A Chemical and Biological Evaluation
of Three.
Mine Drainage Treatment Plants
Work Document No. 1*7
This document has been prepared to record a specific
water pollution control activity carried out, to date,
in the furtherance of the vater pollution control pro-
gram being developed in the subject basin. The infor-
mation contained herein will serve as a ready reference
to aid in the planning and development of the program
in the basin, for appropriate in-service training of
participating personnel, and facilitating program
activities with other cooperating groups.
Questions and comments relative to this material
should be directed to:
Field Operations
Wheeling Field Office
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Region III, EPA
Wheeling, West Virginia 26003
Prepared by:
Scott C. McPhilliamy and James Green
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Wheeling Field Office
Wheeling, West Virginia
June 1973
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES III
LIST OF FIGURES TV
SUMMARY :;
CONCLUSIONS 5
INTRODUCTION. 11
SURVEY DESCRIPTION 12
FIELD PROCEDURES - CHEMICAL SAMPLING 13
FIELD PROCEDURES - BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING Ik
STATE REQUIREMENTS IS
DESCRIPTION OF SITES 13
IffiRCTK.^JEATIvuBM'T PLANT 19
CHEMICAL EVALUATION !'')
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION L',5
CHEMICAL EVALUATION 33
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATJOI'I 37
THOMPSON TREATMENT PLANT. ^k
CHEMICAL EVALUATION U5
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION 50
CONTROL ._S1'AD 'IOJl_-_ LY>[C rT BOEHOLE. 56
CHEMICAL EVALUATION JT
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION 63
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TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)
Page
DISCUSSION 69
BERCIK TREATMENT PLANT 70
KEFOVER TREATMENT PLANT 71
THOMPSON TREATMENT PLANT 72
CONTROL STATION - LYNCH BOREHOLE 73
BIBLIOGRAPHY 76
II
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LIST OF TABLES
Table No.
1 'Water Quality Data, Bercik Treatment Plant 22
2 Benthos Sampling Stations, Bercik Treatment Plant 26
3 Benthos Data Summary, Bercik Treatment Plant 27
k Benthos Data, Bercik Treatment Plant 28
5 Water Quality Data, Kefover Treatment Plant 35
6 Benthos Sampling Stations, Kefover Treatment Plant 38
7 Benthos Data Summary, Kefover Treatment Plant 39
8 Benthos Data, Kefover Treatment Plant Uo
9 Water Quality Data, Thompson Treatment Plant 1+7
10 Benthos Sampling Stations, Thompson Treatment Plant 51
11 Benthos Data Summary, Thompson Treatment Plant 52
12 Benthos Data, Thompson Treatment Plant 53
13 Water Quality Data, Lynch Borehole Discharge 59
lU Water Quality Data, Control Site 60
15 Benthos Sampling Stations, Control Site 6k
16 Benthos Data Summary, Control Site 65
17 Benthos Data, Control Site 66
III
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Ho. Page
1 Bercik Treatment Plant 21
2 Kefover Treatment Plant 3^
3 Thompson Treatment Plant ^6
k Control Station, Lynch Borehole 58
5 Class Composition for Surber Samples 7^
6 Density and Diversity Index Values for the 75
Surber Samples
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SUMMARY
Chemical and biological sampling was conducted at three mine
drainage treatment plants operating in Washington County, Pennsylvania.
These treatment plants were operated by the Jones and Laughlin Steel
Corporation at their Vesta No. k and Vesta No. 5 Mines. Although
J & L operates other mine drainage treatment plants, those selected
for this evaluation were the Bercik, Kefover and Thompson facilities.
Each receiving tributary was unaffected by mine drainage above the
location of the treatment plant.
A fourth site was selected as a control station. This site
represented an untreated effluent from an active mine which discharged
to a tributary unaffected by mine drainage above the selected point of
discharge. This site was located on Little Indian Creek north of
Rivesville, West Virginia.
Chemical samples were collected from four areas at each of the
treatment plants. These points included the receiving stream both
above and below the treatment plant and the untreated mine discharge
as it was pumped from the borehole as well as the treated effluent
prior to discharge to the receiving stream. Biological sampling of
the receiving stream was conducted above the treatment plant, immedi-
ately below the final effluent, and below the plant. Similar sampling
was also conducted at the control site. Sampling was conducted once a
month at each of the four sites during the months of May, June, July
and August 1972.
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In addition to the parameters generally associated with mine
drainage, ten additional parameters were included for analysis during
three of the four sampling rounds. These were all metals and included
manganese, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, cadmium, chromium, copper,
lead, nickel and zinc. These metals were included in a general attempt
to observe the efficiency of a conventional mine drainage treatment
plant for the removal or reduction of metals not commonly associated
with mine drainage but often present in measurable quantities.
The effectiveness of the treatment plants in removing or reducing
common mine drainage parameters was generally adequate. However, on oc-
casion, two of these plants were responsible for the discharge of a final
effluent which exhibited excessive concentrations of acidity, suspended
iron and total iron.
The benthos in the receiving streams below each of the three
plants were affected by the treated mine effluent. However, the adverse
affects were much more noticeable.below the two plants mentioned above
where both acidity and iron concentrations were occasionally excessive.
In general, the chemical and biological data rank the three plants
in the same order of effectiveness when the data is evaluated from either
standpoint. This order of ranking is as follows:
Kefover Treatment Plant
Thompson Treatment Plant
Bercik Treatment Plant
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CONCLUSIONS
1. The Kefover Treatment Plant was the most efficient of the three
plants studied. The retention time in the sedimentation pond
and the dilution capacity of the receiving stream were the
principal features of this facility. The flow in the receiving
stream was larger than the final Kefover effluent and diluted
the residual chemical constituents to a more tolerable level.
The benthos in the receiving stream were only slightly affected
by the treated discharge. In addition to the conventional mine
drainage parameters, copper and zinc were significantly reduced
at this site. A raw water aluminum concentration was completely
removed by the treatment procedure on both occasions when ini-
tially present.
2. From a chemical standpoint and under normal operating conditions,
the Thompson Plant was probably as effective as the Kefover Plant
in removing or reducing common mine drainage parameters. However,
acid slugs can be discharged from this plant during some mainten-
ance operations. As a result, tfc-i overall treatment capability
was reduced. This was particularly evident with respect to the
downstream benthos. An initial raw water aluminum concentration
was completely removed on each occasion it was present. Signifi-
cant reductions were noted in the concentrations of nickel and
zinc and to a lesser degree for several other trace metals.
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3. The Bercik Plant was the least efficient of the three facilities
studied. The benthic community was severely depressed immediately
below the discharge point and only slightly improved well below
the discharge point. The limited dilution capacity of the receiv-
ing stream below the plant was a significant factor impairing the
effectiveness of this operation. A suspended iron concentration,
ranging from 2 mg/1 to 6 mg/1 in the final effluent, was primarily
responsible for the poor aesthetic appearance of the receiving
stream below the facility.
k. The inclusion of trace metals in the analyses of the various
mine waters were not intended as part of the overall evaluation
of the treatment plants under consideration. They were included
only as an additional point of interest to determine what effects
conventional lime neutralization would have on initial concentra-
tions of various trace metals in raw mine water. In reviewing
the limited amount of data collected during this survey, it is
apparent that the concentrations of these metals can vary signi-
ficantly from discharge to discharge or with varying time periods
at the same discharge point. Perhaps if a particular trace metal
was consistently present in significant quantities, the treatment
plant operation could be adjusted to eliminate or reduce the metal
in question. Under normal operating procedures, trace metal re-
moval appears to he a. function of the chemical make-up of the mine
water and the type of treatment supplied.
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5. When sludge removal is necessary, it should be done frequently
enough so that the retention time is consistently long enough
to permit the sedimentation of nearly all suspended solids.
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RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Any similar study should be conducted with an increased number
of both biological and chemical samples. The sampling period
should represent at least three seasons of the year. If arti-
ficial substrates are used, they should be exposed for eight
weeks instead of four. The benthos, where practical, should
be identified to genus. Chemical sampling should be conducted
on a weekly basis rather than monthly.
2. In addition to other treatment plant construction considerations,
it is recommended that consideration be given to the size of the
available receiving stream. This stream should be large enough
to dilute the treated effluent to a level which can be tolerated
by the benthos, plankton and fish.
3. Treatment plants should be designed so that acid slugs are not
released to the receiving stream when maintenance operations or
equipment failures occur at the facilities. When the rav water
or treated water ponds require sludge removal, a second pond
should be available for temporary use during the maintenance
operation.
k. The water quality of streams below new treatment plants should
be comparable, to or better than, the water quality conditions
exhibited in the receiving streams below the Kefover and Thompson
Treatment Plants.
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5. This study vas not performed in a detailed manner and can only
serve to grossly evaluate the three treatment plants. The
chemical and "biological data and related observations sade
during this survey can serve as an aid in planning other such
studies and in designing future treatment plants.
10
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INTRODUCTION
In September of 1971> a work activity was formulated at the
Wheeling iield Office, Surveillance and Analysis Division, Region
III, Environmental Protection Agency, vhich involved a program for
updating the number of active underground coal mining operations
in the Monongahela Biver basin. An earlier study had been conducted
prior to 1965 which involved all types of mining operations both
active and abandoned. Between 1965 and 1971> significant changes
had occurred, particularly with respect to the number of underground
mines still in operation. A resurvey of the active underground mines
in the Monongahela River basin was initiated in November 1971 and was
completed in December 1972. The results of this survey are published
in Work Document No. k6, "The Status of Active Deep Mines in the
Monongahela River Basin."
During the inventory, it was found that many of the mines, par-
ticularly in Pennsylvania, were supplying some type of treatment to
their mine drainage effluent prior to discharge. Single samples col-
lected at these treatment plants generally indicated that common mine
drainage parameters were removed, or seduced with a high degree of ef-
ficiency. For this reason, it was decided to conduct additional samp-
ling at several mine drainage treatment plants in order to more accu-
rately assess the operational efficiency of these facilities.
11
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At the outset of the study, it was decided not to limit the
survey to the collection of samples only for chemical vater quality
analyses. Benthic organisms are frequently used in vater pollution
surveys us water quality indicators because they are relatively sta-
tionary organisms. A survey of benthic organisms provides a gross
analysis of water quality in a given area of stream. For this reason,
samples for both water quality and biological analyses were collected
at selected points at each of the treatment plant sites. This will
provide a separate chemical and biological evaluation at each of the
treatment plant sites.
SURVEY DESCRIPTION
Selection of the mine drainage treatment plants was based on
several factors including location, quantity and quality of mine
effluent, and travel time between sites. In the final selection,
three sites, operated by the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation,
were chosen for the study. A letter of request was submitted to the
appropriate Jones and Laughlin official and permission was obtained
to visit the sites as required. No time period was allotted for our
sampling run and personnel from the Wheeling Field Office were able
to visit the treatment plant sites at any time during the course of
study. The three selected sites were the Bercik, Kefover and Thompson
v.'.'ie drainage treatment plants.
12
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A fourth site was also selected as a control station. This
site represented, an untreated effluent from an active mine which
discharge to a tributary unaffected, "by mine drainage above the
selected point of discharge. This site Fas located on Little
Indian Creek north of Rivesville, West Virginia.
FIELD PROCEDURES - CHEMICAL SAMPLING
With respect to relative location, identical sampling points
were selected at each treatment plant site. A background sampling
point was selected at each site above the treatment plant. Since
each receiving tributary was unaffected by either active or aba.n-
doned mine drainage, the sampling point was indicative of the natural
unaltered stream vater quality. Additional sampling points included
the raw mine water before treatment and r.lso the final effluent repre-
senting the quality of water discharged to the receiving stream. A
fourth sample was collected from the receiving stream a. short distance
below the point where the final effluent entered that particular re-
ceiving stream.
A total of four samples were collected at each site. This repre-
sented one complete round at each site during the months of May, June,
July and August of 1972. Durirs the May sampling round, the collected
samples were analyzed for conventional, mine drainage parameters. These
pai-aoieters included acidity, alkalinity, sulfates, dissolved iron and
suspended iron. The total iron concentration was obtained by combining
the dissolved, and suspended iron components.
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During the subsequent samplings, ten additional parameters
were determined for each site. These parameters included manganese,
aluminum, calcium, magnesium, cadmium, chroraium, copper, lead, nickel
and zinc. Analyses for these metal;- were considered in a general
attempt to further evaluate the efficiency of a conventional mine
drainage treatment plant for the removal or reduction of metals
not commonly associated with mine drainage hut often present in
measurable quantities.
FIELD PROCEDURES - BIOLOGICAL SAMPLING
Changes in vater quality produce different responses from
different aquatic organisms. There are some aquatic organisms which
can survive and flourish in heavily polluted waters and there are
other organisms which cannot survive in waters even slightly polluted.
This is true of benthos, plankton and fish. Benthic organisms are
used frequently in water pollution surveys as water quality indicators
because they are relatively stationary organisms. Fish and plankton
can be less effective in demonstrating pollution conditions than the
benthos because fish may avoid polluted water by swimming away and the
plankton effects may not be readily measured because of stream drifting.
A survey of the benthi^ organisms provides a gross analysis of
weter quality in a given area of stream. By using biological data and
descriptions, one can delineate sections of a stream into unpolluted
zones capable of supporting a varied population of aquatic organisms
and polluted zones which support altered aquatic communities.
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Three sampling ^tationr- were pet up at each 01' the four sites.
The first station at erch site wa/; located upstream of the discharge.
This station is a reference or bseEsro'Uixl station. The second sta-
tion at each cite w._;:: loj t*^ >,;l in the 13th edition of
Standard Methods (.".,). The s&.;:pier evposen apivroxirnately one square
foot of surface aa'ea for the attachment of orgariisras.
Two nulti-plate si^;plers were suspended in the water column at
ea^h of the tvelvo Gi.a,t.idiS, 'Pha '''^cosure period for the samplers
was approximately one month and -.,>irec exposure periods vere used at
each station. These samplers vere juspenrled both vertically and
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horizontally in the water columnv
At the end of the exposure period, the sur.plers were carefully
removed from the water, detached fret! their holding devices> and
placed in one gallon bucket:; filled uith a five percent solution of
formalin. The samplers vre taXeu to tl.e laboratory, disassembled,
brushed with a stiff "bi'istle "brush, and the organisms were concen-
trated in a U. S. Standard Wo. 30 sieve.
Each sample was sorted, counted and identified. The identifi-
cation of the insects, clams and ci'iisfcaceans vas carried, to the family
taxanonde level. All the other groups were identified to the class or
order taxGnomic level except the Phylum Heinatoda. The family Hydridae
was counted as a taxcnooiic group bxtt the number of these collected at
any given station >;as not counted, in the ~cotal number of organisms
collected at that station.
The taxa collected were divided into three cla; sas based on
their tolerance to mine drainage. The three classes are as follows:
Class 1, organisms intolerant of nrlnc drainage; Class II, organisms
which are tolerant to scr.ie conctituriii^R of nine draina^1? to some de-
gree; Class III, organisms which &i c to.lerant to mine drainage. The
classification of tlia toxanomic groiips, as described in this report,
is preliminary and cny reference r.ads to this classification system
should identify it as such, '"his system will be revised and updated
as more information is gained and a-ore data is collected. The classi-
fication system used in this report is based on observed tolerances
16
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of the various groups as reported .in the literature, i. e. , Griffith
(2), Reppert (3)5 Dinsmore (U)5 etc., and upon personal observations
of various benthic associations encountered in both affected and un-
affected water. Published and unpublished data developed by the
Wheeling Field Office v&s also used in establishing the system.
A diversity index was applied to samples collected as a matter
of interest to see hov such an index would relate to the observed
results. The following index, taken from Wilhm (5) was used;
d = s^
LnK
Where d is the diversity index„ s is the number of taxa and LnN is
the natural logarithm of the number of individuals per sample. The
larger the diversity index, the "better the water quality, because
the diversity index represents the wealth of taxa as related to total
number of organisms per sample. Maximum diversity exists if each in-
dividual is in a different taxa and minimum diversity exists If all
individuals belong to the same taxa.
IT
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STATE REQUIREMENTS
The Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources reqiiires
active mine discharges to meet -effluent guidelines imposed by the
Commonwealth. In general, these requirements limit the pH value to
between 6.0 and 9-0 standard units, require a total 5ron concentra-
tion of 7 rag/1 or lessj and require a final effluent exhibiting net
alkalinity.
Although these are the 'effluent criteria imposed by the Common-
wealth on active underground mine discharges under the .1965 amended
Clean Streams Law, the water quality standards of the receiving stream
are also of prime importance in determining the compliance status of e
particular mine drainage discharge. A 1.5 &g/l total iron concentra-
tion has "been adopted by the Commonwealth for streams in the Pennsyl-
vania portion of the Mcnongahala River 'basin.
A permit is required from the DEK for each point of mine drainage
discharge from an active sine. The effluent r eclair osnents for each dis-
charge are specified in the permit. As conditions require, the discharge
may exceed the guidelines listed above or conversely it may require more
restrictive limitations. The DKR stay also require limitations on other
mine drainage parameters such as aluminum, manganese, sulfates, etc.5
as deemed necessary.
DESCRIPTION OF SITES
The three Jones and Laughlin treatmnt plants were located in
IS
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Washington County, Pennsylvania. The Sercik plant was located on an
unnamed tributary to Pike Run which., in turn, is a tributary to the
Monongahela River near t*r-_- eoianunity of Co«l Center. The Kef over
plant was located on L c.le.i... R1; . anr th; ^honpson plant ^aa located
on Plum Run. Both Daniei'-; Run and Plura Run are tributaries to Ten-
mile Creek, which --enterf; the Monongahela River at Mi i^sboro, Penn-
sylvania.
The control site representing an active untrte.ted discharge
was located on Little Indicn Creek, a tributary to Indian Creek
which joins the Mononsahela River at Everettville, West Virginia.
The tributaries on wi.ieh these four cites are located are
unaffected by any active or abandonees, mine discharges along the
entire length of strefra under co^ i.Weratio.L.
BITRCIK TREATMENT PLAJ:T
Tliis facility provided lime neutralization followed by aeration
and sedimentation. Acidity vas not p. raajor pro'clc a in the raw mim:
water effluent; howover, the ini'oirJ. iron ^(jnceritration va-T excessive.
At an earlier visit to this site (12/7.0) only sedimentation and mech-
anical aeration were supplied. Howler, at the tiae of the first
sampling for this stud;/, the facility had been upgraded by the instal-
lai.. .^n of the lire addition apparatus and aa electrical aerator.
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After alkalinization and aeration, the effluent was gravity fed
to a series of three sedimentation pond?, The final eifluent from
the third pond is discharged to an unnamed tributary of Pike Run
(Figure l).
During the period of sampling, this raine effluent was charac-
terized by a comparatively Large discharge which averaged 1,928 gpm.
The alkalinity concentration of the raw effluent generally exceeded
the acidity concentration and the total iron concentrction was 50 iag/1
or less.
The chemical and "biologica.1 sampling points associated with the
Bercik mine drainage treatment plant are shown in Figure 1. Table 1
lists the chemical data collected during the four sampling periods.
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
The raw water pumped to the surface at the Bercik "borehole was
alkaline on three of the four sampling occasions. However, the total
iron concentration ranged from 20 to 50 mg/1. This initial total
iron concentration was reduced by treatment to a range of 3 to 6 rag/1
in the final effluent. It DP noteworthy that the dissolved iron por-
tion of this total iron concentration averaged only 0.5 ag/1 wnile
the suspended iron fraction accounted for the major portion of the
iron which was measured» There was no suspended iron present in the
untreated raw water discharge., and the final effluent exhibited a
suspended iron concentration ranging from 2 t/o 6 nag/I.
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RICHEYViLLE
B= 8ENTHIC SAMPLING POINT
C£ CHEMICAL SAMPLING POINT
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ro
Table 1
Water Quality Data
Berelk Treatment Plant
Background (C-201)
5/72 6/72 7/72 8/72
Downstream (C—203)
Untreated Discharge Treated Discharge
(C-200) (C-202)
5/72 6/72 7/72 8/7.2 5/72 6/72. '.7/7.2 8/72 5/72 6/72 7/72 8/72
pH
Specific
Conductance
Flow-gpn
Net
Alkalinity
mg/1
Dissolved
l^on-mg/1
Suspended
Jron-mg/1
Total Iron
mg/1
Bulfate
mg/1
Manganese
mg/1
Aluminum
Kg/1
6.9 7.3 7-7 7.5 6.6 6.9
570 600 520 650 2300 2500
______
-6l* 175 191* - -177 81
0 001 50 50
0.5 1 0 0 00
3.5 l 01 50 50
l»5 65 55 120 1530 825
0.1 k 0 5
-000- 0
7.1 7-0
3000 2700
-
39 203
20 ^5
0 0
20 1*5
900 750
5 k
0 1
6,k f.k
2800 2800
22kO 1885
1*7 82
1 1
k 2
5 3
1365 850
«* S
0
7.3
2700
1508
130
0
2
2
930
k
Q
7.1 7-5
2600 2500
2080
2kk 112
0 0.5
6 3.5
6 k
775 1360
It
0
7.7
2500
2806
75
0.5
2.5
3.0
775
5
0
7-5
2700
3018
120
0
3
3
960
h
0
7.*
2600
-
222
0
6
6
750
5
0
*Negative value denotes acidi jy.
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, contInued)
Water Quality Data
Bereik IPreatBient Plant
Background (C-2Q1)
5/72 ...6/72 7/12 8/72
Untreated Discharge
(C-200)
5/?2 6/727/728/72
Treated Discharge
(C-202)
5/72 6/72 .7/78 8/72
Downstream (C-203)
5/72 6/72 7/72 6/72
Calcium
rag/1
Magnesium
mg/1
^^,.w
ug/1
Chromium
ug/1
ro
^Copper
- 3/1
Lead
ug/1
Nickel
ug/1
Zinc
ug/1
55 50 60
17 j.; 2C
0 u 0
o c n
0 50 8
0 0 20
20 1*0 5
-10 0 0
200
fO
10
20
0
20
70
20
200 300
50 65
20 °\
0 1*1
0 j.0
o 60
80 60
20 22
200
60
10
10
0
20
50
20
200 320
60 60
20 16
20 25
0 0
0 20
1*0 U2
20 13
200
50 •
10
0
0
Jio
50
10
200
50
20
0
50
0
0
20
300
65
19
36
10
20
55
20
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The three large sedimentation ponds at Bercik have been in opera-
tion for 7 or 8 years. During this time, sludge removal has been
somewhat minimal due to the large area available for sedimentation.
However, the long-term, accumulation of sediment (iron floe) was be-
coming a problem at the Bercik site. In the treatment process, the
dissolved iron is converted to the insoluble state .for precipitation.
However, due at least in part to the chemical composition of the mine
water before and after treatment and the reduced capacity of the avail-
able sedimentation area, a significant portion of the iron concentration
was discharged to the receiving stream in the suspended state.
As would be expected from the above discussion, the total iron
concentration carried by the receiving stream (C-203) below the Bercik
discharge, represented a significant increase in comparison with the
total iron concentration exhibited by the background sampling point
(C-201) above the Bercik discharge. The background total iron concen-
trations ranged from 0 mg/1 to 1 mg/1 and the downstream values ranged
from 3 to 6 mg/1. This iron was generally present in the form of ferric
hydroxide and/or ferric sulfate which were responsible for staining and
coating the banks and bottom of a downstream length of the receiving
tributary.
The alkalinity concentration of the receiving stream was reduced
by the Bercik discharge on two of the four sampling occasions. However,
on one occasion the alkalinity was increased. There were no significant
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changes in the pH values of the receiving stream below the Bercik
outfall. As expected, the sulfate concentrations ir, the receiving
stream were greatly increased. At the upstream point, the sulfate
values ranged from ^-5 to 120 mg/1 while the downstream point values
ranged from 750 mg/1 to 1,3&0 mg/1.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Descriptions of the three "biological sampling stations associ-
ated with the Bercik treatment plant are given below. Tables 2, 3
and k represent the biological data collected at these points.
The number of organisms and taxa collected at the two downstream
stations was well below the numbers collected at the upstream station.
The following is a more detailed description of the results obtained
at each station.
Station B-l (Upstream of Discharge)
The substrate at this station was composed of a mixture of rock,
rubble, gravel and sand (Table 2). Stream bottom conditions appeared
to be very stable. The numbta- of taxa collected at this station, 21,
(Table 3) "was the most collected at any of the stations during the
study and also yielded the highest diversity index of 3-50. The or-
ganisms were well distributed among several taxonomic groups. Eleven
Class I taxa and nine Class II taxa were collected; however, there was
a. total of 1^7 Class II organisms (Figure 5) and 106 Class I organisms.
25
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Table 2
Benthos Sampling Stations
Bercik Treatment Plant
Station
Number
B-l
B-J
ro
B-3
Sampling Dates
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/1.6 to 7/2U
to 8/21
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to 7/2U
7/2l» to 8/21
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to 7/2it
7/2li to 8/21
Stjation Location ,
X-Trib. to Pike Run
approximately 275
yards above the
discharge.
X-Trib. to Pike Run
approximately 30 yards
below the discharge.
X-rArib. to Pike Run
approximately 30Q
yards below the
discharge.
Substrate Description
Riffle Areas*
10*1 Rock
2Q% Rubble
20$ C.Gravel
20$ F.Oravel
20% C.Sand
IG% F.Sand
Pool Areas
Consisted mainly of
bedrock
Riffle Area
Rock
Rubble
C.Gravel
1555 P.Gravel
10% C.Sand
105? F.Sand
Pool Areas
Mostly bedrock with
some gravel.
Riffle Areas
5^ Rock
5% Rubble
50% C.Gravel
30^ F,Gravel
10$ C.Sand
105? F.Sand
Pool Areas
Bottoms consisted
mainly of clay and
gravel,
Comments
The dendys collected on
1/2k were knocked over
and laying on their side
One dendy collected o;.
7/2<*/ had been knockee
ever and vas laying or
its side.
*Bottom compositions are estimates based on field observations.
-------
Benthos Data Summary
Bercik Treatment Plant
Station
Number
B-l
B-2
(
t
B~3
Sampling Nc
. of
Dates Samples
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to l/2k
6/16 to l/2k
7 /2k to 8/21
l/2k to 8/21
5/16
5/16" to 6/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to 11 '2k
6/16 to 7M
J/2k to 8/21
7/2k to 8/21
5/16
5/: 6 to 6/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to 7 /2k
6/16 to if 2k
7 /2k to 8/?i
If 2k to 8/21
1
1
1
1
1
T
J_
]
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Type of
Sastgle
S *
D **
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
Total No. of
Organisms
301
76
28
66
93
9
28
16
225
59
1
55
0
1
^5
6
U
7
11
j.1
0
No, of Taxa
collected
21
lv
1
5
8
1
5
3
3
6
l
1*
0
1
9
3
1
5
7
1
0
Diversity
Index
3-50
0.70
0
0.95
1.5**
0
1.20
0.72
0.62
1.23
0
0.75
0
0
2.10
0,56
0
2.09
2.50
0
0
% of
Class I
35
0
0
6
U
0
11
6
12
7
0
2
0
0
11
17
0
y^i
U
27
0
0
% of
Class II
49
3
0
6
k
0
k6
kk
12
66
100
9k
0
0
31
17
0
71
6k
"0
0
% of
Class III
16
97
100
88
92
100
k3
50
76
27
0
k
0
100
58
66
.100
29
9
100
0
* Surber Samples
** Artificial Substrate Samples
-------
Class I
eaddisfli.es.
Hydroptilidae
Philopotamidae
Psychomyiidae
Stoneflies_
Perlidae
Perlodidae
Heptagenlidae
Crustaceaas
Astacidae
Isopoda
Flatworigs_
Ihirbellarla
* " ' "t •!• * 1 , ' *
xaole •;
Benthos Data
Bercik Treatment Plant
B-l- B-lb B-lb B-lc B-lc B-ld B-ld B-2e B-2b B-2b B-2o B-2c B-2d B~2d B-3a B-3"b B-3b B-3c B-3c
11 3
1
1
1
33
Keciatoda
ll Clarns
Sphaer i i d s e
Crane_Fli_e_s
Tipulidae
Leeeheg_
Hirudinea
Class II
Caddisflies
Hydropsychidae ^7
31
13
32 1 15
-------
Bsntiios Data
Bercik Treatment Plant
Class II (cont'd)
B-Oa B-l"b B-lb B-le B-lc B-ld B-ld B-2a B~2b B-2b B-2c B-2c B~2d B~2d B-3a B-3b B-3b B-3c B-3<
St-oneflies
1
Nemouridae
Mayflies
Baetidae
Beetle Larvae
Elmidae
2k
30
6
1
I^tlscidae 3
Hydrophilidae
Cru s t ac e_an s
Amphipod'a 31* I 6 37
Snails_
Pulmonata 1 1
ro
mpididae
Simuliidae
tlpr.se ........ fj-j-gg,
Tatanidae
Coenagrionidae 1
Aguat i c jforms
Oligochaeta 211 11 31 11 2 1
-------
Class III
Megalojjtera
Slalldae
B-?_a B-Jb B-lb B-lc B~lc B-M B-ld B-2a B~2b B-2b B-2c 8-2e B-2d B-2d B-3a 3~3b B-3b B-3c B-:
Midge Flies
Chironorndae
>B 72 28 58 85 9
8 19 16
l 26
I* 2
u>
-------
The benthic community at this station is what one woula expect to
collect in a. smal] stream vith good water quality.
About 65 percent of the substrate at this station was gravel
(Table 2) with the remainder being a combination of rock, rubble
and sand. Red stains were present on the substrate and suspended
iron particles produced a reddish tint in the vrater. Only 16 or-
ganisms and 3 taxa (Table 3) were collected at this station. Class
I organisms were reduced in number from 106 at Station B-l to one
at Station B-^'2 and from 11 taxa at Station B-l to one taxon at
Station B-2. Class II organisms were similarly reduced in number
and taxa. At Station B~la there were 1^7 Class II organisms in 10
taxa and at Station B~2 there were 7 organisms in one taxa. The
number of Chironomidae were reduced from 48 at Station B-l to 8 at
Station B-2. The total numbers and variety of the benthic community
at this station vas severely depressed. The substrate may be partly
attributable for the poor macroinvertebrate community, however ., the
major problem is the degradation of t" _e stream water quality by the
discharge, indicating a toxic effect.
Station^B^S
The substrate at this station wes not favorable for aouatic life
as it was composed of about So percent gravel with "very little rock
and rubble, suspended iron particles were also visible in the water
31
-------
at this Station and the substrate was ctained red. The benthic com-
munity was slightly improved over che one at Station B-?; however,, it
still d*^ not begin to compare with th
-------
The chemical and "biological sampling points associated with the
Kefover site are shown in Figure 2. Table 5 lists the chemical data
collected during the toi^r sampling periods.
CHEW CAL ^VALUATI01!
The acidity concentration of the raw water discharge at the
Kefovar site ranged from 100 mg/1 to flO mg/1 for three samples.
On the fourth sa'mplinf,, the discharge exhibited a net alkalinity
of 95 J^g/1* Kie octal ircn concentration of the untreated effluent
ranged, from 15 mL/l to 60 mg/1. Suspended iron was present in three
of the foil'-' f3B.iL.-les.
The treated Kefov^r discharge exhibited an average net alka-
linity of 111 ias/1 a;rlng the campling period. The corresponding
pH values ranged from 6.8 bo 7.1. An average discharge rate of
168 gpm v-as measvred ut this plant.
Iron removal at blie Kef ever site wa^ quite adequate. On one
occasion, the treateu effluent s;-:hl"bited a total iron concentration
of 3 Eg/1; ho"ev;».r. cla.'ing the other nnmpling periods, the iron con-
cen~':,.at? on c.v-er,^'',^! oaly G.^4 :af/l. As a rer.ti.l~c, of the neutralisation
process- the sulfate concentration averaged 1,875 mg/1 in the treated
discharge. Oa two of the three samples, where the presence of aluiui-
n-u3T> teas det. ote5, iuitiai rav -,;ater concentrations of 1*5 mg/1 and 2h
mg/1 wo:re both reduced to zero by the treatment process. Initial
concciitra'.ionr. oi* such trace metals as cadmiums copper and r.ine were
33
-------
N
SEDIMENTATION
POND
EAST MARIANNA
9s 8ENTHIC SAMPUNO POINT
Cs CHEMICAL SAMPUN6 POINT
FIGURE 2
X^>
KEFOVER TREATMENT PLANT
MONQNGAhftLA
RIVER
-------
Specific
Conductance
Flow-gpm
let Alka-
li nity~mg /I
Dissolved
Iron-mg/1
w Suspended
VJJ Iron-mg/1
Total Iron
mg/1
Sulfate
mg/1
Manganese
mg/1
Background (C-205)
5/72 6/72 ..7/7.2 _6/7.2.
6.8 7.3 7.8 7.8
550 650 5^0 650
168
19k
0.5 0,3 0 0
0000
0.5 0.3 0 0
65 60 65 70
0 3 0
0 0 0
Table 5
Water Quality Data
Kefover Treatment Plant
Untreated Discharge (C-20k) Treated Discharge (C-206)
5/72 6/12 1/12 6/7.2 g/72 6/72 7/72, 8/72
U.6 fc.5 6,7 5.5 6.8 6.9 7.0 7-1
7000 8000 8000 8000 8000 8000 71*00 8000
Downstream C-207)
5/72 6/7.2 7/7.2 8/72
7.7 7.5 8.0 7.5
1200 1000 2100
-610* -590 95 -100
25 15 15
35 11 0 18
60 25 15 58
17 H 180 150 2it06 1132 2120 -
135 30 90 188 78 106 182 209
0.3 0'.5 0 0.2
0.2 0
0.3 10 0
000
0.5 0.5 3 0.2 0.3 1 0 0
3375 2100 1700 2300 2800 2100 1200 ifcOO 255 310 200 56c
7 0
0 2*1
6 0
0 0
1
00
Kg/1
*Negative value denotes acidity.
-------
Table 5
Water Quality Data
Kefover freataent Plant
(continued).
Calcium
mg/1
k'c*nesium
mg/1
Cadmium
ug/1
Chromium
ug/1
Copper
ug/1
Lead
ug/1
Nickel
ug/1
Zinc
Background
5/72 6/72
50
10
— "5
0
5
0
10
10
(C-205) Untreated Discharge
7/72 8/72
50 120
10 12
0 70
0 0
0 0
0
0 5
20 7
5/72 6/72
200
25
20
30
- 100
50
500
700
7/72
210
75
20
20
100
0
100
300
(C-20lt)
8/72
390
100
560
18
65
30
1*50
580
Treated Discharge
5/72 .6/72
200
115
5
0
5
20
koo
200
7/72
300
75
0
20
0
0
100
70
(C-206)
8/72
80
85
^2
80
20
20
300
1*0
Downstream
5/7.2 6/72
75
15
0
0
0
0
50
Uo
C-207
JE/12
70
15
0
0
0
0
n
20
)
8/7-
150
30
20
20
25
20
36
15
-------
reduced to a lower level of concentration by the treatment process.
At the upstream sampling point (C-205), the pH value ranged.
from 6.8 to J.B and exhibited an average net alkalinity of 168 mg/1.
At the stream sampling point below the Kefover discharge (C-207)*
the pH value ranged from 7«5 to 8.0 and exhibited an average net
alkalinity of iM mg/1. During the period of sampling, there was
no significant increase in ths total iron concentration carried by
the receiving stream. Above the discharge point, the tributary car-
ried an average iron concentration of 0.2 mg/1 and below the dis-
charge, the average was 0.3 ffig/1. Sulfate values averaged 65 mg/1
at the background station and 3^1 mg/1 at the downstream sampling
point.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATIOI
Descriptions of the three biological ..ampling stations associ-
ated with the Kefover plant are given below. Tables 6, 7 and 8
present the biological data collected at these points.
The total number of organisms collected at the three stations
(Figure 6) declined in downstream order; however, the diversity
indices for the three stations remained relatively constant. The
principle group collected at the stations was the dipteran family,
Cbzronomidae* The following is a more detailed description of the
results obtained at each station.
37
-------
Table 6
Benthos-Sampling Stations
Kefover Treatment Plant
Station No.
Sampling Dates
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to 7M
7/2U to 8/21
Station Location
Daniels Run
approximately 200
yards upstream of
the discharge.
B-5
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to 7/2U
I/2k to 8/21
Daniels Run
approximately 50
yards below the
discharge.
u>
CO
B-6
5/16
5/16 to 6/16
6/16 to if 2k
T/2k to 8/21
Daniels Run
approximately
yards below the
discharge.
Substrate Description
Riffle Areas*
10$ rock
30J5 rubble
30% C.Gravel
10% F.Gravel
10$ C.Sand
10$ F.Sand
Pool Areas
Bottoms consisted
mainly of "bedrock"
Riffle Areas
10% rock
50$ rubble
20% C.Gravel
F.Gravel
C.Sand
Pool Areas
Bottoms consisted
mainly of "bedrock"
Riffle Areas
10$ rock
30$ rubble
10$ C.Gravel
10$ F.Gravel
20$ C.Sand
20$ F.Sand
Pool Areas
Bottoms consisted
mainly of "bedrock"
Cpmments
The dendy, the last
collected 7/2^4, had
been mov.id about 25 feet
downstream by the
current.
*Bottom compositions are estimates based on field observations.
-------
U)
Table 7
Benthos Data Summary
Kefover Treatment Plant
Station
Number
B-l*
B-5
B-6
1
1
Sampling Ho. of
Dates Samples
5/16
5/16 to
6/16 to
7/24 to
5/16
5/16 to
5/16 to
6/16 to
7/24 to
7/24 to
5/16
5/16 to
5/16 to
6/16 to
7/24 to
6/16
7/24
8/21
6/16
6/16
7/2*1
8/21
8/21
6/16
6/16
7/24
8/21
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Type of
Sample
S*
D**
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
Total No. No. of taxa Diversity % of
of Organisms collected Index Class I
1*1*0
93
30
52
338
108
182
10*
28
59
246
78
88
^7
32
18
3
3
3
15
1*
6
3
1
2
15
1*
1
1
l
2.
0.
0.
0.
2.
0.
0.
0.
0
0.
2.
0.
0
0
0
79
HU
58
50
fco
61*
96
1*3
25
51*
69
i
1*1
0
3
0
58
0
1
0
0
0
10
1
0
0
0
% of % of
Class II Class III
15
2
7
1*
17
1*
7
13
0
2
25
3
0
0
0
kk
98
90
96
25
96
92
87
100
98
65
96
100
100
100
*Surber Samples
**Artificial Substrate Samples
-------
Class I
Hydroptilidae
Phllopotamidae
Psychomyiidae
Heliopsychidae
Stoneflies
Perlidae
Mayflies
Heptftgeniidae
Crustaceans
Isopoda
Flat-worms
T'irbellaria
Nematoda
Fingernail Clams
Sphaeriidae
Crane Flies
Tipuliidae
Coelenterat
-------
Table 0 Continued
Benthos Data
Kefover Treatment Plant
Class II {cont'd)
B-lm B-4b B-^c B-Ud B-5a 3-5b B-5b B-5e B-5d B-5d B-6a B-6b B-6b B-6c B-6d
Stoneflies
Nemouridae 11 2
Mayflies
Baetidae 17 2 1 ** 1 22
Megaloptera
Corydalidae 1 1
Biting Midge
Ceratopogonidae 1
Beatle Larvae
Blmidae 15 17 19
Psephenidae 2
Crustaceans
AmiDhipoda 1 2
-£"
Snails_
Pulmonata 1 1
Black Flies
Simuliidae 96 7
Danee Flies.
Empididae 51 2
Damselfly
Agrionidae 1
Aquatic Worms
Oligochaeta 17 2 3 3 11 12
-------
Continued
Beuthoi". Dutu
Kefovor Treatment 3Ma.nl
Class III
B-i*a B-lfb B-lic B-^d B-5a B-5b B-5b B-5ft B-5d B-5d B-6a B~6b B-6b B-6c B-6a
Megalogtera
Sialidae 1
Midge Flies
Chironomidae 192 90 2? 50 81* loU 167 93 28 58 159 75 88 kj 32
ro
-------
Station B-^ (upstream of discharge)
The substrate at this station was stable and consisted primarily
of rubble and gravel (Table 6). There was no evidence of any siltation
problems. The principle land use above this station was agricultural
with its associated housing. The stream was organically enriched as
indicated by an abundant growth of algae attached to the surface of
the substrate. This growth provided a habitat for the large numbers
of Hydroptilidae and Chironomidae larvae collected at this station.
There was a total of nine taxa at this station in Class I and eight
taxa in Class II with one group in Class III.
Station B-5 (50 yards below discharge)
The physical characteristics of this station were almost identi-
cal to Station k. The substrate material at this station was also
coated with a thick growth of algae. The total number of organisms
and the number of taxa collected at this station were less than those
found at Station E-k. Although the percentage of Class I organisms
increased at Station B~5> the number of taxa in Class I was reduced
from 9 at Station B-lj to four at Station B-5- The increase in Class I
organisms is due totally to the numbers of Hydroptilidae. The dis-
charge affects all the Class 1 organisms except the Hydroptilidae arid
Perlidae. The organisms in Class II were reduced in number by only 8
and gained one taxon; they were not greatly affected by this discharge.
The large reduction in the number of midge is the major difference in
total numbers of organisms between Station 3-U and Station B-5. The
-------
bar graphs representing numbers shown on Figure 5 do not accurately
express the impact of the discharge on the stream due to the large
number of Hydroptilidae.
Station B-6 (^50 yards below discharge)
The substrate at this station consisted mostly of various sands
and rubble. There was not a dense algal growth on the substrate as
there was at Stations B~^ and B-5- The total number of organisms
at this station was reduced further while the number of taxa remains
the same as Station B-5 and only three less than Station B-H. The
percentage composition by Class differs greatly with those at Sta-
tions B-l* and B-5- The substrate at this station affects the benthic
fauna as much as the discharge itself. The great reduction in the
Hydroptilidae population is the significant difference in Class I
organisms at this station as opposed to the upstream stations, and
this can be attributed to the loss of habitat rather than any changes
in water quality. No significant differences are present between
this station and Stations B-lf and B-5 in relation to the Class II
organisms.
.THOMPSON. TREATMENT, PLANT
This lime neutralization facility is located on an unnamed
tributary to Plum Run which, in turn, joins Tenmile Creek near the
community of Fairfield, Pennsylvania. The raw mine water is pumped
to a holding pond above the treatment plant. From this point, the
-------
mine water is piped through the plant. Additional mixing and some
aeration of the alkalinized effluent is supplied by a V-notched
baffling device prior to discharge to a single sedimentation pond.
A portion of the treated effluent is diverted (when necessary) to
a small fish pond adjacent to the sedimentation pond.
The chemical and biological sampling points associated with the
Thompson site are shown in Figure 3. Table 9 lists the chemical
data collected during the four sampling periods.
CHEMICAL EVALUATION
Cleaning operations were; underway at the raw water holding pond
at the Thompson site during the first sampling round. Since only
one holding pond was available at this site, a temporary makeshift
treatment procedure, not indicative or normal plant procedure, was
in operation at the time of visit. The portion of the raw water
discharge which exceeded the capacity of the treatment plant was
pumped directly (without treatment) to the sedimentation pond. This
raw water was then combined in this pond with the treated effluent
discharged by the plant. The end result of this activity was a final
discharge which exhibited an acidity concentration of 115 mg/1 and
carried a total iron concentration of 50 mg/1. During the sample
period, the background alkalinity of ITT mg/1 in the receiving stream
was totally depleted with a. resultant acidity concentration of 63 mg/1.
-------
B-8
C-2IO.B-9
/SEDIMENTATION
POND
THOMPSON SHAFT
WEST ZOLLARSWLLE
FAiRFlLLD
WASHINGTON CO
B= 8ENTHIC SAMPUN6 POINT
Cs CHEMICAL SAMPLING POINT
FIGURE 3
| THOMPSON TREATMENT
1 PLANT
GREEN CO
MCKONGAHELA
Rl VL R
-------
pfl
Specific
Conductance
let Alka-
linity-mg/1
Dis solved
Iron-mg/1
G pended
1 on-sig/1
Total Iron
nig/1
.If ate
tig/,]
Manganese
rag/I
Alusilnuiii
mg/1
Background (C-209)
'x&Dj S ';'
Water Quality Data
Thompson Treatment Plant
Untreated Discharge (C-208) Treated Discharge (C-2U )
Downstream (C-210)
7.8 7.2 7-6 7.8 3.2 3.i* 3-1 3.1 8.0 7-2 7-3 7-6
1000 1000 1100 8000 5500 6000 5000 6000 5550 6000 i*500
750
----- ..„_ _ nl, 129 100
177 110 186 136 1300* -oifO* -760* -5S>* -115* 7 35 ^3
0 0,5 0 0 100 100 160 100
0.7 0.5 0 0,2 50 0 0 10
0.7 1.0 0 0.2 150 100 160 110
280
50 0.3 0.5 0.5
0 0.7 0 1.5
1 0.5 2.0
1.5 0
0 0
6.9 7-5 T-5 T.«
1100 1700 1900 280
1531 833 858
-63* 103 Io3 lU
i o,:
1 0,5
"000 2i»50 2150 2350 3^50 2200 1700 I8k$ 180 U80 510
0.5 2
0 0. '-j
-------
Zinc
Table 9
Water Quality Data
Thompson Treatment Plant
Background. (C-209) Untreated Discharge (C-208) Treated Discharge (C-21l) Downstream (C-210)
5/72. 6/72 7/72 8/72 £/J2 6/J2 J/72 8/J2 5/72..,67.2. ..J.Zlg—8/7.2
20 20 17
700 900 620
20 20 33
Calcium
ffig/1
Magnesium
jag/1
Cadmium
ag/1
Chromium
ug/1
Copper
CO Ug/1
jead
ug/1
Nickel
ug/1
75
25
0
0
0
o
20
•^U*4-B»i«™~f>~'*»
75
25
0
20
0
0
0
_™— i—,1^™.
120
35
18
0
0
20
20
rtT ' JL_I _ _- r ru '- •-• — -
300
135
20
ko
100
20
500
«kw«fc»&».«i»— •—— «
200
75
20
1*0
5000
0
200
1*80
80
650
57
170
20
600
.11 HIM n ,ri.. ill. I.I 1. II. I . nl. i.ill.t. i n
1*00
50
10
0
0
20
60
„». i li ^. — tm-**u~i=f*H ,n. '..^^,~.—
600 781
50 6l
20 33
30 10
0 50
0 ilO
80 200
50
50
10
0
0
5
20
170 2-
-------
The following comments relate to the three subsequent sampling rounds
at the Thompson plant when it was operating under normal conditions.
'ue Thompson raw water discharge carried average acid and iron
concentrations of 762 mg/1 and 123 ag/1, respectively. The aluminum
concentration averaged 50 ing/l. The presence of trace metals, in-
cluding cadmium., chromium, coppers nickel and zinc were detected on
each of the thre-e occasions which analyses for these metals were
performed. Lead was present on two of the three occasions. After
treatment, the high initial acidity was converted to a net alkalin-
ity averaging 28 mg/1. The initial average total iron concentration
(123 mg/l) was reduced to an average concentration of only 1.2 mg/1.
The aluminum present in the raw water was completely removed by the
treatment process. Zinc was the only trace metal which was signi-
ficantly reduced by the treatment process. An initial average con-
centration of 7^0 miercgrams per liter was reduced to 2k ndcrograms
per liter in the treated discharge.
Above the Thompson plant, the pH values of the receiving stream
ranged from 7-2 to 7-8. Below the Thompson outfall, the stream ex-
hibited pH values ranging from J.k to 7-5- At the upstream point,
the stream exhibited an average net alkalinity of l6l mg/1. Below
the point of discharge^ the stream carried an average net alkalinity
of 137 Jng/1. There was nc significant change in the average total
iron concentrations measur
-------
An average discharge rate of 11k gprn was measured at this site
during the survey.
With the exception of the one instance described above, the
Thompson plant provided excellent treatment with respect to the
upgrading of the water quality exhibited by the final discharge
from the facility.
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Descriptions of the three biological sampling stations, associ-
ated with the Thompson plant are given below. Tables 10, 11 arid 12
present the biological data collected at these stations.
The diversity indices at the three stations at this site were
gradually reduced from Station B-7 to Station B-9 while the total
A '
number of organisms was greatly reduced between Station B-7 and •
Station B-8, and increased between Station B~8 and Station B-9.,
The principle taxonomic group collected at the three stations was
the dipteran family, Chironomidae. The following is a more detailed
description of the results obtained at each station.
Station B-7 (upstream of discharge)
i
The substrate at this station consisted primarily of rubble which
(Table 10) provides a favorable habitat for benthic organisms. A
total of 18 taxa and 302 organisms were collected at this station.
Fifty-six percent of the organisms collected were in Class I; 19
50
-------
T'oble 10
Benthos Sampling Stations
Thompson Treatment Plant
Station Ho.
B-7
Station
5/17 to 6/16
6/16 to l/2k
to
Plum !wn approximately
25 feet above the
discharge .
5/17
to 6/16
5/17
6/16 to 7M
7/2fc to 8/21
Plum Run approximately
hO feet below the
discharge.
B-9
5/17
5/17 to 6/16
6/16 to if 2k
T/2k to 8/21
Plum Rim approximately
200 yards "below the
discharge.
Substrate Description
liffle Areas*
5% rock
1*5* rubble
10* C.Gravel
10* F.Gravel
10* F.Sand
20* clay
Pool Areas
A mixture of bedrock,
fine silt and some clay.
Riffle Areas
10$ rock
10* C.Gravel
10* F.Gravel
30* C.Sand
1*0* F.Sand
Pool Areas
A mixture of bedrock,
fine silt and some clay.
Riffle Areas
20* rubble
10*C.Gravel
10* F.Gravel
30* C.Sand
20* F.Sand
Beol Areas
Mostly bedrock
with some silt.
Comments
One dendy collected
on 7/2fc was partially
silted in.
One dendy collected
on 7/24 was partially
out of.the water
because of low flow.
*Bottom compositions are estimates based on field observations.
-------
Table 11
Benthbs Data Summary
Thompson. Treatment Plant
VI
!\
Station Sampling £.», of
Kumber Dates Samples
B-T 5/1T
5/17 to 6/16
5/17 to 6/16
6/16 to 7/24
6/16 to 7/24
7/24 to 8/21
" 7/24 to 8/21
-j ° 5/17
5/17 to 6/16
5/17 to 6/16
6/16 to 7/21*
7/24 to 8/21
. B-9 5/17
5/17 to 6/16
5/17 to 6/16
6/16 to 7/S4
6/16 to 7/21*
7/24 to 8/21
7/&4 to 8/21
1
1
1
1
1
1
i
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Type of
Samples
s*
D**
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
Total No.
of Organisms
302
1*7
38
33
38
18
32
95
99
37
11
8
210
41
38
28
32
13
81
No. of Taxa Diversity
Collected Index
18
4
2
1*
k
1
3
12
6
3
1
3
12
5
5
1
1
1
5
2.98
0.78
0.27
0.86
0.82
0
0.58
2.42
1.08
0.55
0
0197
2.06
1.08
1.20
0
0
0
0.91
Jfof
Class I
56
2
0
3
3
0
3
14
6
3
0
0
28
2
7
0
0
0
1
% of
Class II
19
2
3
9
50
0
3
34
k
0
0
25
24
10
4
0
0
0
5
* of
Class III
25
96
97
88
47
100
94
52
90
97
100
?5
48
88
89
100
100
100
94
* Surber Samples
** Artificial Substrate Samples
-------
Table 12
Benthos Data
Thompson Treatment Plant
Class I B-7a B-7b B-7b B-7c B~7c B~7d B-7d B-8a B-8b B-8b B-8c B~8d B-9a B~£b B-9b B-9c B-9c B-9d B~9c
Caddisflies
Hydroptilidae 65 1 53
Philopotamidae 26 1
Stoneflies
Perlidae 27 1 5
Perlodidae 3
Crustaceans
AsTicidae 211 11
a-SOpOda "ie: 2
Flatyprms
Turbellaria 3 1 1* 5
vn
ingerna.il Clams
Sphaeriidae 113
Crane Flies
Tipuliidae 1 1
Coelent er ata
Hydrida^ -* -
Leeches
Hirudinea 11 11
Class II
Caddisflies
Hydropsy chi dae 91 8 19 2 1
Stoneflies
2
*The nicnber of these organisas were not counted.
-------
Table 12
Benthos Data
Thompson Treatment Plant
continued
Class II (eont'd) B-?a B-7b B-7b B-?c B~7c B-?d B~?d B-8a B-8b B~8b B-8c B-8d B~§a B~0b 3-9T3 B~9c B~9e B-9d B-9S
Mayflies
Baetidae
_
Ceratopogonidae
SIMdae
Bystiseidae
Crustaceans,
AmpMpoda
Snails^
, Pulmonata
'Bl«ck Plies
Djmce_ _Fligs
Empididae
Shore Flies
Sphydridae
Aeshnidae
Agrionidae
Oligochaeta
Class III
Midge Fliea_rii
Chironomidae
IT
6 •
l
2
1
18
76
1
37 29
15
12
10 3
23
1
18 1% 30 50 89 36 '11 6 100 36 25 28 32 13
-------
percent in Class II 'aM 25 percent in Class III (Table 11). The
majority of the organisms were ia seven taxonoade groups and, of
these sssven groups 9 four -were in Class I, She composition of the
beathie community at this station was considered representatire
of unpolluted vater.
Station .B-8 (&0 feet below discharge)
Sand was the principle constituent of the 'substrate at this
station (fable 10). fhere was Tery little rock and no rubble for
the attachment of macroinvertebrates, This poor substrate may "be
partially responsible for the results obtained at this station .
fhe substrate ia this particular stretch of Plum Bun had Yery light
red stains on it from iron precipitates. 3!he composition of the
benthic coaaaunity was primarily midge larvae which made up 52 percent
of the total OPfiible.ll). Ill classes of organisms were reduced in
numbers (Figure 5) and the most drastic reduction was within Class I
•where the number dropped from 168 organisms at Station B-7 to 13
organisms at this station, fhe diversity index was loirer at this
station (Figure 6) than the index at B-7 and the number of taxa was
also less, fhe benthic community at this station was represented by
organisms capable of tolerating both pollution and a poor substrate.
(200 yards below the discharge)
fhe substrate at this station vas somewhat improved oTer that
encountered at Station B-8. Approximately 30 percent of the bottom
-------
consisted of rubble -(Table B~10}* Although rubble creates a de-
sirable habitat for the development of a diverse benthic community 5
the overall results do not reflect this. The total number of or-
ganisms collected at this station «as 210 (Figure 6) as compared.
to the 95 organisms collected at Station B~8. This increase of
llg" organisms is due to the increase in the number of the family
Hydroptilidae and the family Chironomidae. The number of Hydro-
psyehidae .and Elmidae also increased but not.in numbers approaching
those of the Bydroptilidae and Chironomidae« The total number of
taxa collected at this station was the same as collected at Station
B-8; however5 there -w&s a decrease in the number of Class 1 taxa
and an increase in the number Class II. The diversity index (2..06}
was lover than the diversity index at Station B-8 (2.1*2). The in-
crease in. total number at Station B~9 -was the cause of this reduced
diversity index.
' 'COWtCRQI.f"Smg?IQl._-. MICH BQBEHOLg ••••••••'
This station was located on Little Indian Creek, a tributary
to Indian Creek which joins the Monongahela River at Everettville,
West Virginia. The source of mine water discharge at this site was
the lyach Borehole from the Arkwright lo. 1 Mine operated by Consol-
idation Coal Co. Theeeffluent .from this borehole was representative
of a grossly polluted mine drainage discharge. The mine effluent was
pumped to a small equilization pond and then flowed directly to Little
Indian Creek mthout any treatment.
-------
Samples for chemical and. biological analyses were collected.
from a point above the discharge (C-212, background)s 150 yards
"below the discharges and 0«9 mile below the discharge. There was
no actual Sampling of the Lynch Borehole during the survey period.
However., samples of the Lynch Borehole were collected as part of*
the overall inventory of all active underground mines in the Mon-
ongahela River "basin mentioned earlier in this, document. These
samples -were collected during March, September and October of 1972.
This information is presented in Table 13.
Little Indian Greek is unaffected "by any type of mine drainage
discharge above the Lynch Borehole. There is one abandoned mine a
short distance above (upstream) the furthest dornistream sampling
point (C-214). Shere was no visible discharge from this mine during
the period' of surveys however, samples vere collected, from the mi-
named receiving stream on which the mine is located in order to
document the lack of any significant mine drainage contribution
from this site. Chemical data for the control site are presented in
Tattle 1U.
CHEMICAL MALUATIQI
Little Indian Creek, above the Lynch Borehole, exhibited pB
values ranging from 6.T to 7.6 and carried an average alkalinity
concentration of 11? tog/1, fhe average total iron concentration
at this point was 1.6 mg/1 and the average sulfate concentration
was less than 50 mg/1. frace metals were detected in minute
quantities.
5T
-------
BOREHOLE
-------
fable 13
Water Quality Data
lynch Borehole Discharge
Date
pi
let Acidity
Ib/dagr
Eotal Iron
ng/1
Ib/day
Sulfates
Flow (gpm)
2.6
(1,550)
1600
(403)
11,500
(2898)
21
3.0
5T25
(68?)
2300'
(2T6)
3.1*
2TOO
(1650)
(660)
10
51
-------
pH
Indian Creek (C-212)
Tattle Ik
Water Quality Data
Control Site
Little Indian Creek (C213J Unnamed Tributary (O-216)
150 yds. 1>elow discharge to Little Indian Creek
6.? ?.2 ?-3 7.6 2,6 3.2 2.7 2.8
6,6 6,7 7.3 7-5
Specific
Conductance
let Acidity
mg/1
Dissolved
Iron-fflg/1
Suspended
Iron-mg/1.
K
?
,.otal Iron
mg/1
Sulfate mg/1
Malagasies e-mg/1
Aluminum-ing/l
Calcium-iug/1
Magnes iura-mg/1
kko too
~71@ -90*
0.3 0.5
2,7 0
3.0 0.5
60 kO
0. 2
0
20
8
Uoo
-152®
0
0
0
feo
3
0
liO
- 15
520
-155*
0.5
2.5
3
U5
0
0
50
11
3000 3500
930 1320
100 100
20 100
120 200
1505 1250
— 3
- _ 70
100
50
3200
1180
75
0
75
1530
U
60
100
50
5500
^
660
60
720
1900
6
130
180
100
3'40 300
1^0 1
_
„
2 k
50 50
0.2
0
17
_ c
280
-25s
_.
-
5
650
„
_
-
-
90
Little Indian Creek (C21
0.9 Mi» "below diseliarge
•?.fc 3.5 3.0 2.Q
2500 2^00 2200 3500
315' - 202
600 715 515 1055
100 100" 20 300
0 0 0 20
100 100 20 320
930 IQkQ TOO
3 U
^5 kO
50 70
35 25
^negative value denotes alkalinity
-------
Table lit
Vater Quality Data
Control Site
Indian Creek (C-212) tittle Indian Creek (0213) Unnamed friTbutsry (C-216)
Background 150 yds, "belcw discharge to Little Indian Creek
^,
(continued)
Little Indian Creek (C2l
0.9 Mi. below discharge
.
ug/1
Chromium
ug/1
Copper
•ug/1
Lead
Tig/1 .
\
t
Nickel
Zinc
ug/1
0 0 20
0 20 0
0 0 20
0 0 10
0 80 10
20 0 25
5
TO
300
20
600
r- 1200
0
50
10,000
0
250
1600
3800
85
600
30
1500
2500
— 0 ». _
10
— o — —
— 0 "- —
30
ko
_ 5
60
200
20
500
- 700
0 1?00
35
20
500 100 860
-------
The pH values of the Lynch discharge ranged from 2.6 to 3
-------
BIOLOGICAL EVALUATION
Descriptions- of the three biological sampling stations ass6-
ciated with the control site are given "below. Tables 15s 16 and
1? present the biological data collected at these stations.
The samples collected.' at this site demonstrates the chronic
toxieity of untreated mine drainage to most organisms. The' rela-
tively healthy upstream benthic community was totally absent at
both downstream stations.
( upstream of discharge)
Little Indian Creek in this reach is very small. The mouth.
of the benthie sampler spanned the entire width of the riffle.
The substrate was composed of gravel and sand (Table Ik) , The
bottom fauna collected at this station was predominantly sensitive
organisms (Figure 5)«
Thirty-nine percent of the organisms ware in Class II and
only three percent of the organisms were in Class III. The fifty-
eight Heptageniidae (fable 15) accounted for greater than 50 percent
of all organisms collected at this station. .Although the organisms
were not evenly distributed among the taxonomic groups > the stream
supported an aquatic fauna indicative of good water quality.
.-ll. (150 yards below discharge)
She water quality and the substrate w&Te seriously degraded
at this station. The stream bottom was completely encrusted with
63
-------
B-10
5/25
5/25 to 6/22
6/22 to ?/25
7/25 to 8/22
B-ll
5/25
5/25 to 6/22
6/22 to 7/25
7/25 to 8/22
B-12
5/25
5/25 to 6/22
6/22 to 7/25
T/25 to 8/22
fable 15
Benthos Sampling Stations
Control Site
Little Indian Creek
approximately 50 yards
above the discharge.
Little Indian Creek
approximately 150 yards
"below the discharge.
Little Indian Creek
0.9 miles "below the
discharge.
SjibstraAeJDescrigtion
Riffle Areas®
20# Bulible
10% 0.Gravel
T. Gravel
C.Sand
F.Saad
10JJ Silt
Pool Areas
Bottoms consisted
mostly of mud and silt
Riffle Areas
20% C.Gravel
10$ F.Gravel
C»Sand
F.Sand
30| "Yellow Boy'1
Pool Areas
Gravel and "Yellow Boy"
Riffle Areas
10* Bock
20| C.Gravel
20% F.Gravel
C.Sand
F.Sand
"Yellow Boy"
Pool Areas
Bedrock and "Yellow Boy"
Comments
The "bottom in this
area-'i-ras encrusted iritn
iron precipitates.
There was also a lot. -of
iron precipitates in
suspension
Iron precipitates were
in suspension.
*Bottom compositions are estjjsates based on field observations.
-------
Table 16
Benthos Data Summary
Control Site
Station Sampling
B-lOa
B-10b
B-lOb
B-lOc
B-lOo
B-lOd
B-lOd
B-lla
B-llb
B-llb
B-llc
B-llc
B-lld
B-lld
B-12a
B-lSb
3-12b
B-12e
B~12c
B-12d
B"12d
5/25
5/25 to 6/22
5/25 to 6/22
6/22 to 7/25
6/2.2 to 7/25
7/25 to 8/22
7/25 to 8/22
5/25
5/25 to 6/22
5/25 to 6/22
6/22 to 7/25
6/22 to 7/25
7/2
t
8/22
f/25 to 8/22
5/25
5/25 to 6/S2
5/25 to 6/22
6/22 to 7/25
6/22 to 7/25
7/25 to 8/22
7/25 to 8/22
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
JL
'"1
-j.
1
•j
~!
1
1
1
s*
c*
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
D
S
D
D
D
D
D
TJ
111
118
8U
6k
82
76
1
l
2
0
1
0
0
1
3
23
5
8
2
11
12
!l
3
1*
2
6
1
i
l
l
0
1
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
2.31*
0.63
O.ij?
0,72
0.23
1,15
A
t*
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
58
1
6
ll*
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
' 0
0
39
12
39
59
k
22
0
0
100
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
u
3
87
55
27
96
75
100
: 100
0
100
0
100
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
300
'"Barter Samples
**Artificial Substrate Samples
-------
o\
ON
Class I
Caddisflies
Hydroptilidae
Stonefli.es.
Perlodidae
Mayflies
Heptageniidae
Crustaceans
Astaeidae
Flatworms
Turtellaria
Fingernail Clams
Sphaeriidae
Coelenterata
Hydridae
Leeches
Hirudinea
Class II
Caddisflies
Hydropsychidae
Stcmeflies
lemoui-idae
B- B~ B- B- B- B- B-
lOa 1013 lOb lOc lOc lOd lOd
•• -Table-17
Benthos Data
Control Site
B- B- B- B- B- B- 'B-
lla lib lib lie lie lid lid
B- B- B- B- B- B- B-
12a 12b 12b 12c 12c 12d 12d
1
58
1
1
7
16
*The ntMbers of these organisms were not counted.
-------
'i'u'ble 17 Uunll.mi..M.I
BoathOB Data
Control Bite
B_ E- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B- B~ B- B- B- B- B- 13- B- B- • B- B-.
Clajis II (cont'd) 10a lOb lOb lOc lOc 10d lOd lla lib lib lie lie lid lid 12a 12b 12b 12c 12c 12d l?d
Mayflies
Baetidae
Beetle Larvae
Elmidae
Dytiscidae
Snails
Pulmonata
Aquatic Worms
Oligochaeta
13
2
1
3
2 13
2
1 6
33 37 3 9
Class III
Midge Flies
Chironomidae 3 103 ^6 17 79 57 7 1 '2 1 1 3 23 5 8 2 11
-------
iron precipitates creating an almost unlnhibitable substrate. The
pools in this area were filled with flocculent iron precipitates
except for a channel large enough for the water to pass through.
A single Chironomidae was collected in the sample at this station.
An aquatic -worm (fable 16") collected on an artificial substrate "was
the only tajosnomie group collected except the midge. A few midge
were also collected on the artificial substrates.
Station B-12 (0.9 miles below discharge)
Chemical analyses indicated the water quality at this sta-
tion was slightly improved over the -water quality found at Station
B-ll, The substrate was also somewhat improved. Hie stream bottom
was not encrusted as severely as at Station B-ll, and the basic bot-
tom constituents were more coarse creating a more inhabitable sub-
strate. However9 the aquatic fauna at this station was represented
only by Cfhironcanidae.
68
-------
BISCUBSIOT
The amount of data obtained from the artificial substrates
was insufficient to provide a "basis for valid conclusions. I'his
ineffectiveness of the multi-plate artificial substrates can "be
attributed to the exposure period. The artificial substrates
were placed in deep riffles, pools, on the bottom, suspended, wel.I ,
above the bottom, both horizontally and vertically oriented. The
four week exposure periods used for this study were not long enough
for the colonization of the macroinvertebrat.es, It feat; been shown
(Pullner (6)} that macroinvertebrates t-ii.ll colonize an artificial
substrate, similar to the one used in this study, sufficiently in
8-10 weeks to obtain reliable results. Fullner's study was con-
ducted on a large river compared to the small streams sampled
during this study but this should not significantly affeet the
colonization of the artificial substrates. ' '"
The single bottom sample collected at each of the twelve
stations was used almost exclusively for evaluating the four sites.
Statistically5 a single bottom sample is not totally reliable for
malting a biological evaluation of a given stream reach:, nowever,
these data are much more reliable than the artificial substrate-
data,
The level of tazonomie identification affects the classifi-
cation of organisms into their respective tolerance groups. Taxa.
69
-------
were placed in Class I if the literature aad data indicated that
most members of that group were sensitive' to mine drainage. Tasa
were placed in Class II if most members of that group demonstrated
some tolerance to mine drainage. The family level of identifica-
tion for the crustaceans and insects becomes critical for,, the
Class II organisms because a family is placed in Class II if only
one genus or species of that family is facultative. The families
Sialictae. and ChronoKidae have repeatedly demonstrated that they
are predominantly tolerant to mine drainage - and, therefore are
placed in Class< III.
This treatment plant was the most ineffective of the three
facilities studied4 The Taeathie community was severely depressed
immediately below the discharge and only slightly improved veil
below the discharge. There were several factors impairing the
effectiveness of this treatment plant. The size of the receiving
stream was of prime importance and for low flow periods represents
nearly the entire flow of the receiving stream, In other words,
there is no significant dilution of this discharge by the receiving
stream. This discharge would not affect the biota of a large stream
nearly as much as it affected this unnamed tributary of Pike Run*
70
-------
As mentioned earlier» the BerciK. facility ted been upgraded
"by the addition of a, liiaer • as electrical aerator shortly Be-
fore this plant, selected for study* However» due to the
accxmuf atlon of sludge smierial ia the ponds and the reduced
retention time, -it appears doubtful that any significant improve-
ment occurred in the water quality of the final effluent. In
March 1973» Joses L'aughlin Steel Corporation reported, that a
sludge removal would be initiated at the Bercik facility.
Hie end result of .this operations ia eonaeetion with the upgraded
treatment procedures should result itt the production of a final
effluent exhibit iaproved crater quality. This is of particular
• importance with-respect to the iacreased efficiency in the removal
of suspended iroa. Shis suspended iron represented the major por-
tion of the total Iroa coaoentration and primarily responsible
for the poor aesthetic appearance of a downstream portion of the
receiving stream..
flie Kefover Treatment Plant is the most efficient treatment
plant of the three studied. As the results demonstrates the 'ben-
thos a&.this site were-somewhat adversely affected but not to the
extent that they were at the two otter treatment plants. The re-
tention time in the settling pond and the dilution factor of the
'71
-------
receiving stream are the principal fe&tures of this treatment
plant. Hie plant is relative^ new lias not had time to build
up large quantities of sludge in the settling pond, thus giving
the treated water an adequate settling period. The receiving
stream Is large? than the discharge and dilutes the remaining
chemical constituents of the discharge to a tolerable level.
Copper and sine were significantly reduced by the Kefover
treatment . These metals were reduced from . an average ini-
tial concentration .of 88 ug/1 and 527 ug/1 to an average of 8 ug/1
and 103 tig/1 s respectively. In initial aluminum concentration was
completely removed by the treatment -procedure on "both occasions
when initially present.
PM1T
From the.chemical standpoint under -Boraal operation con-
ditions, this plant is as effective as the Kef over freatment Plant.
However, slugs of acid water are apparently released., on occasion,
from this plant and reduce its overall treatment capability. These
slugs occur when sludge is being pitnrped from the raw water holding
pond. When the raw water pond is being cleaned, the raw water is
pumped to the treated water settling pond and mixed with mter that
has "been treated, fhis mirtwe of treated and untreated water then
discharges to the receiving stream. She plant was operating under
-------
these conditions during the first sample collection.
If there were no slugs released from this plant, its effec-
tiveness would probably be equal to that of the Kefover Treatment
Plant,
An average initial aluminum concentration of 50 sig/1 was
completely removed by the treatment procedure. Similar signifi-
cant reductions were apparent for nickel and zinc and., to a lesser
degree^ for several other trace metals,
CONTROL STATION - LYKCH BOREHOLE
As previously mentioneds the discharge from this borehole
severely degrades the water quality of Little Indian Creek and
nearly eliminates all macroinvertebrates. The" data collected
from the study area at this site demonstrates the affects of an
untreated discharge upon the stream, water quality and the benthos
of the receiving stream.
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JL&L
106
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B1RCIK PLAIT
STATION B-l
STATIC)! B-2
•2,10
STATION B-3
KSPOWR PLANT
kko
m
STATION B-4
338
2.1*0
STATIC! B-5
STATIC! B~6
THOMPSOI PLANT
321 2,98
i!
STATI01 B-7
2.42
as.
STATION B-8
211 .2,06
STATION B-9
LYNCH BOREHOtS
2.3k
111
STATIOI B-10
ui-L-i-i
STATION B-ll
.1.1
STATION B-12
500-
OP
INDIVIDUALS
PEE SQ. FT.
DIYERSITI INDEX
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste-water*
Thirteenth Edition. Aiaerican Public Health Association,,
Inc. 1971.
2. Griffith, R.s 1972, A eomparative Study of Benthie Macrofauaal
Production by Standing Crop in a Stream Affected "by
Acid Mine Drainage, A Thesis Submitted to Michigan
State University in Partial Fulfillment of the Re-
quirements of the Degree of Master of Science, De~
partsient of Fisheries and Wildlife,
3. Reppert, H. T., unknown,-Aquatic Life and the Acid Reaction,
Hattural Besources Institute» University of Maryland.
k. Mnsittores B. H., 19689 The Aquatic Ecology of Tom*s Bun,
Clarion County, Pennsylvania- Preceding Watershed
Reclamations A leport to the Pennsylvania Department
of Mines and Mineral Industries, Bureau of Coal Be-
search aafi the Pennsylvania Department of Health,
Bureau of Sanitary Engineering, Division of Water
Quality. Publication 21.
5. Wilhm, J« L., 196?* Comparison of Some Diversity Indices
Applied to Populations of Benthic Macroinverte'brates
in a Stream Receiving Organic Wastes, Jour. Water
Poll. Cent. Fed.; 39 (10): 1673 - 1683.
6. Pullner, R. W. 1969? A Comparison of Benthic Macroinvertebrates
Collected "by Rock-Filled and Modified Multi-Plate
Samplers, P.W.P.C.A. Ohio Basin P.8gion5 Upper Ohio
Basin Office, Wheeling, W, Ya1? At tl^e 17th Annual
Meeting of the Midwest Benthological Society,
Kentucky Dam Village.
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