
X
-
8
x
-
1
-
3
7
x
x
-------
Table 6 (continued)
Dinoflagellates:
Ceratium be!one
Ceratium fusus
Ceratium 1ineatum
Ceratium longipes
Ceratium macroceros
Peridinium spp.
Filamentous Blue-Green:
Trichodesmium sp.
1 E*
Stations
11 9* 17
X
X
X
2
3
X
X
X
X
~
-
8
5
4
~ * ~
- - x
6 x
4 - x
- - x
X
5
6
x
x occurrence
1-8 indicates most abundant species
* light sample
23
-------
2. Metals in Zooplankton
Zooplankton tows were made for 15 minutes with 0.5 x 0.5 meter nets
with 202n mesh aperature. Collections from the net were placed in "whirl-
Pak" polyethylene bags, quick frozen on dry ice and maintained frozen until
laboratory analysis. Analytical procedures were the same as for sediments.
Results are shown in Table 7.
A comparison can be made between the spring and fall cruises to this
area. The variability of results seemed to be the most striking feature;
however there is a suggestion that mercury, nickel and manganese concentra-
tions may be greater in the fall cruise. No consistent ratios of either
elements or of geographical differences could be found.
Vaccaro et al, (1972) found higher concentrations of metals in
Zooplankton at the acid waste dumpgrounds on the New York Bight, but such
differences were not evident with the amount of data available from this
cruise.
24
-------
Table 7
Metals in Zooplankton
Station
1
2
14
17
Cd Cr
1.0 4.1
0.7 1.4
1.2 5.9
2.1 5.2
Operation "Fetch"
November 1973
mg/kg wet weight
Cu Pb Zn
6.5 14.6 60.4
4.2 4.3 27.0
17.8 41.6 111.8
12.0 11.6 84.9
Mn Ni Fe
14.6 9.4 105.6
7.7 4.4 66.3
13.9 4.5 256.2
11.0 10.8 178.6
Hg
0.40
0.30
0.16
0.18
Operation "Quicksilver"
May 1973
0.4 3.4 <1.0 <1.0 39.2 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.10
14 2.8 5.8 <1.0 <1.0 61.0 <1.0 <1.0 26.4 <0.10
9 0.3 35.0 8.1 182.4 117.4 5.5 <1.0 807.9 0.10
25
-------
II. BENTHIC INVESTIGATIONS
A. BATHYMETRY
Bathymetric configurations of the municipal sewage sludge dumpsite
were described by a previous cruise (Palmer and Lear, 1973), with an
account of previous surveys in the area. The typical bottom terrain is
dominated by relatively small basin-like depressions. In the time allo-
cated for the present cruise, bathymetric survey time was impracticable.
In addition, the sea state was generally rough, making resolution diffi-
cult, consequently no systematic observations were made.
26
-------
B. SEDIMENTS
1. Size Distribution of Sediments
Sediments in the areas of investigation were primarily sands,
with very little finer materials. The properties have been described
previously from the spring cruise, Operation "Quicksilver" (Palmer and
Lear, 1973).
Sediment size analyses, done by Dr. H. D. Palmer, Westinghouse
Ocean Research Laboratory, are shown in Table 8. Very similar proper-
ties were shown on both cruises, indicating the sandy composition of
the substrate, and the variation in sorting reflecting the minor
ridges and basins characteristic of the bottom configuration. No major
changes in substrate quality were noted, by visual observation or
collection, nor by size categories, between spring and fall.
27
-------
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28
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les (Inman, 1952).
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29
-------
2. Metals in Sediments
The non-biodegradable metal contents of wastes offer a convenient,
and possibly sensitive, tag for the fate of ocean disposed materials.
Typical analyses of materials transported to the ocean dumpsites
are shown in Table 9.
Sediment samples were taken using a Shipek sampler. The sediment
samples were well-mixed in their containers and a portion removed and
spread to air-dry at room temperature for 48 hours. The samples were
again mixed and pulverized to separate the sand grains and expose
surface areas. At this time any large rocks and pebbles were removed.
The samples were allowed to further air-dry for another 48 hours.
A known weight (5.0000 gm) of dry sediment was put in a 125 ml
glass-stoppered flask. Small amounts of de-ionized distilled water
were used to aid in the transfer. The addition of 25 ml cone. HN03
provided a digestion solution of 50-75 ml. This solution was heated
at 48-50ฐC (Carpenter, 1970) for 4-6 hours in a shaking hot water bath.
After digestion the samples were cooled and filtered through a .45
micron millipore filter and the volume adjusted to 100 ml. Blank
solutions were run throughout the same disgestion procedure (APHA, 1971,
Fuller, 1969).
The filtered acid extracts were analyzed for Pb, Zn, Mn, Ni, Cu,
and Fe using a Varian Techtron AA-6 atomic absorption spectrophotometer
equipped with a standard pre-mix burner. Air-acetylene was used for
all flame techniques. Cd and Cr were analysed using a Perkin and
Elmer 303 atomic absorption spectrophotometer equipped with a graphite
30
-------
Table 9
Analyses of Barged Waste Materials
pH
Acidity
Cl
N03
Total P
Total solids
Total volatile solids
Total suspended solids
Total dissolved solids
Total settleable solids
F
CN
Sulfide
Sulfate
Oil & Grease
Spec. Cond.
Turbidity
As
BOD - 5 day
COD
TOC
NH3
Kjeldahl N
Organic N
Phenols
Ag
Al
B
Ba
du Pont
Industrial
Acid Wastes
mg/1
<0.01
206,017
10,034
1.41
2.15
255,679
113,931
1,663
254,016
0.5 ml/1
<1.0
7.8
5.6
65,549
45.5
225,000 ymhos/cm
32
0.15
115
7,585
615
11.0
14.6
3.6
0.12
0.30
860
90
<0.5
City of
Philadelphia
Sludge
mg/l
0.16
3,600
139,000
510,000
193,400
26
209,600
5,600
31
-------
Table 9 (Continued)
Analyses of Barged Waste Materials
Be
Ca
Cd
Co
Cr
Cu
Fe
Hg
K
Mg
Mn
Mo
Na
Ni
Pb
Sb
Se
Sn
Ti
V
Zn
Total hardness
Endrin
Heptachlor
Heptachlor epoxide
DDT, mixed isomers
Lindane
du Pont
Industrial
Acid Wastes
mg/1
-0.2
39
0.5
8.7
51
12
42 ,083
< 0.002
32
198
1,060
3
170
9.13
12
17
<- 0.013
47
2,222
137
26
912
City of
Philadelphia
Sludge
mg/1
24
30
1,730
1,630
22 ,400
87
1,730
106
2,330
170
37
5,810
13.7
3.6
32.50
44.80
1.14
ugm/1
u
n
it
ii
32
-------
atomizer attachment which provided greater stability and sensitivity
for these elements. Standard operating parameters are shown in
Tables 10 and 11.
Mercury was analyzed using an automated flame!ess atomic absorption
technique (Goulden and Afghan, 1970; Finger, 1970; Southeast Water
Laboratory, 1972). All sediment results were expressed as mg/kg dry
weight.
33
-------
Table 10
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
Flame Operating Parameters
letal
Cu
Pb
Zn
Mn
Ni
Fe
Wavelength
324.7
217.0
213.9
279.5
232.0
248.3
Lamp Current
5
4
5
10
12.5
15
Spectral
Band Pass
.2
1.0
.2
.2
.2
.2
Table 11
Furnace Operating Parameters
letal
Cd
Cr
Wavelength
228.8
357.9
Lamp Current
8
25
Spectral
Band Pass
7A
2A
34
-------
The high loadings of iron in the acid and municipal sludge wastes
offer a potential tool in determining loci of deposition in bottom
sediments. While localized concentrations of iron floes may occur in
the small depressions on the sites (Palmer and Lear, 1973; Meyers, 1973)
possible larger scale distribution was the objective of the study design
of Operation "Fetch". Table 12 shows the qualitative texture of the
sediments and concentrations of selected metals in the sediments. The
trend for all of the detectable metals to be concurrently high or low
is suggested in this table. Figure 8 shows distribution of iron in the
sediments. These distributions would suggest iron deposition is occurring
at all locations in the boundaries and north of the acid waste site, with
greatest concentrations southeast of the release areas. Similarly, on
the municipal sludge site, irons are found in the greatest concentra-
tions southeast of the indicated release zones, which are in the northeast
quadrant of the site.
Station C, as indicated by the data in Table 12, was highest in Fe,
Mn, Cr, Hg, Zn, Cu, and second highest in Pb. Similarly, Station 5
was high in Fe, Mn, Cr, Pb, Zn, and Ni. These elevated concentrations
at these sites would augment the suspicion that materials are settling
a few kilometers to the southeast of the indicated release zones. More
data, and replicate sampling and analyses are needed to confirm this
supposition.
Comparison of metals concentrations found from this cruise with
those of the spring cruise (Palmer and Lear, 1973) indicate cadmium,
manganese, nickel, zinc, copper, and chromium levels are approximately
the same, while levels of mercury and lead may be slightly elevated.
35
-------
DISTRIBUTION OF Fe (Mg/Kg) IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION FETCH
-36
FIGURE - 8
-------
The relationships of metals in sediments are shown in Figures
9, 10, 11, and 12. Zinc, manganese, chromium,and lead
concentrations are shown plotted against iron concentrations. These
relationships were tested with regression analysis, and relationships
statistically significant at P 0.01 were found for iron and manganese,
iron and zinc, iron and chromium, while the iron and lead relationship
fell just short of significance.
Since these relationships were derived from both "control" areas
and presumably affected areas, it can be postulated that occurrence
of these metals represents (1) natural fluctuations of these elements,
with little or no burden by dumping detectable; (2) proportional
additions of these metals; (3) possible coprecipitation of these
materials with iron as the scavenger; (4) or possibly combinations
of these forces. Concentrations of metals as a function of sediment
particle size were not examined, due to the paucity of the size
analysis data.
The higher concentrations near active dumping areas indicate
dumping activities are detectable, and the other postulated factors
are also active. If such relationships can be verified by further
examination of continental shelf environments, deviations from such
regressions may be a useful tool in evaluating accumulations of specific
metals.
37
-------
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REGRESSION OF Pb & Fe IN SEDIMENTS
o>
7000-
6000-
5000-
4000-
3000-
2000-
1000-
7000-
6000-
5000-
*P 4000-
^
a> 3000-
u.
2000-
1000-
0
b= 361.78
t = 2.00 lOd.f.
4567
Pb Mg/Kg
8
10
REGRESSION OF Cr & Fe IN SEDIMENTS
b= 1140.77
t=5. 19** lOd.f.
\ i
5 6
Cr Mg/Kg
39
\
7
8
10
FIGURES-9, 10
-------
cr>
2
7000-
6000-
5000-
4000-
3000-
2000-
1000-
0-
0
7000-
6000-
5000-
4000-
o>
2
o> 3000-
u_
2000-
I 000-
0
REGRESSION OF Mn & Fe IN SEDIMENTS
b= 85.92
lOd.f.
20 30
40 50 60
Mn Mg/Kg
i
70
80 90 100
10
REGRESSION OF Zn & Fe IN SEDIMENTS
b= 452.96
lOd.f.
\
2
5 6
Zn Mg/Kg
40
i
7
i
8
i
10
FIGURES-II, 12
-------
3. Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Sediments
Sediment samples taken with a Shipek bottom sampler were placed
in specially washed bottles for delivery to the EPA laboratory at
Annapolis for analysis. Samples were processed by:
1. Air drying, ground in mortar and passed through 1 mm seiving;
2. Approximately 80 gm dried sample were extracted for 7 hours
in Soxlet apparatus with 2:1 hexane acetone;
3. The extract was concentrated to approximately 2 ml in a
Kuderna-Danish evaporator;
4. Condensed sample was passed through a Florisil column (6%,
15%, 50% ethyl ether in hexane) followed by concentration to less
than 1 ml; and
5. Quality and quantity were determined by electron capture
gas chromatography.
Results are shown in Table 13.
No geographical patterns were evident in the distribution of
organohalogens. The levels are generally low, and approximately
similar at dumpsite stations as at control stations removed from
loci of dumping activity. Comparison with levels of the spring
cruise (Palmer and Lear, 1973) indicate no appreciable accumulations
over the time interval.
41
-------
Table 13
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons in Sediments
Concentration (ppb)
Sample
Number
730811-2404
7305 E-2404
7309 A-2404
730609-2404
730702-2404
730708-2404
730814-2404
730705-2404
730801-2404
730617-2404
7309 C-2404
Station
11
E
A
9
2
8
14
5
1
17
C
Aroclor 1254
3.1
1.7
3.5
1.7
ND
0.4
ND
2.1
9.1
0.9
5.0
High S
Aroclor 1242 P.R'DDE Content
1.9
0.8
0.3 0.6 +
5.6 +
ND
0.5
2.5
1.4
5.8 0.5 +
5.2
6.1
42
-------
C. BIOTA
1. Infauna
Purpose
The purpose of this report is several fold: 1) to
describe the benthic invertebrates of an interim ocean
dump site, 2) to compare data on the benthic invertebrates
collected prior to dumping and after dumping, 3) to offer
a preliminary assessment of the effect of dumping on benthic
invertebrates.
Previous Work
Previous research in benthic ecology encompassing the
area from southern New Jersey to the northern part of the
Delmarva Peninsula was summarized in a report, on the proba-
ble effects of a deep water oil terminal (Maurer and Wang,
1973). This report included research conducted three miles
east of Great Bay, New Jersey (Raney. et al., 1972), Cape
Henlopen near the mouth of Delaware Bay (Maurer, et al.,
1974), the former Philadelphia dump site 14 miles south-
east OL the mouth of Delaware Bay (Maurer. unpublished
data), and an acicl dump site approximately 38 nautical miles
s.juthc-ibt of Cape Han"! open (DuPont, et r.l., 1972).
E-rseurch at tr.-%> Me-v Jers3vr site is r. till in progress,
but a preliminary checklist oi invertebrates was presented
in Raney. et n 1 . 1,1972). Lu general, tn'1 ป. su'iia consisted
mr'inly of .-^u.-spension feeders (surl c i'n, hay sea ) lop) nnd
43
-------
epifaunal (rock barnacle, hydroids) , and vagile (lady crab,
blue crab) species commonly associated with a clean sand
bottom and/or a hard substrate.
Near the mouth of Delaware Bay, 115 species were
collected (Leathern, et al., 1973; Maurer, et al., 1974 a).
The bivalves, Nucula proxima and Tellina agilis, were the
dominant species throughout the area and represented mud
(< 0.063 mm) and sand (;? 0.063 - 0.50 mm) bottom communities,
respectively. These communities contained a greater number
of deposit feeders than the New Jersey situation (Raney, et
al., 1972), but this varied with the amount of fine sedi-
ment present.
Research was conducted by Davey (1972) and \Vatling,
et al. (1974 a) at the former Philadelphia dump site, ap-
proximately 14 miles southeast of Delaware Bay. The latter
study revealed a diverse and interesting mixture of epifaunal
and infaunal species. Depending on sediment type, and to
some extent water depth, the fauna was dominated by infaunal
deposit feeders, Nucula proxima, Yoldia lima tula ,
agilis ; infaunal suspension feeders, Ensis directus , Arctica
island ica ; and a variety of epifaunal species, Obeiia lungis-
sJ-'i. S ji'tuj ar la ir.2,en i"-n . v.lccfra has--, tin^-sae , ฐ i'* . Ti.jc^e
2
nurrjer^ (o5, 750 - I ';'Z , 380, ':n ) of Nucula ;'rpxima v/ere .found
in organic mads. 1 V:'n though N. proxima is jiornally a deposit
fcjccl&v associated \vith silcy j.-aria rnd oi^anic ;;iuds, the Iurg9
numbers of bivalves ;',re su.';^ ?.T tivc-; oi .1:1 onr:ctic\] environment.
44
-------
At an acid waste dump site, approximately 10 miles
north of the interim dump site, research is still in progress,
but a preliminary description of benthos is contained in
DuPont, et al. (1972). The general character of the stations
was considered similar. Stations were dominated by number
by the sand dollar, Echinarachnius parma, the sand shrimp,
Crangon septemspinosa, and by a small ascidean, Bostricho-
branchus pilularis. Other common invertebrates were the
sea stars, Asterias forbesi and A. vulgaris; bivalves, Cardita
borealis and Arctica islandica; rock crab, Cancer irroratus;
and the hermit crab, Pagurus annulipes.
A preliminary report of benthic invertebrates at the
interim dump site prior (Operation Quicksilver-QK) to dump-
ing was prepared by Maurer, et al. (1973) in Palmer and Lear
(1973). The most significant conclusion was that based on
the benthos, the site appeared unpolluted.
45
-------
Methods
Forty-one samples distributed among 17 stations were
collected from the dump site (N 74ฐ 20' - 74ฐ 10' and W 38ฐ
25' - 38ฐ 20') and the surrounding area during Operation
Fetch (FE). The vesse] track for the cruise was outlined in
the cruise plan prepared by the EPA Annapolis office. Col-
2
lections were made with a shipek grab (0.04 m ) from Novem-
ber 5-10, 1973, aboard the R.V. Annandale. Samples were
preserved in 10% buffered formalin.
In the laboratory the entire sample was picked and
sorted into four groups: annelids, arthropods, molluscs,
and miscellaneous phyla. Specimens were then identified
under microscope to species whenever possible and counted.
Identifications were based on local reference collections
confirmed by taxonomic specialists (amphipods, isopods, hy-
droids) or on reference collections (polychaetes) from the
U.S. National Museum. Sources for taxonomic literature can
be found in Watling; and Maurer (1972 a, b), Maurer and Watlin^
(1973 a, b) , fading and Maurer (197.? a, b) , Maurer, et al .
(1974 h) . V/atling. et al. (197
-------
data from those stations sampled during both collecting
periods were compared. These were stations 1, 2, 5, 8,
9, 11, 14, and 17. New stations (A-H) and stations (13),
not sampled after dumping, precluded comparison. However,
these data will be included in a paper at a later date.
Hereafter, the pre-dumping phase will be termed Quicksilver-
QK (Palmer and Lear, 1973), and the post-dumping phase Fetch-
FE (EPA Cruise Plan).
47
-------
Results
Species List
A list of species collected during Quicksilver and
Fetch is included in Table 14. Approximately 118 species
were identified during Quicksilver. Molluscs represented
33% (39) of the species. Among the molluscs, gastropods
comprised 14 species (36%) and pelecypods 25 species (64%).
Molluscs were followed closely by annelids with 32.1% (38)
of the fauna. Arthropods comprised 22.1% (26), ectoprocts
5.1% (6), and the remaining phyla (Cnidaria, Rhynchocoela,
Echinodermata, Urochordata) contained 7.7% (9) of the species
Approximately 133 species were identified during Fetch.
Annelids, including species of oligochaetes, archiannelids,
and polychaetes, contained 53.5% of the fauna. In terms of
number of species, the polychaetes were highest with 68 of
71 species of anr.elids. Molluscan species represented 22.5%
of the fauna wirh 11 (36.6%) species of gastropods and 19
(63.4%) species of pelecypods. The majority of molluscan
species from Quicksilver and Fetch were identified from
valves (Table 14). Arthropods comprised 12.7% (17) of all
species, ectoprocts 3% (4), and miscellaneous (Protozoa,
Cnidaria, Rhynchocoela, Entoprocta, Echinodermata) contained
8.5% (10).
48
-------
Table 14
Species List of Benthic Invertebrates
from Operation Quicksilver (QK) and Operation Fetch (FE)
Phylum Protozoa
Class Sarcodina
Order Forarainifera
Family Astrorhizidae
(FE) Astrorhiza sp.
Family Miliolidae
(FE) Miliolidae sp.
Class Ciliophora
Order Heterotricha
Family Follicul inidae
(FE) FgJLliculina sjlmplex Dons
Phylum Cnidaria
Class Hydrozoa
Order Hydroida
Family Bougainvilliidae
(FE) Bougainvillia superciliaris Agassiz
Family Campanulariidae
(FE) Campanularia hincksi (Alder)
(QK) Campanularia neglecta (Alder)
Family Ser tulariidae
(QK, FE) Sertularia argentea (Linne)
Phylum Rhynchocoela
(QX. FE) re:nertean sp . 1
(QK) Xemertean sp . 2
Phylum Annelida
Class Oligocnaela
(QK, FE) 'Jligochaete sp.
Class Archiannelida
Family Polygordiidae
( FE ) Polygordius s p .
Class Polychaeta
Family Ajiphare Lidae
(FE) Asabellides sp.
Family Arabellidae
(FE) Driionereis sp. cf . D. nagna Webster and Benedict
Family Cirrat'u 1 i d a e
( FE ) Caul ler Lei la s p .
( FE ? Caui leriulla killarieasis ( S ou t ho r n )
( Q K ) Chae to z one s p .
(F.5) Chaetozone setosa Malragren
( Q K . FE ) CTrT-atuild ae"~sp .
(FE) Tharyx sp. c L' . T^ 'I^^J1^. W3bi:ter f.nd Honedict
(QX. FE) 'L'hj:u-_yx iqar j oni (Snint-.toseph)
_
( FE ; Tiiar ;/ฃฃ s p . c f 7 T_L ^Hio ii_i ( 3 a i n t - Jo s e p h )
(FE) Tharyx set igera Hartman
49
-------
Table 14 (continued)
(FE) Tharyx sp. cf. T_._ setigera Hartman
(FE) Tharyx sp.
Family Dorvilleidae
(QK, FE) Stauronereis rudolphi (Delle Chiaje)
(QK) Stauronereis sp.
Family Eunicidae
(QK) Marphysa bellii (Audouin and Milne-Edwards)
(QK) Eunice sp.
Family Flabelligeridae
(FE) Pherusa affinis (Leidy)
Family Glyceridae
(FE) Glycera capitata Oersted
(QK, FE) Glycera dibranchiata Ehlers
(FE) Glyceridae ?
Family Goniadidae
(QK, FE) Goniadella gracilis (Verrill)
Family Lumbrinereidac
(FE) Lumbrinereis latereilli (Audouin and Milne-Edwards)
(QK, FE) lumbrinereis acuta(Verrill)
(FE) luabrinereis coccInea (Renier)
(FE) : -nbrinereis iragilis (O.F. Muller)
(QK) l..nibrinereis sp.
Fa.Tizly Magelonidae
(FE) I-.; a.; el on a sp. cf . M ._ phyllisae Jones
Family Maldanidae
(QK, FE) ~:-nenella sp.
(QK, FE) -T./.-qenella torquata (Leidy)
(FE) .lymenella sp. cf. C. torquata (Leidy)
(FE) TLvinenella zonalis TVerrill)
(FE) aldanidae sp .
J-znz ly ]N3phtyidae
(OK) : ephtyidae sp.
(QK, FE"i ; era lys (Ag 1 aophamus) ci rcinata Verrill
(FE) .'-'e_ohtys sp. c:t. _N_._ incisa Malmgren
(QK, FZ) :-ephLys picta Ehlers
(FE) .'^ev)h tys sp. c f. N. picta Ehlers
(QK) Cera tocephale loveni (Malmgren)
(FE) Nereis ~sp .
(FE) ,Ner3is grayi Pettibone
Fr.;,iily Opheliidae
(FE) QijliliLi'1: dc:i tlcul at a Verriil
(FE) T c ^ v J.'." i a car ri e a V> r i' i 11
Fa in i 1 y 0 <' b i. n i i d ae
(FE) ^tlti^i'l P-''iLaLฃl: (Verrill )
(FE) Scol-.p'Lo.-rtfasilis (Verrill)
Fa,,' i 1 y Pr. i- aon i c! ae
(QK, ffi) A_^i ''ii:^ sr .
v()K, F^) Ar 'CL:. ?.i je f -'-'L'o
50
-------
Table 14 (continued)
(QK, FE) Aricidea wassi Pettibone
(FE) Paraonis lyra Southern
(QK, FE) Paraonis sp.
Family Phyllodocidae
(FE) Eteone ?
(QK) Eteone sp.
(QK) Eteone lactea (Claparede)
(QK) Eteone hetez'opoda (Hartman)
(QK) Eteone sp. cf, E^ heteropoda (Hartman)
(FE) Phyllodocidae sp.
(FE) PJiyllodoce mucosa Oersted
(QK) Phyllodoce (Anaifides) maculatus (Linne)
Family Polynoidae
(FE) Harmothoe imbricata (Linnaeus)
Family Sabellidae
(QK) Euchcme sp.
(FE) Potamilla neglecta (Say)
(QK) Saaella microphthalma (Verrill)
(QK) Sabellidae sp.
Family Scalibregmidae
(FE) Scalibregma inflatum Rathke
Family Sigaliondae
(FE) Neoleanira sp. cf. N. tetragona (Oersted)
(FE) Neoleanira tetragona (Oersted)
(QK, FE) Sigalion arenicola Verrill
(QK) Sthenelais limicola (Ehlers)
Family Spionidae
(QK) Spiophanes bombyx (Claparede)
(QK) Scolecolepides viridis (Verrill)
Fa.-ni ly Syllidae
(QK) ''ucoly tus cor nut us (Agassiz)
(FE) Lr-inia ?
(QK, FE) Zxogone yerugera (Claparede)
(QK, FE) }-' a r a p i o nos'yl l j s longicirrata (Webster and Benedict.)
(FE) S ph. a e r o s y 11 i s erinaceus Claparede
(FE) Sphaerosy j. 1 i s hystrix Claparede
(FE) ^ t r a p ฃ os y 111 s arenae Vvebster- and Benedict
(FE) S y 11 i'd_e s~ 1 o ngo c ฑ r r a t a Oersted
(FE) Syllls sp".
(QK) "Syllis sp. cf. _S_._ cornuta (Rathke)
(FE) Syllis cornuta Rathke
(FE) ^yJLLi^ gr_acilis (Grube)
Family Terebellidae
(OK) Ttn-ebellidae sp.
Phylum Mollusca
Class Scaphonuda
Sraii'iopud;! ^P.
Clasps Gastr-opoda
Subclass Prosobranchia
51
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Order Archaeogastropoda
Family Trochidae
(QK, FE) Margarites groenlandicus Gmelin
Family Vitrinellidae
(FE) Vitrinella sp. cf. V^_ helicoidea C.B. Adams
Order Mesogastropoda
Family Caecidae
(QK) Co eg urn cooperjl S. Smith
Family Calyptraeidae
(QK, FE) Crepidula iornicata (Linne)
(QK, FE) CrepiduTa plana (Say)
Family Capulidae
(FE) Capulus ?
Family Naticidae
(FE) Luna^tia heros Say
(QK) Natica sp.
(QK) Natica canrena Linne
(QK, FE) Polinices duplicatus (Say)
(QK) ?o Unices immacula tus^ Totten
Order Neogastropoda
F3.iji.Iy Buccinidae
(QK, FE) T 3lus pygmaea (Gould)
Fanily Melongenidae
(QK) Susycon canaliculatum (Linne)
Family Nassariidae
(QK) '-'-ssarius trivittatus (Say)
Fa-iiy Turridae
(QK) '.mgelia cerina (Kurtz and Stimpson)
Subclass -oisthobranchia
Order "Tecribranchia
J;.~i-v Acteonidae
(QK) i^iejlD: SP-
r-T_?y Pyraraidellidae
(QK. FE) Tv-rbonilj^a interrupta (Totten)
Family Retusiclae
(FE) Re LUS a c_analiculata (Say)
(FE) ?v3t:usji obtusa Montagu
Class Pelecypoda
Order Protobranchia
Family Nuculidae
FE) Ni'cula proxima (Say)
Oi'der Fill bra ru; hi a
r*'n"Ti]LlV A :1 C) .7] i i (i U.O
FE) Aiu^raia simplex Orbigny
F irniJ y Arridae
r ransvers a (S ? y)
ii'diila j > l : (M,
-
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Family Pectinidae
(QK, FE) Placopecten magellanicus Gmelin
Order Eulamellibranchia
Family Arcticidae
(QK, FE) Arc tic a ^slandica Linne
Family Astartidae
(FE) Astarte^ borealis Schumacher
(QK) Astarte castanea Say
(QK, FE) Astarje subequila cera Sowerby
(QK) Astarte undata (Gould)
Family Cardiidae
(QK, FE) Ceras toderma pinnulatum Conrad
(QK, FE) Trachycardium muricatum Linne
Family Carditidae
(QK, FE) Venericardia borealig (Conrad)
Family Corbulidae
(QK, FE) Corbula contracta (Say)
Family Luc in id ae
(QK) ?:iaco Ides f ilosus St imps on
lankly Lyons iidae
(FE) 1-onsia hya.1 ina (Conrad)
raanly Mactridae
(QK, FE) Spisula solidissima (Dillwyn)
Family Pandoridae
(QK) Pandora gouldiana (Ball)
(QK, FE) 7andora trilineata Say
Fi^iLy Seme Iidae
(QK) .-jrra. lioica Ball
(FE)
Fsnily Solenidae
(QK, FE) "r.sis directus (Conrad)
r?.-iLly Tellinidae
(QK, FE") T? 11 ina af;i_l_i._s. (St imps on)
F-nily Veneridae
(QK) D '-i si nia discus Reeve
(OK) Pi. tar riorrhuana (Linsley)
(OK) TraT-i"nella s timpsoa 1 Ball
Phylum Arthropoda
Class Crustacea
Subc 1 ass :,!a 1 a cos t r aca
Order Cumacea
F a :y> i 1 y D L a s t y 1 i d a e
(QK) Diast ylis sp.
Family Leuconidae
(QK) ^'^-''iLll? SP-
(FE) Eiidore Llopsia dof ormis (Kroyer)
Order 'i 'a iraidacea
Fa,n L I y r'.irai, -j naidae
r,'-.;p cocho'i ia sp .
53
-------
Table T4 (continued)
Family Tanaidae
(FE) Tanaissus lilljeborgi (Stebbing)
Order Isopoda
Suborder Anthuridea
Family Anthuridae
(FE) Ptilanthura tricarina Menzies and Frankenberg
Suborder Flabellifera
Family Cirolanidae
(QK) Cirolana coneharurn (Stimpson)
(QK, FE) Cirolana impressa (Harger)
(QK, FE) Cirolana polita (Stimpson)
Suborder Valvifera
Family Idoteidae
(QK) Chiridotea arenicola (Wigley)
(QK) Chiridotea stenops (Menzies and Frankenberg)
(QK) Edotea triloba (Say)
Order Amphipoda
Suborder Gammaridea
Family Ampeliscidae
(QK) --Ttoelisca vadorum (Mills)
(QK, FE) .-T.pelisca aequicTornis Bruzelius
(QK, FE) H---3lis serrata (Smith)
Family Calliophiidae
(QK) Agherusa gracilis (Holmes)
Fa-Tilly Corophiidae
(FE) Lee tocheirus pinguis (Stimpson)
(FE) "-'3 eud ounc i o1a obliouua (Shoemaker)
(QK) Si ptionoece fces" smithianus (Rathbun)
(QK) . 'Jnc iola dissimilis (Shoemaker)
(OK) L-ciola inermissTShoemaker)
(QK) I'r.ciola irrorata (Say)
Fznily riaustoriidae
(FE) .- lantiiohaustorius millsi Bo us lie Id
(QK.) '-'ro tohaus tori us deichmannae (Bous field)
CQK, FE) ?r o t o aa us tor i us wigTeyi (Bousfield)
Family Lyssianassidae
(OK. FE) "{ippomerlon serratus Ololmes) -
Family Phoxocephalidae
(QK) Paraphoxus spinosus (Holmes)
(OK. FE) Pi\oxocepha 1 us holbol_li (Kroyer)
(QK) Ti' i c h o ^ !i ox u s ep is torn us (Shoemaker)
family S Lcnotiioidae
Proholo JLd_es Iiolmesx (Bo as I ield)
Subordoi1 Cup re 11 idea
Fain LI y Cnprell Ldae
Aj^ginina louqicoi'nia (Kroyer)
OrTier Dt'C.apoJa
F <" r.i i 1} C < u i c r i d a e
Cancc1;; irrora bus Say
Ca_r'c^ej' _noฃฃ-1 ! i-s S1- ill P^on
54
-------
Table 14 (continued)
Phylum Ectoprocta
Class Gymnolaemata
Order Ctenostomata
Family Alcyonidiidae
(QK) Alcyonidium polyoum (Hassall)
Family Flustrellidae
(QK) Flustrellidra hispida (Fabricius)
Family Vesiculariidae
(FE) Bowerbankia sp. cf. B. gracilis Leidy
Order Cheilostomata
Suborder Anasca
Family Alderinidae
(QK, FE) Callopora sp.
Family Scrupariidae
(QK) Scruparia chelata (Linne)
Suborder Ascophora
Family Microporellidae
(QK, FE) Microporella ciliata (Pallas)
Family Schizoporellidae
(FE) 5 ^hizoporella errata (Watess)
Family Smittinidae
Parasmittina sp.
Phylum Entoprocta
Family Pedicellinidae
(FE) S.irentsia sp.
Phylum Echinocermata
Class Echinoidea
Family Arbaciidae
(QK, FE) Arbacia punc tulata (Lamarck)
Family Echinarachnidae
(QK, FE) richinarachnius parma (Lamarck)
Class Ophiuroidea
(QX, FE) Opuiuroid sp.
Phylum Chordata
Subphylum Urociiorduui
Class Ascidiacea
(QK) Ascidian sp.
55
-------
Comparison of Species Rank, Number, and Cumulative Percent
of Benthic Invertebrates from Quicksilver and Fetch
Species from both sampling periods were ranked according
to number of individuals (Tables 15 and!6). In addition, the
percent of fauna by number, the cumulative percent of fauna,
the number of occurrences per species, and the percent of
occurrences were included in the same tables. Comparison
of these tables revealed the following trends.
The top ten species of Quicksilver comprised approxi-
mately 81% of the fauna whereas the top 17 species of Fetch
represented about 81% of the fauna (Tables 15 andlG). The
top two species of Quicksilver contained about 47% of the
fauna while a similar percent was represented by the top
five species of Fetch. Dominance was more widely distributed
in species from Fetch than Quicksilver. The total number
of individuals collected in Quicksilver and Fetch was 1, 121
and 1,664, respectively. The addition of meiofauna, to be
described later, would double the abundance for Fetch (Table
In Quicksilver, two polychaetes, Goniadella gracilis
and Lu/abrinereis acuta, and the amphipod, Trichophoxus epistomus,
were the dominant (number) species (Table 15). These poly-
chaetes were identified as Progoniada regularis and Lumbrinereis
paradoxa in an earlier report in Rlaurer, et nl. (1973) (Palmer
and Lear, 1973). Since then, these species were reexanined
at our request by a polychaete specialist and identified as
Gon lade 11 a gracij/Ls and L u nib r ing r e i s a.ciu_a (K. Fnucl.nid, per-
sonal communication).
56
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63
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In Fetch, G. gracilis and L. acuta were ranked 1 and 8,
respectively (Table 16). Three species of polychaetes, the
syllids, Exogone verugera, Parapionsyllis longicirrata., and
the spionid, Spiophanes bombyx were also important as they
ranked 2, 3, and 5, respectively. The amphipods, Trichophoxus
epistomus and Byblis serrata, remained in the top ten. The
polychaete, Aricidea jeffreysii, shifted from 8 to 11. In
terms of species composition, the presence of the syllids
and the spionid represent the biggest changes in the top
ten or eleven species between Quicksilver and Fetch.
Life Stage
During the examination of species collected for Quick-
silver (March 1973), there was some evidence of reproductive
activity. Specimens of the syllid, Autolytus cornutus con-
tained chains oi female sexual buds. However, specimens
from Fetch showed additional indications of reproductive
aciivity or young if the year. Among specimens of the echino-
derm Arbacia nunc tulata about 98% were less than 5 mm in
diameter. This size would indicate setting within two to
six weeks oi' sampling (Kovember 5-10, 1973). Specimens oi'
syllids were collected in various stages of reproduction.
P-1 -'.>f iouc> >y ] 1 is li-.n.gicir ."ata and Exc^rrne verrL-gej^a conmonly
contained sexual enitokos with long swimming setae. Another
syllid identified as S crep tusyj-_l is ฃ^1521^ '-;ho\v^d the swollen
eyes and long setae characteristic of sexual epitokes. Ac:-
64
-------
cording to Pettibone (1963) sexual epitokes are unknown
for this species. The nephtyid, Nephtys picta and the gonia-
did, Goniadella gracj-lis, were collected as adults during
Quicksilver, but commonly as juveniles in Fetch. Finally,
approximately 75% of the ampeliscid amphipod, Byblis serrata,
contained developing young in brood pouches.
Meiof auna
Although this emphasized macroscopic benthic organisms,
specimens of the meiofauna (normally less than 0.5 mm) were
also collected. Because sampling techniques were not de-
signed to collect ihe meiofauna and their systematics are
locally poorly Known, only a few of easily recognizable
species were identified. However, for general information
purposes, some C7ni2ients can be made.
Specimens -. ~ calcareous and arenaceous Foraminifera
were recognized L~ Fetch samples. In the former group, the
Fa illy Miliolictae was represented by species of Quinqueloculina,
Tr iloculina, and :.!iliola . The genus, j^ponides in the Family
Roraliidae was also collected. ^strorhiza was the principle
representative ex arenaceous Foraminif era . None of the above
genera of Foraminifera were included in the species list
e JvC :> "> i ;''JlAl jlifla ( 1 ';' b I e 14)-
Speciiiiens of o^tracods, neinatodes , oligochaetes , and
fragments OL nemprteans were also collected. The oligochaetes
did not occur in high numbers and were not -widely distributed.
65
-------
In contrast, nemerteans and fragments of nemerteans were
abundant and occurred in a variety of samples (Tables 15 and
16).
The archiannelid tentatively identified as Polygordius
sp. deserves special mention. This species, a member of
the meiofauna, was the most abundant benthic invertebrate
collected for either sampling period. The total number was
3,901 individuals. When this meiofaunal organism was com-
pared with the macroscopic forms, it was ranked number one
and accounted for 70% of the fauna and occurred in 54% of
the samples (Table ]6). These figures were presented to
illustrate the dramatically different results which can be
obtained using neiofaunal organisms compared to macrofauna.
Fauna1 Diversity
The diverse of each sample (Tables 17 and 18 was de-
termined according to .Pager (1962). These values were pooled
and averaged for -\ single diversity value per station per
sampi.'.ng period. The station diversity values per sampling-
period were compared with the nonparametrie sign test (Table
19). Assumptions lor the sign test and its computation can
'of; found in Conover (1.971). The null hypothesis was that
for ^ rno-L-illed ITS'- diversity values of t'olci"1 wore sma ' I er
tiv;n or cquT.1 to diversity values of Quicksilver. Results
of the sign test indicate that the null hypothesis must be
rejected a.t a probability love! of .05 (Table 19). Thus, the
66
-------
25
diversity values for Fetch stations were significantly greater
than diversity values for Quicksilver. The occurrence of
benthic invertebrates for all samples examined during Quick-
silver and Fetch were included in Tables 20-through 28 and
29 throunh 36.
67
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70
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Table 19
Sign Test for Comparison of
Faunal Diversity for Comparable Stations of
Operation Quicksilver and Operation Fetch
Station Quicksilver Fetch Sign
Diversity * Diversity *
1
2
5
8
9
11
14
17
.540
.604
.558
.571
.689
.368
.594
.635
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.561
.632
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.592
.699
.648
Null hypotnesis rejected at o< = .05.
* Diversirr values were computed from pooled
replicate samples.
71
-------
Discussion
Species List and Comparison of Abundance
One parameter commonly used as an indicator of marine
pollution is a shift in species composition (Sindermann,
1972). This may involve deletion or introduction of a key
species or a decrease or increase in abundance. In the
present case, there has been very little shift in key
species composition or change in abundance that cannot be
explained by natural processes. Moreover, the difference
in total species and total numbers between Quicksilver (118,
1121) and Fetch (133, 1664), exclusive of meiofauna, (Tables
15 and 16 can be explained in several ways. One is an arti-
fact of taxonomic methodology, the second is based on season-
ality.
Examination of Tables 15 and 16 shows that the number of
polychaete species has almost doubled in Fetch. In part,
this is due to the common practice of using the taxonomic
notation sp. and cf. (compares favorably) to indicate some
doubt as to the reliability of the identification. Sometimes
an organism may have been damaged in collection, lost key
morphological lectures in preservation, or JLS :i n a .juvenile
stage with only general diagnostic features. Under such
circumstances identifications can be difficult and so quali-
fications such as cf. or sp. are placed on the identification.
As ii result, the apparent number oi species can be increased
72
-------
very rapidly, when in fact some of the organisms are really
poorly preserved specimens of species already identified.
The second reason for an increased number of species
and greater number of individuals in Fetch is biological
and is considerably more important than taxonomic reasons.
Since there were only two collecting dates (March and early
November), seasonality cannot be invoked unequivocally to
explain the differences. However, the juvenile sizes, sexual
stages, and egg-bearing mode among adult-size invertebrates
from Fetch strongly indicated recent and ongoing recruitment.
This contrasted with the adult size and general lack of re-
productive stages among Quicksilver adults. Samples from
Quicksilver primarily represented adult populations with a
shift to smaller size classes corresponding to recruitment
prior to and during Operation Fetch.
Other data "anich supported this seasonal explanation
was the presence of large numbers of the archiannelid, Poly-
gordius. The seasonal nature of members of the meiofauna
has been discussed (Mclntyre, 1969) The settlement of
Poly2.ordius between sampling periods was consistent with
annual recrui tiTien c by some members of the macrofnuna.
Fa una 1 Diversity
Diversity is a complex biological concept which can be
useful in pollution studies v/hen applied with otner data.
Shift.-; in diversity ruive commonly .seen used to indicate the
73
-------
response of communities to changing environments. Increased
diversity has been interpreted as an improved environment,
decreased diversity as a reduction in environmental quality.
However, diversity applied without supporting data to pol-
lution studies can be misleading. A discussion of diversity
is beyond the scope of this report; however, we urge caution
in blindly following the direction of diversity indices.
For example, in this study there was a statistically
significant increase in diversity between sampling periods
(Table 19). Based on diversity alone one might conclude
that dumping in the study area significantly improved the
environment. We do not subscribe to this point of view.
Rather we submit that the increase in diversity was primarily
caused by natural seasonal recruitment and, to a considerably
lesser extent, taxonomic artifacts. We would discourage the
use of the increased diversity values computed here as an
indication of an improved environment.
General Statement
The benthic invertebrate fauna recorded for Quicksilver
and Fetch was characteristic of many areas in the shallow
continental she]f aria north of the Delmarva Peninsula through
Nantucket (Pratt, 1973). In general, these faunas were con-
sidered indicative of unpolluted oceanic waters. The main
exception would be the New York Bight (Pararas-Carayannis,
197:;).
74
-------
In the area under study, it would be highly unlikely
that the interim dumping to date would cause immediate lethal
effects to the benthos. The particulate nature of the dis-
posal waste, the short duration of dumping time, the disper-
sion of the waste, and relatively small volume of waste com-
pared to annual rates in the New York Bight would support
this opinion. What may be more insidious are long range
chronic effects related to other activities. Palmer and
Lear (1973) presented data which indicated accumulation of
copper and iron in invertebrates from the study area. They
tentatively suggested there may be some leaching from the
acid waste dump site 10 miles north of the interim dump site.
Palmer and Lear were reluctant to make stronger statements
pending further study. In view of the fact that the general
direction of the surface current moves south from the acid
dump site, the inrerim dump site would be down current.
Whether this is part of a trace metal sink remains unknown
for now.
Regardless cf the source of the trace metals, many
invertebrates are known to accumulate high concentrations
without obvious adverse effects to themselves (Kopfler and
Mayer. 1973). However, this response primarily holds for
adults because embryonic and larval development may be very
sensitive and adversely affected by trace metals (Calabrese,
C51 a 1. , 1973). Indeed chronic effects on long term biologi-
cal processes (reproduction, growth, incidence of disease)
75
-------
are poorly known even among adults. It would seem that
small scale, detailed studies of chronic effects on larvae
of benthic invertebrates, holoplanktors, and long-term bio-
logical processes on adults would be productive in resolving
this problem. Waste from both dump sites should be used.
76
-------
Summary
1. The number of macrobenthic species and individuals
from "Quicksilver" were 118 and 1,121, respectively.
2. The same categories for "Fetch" were 133 species and
1,664 individuals.
3. Inclusion of the meiobenthic archiannelid, Polygordius
to the "Fetch" total yielded another 3,901 individuals.
4. There were no major shifts of key species (Goniadella
gracilis, Lumbrinereis acuta, Trichophoxus epistomus) between
collecting periods.
5. The presence of many juvenile stages, sexual stages,
adults with eggs and brood pouches with developing young in
"Fetch" invertebrates strongly indicated seasonal recruitment
here.
6. Fauna! diversity increased significantly between
"Quicksilver" and "Fetch", but was attributable primarily to
seasonal recruitment and secondarily to artifacts of taxonomy.
7. Based on the benthic organisms alone no measurable
effect of pollution was determined.
8. Long term studies of chronic effects of sewage waste
disposal and acid waste disposal on larvae of benthic inverte-
brates, holoplankters and on biological processes (reproduction,
growth, incidence of disease) of adults were urged.
77
-------
Table 20
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 1
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
Polychaeta
Lumbrinereis acuta
Goniadella gracilis
Tharyx sp .
Ceratocephale loveni
Clymenella sp.
Paraonidae sp.
Chaetozone sp.
Aricidea jef freysii
Cirratulidae sp.
Asabellides sp.
Nephtys (Aglaophamus) circinata
Nephtyidae sp.
*
Mollusca
Spisula solidissima
Venericardia borealis
Placopecten magellanicus
Ceras toderma pinnuiatua
Astarte undata
Crepidula plana
Margarites groenlandicus
Acceon sp.
Ensis directus
Nucula proxima
Anomia 3 1.10 lex
Crepidula for:iicata
Transenella s cimpsoni
As tar te castanea
Tellina s^.
Nassarius trivittatus
Busycon canicuiatum
Anadara transversa
Crassostrea
virginica
Mytilus edulls
Trachycardiuiq rfiuricatum
Polinices duplicatus
C:rus tace i
1 5
- 17
1
1
3263
1 16 25 22
1
1
2
2
1
D
D
V
D
V
13 3
12 3
1
2
1
V
V
V
V
V
D
1
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
V
V
D
-
-
V
V
V
V
-
-
V
V
V
V
-
-
V
-
D
V
V
-
V
-
-
V
V
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
D
V
V
V
V
D
-
D
-
-
V
V
V
D
-
V
V
V
V
V
-
-
V
-
V
V
V
-
V
D
--
-
V
V
V
-
D
-
-
-
-
-
_
-
V
~
-
V
V
D
-
-
--
-
V
V
V
-
-
V
-
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
D
1 ' r o t o h a u s t ( > r i u s de
rrichophoxus epistomus
Clrolaqa coucharum
By b 1 is ser r a t a
6
5
2
1
3
1
2
9
1
1
8
78
-------
Table 20 (continued)
Species
Crustacea (continued)
Siphonoecetes smithianus
Chiridotea stenops
Cirolana polita
Hippomedon serratus
Unciola inermis
Phoxocephalus holbolli
Ampelisca aequicornis
Unciola irrorata
Others*
Echinarachnius parma
Obelia sp.
Microporella ciliata
Eudendrium dispar
Sertularia argentea
Ophiuroid sp.
Sample
01 02 03 04 05 06 07 08 09
1 3
P
P
2
1
1 1
1
1
1
2
P
1
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
79
-------
Table 21
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 2
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
11
12
13
14
15
Polychaeta
Nephtys (Aglaophamus) circinata
Clymenella sp.
Goniade_l_la gracilis
Nephtyidae sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
^
Mollusca
Cerastodernia pinnulatum
Mytilus edulis
Venericardia borealis
Phacoides filosus
Transenella stimpsoni
Astarte undata
Colus pygmaea
Arctica islandica
Polinices iromaculatus
Margaritas groenland-CMS
Ensis directus
iN'ucula proxiraa
cerina
Aszarte subequilater_
Nat i c a~c a n r e n a
Crustacea
Cirolana conenarum
Tri c ho p no xu5 epistones
Paraphoxus spinosus
.V;.ipelisci:!ae so.
Cumacea sp.
Cirolaua impi'es-sa
Protoha-qstorius deichinannae
C i v o 1 :i n a r> o 1 i t a
V
2
-
-
V
V
V
V
V
1
-
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
2
1
-
V
-
V
-
-
V
-
V
1
V
-
-
-
-
-
-
1
1
2
-
V
-
-
V
2
-
-
-
1
1
V
-
-
1
-
1
"
-
V
-
V
V
-
V
-
-
-
V
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
;t-iU-*'U-:v
panna
L sp.
-v...vaian sp.
:vie r t--" ii'i so.
o
P
P
-vooud or cJeaJ valves .joined !rog-:->ther
-------
Table 22
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 5
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Goniadella gracilis
Paraonidae sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Aricidea jeffreysii
Chaetozone sp.
Clymenella sp.
Mollusca
Ensis directus
Spisula solidissima
Venericardia borealis
Placopecten magellanicus
Cerastoderma pinnulatua
Arctica islandica
Tellina agiiis
Crepidula plana
Anomia simplex
Astarte undata
Astarte castanea
Crenella glandula
TrachycardiuTn muricarmn
Colus pygmaea
Crustacea
38
1
1
39
2
1
40
10
2
41
9
6
1
7
42
5
2
V
V
V
V
D
2
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
-
-
V
D
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
V
-
V
-
-
-
-
V
V
1
-
-
-
-
V
V
V
V
-
-
-
V
-
1
-
D
D
V
V
V
D
-
-
-
-
V
V
-
Cirolana polita
Edotea criloba
Unciola inermis
Unciola irrorata
Pnoxocephalus no'lbolli
Leptochelia sp.
Others
3
1
1
3
1
1
Ecaiuaracianius par ma
Microporella ciliata
riemertean sp. #1
11
p
4
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
81
-------
Table 23
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 8
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Goniadella gracilis
Clymenella sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Nephtys (Aglaophamus) circinata
Stauronereis rudolphi
Parapionosyllis longicirrata
Glycera dibranchiata
Aricidea jef freysii
Tharyx marioni
Stauronereis sp.
Nephtys picta
Mollusca
Anomia simplex
Spisula solidissima
Venericardia borealis
As tar te castanea
Placppecten magellanicus
Cerastoderma pinnulatum
Nassarius trivittatus
Crenella glandula
Crepidula plana
Tellina agilis
Arctica islandica
Natica a p .
Transenella stimpsoni
Dosinia discus
Ens is direct us
Nucula proxi'na
43
3
1
1
V
V
1
D
V
44
7
2
8
1
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
D
V
V
1
V
V
45
7
3
3
1
2
V
V
V
D
V
D
V
V
46
4
3
1
1
V
V
D
Margaritas groenlandicus
D
D
47
22
11
4
1
4
1
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
Crustacea
Unciola inermis
Paoxocephalus holbolli
Leptoche.l la sp.
Dlas_ty"Lis sp.
IJnciola dissimilis
Cirolana ooli ta
Unciola ivroraba
Trichopi;oxus opts bomus
Aaoelisca vadoru^i
1
3
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
1
1
82
-------
Table 23 (continued)
Species
Others
Nemertean sp. #1
Echinarachnius parma
Sertularia argentea
Flustrellidra hispida
Oligochaete sp. #1
Sample
43 44 45 46 47
P
P
4
3
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
83
-------
Table 24
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 9
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
48
49
50
51
52
Polychaeta
Sigalion arenicola
Goniadella gracilis
Lunbrinereis acuta
Clynienelia sp.
Aricidea ,jef freysii
Nephtys picta
Stfaenelais limicola
Autolyt us corautus
Mollusc a
Ensis directus
Anomia simplex
Pandora
ilineata
Venericardia borealis
Cerastoderma pinnulatum
Transenalia stimpsoni
Astarte castaaea
Tellina agilis
Turbonil la interrupta
phacoides filosus
Pitar inorrhuana
Crenella glandula
Placopecten magellanicus
Margarines groenlandicus
Polinices inunaculatus
^
Creoi-claLa
Arc tic a
Massarms
Lslandica
'ivit catus
3
4
1
1
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
8
1
1
V
V
D
V
D
1
V
V
V
3
2
1
V
D
V
V
V
D
Crustacea
Chirido tea
;enops
Pro to nau3 tor ius wig; ley i
Trichophoxus epis bomus
Cirolana cone a arum
C Lrolana poll ta
Cane ex"
A e ;j; i -^i^v-i
A m :i e 1 L ~, < > i
i] i < , ii o p 1 L- u
LCO mis
robo Loideo lio L.Tiesi
1
1
3
9
84
2
2
1
1
1
1
1
-------
Table 24 (continued)
Sample
Species 48 49 50 51 52
Others*
Echinarachnius parma 2
Sertularia argentea - P
Scruparia chelata P
Campanularia neglecta P
Eudendrium dispar P
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
85
-------
Table 25
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 11
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Goniadella gracilis
Lumbrinereis acuta
Syllis cฑ. cornuta
Terebellidae sp.
Cirratulidae sp.
Glycera dibranchiata
Clyraenella sp.
Aricidea jeffreysii
Syllis cornuta
Mollusca
16
17
7
2
1
17
33
8
18
103
37
1
6
4
2
19
14
11
1
2
20
23
8
Astarte castanea
Venericardia borealis
Ensis directus
Placopecten magellanicus
Crenella glandula
Colus pygmaea
Spisula solidissiiaa
PoUnices imraaculatus
Tallina agi Lis
Nucula proxitna
Coroula contracta
Transenella stimosoni
Cerastocerna pinnularirj
Nassarius trivittatus
V
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
D
V
V
V
-
1
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
V
V
-
1
V
-
-
-
-
-
V
-
V
V
-
V
V
-
-
-
D
-
Crustacea
:xo La ir.errais
jj'qciola irrorata
o 1 p'nonoecetซs s.^n ithianus
Leptoe 1x31 ia sp.
Ui rolana concharum
C Lrolana polita
/; 'V) e I i c> c: a
-------
Table 26
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 13
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Clymenella sp.
Lumbrinereis sp.
Exogone verugera
Marpfaysa belli
Goniadella gracilis
Sabella microphthalma
Glycera dibranchiata
Aricidea jeffreysii
Lumbrinereis paradoxa
Aricidea wassi
Phyllodoce maculatus
Eunice sp.
Mo11usea
Astarte castanea
Venericardia borealis
Ens is directus
Crenella glandula
Placopecten magellanicus
Cerastoderma pinnulatum
Natica sp.
Busycon canaliculatum
Colus pygmaea
Arctica islandica
Margarites groenlandicus
Trachycardium muricatum
Crustacea
Unciola irrorata
Ampelisca sp.
Byblis serrata
Unciola inerrais
Eudorella sp.
Anpe1i 3ca aequicornis
'!:ฅic hophoxus epis^tomas
Others*
Ophiuroidea sp.
Echiaarachnius parma
Microporella ciliata
22
1
1
1
1
1
1
V
V
V
V
V
V
1
D
3
2
1
2
P
23
1
1
V
1
V
1
4
1
1
24
2
6
V
V
V
V
D
V
1
p
25
3
1
1
1
V
V
V
V
26
D
D
3
1
3
4
2
87
-------
Table 26
Sample
Species 22 23 24 25 26
Others (continued)
Sertularia argentea p P - -
Eudendrium dispar P P - -
Callopora sp. - P P - -
Asterias vulgaris - - 1 -
Arbacia punctulata 1
Alcyonidium polyoum - P -
Parasmittina sp. P
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together *
V - Separate valve
P - Present
88
-------
Table
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 14
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Clymenella sp.
Goniadidae sp.
Gonjadella gracilis
Eteone heteropoda
Sabellidae sp.
Ariel deaf suecica
Aricidea jeffreysii
Eteone sp.
Euchone sp.
Nephtyidae sp.
Clymenella torquata
Eteone cf. heteropoda
Asabellides sp.
*
Mollusca
Ensis directus
Cerastoderma pinnulaf-zia.
Astarte castanea
Placopecten magellanie-as
Astarte undata
Venericardia borealis
Arctica islandica
Trachycardium nuricatua
Polinices inuTiaculatus
Spisula solidissima
Crustacea
Trichophoxus epistomus
Siphonoecetes smith!anus
Ampelisca aequicorTiis
'iJnciola irrorata
Byblis serrata
Phoxocephalus holbolli
Protohauotorius 'vig'leyi
Others'
Gallopora so.
ฃ c h 1 n a r a c li n i us par ma
Ophiuroidea sp.
28
2
4
1
2
1
V
1
V
6
29
30
1
1
1
2
D
V
V
V
V
V
5
1
1
D - D^"
V - Separate valve
gastropod or dead valves joined together
89
31
1
5
1
1
D
V
V
2
6
1
1
32
1
1
2
V
V
2
1
-------
Table 28
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 17
(Quicksilver)
Sample
Species
33
34
35
37
Polychaeta
Clymenella sp.
Lumbrinereis acuta
Chaetozone sp.
Aricidea jeffreysii
Cirratulidae sp.
Nephtys picta
Aricidea wassi
Nephtys bucera
Sigalion arenicola
Spiophanes bombyx
Scolecolepides viridis
Mo11usea
Spisula solidissima
Tellina agilis
Venericardia borealis
Crenella glandula
Astarte castanea
Cerastoderma pinnulatum
Busycon canaliculaturn
Crepidula piana
Nassarlus trivittatus
Anomia simplex
Pandora trilineata
Astarre undata.
Caecum cooperi
Anadara oraasversa
Abra lioica
Corbula contracta
Ensis airectus
Natica pusilla
Pandora ^o^.rJ diana
MarginellLdae 3D.
Placopec tsn -qagel? articus
Mar^ari tes K'^oen
4
4
1
V
V
V
V
V
D
D
D
D
V
V
1
1
V
V
V
V
D
D
V
1
2
1
V
V
V
V
D
,1
V
u
V
V
1
1
1
V
V
D
V
V
V
V
D
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
Crus tacea
Trichophoxus epistomus
GiroIana oQฃJta
Pro tohaus tor Uis wigleyi
Cirolana liaoressa
Amoelisca
Kiuicornis
Bvbiis serrata
i
1
3
1
1
1
1
i
90
-------
Table 28 (continued)
Species
Others
Echinarachnius parma
Nemertean sp. #2
Sample
33 34 35 36 37
2343
_ _ 1 _
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
91
-------
Table 29
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 1
(Fetch)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Polychaeta
Spiophanes bombyx 7 16 1
Harmothoe imbricata - 1 1
Nephtys picta 1 1
Glycera capitata -11
Exogor^e verugera 12-
Spiophanes wigleyi 111
Nephtys cf. picta 32-
Goniadella gracilis -11
Phyllodoce mucosa - 1 -
Aricidea wassi - - 3
Caulleriella killariensis 1 - -
'vlagelona cฑ. phyliisae - - 1
Mollusca
jr'rotoaaus torius wigj.eyi - 1
*
Ensis directus V - V
Cerastoderma pinnulatum V - V
Spisula solidissima V - -
Venericardia oorealis 1
Margarites groenlandicus D D
Arthropoda
Eadorellopsis deformis 11-
Trichophoxus pistomus 4 2 10
Pti lanthura ti'icarj.na - 1 -
Bvblis serrata 4
Others"
Echinarachnius parma 1 -
Pol;sordius su. H0 Lฃ3
Nemercean sp, - 1
Oligochaete sp. A.
* D - Dead icastroood cr dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
92
-------
Table 30
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 2
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Nephtys cf . picta
Travisia carnea
Aricidea wassi
Aricidea jef freysii
Tharyx sp .
Lumbrinereis acuta
Aricidea suecica
Tharyx cf. acutus
Cirratulidae sp.
Streptosyllis arenae
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Aglaophamus circinata
>fc
Mollusca
1
2
4
5
2
1
2
3
4
4
1
1
1
1
10
7
1
4
1
2
1
3
1
2
Ens is directus
Corastoderma pinnulatum
Spisula solidi53ima
Venericardia borealis
Margaritas groenlandicus
Retusa canaliculata
Trachycardium muricatum
Capulus ?
Placopecten magellanicus
\nomia simplex
Astarte subequilatera
1
D
D
1
D
V
1
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
V
Arthropoda
Trichophoxus epistomus
By b I is s errata
Pro tohaus torius \vigleyi
Cii'olana poiit^a
A apelisca aegjiicornis
Acan thohaustorius millsi
11
6
8
2
1
1
8
5
4
5
5
6
1
93
-------
Table 30(continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Arthropoda (continued)
Unciola irrorata 2 - -
Cirolana impressa 1
Tanaissus lilljeborgi - 2 2
Pseudounciola obliquua 1
Others
Echinarachnius parma 321
Polygordius sp.141 83 149
Nemertean sp. 3 4 24
Arbacia punctulata 966
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
94
-------
Table 31
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 5
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Phyllodoce mucosa
Glycera dibranchiata
Nephtys incisa
Clymenella torquata
Eteone ?
Glyceridae
Nereis sp.
Clymenella sp.
Spionidae ?
Aricidea sp.
Phyllodocidae
Mollusca
01
1
9
1
1
1
3
3
02
6
1
3
1
1
1
03
1
2
1
1
1
1
Ensis directus
Spisula solidissima
Venericardia borealis
Margarites groenlandicus
Placopecten ir.agellanicus
Anomia simplex
Astarte subequilatera
Corbula contracta
Lyonsia hyalina
C_ol_us pygmaea
iMicula proxima
Mytilus edulis
Arctica islandica
V
D
V
1
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
V
V
Arthropoda
Trichophoxus epistomus
Byblis serrata
Atnpelisca aequicornis
*
Others
Echinarachnius parma
3
1
7
1
95
-------
Table 31 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
sk
Others (continued)
Polygordius sp. 11 - 30
Microporella ciliata - - P
Callopora sp. - - P
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
96
-------
Table 32
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 8
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nepntys picta
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Travisia caraea
Aricidea jeffreysii
Lumbrinereis acuta
Tharyx cf. acutus
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Nephtys incisa
Clymenella torquata
Tharyx marioni
Tharyx setieera
Lumbrinereis rragilis
Sigalion arenicola
zosa
Chaetozone
Clymenella ~cnalis
Sphaerosyll-s hystrix
Mollusca*
1
8
1
8
29
1
3
4
1
1
2
1
18
6
6
18
1
2
3
1
32
3
14
12
2
5
1
10
Ensis direc rus
Cerastocierrsa c-innulatum
Spisula sol-dr
Venericardia oorealis
Placopecten ~agellanicus
Anomia simplex
Crenel la %'landula
Lyonsia hyaiina
Arctica is ianaica
Tellina agilis
Crepiciula roraica ha
Crepidula plana
Pol inices duolicatus
V
V
V
V
1
V
V
D
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
V
D
D
Arthroooda
By blis s
Giro Ian a polita
Amp e 1 i s c: a ae qu i o or n i s
1
1
97
-------
Table 8 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Arthropoda (continued)
Unciola irrorata 491
Tanaissus lilljeborgi 1 - -
Cancer irroratus 1
Others
Polygordius sp. 139 351 3
Arbacia punctulata 21-
Astrorhiza sp. 4-3
Scaphopoda 2 - -
Oligochaete A. 2
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
98
-------
Table 33
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 9
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Spiophanes bombyx
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Lumbrinereis acuta
Tharyx cf. marioni
Glycera dibranchiata
Clymenella torquata
Paraonis sp.
Aricidea sp.
Paraonis lyra
Polydora caulleryi
Brania ?
Phyllodocidae
Caulleriella sp.
Asabellides sp.
Clymenella zonalis
Syllis cornuta
Lumbrinereis latereilli
*
Mollusca
Ceras toderma y. innulatum
Spisula soliaissima
Margarites groenlandicus
Placopecten magellanicus
Tellina agilis
Cuiuingia ?
Avtiiropocla
Trichopboxus epistomus
Byblis se_rr a fca
Protohaustorius wigleyi
^mpeliBca ai"quicornis
'.ปla irrora ca
-
Tanaissus lilljeborgi
Ps'-'Lulo'inciola obliquua
Can_ce_r irroratus
Cancer borealis
1
1
1
1
2
V
V
1
2
7
2
2
3
5
2
1
8
2
1
2
1
2
V
D
11
1
1
1
1
7
1
1
1
2
2
14
1
6
Pnoxocephalus holbolli
99
-------
Table 33(continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
*
Others
Echinarachnius parma -33
Polygordius sp. 462 322 109
Nemertean sp. 2 - -
Arbacia punctulata 3 - -
Microporella ciliata P
Astrorhiza sp. 2
* D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
P - Present
100
-------
Table 34
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 11
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta.
Exogone verugera
Goniadella gracilis
Aricidea jeffreysii
Lumbrinereis acuta
Tharyx cf. acutus
Cirratulidae sp.
Parapionosyllis longocirrata
Caulleriella killariensis
Clymenella torquata
Tharyx setigera
Paraonis lyra
Asabellides sp.
Stauronereis rudolphi
Clymenella zonalis
Syllis cornuta
Orbinia ornata
Lumbrinereis latereilli
17
1
12
1
1
8
7
70
2
16
1
4
2
3
1
1
7
2
4
7
31
1
7
1
3
1
1
Mollusca
Ensis directus
Cerastoderma pinnulatum
Venericardia borealis
Placopecten ^iagellanicus
Lyonsia hyalina
Arctica islandica
Crepidula fornicata
Crepidula plana
Pollnices duplicatus
Lunatia heros
Ar thropoda
Byblis serrata
Giro Lana poll t^a
Aiapelisca I'equicornis
TJncio'la irrcrata
Tanalssus li il.jcborgi
Phoxocephalus holbolli
V
1
V
D
1
D
1
11
1
1
1
2
18
10
2
V
V
V
D
D
2
101
-------
Table 34(continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Others*
Ecninarachnius parma - 1 -
Polygordius sp. 60 177 214
Neraertean sp. - 19 5
Arbacia punctulata -42
Microporella ciliata V
Callopora sp. V
Astrorhiza sp. 2
Schizoporella errata V
Sertularia argentea V - -
Oligochaete A. 2 4
Oligochaete B. - 7 -
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
102
-------
Table 35
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 14
(Fetch)
Sample
Species
01
02
03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta
Spiophanes bombyx
Glycera capitata
Exogone verugera
Nephtys cf. picta
Goniadella gracilis
Aricidea wassi
Aricidea jeffreysii
Lumbrinereis acuta
Streptosyllis arenae
Aglaophamus circinata
Clymenella torquata
Stauronereis rudolphi
Potamilla neglecta
Maldanidae sp.
Nereis grayi
Scalibregma inf la turn
Neoleanira tetragona
Pherusa affinis
Scoloplos fragilis
*
Mollusca
3
1
1
1
1
13
1
2
1
1
1
2
9
2
7
1
1
2
1
1
Ensis directus
Corastoderma pinnulatum
Venericardia borealis
Margaritas groenlandicus
Trachycardium muricatum
Capulus ?
PlTcopec ten nagqllanicus
Crenelia glandula
Colus pygmaea
A r ctl c a~Ts 1 a n d i c a
Lunatia her
Ret us a o_btusa
Turbonilla ii7_tc-;rrup ta
Astarfe borealis
V
D
V
V
D
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
D
P
D
V
V
V
D
V
V
V
Arthropoda
Trichoniioxus eoistomus
7
12
103
-------
Table 35 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Arthropoda (continued)
Byblis serrata - 8 -
Protohaustorius wigleyi 2 8
Leptocheirus pinguis 4
Others
Echinarachnius parma -12
Polygordius sp. 50 104
Neraertean sp. 5 - -
Arbacia punctulata 127
Microporella ciliata v
Callopora sp. V -
Ophiuroidea 11-
D - Dead gastropod or dead valves joined together
V - Separate valve
104
-------
Table 36
Occurrence of Benthic Invertebrates at Station 17
(Fetch)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
Polychaeta
Nephtys picta 10-4
Spiophanes bombyx , . 7 21 13
Exogone verugera 21 57 42
Spiophanes wigleyi - I -
Nephtys cf. picta 4
Goniadella gracilis - 1 3
Aricidea wassi - 2 -
Aricidea jeffreysii 311
Tharyx sp. 1 - -
Lumbrinereis acuta 113
Cirratulidae sp. - 1 -
Streptosyllis arenae 37-
Parapionosyllis longocirrata 9 45 43
Caulleriella killariensis 34-
Clymenella torquata 4
Clymenella sp. 7 - -
Tharyx marioni 1
Lumbrinereis fragilis 23-
Tharyx cf. setigera - 1
Sigalion areuicola - 3 2
Chaetozone setosa - 1 -
Polydora caulleryi 2 - -
Caulleriella sp. - - 1
Asabellides sp. - 1 -
Stauronereis rudolphi 2 - -
Ophelia denticulata - 1 -
Syllides longocirrata 4
Syllis sp. - 1 -
Clymenella zonalis - 1 7
Sphaerosyllis hystrix -13
Drilonereis magna 1
Nereis grayi 1
Lumbrinereis cocclnea - - 1
Mollusca
Cor a o i: o derm a pin mil a turn D i V
Sp Lsula solidissima V - V
Venericardia borealis -YD
Retusa canaliculata D - -
Placopec ten magellanicus V
105
-------
Table 36 (continued)
Sample
Species 01 02 03
;k
Mollusca (continued)
Anomia simplex V - V
Crenella glandula V - V
Arctica islandica - - V
Tellina agilis - V V
Crepidula fornicata D - -
Crepidula plana - - D
Pandora trilineata D 1 -
Vitrinella cf. helicoidea D D
Arthropoda
Trichophoxus epistomus 739
Protohaustorius wigleyi 834
Unciola irrorata" -II
Edotea tri io'oa - - 1
Others
Echinarachnius parma . 2-1
Polygordius sp. 97 745 415
Ne.nertean sp. 6 32 18
Arbacia punc:ulata 3 18 8
Astrorhiza sp. 2-1
106
-------
2. Macrobiota
Macrobiota collected during Operation Fetch are listed in
Table 37. Collection was either by using a Fall River "rocking
chair" dredge or a 16-foot otter trawl. That the otter trawl fished
bottom was shown by the occurrence of benthic invertebrates. A
total of 19 species were collected. Of this number 7 were molluscans
and 6 fishes. The remaining species were distributed among the
Porifera, Arthropoda, Cnidaria, and Echinodermata. Collection of
macrobiota was primarily for metals analyses but physical condition
of organisms was noted. Organisms showed no outward signs of stress
(e.g. fin rot) Previous work in the dump site (Palmer and Lear, 1973)
included deploying a trawl at Station 2. Recovery of Echinodermata
and 4 species of fishes was recorded. Organisms were also regarded
as healthy.
107
-------
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3. Metals in Macroblota
The introduction of non-biodegradable materials,with a potential
for toxicity, into the food web of the biota is of prime concern in
the management of ocean disposal practices. Other field observations
have consistently shown detectable increases of metals in the benthic
biota (Buelow, 1968; Davey, 1972; Palmer and Lear, 1973; Vaccaro, et al,
1972).
Table 38 shows iron and copper concentrations in the tissue of
five species of benthic invertebrates, Echinarachnius parma, the sand
dollar, Pecten (Placopecten) magellanicus. the sea scallop, Artica
icelandica, the mahogany clam, Polinices heros, the moon snail, and
Spisula solidissima, the surf clam. In the case of Pecten and Spisula,
large enough animals were occasionally collected to permit the separation
of the adductor muscle (the part normally eaten in the scallop) from
the viscera and foot so that each could be evaluated separately and the
results combined for the total animal measurements.
Metal determinations were made through atomic absorption spectro-
photometry after HMO, digestion of the tissue and ashing at 425ฐC for
24 hours. The results are reported as micrograms of metal per gram of
tissue ash or in the case of the sand dollars per gram of dry tissue
(parts per million).
The following observations and conclusions may be derived from the
results:
1. In general, the iron concentration in sand dollars was found
to be significantly less (7-10 times) than those reported for the same
109
-------
station for the QUICKSILVER Cruise in May 1973 (Palmer and Lear, 1973).
This is consistent with the University of Delaware-Hydroscience study
of the acid waste site (duPont, 1972) in which the conclusion is reached
that the summer thermocline prevents dumped material from reaching the
bottom while the lack of a thermocline in winter permits such exposure.
Thus, samples were taken after the summer protection period. This
also suggests that the iron is subsequently lost seasonally rather than
permanently accumulated indicating possibly surface adsorption rather
than ingestion. In any case, these values would be expected to rise
again by the time of the proposed sampling next May.
2. The copper concentration in sand dollars was found to have
increased consistently since last May. This suggests that copper is
not lost seasonally but is permanently and continuously incorporated
in the tissues from residual sediment accumulations. Whether or not
such accumulations are present has yet to be determined from the sediment
samples collected. Both of the foregoing conclusions depend heavily on
the dynamics of sand dollar populations in the area. Since the University
of Delaware-Hydroscience study (du Pont, 1972) postulates a significant
winter kill (November-March), observed accumulations result from the
complex interaction of animal age (hence length of exposure), dumping
times which correspond to the presence or absence of a thermocline,
and the presence or absence of large viable populations to receive such
material such that there is definitely not a uniform deposition and
uptake pattern over the months.
no
-------
3. The separated samples of Pecten and Spi'sula show higher
concentration of both metals in the gut portion than in the adductor
muscle portion as might be expected since the former contains transient
amounts contained in the food and gut linings while the latter contains
only that incorporated into muscle tissue. The whole-animal measurement
approach the viscera measurements because of the much higher concentra-
tions and proportionate weights of the latter. It is worth noting here
that the copper levels in both shellfish are much lower than those
found in coastal oysters. The iron concentration in the viscera of
both shellfish are the highest measured, further substantiating the
idea that iron, while in high concentration in the environment, is
largely passively taken up by the animals and only slightly metabolized.
4. Other differences between samples are not markedly demonstrated
by the iron concentrations (sand dollar measurements cannot be compared
thus because of the different weight bases); however, with respect to
copper, it is clearly obvious that the levels in Polinices are up to 10
times greater than those found in the other shellfish. This is of partic-
ular importance because Polinices feeds directly on other shellfish,
hence the amounts observed are the result of the consumption and bio-
accumulation of copper from that contained in the tissue of other shellfish
and not the passage of the dumped waste itself. Further examples of this
common phenomenon are expected when the analyses for other metals, now
in progress, are completed.
Ill
-------
5. The minimal differences in the results observed between the
stations in the two dump sites and those more remote locations is again
perhaps due to the seasonal variation in deposition as a result of the
presence or absence of a thermocline. In the summer, it would be
expected that the material being dumped in both sites would be mixed
and well distributed in the surface water before it eventually reaches
the bottom in a much more uniform depositional pattern than would be
expected from the disposal of a more dense and compacted material. All
of the foregoing, it must be emphasized, overlooks any consideration
of short dumping which would have a profound effect on the results and
their interpretation.
112
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116
-------
Heavy metals in randomly selected benthic macrofauna samples
are shown in Table 39 . These samples were selected to phylogene-
"tiTcafllliy scan some of the available biota, in contrast to the
systematic comparison of metal levels in sand dollars and mahogany
clams from all stations (vide supra).
Samples of the viscera of fish show higher levels of Fe, Mn,
Ni, Zn, Pb, and Cu than in flesh or gonads, probably reflecting
the ingestion of materials. Chromium, cadmium and mercury do not
seem to be similarly distributed.
While most of the samples shown in Table 39 are from organisms
from the acid waste dumpsite, a comparison with organisms from the
sewage sludge dumpsite, before dumping operations began, is instructive
(Palmer and Lear, 1973).
There are apparently greater concentrations of Mn, Ni, Pb, and Cd
in the organisms generally at this later time at the acid waste site,
although the paucity of data precludes statistical comparison.
The available evidence suggests accumulations of metals at these
sites, and accumulation of statistically significant bodies of data
as a function of time, space and phylogeny is indicated.
117
-------
Table 39
Operation "Fetch"
Heavy Metals in Benthic Macrofauna
(mg/kg wet weight)
Sponge
(Suberites sp)
Starfish
(Asterias sp)
Crab fat
(Cancer pagurus)
Crab eggs
Skate viscera
(Raja sp)
Skate viscera
Sea robin viscera
(Prionotus carolinus)
Sea robin muscle
Skate muscle
Skate gonads
Skate viscera
Flounder viscera
(Pseudopleuronectes
americanus)
Spisula solidissima #17
Station Fe
C
C
C
C
C
E
E
s)
E
A
A
A
#1
#1
#17
70
52
153
19
65
45
105
4
4
15
68
101
6
47
.8
.1
.6
.8
.7
.2
.2
.5
.9
.4
.9
.4
.9
.8
Mn
1.5
4.6
4.3
1.9
3.1
1.5
5.5
<0.1
<0.1
2.4
2.0
1.7
0.2
1.9
Ni
0.9
5.9
2.2
9.2
2.6
12.5
2.8
1.0
0.6
<0.3
15.9
2.6
0.3
2.7
Zn
6.5
51.3
19.0
37.9
22.3
9.9
43.1
2.1
5.3
16.4
14.3
18.5
4.0
9.6
Pb
1.7
7.3
2.2
1.1
2.1
0.9
2.0
1.3
<0.3
0.4
1.5
1.7
1.8
<0.3
Cu
1.3
3.2
32.8
17.3
10.7
9.7
12.0
1.0
0.2
1.7
3.8
4.2
1.0
1.6
Cr
0
1
1
<0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
<0
1
1
.9
.7
.6
,2
.8
.2
.2
.4
.2
.0
.2
.2
.0
.4
Cd
0.4
0.1
3.3
2.7
1.4
0.5
0.5
0.8
1.4
1.7
1.1
0.6
1.2
0.2
Hq
0.22
0.23
0.14
0.19
0.24
7.79
0.07
0.14
0.37
0.05
0.23
0.47
0.43
0.41
118
-------
4. Bacteriology
Baseline conditions for the area are described in a report by
EPA, Region III, previously cited (Palmer and Lear, 1973). Results
from another study in relatively close proximity to this study area
are reported by the U. S. Public Health Service (Buelow, 1968).
Twelve bacteriological stations were occupied in the vicinity
of two interim ocean dumpsites. Stations 14, 17, 9, and A were control
areas outside the sites while the remainder of the stations were located
in the immediate sites. Stations B and C were occupied in the interim
site for disposal of industrial acid wastes. Numerical stations and
Station E were located in the interim area designated for the disposal
of municipal sludge.
Water samples were taken from varying depths 1.5 m from the
bottom with a Niskin sterile bag sampler (General Oceanics, Inc.).
Sediments were subsampled, using a 2.7 ml flame-sterilized cylindrical
spoon, from an undisturbed Shipek bottom grab. Samples were introduced
into a French square bottle containing 100 ml sterile distilled water.
These were treated as normal bacteriological samples.
Standard total coliform and fecal coliform MPN's (most probable
number/100 ml sample) were estimated following analyses outlined in
"Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater,"
13th Ed., APHA, 1971. A 3-tube, 4-dilution scheme was employed
using sample aliquots of 10, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 ml. Water from a
sterile dilution blank was used as a laboratory control.
119
-------
MPN results are shown in Table 40. A negative result indicates
an MPN index of <3 coliforms/100 mo sample at the 95% confidence
limit. Positive coliform counts were recorded for Stations 9 and A.
Station 9 had 3.0 coliforms in sediment sampled while Station A had
a 23 MPN in the water column. Fecal coliforms were not found at any
station. The laboratory controls were negative for both coliforms and
fecal coliforms.
Discussion
Previous data (Palmer and Lear, 1973) indicated a 4 MPN coliform
count for Station 9 in the water column. Data gathered from this
cruise show a MPN coliform count of 3.0 in sediment sampled for the
same station. Both counts could possibly be due to the proximity of
the station to shore. This might also apply to the 23 MPN count
detected at Station A in the water column. Wastes from ocean-going
ships is another possible source of contamination. However, results
indicate an aqueous environment relatively free from terrestrial
bacteriological influences.
120
-------
Table 40
Sample No.
FE7309011101
FE7309011201
FE7309021101
FE7309022101
FE7307051101
FE7307052101
FE7309081101
FE7309082101
FE7307091101
FE7307092101
FE7308111101
FE7308112101
FE7308141101
FE7308142101
FE7307171101
FE7307172101
FE7309A 1101
FE7309A 2101
FE7309B 1101
FE7309B 2101
FE7309C 1101
FE7309C 2101
FE7305E 1101
FE7305E 2101
Col i forms,
and
Station Date
1
1
2
2
5
5
8
8
9
9
11
11
14
14
17
17
A
A
B
B
C
C
E
E
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-8-73
11-7-73
11-7-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-9-73
11-5-73
11-5-73
Fecal Coliforms in Water Column
Sediments (MPN/100 ml)
Operation "Fetch
Time Deoth(ft) M Sample
0200
0200
0950
0950
0500
0500
0300
0300
1630
1630
0800
0800
1700
1700
2100
2100
0700
0700
1300
1300
0300
0300
1730
1730
155' 47.2
155'
145' 44.2
145'
145'
145'
125' 38.1
125'
115.' 35.1
115'
153' 46.6
153'
165' 50.3
165'
117' 35.7
117'
125' 38.1
125'
145' 44.2
145'
155' 47.2
155'
145' 44.2
145'
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Fecal
Col i form Col i form
_
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
3.0
-
-
-
-
No sample
-
23
-
-
-
-
-
-
LA* LA
laboratory accident
121
-------
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of the Delaware Bay area, U. S. A. Crustaceana Suppl. 3:351-266.
Watling, L. and D. Maurer, 1972b. Shallow water hydroids of the
Delaware Bay region. J. Nat. Hist. 6:643-649.
Watling, L. and D. Maurer, 1973a. Guide to the macroscopic estuarine
and marine invertebrates of the Delaware Bay region, College of
Marine Studies, University of Delaware, 178 p.
Watling, L. and D. Maurer, 1973b. A new euryhaline species of
Parapleustes (amphipoda) from the east coast of North America. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 86(l):l-8.
Watling, L., W. Leathern, P. Kinner, C. Wethe, D. Maurer, 1974a. An
evaluation of sewage sludge dumping on the benthos off Delaware Bay.
Mar. Poll. Bull, (in review).
Watling, L., J. Lindsey, R. Smith, and D. Maurer, 1974b. The distri-
bution of isopoda in the Delaware Bay region, Int. Rev. ges. Hydrogiol.
(in press).
Winter, J., 1972. Long-Term Laboratory Experiments on the Influence of
Ferric Hydroxide Flakes on the Filter-Feeding Behavior, Growth, Iron Content
and Mortality in Mytilus edulis, in: Marine Pollution and Sea Life, M.
Ruivo (ed.), Fishing News Books, London, 624 p.
Woodhead, P. M. J. and A. J. Lee, 1960. A New Instrument for Measuring
Residual Currents Near the Seabed, Internal. Council Expl. Sea, D. M.
Hydrographic Communication No. 12, 4 p.
Yentsch, C. S. and J. F. Hebard, 1957. A Gauge for Determining Plankton
Volume by the Mercury Immersion Method, J. Conseil, 22:184-190.
128
-------
APPENDIX A
PARTICIPANTS IN OPERATION "FETCH"
ABOARD R/V ANNANDALE
Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis Field Office
Don Lear
Sue Smith
Maria O'Malley
Bill Thomas
Vic Guide
Environmental Protection Agency, Headquarters, Washington, D.C.
Bill Muir
Environmental Protection Agency, Narragansett, Rhode Island
Bruce Reynolds
Jerry Pesch
Environmental Protection Agency, Corvallis, Oregon
Dick Call away
Environmental Protection Agency, Wheeling, West Virginia
Jim Bailey
John Kafka
City of Philadelphia
Bob Romaine
American University, Washington, D.C.
Leo Buss
Lee Markowitz
Skip Goldy
Marine Science Consortium, Lewes, Delaware
John Miller, Captain
Bill Flohr, Mate
Sandy Hi.slop, Mate
Gary Tasselman, Engineer
Maggie Nugent, Cook
129
-------
APPENDIX B
Operation "Fetch"
R/V Annandale
SHIP'S LOG
Date: 11/7/73
Position
Time
1340
1343
1430
1535
1700
1900
2000
3115
2200
2325
0015
0045
0200
0315
0355
0625
0630
0730
0930
1000
Depth 3 H4
3227
3224
3231
3222
3226
3222
3183
3196
121' 3183
3178
3274
130' 3312
3330
3292
3334
3346
157' 3356
3362
3329
3343
3 H5
3054
3051
3051
3051
3048
3054
3034
3037
3029
3026
3016
3020
3018
3022
3013
3013
3009
3018
3006
3007
Comments
On Station 9
One mile north of 9
Station 17
2 miles NW of 17 (tow) - clam
Wind WNW - back on 17
NW to 8 - 11.4 miles - ETA 0033
On station 8
To station 5 - 4 miles - course 62ฐ
On station 5
Station 2
140
Start of box search
130
-------
Date:
Time
1216
1307
1408
1650
1800
2000
Date:
2130
2215
2300
2325
Date:
0012
0145
0220
0243
0800
0915
0930
1035
1105
11/7/73
Depth
170'
166'
11/8/73
156'
150'
11/9/73
160'
132'
3
149'
142'
(cont.)
Position
3 H4 3 H5 Comments
3330
3405
3513
3511
3450
3348
3379
3374
3345
3368
3366
3370
3401
3420
3483
3459
3440
3416
3415
3009 End search - cc to 58ฐ for sta. 14
16.5 miles - 98 min. - ETA 1402
2987 cc to 51ฐ - 9.2 miles
2967 On station 14
2963 cc to 238ฐ for sta. 11 - 13.2 miles
2981
3000
3994 Trawl out
2993 Trawl in
3012
3019 Station 1
3020 Wind 320/20 G 28
3021 cc to 340ฐ to sta. C - 7.2 miles
3038
3043 On sta. C
3051 A
3027
3045 B - 2 trawls - small catch
3048
3029
131
-------
Date: 11/9/73 (cont.)
1145
1215
1312
1347
1515
1538
1615
1625
0024
0142
3411
3422
110' 3410
130' 3401
150' 3385
3389
130' 3364
3360
3370
Abeam BW "DC11
3053
3432
3045
3030
3035
3038
3052
3053
3153
C
On C end cc 137ฐ - 21 min.
On D
Finished dredge
cc 267ฐ - 4.1 miles
Station G
132
-------
APPENDIX c
Scientific Log - Operation "Fetch"
11-05-73 - 0900 - Engines needed new injectors
1130 - Underway - cast off brow line - snowing
Delaware light - Loran fix - right on
1300 - Monster buoy - Loran fix - right on
1645 - Station E - anchored
Wind NE 18-20 - rough - 150' depth - thermocline BT 75'
1720 - Hydrocast 35' 70' 110' 150'
1735 - Hydrocast up
1700 - Shipek - 5 drops
1730 - Shipek up (1) 4 biologicals fixed - buffered formalin
(2) 5 pesticides samples
(3) 1 bacti - sed.
(4) 1 particle size
(5) 1 metals
(6) 3 TOC sediments
Probe readings ConcL, Sal., Temp. DO
Hydrocast Fe samples - 4
C samples - 4
Bacti sample - 1
Metals in H20 - 1 gal. 110'
Phyto. - 2 tows - 4 samples
1915 - Station E - up anchor
Rocking chair dredge- many sea clam, oyster, Arctica
and Pecten shells, Arctica live and abundant
133
-------
2030 - Trawl - 15 min.
1 adult, 2 juvenile skates
Sea robins, small fish (juveniles)
Many live sand dollars
Adult and juvenile squid, Pagurus
2100 - Departed for Sta. F. Sky cleared, wind NW, rough
2230 - Anchored Station F
Loran 3310, 2985
Depth - 35 fathoms
Shipek - 10 tries - none
Phyto - 2 tows - 4 samples
Rocking chair dredge - 1 try - no samples
Shells - 1 Pecten - 1 Arctica - 1 Spisula
2230 - Hydrocast
Depth 30', 70', 200'
Very rough
2235 - Secured station
2330 - Underway - Bow into sea toward beach & Lewes
Wind NW 40+
Seas up to 18'
11-06-73 - 1330 - Arrived Lewes
Secure MSC dock
134
-------
11/7/73 - 0700 - Weather advisory indicates 10-20 NW
0853 - Cast off - laying off dock for pictures
0928 - Underway
1345 - Search for buoys on Station 9 - expanding square
pattern 1/2 mi. legs - wind NW 10-15,chop
1420 - Radio call to Al Montague - RO
1536 - Station #9
Loran 3051, 3222 - 120'
Drifting
1545 - BT taken
Seabed drifters 01400-01424
Seabed drifters 3631-3640, 3671-3680
Probe readings RS-5
Temp.
15.56
15.44
15.50
16.80
16.86
Copper cable caught in rocking chair dredge -
also many artica
1845 - Trawling
Shipek - 4 drops
No zooplankton tow
1925 - Secured station
Final Loran fix 3224, 3054
1925 - Underway to Station #17
135
Surface
10'
20'
30'
40'
Cond.
42.00
41.08
41.14
44.64
45.01
Sal.
34.00
33.24
33.22
35.33
35.54
-------
11/7/73 - 2000 - Station #17
Loran 3183, 3034 - 120'
Zooplankton & Phytoplankton tows
2017 - Seabed drifters - 01375-01399
Surface drifters - 3621-3630
3661-3670
2055 - BT
2100 - Clam dredge - very full- many Arctica & sand dollars
No trawl - Steamed back to station
2200 - Anchored - Hydrocast & Shipek
Wind NW 15 - small sea running
Niskin did not trip
2245 - Secured station
2325 - Underway to Station #8
11/8/73 - 0035 - Station #8
Loran 3313, 3020 - 130'
0035 - Shipek down
0055 - Shipek completed
0055 - Hydrocast 20', 60', 110' sterile bag 5' from bottom
OT15 - Seabed drifters 01525-01549
0135 - Rocking chair dredge down
0155 - Rocking chair dredge up - no sand dollars -
many Arctica,skate & flounder
0210 - Rocking chair clam dredge back down
0240 Rocking chair clam dredge back up - no sand dollars,! Arctica
0245 - Otter trawl - no catch
0325 - Underway to Station #5
136
-------
0350 - Arrived Station #5
Loran 3334, 3013 158'
0355 - Shipek
0410 - Finished Shipek
0400-0415 - Hydrocast 30' 60' 150'
0420-0450 - Clam dredge - no catch
0455-0515 - Clam dredge reset - no sand dollars, several Arctica
0530 - Trawl deployed
0600 - Trawl up - squid, scup, sea robin, sea nettles
3 sand dollars
0610 - Underway to sta. #2
0630 - Arrived Station #2
Loran 3356, 3014 157'
0640 - Shipek
Hydrocast 30' 60' 150'
0700 - Seabed drifters 01450-01473
01374
01500-01524
0720-0745 - Clam dredge - Astarte , Arctica , scallops,
Polidnes, hermit crabs, flounder
0830 - Zooplankton & phytoplankton tows - Calm, winds from S
0915 - Otter trawl - jelly fish, 2 small pelagic fish,
did not fish bottom
0945-1225 - Buoy watch
Wind freshened SW 25-30
1225 - Underway to Sta. #14
137
-------
1415 - Arrived Station #14
Loran 3513, 2967 170' wind SW 20-25
1420 - Trawl out - few jellyfish - trawled in following sea
one engine - apparently sailed
1445 - Rocking chair clam dredge - scallops
1530 - Phytoplankton & zooplankton tows
1605 - BT, Shipek, hydrocast
Shipek caught best in trough
1605 - Seabed drifters 01425-01449, 1550-1573
Surface drifters 3611-3620
3651-3660, 3641-3650
3601-3610
3681-3690
1650 - Secured Station #14, underway to Station #11
2030 - Arrived Station #11
Loran 3371, 3000 158'
2030 - Seabed drifters 01474-01499
Surface drifters 3751-3760
3691-3700
2030-2110 - Shipek
2040-4055 - Hydrocast 30' 60' 150'
2120 - Clam dredge - starfish, Arctica, Astarte , scallops,
drill Polim'ces, sand dollars
2125-2150 - Phytoplankton
2200 - trawl - nothing - sailed
2305 - Underway for Sta. #1
138
-------
2330 - Arrived Station #1
Loran 2368, 3319 160'
2335 Rocking chair clam dredge - good catch
Shipek
Phytoplankton & zooplankton tows
Winds NW 25 knots
11-9-73 - 0239 - Arrived Station C
Loran 3420, 3043 160' raining
0312 - Shipek - Hydrocast
Phytoplankton tow
Rocking chair dredge - small catch of Arctica, starfish
0350 - Reset rocking chair - scallops, Polinices, Arctica,
starfish, skate, sponge, Cancer
Tried Ponar drop on BT winch - empty
Underway to Sta. A
0620 - On Station A
Loran 3065, 3505 132'
0625 - Shipek - Hydrocast
Rocking chair dredge - skate, sponge, skatecases,
sand dollars, no clams
0800 - Reset clam dredge - no clams, many shells
0855 - Underway to Sta. B
0930 - Station B
Loran 3416, 3048 150'
0935-1000 - Clam dredge - horse mussels, Polinices, skates
139
-------
1000-1025 - Reset rocking chair clam dredge - no clams
skates & flounder
1 mi. west of B - returned to station
1035 - Shipek - looked very rich in worms, worm cases,
small crabs present
1035 - Hydrocast 25' 70' 140'
1120 - Phytoplankton tow
Underway for Sta. C
1230 On Station C (returned to Sta. C)
1235 - Otter trawl - sand dollars, small squid, small
flounder, hermit crabs, some dead sand dollars
1330 - Underway for Sta. D
1335 - Station D
Loran 3401, 3030 130'
1335 Surface drifters - 3701-3710
3741-3750
3761-3770
1335 - Hydrocast 30' 60' 125'
1335 - Shipek - 1 sample - broke Shipek
Peterson too light, wouldn't trip
1445-1510 - Rocking chair clam dredge - live Arctica
1520 - Phytoplankton tow
1540 - Underway to Sta. G
Wind NW 25-28 - getting rough
140
-------
1625 - Station G
Loran 3360, 3053 130'
Anchor dredge - good catch
1645 - Rocking chair dredge
1900 - Station H
Loran 3085, 3360
Rocking chair dredge
1930 - Winds 45+ - Very rough - secured watch
Returning to Lewes
11-10-73 - 0345 - Anchored behind breakwater
0630 - Arrived Lewes
141
-------
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY OF TWO INTERIM DUMPSITES
MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT
OCTOBER 1974
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION III
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA 19106
-------
SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT
ENVIRONMENTAL SURVEY OF TWO INTERIM DUMPSITES
MIDDLE ATLANTIC BIGHT
OPERATION "FETCH"
Cruise Report 5-10 November 1973
Edited by
Donald W. Lear
Annapolis Field Office
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
Project Officer
Albert Montague
Office of Research and Development
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
-------
This report has been reviewed by Region III, EPA, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Abstract
Preface
List of Figures
List of Tables
Summary and Conclusions
n
iii
v
vii
v i i i
Part I. DISSOLVED AND PARTICIPATE ORGANIC CARBON
IN WATERS
Lee Markowitz, Michael A. Champ and
Donald W. Lear
Part II. IRON IN THE WATER
Leonard Izzo, Michael A. Champ and
Donald W. Lear
Part III. METALS RESIDUES IN TISSUES OF MAHOGANY CLAMS.
Arctica islandica. AND OTHER MOLLUSC AND
ECHINODERM TISSUES
Bruce Reynolds and Gerald Pesch
Part IV. ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS
Suzanne Sosnowski
References
Appendix I
13
METALS CONCENTRATIONS IN ECHINODERM AND
MOLLUSC TISSUES
Bruce Reynolds and Gerald Pesch
47
51
-------
ABSTRACT
Supplemental data from an environmental survey of two interim
dumpsites in the Mid-Atlantic Bight are reported. Carbon and iron
distribution in the water column, zooplankton populations, metals
in echinoderm and mollusc tissues are reported, and the significance
of their distribution discussed.
-------
PREFACE
The issuance of permits for ocean disposal of wastes requires the
Environmental Protection Agency to know the environmental consequences.
Regularly scheduled cruises have been sponsored by EPA, Region III, to
evaluate the effects of acid waste disposal and municipal sewage dis-
posal on two adjacent ocean dumpsites off the Delaware-Maryland coast.
Oceanographic cruises were initiated in May 1973 (Palmer and Lear,
1973) followed by a fall cruise (Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974). The
report for the latter cruise, Operation "Fetch", was issued when most,
but not all, of the analytical results were complete. This supplemen-
tary report presents the remaining results from that cruise.
The EPA National Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode
Island, especially Dr. Gerald Pesch and Bruce Reynolds, have materially
aided Region III in design and execution of the program. The interest
and cooperation of the oceanographic fraternity outside EPA has been
outstanding. The Marine Science Consortium, Lewes, Delaware, has
freely loaned gear and expertise. The University of Delaware Marine
Laboratory, Lewes, Del., especially Dr. Donald Maurer, has been more
than generous with special expertise. Dr. Michael Champ, American
University, not only provided shipboard assistance, but performed the
carbon and iron analyses reported herein. Dr. Harold Palmer and Joe Foriib
Westinghouse Ocean Research Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland, have given
freely of advice, assistance, and the loan of gear. In addition, many
m
-------
others, in and out of government, have contributed the ability and
gear to the development of the ocean dumping monitoring program. EPA
is extremely gratified to have the invaluable assistance of all of
these groups in our common concern for the management of the oceanic
environment.
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Index Map for the Upper Chesapeake Bight Area ix
2 Station Location Map x
PART I
1 Participate Organic Carbon (mg/1) Diagrammatic 6
Distribution
2 Dissolved Organic Carbon (mg/1) Diagrammatic 7
Distribution
PART II
1 Particulate Biological Iron (mg/1) Diagrammatic 11
Distribution
PART III
1 Vanadium Isopleths, 11 Stations 22
2 Vanadium Isopleths, 14 Stations 23
3 Vanadium Homogeneous Subsets 24
4 Chromium Isopleths, 11 Stations 25
5 Chromium Isopleths, 14 Stations 26
6 Chromium Homogeneous Subsets 27
7 Cadmium Isopleths, 11 Stations 28
8 Cadmium Isopleths, 14 Stations 29
9 Cadmium Homogeneous Subsets 30
10 Aluminum Isopleths, 11 Stations 31
11 Aluminum Homogeneous Subsets 32
12 Manganese Isopleths, 11 Stations 33
-------
LIST OF FIGURES (Continued)
PART III
13 Manganese Isopleths, 14 Stations 34
14 Manganese Homogeneous Subsets 35
15 Lead Isopleths, 11 Stations 36
16 Lead Homogeneous Subsets 37
17 Zinc Isopleths, 11 Stations 38
18 Nickel Isopleths, 11 Stations 39
19 Copper Isopleths, 11 Stations 40
20 Cobalt Isopleths, 11 Stations 41
21 Iron Isopleths, 11 Stations 42
22 Silver Isopleths, 11 Stations 43
23 Titanium Isopleths, 11 Stations 44
24 Titanium Isopleths, 14 Stations 45
25 Titanium Homogeneous Subsets 46
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page
PART I
1 Dissolved (DOC) and Particulate (POC) Organic 4
Carbon Concentrations for Indicated Depths
(Meters) and Stations, Operation "Fetch"
PART II
1 Dissolved (DBFe) and Particulate (PBFe) Biological 12
Iron (mg/1) at Indicated Depths (Meters) and
Stations, Operation "Fetch"
PART III
1 Analysis of Variance of Metal Concentrations 14
2 Homogeneous Subsets of Stations by Metal 15
3 Annual Input Delaware Dumpsites 16
PART IV
1 Percent Zooplankton Species Composition 50
vn
-------
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
1. Dissolved and participate organic carbon accumulations were
not evident in the water column under the conditions studied. Such
materials are probably dependent upon time of latest release of
materials, as well as a cumulative function of time.
2. Particulate and dissolved iron showed no patterns of distri-
bution in the water column, in spite of the weak thermocline.
3. Conclusions drawn from a statistical treatment of the results
show (1) that metals thus disposed of do accumulate in the tissue of
benthic organisms and in quantities roughly proportional to the amounts
dumped; (2) that certain metals, particularly V and Cd, are dumped in
such quantities in one of the two sites such that they may be used as
tracers for that dumpsite; and (3) that, due to hydrographic conditions,
the effects of these dumped materials is in no way limited to the area
bounded by the dumpsites proper but are spread over a large area, as
yet undetermined, particularly in the direction of the prevailing
currents. A much larger sample grid is needed to establish the extent
of this area.
4. Zooplankton populations at the two stations examined showed
no effects of stresses.
vm
-------
AREA OF STUDY
77'
4O"
3
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
SCALE IN STATUTE MILES
f
/ : '- "o 'ป .
/" / ' x /
-------
PART I
DISSOLVED AND PARTICIPATE ORGANIC CARBON
Lee Markowitz, Michael A Champ
The American University
and
Donald W. Lear, EPA Region III
Annapolis Field Office
Ocean disposal of sewage sludge should result in an increase of
organic and inorganic nutrients in the dump area. As this new input
feeds into the naturally occurring marine organic carbon cycle, it
may affect this dynamic process. The impact of the introduction of
organic matter in the form of sewage material in aquatic ecosystems
has been well documented and usually correlates with species specific
reactions (Beeton, 1961; Butcher, 1960; Hynes, 1960; Wilhm and Dorris,
1968; Florida Ocean Sciences Institute Report, 1971). The dispersion
of dissolved and particulate organic carbon in the water column as it
is ocean-disposed by barge as sewage sludge (or created by the sludge)
has only recently been investigated (Champ 1974).
Dissolved (DOC) and Particulate (POC) organic carbon analyses were
conducted during Operation "Fetch" to collect data during the fall
(November) mixing period. The broad base of biological, chemical, and
physical parameters and indices investigated during Operation "Fetch"
will allow greater insight into the impact of ocean disposal of sewage
sludge on the dumpsite ecosystem.
Materials and Methods
Frozen water samples prior to filtering were allowed to thaw at
room temperature. Each water sample was filtered through a precombusted
-------
Gelman Type-A glass fiber filter for the partitioning of POC and DOC.
The DOC and POC were determined by modifications of the method developed
by Menzel and Vaccaro (1964) and Fredericks and Sackett (1970).
A step by step description of this method (Champ 1974) is listed:
1. Two 150 ml water samples were frozen in glass stoppered acid-
cleaned bottles (Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and
Wastewater).
2. Ten ml glass ampules (Owens-Illinois) were prepared for use
by being tapped upsidedown on a clean surface (to remove any particles
of foreign material) and the top of the neck of the ampule wrapped with
a piece of lightweight (one-inch square) aluminum foil twisted to form
a cover for the ampule. Ampules were precombusted at 550ฐC for four
hours.
3. Gelman Type-A (0.3 micron) glass fiber filters (25 mm diameter)
were precombusted at 400ฐC for four hours. Filters were handled only
with clean forceps.
4. Frozen water samples were allowed to thaw at room temperature
prior to filtering and scaling.
5. Four precombusted glass ampules were required for each water
sample, giving replicate analysis for DOC and POC. To each ampule
0.2 grams of potassium persulfate and 0.25 ml of 6% phosphoric acid
solution were added prior to addition of the sample.
6. Before filtering, samples were briskly shaken.,
7. One hundred ml aliquots of water sample were filtered by vacuum
through millipore lock-on syringe filter holders containing precombusted
Gelman glass fiber filters.
-------
8. The two filters (each containing 100 ml of POC) were air dried
with a water aspirator and inserted in ampules. Distilled water (5 ml)
was then added to each POC ampule.
9. Five ml aliquots of filtrate were then added by syringe to
the ampules for DOC analysis.
10. Filled ampules were purged of inorganic carbon constituents
for four to six minutes with purified oxygen (400ฐC) flowing at a rate
of 60 ml/min, and then sealed in a special apparatus to prevent C02
contamination from the sealing flame.
11. Sealed ampules were heated at 125ฐC for four hours in an
autoclave to oxidize organic carbon to carbon dioxide.
12. The carbon dioxide content of each ampule was then analyzed
in a special ampule breaking apparatus which permits the carbon dioxide
to be flushed through an infrared analyzer.
The carbon dioxide content of each ampule was determined by flushing
the gas content of the ampule with nitrogen into the gas stream of a
non-dispersive infrared analyzer sensitized to carbon dioxide. The
detector output of the analyzer was recorded as a peak on a potentio-
metric strip chart recorder equipped with an integrator standard carbon
dioxide conversion.
Graphs are made by plotting the integrated area versus carbon for
standardized sodium carbonate solutions. These values were made by
injecting a known volume of the sodium carbonate standard through a
rubber septum in a special vial containing phosphoric acid solution.
-------
TABLE 1
DISSOLVED (DOC) AND PARTICULATE (POC) ORGANIC CARBON CONCENTRATIONS(mg/1)
FOR INDICATED DEPTHS (METERS) AND STATIONS, OPERATION FETCH, NOVEMBER, 1973
Station E
Depth
11
22
34
46
Depth
0
J
17
34
Depth
8
23
46
Depth
7.6
21.3
DOC
1.08
1.35
1.31
0.10
Station
DOC
1.44
1.10
Station
DOC
1.28
2.50
1.60
Station
DOC
1.02
1-13
POC
.185
.231
.290
.530
17
POC
.169
.181
2
POC
.097
.300
.260
B
POC
.116
.151
Station F
Depth DOC
POC
9
21
62
9
18
46
5
18
34
1.76 .130
Station 8
DOC
POC
0.94 .240
0.94 .240
1.95 .067
Station 14
DOC
POC
1.37 .103
2.50 .300
0.60 .340
Station A
Depth DOC
40.2
1.80
1.16
POC
.231
.099
:pth
}
17
29
DOC
7 on
Z . /.y
1.87
0.94
POC
.144
.370
Station 5
DOC
POC
8 4.75 .328
39 0.96 .071
53 1.02 .250
Station 11
Depth DOC POC
9 2.90 .220
18 1.08 .250
45 2.47 .067
Station D
DOC
POC
1.00 .260
1.84 .160
0.84 .137
-------
The organic carbon concentration of each ampule was determined by
comparing the integrated area to the standard carbon dioxide conversion
graph.
The deviation for duplicated DOC determination on the same water
sample was generally 5% or lower, with POC usually 10% or lower. A
reagent blank value was determined with each set of water samples
sealed. The DOC reagent blank value usually varied from 0.003 mg C
to 0.004 mg C. The POC reagent blank usually varied from 0.003 mg C
to 0.006 mg C.
Results and Discussion
Results of the analyses are shown in Table 1 and the diagramatic
Figures 1 and 2. Two way analysis of variance (Freund, 1970) with
respect to depth and sampling site within the dumpsites and outside the
dumpsite were conducted. No significant variations for either dissolved
or particulate organic carbon at the .95 level could be determined.
Means for particulate organic carbon concentrations at the thermo-
cline have significant difference in variation (t-test) between those
within the dumpsite (Stations E, 8, 5, 2, 11) and three stations outside
the dumpsite (Stations 17, 14, D). These differences would suggest an
accumulation of particulate organic carbon along the thermocline. Further
studies are required to determine the fate of this material. Additional
t-tests with DOC and POC at various depths have no significant results
at the .95 level.
Values for POC are similar to values reported for the North Atlantic
Ocean (Szekielda , 1968; Gordon, 1970). DOC concentrations reflect a
5
-------
PARTICULATE ORGANIC CARBON (mg/1)
FIGURE 1
-------
DISSOLVED ORGANIC CARBON (mg/l)
FIGURE 2
-------
range of values found in many of the oceans, particularly off the coast
of Peru and in the Gulf of Mexico (Hobson, et al, 1973).
The lack of significant differences in variation of DOC and POC
with depth and station location (space) on two-way analysis support
the conclusions of Menzel and Goering (1966) and Menzel (1967) concern-
ing homogeneity in depth, space and time. It should be noted, however,
that other researchers have reported variations in these dimensions
(Wangersky and Gordon, 1965; Hobson, 1967; Gordon, 1970). The addition
of sewage sludge may be affecting this natural homogeneity and maybe
just one external process is affecting the distribution of organic
carbon in the oceans, particularly along the thermocline.
The time since last release of sludge would most probably be a
factor in the detection of the materials, but must be evaluated by
studies designed for the measurement of short-term, rather than long-
term effects.
-------
PART II
PARTICULATE AND DISSOLVED BIOLOGICAL IRON
Leonard A. Izzo, Michael A. Champ
The American University
and
Donald W. Lear, EPA Region III
Annapolis Field Office
Iron is one of the major contributed components of both the acid
wastes and the municipal sludge disposed in this area. For this reason
it may be a tag for the dispersion and distribution of other components
of the wastes. The role of iron in the marine environment is considered
to be associated with coastal sedimentation and primary productivity.
Total iron can be partitioned into dissolved and particulate fractions
which are arbitrarily designated by filtration. Dissolved iron complexes
as ferric hydroxide and phosphate particles. These are soluble and/or
pass through a 0.45y Millipore HA Filter (Strickland and Parsons, 1973).
The uncomplexed ferric ion does not exist in measurable amounts in
seawater due to the pH levels. Ferrous forms can only occur under
anaerobic conditions.
Dissolved and particulate biological iron is iron that is avail-
able to marine organisms. This biologically reactive or available iron
is determined by preliminary treatment with 0.48N hydrochloric acid.
Such treatment will liberate ferric iron and thus give less of an over-
estimation of the immediately available biologically active iron than
would a total iron figure.
Samples were retrieved from 10-liter PVC Niskin bottles on the
hydrocasts, taken as time and weather permitted. Only the waters from
-------
and near the sludge release zone were sampled; the northern region
was not sampled due to the exigencies of priority on the schedule.
Materials and Methods
Dissolved and particulate biological iron analysis were cond cted
on one-liter samples according to procedures of Strickland and Parsons,
1972; and Izzo, 1974. The one-liter sample was filtered through a 0.45y
Millipore HA Filter to separate dissolved iron (the filtrate) from
particulate iron (the non-filtrate). The filters were allowed to par-
tially air dry by the vacuum created by the pump, then each was stored
in a Millipore plastic case for transport to the laboratory. One hun-
dred mis of the filtrate were immediately transferred to specially
cleaned bottles and frozen for transport to the laboratory where colori-
metric analysis was conducted after treatment with 0.48N HC1.
Results and Discussion
Results are shown in Table 1 for particulate biological iron (PBFe)
and dissolved biological iron (DBFe). PBFe is also shown diagramatically
in Figure 1.
As can be noted in Table 1, nearly all the iron was retained on the
filters, as could be expected from the solubility of iron salts in seawater,
The diagramatic distribution of particulate iron in the waters show no
definitive pattern in spite of the weak thermocline (Lear, Smith, O'Malley,
1974), but is useful for establishing the relative ambient concentrations
and spatial variability. These distributions, however, can be extremely
useful for following discrete dumping (Champ, 1974).
10
-------
60
PARTICULATE BIOLOGICAL IRON (mg/l)
O STATION NO.
FIGURE 1
11
-------
Table 1
DISSOLVED (DBFe) AND PARTICULATE (PBFe) BIOLOGICAL IRON (ug/l) AT
INDICATED DEPTHS (METERS) AND STATIONS, OPERATION FETCH, NOV. 1974
Station
Depth DBFe
11 x
22 x
34 x
46 x
Station
Depth DBFe
3 1.08
17 0.00
34
Station
Depth DBFe
8 0.00
23 1.09
46
E
PBFe
81.20
89.90
62.64
95.70
17
PBFe
52.20
41.18
23.20
2
PBFe
48.14
47.56
63.80
Station F
i DBFe PBFe
9 x 72.50
21 x 63.80
62 x 95.70
Station 8
spth DBFe PBFe
9 0.16 16.24
18 0.00 55.10
46 0.31 71.34
Station 14
ปpth DBFe PBFe
5 3.90 45.24
18 0.00 75.98
34 -- 41.18
Station 9
spth DBFe PBFe
j ji_._.i ^^_^^^^_
3 0.00 60.90
17 0.63 59.16
29 -- 17.98
Station 5
i DBFe PBFe
8
39
53
2.19
92.22
53.36
23.20
Station 11
ฐpth DBFe PBFe
9 ' 0.00 54.96
18 1.11 41.76
45 0.00 30.74
x = Sample bottles broken in rough seas
-- = Sample lost in freezing
12
-------
PART III
METAL CONCENTRATIONS IN THE OCEAN QUAHOG, Arctica islandica
Bruce Reynolds and Gerald Pesch
National Water Quality Laboratory
EPA Narragansett
Abstract
Tissue of the clam, Arctica islandica, were analyzed for accumulated
concentrations of 12 metals at 14 stations distributed about an industrial
waste dumpsite and a sewage waste dumpsite. Conclusions drawn from a
statistical treatment of the results show (1) that metals thus disposed
of do acculuate in the tissue of benthic organisms and in quantities
roughly proportional to the amounts dumped; (2) that certain metals,
particularly V and Cd, are dumped in such quantities in one of the two
sites such that they may be used as tracers for that dumpsite; and
(3) that, due to hydrographic conditions, the effects of these dumped
materials is in no way limited to the area bounded by the dumpsites
proper but are spread over a large area, as yet undetermined, particularly
in the direction of the prevailing currents. A much larger sample grid
is needed to establish the extent of this area.
Results and Discussion
Of the stations visited on the "Fetch" cruise, November 5-10, 1973,
14 of these yielded the ocean quahog, Arctica islandica. Three of these,
Stations A, C, and H, yielded only one individual with the other 11
stations yielding from 3 to 13 individuals. These were subsequently
subjected to atomic absorption spectrophotometric analysis for tissue
concentrations of 12 metals. The metals, the means and ranges of their
13
-------
concentrations, and the sample sizes, are reported in Appendix 1 along
with values for the other organisms collected.
An analysis of variance was performed on the replicates of Arctica
samples for each of the 12 metals for the above set of 11 stations. The
results of this test are reported in Table 1.
Table 1
Analysis of Variance of Metal Concentrations
Significance
Metal F ratio level
Vanadium 5.77 <.!%
Chromium 3.73 <.!%
Cadmium 3.49 .5%
Aluminum 2.95 .5%
Manganese 2.25 5%
Lead 2.20 5%
Zinc 1.24 >20%
Nickel 1.22 >20%
Copper 1.05 insig.
Cobalt 0.96 insig.
Iron 0.48 insig.
Silver 0.31 insig.
Thus, of the 12 metals examined, 6, i.e., V, Cr, Cd, Al, Mn,
and Pb, clearly demonstrate significant differences within the set
of 11 stations. Of the remaining, zinc and nickel approach significance
14
-------
while all of the metals show interesting distributions when the mean
concentrations are plotted.
Subsequently, Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was performed and
homogeneous subsets determined for the set of 11 stations and for the
metals shown to have significance. Homogeneous subsets are herein defined
as subsets of elements, no pair of which differ by more than the shortest
significant range for a subset of that size. The subsets thus determined
are presented in Table 2.
Table 2
Homogeneous Subsets of Stations by Metal
Metal
Subset 1
Subset 2
Subset 3
Vanadium
Chromium
p
Cadmium
Aluminum
Manganese
1 oaH
14,8,5,E,D,11,2,1
2,0,8,14,1,17,11,5
G, 9,8,0,1, 2, E,ll
all but Sta. G
all but Sta. G
91/LQQir:7R
17, G, 9 2,1,17,6
5,G,E,9 14,1,17,11,5,6
11,17,5,14 1,2,E,11,5
6 is significantly higher
6 is significantly higher
R 11 t; p
11,5
a fourth subset was established as follows:
14, 17, 11, 5, 6, E
p
a fourth subset was established as follows:
2, E, 11, 17, 5
15
-------
In the following section, these subsets as well as the isopleths
for the calculated means of metal concentrations for both the 11-station
and 14-station sets are presented as figures. In the isopleth figures,
the number beside each of the station numbers are the calculated me
in ppm dry weight for the indicated metal extracted from Arctica tissue.
It should be emphasized that the subsets and isopleths plotted are
limited in area! extent, not only by the existing data, but by the spatial
distribution of the sample sites and do not imply a bounded system. It
would be expected that the homogeneous subsets would be enlarged if
information on additional stations were available. In Table 3, the annual
input of waste materials into the respective dumpsites are presented. The
individual metal values for the DuPont waste are calculated using the
analysis values contained in DuPont's permit application. The Philadelphia
values are calculated from an analysis of sewage sludge supplied to our
laboratory by EPA Region III, except as indicated. The specific gravity
and wet/dry weight ratios used in these calculations were also determined
by our laboratory from the submitted samples.
Table 3
Annual Input Delaware Dumpsites
DuPont Total Input Philadelphia
240,000,000 gal/yr 150,000,000
908,500,000 1/yr 568,000,000
1.18 spec grav 1.03
1,072,000,000 kg/yr 584,500,000
16
-------
Table 3 (cont.)
Annual Input Delaware Dumpsites
DuPont Specific Metal Input Philadelphia
Fe
Cu
Cr
Al
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
N1
V
Cd
Zn
Ti
53,400,000 kg/yr
3,634
33,160
745,000
136
1,017,500
11,900
9,630
8,540
155,400
236
33,400
1,844,000
946,000
83,150
75,670
1,094,000
2,314
81,400
145,000
8,740
41,655
2,226
6,200
334,000
5,851
17
-------
Vanadium
Of the metals examined, vanadium presents the greatest significance
of variation between stations or groups of stations. From Table 3, it
may be noted that the vanadium input to the dumpsite system is approxi-
mately 75 times greater for DuPont than for Philadelphia. From Figures
1, 2 and 3 it may be similarly noted that the area of greatest impact
of accumulated vanadium in the ocean quahog is in and near the DuPont
site and, quite strikingly, in the area to the southwest or downstream
(according to prevailing currents discussed in the main body of this
report) of the DuPont dumpsite. On the other hand, the Philadelphia
site uniformly and without exception shows levels that are significantly
lower. It may also be noted that at the three stations, A, C, and H,
which yielded only a single sample each and consequently do not lend
themselves to statistical treatment, nevertheless show values which seem
to fit the general contouring trend.
Chromium
The apparent chromium distribution in Figures 4,5, and 6 is some-
what complicated by the fact that the metal is deposited in the two
dumpsites at levels differing only by a factor of 2 (Philadelphia more
than DuPont from Table 3) and thus cannot reasonably be used as a tracer
for either dumpsite. The dominant feature in these figures is the demon-
stration, again, of the effects of the general oceanic circulation in the
area to widely distribute the metal to downstream or to the southwest
and hence substantially out of the established dumpsite area.
18
-------
Cadmium
The results of the cadmium determination show identical but
reciprocal distribution patterns as compared to vanadium. In this
case, cadmium is deposited at a rate approximately 30 times greater
in the Philadelphia site than in the DuPont site, (Table 3), and is
clearly accumulated in the ocean quahog to a greater degree in the
Philadelphia site, (Figure 7, 8 and 9). Again the metal levels were
found to be distributed in response to the direction of the prevailing
bottom currents. Thus we have two metals which differ significantly
in the amounts annually deposited in the system at the two respective
sites, and which evidently show promise as tracers in delineating the
effects of these two closely related siteseffects, however, that are
so widely dispersed beyond the actual dumpsite limits that they do not
appear to be contained by the limits of the present sample grid.
Aluminum
At the time of the writing of this report, the Philadelphia sewage
sludge had not been analyzed for aluminum content and thus does not
appear in Table 3, however the value would not be expected to approach
the amount in the DuPont waste for to do so would mean a value approxi-
mately that of the iron. If this proves to be the case, the familiar
trend of shellfish accumulation paralleling the differential rate of
deposition, as well as the extentions of the higher values to the south-
west, is again demonstrated.
19
-------
Manganese
Manganese is deposited at the DuPont site in amounts 12 times
that in the Philadelphia site and isopleths plotted in Figures 12,
13 and 14 reflect this fact. However, the plots of the homogeneous
subsets show primarily that most of the statistical significance is
attributable to the high values for Station 6, southwest of the
DuPont site.
Lead
The Figures 15 and 16 for lead show trends similar to those
established for the other metals with the possible exception that,
statistically, the homogeneous subset of stations with high values
is limited quite closely to the Philadelphia site, the area of primary
deposition. It is equally possible that this delimiting is an artifact
of the sample grid.
Titanium
The variance between stations was found to be significant at the
1% level with a F ratio of 2.70. (These values may be compared to those
for the other metals in Table 1.) The homogeneous subsets, defined by
the multiple range test, are the same as those defined for aluminum and
manganese, such that Station G is significantly higher than the remaining
stations with the latter falling into one homogeneous subset. These
trends are illustrated in Figures 23 and 24. Consequently, the comments
made for manganese apply equally well for titanium, particularly since
the annual amounts disposed of are more than 3000 times greater for the
DuPont site than for the Philadelphia site.
20
-------
Other Metals
The remaining metals, although not meeting the tests for signifi-
cance of variance due in part to the sample sites and their limited
spatial distribution, nevertheless continue to demonstrate at least
portions of the comparative patterns of deposition, lateral trans-
portation, and biological accumulation as found in previous metals.
It is particularly noteworthy that in no case does the area of highest
accumulation fail to correspond to the dumpsite with the greater load
of the respective metal.
21
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Vanadium
^or-lF, 11
22
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Figure ? Vanadium Inooleths, 1"- Stations
23
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Figure 3 Vanadium Hono-P'oneour; Subsets
24
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Chromium Isot>lPths, 11 St
25
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Figure ; Chromium Isopleths, 1^ Stations
26
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
SCALE M STATUTE MILES
0 5
Figure '' Ghroniurn Hoim
27
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
SCALE H STATUTE MILES
505
3.0
FJfrure 7 Cadmium Isopl^thr,, 11
28
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
3.02-5
29
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
30
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
V.
31
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
33
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
34
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
35
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
36
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
SCALE N STATUTE MILES
505
38
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
40
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
:0 Cob'5,T t 1 -.I .--t-h-, v S *-' H
41
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
600 500 400
42
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
1.5
2? S-i
43
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Figure 23 Titanium Isopleths, 11 Stations
44
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Figure 24 Titanium Isopleths, 14 Stations
45
-------
STATION LOCATIONS
Figure 25 Titanium Homogeneous Subsets
46
-------
PART IV
ZOOPLANKTON POPULATIONS
Suzanne Sosnowski
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory
Narragansett, Rhode Island
Zooplankton tows were made with paired net hauls, each net
measuring 0.5 meter x 0.5 meter, and mesh size of 202y. Fifteen
minute surface tows were made. Samples from tows were split, one
for metals analysis (Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974) and the
remainder for taxonomic characterizations. The latter aliquot was
preserved in 5% formalin.
As the primary objective of the cruise was sampling for benthic
conditions, plankton tows were given relatively low priority, and
few samples taken. Heavy weather forced the utilization of available
time for higher priority work.
Methodology
The tows were not quantitatively taken and, as a result, many
more animals were in the sample from Station 17 than that of Station 14.
For this reason, the Station 17 sample was diluted more before exami-
nation than Station 14.
A Folsom Plankton Splitter was used to divide the raw tows.
Station 17 sample was split into 1/32 aliquots. One of these aliquots
was diluted to 500 ml. The 500 ml dilution was stirred and poured into
a 50 ml sampling device which was shaken before a 2 ml sample was taken.
This 2 ml sample was counted and keyed out according to genus and species,
47
-------
Two such 2 ml aliquots were counted. A total approximation of
animals in the whole two sample was arrived at by multiplying
the number of animals in one 2 ml aliquot by a factor of 8000.
The species percent composition was calculated by dividing the
number of animals of that species by the total number of animals
in the 2 ml aliquot.
The sample from Station 14 was treated in a like manner, except
that it was divided into 1/16 aliquots in the Folsom splitter. A
total approximation of animals in the whole two sample was arrived
at by multiplying the number of animals in one 2 ml aliquot by a
factor of 4000. The percent species composition was calculated as
above.
Discussion
Station 14: Most frequently occurring species ( 4%):
Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus - 39.7%
*Temora turbinata (species?) - 32.3%
Centropages typicus - 19.6%
Salps, indicative of warm and/or oceanic
waters were found in this sample (Sta. 14).
Station 17: Most frequently occurring species ( 4%):
Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus - 37.3%
*Temora longicornis (species?) - 19.0%
*Temora turbinata (species?) - 20.1%
Oncaea venusta - 8.0%
Centropages typicus - 4.5%
48
-------
It appears that Station 17 contained more diverse speciation
than Station 14. Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus was dominant in
these October surface tows at both stations. The tows were not
measured quantitatively when taken, so, although the aliquots were
equal from both tows, more animals per aliquot were present in the
Station 17 sample. This should not have affected the percent species
composition, however.
Grice and Hart (1962), in September oblique tows of these neritic
waters (lat 40ฐ 18' x long 71ฐ 28'), found 35 species of copepods of
which the most important numerically was Centropages typicus which
formed about 50%. Calanus finmarchicus, Candacia armata, Metric!ia
lucens, Oithona simulis, Paracalanus parvus, and Temora longicornis
were also found but none formed more than 6%.
Bigelow and Sears (1939), in October oblique tows of these same
shelf waters (out to the 200 meter contour, from lat 41ฐ to lat 36ฐ),
found the most important species, numerically, to be Centropages
typicus (14%), Paracalanus (12%), Calanus (7%), Pseudocalanus (4%),
and Metrichia lucens (2%). The following formed 1% or more or indi-
vidual stations: 4% Acartia, 7% Candacia armata, 1% Centropages
violaceous, 3% Corycaeus, 2% Mecynocera clausi, 11 % Oncaea, 1 % PJ jjurp_-
mamrna gracilis, 6% Scolecithrix danae, 1% Temora longicornis, and 1%
Temora sty!ifera.
Fewer species may have been found in our October tows because
they were surface tows, rather than oblique as in the data of Grice
and Hart and Bigelow and Sears.
*Reference books were vague on species differentiation for Temora. Both
species definitely occurred at Station 17, but the percent may be
inaccurate. Some J_. longicornis may have gone undetected in Station 14.
49
-------
TABLE 1
PERCENT ZOOPLANKTON SPECIES COMPOSITION
Two
Species
% of tow
Station 14
Oct. surface
Station 17
Oct. surface
Grice & Hart
Sept. oblique
Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus
Temora turbinata
Centropages typicus
*Salps
Pseudocalanus minutus elongatus
Temora turbinata
Temora jongicornis
Oncaea venusta
Centropages typicus
Centropages typicus
Bigelow & Sears Centropages typicus
Paracalanus
Oct. oblique
Calanus
Pseudocalanus
Metridia lucens
39.7
32.3
19.6
37.3
20.1
19.0
8.0
4.5
50.0
14.0
12.0
7.0
4.0
2.0
* Salps are indicative of warm and/or oceanic waters,
in Station 17 sample.
There were none
50
-------
REFERENCES
American Public Health Association. Standard Methods for the
Examination of Water and Wastewater. APHA 13th Ed. 864 pp. 1971.
Beeton, A. M. Environmental changes in Lake Erie. Transactions of
the American Fisheries Society 90:153-159. 1961.
Bigelow, H. B. and M. Sears. Studies of the waters of the Continental
Shelf, Cape Cod to Chesapeake Bay. Contrib. No. 194. Woods Hole
Oceanographic Institution. Memoirs of the Museum of Comparative
Zoology at Harvard College, Cambridge. Vol. IV, No. 4:179-378. 1939.
Butcher, R. W. The biological detection of pollution. Journal of the
Institute of Sewage Purification 2:92-97. 1946.
Champ, Michael A. Organic and inorganic carbon cycles in a pond
ecosystem. Ph.D. Dissertation, Texas A&M University. 1973.
Champ, Michael A. Operation SAMS, Sludge Acid Monitoring Survey,
American University, Ceres Program Publication No. 1. 1974.
Florida Ocean Sciences Institute. Limitations and effects of waste
disposal on an ocean shelf. EPA-16070EFG12/71. 304 pp. 1971.
Fredericks, A. D. and W. M. Sackett. Organic carbon in the Gulf of
Mexico. J. of Geophysical Res. 75:2199-2206.
Freund, John E. Modern Elementary Statistics. Prentice Hall, Inc.
New Jersey. 1973.
Gordon, D. C., Jr. Some studies on the distribution and composition
of particulate organic carbon in the North Atlantic Ocean. Deep-Sea
Res. 17:233-243. 1967.
Grice, G. D. and A. Hart. The abundance, seasonal occurrence and
distribution of the epizooplankton between New York and Bermuda.
Contrib. No. 1237, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, pp 287-307.
1962.
Hobson, L. A. The seasonal and vertical distribution of suspended
particulate matter in an area of the northeast Pacific Ocean.
Oceanography 11:510-519. 1967.
Hobson, L. A., D. W. Menzel, R. T. Barber. Primary productivity and
sizes of pools of organic carbon in the mixed layer of the ocean.
Marine Biology 19:298-306. 1973.
51
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Hynes, H. B. N. The Biology of Polluted Waters. Liverpool University
Press, Liverpool xiv + 202 pp. 1960.
Izzo, Leonard A. Dissolved and Participate Biological Iron. In
Champ (Editor Operation SAMS: Sewage Acid Monitoring Survey. The
American University Ceres Publication No. 1. 169 pp. 1974.
Lear, D. W., S. K. Smith and M. L. O'Malley (Eds.) Environmental
Survey of Two Interim Dumpsites, Middle Atlantic Bight - Operation
"Fetch" EPA 903/9-74-01Oa. 141 pp. 1974.
Menzel, D. W. Particulate organic carbon in the deep sea. Deep-Sea
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Menzel, D. W. and J. J. Goering. The distribution of organic detritus
in the ocean. Limnology and Oceanography 11:333-337. 1966.
Menzel, D. W. and R. F. Vaccaro. The measurement of dissolved organic
and particulate carbon in sea water. Limn. Ocean. 9:138-142. 1964.
Owre, H. B. and M. Foyo. Copepods of the Florida current. Fauna
Caribaea, No. 1, Crustacea, Part i: Copepoda. Institute of Marine
Science, Miami, p 137. 1967.
Palmer, H. D. and D. W. Lear (Eds.) Environmental Survey of an Interim
Ocean Dumpsite, Middle Atlantic Bight - Operation "Quicksilver" EPA
903/9-001-A. 132 pp. 1973.
Rose, M. Faune de France. Copepodes Pelagiques. Kraus Repring.
Nendeln. 374 pp. 1970.
Strickland, J. D. H. and T. R. Parsons. A Practical Handbook of
Seawater Analysis. Bull. No. 167 Fisheries Research Board of Canada,
Ottawa. 1972.
Szekielda, K. H. Some remarks on the influence of hydrographic conditions
on the concentration of particulate carbon in seawater. I_n_: Proceedings
of an I.B.P. symposium, pp 314-322. Ed. by H. L. Golterman and R. S. Clymo.
Amsterdam: N.V. Noord-Hollandsche Vitgevers Maatschappiji. 1967.
Wangersky, P. J. and D. C. Gordon, Jr. Particulate carbonate, organic
carbon and Mn+ in the open ocean. Limn. Ocean. 10:544-440. 1965.
Williams, P. M. The distribution and cycling or organic matter in the
oceans. Organic Compounds in Aquatic Environments. Samuel D. Faust
and Joseph V. Hunter, Eds. 7:145-163. Mariel Dekker, Inc., New York.
1971.
52
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Wilson, C. The copepods of the Woods Hole region. Smithsonian
Institution, U. S. National Museum Bulletin No. 158. 635 pp.
U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington. 1932.
Wilhm, J. L. and T. C. Dorris. Biological parameters for water
quality criteria. Bioscience 18:477-481.
53
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Arctica
APPENDIX 1
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderrn and Mollusc Tissues
ugm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
fli '
Cr
A!
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
r- Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
/, Samples
Mean
Range
% SanipJ_es
Mean
f Samples
Mean
Rr'nge
# Samples
Ran:;-::
-,'' Sa.-nplos
[(anno
t ~>3 .,./ ! v. .>
H0.i:i
Range1
/; Sarvlcs
14
20.31
10.01-
28.17
3
0.65
0.44-
0.94
3
11.56
6.80-
17.56
3
0.413
0.284-
0.616
3
0.24
0.12-
0.42
3
0.25
0.03-
0.39
3
0.54
0.34-
0.65
3
0.16
0.09-
0.23
3
2.00
1.17-
2.79
3
0.196-
0-428
o
0
1.13
0.262-
1.58
3
0.217
0.167-
0.261
3
9
33.47
20.15-
49.20
10
0.75
0.36-
1.12
10
8.04
5.54-
10.93
10
0.263
0.174-
0.402
9
0.24
0.10-
0.39
10
1.03
0.54-
1.74
10
1.11
0.36-
5.17
10
0.14
0.09-
0.18
10
1.07
0.599-
1.85
10
0.533
0.376-
0.839
i n
1 U
4.46
1.79-
10.83
10
0.487
0.379-
0.728
10
17
44.67
14.81-
95.15
8
0.10
0.48-
0.95
8
9.13
6.29-
11.68
8
0.443
0.220-
0.731
8
32.23
0.17-
256.0
8
1.18
0.91-
1.90
8
0.76
0.67-
0.91
8
0.10
0.08-
0.13
8
T T?
0.68-
2.07
8
0.448
0.277-
0.595
0
o
3.26
2.06-
6.86
7
0.442
0.255-
0.585
8
1
59.00
10.69-
310.92
12
1.09
0.42-
3.37
12
IT. 03
5.62-
34.39
12
0.316
0.141-
0.726
11
0.24
0.11-
0.79
12
6.89
0.34-
72.83
12
1.18
0.51-
9.00
12
0.06-
0.43
12
1.40
0.08-
1.77
12
0.347
0.173-
0.585
1 9
3.13
1.75-
5.76
11
0.339
0.266-
0.655
12
2
29.31
14.18-
62.45
4
0.85
0.39-
1.38
4
11.20
7.82-
16.34
4
0.303 '
0.229
0.441
4
0.24
0.14-
0.39
4
0.75
0.31-
1.54
4
0.56
0.37-
0.74
4
0.11
0.09-
0.18
4
1.04
0.63-
1.51
4
0.286
0.234-
0.346
A
2.20
1.71-
2.56
3
0.329
0.257-
0.433
4
5
24.73
17.36-
29.76
3
0.73
0.57-
0.90
3
8.56
5.71-
11.13
3
0.398"
0.212-
0.526
3
0.16
0.10-
0.23
3
0.82
0.58-
1.28
3
0.88
0.59-
1.18
3
1.2
0.08-
0.15
3
1.42
0.584-
1.99
3
0.392
0.30
0.474
3
3.61
2.35-
5.27
3
0.274
0.148-
0.377
3
8
43.73
17.09-
108.05
5
.073
0.37-
0.86
5
11.51
5.96-
16.80
5
0.254
0.134-
0.329
5
0.23
0.09-
0.65
5
"0778
0.56-
1.21
5
0.51
0.03-
0.87
5
0.13
0.06-
0.22
5
1.50
0.674-
2.725
5
" 0.304""
0.16
0.414
c
4.18
1.33-
9.99
5
0.247
0.176-
0.409
5
11
32.95
22.38-
64.30
6
0.54
0.38-
0.72
6
3*.76-
12.63
6
~ "07258"
0.166-
0.414
6
0.16
0.09-
0.26
6
0.74
0.16-
1.71
6
0.40-
0.85
6
0.12
0.08-
0.20
6
T74T"
0.894-
2.23
6
0.20
0.43
1.92
1.25-
2.45
6
0.247
0.213-
0.303
6
-------
Arctica
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
ygm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Hi
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
-# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Maan
Range
# Samples
E
39.60
12 19-
73.72
10
~ 0.67
0.45
1.02
10
8.TC
4.29
12 22
10'
0-2789
0.170-
0.428
10
0.2Q
0.08-
0.41
10
1.03
0.22-
1.22
10
0.88
0.50-
1.63
10
0.21
0.07-
0.77
10
1.27
0.81-
1.847
10
~~"074T(r
0.25-
0.661
10
3.03
1.629-
6.211
10
0.266
0.200-
0.373
10
C
. 153.15
1
1.01
1
9.571
1
0.404
1 __
0.181
1
5.505
1
1.077
1
0.686
1
0
0.852
1
"5
0.722
1
0
25.54
5.11-
45.18
6
0.72
0.52
1.14
6
9.44
7.15
12.99
6
0.250
0.151-
0.305
6
0.21
0.11-
0.56
6
0.80
0.40-
1.20
6
0.60
0.46-
0.82
6
0.09
0.06-
0.12
6
2.02
0.528-
4.711
6
0.293
0.239-
0.354
6
2.42
1.71-
3.85
6
0.281
0.158-
0.360
6
i^
u
113.55
21.23-
389.74
8
0.90
0.58
1.24
8
9.Td
4.72
13 21
8
0.340
0.141-
0.591
8_
0.24
0.07-
0.59
8
3.23
0.50-
9.78
8
1.12
0.51
2.52
8
0.47
0.08-
2.80
8
2.23
0.77-
5.10
6
0.711
0.34-
1.43
8
12.60
1.98-
25.85
7
0.684
0.309-
0.741
8
B A
148.37
1
1.01
1
9.719
1
0.307
1
0.213
1
6.665
1
0.900
1
0.120
1
0
0.553
1
"o
1.110
1
H
30.69
1
0.770
1
T4.781
1
137407
1
0.39
1
0.793
1
0.878
1
0.217
1
5.44
1
0.657
1
4.23
1
0.340
1
-------
Arctica
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
tr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Sampjes
Mean
Range
# Sampjes
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
ffean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
[lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Ran ^'3
# Samples
14
192.74
111 50-
245.94
3
6.29
4.96-
8.25
3
111.44
66.05-
153.27
3
3.94
3.167-
5.337
3
2.273
1.35-
3.68
3
3.277
3.14-
3.43
3
5.163
3.78-
6.30
3
1.50
0.89-
2.03
3
19-. 50
11.42-
24.38
3
2.88
2.18-
3.73
3
11.63
2.28-
17.23
3
2.12
1.86-
2.53
3
9
275.05
182.36-
422.02
10
6.11
3.41-
8.13
10
65.84
50.34-
84.51
10
2.134
1.424-
2.862
9
2.026
0.759-
3.220
10
8.532
4.86-
14.24
10
5.373
3.22-
7.52
10
1 .126
0.720-
1.520
10
8.80
4.89-
15.84
10
4.33
3.54-
6.08
10
36.79
16.57-
92.89
10
4.02
2.59-
5.77
10
17
339.9
108.08-
616.61
8
5.28
3.96-
6.52
6-
70.496
49.21-
84.78
8
3.378
1.604-
5.00
8
2.087
1.070-
2.720
8
9.069
6.100-
12.30
8
5.98
4.33-
7.50
8
0.754
0.540-
1.040
8
8.80
5.29-
15.06
8
3.40
2.03-
4.07
8
26.51
15.03-
63.20
7
3.37
2.30-
4.01
8
1
523.21
87.98-
3349.20
12
9.74
4.11-
36.30
12
104.48
21.92-
370.45
12
2.45
1.29-
3.22
11
2.30
0.41-
8.50
12
6.78
2.89-
13.93
11
5.68
3.54-
7.82
11
1.48
0.45-
4.52
11
10.82
2.51-
16.29
9
3.17
1.87-
3.99
12
30.18
16.86-
60.34
11
2.90
2.55-
3.60
12
2
205.90
73,05-
372.60
4
7.23
4.28-
12.78
4
100.865
61.75-
150.32
4
2.588
2.624
2.822
4
2.220
0.85-
3.86
4
6.055
2.81-
9.18
4
4.883
4.120-
6.410
4
1.068
0.54-
1.94
4
9.73
5.00-
16.69
4
2.51
2.07-
2.80
4
22.05
17.03-
25.55
3
2.86
2.58-
3.34
4
5
213.07
147.16-
250.85 1
3
6.29
4.81-
8.01
3
73.19
51.00-
94.33
3
3.461
1.80-
4.700
3
1.366
0.82-
2.05
3
7.040
5.160-
10.79
3
7.577
4.99-
9.90
3
1.073
0.69-
1.28
3
12.10
5.20-
16.85
3
3.38
2,59-
4.24
3
31.32
19.92-
47.01
3
2.36
1.26-
3.17
3
8
397.50
142.23-
059.80
5
6.87
3.21-
9.97
5
100.69
52.55-
164.80
5
2.19
1.17-
2.74
5
1.97
0.86-
5.71
5
6.70
4.89-
10.05
5
6.24
4.15-
9.12
5
1.12
0.81-
1.95
5
12.60
5.95-
23.77
4
2.62
1.39-
3.34
5
34.89
11.13-
75.50
5
2.13
1.49-
3.61
5
11
346.54
233 72-
737.75
6
5.51
4.36-
7.02
6
87.982
43.180-
143.23
6
2.77
1.627-
4.079
6
1.785
1.250-
2.580
6
8.353
4.37-
19.65
6
6.425
4.50-
9.70
6
1 .230
0.87-
1.94
6
14.47
10.26-
21.99
6
3.38
2.03-
4.89
6
19.91
12.27-
24.38
6
2.56
1.90-
3.25
6
-------
Arctica
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V~
fiean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
"Mean
Range
V Samples
Mean
Range
% Samples
ilean
Range
$ ci;,iples
i'lean
Range
7" Samples
E
377.80
122.73-
894.30
10
6.11
3.91-
8.14
10
74.98
53.26-
112.16
10
2.59
1.71-
3.89
10
l.8b
0-78
4.11
10
9.12
5.43-
23.39
10
7.84
5.73-
11.45
10
2.25
0.61-
9.59
10
11.47
6.74-
15.76
8
3./9
2.156-
5.15
10
~78T95~
18.16-
53.47
10
2.47
2.00-
2.99
10
C
624.00
1
4.2
1
39.0
1
1.6
11
1
0.7
1
22.4
1
4.4
1
2.8
1
1
3.47
1
1
2.94
1
D
226.90
46.42-
395.60
6
6.40
4.57-
11.12
6
83.76
61.93-
126.41
6
2.19
1.47-
2.65
6
1.89
0.98-
4.95
6
7.01
3.53-
9.74
6
5.31
4.16-
7.13
6
0.751
0.536-
1.087
6
17.62
4.57-
38.28
6
~2759
2.07-
3.13
6
21.51
15.37-
33.33
6
2.49
1.28-
3.18
6
G B
504.40
181.57-
1148.11
8
5.07
3.18-
6.54
8
52.28
24.54-
70.98
8
1.88
1.107-
2.890
8
1.406
0.360-
5.080
8
14.566
4.30-
28.80
8
5.673
2.42-
8.39
8
2.584
0.480-
8.230
8
24.27
6.97-
46.64
6
3.73
2.98-
5.46
8
"62.00
17.01-
123.44
7
3.69
2.34-
4.59
8
A
630.95
1
4.334
1
41.334
1
.1.308
1
0.909
1
28.346
1
3.830
1
0.512
1
1
2.35
1
1
4.74
1
H
292.8
1
7.350
1
140.99
1
3.891
1
0.378
1
7.568
1
8.378
1
2.074
1
51.9.
1
6.27
1
40.36
1
3.24
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echihoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Arctica ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
CF~
Ni
Cr
/rr
V
Mean
Range
i1 Samples
Mean
Range
-,' Samples
Mean
Range
T* Samples
Mean
Range
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Arctica
umg/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
7.n
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
!ii
Cr
Al
(lean
Range
# Samples
['lean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
/,- Samples
Mean
Range
# SanigT_es_
Mean
Range
// Singles
Mean
Range
ft Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
i'lean
Range
# Samples
flean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
it Soi.iples
E
1138.18
329.50-
2114.00
10
19.11
13.39-
32.33
10
233.00
114.40-
278.80
10
8.048
4.59-
13.03
10
5.64
2.15-
10.63
10
29.20
14.63-
78.76
10
~rrm~
15.39-
51.70
10
5.94
2.18-
20.54
10
35.20
23.26-
43.19
7
11.89
7.01-
20.99
10
88.51
44.03-
162.73
10
776T
5.68-
10.80
10
C
6092.0
1
40.52
1
381.00
1
16.09
1
7.19
1
219.00
1
42.80
1
27.30
1
1
33.91
1
1
" 28.74
1
D
791.53
496.2-
1280.0
_6
20.09
14.35-
31.92
6
266.00
199.6-
362.7
6
7. 10
4.23-
8.93
6
6.04
3.05-
15.58
__5______
22.7
11.13-
33.83
6
T77TD
12.82-
24.05
6
2.43
1.54-
3.39
6
56.95
15.428-
133.037
6
8.30
6.701-
10.32
6
68.80
50.04-
112.49
6
~ " 7.96
4.45-
10.32
6
G
3383.5
616.1-
8987.0-
8
28.83
17.49-
47.94
8
303.00
174.4-
464.4
8
1 1 .29
4.47-
20.92
8
7.15
1.18-
17.25
8
99.7
14.59-
225.49
8
29.00
15.53-
58.17
8
15.5
2.43-
64.46
8
7T. 19
29.77-
161.56
6
21.98
10.12-
33.17
8
484.04
57.72-
1140.00
7
21.20
9.32-
35.95
8
B A
8156.00
r
56.62
1
534.00
1
1 6 . y 1
1
11.76
1
366.00
1
49.50
1
6.62
1
25.25
1
30.392
1
1
61.27
' 1
H
915.0
1
22.97
1
441.00
1
12.16
1
1.18
1
23.6
1
26.20
1
6.48
1
62.16
1
79.59
1
126.13
1
10.14
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Echinarachnius ygm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Sampjes
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
=t Samples
14
29.31
1
6.42
1
6.71
1
0.292
1
0.92
1
3.00
1
40.97
1
0.00
1
0.00
1
2.693
1
13.828
1
4.003
1
9
44.90
1
7.501
1
5.41
1
0.086
1
0.52
1
1.61
1
22.41
1
0.14
1
11.909
1
3.394
1
17.835
1
4.315
1
17
24.69
22.41-
28.12
3
7.08
6.47-
7.97
3
3.540
3.06-
3.87
3
0.08
0.034-
0.127
3
0.52
0.48-
0.57
3
1.873
1.75-
2.00
3
21.35
21.10-
22.19
3
0.06
0.03-
0.10
3
7.981
4.64-
13.34
3
3.099
2.99-
3.23
3
25.59
11.266-
53.88
3
4.356
4.12-
4.50
3
1 2
53.99
33.64-
80.35
3
4.80
4.13-
5.48
3
6.023
4.94-
7.26
3
0.28
0.217-
0.313
3
0.663
0.56-
0.77
3
3.593
3.27-
3.80
3
65.60
26.00-
136.67
3
0.097
0.05-
0.17
3
0.113
0.026-
0.159
3
1.587
1-.068-
2.464
3
36.156
20.217-
55.80
3
3.559
3.18-
3.95
3
5
53.82
1
7.003
1
3.68
1
0.107
1
0.34
1
1.33
1
17.91
1
0.14
1
3.069
1
2.744
1
19.497
1
4.333
1 .
8
291.26
1
6.230
1
4.17
1
0.031
1
0.49
1
2.19
1
20.93
1
0.03
1
7.882
1
3.489
1
166.978
1
4.673
1
11
273.44
1
6.583
1
4.30
1
0.000
1
0.22
1
1.93
1
19.37
1
0.22
1
1.449
1
2.646
1
178.886
1
3.779
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderrn and Mollusc Tissues
Echinarachnius ' ugm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A'l
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
IT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
-// Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
i! Samples
Mean
Range
if Samples
iiean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
u Samples
E
21.57
18.33-
25.91
3
5.80
5.35-
6.09
3
4.176
3.59-
4.76
3
0.11
0.111-
0.115
3
0.403
0.39-
0.41
3
1.433
1.24-
1.57
3
17.677
17.18-
18.14
3
0.037
0.02-
0.07
3
1 . 538
0.204-
3,93
3
2.64
2.58-
2.73
3
15.630
11.19-
21.56
3
3.845
3.688-
3.94
3
C D
18.44
13.04
23.84
2
5.84
5.78-
5.89
2
18.440
13.04-
23.84
2
0.205
0.199-
0.211
2
0.785
0.78-
0.79
2
3.275
3.18-
3.37
2
33.76
33.71-
33.81
2
0.135
0.09-
0.18
2
0.056
0.00-
0.112
2
2.480
2.452-
2.507
2
17.89
13.659-
22.127
2
3.947
3.857-
4.037
2
G
44.97
1
6.012
1
8.30
1
0.241
1
0.79
1
3.26
1
39,26
1
0.06
1
30.275
1
3.949
1
67.068
1
4.074
1
BAH
29.89
1
5.91
1
6.34
1
0.365
1
0.80
1
3.99
1
40.16
1
0.00
1
0.107
1
3.253
1
23.947
1
3.932
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Echinarachnius
ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Hi
Cr
Al
M
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
- Samples
i'-ean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mee n
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
i-lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
riean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14
58.72
1
12.86
1
13.44
1
0.585
1
1 .84
1
6.01
1
82.08
1
0.00
1
0.00
1
Z.&93
1
13.828
1
4.003
1
9
80.19
1
13.39
1
9.66
1
0.153
1
U.93
1
2.88
1
40.03
1
0.25
1
21.27
1
6.062
1
31.854
1
7.707
1
17
42.74
37.31-
49.41
3
12.30
10.92-
14.01
3
5.77
5.38-
6.53
3
0.132
0.059-
0.214
3
U.90
0.84-
1.00
3
3.25
3.08-
3.37
-3
37.63
37.10-
38.34
3
.0.11
0.05-
0.18
3
13.715
8.165-
22.518
3
5.372
5.258-
5.456
3
43.729
19.81-
90.93
3
7.562
6.95-
7.929
3
1
103.41
74.12-
150.06
3
9.46
7.72-
12.07
3
11.80
8.86-
16.00
3
0.50
0.39-
0.58
3
1.31
1.05-
1.70
3
7.04
6.11-
8.37
3
122.66
48.56-
245.14
3
0.19
0.11-
0.32
3
0.229
0.049-
0.35
3
3.058
2.226-
4.602
3
68.98
49.54-
104.21
3
6.907
6.626-
7.09
3
2 5
117.29
1
15.26
1
8.02
1
0.233
1
0.74
1
2.90
1
39.03
1
0.31
1
6.689
1
5.980
1
42.49
1
9.443
1 '
8
520.89
1
13.44
1
7.31
1
0.054
1
0.86
1
3.84
1
36.71
1
0.05
1
13.825
1
6.120
1
292.89
1
8.197
1
11
533.11
1
12.83
1
8.38
1
0.00
1
0.43
1
3.77
1
38.06
1
0.43
1
3.328
1
6.076
1
410.88
1
8.681
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Echinarachnius
vigm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Hean
Range
# Samples
Hean
Range
TT Samples
Hean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
1 # SampTes
Mean
Range
" ir Sampl es
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ir Samples
E
39.54
35.58-
44.82
3
10.91
10.01-
11.50
3
7.86
6.71-
9.22
3
0.2113
0.207-
0.217
3
0.76
0.73-
0.79
3
2.71
2.32-
2.93
3
33.22
32.11-
34.33
3
0.07
0.04-
0.13
3
2.8/b
0.396-
7.35
3
4.955
4.82-
5.04
3
29.538
20.914-
41.793
3
7.228
6.89-
7.566
3. '
C
34.90
24.43-
45.37
2
11.205
11.20-
11.21
2
13.80
12. Ql-
15. 59
2
0.39
0.35-
0.40
2
1.48
1.46-
1.50
2
6.18
6.05-
6.31
2
63.75
63.34-
64.15
2
0.26
0.17-
0.34
2
U.I 05
0.00-
0.211
2
4.679
4.666-
4.697
2
33.85
25.59-
42.11
2
7.453
7.225-
7.681
2
D G
86.27
1
12.68
1
15.92
1
0.460
1
1.52
00
1
6.25
1
75.32
1
0.12
1
bB.UB
1
7.576
1
128.67
1
7.816
1
BAH
55.55
1
10.98
1
11.78
1
0.680
1
1.49
00
1
7.42
1
74.64
1
0.00
1
u.iyy
r
ป ~~
,1-
6.045
1
44.51
1
7.307
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - muscle only ygm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A'l
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Sarnpjes
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14 9
17.41
9.83-
25.20
5
0.034
0.29-
0.43
5
16.11
14.28-
19.01
5
1.09
0.68-
1.43
5
0.06
0.05-
0.07
5
1.83
0.80-
4.80
5
0.44
0.37-
0.48
5
0.04
0.02-
0.07
4
3.470
0.593-
6.589
4
0.6014
0.116-
1.162
4
6.310
2.857-
11.074
5
0.182
0.099-
0.313
4
17 1
11.74
1
0.272
1
13.620
1
0.302
1
0.052
1
0.479
1
0.332
1
8.708
1
0.086
1
0.112
1
5.094
1
0.129
1
258
5.05
1
0.290
1
12.861
1
0.155
1
0.062
1
0.923
1
0.373
1
0.073
1
0.156
1
0.104
1
4.356
1
0.207
1
11
31.66
14.18-
65.72
3
0.24
0.23-
0.26
3
17.78
13.72-
24.10
3
0.68
0.47-
0.85
3
0.05
0.03-
0.06
3
3.02
1.09-
6.03
3
0.48
0.44
0.51
3
0.04
0.02-
0.05
3
1.128
, 0.153-
2.638
3
0.437
0.12-
1.001
3
13.758
5.519-
25.599
3
0.228
0.055-
0.329
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - muscle'only Mg/gm Wet Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Fb~
Co
Iti
Cr
Al
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Msan
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ft Samples
Mean
Range
if Samples
Mean
Range
il Samples
C D G B A H
32.39
1
0.555
1
14.390
1
0.317
1
U.Ubl
1
0.816
1
0.334
1
0.215
1
1
0.136
1
4.192
1
0.113
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - muscle only ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Sampjes
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14
96.99
58.87-
127.65
5
1.94
1.69-
2.46
5
90.873
81.091-
113.807
5
6.10
3.791-
8.40
5
0.332
0.281-
0.411
5
10.609
4.53-
28.70
5
2.498
2.125-
2.894
5
0.206
0.116-
0.392
4
19.236
3.549-
37.416
4
3.386
0.634-
6.599
' 4
34.919
16.219-
56.083
5
0.647
0.559-
1.584
4
9 17
50.42
1
1.168
1
58.49
1
1.298
1
0.223
1
2.058
1
1.427
1
0.037
1
U.3/1
1
0.482
1
21.876
1
0.556
1
1258
10.005
1
0.575
1
25.45
1
0.308
0.123
1
1.826
1
0.739
1
0.144
1
U.3Ub
1
0.205
1
8.621
1
15.519
1
11
161.46
71.52-
328.45
3
1.25
1.16-
1.31
3
93.92
68.56-
134.86
3
3.48
2.63-
4.29
3
0.234
0.18-
0.30
3
16.30
5.49-
33.73
3
2.50
2.23-
2.75
3
0.19
0.124-
0.275
3
b./lb
0.856-
13.307
3
2.224
0.673-
5.057
3
70.013
30.887-
127.92
3
1.153
0.306-
1.663
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - muscle only ygm/gm Dry Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
CF~
7TT
v
E
flean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
(lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
T/ Samples
C D G B A H
. 140.381
1
2.406
1
62.349
1
l.a/b
1
0.221
1
3.535
1
1.448
1
0.933
1
1
0.589
1
18.164
1
0.491
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - muscle only
ygm/gm Ash Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ฃ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
"Mean
Range
# Samples
14 9
813.98
545.4-
1385.0
5
15.65
12.71-
22.28
5
742.0
539.9-
1056.8
5
51.0
28.65-
86.74
5
2.65
2.27-
3.41
5
80.97
32.93-
210.17
5
20.19
15.45-
27.27
5
1.35
0.00-
2.85
5
161.606
25.989-
271.951
5
26.52
5.085-
47.967
5
301.14
117.886-
670.455
5
8.899
4.065-
18.939
4
17 1
552.8
1
12.81
T
641.3
14.23
1
2.44
1
22.56
1
15.65
1
0.41
1
4.065
1
5.285
1
239.84
1
6.098
1
258
270.0
1
15.56
1
688.9
1
a. 33
1
3.33
1
49.44
1
20.00
1
3.89
1
8.333
1
5.555
1
233.33
1
11.111
1
11
1478.0
676.1-
3061.0
3
11.32
10.86-
12.04
3
831.0
638.9-
1113.6
3 ,
6\ ./
21.72-
40.57
3
2.15
1.52-
2.85
3
140.2
51.89-
278.54
3
22.5
21.07-
23.61
3
1.77
1.16-
2.27
3
53.54
7.071-
128.79
3
20.716
5.555-
47.799
3
643.81
255.05-
1192.13
3
10.712
2.525-
15.723
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - muscle'only ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
E
Mean
Range
i\ Samples
Cu Mean
Range
TT Samples
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Cr
A!
v
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
i-;aan
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
7f Samples
C D G B A H
1869.0
1
32.03
1
830.1
1
18.30
1
2.94
1
47.06
1
19.28
1
12.42
1
1 i
7.843
1
241.83
1
6.535
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - viscera & foot
vgm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
T Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14 9
111.66
57.55-
164.54
5
1.01
0.87-
1.19
5
10.37
7.80-
14.96
5
10.69
8.28-
14.95
5
0.15
0.11-
0.20
5
3.90
2.94-
5.36
5
0.40
0.33-
0.50
5
0.17
0.07-
0.43
5
0.499
0.346-
0.749
4
0.4103
0.372-
0.447
5
37.56
7.216-
58.534
5
1.828
1.555-
2.011
5
17 1 2 5
1.23
1
2.52
1
16.119
1
8.993
1
0.097
1
2.549
1
0.534
1
0.136
1
0.484
1
0.738
1
50.522
1
4.454
1
8
171.68
1
0.996
1
15.809
1
3.977
1
0.136
1
8.292
1
0.743
1
0.063
1
2.940
1
P. 471
1
62.83
1
2.039
1
11
233.41
205.47-
274.15
3
1.27
0.85-
1.58
3
9.72
9.25-
10.14
3
16.01
11.23-
19.23
3
0.12
0.08-
0.16
3
7.87
6.07-
10.07
3
0.54
0.50-
0.57
3
0.17
0.14-
0.19
3
0.508
0.488.
0.542
3
0.782
0.705-
0.913
3
91.686
15.54-
135.69
3
2.683
2.268-
2.982
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - viscera & foot ygm/gm Wet Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Mi
Cr~
ฃT~
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
if Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
if Samples
Mean
Range
T? Samples
C D G B A H
. 151.09
1
1.484
1
12.394
1
7.4*4
1
087
1
4.571
1
0.624
1
0.166
1
0.345
1
0.807
1
68.713
1
3.660
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echihoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - viscera & foot ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14 9
849.56
575.13-
1093.89
5
8.09 -
6.67-
9.84
5
86.526
53.937-
149.49
5
87.865
55.05-
137.48
5
1.211
0.836
1.69
5
6\ .bzl
21.20-
49.32
5
3.306
2.190-
4.94
5
1.471
0.547-
4.306
5
3.272
2.324-
6.884
4
3.304
2.607-
4.110
5
300.17
47.976-
467.46
5
I4.b33
12.341-
18.496
5
17
5.416
1
11.041
1
70.602
1
39.390
1
0.427
1
1 1 . Ibb
, ,1
2.340
1
0.594
1
2.118
1
. 3-233
1
221.29
1
19.509
1
1 2 58
906.22
1
5.260
1
83.44
1
20.996
1
0.718
1
43. /bซ
1
3.9P1
1
0.334
1
15.519
1
2.487
1
331.66
1
10.760
1
11
1207.8
1022.8-
1321.9
3
6.77
4.11-
9.85
3
51.01
42.87-
63.09
3
84.23
54.17-
109.39
3
0.65
0.358-
0.968
3
4U.3Z
34.67-
48.54
3
2.80
2.386-
3.36
3
0.882
0.68-
1.10
3
2.671
2.288-
3.372
3
4.131
3.771-
4.389
3
497.55
72.063-
751.86
3
14.156
10.938-
18.554
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - viscera & foot ' 'ygm/gra Dry Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
E
[lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
C D G B A H
. 872.38
1
8.574
1
71.563
1
42.87
1
U.b04
1
26.39
1
3.602
1
0.961
1
1.993
1
4.659 . _. ._ . -
1
396.73
1
21.133
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - viscera & foot ygm/gm Ash Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
a Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ฃ Samples
14
3119.
1385.
4764.
5
27.
22.
33.
5
279.
227.
360.
5
291.
239.
405.
5
4.
3.
5.
5
107.
70.
145.
5
10.
9.
12.
5
4.
2.
10.
5
14.
9.
20.
4
11.
8.
12.
5
1037.
208.
1710.
5
bO.
37.
54.
5
9
0
0-
0
77
28-
17
6
9-
0
8
73-
45
10
06-
48
6
75
45
96
54-
00
39
00-
37
006
903-
303
282
957-
121
65
937-
03
294
415-
75
17
3932.
1
81.
l"
519.
1
289.
1
3.
1
82.
1
17.
1
4.
1
15.
1
23.
1
1627.
1
143.
1
0
18
1
6
14
10
21
37
574
77
05
443
1 2 5.8
5013.0
1
29.10
1
461.6
1
' 116.14
1
3.97
1
242.06
1
21.69
1
1.85
1
85.85
1
13.766
1
1834 .66
1
59.524
1
11
8798
6443
10292
3
47
30
64
3
364
317
431
3
614
395
896
3
4
3
4
3
297
190
354
3
20
16
26
3
6
4
8
3
19
16
23
3
30
22
42
3
3133
725
4885
3
lol
79
130
3
.0
.0-
.0
.94
.06-
.09
.4
.9-
.4
.6
.74-
.91
.35
.61-
.88
.9
.24
.64
.4
.91-
.80
.41
.95-
.76
.071
.990
.024
.76
711-4-
.612
.18
.00-
.85
.33
.91-
.58
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - viscera & foot ygm/gm Ash Weight
l-e
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A!
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
C D G B A H
5766.0
1
56.67
1
473.0
1
283.33
1
3.33
1
174.44
1
23.81
1
6.35
1
13.1/b
1
30.794
1
2622.22
1
139.68
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - total wgm/gm Wet Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14
84.75
44.05-
119.91
5
0.82
0.74-
0.93
5
11.97
9.28-
15.05
5
8.86
7.41-
11.46
5
0.12
0.09-
0.15
5
3.35
2.36-
5.22
5
0.41
0.34-
0.48
5
0.14
0.07-
0.31
4
1.22
0.71-
1.77
3
1.04
0.31-
2.91
4
86.16
4.99-
306.91
5
1.42
1.34-
1.53
4
9
36.13
1
0.972
1
1
3.497
1
1
1
1
1
2.441
1
0.302
1
19.38
1
1.59
1
17
6.439
1
1.405
1
14.88
1
4.685
1
0.074
1
1.523
1
0.433
1
1
0.29
1
0.43
1
28.00
1
2.35
1
1
79.07
75.44-
82.69
2
0.90
0.80-
1.00
2
14.85
12.84-
16.86
2
2.88
2.76-
3.00
2
0.20
0.17-
9.22
2
5.19
4.62-
5.75
2
0.79
0.62-
0.96
2
0.07
0.06-
0.08
2
0.430
0.365-
0.494
2
0.325
0.271-
0.378
2
39.16
30.369-
47.951
2
2.030
1.879-
2.180
2
2
40.11
1
0.721
1
18.04
1
2.578
1
0.154
1
2.653
1
0.567
1
0.052
1
0.423
1
0.248
1
17.43
1
1.341
1
5
123.69
17.12-
230.25
2
1.32
0.94-
1.70
2
27.87
20.99
34.76
2
2.93
2.77-
3.08
2
0.16
0.14-
0.19
2
13.30
2.90-
23.68
2
0.97
0.62-
1.32
2
0.10
0.08-
0.17
2
1.861
0.289-
3.430
2
0.473
0.289-
0.657
2
36.805
7.821-
65.789
2
1.795
1.709-
1.880
2 .
8
121.029
1
0.782
1
14.913
1
2.816
1
0.1134
1
6.050
1
0.618
1
0.0661
1
2.094
1
0.3593
1
45.053
1
1.482
1
11
167.23
143.36-
200.75
3
0.92
0.68-
1.13
3
12.27
11.37-
12.83
3
10.77
8.18-
12.35
3
0.10
0.07-
0.12
3
6.22
4.65-
8.92
3
0.51
0.49-
0.53
3
0.12
0.11-
0.13
3
0.75
0.39-
1.30
3
0.69
0.53-
0.95
3
121.09
88.19-
174.13
3
1.86
1.64-
2.06
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - total * vgm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A!
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
[lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
7? Samples
C D
. 100.84
1
1.09
1
13.24
1
4.415
1
0.071
1
2.946
1
0.501
1
0.186
1
8.41
1
0.52
1
41.40
1
2.16
1
G B A H
89.71
1
0.738
1
14. yb
1
2.95
1
0.179
1
4. 423
1
0.596
1
0.092
1
0.321
1
0.964
1
jy.6y
1
1.24
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - total vgm/gm Dry Weight
He
Cu
^n
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Hi
Cr
A'l
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14
588,60
367.44-
765.91
5
5.86
5.13-
7.03
5
86.91
64.49-
122.11
5
58.34
38.10-
92.62
5
0.84
0.69-
1.09
5
24.39
15.07-
42.63
5
2.43
1.05-
3.57
5
1.05
0.50-
2.54
4
11.91
7.07-
15.73
3
3.88
1.87-
4.88
4
207.62
46.90-
334.64
5
12.30
10.01-
13.86
4
9
203.43
1
- 5.477
1
89.24
1
19.69
1
2.879
1
19.40
1
4.58
1
0.377
1
13.74
1
1.699
1
109.07
1
8.971
1
17
27.94
1
6.098
1
64.54
1
20.32
1
0.329
1
6.606
1
1.882
1
0.315
1
1.24
1
1.86
1
121.47
1
10.02
1
1
480.
476.
483.
2
5.
5.
5.
2
89.
82.
97.
2
I/.
15.
19.
2
1.
1.
1.
2
31.
29.
33.
2
4.
3.
5.
2
0.
0.
0.
2
2.
2.
2.
2
1.
1.
2.
2
3
62-
81
46
15-
77
74
321-
157
56
913-
210
21
005-
406
41
653-
166
74
949-
528
43
334-
535
60
343-
848
96
740-
178
235.58
194.78-
276.38
2
12.
12.
12.
2
31
048-
563
2
264.8
1
4.762
1
119.04
1
17.006
1
1.02
1
17.498
1
3.742
1
0.34
1
2.79
1
1.63
1
114.97
1
8.843
1
5
537
95
979
2
6
5
7
2
.8
.63-
.96
.25
.24.
.26
141.75
89.34-
194.15
2
14
11
17
2
0
0
0
2
58
16
100
2
4
3
5
2
0
0
0
2
8
1
14
2
2
1
2
2
161
43,
280
2
8
8
9
2
.bi
.80-
.22
.79
.77-
.80
.55
.30-
.80
.54
.48-
.60
.46
.18-
.73
.108
.615-
.60
.207
.615-
.80
.84
.686-
.00
.773
.00-
.545
8
423.96
1
2.739
1
52.239
1
9.863
1
0.398
1
21.194
1
2.209
00
1
0.232
1
7.334
1
1.259
1
157.831
1
5.191
1
11
870.71
700.17
1007.51
3
4.83
3.40
6.48
3
54.84
29.89
69.39
3
56.38
41.07
67.70
3
0.51
0.34.
0.67
3
32.08
24.77'
44.78
3
2.68
2.48-
3.03
3
0.64
0.58-
0.71
3
4.90
3.22-
6.03
3
3.51
2.98-
4.51
3
359.28
65.00-
506.68
3
9.71
8.16-
11.83
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - total " ' ygm/gm Dry Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
AT
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# SaiTiples
Mean
Range
-// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
f- Samples
C
. 510.38
1
5.523
1
67.01
1
22.35
1
0.363
1
15.09
1
2.536
1
0.947
1
42.58
1
2.65
1
209.52
1
10.93
1
D G B A H
548.56
1
4.517
1
91.47
1
18.04
1
1.095
1
27.04
1
3.647
1
0.561
1
1.964
1
5.89
1
242.70
1
7.576
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echihoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - total
ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
14
Mean 2942.79
Range 1266.85-
4286.68
# Samples 5
Mean 26.47
Range 21.06-
32.10
# Samples 5
Mean 326.99
Range 256.57-
406.52
# Samples 5
Mean 265.95
Range 214.72-
367.91
# Samples 5
Mean 3.94
Range 3.010-
5.30
# Samples 5
Mean 107.06
Range 66.98-
152.51
# Samples 5
Mean 11.93
Range 10.21-
13.32
# Samples 5
Mean 4.00
Range 2.07-
9.12
# Samples 5
Mean 59.69
Range 20.92-
133.54
# Samples 3
Mean is. 08
Range 10.80-
32.87
# Samples 4
Mean 1016.84
Range 454.81-
1583.77
# Samples 5
Mean 49.53
Range 47.29-
51.65
# Samples 4
9
1670.0
1
44.96
1
732.6
1
161.63
1
23.64
1
159.30
1
37.60
1
3.10
1
112.78
1
13.953
1
895.35
1
73.64
1
17
2604.0
1
53.70
1
546.32
1
228.27
1
3.838
1
88.56
1
21.693
1
3.487
1
13.01
1
19.65
1
1318.09
1
112.85
1
1
2883.
2802.
2964.
2
32.
29.
35.
2
540.
476.
604.
2
105.
98.
111.
2
7.
6.
8.
2
188.
171.
206.
2
28.
22.
34.
2
2.
2.
3.
2
15.
13.
17.
2
11.
10.
13.
2
1423.
1127.
1718.
2
73.
69.
78.
2
0
0-
0
89
84-
94
45
7-
2
10
96-
24
195
25-
14
98
71-
25
625
87-
38
59
08-
10
637
566-
708
81
078~-
542
33
91-
75
94fa
767-
125
2
1323.0
1
23.81
1
595.2
1
85.03
1
5.10
1
87.41
1
18.71
1
1.70
1
13.95
1
8.163
1
574.83
1
44.22
1
5
4062
700
7424
z
46
38
55
2
1049
676
1421
2
107
89
126
2
5
5
6
2
441
119
763
2
33
25
42
2
3
1
5
2
61
11
no
2
16
"Tl
21
2
1220
319
2121
2
6b
60
69
2
.2
.3-
.0
.75
.44-
.05
.30
.8-
.7
.74
.39-
.08
.86
.65-
.06
.50
,35-
.64
.98
.54-
.42
45
.34-
.56
.217
.828-
.606
.520
.827-
.212
.55
.89-
.21
.249
.606-
.892
8
4690.
1
28.
1
477.
1
108.
1
3.
1
222.
1
21.
1
1.
1
80.
1
13.
1
1725.
1
56.
1
41
179
060
807
926
96
575
989
575
199
74
231
11
8151.45
5888.21
9437.25
3
43.91
28.87
59.37
3
406.29
370.56
458.88
3
553.55
373.66
820.79
3
4.12
3.54
4.42
3
277.31
159.37
350.15
3
20.68
17.74
26.29
3
5.92
4.81
8.15
3
22.51
16.60
32.16
3
31.13
ir.93
43.07
3
1554.01
595.66-
3362.68
3
92.05
75.34.
120.37
3
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Pecten - total ' ygm/gm Ash Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
0
Al
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range-
i Samples
flean
Range
# Samples
f'leah
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
C D
. 4492.0
1
48.61
1
526.23
1
243.83
1
3.271
_
1
55.45
1
23.134
1
7.254
1
1/8. 04
i
27.37
1
2267.42
1
119.84
1
G ' B A H
2785.0
--
1
22.93
1
464.4
1
91.60
1
5.56
--
1
137.32
1
18.52
1
Z.ab
1
9.972
V - - -
r - . . .
29.915
--
1
1232.2
1
38.462
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Polinices
wgm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
? Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14 9
85.115
1
6.253
1
54.869
1
0.340
1
0.244
1
3.024
1
1.407
1
0.078
1
1.358
1
0.474
1
14.879
1
0.518
1
17
99.63
77.22-
121.50
2
6.58
3.48-
9.68
2
31.62
26.59-
36.66
2
0.77
0.64-
0.89
2
0.09
0.05-
0.13
2
4.83
3.26-
6.40
2
0.95
0.75-
1.15
2
0.18
0.07-
0.29
2
1.409
0.955-
1.862
2
0.335
0.329-
0.342
2
21.65
19.90-
23.40
2
0.923
0.774-
1.071
2
1
64.014
r
8.969
1
46.086
1
0.53
1
0.144
1
4.827
00
1
0.585
1
0.109
1
0.633
1
0.446
1
6.446
1
0.467
1
2
85.53
56.22-
114.84
2
9.66
6.71-
12.60
2
34.94
32.25-
37.63
2
0.92
0.53-
1.31
2
0.42
0.37-
0.47
2
6.74
6.25
7.23
2
1.36
1.04-
1.68
2
0.02
0.02-
0.02
2
0.985
0.64-
1.33
2
0.35
- 0.27-
0.43
2
28.92
13.71-
44.129
2
0.498
0.405-
0.591
2
5
93.29
r
5.582
1
45.396
1
0.286
1
0.277
1
1.017
1
0.764
1
0.091
00
1
0.936
1
0.311
1
25.96
1
0.483
1-
8 11
96.10
r
6.32
1
47.284
1
0.838
1
0.285
1
3.015
1
0.948
1
0.039
00
1
0.421
1
0.290
1
24.53
1
0.483
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Polinices ' ymg/gm Wet Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
AHT
V
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range-
s' Samples
[lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
C D
111.43
1
7.152
1
29.483
1
0.52
1
0.212
1
7.928
1
1.001
1
0.099
1
0.683
1
0.372
1
20.851
1
0.508
1
G B A H
59.85
1
6.782
1
128.12
1
0.89
0.103
1
0.645
1
0.807
1
U.Obb
1
I.Zb
1
0.327
1
B./36
1
1.679
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Polinices ygm/gm Dry Weight
He
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
AT~
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ff Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Ylean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
lean
Range
# Samples
14 9
299.36
1
18.32 -
1
160.75
1
0.998
1
0.716
1
8.859
1
4.121
1
0.227
1
3.980
1
1.388
1
43.59
1
1.518
1
17
330.36
236.71-
424.01
2
20.91
12.15-
29.67
2
102.6
92.78-
112.37
2
2.54
1.97-
3.10
2
0.30
0.16-
0.44
2
16.2
10.00-
22.35
2
3.07
2.63-
3.51
2
0.60
0.20-
1.01
2
4.52
3.33-
5.71
2
1.10
1.01-
1.19
2
70.59
69.46-
71.72
2
2.99
2.70-
3.28
2
1
215.8
1
30.236
1
155.36
1
1.79
1
0.487
1
16.273
1
1.971
1
0.369
1
2.134
1
1.504
1
21.73
1
1.573
1
2
240.05
194.33-
285.16
2
27.30
23.22-
31.37
2
102.5
93.62-
111.46
2
2.92
1.32-
4.51
2
1.22
1.17-
1.28
2
19.8
17.99-
21.59
2
3.88
3.59-
4.17
2
0.06
0.05-
0.07
2
3.08
1.57-
4.60
2
1.01
0.93-
1.08
2
78.60
47.39-
109.80
2
1.44
1.40-
1.47
2
5
284.89
1
17.046
1
138.63
1
0.875
1
0.846
1
3.107
1
2.335
1
0.277
1
2.857
00
1
0.949
1
79.274
1
1.476
1.
8 11
281.42
1
18.52
1
138.46
1
2.454
1
0-835
1
8.828
1
2.775
1
0.115
1
1.234
00
1
-.848
1
71.83
1
1.414
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Polinices ' wgn/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
7TT
r~
E
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Rangr:
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range-
# Samples
I lean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
C D
392.05
1
25.165
1
103.727
1
1.836
1
0.745
1
27.89
1
3.524
1
0.347
1
2.40
1
1.31
1
73.36'
1
1.787
1
G B A H
182.68
1
20.701
1
391.04
1
2.717
1
0.313
1
1.970
1
2.465
1
U.ZVZ
1
3.850
_ _.j- _ ....__
0.998
1
26.665
1
5.124
T"
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Polim'ces ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A'l
V
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
14 9
1926.0
1
141.5
1
1241.6
1
7.71
1
5.53
1
68.43
1
31.83
1
1.76
1
30.737
1
10.72
1
336.68
1
11.725
1
17
. 3481.0
2003.0-
4960.0
2
196.60
142.14-
251.07
2
1018.1
950.8-
1085.4
2
26.48
16.67-
36.29
2
3.32
1.40-
5.24
2
173.0
84.62-
261.42
2
30.2
29.70-
30.71
2.
6.77
1.71-
11.83
2
43.64
38.98-
48.29
2
11.27
8.55-
13.98
709.67
606.84-
812.5
2
29.69
27.78-
31.59
2
1
2158.0
1
302.36
1
1553.6
1
17.90
1
4.87
1
162.73
1
19.71
1
3.69
1
21.34
1
15.04
1
217.31
1
15.73
1
2
2071.0
1713.0-
2429.0
2
235.69
204.7-
266.67
2
889.1
795.8-
982.5
2
25.51
11.25-
39.78
2
10.64
10.00-
11.29
2
171.6
152.92-
190.32
2
33.56
31.69-
35.42
2
0.52
0.42-
0.62
2
26.93
13.33-
40.53
2
8.70
8.23-
9.17
9
675.51
417.69-
933.33
2
12.425
12.35-
12.5
2
5
2681 . 0
1
160.417
1
1304.6
1
8.23
1
9.52
1
273.81
1
26.88
1
1.49
1
26.885
1
8.929
1
746.03
1
13.889
1.
8 11
3174.0
1
208.9
1
1561.6
1
27.68
1
9.42
1
99.57
1
31.30
1
1.30
1
13.913
1
9.565
1
810.15
1
15.94
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Polinices ' ' ygm/gm Ash Weight ซ
E
Fe Mean
Range
# Samples
Cu Mean
Range
# Samples
Zn Mean
Range
# Samples
Cd Mean
Range
ง Samples
Ag Mean
Range
# Samples
Mn Mean
Range
# Samples
Pb Mean
Range
# Samples
Co Mean
Range
# Samples
TJi Mean
Range-
f, Samples
Cr Mean
Range
# Samples
Al "Mean
Range
# Samples
V Mean
Range
u Samples
C D
3105.0
1
199.30
1
821.5
1
14.54
1
5.90
1
220.91
1
27.91
1
2.75
1
I9.U25
1
?13//
1
580.97
1
14.151
--
1
G B A H
1810.0
-'
205.10
1
3874.4
1
26.92
1
3.11
1
91.52
--
1
24.42
1
2.00
1
38.14
1
9.886
1
264.19
1
50.768
__
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - viscera & foot ygm/gm Wet Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
T? Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
lean
Range
# Samples
9 17 1 2 5 8 11
130.44
1
1.343
1
12.605
1
0.075
1
0.484
1
5.590
1
0.474
1
0.414
1
0.529
1
0.484
1
48.89
1
0.688
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - viscera & foot ' vgm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A!
V
E C
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range-
# SaiTiples
Ilean
Range
7J/ Samples
Mean
Range
v Samples
Mean
Range
7^ Samples
D G B A H
189.01
1
0.653
- ' 1
12.855
1
0.132
1
0.704
1
10.507
1
0.673
1
0.464
1
0.483
1
0.881
1
144.02
1
1.259
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - viscera & foot ugm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9 17 1 2 5 8 11
586.77
1
6.042
1
56.701
1
0.337
1
2.176
1
25.14
1
Z.130
1
1 .861
1
Z.383
1
2.176
1
219.93
1
3.093
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula 'ygrn/gm Dry Weight
E C D
Fe Mean
Range
# Samples
Cu Mean
Range
# Samples
Zn Mean
Range
# Samples
Cd Mean
Range
# Samples
Ag Mean
Range
# Samples
Mn Mean
Range
# Samples
'Pb Mean _- - , -
Range
# Samples
Co Mean
Range
# Samples
Ni Mean
Range-
it Samples
Cr Mean
Range
% Samples
Al Mean
Range
# Samples
V Mean
Range
// Samples
G B A H
720.97
1
2.491
- - i
49.04
1
U-505
1
2.687
1
40.078
1
2.567
1
1.771
1
1.841
1
3.362
1
549.38
. 1
4.803
r
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echihoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - viscera & foot ygm/gm Ash Weight
he
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A"T~~
V
14
Mean
Range
# Sajmples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
i-iean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9 17 1 2 5 8 11
46.91
1
48.30
1
4533.0
1
2.70
1
17.40
1
201.01
1
17.03
1
14.88
1
19.048
1
17.399
1
1758.2
1
24.725
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - viscera &foot ' ' ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
CF
fiT
V~
E C
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
ilean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
"Mean
Range
//' Samples
Mean
Pxange
ง Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
flean
Range
# Samples
D G B A .H
7747.0
1
26.77
1
526.9
1
5.43
1
28.87
1
430.65
1
27.58
1
19.03
1
19.785
1
36.129
1
5903.2
1
51.613
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - muscle only ygm/gm Wet Weight
He
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
hi
Cr
Al
y
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
T? Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Meen
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9 17 1 2 5 8 11
27.56
1
0.331
1
10.565
1
0.018
1
0.033
1
0.267
1
0.380
1
0.0b9
1
2.102
1
0.067
1
2.567
1
0.037
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - muscle only ugm/gm Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
CT~
Ai
r
E C D
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean "
Range
# Samples
Mean ^ '
Range
7f Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
(lean
Range
# Samples
i'lean
Range
# Samples
G -B A . H
39.77
1
0.264
1
9.964
1
0.023
1
u.uby
1
0.920
1
0.249
1
0.061
1
U.2b/
1
0.115
1
10.27
1
0.115
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - muscle only ygm/gm Dry Weight
he
Cu
in
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
7? Sampjes
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
% Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9 17 1 25 8 11
105.56
1
' 1.268
1
40.455
1
0.071
1
0.128
1
1.022
1
1.453
1
0.227
1
8.048
1
0.256
1
9.829
1
0.142
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - muscTe only gm/gm/ Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
CF~
A'i
V
E C D
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
I-ban
Range
# Sainples
Mean
Range
# Samples
i-l ean
Range
11 Sainples
ilaan
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
G B A H
156.12
1
1.038
1
39.11
1
0.090
1
0.271
1
3.610
1
U-977
1
0.240
1
1.008
1
0.451
1
40.31
1
0.451
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - muscle only ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
fr Samples
Mean
Range
T Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
i'1ean
Range
# Samples
i-1 ean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9 17 1 25 8 11
1604.0
1
'19.26
1
614.7
1
1.08
1
1.95
1
15.53
1
zz.ua
1
3.46
1
122.29
1
3.89
1
149.35
1
2.164
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - muscle only ygm/gm/ Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Mi
Cr
AT
V~
E C D G
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean ~~
Range,,
# Samples
Mean 1^4^
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
// Samples
BAH
2621.0
1
17.42
1
656.6
1
1.52
1
4.55
1
60.61
1
16.41
1
4.04
1
16.919
1
7.576
1
676.77
1
7.576
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - total vgm/gm/ Wet Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A'l
V
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ง Samples
Mean
Range
TT Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
viean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
lean
Range
# Samples
9
104.21
1
1.084
1
12.084
1
0.06
l
0.368
1
4.232
1
0.450
1
0.458
1
0.93
1
0.38
1
37.08
1
0.52
1
17 1 2 5 8 11
49.50
36.09-
62.23
4
1.20
0.87-
1.57
4
14.30
12.38-
17.42
4
0.13
0.05-
0.28
4
0.20
0.15-
0.28
4
2.13
1.53-
3.67
4
0.85
0.58-
1.60
4
0.16
0.06-
0.38
4
1.44
1.373-
1.549
3
0.28
0.248-
0.301
3
19.06
12.73-
25.094
3
0.55
0.334-
0.838
_ _3.
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - total ' ygrn/gm Wet Weight
E C
Fe Mean
Range
# Samples
Cu Mean
Range
# Samples
Zn Mean
Range
# Samples
Cd Mean
Range
# Sr.mples
Ag Mean
Range
# Samples
Mn Mean
Range
# Samples
Pb Mean
Range
ir Samples
Co Mean
Range "
# Samples
111 Mean
Range
if Samples
Cr ilean
Range
-// Samples
Al Mean
Range
# Samples
V Mean
Range
// Samples
D 6 B
102.43
1
0.656
--
1
12.388
--
1
0.052
--
1
0.250
--
1
3.981
--
1
0.473
"
1
0.171
--
1
0.361
--
1
0.271
___ ... .
1
38.577
1
0.333
--
1
A H
150.95
--
1
0.553
1
12.117
"-
1
0.097
1
0.542
--
1
8.062
--
1
0.564
1
0.361
--
1
0.31
1
0.31
- --
1
44.38
--
1
11.21
--
1
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - total ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
In
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
AI
v
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
T? Samples
r'ean
Runge
P " -nples
!v;c;ปl
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
P Samples
i.-^cn
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
:'1ean -
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
ft Samples
Mean
Range
# Sairsples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9
448.776
1
4.673
1
430.11
1
0.260
1
1.588
1
18.223
1
1.935
1
1.392
1
4.UI
1
1.63
1
159.29
1
2.21
1
17 1 2 5 8 11
209.39
93.34-
259.86
4
4.75
0.68-
7.33
4
68.05
64.57-
71.24
4
0.575
0.24-
1.14
4
0.933
0.79-
1.14
4
9.82
8.05-
14.17
4
3.91
3 .03-
6.44
4
0.728
0.3T-
1.52
4
7.33
6.512-
8.135
3
1.41
1.324-
1.583
3
95.59
68.197-
116.998
3
2.80
1 .790-
4:397
3 -
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - total v ' ygm/gm Dry Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
F'in
Pb
Co
Hi
Cr
Al
T~~
E C D
(lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Sampl es
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
lioan
Range
# Samples
i'lean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Rang a
# Samples
G B
434.24
1
2.781
--
1
52. bZ
-
1
V.dtt
" ~
1
1.058
--
1
16.878
--
1
2.00b
ป M
1
0.726
__
1
1.532
1
1.149
--
1
163.54
--
1
1.411
--
1
A H *
579.98
1
541.27
r
1
46.561
",
1
0.401
1
2.083
--
1
30.975
_ m, f
1
1-572 ป
1
1.388
~ ~
1
1.22
__
1
29.11
--
1
167.38
i*
1
1.54
_ J_
-------
Metals Concentrations in Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
Spisula - total ygm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
Al
V
14
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
9
4152.0
1
26.50
1
469.50
1
2.537
1
15.849
1
182.39
1
17.537
1
13.734
1
29.41
1
16.04
1
1596.76
1
22.46
1
17 1 2 5 . 8 11
1664.0
1076.0-
2754.0
4
38.81
26.09-
50.00
4
479.3
369.1-
770.8
4
4.79
1.36-
12.50
4
6.78
4.35-
12.50
4
133.32
45.52-
277.17
4
29.90
13.68-
70.83
4
6.43
1.74-
16.67
4
41.59
37.82-
46.19
3
8.02
7.42-
8.96
3
544.55
379.53-
679.49
3
15.89
9.964-
24.876
3
-------
Metals Concentrations In Echinoderm and Mollusc Tissues
\ * .
vigm/gm Ash Weight
Fe
Cu
Zn
Cd
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
Cr
A'i
r
E C
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
$ Sampl es
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Mean
Range
# Samples
Moan
Range
// Samples
Mean
Range
-;.' Samples
i'.t'an
Range
# Samoles
ilrv.n
Range
// Samples
D G B
4489.0
--
1
28.75
^
.---._ |_
542.9
1
2.29
1
10.94
--
1
174.48
--
1
20.73
1
7.50
f_ป
1
15.833
--
1
11.875
--
1
1690.63
--
1
14.583
--
1
A H
6847.2
1
25.13
~~
1
b3b.//
t ~ ~
1
5.16
1
27.207
--
1
405.351
1
21.816
--
1
18.005
1
17.11
--
1
9.52
--
1
1034.10
--
1
10.59
--
1
-------
This report has been reviewed,by Region III, EPA, and approved
for publication. Approval does not signify that the contents
necessarily reflect the views and policies of the Environmental
Protection Agency, nor does the mention of trade names or
commercial products constitute endorsement or recommendation
for use.
-------
CONTENTS
Page
Conclusions iii
List of Figures v
List of Tables vi
Acknowledgements vii
Introduction 1
Results
I. Distribution of Dumped Materials 5
II. Effect of Dumped Materials 15
References 29
Appendix A - Data Report, Operation "Ides", March 1974
Appendix B - Data Report, Operation "Deep Six", August 1974
Appendix C - Cruise Report, Operation "Piggyback"
-------
-------
CONCLUSIONS
Observations were made over a period of approximately one year
on two mid-temperate mid-continental shelf ocean dumpsites.
The hydrographic regime was found to generally approximate the
classic winter isothermal-summer stratified system, but incursions
of fresher water from the Delaware estuary and intrusion of offshore
slope water were found to influence this hydrographic regime. Summer
and winter density discontinuities may influence the distribution of
conservative pollutants.
The distribution of metals in bottom sediments and organisms
indicate these potentially toxic materials persist in bottom materials,
and are apparently translocated as a result of hydrographic forces.
This increases their potential toxicity to a relatively great area,
with its indigenous biota. There is evidence of accumulation in benthic
organisms, notably the mahogany clam, Arctica islandica.and the scallop,
Placopecten magellanicus. There are indications of mortalities of the
mahogany clam.
There is no evidence of accumulation of the nonconservative para-
meters observed.
The benthic substrate, medium to fine sands, does not apparently
influence the distribution of the metals examined in this nondepositional
environment. The microtopographic ridges and swales, observed directly
from the submersible, may influence the local distribtuion of pollutants
as well as biota.
-------
Observations of the benthic infauna are as yet incomplete, and
may influence current conclusions when analyzed.
Dumping operations of the acid waste source and of the sewage
sludge materials are apparently separately distributed in the
environment.
An area of at least 1000 square nautical miles, or 3600 square
kilometers, was affected. The limits of the dispersion are not yet
known.
IV
-------
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Area of Study ix
2 Vanadium Concentrations in Arctica 19
3 Vanadium Concentrations in Scallops 20
4 Cadmium Concentrations in Arctica 21
5 Cadmium Concentrations in Scallops 22
6 Zinc Concentrations in Arctica 23
7 Zinc Concentrations in Scallops 24
8 Distribution of Dead Arctica Shells 27
9 Distribution of Arctica Clappers 28
-------
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1 Annual Input of Metals 6
2 Relationships of Metals in Sediments 12
3 Mean Concentrations of Metals in Sediments 13
4 Analysis of Variance Results for Metal
Levels in Arctica islandlea Collected in
Spring 1974 in Vicinity of Delaware
Dumpsites 17
5 Metals in Scallops, "Operation "Ides" 18
VI
-------
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, and the
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island,
gratefully acknowledge and thank the many persons and institutions
that have participated directly and indirectly in the planning and
execution of these multidisciplinary studies.
Acknowledgements by name would be a major listing, but special
thanks must go to Marria L. 0'Mai ley, Susan K. Smith and Margaret Munro,
Annapolis Field Office, EPA, and the director and staff at AFO for many
contributions to these efforts. Patricia Johnson made the many metals
determinations. Bruce Reynolds, NMWQL, has played a continuous leading
role in all of this program.
Messrs. Albert Montague, Robert Davis, George Pence, and Ralph Rhodes,
EPA Region III, Philadelphia, have been instrumental in the program and
the field phases of these operations. The Wheeling Field Office, EPA,
assisted in the cruises, as noted in the appendices. Mr. John Kafka
was especially effective in his endeavors.
Dr. Robert Dill, Asst. Director of the MUST program, NOAA, was
instrumental in providing the services of the submersible. Dr. David
Folger, USGS, served as chief scientist, and grateful acknowledgement
is made to him and the participating scientists and crew, mentioned in
Appendix C.
Many members of the professional oceanographic fraternity have
shared of their expertise but special acknowledgement is due to
vii
-------
Dr. Harold Palmer and Mr. Joseph Forns, Westinghouse Ocean Research
Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland; Dr. Michael Champ, American University,
Washington, D.C.; and Mr. Bob Swift, the Marine Science Consortium,
Lewes, Delaware.
With a small permanent staff, the assistance of the abovementioned,
as well as many others, made the efforts to date possible.
The officers and men of the R/V Advance II, the survey vessel in
the March 1974 cruise, were invaluable "in the extra effort they provided.
Many others gave freely of their time and talents in the scientific
party and are gratefully acknowledged in the data report, Appendix A.
The officers and crew of the U.S. Coast Guard cutter Alert provided
a hospitable and capable effort in the conduct of the summer 1974 cruise,
Operation "Deep Six". We are especially grateful to Cdr. O'Brien,
Cdr. Dux and Ens. Gadzly for their extraordinary interest, advice and
support.
VTM
-------
FIGURE 1
AREA OF STUDY
77'
74'
74' 20' 74' Itf
38'
37'
f
>/
i
38* 35'
38' 3C/
38'
3T
77'
76'
75'
SCALE IN MILES
10 20 30 40 50
74"
1x
-------
INTRODUCTION
The inception of environmentally regulated dumping by PL-92-532,
the "Marine Protection Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972," allows
the issuance of permits for the disposal of materials at sea, but
with the stipulation that the effects of such activities must be
known.
In compliance with this mandate, EPA Region III and the EPA
National Marine Water Quality Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode Island,
instituted a series of oceanographic cruises designed to evaluate
the consequences of such activities off the coasts of Maryland and
Delaware. Many other institutions participated in the endeavors,
directly and indirectly, as noted in the acknowledgements.
The primary objectives of the field effort were to determine
(1) the fate of the disposed materials in this marine environment, and
(2) the effect of the materials on the ecological entities in the area.
It was opted initially to examine the broad scale longer term effects,
as contrasted to immediate and near field effects at the time of dumping.
A multidisciplinary approach was made initially, with as many pertinent
observations as practicable in the fields of physical, chemical bio-
logical, geochemical, and geological oceanography. As the fate and
effects became known, consequent reduction of parameters could be made,
with concomitant emphasis on parameters that indicated environmental
change.
-------
The first cruise, Operation "Quicksilver", was made in May 1973,
with the objectives of assessing the environment at the muncipal sludge
dumpsite, previous to the disposal of sludge. The area of investigation
was restricted to the sludge dumpsite, with three reference stations
presumably outside the effects of disposal activities.
Industrial acid wastes have been disposed at the acid waste site
approximately 24 kilometers north-northwest of the sludge site since
September 1968. Consequently the second expedition, Operation "Fetch"
in November 1973, was expanded to evaluate, and possibly discriminate,
the effects of both dumpsites. Some previous stations were occupied
for continuity, and new stations added in the acid waste site.
The results of these cruises have been reported (Palmer and Lear,
1973; Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974; Lear, 1974).
It became apparent from these cruises that the affected area, as
indicated by metals in the benthic environment, was of greater extent
than the area surveyed. The third cruise, Operation "Ides" in March
1974, was designed to further explore the extent of the affected area,
to develop a statistical basis for the evaluation of distributions,
and to evaluate the forces responsible for the known distribution.
The results of the cruise, as known to date, are reported as Appendix A
of this report.
In August 1974, Operation "Deep Six" continued the investigation
of the extent of materials dispersal, the causes thereof, and accumulation
and/or amplification in the biota. This cruise was run nearly concom-
itantly with a joint NOAA-EPA cruise using a two-man submarine to
2
-------
determine first hand the conditions in the water column and benthos.
The results to date of Operation "Deep Six" are reported as Appendix B
to this report, and the cruise report of the submarine operations
reported by Dr. David Folger, Middlebury College, Middlebury, Vermont,
as Appendix C.
The uses of a given body of water may to some extent indicate the
types and degree of stresses applied. In the area of consideration
(see Figure 1), the waters are constantly traversed by major seagoing
vessels, in coastwise and international trade, due to the location off -
Delaware Bay and the proximity to the Chesapeake.
This shelf environment is also extensively used by the ground
fishery, as evidenced by the activity of domestic and foreign trawlers
in the area. The sea clam fishery (Spisula solidissima) is inshore
of the release zones. In addition to the already exploited fishery,
sea scallops, mahogany clams, squid, rock crabs, Jonah crabs, and
lobster are found in the area, but are currently not exploited.
In summer, sport fishermen are evident, after bluefish, bonita,
dolphin, and, offshore of this area, the billfishes. Some winter sport
codfishery is found in this region.
Of ecological concern is the observation of these areas as spawning
and nursery areas for many species.
Military operations have been observed in this area, and the extent
and usage of this environment for such purposes are generally unknown.
Recently this area has been considered as a major potential for
petroleum exploration and production. The exploration and production
3
-------
sites, while at present not specifically defined, seem to overlap
the areas affected by disposal activities.
From consideration of the above known uses of this area, possible
multiple impacts must be considered in the overall ecological evaluation.
With respect to regulatory responsibilities, it becomes important to
discriminate the various sources of stress, as well as the overall effect.
This report summarizes the conclusions from data and observations
at an arbitrary point in time of a continuous study. Many samples and
data, primarily biological in nature, remain to be analyzed, and may
affect further conclusions.
-------
THE DISTRIBUTION OF DUMPED MATERIALS
One aspect of this program, the distribution of dumped materials,
was to determine the distribution of the materials after release. The
short term effects, immediately after dumping in the water column, were
not attempted by this program. These have, however, been done by the
DuPont Company (DuPont, 1972) and by the Marine Science Consortium
(Champ, 1974). Generally it is indicated that in summer when the thermo-
dine is established, the materials penetrate to this thermocline and
there reside, are further dispersed horizontally to an unknown extent
and ultimately penetrate the thermocline and settle to the bottom. This
has been modeled by Hydroscience Company (DuPont, 1972) and has also
been observed visually in dives of the submersible, as reported in
Appendix C of this report.
This program, however, is designed to look at the long term effects
of the dumping of these materials. For this purpose, the conservative
materials, especially the metals, were used as tags of the released
materials. This was done because they are dumped in significant quanti-
ties and the relative amounts of metals from the acid waste source and
from the municipal sludge source may assist in discriminating the
relative effects of dumping from these two discrete sources only a few
kilometers apart. The annual inputs of the metals to this system are
shown in Table 1.
The March and August, 1974 cruises indicated intrusions of slope
or other offshore water into this area from the east. This has also
-------
Table 1
Annual Input Delaware Dumpsites
DuPont* Total Input Philadelphia
Fe
Cu
Cr.
Al
Ag
Mn
Pb
Co
Ni
V
Cd
Zn
Ti
118,000,000
446,700,000
1.19
531,573,000
21,360,000
2,400
39,600
364,000
270
572,000
5,630
4,800
4,752
74,300
338
18,300
733,000
gal/yr
1/yr
spec grav
kg/yr
Specific Metal
%
95.8 kg/yr -
2.8
34.4
25.0
10.4
87.5
3.7
35.5
10.2
97.1
5.2
5.2
99.2
150,000,000
568,000,000
1.03
584,500,000
Input
946,000
83,150
75,670
1,094,000
2,314
81 ,400
145,000
8,740
41 ,655
2,226
6,200
334,000
5,851
%
4.2
97.2
65.6
75.0
89.6
12.5
96.3
64.5
89.8
2.9
94.8
94.8
0.8
* Estimates based on DuPont reports submitted for period
February 6 - July 11, 1974
-------
been noted by Myers (1974). In addition to the impedance of distri-
bution of dumped materials by the density discontinuities exhibited
by thermoclines, these intrusions may act vertically, rather than
horizontally, as density discontinuities in affecting the distribution
of metals. The coincidence of the warm water plug in the southeast
sector of the study area in March 1974, reported in Appendix A,
Operation "Ides", and the distribution of the metals on the bottom
indicate a coincidental pattern. There are insufficient data currently
to definitely ascribe these two distributions, but the indications
are strong enough to establish a working hypothesis for experimental
design purposes. The paucity of data on tidal currents at the moment
precludes conclusions on the shorter term benthic distribution of the
metals by these causes.
The benthic environment was characterized as a relatively monot-
onous plain of medium to fine sands, as indicated by recording fathom-
eters aboard ship. The variability of results in metals concentrations
from five replicate bottom grabs, made while the ship was drifting,
indicated there may be a microtopography of smaller ridges and swales,
that would not be detected by the usual bathymetric methods aboard ship,
because the amplitude of the microtopography would be smaller than the
resolution afforded on the rolling ship. This hypothesis was confirmed
by direct observation of using the submersible as reported in Appendix C.
There appear to be small ridges and swales in the order of magnitude of
a meter, crest to crest, and in the order of magnitude of centimeters
from trough to crest. This microtopography presumably could affect
7
-------
the deposition of the metals. The great prevalence of iron in these
wastes with its tendencies to create-a floe and to scavenge other
materials within the floe, would lead to a hypothesis that this floe
material would be more likely to accumulate in these small troughs
and be relatively clear on the ridges. The direct observations using
the submersible have not yet clearly established whether this hypo-
thetical distribtuion actually exists.
Measurements have been made of such nonconservative materials
as phosphorus and nitrogen compounds, pH, and dissolved oxygen.
There appears to be no apparent accumulation of these materials in
the water column, even immediately above the bottom. There does appear
to be detectable accumulation of the conservative metals, as indicated
in Appendix A and Appendix B, and the earlier reports (Palmer and Lear,
1973; Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974; Lear, 1974). Possibly organo-
halogens, especially PCB, and organic carbon in sediments may on further
investigation be found to be increasing as a result of dumping activities.
These conclusions are drawn from the results of the March Operation "Ides"
cruise and the August Operation "Deep Six" cruise, reported in Appendices
A and B of this report.
The contoured distribution of each of the various metals appeared
to be fairly coincidental on each cruise, but appeared to be in different
locations on various cruises. To determine whether this was a statis-
tically sound observation, the distribution of iron on Operation "Ides"
was analyzed using the Mann-Whitney U-statistic to discriminate between
the areas of high concentration of iron and the areas of low concentration
8
-------
of iron. The high areas were Stations B, 8 and 2, and the low stations
on that cruise were Stations A, C, 14, E, 9, and 17. The Mann-Whitney
test showed a significant difference between these two sets of stations
(U=15; N]=16, N2=15; P >0.05). These same stations were tested using
the same statistical procedure with data from Operation "Fetch" reported
earlier (Lear, Smith, O'Malley, 1974) and it was found the U~statistic
between the same sets of stations was not significantly different. The
same stations were tested on Operation "Deep Six" and found not to be
significantly different. There were, however, on Operation "Deep Six" -
other statistically discrete areas of high and low concentrations of
iron as reported in Appendix B. This would indicate that the materials
were not firmly depositing on the bottom but rather were moved about
from time to time, presumably as a function of tidal current and storm
activity. The rates and directions of this translocation of bottom
materials are not yet known in detail. This mobility of these potenti-
ally toxic materials on the bottom would indicate they are potentially
capable of affecting extremely large areas, depending upon their
residence time at any given location and the relative dispersion and
dilution during translocation.
The taking of beach-worn cobbles during Operation "Ides", reported
in Appendix A, indicates this environment is not presently depositional
and that these materials being deposited are probably not being buried.
While the discrete distributions of the given metals varied from
cruise to cruise, some areas were consistently more affected than others.
The acid waste site and the stations immediately adjacent to it to the
9
-------
northeast and west showed evidence of metal deposition, the greatest
being in the acid site. In the sludge site, evidence of increased
metals was consistently found within the release area and to the
southeast, south and southwest of this site. There appeared to be a
discontinuity between the two release sites, in which metals buildup
was not found.
In the areas so far examined, approximately 1000 nautical square
miles or 3600 square kilometers have indicated accumulations of metals.
The eastward, westward and southwestward extent of this distribution
is not yet known.
Replicate samples of bottom sediments were taken during Operation
"Ides" (Appendix A) to determine whether there were any relationships
between metals concentrations and particle size. Plots of the median
Phi diameters from 55 samples, representing all stations, were plotted
against manganese, lead and mercury concentrations for each sample. No
obvious relationship existed between median Phi and these three metal
parameters. It was hypothesized that smaller particles would accumulate
in the small troughs and larger particles be representative of the crests
in the microtopography, and presumably the floe with its concomitant
metals would be in the troughs. This would have resulted in a relation-
ship between sediment size and metals concentration, either a linear
relationship or a bimodal distribution. Such was apparently not the
case, as indicated from data by current bottom grab sampling techniques.
Possibly selective sampling using a submersible and direct visual
observation of the sample acquisition may yield further information.
10
-------
In an earlier cruise (Lear, Smith, O'Malley, 1974) a relation-
ship between iron and other metals was noted. This could indicate
common behavior of these materials by the time they reach the bottom
and may discriminate sources of these materials. These relationships
were examined using data from all previous cruises, shown in Table 2.
Iron and mangenese, iron and zinc, iron and lead, and iron and
chromium showed statistically linear regressions. Iron compared with
mercury, copper and nickel did not- consistently show the statistically
significant relationship. It should be noted that mercury, copper
and nickel were in low concentrations compared with the other materials.
As iron is released through dumping activities in much greater concen-
trations than these other metals, an increase in slope should result
if there is an accumulation of these materials. Over the period of
these operations, approximately nine months of observations, no trends
in increase of slope can be noted.
Another approach to determining whether metals were increasing as
a function of time was made by comparing (1) the mean of all the statis-
tically significant high concentration stations and each metal as a
function of time, (2) with the mean for the lower concentration stations
(3) with the mean of all stations, each cruise, and (4) the maximum
values observed on any given cruise. These results are shown in Table 3.
No apparent trends as a function of time are evident, with the possible
exception of the increase of mercury in the bottom sediments. This
relatively short period of observation, nine months, would not be expected
to show startling increases over such a large area of bottom^
11
-------
Table 2
Relationships of Metals in Sediments
Regression Equations
Iron/Manganese
Operation "Fetch" (11/73) Fe
Operation "Ides" (3/74) Fe
Operation "Deep Six" (8/74) Fe
Iron/Zinc
Operation "Fetch"
Operation "Ides"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Lead
Operation "Fetch"
Operation "Ides"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Chromium
Operation "Fetch"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Mercury
Operation "Ides"
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Copper
Operation "Deep Six"
Iron/Nickel
Operation "Deep Six"
8.
11.
16.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
63 +
91 +
95 +
12 +
003
002-
002
0013
0009
84 +
17 +
018
42
0.
0.
0.
0.
Zn
Zn
Pb
Pb
Pb
0.
0.
- 0
+ 0
0095
0132
0051
Mn
Mn
Mn
00162 Zn
- 0.194
- 1.21
- 1
+ 1
+ 0
0006
0067
.55
.55
.87
Cr
Cr
.00003 Hg
.00014 Hg
t =
t =
t =
t ~
t =
t =
t =
t =
t =
t =
t =
t =
t =
6
5
2
5
29
8
5
6
4
2
11
2
1
.63**
.23**
.59*
.24**
.46**
.42**
.08**
.59**
.60**
.65*
.95**
.34*
.42
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
d
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
.f.
= 11
= 57
= 56
= 11
= 57
= 56
= 11
= 57
= 56
= 11
= 56
= 31
= 55
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe
Fe = 0.0008 Cu - 1.76 t = 1.42 d.f. = 53
Fe = 0.000006 Ni + 1.33 t = 1.23 d.f. = 56
12
-------
Iron -
Mn -
Zn -
Pb -
Ni -
Cd -
Cr -
Cu -
Hg -
Table 3
Mean Concentrations of Metals in Sediments
Operation 'Operation
"Quicksilver" "Fetch"
5/73 11/73
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " 28.78
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " 7.00
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " 2.11
Maximum
Mean High Stations -
Mean Low "
Mean All " <1
Maximum
Mean All Stations <0.01
Maximum
_
-
2,600
6,490
_
-
33.33
" 72
_
-
5.33
71
_
-
3.59
8
_
-
= 1
2
_
-
<1
<1
_
-
2.50
5
_
-
<1
1
<0.01
0.04
Operation
"Ides"
3/74
2,601
1,324
1,918
10,750
58.5263
26.5128
37.000
188
7.6896
3.4827
5.59
11
6.57
2.89
4.12
14
_
-
= 1.2
16
_
-
<1
<1
5.5500
1.9711
2.3362
11
_
-
<1
12
0.032
0.228
Operation
"Deep Six"
8/74
4,157
2,299
2,886
4,900
41.9651
20.8221
31.5791
95
8.9758"
3.501
5.1338
12.5
5.2183
2.4625
3.3328
8.8
2.4431
0.9165
1.3450
3.4
0.1144
0.0643
0.0880
0.27
2.9863
1.6644
2.0150
5
1.5700
0.3002
0.6343
2.8
0.83
1.1
13
-------
It should be noted that the preceding discussion is of metals
in sediments and does not include the fate, distribution or effect
of metals in any of the biota.
Summarizing the general trends from the data on the fate and dispersal
of dumped materials into this mid-continental shelf environment indicates
that in summer, with the thermocline acting as a density discontinuity,
materials are released, presumably in the release zones, settle to the
thermocline, are dispersed by tidal currents over the order of magnitude
of several days before penetrating through the thermocline and being
released to settle on the bottom. In winter, with no thermocline develop-
ment, presumably materials would settle relatively rapidly to the bottom,
except when density discontinuities are induced into this area, either
through intrusions of offshore, warmer Gulf Stream or slope water or
by intrusions of less saline estuarine sources from the Delaware estuary,
to form vertical pycnoclines. These may affect the ultimate distri-
bution of these materials on the bottom.
There is strong indication, (1) by direct observation as a function
of time, (2) by inference with the relatively large size of the sediment
particles, and (3) by direct visual observations of the floe material,
that the material at the bottom is not buried, but at or just above the
sediment-water interface, and is translocated to other areas, the extent
of which is not yet known, by tidal current action or by storm surge
movement. These metals, known to be conservative in their properties
and potentially toxic to organisms, show the greatest potential hazard
to the indigenous biota of all materials released at the present time.
14
-------
EFFECT OF DUMPED MATERIALS
The effect of disposed materials on marine biota may be viewed in
two time frames (1) short term, measured in minutes, hours and days,
and (2) long term, measured in months and years. Short-term effects
are best studied by coordinating observations with disposal operations.
At the Delaware ocean disposal sites materials are dumped from moving
barges. Observations should be made before, during and after a dump
with primary emphasis placed on studying water column organisms. The
main concern is estimating the toxic properties and extent of impact
as the disposed materials mix and disperse into sea water. Long-term
effects are best studied by selecting conservative parameters, primarily
properties of the benthic environment, at stations spaced within and
around dumpsites. These parameters should be sampled for a time period
sufficient to discriminate natural fluctuations from changes imposed by
dumping activities. The main concerns are accumulations of nondegradable
dumped materials and estimations of environmental damage associated
with these accumulations.
Environmental Protection Agency efforts have focused on the long-
term effects. We want to know if contaminants are accumulating in the
benthic environment. If so, how large an area is affected? We need to
know present levels so as to follow future trends. If trends exist,
what is their environmental significance?
Large quantities of various metals are dumped at these sites
annually (Table 1). Animals and sediments within and around these
sites have been analyzed for evidence of metal accumulation. On the
15
-------
spring '74 cruise, Operation "Ides", an area exceeding 1000 square
miles was studied. Of 13 metals examined, 11 clearly indicated
accumulations in animals and/or sediments in the vicinity of one or
both dumpsites. Some of these metals are introduced predominantly
by one or the other dumper, for example DuPont dumps 97% of the
vanadium while Philadelphia dumps 95% of the cadmium (Table 1).
These metals may serve as useful tracers for the dumped materials.
Four such metals (Fe, Mn, V, and Ti) of DuPont waste, and five such
metals (Cu, Ag, Ni, Cd, and Zn) of Philadelphia sludge showed statis-
tically significant distribution patterns in the "Ides" study area
(Tables 4 and 5). Some of these tracers displayed elevated concen-
trations in shellfish in areas extending from the dumpsites to the
limits of the area covered by the "Ides" cruise. Vanadium levels in
the tissues of the clam, Arctica islandica, and the scallop, Placopecten
magellanicus, clearly show this pattern (Figures 2 and 3). Presumably
these animals were exposed to DuPont wastes. Prevailing currents
should sweep these wastes southwest from the dumpsite. Significantly,
these tissue levels remain elevated at the farthest station southwest
of the DuPont site. The "Ides" cruise was not extensive enough to
permit delineation of the area influenced by DuPont's waste.
Some of the metals characteristic of Philadelphia sludge, e.g.,
Cd and Zn (Figures 4, 5, 6, and 7) displayed elevated concentrations in
clams and scallops from the dumpsite area. However, these patterns
are not clearly associated with the dumpsite. There are several possible
reasons why these trends are not as definitive as those associated with
DuPont wastes. Philadelphia had used the site for less than one year
16
-------
Table 4
Analysis of Variance Results for Metal Levels
in Arctica islandica Collected in Spring 1974
in Vicinity of
Metal
Vanadium
Zinc
Cadmium
Silver
Copper
Chromium
Manganese
Cobalt
Nickel
Titanium
Aluminum
Iron
Lead
Delaware Dumps ites
F level Si
33.54
6.34
5.12
3.07
3.02
2.80
2.74
2.25
1.95
1.92
1.62
1.36
1.29
gnificance
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
--
--
17
-------
Table 5
OPERATION "IDES"
Metals in Scallops
ppm/dry wt.
Metal
V
Cd
Zn
Ni
Cu
Cr
Ag
Ti
Mn
Al
Fe
Pb
Co
F ratio
11.885
6.896
5.376
5.300
4.194
3.130
3.096
2.832
2.347
2.088
1.787
1.434
1.117
Significance
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.01
.05
.05
--
--
18
-------
FIGURE 2
OPERATION "IDES"
ARCTICA
METAL CONCENTRATION
VANADIUM
ppm dry wt
-38* 30
R "D'/
N
5.5.-
K.O
38* 00'
,o
.0
19
-------
FIGURE 3
OPERATION "IDES"
SCALLOP
METAL CONCENTRATION
VANADIUM
ppm dry w4
-38* 30'-
" r\"
R "D
50
14.7//
27.7
.1?
25.0
31.2
.'* ซ48.6
30.8-
44.1
52.2 /
43.6/
40.-I
26.7
21.3 ..-'
17.5
N
res
27.h
.30'
o
o
38' 00'
20
-------
FIGURE 4
OPERATION "IDES"
ARCTICA
ETAL CONCENTRATION
CADMIUM
ppm dry wt
-38* 30'-
R"D'/
38* 00'
2.1 /'/
1.9
1.8
H.8
M.6
H.5
2.0
1.7
2.0
2.5
2.4-
2.4
2.5ซ
/v
V
2.8
.30
o
o
.o
21
-------
FIGURE 5
OPERATION "IDES"
SCALLOP
METAL CONCENTRATION
CADMIUM
ppm dry wt
-38* 30'
" r\"
R "D
10.1
11.4
.1?
10.8
14.2
14.7
.-* ซI5.1
10.8
19.5
11.1
10.9
12.0
22.'.6
."24,9
19.6
59.3
.30'
'26.0.-
38' 00'
22
-------
FIGURE 6
OPERATION "IDES"
ARCTICA
dETAL CONCENTRATION
ZINC
ppm dry wf
-38* 30'
R "D
38* 00'
<3
23
-------
FIGURE 7
OPERATION "IDES"
SCALLOP
METAL CONCENTRATION
ZINC
ppm dry wt
107
-38* 30
R "D'
38* 00'
24
-------
at the time of the "Ides" cruise. DuPont had been dumping for five
years. The physical and chemical properties of the two wastes differ
considerably. It is unlikely that these wastes would react and behave
in a similar manner when dumped.
Analyses of sediments and shellfish show patterns of metal accumu-
lation. Some inferential evidence of impact on shellfish may be
obtained by quantifying distribution patterns of dead shell. Figures
8 and 9 represent measures of total dead shell and dead Arctica
obtained in half-hour dredge hauls at each station during the "Ides"
cruise. Both patterns are associated with accumulated metals from
DuPont waste. The results of a DuPont sponsored study are in good
agreement with these findings. A survey revealed a "trend toward fewer
live sand dollars and higher mortality in areas south of the disposal
area than in areas immediately to the west and north ..." (Myers, 1973).
The few selected species, studied in some detail, have been affected by
dumping activities. However, the benthic community, studied as a whole,
has shown little effect. Community structure indices calculated from
results of early cruises, "Quicksilver" and "Fetch", reflect those of
unpolluted oceanic waters (Lear, Smith, O'Malley, 1974). Data from
later cruises,"Ides" and "Deep Six", are not available. If the benthic
community is impacted, it will probably be a long term, chronic effect.
The accumulation of nondegradable waste materials may take years to
effect noticeable changes in the benthic community structure.
Short-term effects of dumping were the subject of a student cruise
conducted by the Marine Science Consortium during August 1973. This group
25
-------
made observations before, during and after dumps of DuPont waste.
A reduction in the number of phytoplankton species was the most
obvious immediate impact. The numbers were "reduced to 76% immedi-
ately upon barge disposal of acid wastes and continued to decrease
until it stabilized at approximately 84% of the original assemblage
for the duration of the sampling ." (Champ, 1973). Other parameters
were considered during this student exercise. This study remains
the only published data on short-term effects at either the DuPont
or Philadelphia dumpsites.
26
-------
FIGURE 8
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
DEAD SHELL
(un,t= (0 littr buckets)
-38' 30
R"D
N
38' 00
27
,0
-------
FIGURE 9
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
ARCTICA CLAPPERS
-38* 30
R"D'
.-* ' ซ7
//
/
2
0
6
91
0
0
0
0
12
10
II
15
I
K.O
6
38' 00'
6
N
2
\
0
.30
.0 .--
K.O
o
o
28
-------
REFERENCES
Champ, Michael A. Operation SAMS, Sludge Acid Monitoring Survey.
American University, Ceres Publication Ho. 1. 1973.
duPont de Nemours, E. I. Waste Dispersion Characteristics "in an
Oceanic Environment. University of Delavare College of Marine
Studies, Hydroscience, Inc. Draft of a Report to the Hater
Quality Program, Environmental Protection Agency. 393 pp. 1972.
Harrison, W, Norcross, J.J., Pore, N.A., and Stanley^ E.H.
Circulation of Shelf Waters off the Chesapeake Bight. ESSA
Professional Paper #3. U.S. Department of Commerce. 1967.
Lear, D. W., Smith, S. K. and O'Malley, M. L. (Eds.) Environmental
- Survey of Tv;o Interim Dumpsites, Middle Atlantic Bight - Operation
"Fetch". EPA 903/9-74-01Oa. 141 pp. 1974.
Learป D. W. (Ed.) Environmental Survey of Two Interim Dumpsites,
Middle Atlantic Bight - Operation "Fetch" Supplemental Report. 1974.
- ' Myers, T. D.s Bauereis, E. I., Davis, S., Johnson, T.,- Hang, D.
Biotic Effects of Iron Acid Haste Disposal at Sea. Progress Report
. Mo. 4. University of Delaware College of Marine Studies. Dec. 1973,
Palmer, H. D. and Lear, D. W. (Eds.) Environmental Survey of an
Interim Ocean Dumpsite - Middle Atlantic Bight. EPA Region III.
. EPA 903/9-001-A. 132pp.' 1973.
U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office. Monthly Summary - The Gulf Stream.
Vol. 9. 1974. . - "
C
29
-------
-------
APPENDIX A
Operation "Ides"
R/V Advance II - 11-15 March 1974
DATA REPORT
CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables A- 3
List of Figures A- 4
Station Data A- 5
Station Location Chart A- 7
Hydrography A- 8
Bathythermograph Data A-10
Salinity Analyses A-12
Distribution of Temperature A-15
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity A-16
Currents A-22
Water Quality Parameters A-24
Distribution of Total Phosphorus A-27
Distribution of Tota1 Kjeldahl Nitrogen A-28
Bacteriological Results A-29
Sediments A-32
Size Analyses A-33
Organic Carbon in Sediments A-32
Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen in Sediments A-40
Organohalogens in Sediments A-42
Metals in Sediments A-45
A-l
-------
APPENDIX A
OPERATION "Ides"
CONTENTS
Biota
Phytoplankton Populations*
Zooplankton Populations*
Occurrence of Organisms from Trawls*
Metals in Organisms from Trawls*
Metals in Organisms from Rocking Chair Dredge*
Benthic Infauna Populations*
Scientific Log ~ A-64
Ship's Log A-75
Cruise Plan A-85
*Awaiting sample or data analysis
A-2
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1 Station Data A- 5
2 BT Data A-10
3 Salinity A-13
4 Water Quality Parameters A-?5
5 Bacteriological Stations A-31
6 Sediment Size Fractions A~33
7 Total Organic Carbon and Total Kjeldahl A-40
Nitrogen in Sediments
8 Organohalogens in Sediments A-43
9 Metals in Sediments A-47
10 Metal Concentrations in Arctica A-60
11 Metal Concentrations in Scallops A-62
A-3
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Station Locations A- 7
2 Temperature-Salinity Distribution A-16
3 Temperature- Salinity Profiles A'17
4 Shore Currents, Direction A-22
5 Shore Currents, Speed A~23
6 Distribution of Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen A-27
7 Distribution of Total Phosphorus A-28
8 Distribution of Sediment Size A-35
9 Cobbles A-36
10 Cobbles A-37
11 Cobbles A'38
12 Cobbles A-39
13 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments A-41
14 Distribution of Organohalogens in Sediments A-44
15 Distribution of Cadmium in Sediments A-51
16 Distribution of Chromium in Sediments A-52
17 Distribution of Copper in Sediments A-53
18 Distribution of Lead in Sediments A-54
19 Distribution of Zinc in Sediments A-55
20 Distribution of Nickel in Sediments A-56
21 Distribution of Manganese in Sediments A-57
22 Distribution of Iron in Sediments A-58
23 Distribution of Mercury in Sediments A-59
A-4
-------
Station
A
C
B
D
2
8
9
17
36
27
F
24
25
14
19
30
29
28
18
21
Date Time
2/11/74 0800
1145
1535
1745
2039
3/12/74 0045
0418
0735
0936
1417
1700
2055
2345
3/13/73 0515
1028
1755
1950
2237
3/14/74 0420
0545
Table 1
OPERATION "IDES"
Station Data
11-15-March 1974
Loran A
3H4 3H5 Lat.
3512
3420
3395
3401
3356
3361
3217
3181
3110
3182
3300
3305
3345
3500
3610
3680
3630
3580
3550
3490
3065
3043
3053
3030
3009
3008
3057
3030
3017
2974
2974
2998
2937
2968
2997
3010
3047
3078
3032
3009
38f'42.0'
38ฐ31.5'
?.8ฐS1 .0'
380?cS.5'
38ฐ21.9'
38ฐ22.5'
38ฐ18.3'
38ฐ10.5'
3fฐC5 0'
38ฐ05.0'
38ฐ13.7'
38ฐ17.4'
38ฐ12.7'
38ฐ28.9'
38ฐ40.5'
3r.ฐ47.4'
38ฐ48.0'
38647.6'
38ฐ40.5'
38ฐ33.7'
Long.
7Aฐ20.0
74C20.0'
74ฐ23.9'
74ฐ17.2'
74ฐ12.7
74ฐ12.5'
74ฐ33.7'
74ฐ29.5'
74r28.2'
74ฐ13.9'
74ฐ 08.1 '
74ฐ13.9'
73ฐ58.4'
73ฐ58.6'
74ฐ00.1 '
73ฐ59.8'
74ฐ09.5'
74ฐ19.2'
74110.1 '
74ฐ07.8'
Meters
35
41
35
31
54
46
42
49
42
57
68
54
75
b3
53
46
46
40
44
46
A-5
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Station Data (continued)
Loran A
Station Date Time 3H4 3H5 Lat. Long. Meters
23 3/14/74 0815 3445 2998 38ฐ27.7' 74ฐ18.7' 58
20 " 1930 3430 3060 38ฐ34.0' 74ฐ22.8' 42
22 " 1115 3345 3053 38ฐ26.9' 74ฐ26.2' 48
E 3/15/74 0037 3351 3025 38ฐ24.0' 74ฐ18.6' 42
A-6
-------
FIGURE 1
STATION LOCATIONS
OPERATION IDES
11-15 MARCH 1974
-38' 30'-
" rV'
R "D
28
29
/A
18
20
B
H7
26
38* 00' ซ=
21
D
23
E
8
2
24
F
27* ..-'
30
19
\
14
.30
25X*
^o
o
o
.o
A-7
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
HYDROGRAPHY
The distribution of temperature and salinity during this early
spring cruise indicate that the onset of the annual thermocline had
not yet come about. The surface layers down to 15 meters were generally
isothermal and characteristic of the shelf water at that season.
There is, however, evidence of a warm water intrusion from the
southeast. The intrusions have been reported before (Harrison, Norcross,
Pore, and Stanley, 1967; Myers, 1973). This area is apparently a region
that is affected, not only by incursion of less saline estuarine water
in the surface from the westward but warm water intrusions of slope
water origin are noted intruding from the southeast in this instance
(Figure 2).
Observations published by the U.S. Navy (Gulf Stream Reports,
Vol 9, 1974) indicate Gulf Stream eddies were active just offshore of
this area during this season. It is difficult to determine, with any
degree of certainty, whether any of these eddies may have had some
affect on this distribution of temperature and salinity.
Surface and bottom current meters were maintained for 96 hours on
two stations during this cruise. A malfunctioning meter on the bottom
at one station precluded good observations at that station; however,
Station 2, at the surface and the bottom, indicate during this period
that the prevailing currents were headed towards the southeast at the
surface at Station 2 and towards the northeast at the bottom at Sta. 2
during this period (Figures 4 and 5). These observations would appear
A-8
-------
to be in contradiction to the net movement observed by the seabed
drifter releases reported in the earlier report (Palmer and Lear, 1973)
The current observations, however, are of short term and apparently
reflect the tidal currents under the particular climatic regime.
The current velocities at the bottom at Station 2 indicate that
velocities are attained in this region about 16.8 percent of the time
which are capable of transport of the bottom materials at this station.
This would indicate that the materials settling to the bottom are
subjected to scouring action and translocation.
A-9
-------
Station
14
19
Table 2
OPERATION "IDES"
BT Data
Temperature Degrees Cc
30 23 F 9
22
28
Depth
Ft M
007
10 3.0
20 6.1
30 9.1
40 12.2
50 15.2
60 18.3
70 21.3
80 24.4
85 25.9
2 7.
90 27.4 7.30
95 29.0 7.35
100 30.5 7.35
105 32.0 7.35
110 33.5 7
0 7
10
115 35.0 7.15
120 36.6 7.20
125 38.1 7.25
35 8
P
130 39.6 7.30 8
40 9,
9
9
50 7.0 8
7.20
7.40
7.60 8
55 8
60
55 9.30 8.70
9.30 8.80
9
60
9.70
35 8.75
8
9
10
10.40
10
40
135 41.2 7.35
140 42.7 7.50 8.55
65
65
8
70
05 10
mm
20 7
,25
.0
10 6
5
,
A-10
-------
Station
14
19
30
OPERATION "IDES"
BT Data (continued)
Temperature Degrees Cฐ
23 F 9 8
22
28
Depth
Ft M
145 44.2 7.55
150 45.7 7.60 8.65 10
155 47.3 7.70
160 48.8 8.80
165 50.3
170 51.8
175 53.4
180 54.9
185 56.4 10
70 10.10
75
190 57.9
195 59.5
200 61.0
A-ll
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
SALINITY ANALYSES
R. 0. Callaway
EPA Pacific Northwest Research Laboratory
Corvallis, Oregon
The results of salinity analysis of "Ides" samples received
from the Annapolis Field Office are reported to 0.01 part per thousand
(ฐ/oo). Many of the samples were not sufficiently large to provide
a sample cell rinse prior to analysis. Over the range analyzed 31.00ฐ/0o
to 35.00ฐ/oo,this could cause an error of as much as 0.04ฐ/00. Most of
the samples, however, varied by only 1.00ฐ/oo which would cause an error
of 0.010/oo.
Samples for which results were judged anomalous were reanalyzed,
size of sample permitting. These values are reported in the summary.
The greatest difference was 0.020/00 from the original analysis.
Instrument drift over the period of analysis was less than 0.01ฐ/00
The samples were analyzed on a Hytech 6220.
A-12
-------
Table 3
OPERATION "IDES"
SALINITY
Location
Sta. 2
Sta. 8
Sta. 9
Sta. 14
Sta. 19
Depth
(meters)
1
18
36
50
4
23
30.5
46
5
15.5
23
31
2
19
35
51
3
23
30.5
55
Salinity Remarks
34.46
34.45
34.99
34.84
34.25
34.28
35.09
33.28
32.95 Reanalyzed value = 32.94
33.91
31.08 Reanalyzed value = 31.10
34.51 Values rechecked; not enough
sample for reana lysis
33.26 " " "
34.40 Reanalyzed value = 34.41
34.35
33.47 Reanalyzed value = 33.41
33.40
33.39
33.58
A-13
-------
SALINITY (continued)
Location
Sta. 22
Sta. 26
Sta. 28
Sta. 30
Sta. C
Depth
(meters)
1
10
20
35
1
16
32
40
1
21
30.5
42
1
15
30
45
6.1
22.9
30.5
42.7
Salinity Remarks
33.39
33.48
33.53
34.20
34.08 Value checked; insufficient
sample for reanalysis
33.96
33.91
33.91
33.35
33.15 Reanalyzed value = 33.14
33.37
33.44 Duplicate analysis value =
33.45
34.05 Value checked; insufficient
sample for reanalysis
33.96
33.74
33.82 " " "
33.94
33.99
34.07
34.20
A-14
-------
SALINITY (continued)
Depth
Location (meters) Salinity Remarks
Sta. E 2 33.71
Sta. F 12 34.25
22 34.25
37 34.26
67 34.60
A-15
-------
FIGURE 2
TEMPERATURE DISTRIBUTION
197
A-16
-------
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M
o.
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m
ro'
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in
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o
10
A 17
-------
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evil ro
00
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10-
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A-13
-------
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o.
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LJ
a
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A-19
-------
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z
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t9
31 |S-i
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-------
in
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ro
CM
fO"
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LJ
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-------
r!
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r- o
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Sa313W-Hld3Q
A-22
-------
FIGURE 4
STATION 2
SURFACE
*j***~m
-5M
MO -
0
ttq
*O 1M 370
DIRECTION [DEGREES]
3*0
100 -
0 -
STATION 2
BOTTOM
-49M
90 ISO 270
DIRECTION [DEGREES]
SHORE CURRENTS
MARCH 1974 - DEPTH 54M
A-23
3*0
-------
FIGURE 5
600
500-
400
o
u
300 -
200
100
0
I
0
STATION 2
^^B MI^HM
BOTTOM
16.8 1
t
I
I
10 20 30 40 50 75
SPEED (CM/SEC)
A-24
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
WATER QUALITY PARAMFTERS
The distribution of phosphorus and nitrogen compounds in the
water column at this season indicate no obvious builduo of ^.i-rc
materials in any area (Figures 6 and 7).
The total carbon and total organic carbon would appear tn r<
comparable in dumping areas and reference areas "n the watev" " i.r
[lacteriological results indicate no builduo of colifor-ns oป- "^cr.l
coliforms in the water or sediments examined.
A-?5
-------
Table 4
OPERATION "IDES"
Water Quality Parameters
N02+N0-:
Depth Total P
Station Date Time (meters) PO^mg/l)
2 3-11-74 2130 1
18
36
50
8 3-12-74 0045 4
23
30.5
46
9 3-12-74 0412 5
15.5
23
31
14 3-13-74 0515 2
19
35
51
19 3-13-74 1028 3
23
30.5
55
.056
.038
.057
.047
.065
.060
.058
.065
.075
.077
.064
.061
.053
.060
.062
.061
.064
.061
.056
.058
Inorg. P TKN (mg/1) TC TOC
P04(mg/l) (mg/1) N03-N (mg/1) (mg/1
.032
.035
.052
.037
.035
.031
.049
.029
.032
.024
.032
.041
.027
.031
.027
.040
.035
.032
.037
.041
.210 <0.10
.207
.187
.207
.207
.175
.226
.220
.175
.220
.207
.149
.162
.194
.200
.168
.155
.155
.168 >
<
37.75 7.70
29.80 7.20
31.65 7.20
31.00 7.50
f
.168 <0.10 28.85 6.44
A-26
-------
Station Date
OPERATION "IDES"
Water Quality Parameters
N02+N03
Depth Total P Inorg. P TKN (mg/1) TC TOC
Time (meters) PQd(mg/1) P0a(mg/1) (mg/1) NOg-N (mg/1) (mg/1)
22 3-14-74 1115 1
10
20
35
26 3-12-74 0936 1
16
32
40
28 3-12-74 2237 1
21
30.5
42
30 3-13-74 1540 1
15
30
45
.072
.064
.061
.066
.039
.054
.049
.046
.065
.091
.068
.056
.062
.062
.057
.065
.037
.041
.029
.041
.036
.032
.045
.046
.029
.032
.034
.041
.037
.045
.035
.033
.265 <0.10
.246
.175
.226
.226
.246
.246
.252
.220
.239
.230
.317
.323
.213
.233
"w
34.55 5.88
31.10 7.55
28.55 6.71
.239
-------
FIGURE 6
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL KJELDAHL NITROGEN >igm/l
OPERATION IDES
in
cr
LU
n_
L ]
o
10
A 28
-------
FIGURE 7
DISTRIBUTION OF TOTAL PHOSPHORUS
OPERATION IDES
CO
LJ
t-
Q_
UJ
o
A-29
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
BACTERIOLOGY
M. O'Malley and S. K. Smith
Two studies are reported for the area of the two interim ocean
dumpsites. Baseline conditions are recorded in a report by EPA, Region
III (Palmer and Lear, 1973) while conditions after municipal sludge
dumping began are described in a second report for EPA, Region (Lear,
et al, 1974).
Nine stations for bacteriological analyses of the bottom waters
and sediments were occupied in the interim dumpsites areas. Stations
2, 8 and E were located in the site for municipal sludge disposal
while Station C was in the center of the acid waste site. The remaining
five stations were control stations located outside of the two disposal
sites.
A Niskin sterile bag sample (General Oceanics, Inc.) was used to
take water samples from varying depths at 1.5 m above the bottom. A
2.7 ml flame-sterilized cylindrical spoon was used to subsample sediments
from an undisturbed Shipek bottom grab. This aliquot was introduced
into a French square containing 100 ml sterile distilled water and treated
as a normal bacteriological sample.
Water and sediment samples were subjected to the standard total coliform
and fecal coliform MPN (most probable number/100 ml sample) analyses
as outlined in "Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-
water," 13th Ed., SPHA, 1971.
A-30
-------
Using sample aliquots of 10.0, 1.0, 0.1, and 0.01 ml, a 3-tube,
4-dilution scheme was followed.
Negative MPN results were recorded for both total coliforms and
fecal coliforms at all stations. A negative result indicates an MPN
index of less than three coliforms or fecal coliforms per 100 ml of
sample at the 95% confidence limit. Laboratory controls were also
negative for both coliforms and fecal coliforms.
A-31
-------
Table 5
OPERATION "IDES"
Bacteriological Stations
Station Date Time Depth (m)
2 3-11-74 2039 53.9
14
19
22
26
3-12-74 0330
3-12-74 0550
3-13-74 0515
3-13-74 1028
3-14-74 3053
3-12-74 0936
3-11-74 1145
3-15-74 0230
45.7
42.0
53.0
53.0
47.5
42.0
43.9
42.0
Sample
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water - LA*
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment - LA*
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
Water
Sediment
All samples were negative for coliform and fecal coliforms
*LA - Lab Accident, no analysis
\-32
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
SEDIMENTS
Particle size analyses, using a sieve series, indicate these
sediments in nearly all the areas are coarse to fine sands with no
appreciable silt or clay fractions present. Visual observations by
use of the two-man submersible, as reported in Appendix C, indicate
there is much broken shell, and in some areas gravel on the bottom
as wel 1.
At Station C in the acid waste release site, the rocking chair
dredge came up with a varied assemblage of apparently wave-worn
cobbles. These are illustrated in Figures 8, 9, 10, and 11, courtesy
of Dr. Harold D. Palmer, Westinghouse Ocean Research Laboratory,
Annapolis, Maryland. These cobbles may indicate the locus of an
interglacial still-stand (Swift, et al, 1972). If these cobbles are
available to the dredge, which would dig a maximum of 18 inches, would
indicate that this area is not depositional in character, and that
relatively little sediment has accrued here since glacial epochs.
Among the cobbles are some large oyster shells. These character-
istically estuarine animals are not currently found in this area and
are presumably fossil shells from this earlier geological period.
Shells have been submitted for radiocarbon dating. This area is also
overlying the buried Delaware River Valley and mav have a relationship
with the relict estuary.
Organic carbon concentrations in these sediments indicate no
obvious buildup of this material (Table 7, Figure 13).
A-33
-------
Table 6
OPERATION "IDES"
Sediment Size Fractions
Weight Percent
Station
2
8
9
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
Dry wt.
gm
26.09
16.87
21.16
35.52
37.89
26.65
25.32
41.67
28.41
54.34
28.78
32.00
24.33
22.30
30.00
24.27
25.40
27.07
25.21
30.33
24.86
41.65
30.43
9.32
30.02
25.05
27.48
32.20
45.54
36.20
27.62
Phi -1.0
mm -2.0
15.57
3.91
0.00
0.87
0.26
2.66
0.18
1.65
2.46
3.25
4.55
0.25
3.78
1.79
0.56
1.97
0.94
0.44
0.00
0.03
0.20
40.76
27.83
0.00
7.02
1.84
3.89
2.36
2.74
1.02
1.33
0.0
1.0
1.43
0.41
0.18
0.14
0.07
11.78
0.79
1.00
15.06
1.25
7.22
2.12
4.27
1.61
0.36
0.74
0.15
0.11
0.00
0.46
0.28
10.46
9.86
3.00
11.55
2.24
1.56
2.57
2.02
1.83
1.33
1.0
0.5
3.99
0.88
0.51
0.87
0.34
19.10
8.33
6.64
32.17
7.74
26.16
19.62
26.34
11.30
4.27
1.94
0.28
0.48
-
1.88
0.92
14.06
16.10
7.08
36.34
10.78
13.94
14.34
15.17
17.34
14.40
2.0
0.25
10.48
11.49
9.73
9.68
8.57
30.43
10.07
8.63
40.80
11.75
46.14
58.43
52.24
64.22
67.50
21.63
10.20
17.73
1.62
67.46
12.39
8.30
27.08
19.74
38.64
54.73
57.75
60.83
62.56
63.48
62.03
3.0
0.125
63.23
78.54
84.68
82.74
85.80
32.87
73.54
75.59
8.97
70.15
14.38
18.65
12.04
20.00
25.73
69.72
83.23
80.12
77.31
25.16
70.92
20.04
17.12
45.39
6.96
33.09
22.56
19.03
17.14
15.93
19.29
4.0
0.062
3.32
3.73
4.01
5.01
4.59
2.55
5.88
5.75
0.63
3.95
0.69
0.10
0.69
0.17
1.26
3.62
1.85
2.36
13.53
0.09
14.16
5.47
1.18
12.87
0.13
0.44
0.43
0.40
0.24
0.24
0.39
Median
Phi
2.26
2.45
2.45
2.50
2.50
1.54
2.65
2.65
1.05
2.55
1.28
1.45
1.30
1.55
2.39
2.34
2.46
2.40
2.64
1.70
2.51
0.00
0.76
2.44
0.86
1.65
1.51
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.50
A-34
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Sediment Size Fractions (continued)
Weight Percent
Station
27
28
29
30
A
B
C
D
E
F
Dry wt.
gm
25.01
28.98
30.77
25.65
27.41
22.30
30.00
27.50
35.72
29.31
27.02
21.03
34.07
20.58
49.57
42.21
27.56
32.54
32.81
33.61
30.99
27.35
30.49
21.72
Phi-1.0
mm -2.0
0.67
0.20
1.33
0.54
0.07
0.49
1.33
0.72
0.08
1.80
1.11
0.04
0.00
0.00
0.00
1.94
0.18
2.58
0.09
1.84
29.62
20.69
8.88
1.15
0.0
1.0
0.27
4.86
2.27
0.23
0.03
0.31
2.96
0.21
0.11
0.20
6.03
0.19
0.05
0.24
0.06
3.36
0.25
3.90
0.12
2.85
31.30
37.07
10.47
1.33
1.0
0.5
8.44
40.48
18.62
0.23
0.51
1.97
16.36
1.05
1.90
0.44
31 . 05
0.51
1.50
1.31
1.39
9.14
3.33
19.36
0.94
19.48
23.68
27.75
26.11
9.85
2.0
0.25
80.49
48.20
57.43
10.84
15.57
46.64
60.76
33.16
49.66
27.49
52.66
18.73
33.28
16.22
33.97
47.55
43.97
58.23
25.60
58.43
12.00
12.35
36.08
33.19
3.0
0.125
9.92
6.21
18.75
83.27
77.82
43.87
16.53
58.40
45.04
62.84
8.29
73.98
60.90
74.53
61.04
36.79
48.73
15.48
66.62
16.30
1.45
1.53
16.82
52.16
4.0
0.062
0.03
C.24
0.94
4.67
6.71
0.73
1.03
6.07
2.85
6.58
0.25
5.99
3.61
6.51
3.30
0.94
2.68
0.27
5.97
0.23
0.09
0.10
1.11
1.56
Median
Phi
1.52
1.10
1.30
2.48
2.42
2.01
1.50
2.25
1.97
2.30
1.22
2.40
2.25
2.45
2.25
1.75
2.05
1.40
2.35
1.43
-0.66
-0.02
1.10
2.01
A-35
-------
FIGURE 8
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
SEDIMENT SIZE
MEDIAN PHI
-38' 30'
1S45 ..
*>
/?
/ J.10/: .1.30
*
'
2.42ซ/
0
2.34
2.64
230
o a?
?'&
1-50
1.22
2'40
2.25
2.45
1.70
*t
r-
38' 00'
1.97
o M
000
ฐ-ฐฐ
1.54
-0.0! 2.65
:
2.39
51
50
1.50
1.50
1.50
1.75
2.05
1-W
2.35
1.43
0.76ซ
5 ~,
9 cc 2.26
2.65 2 4g
1.05* 'l
2.00
2.50..' '
'b
J
0
2.44
0.86
2.46
2.40
^.48
N
1.55
.30
1.6
t
r-
A-36
-------
t
-------
A-38
-------
f'S;
*
A-3S
-------
[ซ
-------
Table 7
OPERATION "IDES"
Total Organic Carbon and Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen
Sediments
Station
C
2
8
9
14
19
22
22
24
24
26
28
30
Date
3-11-74
3-11-74
3-12-74
3-12-74
3-13-74
3-13-74
3-14-74
3-14-74
3-12-74
3-12-74
3-12-74
3-13-74
3-13-74
Time
1145
2039
0100
0412
0515
1028
2318
2318
2055
2055
2936
2237
1540
Wet wt.
g/ml
1.8439
1.7945
1.8275
1 .8847
1.8522'
1.5784
1.8622
1.8357
1.5171
1.9462
1.9055
1.8918
1.7189
Dry wt.
g/ml
1.4625
1.4080
1.4219
1.5477
1.5149
1.0904
1.4310
1.3712
.8783
1.6197
1.5321
1.5502
1.2780
TOC TKN
% Dry wt. % Dry. wt
.142
.075
.146
.103
.109
.104
.069
.149
1.427 .152
.054 .011
.024
.060
.072
A-41
-------
FIGURE 13
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
Percent dry weight
Depths in fathoms
-38* 30'-
R "D'
38' 00'
,0
.f03
.qeo //
.072
.104
\
.142
.069
.149
.021
.146
.075
1.427
.054
v.0
.30
o
o
A-42
-------
The distribution of the organohalogens indicates that there
may be accrual of these materials in some areas (Table 8, Figure 14).
The distribution of metals in the sediments indicate possible
buildup of these materials due to dumping activities (Table 9). For
the analysis of the distribution of these metals, the higher concen-
trations were contoured visually, then the hypothesis was tested
statistically that the contoured areas were statistically significant
from the remaining areas. The nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was
used for these purposes and the distributions shown are statistically
discrete. It would appear, from the distribution of these metals,
that materials from each of the release zones are at this moment
settling separately to the bottom (Figures 15-2). The coincidence
of the contours makes this hypothesis very tenable. These distri-
butions would indicate that the material released at the acid waste
site are distributed around the site and to the northeast, and the
materials from the municipal sludge site are distributed in the
eastern half of the site and to the southeast. These observations
are in accordance with the observed current structure at this time.
A-43
-------
Location
Table 8
OPERATION "IDES"
Organohalogens in Sediments
Gms. Extracted
Dry Height
6% Fraction off Florisil Col
Aroclor Aroclor
1254 1242
(PPb)
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
Sta.
C
2
9
19
24
24 (dup)
26
81.
73.
87.
78.
55.
74.
82.
1808
0716
0783
0302
0505
2666
4842
4
28
4
4
172
56
11
.7
.7
.3
.8
.4
.0
.0
(PPb)
1.
33.
4.
6.
49.
86.
14.
9
0
6
5
0
0
3
A-44
-------
FIGURE 14
OPERATION "IDES"
DISTRIBUTION OF
ORGANOHALOGENS
IN SEDIMENTS
Arochlor 1242 /Arochlor 1254
parts per billion
-33* 30-
R "D'
"@
,0
I.9/
'4.7
133.0,
'28.7
49.0/
B6.0/
'172.4
'56.0
4,3,
II.0
38' 00'-
O
A-45
A/
6.5,
\
.3ฐ
9
K.O'
o
o
r--
,0
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Metals in Sediments
P. G. Johnson
Sediment samples were taken using a Shipek sampler.
The sediment samples were transferred from whirl-paks to glass
jars and well mixed. A portion (approximately 10 grams) was removed
and spread to dry at room temperature for 48 hours. The samples were
again mixed and pulverized to separate the sand grains and to expose
surface areas. At this time any large rocks, pebbles, or shells
(>5mm) were removed. The samples were allowed to air-dry at room
temperature for an additional 48 hours.
A known weight (5.0000 gms) of dry sediment was put in a 125 ml
glass-stoppered flask. Small amounts of deionized-distilled water
were used to aid in the transfer. The addition of 21.5 ml of concen-
trated nitric acid provided a digestion solution of 50-75 ml. This
solution was heated at 48-50ฐC (1) for 4-6 hours in a shaking hot water
bath. After digestion, the samples were cooled to room temperature and
filtered through a .45 micron membrane filter and the volume adjusted
to 100 ml. Blank solutions were run throughout the same digestion
procedure (2,3).
The filtered acid extracts were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni,
Zn, Mn, and Fe using a Varian Techtron AA-6 atomic absorption spectro-
photometer equipped with a standard pre-mix burner. Air-acetylene
was used for all the metals. Standard operating parameters follows.
A-46
-------
Cd
3
A
a
0
Cr
5
A
a
R
Cu
3
A
a
0
Pb
6
A
a
0
Zn
5
A
a
0
Ni
5
A
a
0
Mn
5
A
a
0
Fe
5
A
a
0
OPERATION "IDES"
Metals Procedures
Operating Conditions
Lamp Current (ma)
Fuel
Support
Flame Condition
Wavelength 228.8 357.9 324.7 217.0 213.9 232.0 279.5 386".0
Spectral Band Pass (run) .5 .2 .2 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2
Working Range (mg/1 ) .5-2 2-8 2-8 5-20 .4-1.6 3-12 1-4 50-200
Typical Sensitivity (mg/1) .011 .055 .04 .11 .099 .066 .024 .90
A - acetylene, a - air, 0 -oxidizing, R - reducing
Mercury was analyzed using an automated flame! ess atomic absorption
technique. All sediment results were expressed as mg/kg dry weight.
The organisms were dissected for certain organs or digested whole.
The digestion procedure used was the same as that used for the sediments
except that a known wet weight was used and the results were expressed
as mg/kg wet weight.
The calculations for the sediment and organisms are as follows:
SEDIHENTS:
x
100 ml 1 L
ฐRGANISMS: - final answer >9/1) . - mg/gm x 1000 = mg/kg wet
wet weight (gms) 1000 ml b y 3 3
100 ml ~TT
A-47
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A-51
-------
FIGURE 15
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
CADMIUM
mg/kg/dry wf
Depths in fathoms
-38' 30-
38' 00'-
N
o
o
A-52
-------
FIGURE 16
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
CHROMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentration
are significantly
greater than others
z = 3.28
P = >0.01
-38' 30'
/I
1 .
2 '
2ซ
1
2
2
3
3
3
1
2
2
3
3
v.0
o
o
o
38* 00'-
A-53
-------
FIGURE 17
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
COPPER
mg/ kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
*
38 3O : r
RII rY' >.. *' ' '
U/"3v
/..
."
.^
^ . '
<1 .' .-'
<] -: Nฐ '
e <] ,
-------
FIGURE 13
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES
LEAD
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-38' 30'
R "D'
4
N
38' 00'
A-55
-------
FIGURE 19
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES
ZINC
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly higher
than others
z = 5.37
P = >0.001
-38* 30
R "D
N
\
36' 00'
-------
FIGURE 20
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
NICKEL
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-so* -5 f\ '. _ !_
~ ^jo j\J ~ i r-
:
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/ }'' '
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A- 57 / /
2
N
i
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.'
-------
FIGURE 21
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
MANGANESE
mg/kg/dry wt
Depihs in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
greater than others
z = 4.36
P = >0.001
-38* 30'-
o
15
16
13
15
15
.0
32 ซ .-
38* 00'-
^0
_o
A-58
-------
FIGURE 22
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
IRON
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
greater than others
z = 5.90
P = >0.001
N
-38* 30'
R "V
2524
oici 2588
2161 1373
2455
^*DD
1086
-'920 *
1751 .
.1129'
38' 00''
,o
J3
A-59
-------
FIGURE 23
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION "IDES"
MERCURY
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
>* *
38 30 :
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A-64
-------
SCIENTIFIC LOG
Operation "IDES"
March 11, 1974
0200 - Depart Lewes, Delaware
0805 - On Station A - 19 fathoms - Loran 3512 3065 - moderate sea,
wave height 5', 0% clouds, winds N 8-10
0830 - Water column profile, salinometer probe cut off by prop
BT - Shipek 6 replicates - some dead sand dollars
1 metal sample - phytoplankton sample taken
0944 - Dredge over & fishing
1025 - Dredge on board - good catch Arctica,sand dollars, skate,
flounder, starfish, Polinices, sponge cancer,
old, large, thick oyster shells & cobbles brought up in dredge
NBS thermometer broken
1100 - Underway to Station C
1145 - On Station C - 24 fathoms - Loran 3420 3043 - slight sea,
wave height 3-4', 100% clouds, rain - winds N 7-10
BT taken - no thermocline - surface temp. 8.2ฐC
1230 - Hydrocast
Depth
20'
75'
100'
140'
Niskin bacti taken - Shipek 6 replicates (some dead sand dollars)
5 metals, 1 pesticide, 1 sediment size
1258 - Current meter array 3407 3041
A-65
-------
March 11. 1974
1330 - Clam dredge 30 minutes, good catch - Arctica, skates, eel
starfish, sand dollars, Cancer, Polinices, Astarte,
4 spotted flounder, muscles, goosefish, cobbles,
iron covered module - zooplankton tow - Secchi disc 7 m.
1430 - Otter trawl - 25 minutes, good catch, starfish, juvenile
flounder, skate egg cases, blood stars, skates, 4 spotted
flounder, goosefish, large hake, juvenile sculpin, sand dollars
1509 - Underway to Station B
1537 - Arrive Station B - 20 fathoms - Loran 3395 3053
Slight sea, wave height 1-2', 20% clouds, wind N 3-4
1540 - Shipek - 6 replicates, 5 metals, phytoplankton sample taken,
Secchi disc 7 meters
1608 - Clam dredge 30 minutes, zooplankton 15 minutes
clam dredge,good catch, many live sand dollars, Pagurus in
Polinices, Cancer erroratus, Arctica live & boxes, scallops,
starfish, Spisula shell, cobbles
1710 - Underway to Station D
1745 - Station D - 17 fathoms - Loran 3401 3030, slight sea,
wave height 1-2', 20% clouds,wind N 3-4
1755 - Clam dredge over & fishing, flounder, 4 skates, starfish,
Arctica, 1 goosefish, 1 sand dab, 2 Cancer, approx.
bucket of shells
Shipek - 6 replicates, 5 metals taken, phytoplankton
sample taken
A-66
-------
March 11, 1974
1918 - Otter trawl over - trawl rolled, no catch, aborted
2039 - Station 2 - 30 fathoms - Loran 3356 3009, calm sea,
wave height 1-2', 100% clouds, wind N 1-2, snow
2100 - Current meters over 3358 3009
2130 - Hydrocast
Depth pH
1
18
36
50
Shipek - 6 replicates, 5 metals, 1 sediment size, 1 pesticide
Bacti, sediment & bottom waters
2115 - BT - surface temp. 8ฐC
2200 - Clam dredge, small catch, Arctica, Pagurus, 1 scallop
0005-0025 - Trawl over & fishing, good catch, scallops, squid,
summer flounder, sand dollar, 4 spotted flounder, starfish
sand dab, Cancer , hake, goosefish, pompano, juvenile
flounder, sand shrimp, juvenile skate, unknown spotted fish
Underway to Station 8
March 12, 1974
0045 - Station 8 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3361 3008, calm sea
100% clouds, heavy snow
Hydrocast
Depth
4
23
30
45
A-67
-------
March 12. 1974
0045 - Station B (cont.) BT, surface temp 6ฐC, phytoplankton
sample taken, Shipek 6 replicates, 5 metals, bacti, sediment
sample, water sample
0200 - Clam dredge 40 minutes, zooplankton tow 15 minutes
0255 - Underway to Station 9
0418 - On Station 9 - 23 fathoms - Loran 3217 3051, slight sea
wave height 2-3', wind NE 5, 100% clouds
Hydrocast
Depth (m)
4
15
23
30
38
BT, surface temp 5ฐC, phytoplankton, bacti, sediment sample,
water sample, Shipek 6 replicates, 5 metals, 1 pesticide,
strange black line across top of sample collected for metals
0500 - Clam dredge out & fishing, 40 minutes duration for tow,
zooplankton tow 15 minutes, lost #10 bucket off 1 C-B net,
duplicate tow made
0605 - Trawl over & fishing, 40 minute tow
0650 - Underway to Station 17
0735 - On Station 17 - 27 fathoms, Loran 3181 3030, calm sea,
wave height 2-3', winds NE 10, clearing, Shipek, 1 metals
sample - clam dredge, good catch C erroratus (young and
mature), Arctica (live and boxes), goosefish, flounder,
Polinices, scallops, Busyeon shell, Spisula shell,
A-68
-------
March 12. 1974
0735 - Station 17 (cont.) sand dollars, starfish, sulfur sponge
Ensis shell, phytoplankton grab
Underway to Station 26
0935 - On Station 26 - 23 fathoms - Loran 3117 3017
Shipek - 5 replicates - 5 metals - sand, silt, clay
Hydrocast surface - phytoplankton sample
16 m
32 m
40 m
1005 - BT 40 m - 9ฐ surface temp. - no trace - not reduced
1010 - Rocking chair overboard and fishing
1040 - Rocking chair aboard - good catch, welk shell, Polinices,
skates, flounders, Cardian, Arctica, scallops, Cancer, starfish
and sand dollars
1205 - Trawl over and fishing
1236 - Trawl on board - good catch, Bryozoan, sand dollars, starfish,
skate, juvenile & adult flounders, scallops, crabs, juvenile
sea spider (Libinia dubia), juvenile Cancer, Ensus, hermit crab
in Polinices & welk shells, sea horse, Crepidula shell
Discolored water reported from bridge during trawl
Many gulls astern when lying to
1255 - Underway to Station 27
1415 - On Station 27 - 31 fathoms - Loran 3182 2974
Wind 25-30 N - Seastate 4 - 100% clouds - Secchi disc-6 meters
Shipek 5 drops - sea mouse in Shipek drop - phytoplankton sample
A-69
-------
1440 - Dredge over and fishing
1517 - Haul dredge - good catch, Polinices, scallops, goosefishes,
Crepidula, Arctica, hermit crabs, Pagarues, starfish, eel
Spisula shell, Ensis shell, Astarte shell
1530 - Dredge in - underway to Station F
17 Arctica, 2 Cancer, 100-150 juvenile scallops, 6 adult
scallops, 12 starfish, sponge, 8 bushels of shells
1735 - Dredge on board
1805 - On Station F - 37 fathoms - Loran 3300 2974
1820 - Shipek - 2 metals and 1 biological - Shipek wouldn't catch
Phytoplankton sample taken - Hydrocast surface, 22 m, 37 m, 67 m
Bt - surface temp. 10ฐ
1914 - Zooplankton trawl
1925 - Trawl on bottom - 1 starfish, 1 skate
2030 - Underway to Station 24
2052 - On Station 24 - 30 fathoms - Loran 3305 2998 NE 18 knots
2100 - Shipek - 3 metals - sediment size - 5 biological
Odd sample - black Vjscus layer about 2-1/2" thick on top of
clean sand - Phytoplankton sample taken
2130 - Clam dredge
2230 - Trawl - underway to Station 25
2245 - On Station 25 - 41 fathoms - Loran 3345 2937 -
NE 10 knots - seastate 4 - wave hts. 4
2355 - Shipek - sediment size - 1 metal
A-70
-------
March 13. 1974
0008 - Clam dredge, Ihr. - Zooplankton, 15 min.
Rocking chair, 1st haul 50 min. - winch stalled, dredge
washed astern for 50 min. - Cancer, scallops, Arctica,
Spisula shell, starfish
0155 - Commenced 2nd clam dredge
0240 - Rocking chair dredge, 2nd haul - starfish, Cancer, Arctica,
scallop, 1 Rolling Rock bottle (good condition, no deposit-
no return) Underway to Station 14 - wind direction changed
NW, clear, cold, windy
0515 - Arrive Station 14 - 29 fathoms - Loran 3500 2968 WNW 40 knots
hydrocast wire angle 35ฐ - no bacti, bag broken - sea state
very rough
0640 - Chair dredge over
0710 - Dredge onboard - little catch
0725 - Dredge overboard - underway to Station 19
1028 - Dredge over 1 mi. from Sta. 19 - small catch
1153 - Reset dredge w/following sea
1219 - Dredge onboard - regained station -
1230 - On Station 19 - 29 fathoms - Loran 3610 2997 -
sea state 4 - wave ht. 8
1318 - Shipek - 3 biologicals, sediment size, pesticide, bacti
1400 - Hydrocast - 4.6 m, 22.9 m, 30.5 m, 55 m
BT - surface temp. 4ฐC - phytoplankton sample
1426 - Underway to Sta. 30
A-71
-------
1550 - Dredge over - 1 mile from Station 30
1650 - Dredge up - catch poor
1710 - Second dredge haul
1740 - Dredge up - too rough for CB sampler or trawl
1800 - On Station 30 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3680 3010
Shipek - 2 replicates - 1 metal - 1 sediment size
1830 - Hydrocast - BT - surface temp. 8ฐC
1843 - Underway Station 29
1952 - Clam dredge over and fishing - SE of Sta. 29
2055 - On Station 29 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3630 3047 - NW 28-32 -
rough and cold - clam dredge - 5 Arctica, Russian bottle
2115 - Shipek drops - 1 metal - phytoplankton sample taken
2145 - Underway for Station 28
2337 - Slow to tow dredge - 1 mile SE from Sta. 28
2250 - Dredge towing
2320 - Hauling dredge - small catch, Limulus, flounder, skate,
Arctica, Spisula, oyster shell (fossilized), sponge
2345 - Second clam dredge - underway
March 14, 1974 - towing dredge
0015 - Hauling dredge - good catch, 4 horseshoe crabs, 4 Arctica,
4 Polinices, sand dollars, skate, sponge, hermit crab,
scallops, sand dab
0055 - On Station 28 - 22 fathoms - Loran 3580 3078 - WNW, 36 knots
0100 - Shipek - 2 metals, 1 sediment size, 2 biologicals
Phytoplankton sample taken - BT taken
A-72
-------
0140 - Hydrocast - surface, 4.6 m, 21 m, 30.5 m, 42.7 m
0204 - Underway to Station 18
0257 - Dredge over
0303 - Dredge over and set
0405 - Dredge in - good catch, Arctica, hermit crab, skate, 4 spotted
flounder, goosefish, scallops, mussels, starfish, limpet,
Cancer, Polinices
0420 - On Station 18 - 24 fathoms - Loran 3555 3032
high winds - very rough, cold
0425 - Shipek - 2 metals, 1 biological - phytoplankton sample taken
0447 - Hydrocast
0415 - Underway to Station 21
0527 - Clam dredge over
0544 - Clam dredge set
0654 - Clam dredge up - good catch
0705 - On Station 21 - 25 fathoms - Loran 3490 3009
cold, windy, rough - Shipek - 2 biologicals, 1 metal
Phytoplankton sample taken
0733 - Underway to Station 23
0805 - Clam dredge over - 1 mile NW of Station 23
0815 - Dredge set and fishing
0905 - Dredge aboard - bag open, needed repairs - made station while
repairing dredge
0945 - On Station 23 - 32 fathoms - Loran 3445 2998 - NW 20 knots
rough, windy, cold - Shipek - 3 replicates, 3 biologicals,
1 metal - phytoplankton sample - BT taken - surface temp. 9ฐC
A-73
-------
1010 - Rocking chair dredge - repairs completed, over and fishing
1050 - Rocking chair hauled - good catch, scallops, Arctica, skate,
flounder, Cancer
1100 - Trawl over - following sea
1200 - Trawl aboard - 2 sea robins, starfish, small scallops,
juvenile fish, sand dollars
1215 - Underway to Station 2 to retrieve current meters
1910 - Underway to Station 20
1940 - Dredge over and set - steaming toward Station 20
2040 - Dredge aboard
2045 - On Station 20 - 23 fathoms - Loran 3430 3060 - weather
moderating - Shipek - 5 replicates - 2 metals, 5 biologicals
Phytoplankton sample taken
2107 - Underway to Station 22
2143 - Dredge over and set
2230 - Dredge up - needed second run
2300 - Hauling dredge
2318 - Dredge aboard - huge catch - dredge full
March 15, 1974
0003 - On Station 22 - 26 fathoms - Loran 3345 3053
Shipek - 6 biologicals, 3 metals, 1 sediment size (taken because
there was very coarse gravel present - very different from other
samples -- 1 very dark sample taken)
Hydrocast - surface, 10m, 20 m, 35 m bacti taken
BT - surface temp. 6ฐC
A-74
-------
0011 - Underway to Station E
0037 - Dredge over
0150 - Dredge aboard
0207 - On Station E - 23 fathoms - Loran 3351 3025
Shipek - 5 replicates 1 metal, 5 biologicals - bottom water
sample taken - phytoplankton sample taken
0230 - Dredge over for second haul
0330 - Dredge in - Limulus, Polinices, flounder, goosefish, scallops,
Arctica
0335 - Trawl over and fishing
0357 - Trawl aboard - Spisula, Arctica, scallop and Polinices shells
0400 - Underway to Station 8 to resample with dredge
0435 - Dredge out and fishing
0543 - Dredge up - underway to retrieve current meters Station C
0700 - Lifeboat lowered to retrieve current meter array
0815 - Retrieved current meters - calm NW 2-4 - clear, cold
0850 - Trawled thru discolored water, presumably acid dump -
pH meter inoperative
0945 - Trawl aboard - many live sand dollars, 1 squid, starfish,
small skate - trawl line parted in winch
1000 - Secured oceanographic operations -
Underway to Lewes, Delaware
A-75
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
R/V Advance II
SHIP'S LOG
Date: 3-11-74
Time
0330
0428
0500
0538
0600
0730
0745
0805
0830
0900
0944
1000
1025
1100
1130
1145
1215
1240
1258
1308
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3411
3451
3472
3500
3502
3468
3512
3507
3504
3523
3508
3512
3491
3438
3420
3414
3410
3407
3407
3150
3114
3094
3074
3066
3066
3065
3066
3065
3064
3064
3065
3057
3043
3043
3042
3041
3041
3040
Comments
Buoy R "F" @ 4.8
R "F" 12.8
Stop for Sta. A
Towing dredge
Stop to haul dredge
Underway
Stop for Sta. C
Stop for Sta. C
Stop for Sta. C
Current meter over Del . buoy
Del. buoy 256ฐT @ 12.6 mi.
A-76
-------
Date 3-11-74
Time
1315
1400
1407
1430
1455
1509
1530
1537
1608
1642
1710
1727
1730
1745
1755
1837
1847
1900
1918
1950
2000
2030
2039
3 H4
3407
3426
3420
3416
3428
3425
3393
3395
3394
3418
3417
3405
3403
3401
3393
3391
3401
3402
3885
3384
3356
3356
3 H5
3040
3045
3043
3042
3044
3044
3051
3053
3050
3049
3050
3041
3039
3030
3031
3032
3032
3033
3027
3027
3013
3009
Comments
Recov. Sta. C tow scallop dredge
Recov. plankton net
Sta. C end of plankton tow & scallop dr
Otter trawl over
Haul otter trawl
Underway Sta. B
Underway Sta. B
Sta. B
Underway rocking chair dredge/plankton
Tow completed
Underway for Sta. D
Current buoys to port 1/8 mile
Sta. D 17 fathoms
Dredge on bottom
Dredge off bottom
Regaining station
Sta. D
Trawl ing
Stop for Sta. 2
A-77
-------
Date 3-11-74
Time
2102
2106
2130
2200
2230
2239
2300
2330
0015
0025
0050
0103
Date
0115
0130
0158
0215
0230
0237
0255
0300
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3358
3358
3358
3364
3361
3353
3349
3361
3359
3364
3365
3361
3-12-74
3359
3358
3355
3365
3359
3352
3350
3344
3010
3009
3011
3009
3013
3012
3012
3012
3015
3014
3013
3008
3006
3007
3006
3006
3011
3012
3013
3014
Comments
Current meter
Towing dredge
Stop to haul dredge
Towing trawl
Haul net
Regaining Sta. 8
Sta. 8 (Sta. not regained precisely
due to current meter location)
Sta. 8
Underway for plankton tow &
scallop dredge
u/w for plankton tow & scallop dred
u/w for plankton tow & scallop dred
Stop - haul dredge
Underway to Sta. 9 - course 250ฐ
u/w to Sta. 9 - course 250ฐ
A-78
-------
Date 3-12-74
Time
0330
0403
0418
0500
0540
0605
0650
0735
0800
0830
0900
0930
0935
1010
1030
1200
1230
1236
1255
133C
1400
1415
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3284
3222
3217
3212
3235
3227
3183
3181
3177
3180
3152
3117
3110
3103
3106
3105
3119
3120
3116
3-4"
3175
3182
3028
3044
3051
3051
3053
3055
3053
3030
3031
3034
3029
3018
3017
3018
3019
3019
3019
3019
3020
2999
2982
2974
Comments
Underway to Sta. 9 - course 250ฐ
II i| II 11 II
Sta. 9
Dredge on bottom
Dredge off bottom
Trawl on bottom
Trawl off bottom - u/w to Sta. 17
Sta. 17
i> n
H n
n M
n n
Stop Sta. 26
Underway towing dredge
Dredge overboard
Towing net
n n
Haul net
Net aboard - proceed to Sta. 27
course 090ฐ
M II II II II II
II II II II II II
Sta. 27
A-79
-------
Date 3-12-74
Time
1430
1440
1500
1517
1530
1600
1658
1700
1755
1805
1837
1854
1907
1922
2000
2030
2052
2101
2106
2130
2200
2203
2216
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3175
3173
3180
3187
3187
3236
3300
3300
3304
3300
3287
3305
3301
3309
3333
3319
3305
3304
3301
3303
3306
3304
3288
2975
2975
2975
2974
2974
2974
2974
2974
2974
2974
2970
2974
2974
2974
2976
2985
2998
3036
2998
3000
2997
2997
2998
Comments
Sta. 27
Dredge over
n M
Haul dredge
Dredge in - proceed to Sta. F
n M n ii n
Sta. F
n n
Dredge on board - regaining Sta. F
Sta. F
Underway to regain Sta. F
Sta F regained (allowing for set)
Setting trawl
Trawl on bottom
n M n
M n n
Stop for Sta. 24
Towing dredge
n n
Hauling in dredge
Dredge aboard
A-80
-------
Date 3-12-74
Time
2230
2300
2330
Date
0000
0008
0030
0100
0107
0148
0200
0225
0240
0300
0330
0400
0430
0445
0512
0555
0637
0708
0724
Position
3 H4 3 H5 Comments
3302
3333
3350
3-13-74
3245
3341
3349
3345
3344
3345
3346
3349
3349
3371
3409
3443
3472
3480
3500
3493
3/107
3502
3505
2990
2970
2948
2937 Sta. 25
2937 Dredge & Plankton tow
2938
2944
2941 Clam dredge
2933 Commence 2nd dredge tow
2934
2939 Clam dredge
2942 Dredge aboard - depart for Sta. 14
2950
2956
2960
2960
2962
2968 Sta. 14
2966 Messenger
2ฐ56 Dredge on bottom
2967 Dredge off bottom
2968 Dredge on bottom
A-81
-------
Date 3-13-74
Time
0800
0830
0900
0930
1000
1018
1038
1100
1134
1200
1219
1240
1318
1400
1426
1500
530
1539
1544
1655
1708
1743
1755
1810
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3515
3521
3530
3551
3588
3598
3604
3611
3618
3610
3595
3581
3610
3618
3613
3643
3693
3682
3684
3723
371"
3694
3680
3682
2969
2969
2984
2997
2996
2996
2995
2996
2997
2995
2991
2988
2997
2997
2993
2999
3007
3008
3009
3021
3018
3009
3010
3009
Comments
Dredge on bottom 1 mi. from Sta. 19
On Sta. 19 towing dredge
ii H n n ii
ii M n n M
Clam dredge
Dredge aboard - regain sta.
Regain Sta. 19
Hydrocast
Proceed to Sta 30
Dredge over
Dredge set - Sta. 30
Dredge up - underway Sta. 30
Dredge set
Dredge up
Sta. 30
Comp. grabs - commence hydrocast
A-82
-------
Date 3-13-74
Time
1900
1930
1952
2005
2030
2055
2100
2115
2142
2200
2230
2237
2250
2300
2311
2320
2342
Date
0000
0020
POST
3 H4
3690
3676
3652
3625
3630
3639
3642
3641
3630
363ft
3624
3585
3580
3580
3579
3580
3580
3580
3-14-74
3583
3582
tier.
3 H5 Comments
3013 Underway for Sta. 29
3022
3038
3044 D) edqinq Sta. SE Sta. 29
3046 Towing dredge on Sta. 29
3046
3046 Dredge aboard
3047
3048 Grab down
3048 Complete Sta. 29 - underway Sta. 28
3053
3066
3069 Slow to tow dredge 1 mi . SE Sta. 28
3069 Dredge set
3072
3075 Sta. 28 towing dredge - course 305ฐ
3078 Hauling dredge
3080 Turn for second dredge tow
3074
3070 Ham dredge
A-83
-------
Date 3-14-74
Time
0033
005^
0140
02 CM
0230
0257
0303
0330
0405
04 2 F
0447
0451
0514
0527
Oci4
0654
0703
0733
0805
on . 5
0900
0905
1^0
1022
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3578
3580
3582
3582
3583
3563
3558
3554
3555
3555
3559
3561
3536
3500
3<195
3485
3490
3494
3445
3445
3446
3448
3149
3445
3070
3078
3075
3076
3057
303ฐ
3035
3029
3034
3032
3031
3031
3021
3012
3011
3009
3009
3011
3003
2999
2991
2998
2997
2998
Comments
Clam dredge up - regain Sta. 28
Sta. 28 - Shipek
Hydrocast
Underway for Sta. 18
Dredge over
Dredge over
Dredge set - towing across Sta. 18
Dredge in
Sta. 18 - grab
Hydrocast
Underway for Sta. 21
Dredae Sta. - course 170ฐ true - 1/3 spd
Dredge set
Dredge up
Sta. 21 - grab - hydro
Underway for Sta. 23
Dredne over 1 mi. NW Sta. 23
Dredge set
Towing dredge
Dredgt aboard
Dredae over
Towing dredge on Sta. 23
A-84
-------
Date 3-14-74
Time
1057
1100
1129
1200
1215
1230
1330
1500
1530
1612
1907
1910
1940
2040
2045
2100
2107
2143
2200
2213
2230
2300
2318
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3444
3445
3445
3447
3445
3426
3358
3364
3379
3407
3407
3407
3412
3430
3430
3427
3421
3373
3359
2245
3331
3336
3345
3009
3009
2998
2987
2986
2989
3008
3004
3018
3039
3040
3040
3047
3057
3060
3060
3054
3053
3053
2053
3054
3053
3053
Comments
Dredge aboard
Trawl over 1 .5 mi . NW Sta. 23 - C 124 T
Towing trawl on Sta. 23
C/H trawl
Trawl aboard - underway Sta. 2
Retrieving current meter, Sta. 2
Meter aboard - underway Sta. 2
Second meter
Buoy over marking current meter
Underway for Sta. 20
Dredge set
Dredge aboard
All stop Sta. 20
Underway
Dredge over & set
Sta. 22
Hauling dredge
Dredge aboard - on Sta. 22
A-85
-------
Date 3-15-74
Time
0003
0011
0037
0100
0128
0130
0144
0150
0207
0230
0240
0335
0347
0400
0415
0435
0437
0500
0543
0700-0815
0830-0945
Position
3 H4 3 H5
3350
3342
3350
3351
3347
3346
3347
3349
3351
3348
3353
3342
3352
3355
3330
3301
3301
3319
3350
3407
3400
3042
3049
3030
3022
3015
3019
3023
3024
3025
3023
3023
3022
3024
3024
3016
3014
3014
3016
3020
3040
3037
Comments
Hydrocast complete - BT cast
Underway to Sta. E
Rocking chair dredge over- C 125ฐ
c/c to 305ฐ
-
c/h dredge
Dredge aboard
Sta. E - Shipek
Finish hydro - dredge over
Dredge set
c/h trawl
Trawl aboard
Underway to Sta. 8
Dredge out
Dredge set
Sta. P.
Dredge up - underway for current meter
station
Retrieved current meter and anchor
Trawl
A-86
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis Field Office
Annapolis Science Center
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
OPERATION "IDES"
Cruise Plan
March 11-15, 1974
A-87
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
March 1974
Ocean dumping operations on the continental shelf off Delaware
and Maryland show evidence of elevated concentrations of potentially
toxic metals in the sediments and biota, as determined from survey
cruises to the area.
The spring 1974 cruise was designed with the objectives:
1. Extend monitoring observations of environmental conditions
at previously observed locations.
2. Expand observations to delineate affected depositional areas.
3. Develop statistical comparisons of affected and unaffected
areas.
4. Expand circulation information with current meter array.
5. Incidentally gather baseline data of environmental conditions
at potential oil drilling sites. These are normal reference stations
for ocean dumping monitoring.
6. Collect indigenous organisms for bioassay development in the
laboratory.
Rationale:
The vagaries and uncertainties of early spring weather indicate
the desirability of establishing priorities of stations and sampling.
Accordingly, 10 stations have been assigned priority over the
remaining stations, and sediment retrieval and benthic animal collection
giver sampling priority.
A-88
-------
Operation "IDES"
Stations
Station
Sequence
A
19
14
C
B
D
2
8
9
17
26
27
F
25
24
E
23
21
18
20
22
Priority Latitude
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
1
2
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
38ฐ40.
(approx)38ฐ40.
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
(apporx)38ฐ
(approx)38ฐ
27.
31.
35.
28.
22.
20.
11.
12.
05.
05.
13.
13.
17.
23.
28.
32.
40.
34.
27.
6'
7'
8'
21
T
5'
3'
7'
9'
V
21
2'
6'
O1
0'
5'
0'
8'
6'
2'
2'
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
N
Longitude
74ฐ
74ฐ
73ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
73ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
19
0
57
19
18
17
14
19
32
28
27
13
08
57
14
18
08
08
10
22
26
.5'
.0
.0'
.5'
.T
.0'
.2'
.0'
.9'
.3'
.7'
.4'
.7'
.8'
.5'
.2'
.0'
.5'
S1
.8'
.0'
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
I'J
W
W
W
3H4
3512
3610
3500
3420
3440
3401
3356
3313
3217
3181
3110
3182
3300
3346
3305
3350
3445
3490
3557
3430
3345
3H5
3065
2996
2968
3043
3048
3030
3009
3018
3051
3030
3017
2974
2985
2936
2998
3025
2998
3009
3032
3060
3053
A-89
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
Watch List
PORT WATCH
1. Smith
2. Thomas
3. Pesch
4. Downing
5. Davis
6. Yff
7. Bailey
8. Muir
9.
STARBOARD WATCH
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
O'Malley
Lear
Meyers
Reynolds
Crutchley
Williams
Kafka
Steibolt
McCleary
A-90
-------
OPERATION "IDES"
STANDARD STATION
1. Niskin sampler
1. Bacti
2. Shipek 6 replicates
1. Bacti
2. Metals
3. Particle size
4. PCB's, Pesticides
5. Organisms
6. TOC
3. Probe readings
(Sal., Cond.,Temp., DO, pH)
4. Hydrocast
1. Metals (Sta. 2 only)
2. Fe & Nutrients
3. TOC (Bottom H20's only)
5. Phytoplankton grab (surface water
PORT WATCH
Smith
n
Bailey, Thomas
Smith
Davis, Downing
Muir, Yff
1. I.D.
6. Zooplankton tow
1. I.D.
2. Metals
7. Trawl
1. Organisms
2. Metals
8. Rocking Chair Dredge
1. Organisms
2. Metals
only)
Davis, Muir
Bailey, Thomas
Pesch, Downing
STARBOARD WATCH
O'Malley
II
Crutch!ey, Lear
O'Malley
Meyers, Kafka
Williams, McCleary
Kafka, Meyers
Crutch!ey, Lear
Reynolds, Steibolt
A-91
-------
Operation "IDES"
Station Routine
A. ANCHORED
1. Shipek - 6 drops
a. Bacti - sediment - process @ station
b. Chemistry
(1) PCB - glass jar - store
(2) Metals - whirlpak
(3) Sediment size - whirlpak
(4) TOC - whirlpak
c. Biology (5 replicates) gal. jars with buffered formalin (5%)
2. Hydrocast
a. Niskin - bottom H20
(1) Bacti MPN
b. Van Dorn bottles or submersible pump (surf.)
(1) Metals (Sta. 2 bottom only) gal cubi - freeze
(2) Fe & nutrients (water col. & bottom waters) qt. cubi - freeze
(3) TOC - whirlpak - freeze
(4) Phytoplankton grab - fix - Lugol's soln.
B. UNDERWAY
a. Rocking chair clam dredge
(1) I.D. and count organisms
(2) Freeze representative species for metals
b. Trawl
(1) I.D. and count organisms
(2) Freeze representative species for metals
c. Zooplankton tows (2)
(1) I.D. - preserve
(2) Metals - freeze _
-------
Operation "IDES"
March 11-15,1974
SEDIMENTS
Samf
Parameter Sampler Per
Bacti Shipek
PCB's,
Pesticides
TOC
Metals
Sed. Size
Biology "
WATER
Bottom Niskin
Bacti
Bottom Van Dorn
Metals
Bottom "
TOC
Bottom Fe "
& Nut.*
Water Col.
& Nut.*
BIOLOGY
Organisms
Metals Rocking
Chair
Metals Trawl
PHYTOPLANKTON
I.D. Grab
ZOOPLANKTON
I.D. Tow
Metals Tow
)le #
Station
1
1
1
5
1
5
1
1
1
1
4
1/20
1
2
2
Max #
Sampler
8
5
7
5
105
8
1
8
8
20
20
8
8
f
Analyses
8
5
7
400
5
105
8
1
*
4'C
100
20
8
80
Container
Fr. Sq.
Pt. Mason
Glass
Whirlpak
Jar
Gal .Mason
Fr. Sq.
Gal .cubi
Whirlpak
Qt. cubi
Qt. cubi
Plastic
bags
Plastic
bags
Fr. Sq.
Glass
Whirlpak
Preservative
Process
Stow
Freeze
11
Stow
5% Formalin
Process
Freeze
"
M
II
Freeze
Freeze
Formalin
Formalin +
Hexo.
Freeze
Analyst
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
Corval
AFO
AFO
AFO
Narra.
AFO
APO
AFO
AFO
uata
Inter.
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
lis?
AFO
AFO
AFO
Narra
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
Nutrients: Total POas PQ4, Inorganic P04, TKN, N02+N03
A-93
-------
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-------
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(
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X
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Fe, Hg, Cr, Pb, and Zn - 5 replicates on 10 circled stations
Other five metals determined once on circled stations
All 10 metals determined once on remaining stations
Pesticides - once at double circled stations
-------
-------
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-------
APPENDIX B
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
USCG "Alert" MEC 630 - 12-15 August 1974
DATA REPORT
CONTENTS page
List of Tables B- 3
List of Figures B- 4
Station Data B- 5
Station Locations B- 6
Hydrographic Data B- 7
Distribution of Temperature and Salinity B-22
Water Quality Parameters*
Bacteriological Results B-35
Virological Results*
Sediments
Size Analysis*
Total Organic Carbon in Sediments B-37
Organohalogens in Sediments*
Metals in Sediments B"41
Distribution of Metals in Sediments B"47
Biota
Phytoplankton populations*
Occurrence of Organisms from Trawls*
B-l
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
DATA REPORT
CONTENTS (Continued)
Page
Metals in Organisms from Trawls*
Benthic Infauna Populations*
Cruise Plan B-58
* Awaiting sample or data analysis
B-2
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
LIST OF TABLES
Page
1 Station Data B- 5
2 Hydrographic Data B- 8
3 Bacteriological Results B-36
4 Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon B-38
in Sediments
5 Atomic Absorber Operating Conditions B-42
6 Metals in Sediments B-43
B-3
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Station Locations B- 6
2 Temperature-Salinity Profiles B-22
3 Distribution of Total Organic Carbon B-40
in Sediments
4 Distribution of Iron in Sediments B-49
5 Distribution of Manganese in Sediments B-50
6 Distribution of Zinc in Sediments B-51
7 Distribution of Nickel in Sediments B-52
8 Distribution of Lead in Sediments B-53
9 Distribution of Cadmium in Sediments B-54
10 Distribution of Chromium in Sediments B-55
11 Distribution of Copper in Sediments B-56
12 Distribution of Mercury in Sediments B-57
B-4
-------
Table 1
OPERATION "DEEP SIX" - STATION
Loran A Loran C
3H4 3H5 SS/-Y SS7-Z
Lat.
Long. Depth
Sta. Date Time
31 8-12-74 1243 3444 3104
O9 " TOOQ 9 9 ฃ O 9r^QT
22 8-13-74 0015 52257.0 70430.5
E " 0550 52239.7 70465.4
2 " 1225 52216.3 7047^.0
8 "-. 1415 52273.3 70488.8
24 " 1745 3290 2996
25 " 2325 3339 2938
F 8-14-74 0553 3264 2985
27 " 0852 3167 2976
26 " 1308 3115 3018
17 ' 2023 3176 3028
9 3-15-74 0055 3219 3047
33 " 0235 3270 3064
D " 0821 3396 3033 52188.2 70441.3
B11 1 99 C ^^Q7 ^O^O _ .
20 " 2112 3432 3060
C " 1735 3430 3044
21 " 2252 3480 3012
14 8-16 74 0331 3553 2960 -
19 " 1055 3602 2997
18 " 1235 3562 3034
A " 1745 3517 3064 --.--,- ~ - -
28 " 2150 3577 3080 - -
29 8-17-74 0150 3641 3042
___-] n nr*3n "3/iRn ^i^n
. ... ^
W N
74ฐ32.4' 38ฐ40.5'
"7 /I O o "l oi O O O o O 91
/ 4 J 1 . O OO OL. . c.
7-; ":5.8' 38ฐ26.5'
74ฐ19.0' 18023.3'
74' 15. 3' 38ฐ23.0'
74ฐ18.8' 38ฐ19.6'
74ฐ14.3' 38ฐ15.7'
73ฐ58.5' 38ฐ12.5'
74r12.7'- 38ฐ13.7'
74ฐK.8' 38ฐ04.3'
74r?o.3' 38-05.7'
yiTl.B1 3T'l'?.5I
74ฐ30.7' 23ฐ17.1'
74M2.5- 38-23.0'
74ฐ18.3' 38ฐ28.2'
74ฐ?2.6' 38ฐ30.5'
74-ฐ?? fi ' ?Rฐ?d 4-1
/T^ t-t-ปW \J\J *JT"ซT^
74-19.21 38ฐ32.5'
7''0i>. 1' 'JQ0'?^ 9'
/'I u J . t JO Jc. . C.
73n5-. .7" 38ฐ32.2'
74ฐC0.2' 38ฐ40.0'
74-09.8' 38ฐ41.3'
74ฐ19.8' 33ป41. 4'
74ฐ20.3' 38M6.7'
74ฐ03.3' 38ฐ48.3'
7/1ฐ ?7 8' -5ซฐ/17 9'
leter
31
31
40
38
44
44
44
69
57
53
38
:~6
36
31
36
40
53
44
38
57
46
40
35
35
44
B-5
-------
FIGURE 1
STATION LOCATIONS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
AUGUST 1974
31
32*
-38* 30-
R "D';
33*
,0
28 /
29
A*.-
18
20
B
C
21
22
D
E
ft
2
..-/
J}
26
27*.-"'
o
p)
N
19
V
\
H4.
.30
25.-
r.O
o
o
38* 00'-
B-6
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
HYDROGRAPHY
The hydrographic data indicate the thermocline was well developed
at all stations during this cruise and was found at approximately 16 to
20 meters. The weather was calm during this whole cruise, consequently
no perturbations due to wind stresses would be expected.
The salinity distributions on this cruise show, at the surface,
the influence of 33 parts per thousand coming in from the west, presumably
due to the influence of the Delaware estuary. From the east side, a very
pronounced tongue of 35 parts per thousand water at the surface, from the
slope, intrudes and it would appear from the irregular distributions of
salinity that this whole region is one of mixing of estuarine and outer
shelf, possibly slope, waters (Figure 2). The U. S. Naval Oceanographic
Office publication, "The Gulf Stream", published monthly, indicates that
in July 1974 there were well defined anticyclonic eddies to the east of
this area. The influence of these eddies, which were noted for the past
six or eight months, on the distribution of temperature and salinity in
this area, is as yet not known.
5-7
-------
Table 2
OPERATION "DEEP SIX1
Hydrographic Data
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
2 8/13/74 1225 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
8 8/13/74 1415 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
43
Temp.
23.16
23.10
22.91
22.40
11.00
9.36
9.44
9.24
-
22.90
22.54
22.58
14.16
9.67
9.76
9.51
9.26
9.19
-
Sal init.y
34.8
34.8
34.8
-
40.1
34.9
35.1
34.8
-
33.9
34.0
34.4
34.5
34.9
35.3
35.1
35.0
35.0
-
PH
8.0
-
8.0
-
-
-
7.8
-
7.8
8.0
7.8
-
-
-
-
-
7.8
-
7.8
B-8
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
9 8/15/74 0055 Surface
5
7
10
15
20
25
30
31
35
39
14 8/16/74 0331 Surface
5
10
12
15
20
30
40
48
50
Temp.
22.9
23.1
-
22.5
19.5
11.5
10.5
10.6
-
10.4
-
23.46
23.51
23.40
-
22.98
21.92
10.49
7.
-
7.51
Salinity
33.5
33.4
-
33.5
33.7
34.4
34.6
34.5
-
34.6
-
34.8
35.2
35.1
-
34.9
36.2
35.4
35.3
-
35.0
pH
8.2
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
7.9
-
7.9
8.2
-
-
8.2
-
-
-
8.0
8.0
_
B-9
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
17 8/14/74 2023 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
36
18 8/16/74 1235 Surface
5
10
12
15
20
25
30
35
37
40
Temp.
23.24
23.08
22.52
13.80
11.50
10.74
10.63
10.02
-
23.9
23.6
23.0
-
22.5
15.8
13.2
12.6
9.4
-
9.2
Salinity
32.7
32.7
32.6
33.7
33.5
33.5
33.9
34.0
-
35.1
34.3
34.3
-
34.4
35.3
34.9
35.4
35.9
-
35.3
PH
8.1
8.2
-
-
-
-
8.3
-
7.8
7.5
-
-
7.6
-
-
-
-
-
7.5
7.6
B-10
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
19 8/16/74 1055 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
38
40
43
20 8/18/74 2112 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
27
30
35
36
Temp.
23.8
23.3
-
23.3
22.3
14.7
10.7
8.2
8.0
-
8.2
-
23.1
23.0
-
22.5
21.3
13.5
11. b
-
10.8
10.3
Salinity
34.1
34.1
-
34.1
34.2
35.0
34.5
34.6
34.7
-
34.5
-
33.9
34.1
-
33.9
33.9
34.0
34.3
-
34.6
34.5
_
PH
7.8
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.85
-
7.8
7.8
-
7.6
-
-
-
-
7.4
-
-
7.4
B-ll
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
21 8/15/74 2252 Surface
5
10
11
15
20
25
30
34
35
40
46
22 8/13/74 0425 Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
27
30
38
B-12
Temp.
23.4
23.4
23.3
-
23.1
23.6
16.4
14.8
-
11.4
8.6
-
22.2
21.9
-
22.1
20.6
11.7
11.3
-
11.0
-
Salinity
34.2
34.3
34.7
-
34.8
35.6
35.5
35.3
-
34.8
34.8
-
33.2
33.4
-
33.4
34.4
34.4
34.5
-
34.4
-
PH
7.9
7.9
7.9
7.9
8.0
-
7.8
-
-
-
-
7.8
-
7.8
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
24 8/13/74 2134 Surface
5
10
11.5
15
20
23
25
30
35
40
45
49
25 8/14/74 0008 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
83
Temp.
23.6
23.7
23.6
-
23.5
23.1
-
20.3
14.5
10.4
8.5
8.3
-
24.12
23.94
23.90
-
23.94
23.86
23.88
23.30
20.90
Sa 1 i n i ty
35.1
34.9
34.9
-
35.2
35.1
-
32.7
35.1
33.6
34.9
35.0
-
36.7
37.0
37.1
-
37.0
36.9
37.0
36.6
37.1
_
PH
8.1
8.0
7.7
-
-
-
-
-
7.7
8.0
-
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
7.9
7.8
B-13
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
26 8/14/74 1612 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
27 8/14/74 0925 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44
45
53
Temp.
23.71
23.11
23.23
23.38
14.54
10.02
9.69
9.78
23.8
23.7
24.0
23.8
20.0
18.8
15.2
15.0
10.1
-
8.4
ซ.
Salinity
32.8
33.0
33.6
34.0
33.9
33.5
34.0
33.9
34.4
34.7
35.0
35.2
35.5
35.8
35.0
34.8
34.1
-
34.1
_
PH
8.0
-
7.9
-
-
-
7.6
7.8
7.9
7.7
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
7.7
-
8.0
B-14
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Station Date Time
28 8/16/74 2150
29 8/17/74 0150
Sample
Depth
Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
42
Surface
5
9
10
15
20
25
30
32
35
42
Temp.
23.64
22.88
22.07
22.12
16.55
12.84
11.66
-
23.6
23.2
-
23.0
22.6
13.3
10.6
10.3
-
10.1
_
Sal inity
33.3
33.4
33.4
33.9
33.5
34. 2
34.2
-
33.5
33.5
-
33.6
34.1
34.1
34.3
34.4
-
34.6
_
PH
7.7
-
7.7
-
-
-
7.7
7.7
8.2
-
8,2
-
-
-
-
-
7.9
-
7.9
B-15
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth Temp. Salinity pH
31 3-12-74 1800 Surface 22.5 33.8 8.2
5 22.4 33.2
10 22.0 33.4
15 " 16.1 34.0
20 14.4 34.2 8.0
25 14.2 34.2
30 14.0 34.2 8.0
35 14.0 34.1 8.0
B-16
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sampl e
Station Date Time Depth
32 8/12/74 1938 Surface
5
10
15
20
22
25
30
35
33 8/15/74 0235 Surface
5
6
10
15
20
24
25
30
Temp.
22.70
22.54
21.92
21.78
14.77
-
13.81
13.20
13.11
22.4
22.5
-
20.5
14.0
12.2
-
11.6
10.9
Salinity
33.9
33.1
33.5
33.4
33.8
-
34.2
34.1
34.2
33.1
33.6
-
34.1
34.0
34.2
-
34.3
34.4
PH
8.2
-
8.2
-
-
8.0
-
-
8.0
8.2
-
8.2
-
-
-
7.9
-
7.9
B-17
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sampl e
Station Date Time Depth
A 8/16/74 1745 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
34
B 8/15/74 1225 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temp.
23.92
23.30
22.26
21.34
15.06
12.19
11.25
-
22.85
22.69
22.33
20.94
14.43
11.47
9.99
9.84
Salinity pH
33.5 7.8
33.9
33.5 7.8
33.7
34.5
34.3
34.4 7.7
7.6
33.8 8.1
33.6 8.2
33,8
34.0
34.5
34.8
34.5 8.0
34.6 8.0
B-18
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Station H;.t: T.P
r " '- ' .
D - -. , .. 1
Sample
Depth
Surface
5
8
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
44
Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
Temp.
24.2
23.4
-
22.8
22.3
17.2
10.5
10.1
10.0
9.9
-
23.45
23.32
23.20
23.16
14.20
9.71
9.76
9.66
Salinity
34. 3
34.3
-
34.2
34.3
3^.ฐ
34.5
34.9
34 o
34.3
-
34.5
34.5
34.5
34.2
34.5
i-
34.5
3*1.6
PH
7.8
-
8.0
-
-
-
-
7.5
-
-
7.5
8.4
8.4
-
-
-
-
8.1
8.2
B-19
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Station Date Time
D 8/15/74
E 8/13/74 0700
Samp! e
Depth Temp.
Surface
5m
16m
30m
35m
Surface 22.3
5 22.3
8
10 22.4
15 22.0
20 13.6
25 9.3
27
30 9.3
38
Salinity pH
7.8 (In dis
colored
7.8 water)
8.0
8.0
8.0
33.8 7.9
33.7
8.0
33.9
33.7
35.0
34.9
8.0
35.0
7.8
B-20
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Hydrographic Data (continued)
Sample
Station Date Time Depth
F 8/14/74 0653 Surface
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
50
56
Temp.
23.14
23.68
23.91
23.68
20.24
15.33
13.80
8.83
8.26
8.45
Sal inity
34.4
34.8
35.0
35.5
36.5
35.0
35.3
35.2
34.9
34.9
_
PH
8.0
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
8.1
7.8
B-21
-------
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-------
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B-34
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
BACTERIOLOGICAL RESULTS
Coliform determinations only were made on this cruise because
of a malfunctioning incubator that was to be used for determination
of fecal coliforms.
The bacteriological results again indicate no buildups of
coliforms in the area (Table 3). Generally, the levels were below
the detectable limits, less than 3 coliforms per 100 ml. And at
Station 14, the bottom water indicated a 93 which may be anomalous
due to the relatively primitive laboratory conditions aboard ship.
Also, the sediments at Station E indicated 4 coliforms per 100 ml.
The generally low counts of these organisms indicates no major
buildup in bottom waters or sediments.
R-35
-------
TABLE 3
OPERATION"DEEP SIX"
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
Station
2
8
9
ll*
19
26
C
E
Date
8/13/71*
8/13/71*
8/15/7U
8/16/71*
8/16/71*
8/1V71*
8/15/71*
8/13/71*
Time
11*15
0850
0130
1810
1055
1730
1800
0730
Bottom Water
Coliform
MPN/100 ml
<3
<3
<3
93
<3
<3
<3
<3
Sediment
Coliform
MPN/100 ml
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
<3
li
B-36
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBONS IN SEDIMENTS
The distribtuion of total organic carbon in sediments indicates
higher values associated with the dump release zones and with Station F
that also showed high concentrations of metals. Generally, there is a
great deal of variation in the concentrations at stations that do not
show accumulations of metals, which are used as tags for the ultimate
fate of materials in this program.
These data indicate the possibility of increased total organic
carbon in the areas of release of dump materials , both of the acid
wastes and of the sewage sludge. This parameter should have more
concentrated attention in future cruises.
B-37
-------
TABLE 4
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Sediment Data
Total Carbon and Total Organic Carbon
Station
2
8
8
9
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
TC (nig/ kg)
300
450
510
160
300
240
220
550
570
370
710
210
290
340
350
180
240
470
340
460
170
TOC (rng/kg)
140
270
330
060
150
100
090
360
410
170
500
070
090
180
180
040
070
250
200
310
050
B-38
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX '
Sediment Data
Total Carbon and Total Oraanic Carbon
Station
A
<3
C
C
D
r
F
TC (mg/kg)
190
LA*
670
750
270
800
630
TOC (mg/kg)
090
_3~
530
6K
i -. -
1 ^ <
6^n
430
*Lab accident
B-39
-------
FIGURE 3
TOC IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON
ppm dry wt
Depths in fathoms
-38* 30-
R "D',
310
50'
.' 60ซ
70 ..'/
250
90
360
200
N
\
410
530
610
170
500
130
640
270
140
100
70<
430 :
180
ป0
401
o
n
ป 150
.30'
90
180
o
o
-38' 00' -
~o
B-40
-------
Organohalogens in Sedimsnts
Operation "Deep Six" - August 1974
Sample Station Cms. A1232 A1252 A!254 PP'DDE PP'DDD Endrin
Date No. No. Extract, ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb ppb
8/13/74 74090301 2 77.7910
Frt 6% <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
15% _-___-_
8/13/74 74090306 8 73.2584
6% <0.2 <0.2 <0.5 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
15% - --_---
8/16/74 74090312 14 77.7168
6% / <0.2 . 1.1 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
15% -
8/14/74 74090325 26 83.4212
6% /' <0.2 1.0 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
15% -
8/16/74 74090327 28 82.3830 ' .
6% : / <0.2 1.3 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
15% ___._
8/15/74 74090335 33 83.9043
6% / <0.2 0.9 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
8 .-'15/74 74090342 C 71.0385
6% <0.2 <0.2 1.4 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
15% -
8/13/74 7409348 E 83.9486
6% <0.2 <0.2 1.7 3.2 0.7
15%. - 8.0
May be 1232 present
B-40a
-------
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Metals in Sediments
P. G. Johnson
Sediment samples were taken using a Shipek sampler.
The sediment samples were transferred from whirl-paks to glass
jars and well mixed. A portion (approximately 10 grams) was removed
and spread to dry at room temperature for 48 hours. The samples were
again mixed and pulverized to separate the sand grains and to expose
surface areas. At this time any large rocks, pebbles, or shells
(>5mm) were removed. The samples were allowed to air-dry at room
temperature for an additional 48 hours.
A known weight (5.0000 gms) of dry sediment was put in a 125 ml
glass-stoppered flask. Small amounts of deionized distilled water
were used to aid in the transfer. The addition of 21.5 ml of concen-
trated nitric acid provided a digestion solution of 50-75 ml. This
solution was heated at 48-50ฐC (1) for 4-6 hours in a shaking hot water
bath. After digestion, the samples were cooled to room temperature and
filtered through a .45 micron membrane filter and the volume adjusted
to 100 ml. Blank solutions were run throughout the same digestion
procedure (2, 3).
The filtered acid extracts were analyzed for Cd, Cr, Cu, Pb, Ni,
Zn, Mn, and Fe using a Varian Techtron AA-6 atomic absorption spectro-
photometer equipped with a standard pre-mix burner. Air-acetylene was
used for all the metals. Standard operating parameters are shown in
Table 5.
B-41
-------
tamp Current (ma)
Fuel
Support
Flame Condition
Wavelength
Spectral Band Pass (nm)
Working Range (mg/1)
:d
3
A
a
0
Cr
5
A
a
R
Cu
3
A
a
0
Pb
6
A
a
0
Zn
5
A
a
0
Ni
5
A
a
0
MN
5
A
a
0
Fe
5
A
a
0
OPFRATION "DEEP SIX"
Metals in Sediments
TABLE 5
Operating Conditions
Cd Cr Cu
353
A A A
a a a
0 R 0
228.8 357.9 324.7 217.0 213.9 232.0 279.5 386.0
.5 .2 .2 1.0 .2 .2 .2 .2
.5-2 2-8 2-8 5-20 .4-1.6 3-12 1-4 50-200
Typical Sensitivity (mg/1 ) .011 .055 .04 .11 .099 .066 .024 .90
A - acetylene, a - air, 0 - oxidizing, R - reducing
Mercury was analyzed using an automated flameless atomic absorption
technique. All sediment results were xpressed as mg/kg dry weight.
The organisms were dissected for certain organs or digested whole.
The digestion procedure used was the same as that used for the sediments
except that a known wet weight was used and the results were expressed
as mg/kg wet weight.
The calculations for the sediment and organisms are as follows:
final answer (mg/1)
SEDIMENTS:
ORGANISMS:
(dry)
TOOml
final answer (mg/1)
wet weight (gms) ]_
100 ml x
gOQ_njl_ = mg/gm y 1QQQ = mg/kg
= mg/gm x 100Q = mg/kg
B-42
-------
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B-44
-------
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B-45
-------
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B-46
-------
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
DISTRIBUTION OF METALS IN SEDIMENTS
The distribution of metals in sediments was different than
previous cruises. For the analysis of the distribution of these
metals, the higher concentrations were contoured visually. Then the
distribution hypothesis tested statistically showed that the contoured
areas were statistically signifiant from the remaining area. The
nonparametric Mann-Whitney U-test was used for these purposes and the
distributions as shown are statistically discrete. It would appear
again, as noted in Operation "Ides", that the material from each of
the release zones are settling separately to the bottom. The coin-
cidence of the contours of many of the metals make this hypothesis
very tenable.
During the summer season, with stratification well developed, the
residual materials reaching the bottom would appear to be northwest of
the acid release site and in the sewage sludge site and at one station,
Station F, to the south of the sewage sludge site.
The incidence of single stations showing relative high values,
compared to surrounding stations, may indicate that (1) discrete patches
of released materials are being moved about the bottomeither as large
aggregations or as single dumps, or (2) the releases may not be made
accurately within the dumpsites.
The different distributions of metals in sediments found on
different cruises indicate the metals released through ocean dumping
B-47
-------
activities are probably mobile along the sediment-water interface
and not remaining in any discrete area.
'1
B-48
-------
FIGURE 4
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
IRON
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
ซ
Contoured concerrtiซ4tions
are significantly
different from others.'*'
d = 5.99
P = >0.001
-38' 30-
R "D'
2376 :
3371
2077.
2338
2500 '
T678*
3570
4453
3733'
408'0
2662
T3T7"
3097 2275
2985 <, 2524
2798
2151 2499
,2001
2038
1852
1920
2102'
2100
1144
1654
o
n
.30
1816
30' 00'-
r\
B-49
-------
FIGURE 5
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
MANGANESE
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fat horns
Contoured concentrations
are significant
different than oth"
d = 5.91
P = >0.001
-38* 30'-
R "D'
38' 00'-
B-50
-------
FIGURE 6
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
ZINC
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
8.41
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different from others>
d = 4.99
P >0.001
-38' 30'
R "D1
.0
38* 00'
^0
B-51
,0
-------
FIGURE 7
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
NICKEL
mg /kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others.
R 57
P = >0.001
0.69*
-> t\' ->n' '
_.
R '' n'V~N ' ' '
(dn
1.22 ''
1.04 ''
.69
1.30*
1.57 .'
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s
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o
;'
-------
FIGURE 8
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
LEAD
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others.
d = 5.99
P = >0.001
-38* 30'-
R "D1
2.69
2.83
2.56
3.37
3.10
.0
-38* 00'-
~o
B-53
-------
FIGURE 9
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
CADMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others
.08
d = 5.24
P = >0.001
-38* 30-
R "D'
.04 :
.08
.02*
.11
.10
.21
.19
.10
.12
10
.12
.12
.12
'.08
.04
.02
10
,,0
,.o
o
o
B-54
-------
FIGURE 10
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
CHROMIUM
mg/kg/dry wt
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others
d ซ 4.47
P = >0.001
-38* 30-
R"D';
V.52*
1.74
2.29
.1.52
4.14
4.58
"iXon
65\
1.74X
1.74
2.29
2.29
2.29
J
.43
.60
1.30
.76
0 .76
N
1.4
s.0
o
36' 00' :-
.o'
B-55
-------
FIGURE 11
METAL IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION DEEP SIX
COPPER
mg/kg/dry wl
Depths in fathoms
Contoured concentrations
are significantly
different than others
d = 5.71
P = >0.01
.12*
S* .
* *
* *
R"D?c?)
,
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ซ
-------
OPERATION
30'
RE 12
J SEDIMENTS
N DEEP SIX
?CURY
g/dry wt
j / J
in fathoms
.088 *
. " *
,
* *
*"D'(d) " '"
1.006 ''
0.80 -'
0.18 ^
0.034
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j .340
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/ : . 242
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5.04
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: '-. .78
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CO'
-------
Environmental Protection Agency
Annapolis Field Office
Annapolis Science Center
Annapolis, Maryland 21401
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
Cruise Plan
August 12-17, 1974
B-58
-------
Cruise Plan - Operation "Deep Six", USCGC Alert, August 12-17, 1974
Observations of the environmental effects of ocean disposal
practices have been made by EPA since the spring of 1973 on two dump-
sites off the coast of Delaware and Maryland. T.'io cruise plans were
designed primarily to look at the long-term effects of the dumping
practices on the continental shelf environment.. The findings to date,
although all the data are not completely analyzed, indicate that
certain metals from the disposed materials are settling to the bottom -
in a fairly wide area from the release zones. Quite a bit of vari-
ability in replicate sampling of this material has been noted. The
metals, which are potentially biocidal materials as well as indicators
of the fate of these pollutants, appear to settle geographically in
response to hydrographic regimes, especially discontinuities such as
the pycnocline. The bottom materials are fairly coarse sands. These
observations might indicate that the metals floe or precipitate out
of the water column and rest loosely upon the bottom. The coarse nature
of the bottom sediments would not be conducive to firm binding of these
materials, consequently these materials may be moved from one area to
another in response to bottom currents, especially thoce generated by
storm action.
The summer rrui?e, Operation "Deep Six", will have as objectives:
1. Extend the monitoring observations of the ocean dumping
activities at selected previously observed locations, and at three
B-59
-------
new stations west of previous areas covered. The water column and the
bottom will be examined.
2. Observed dispositional trends of metals and accumulation in
the sediments and the biota under stratified hydrographic conditions
pertained in summer.
3. Expand the hydrographic information as related to the distri-
bution of pollutants.
4. Examine for evidence of discrete patches of disposed materials.
A sample on the previous cruise indicated that there may be areas in
which material is accumulating, either through too rapid a dump or by
environmental conditions causing accumulation.
5. Incidentally gather baseline data of environmental conditions
at potential oil drilling sites using the normal reference stations
of the ocean dumping monitoring program.
A complementary cruise in cooperation with NOAA and the USGS is
planned on August 7, 8 and 9, in which the R/V Atlantic Twin and a
two-man submersible, the Nekton boat, plan a series of dives and obser-
vations on these dumpsites. The objectives of the submersible program
include:
1. Examine for evidence of discrete falls of material as may
happen from a rapid dump, especially when there is no thermocline
established and has been suggested by the extreme variability of
replicate bottom samples encountered on some occasions. The sewage
sludge material may appear as dark black patches in the bottom and
B-60
-------
the resultant materials from the acid wastes may appear as floes or
slurries close to the bottom.
2. Examine for possible temporary entrapment of these materials
in the microtopography. Conversely, determine the stability of these
materials, if they arc concentrating in swales, bv deliberate disturb-
ance of this material ^nd watch visually for transport. If possible,
selective sampling should be accomplished. Analyses will be done by
EPA. Make a systematic observation of the order of magnitude of the
bottom relief on an approximately 100-meter square area. This would
greatly expand our concepts of the bottom topography and transport
mechanisms of tho ar^a.
3. Obsorvp currents close to the sea floor by visual estimation
of the move'ir-nt or Cither indigenous materials in th^ arr.v or by the
release of some sort of neutrally buoyant marker such as a dye material.
Currents very near to the sea floor, less than one meter, are difficult
to observe or record hy meters, and these observations would be invaluable.
4. Thsre is evidence that the flocculent materials released from
the acid waste dumpsitc accumulate in the thermocline under summer
conditions. Visual observations of the thic.i-noss an^l estimates of the
length and brer.'1"!-! these accumulated Tr,i
-------
Station No.
2
8
9
14
17
18
19
20
21
22
24
25
26
27
28
29
31
32
33
A
B
C
D
E
F
Operation "Deep Six"
Stations
Latitude Longitude
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
38ฐ
22
20
11
27
12
40
40
34
32
27
17
13
05
05
47
47
40
32
22
40
35
31
28
23
13
.3'
.7'
.9'
.8'
.1'
.6'
.7'
.2'
.8'
.2'
.0'
.0'
.2'
.2'
.8'
.8'
.2'
.1'
.8'
.6'
.1'
.2'
.5'
.5'
.6'
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
W
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
N
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
73ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
73ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
74ฐ
14
19
32
57
28
10
0
22
08
26
14
57
27
13
20
10
30
31
32
19
18
19
17
18
08
.2'
.0'
.9'
.0'
.3'
.5'
.0'
.8'
.5'
.0'
.5'
.8'
.7'
.4'
.0'
.0'
.5'
.2'
.7'
.5'
.1'
.5'
.0'
.2'
.7'
W
W
W
W
W
W
w
W
VI
W
W
l-J
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
W
Loran A
3H4 3H5
3356
3313
3217
3500
3181
3557
3610
3430
3490
3345
3305
3346
3110
3182
3571
3640
3450
3372
3275
3512
3440
3420
3401
3350
3264
3009
3018
3051
2968
3030
3032
2996
3060
3009
3053
2998
2936
3017
2974
3080
3047
3094
3079
3063
3065
3048
3043
3030
3025
2985
B-62
-------
Port Watch
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
Scientific Party
Starboard Watch
W. Muir, Captain
R. Davis
E. Truesdell
A. Montague, Project Officer
W. Rosenberg
A. Benosa
D. Lear, Captain, Chief Scientist
W. Thomas
B. Reynolds
J. Kafka
T. Dignes
F. Hamons
B-63
-------
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
Sample Processing
SEDIMENT SAMPLES
Port
HONCHO
Starboard
Big Winch
A. Shipek (4 Replicates)
1. 1st Replicate
a. Bacti Lear
b. Organo-
halogens Davis Kafka
c. TOC
d. Metals
e. Sediment size " "
2. 3 Replicates
a. Infauna
B. Trawl
1. Macrofauna (I.D.)
2. Macrofauna (metals) " "
C. Rocking chair dredge
1. Macrofauna (Histo.) Truesdell Reynolds
2. Macrofauna (Metals)
Container
Fr. sq.
Pt. Mason
Glass
Plastic jar
Jar
Gal. jar
Preservative
Process
Stow
Freeze
Freeze
Stow
5% Formal in
Process (I.D.)
Plastic bags Freeze
Drums
Bags
Formal in
Freeze
MATER SAMPLES
Hydrowinch
A. Hinge Sampler
1. Bacti
B. Niskin Bottles
1. Metals
2. TOC
3. Nutrients
4. Phytoplankton grab
C. Zooplankton Tow
1. I.D. sample
2. Metals
Davis
Lear
Kafka
Fr. Sq.
Gal. cubi
Whirlpak
Qt. cubi
Fr. Sq.
Glass
Whirlpak
Process
Freeze
Lugol's soln.
F orma1i n
Freeze
B-64
-------
Hydro Winch
Operator
BT
Hydrocast
PH
D.O.
Bacteriology
Zooplankton
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
STATION ROUTINE
Watch
Port
Stbd.
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
Honcho
Montague
Thomas
Rosenberg
Dignes
Rosenberg
Dignes
Rosenberg
Dignes
Rosenberg
Dignes
Benosa
Lear
Rosenbert
Dignes
Big Winch
Operator
Shipek
Trawl
Rocking Chair Dredge
Bacteriology
Samples (all)
Port
Stbd.
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
P
S
Special Stations
1. Current meter deploy and retrieve
2. Local bathymetry
Muir, Watch Captain
Lear, Watch Captain
Davis
Kafka
Benosa
Hamons
Truesdell
Reynolds
Benosa
Lear
Davis
Kafka
B-65
-------
Number
Parameter Sampler Stations
Operation "DEEP SIX"
August 12-17, 1974
Samples/ No. of Data
Stations Analyses Container Preservative Analyst Inter.
SEDIMENTS
Bacti Shipek
Organo-
halogens "
TOC
Metals
Sediment
Size
Infauna "
WATER
Bottom Hinge
Bacti sampler
Bottom
Metals Niskin
Bottom TOC
Nutrients - "
TP, Pi,
N03, TKN
BIOLOGY
Benthic Rocking
Macrofauna chair
Metals in
Macrofauna "
Benthic
Macrofauna Trawl
Metals in
Macrofauna "
Phyto-
plankton Niskin
Zooplankton
ID Tow
Metals
8
8
25
25
25
25
8
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
25
1
1
1
5 at
1 at
1
3
1
1
1
4
1
1
1
1
1
H
1J
8
8
25
8 45
17
25
75
8
11
1
4
-
11
-
-
1
^split ^
Fr. Sq.
Pt. Mason
Glass
Plastic jar
n n
Jar
Gallons
Sterile
Fr. Sq.
Gal . cubi
Whirlpak
Qt. cubi
Drums
Bags
Plastic bags
Fr. Sq.
Glass
Whirlpak
Process
Stow
Freeze
1 "
2 "
Stow
5%
Formalin
Process
Freeze
n
n
Formal in
Freeze
Process
(ID)
Freeze
Lugo! 's
soln.
Formalin
Freeze
On board
AFO
AFO
AFO
Contract
AFO
Contract
On board
Contract
AFO
AFO
Narra-
gansett
Narra.
On board
AFO
Contract
Contract
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
Narra
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
AFO
Contract
B-66
-------
o.
O 2
o o
M I
O
4_> o
>> ro
CL. C3
OJ
CTl
TJ
OJ
S-
rororocorocoi^o
O)
T3 N
O) -r-
CO CO
c
QJ
r Lf> LC"> U~> r i LD
r i LT) r r r ID i U~)
r LO
CO O1
D_ I~
T3
OJ
CO
O)
D-
C3 r
C\J
. o "~"
i- -P
+-> IS)
ro 3
O) 3
Q-cC
O
0
O
4->
O
ro
CQ
i t/1
O +-> in
O E -C
OJ 4J
i- -I- Q.
ri> s_ cu
-i ^ i ^ p^
ro 3
CJ
o
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fO
rO
O
CQ
O
ro
03
31
I CL|
I
CO
I O
o
Q
-M
00
rorocM
rxicvj
CM Cvjr
CXJCM
B-67
-------
27
STATION LOCATION^ 39
'- -34
DEEP
-------
CRUISE TRACK
OPERATION "DEEP SIX"
B-69
-------
Hydro Winch Routine
1. Log in position on station.
2. Take BT
3. Determine depth of thermocline
4. Make Hydrocast
Surface
1/2 way to thermocline
1/2 way thermocline to bottom
Bottom (Hinge sampler also on bacti stations)
5. Draw sample for D.O. determination. Log in D.O.
6. Draw sample for pH. Log in.
7. Fill quart cubitainer (label with date, time, station no.)
Freeze in Blood box.
8. Fill 8 oz. French square, add Lubol's iodine until it looks
like weak tea. Label. Store. Surface samples only.
9. Fill 8 oz. French square full for salinity determination,
label with date, time, station, depth. Store.
10. Fill gallon cubitainer with residual bottom water only.
Label. Freeze for metals analysis.
11. Give hinge sampler to bacteriologist for analysis.
12. Take Secchi disc reading during daylight hours.
13. Take temp., salinity and conductivity at 5-meter intervals
with Beckman induction salinometer.
14. Take zooplankton tow during trawling or dredging operations.
Surface tour for 15 minutes. Place in pint Mason jar, fill
3/4 full with sea water from this station. Place in plankton
splitter, place 1/2 in labeled 16 oz. whirlpak, freeze.
Place other half back in Mason jar, add 60 ml formalin, make up
with sea water. Label inside and outside jar, store.
B-70
-------
STATION LOG
HyJrographic Winch
Sta. No.
Position
W^nd Dir.
Bl time
Depth
Time
Vel .
Date
Depth
Sea state
Secchi disc
Cond. Sal. %
Terno.
D.O.
Bacti sample
Phytoplankton sample / /
Time secured
Salinity sample / /
Zooplankton tow / /
Position
B-71
-------
Big Winch Routine
1. Log in position on station.
2. 1st Shipek drop.
a. Take bacti sediment with flame-sterilized metal
mud scoop. Put into 6 oz. French square with
100 ml distilled water. Give to bacteriologist.
b. Fill a pt. Mason jar with teflon liner for organo-
halogens (Label with date, time, sta. no.) Stow.
c. Fill a white plastic metals jar. Freeze in blood box.
d. Fill 6 oz. Fr. sq. for TOC. Freeze in blood box.
e. Fill 16 oz. whirlpak with sediment for size analysis.Stow.
f. Core 40 dram labeled vial, add 20 ml formalin. Stow.
3. 3 Shipek replicates
a. Fill white plastic metals jar at indicated stations.
Freeze in blood box.
b. Empty bucket into plastic bag. Take to sample area, put
into 1 gal. polyethylene jar with 500 ml formalin. Label
inside and out with date, time, sta. no.
4. Rocking chair dredge
5. Trawl
a. Identify and estimate number of macrofaunal species.
b. Take representative species for metals analyses. Put in
plastic bags. Label and freeze in blood box.
Keep trawl rigged for next station. Will laternate with
rocking chair dredge to save onrigging time.
B-72
-------
STATION LOG
Big Winch
Sta. No. Time Date
Position Depth
Wind dir. Vel. Sea state
Shipek drops
Bacti sample / /
Size analysis sample / /
Infauna samples / /
Organohalogens /7
TOC / /
Metals / /
Rocking chair dredge
Position out Time out
Position in Time in
Organisms:
5-73
-------
Trawl
Position out Time out
Position in Time in
Organisms:
Observations
B-74
-------
APPENDIX C
Philadelphia Sewage and DuPont Acid
Dump Site Survey
7-9 August 1974
Dr. David Folger
U.S.. Geological Survey
Woods Hole, Massachusetts
Vessel: T/V Atlantic Twin - Tom Anderson, Master
Submersible: NEKTON GAMMA - Terry Shi Her, Pilot
Scientific Observers: D. Folger, USGS, Sea Scientist
B. Reynolds & G. Morrison, EPA
H. Palmer & Jo. Forns, Westinghouse
F. Childress, MUS&T
B. Oostdam, Marine Science Consortium
Fourteen dives were carried out in and around the two dumpsites
located about 40 nautical miles southeast of the mouth of the Delaware
Bay. The study was part of a coordinated effort involving surface
ships R/V ANNANDALE, R/V ADVANCE II, Erts Overpass, and the sewage
release by the City of Philadelphia.
The eight dives carried out at five locations in the Philadelphia
site lay along or close to the track of the barge which released sewage
on 7 August. Unfortunately, only one dive near the area preceding the
dump also was made on the 7th. Winds of 30-40 knots precluded addition-
al dives. The remaining seven dives took place on the 8th and 9th. A
summary of observations is as follows:
Water Column - The f.hermocline lay between about 12 and 30 meters
with a temperature decline of about 23ฐC to 12ฐC. Highest turbid-
ity occurred in and below the thermocline although no significant
B-75
-------
variations with depth were often noted by observers. Bottom
currents were sluggish (2-5cm/sec) and moved mostly to the NW
or NE. One observation showed flow to the east.
Bottom - In the northwest part of the site, the bottom topography
is relatively flat with common small hummocks and depressions
(about 15cm diameter, 5cm high or deep). In the central and
southeast parts of the area ripples are common. Wavelengths
measured were about 30cm to 100cm and wave height 2-5cm. Most
are symmetrical with broad flat tops oriented northwest to south-
east. The bottom is partially to almost completely covered by
a thin (2-3mm) veneer of brownish gray flocculated material below
which light tan to gray, fine to coarse, sand is present. The
floe material was often absent or thin on ripple and mound crests
and was usually present and thickest in depressions. Shell
detritus on the bottom most often included sea flams, razor clams
and sand dollars. Empty shells generally lay concave side up.
Bottom depth was between 140-180 feet.
Biology - Among living organisms on the bottom, sand dollars were
most abundant (20-180/meter2) with less common shrimp (<100/meter )
n J
and starfish (10/meter ). Sea scallops were most abundant (S-Vmeter'1)
in the southeast part of the dumpsite. Other less common organisms
included crabs, nudibranchs, flounder, and hake.
In summary, no obvious layer of settling sludge was apparent in the
water column nor were sludge accumulations on the bottom identified.
The sludge, in part, may account for the flocky layer on the bottom but
B-76
-------
it was a consensus of experienced observers that the layer could have
been due to natural processes. In any event, its distribution on the
bottom clearly indicates that fine organic detritus will concentrate
in swales, ripple trough, and depressions. The biologists did not
note any obvious significant disruptions of the fauna! and floral
bottom community.
In the acid dumpsite, 5 dives were carried out at 4 locations.
One took place on the 7th of August while the remainder took place on
the 9th. The results are as follows:
Water Column - Thermocline lay between 11-30 meters with a tempera-
ture decline from 23ฐC - 12ฐC. No distinctive differences in
water column turbidity during the dive carried out on the 7th or
on the dives on the 9th in the southeast corner of the site were
noted. Near the center of the site, however, light green water
was observed at the surface extending east-west in about 1/2
nautical mile wide. Two dives carried out in this green water
revealed increased turbidity above and in the thermocline. On one
dive in this area, a layer of 0ฐ visibility extended from 6-9
meters and was overlain by a zone (12-15 meters) containing abundant
large (l-3cm diameter) reddish-yellow floes. Fine suspended
material, similar to that observed at other locations, was present
above and below the two zones. The pH of the water above about
15 meters was reduced and the anomalous water was probably due to
the most recent acid dump. Bottom current flow measured at two
locations was northward and 4-5cm/second.
B-77
-------
Bottom - The bottom was either humocky (10cm diameter; l-5cm/high)
or had ripples (wavelengths 15-75cm; l-5cm high) oriented mostly
northeast to southwest or north-south. At one location, ridges
and swales were present with a 3-5 meter wavelength. The surfacial
layer on the bottom was comprised of patchy deposits of flaky to
granular yellow brownish material usually left thin (2mm thick).
The loose flocky material common in the sewage site was rare. The
underlying gray fine sand was commonly exposed on ripple and mound
crests. Shell fragments included mostly sea clams, razor clams,
and sand dollars. Bottom depth was between 140-180 feet.
Biology - Sand dollars were often the most common organisms
(180-270/meter2);crab and blood stars were the next most common.
Juvenile flounder, skates, scallops, and hake were present but not
as abundant.
In summary, the low visible layer and the underlying zone contain-
ing large red yellowish floes above and in the thermocline were the
major anomalies observed in the site. The lack of a flocculated layer
on the bottom may be related to acid additions but this possiblity
cannot be proven without further observations.
B-78
-------