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U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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EFFECTS OF OCEAN DUMPING ACTIVITY
MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT - 1976
INTERIM REPORT
July 1977
EPA Report Collection
Information Resource Center
US EPA Region 3
Philadelphia, m 19107
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION- III 6th and Walnut Streets. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
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EPA 903/9-77-029
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" EFFECTS OF OCEAN DUMPING ACTIVITY
MID-ATLANTIC BIGHT - 1976
INTERIM REPORT
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Compiled and Edited by
I Donald W. Lear
Marria L. O'Malley
I Susan K. Smith
I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis Field Office
_ Annapolis, Maryland 21401
I July 1977
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_ Project Officer
William C. Muir
I U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
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This report has been reviewed by Region III, EPA, and
approved for publication. Approval does not signify
that the contents necessarily reflect the views and
policies of the Environmental Protection Agency, nor
does the mention of trade names or commercial products
constitute endorsement or recommendation for use.
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CONTENTS
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF TABLES
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
CONCLUSIONS
INTRODUCTION
METHODOLOGY
REGIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM
Hydrography
Metals in Sediments
Temporal Trends of Metals in Sediments
from 1973 until 1977
Total Organic Carbon in Sediments
Organohalogens in Sediments
Apparent Mortalities of Arctica islandica
Effects of Anoxic Condition
INTENSIVE GRID MONITORING PROGRAM
Bathymetry
Metals and Total Organic Carbon in Sediments
Comparison of Intensive Grid with Regional Grid
Temporal Trends of Metals in Sediments
Distribution of Infauna in Intensive Grid
Incidence of Diseased Organisms
BACTERIOLOGY
REFERENCES
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5 Distribution of Salinity - Operation Touchstone 12
Cruise 75-VI, December 1975
6 Distribution of Temperature - Operation Pickup 13
Cruise 76-1, June 1976
| 7 Distribution of Salinity - Operation Pickup 14
Cruise 76-1, June 1976
I 8 Distribution of Temperature - Operation Hotspot 15
Cruise 76-11, August 1976
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LIST OF FIGURES
Page
1 Area of Study 4
2 Historical Stations, Intensive Grid, 5
EPA Ocean Disposal Monitoring Program
3 Historical Station Locations 10
4 Distribution of Temperature - Operation Touchstone n
Cruise 75-VI, December 1975
9 Distribution of Temperature - Operation Mogul 16
Cruise 77-1, February 1977
110 Distribution of Salinity - Operation Mogul 17
Cruise 77-1, February 1977
111 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments (mg/kg) 23
Operation Touchstone, December 1975
_ 12 Iron in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Touchstone 24
December 1975
13 Nickel in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Touchstone 25
December 1975
14 Lead in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Touchstone 26
December 1975
15 Chromium in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation 27
Touchstone, December 1975
16 Copper in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Touchstone 28
December 1975
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| 17 Zinc in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Touchstone 29
December 1975
I 18 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments (mg/kg) 32
Operation Hotspot, August 1976
119 Nickel in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 33
August 1976
20 Lead in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 34
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August 1976
21 Chromium in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 35
August 1976
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_ 22 Zinc in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 36
August 1976
23 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments (mg/kg) 39
Operation Hotspot, August 1976
24 Nickel in Sediments (mg/kg) Operation Mogul 40
February 1977
25 Lead in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 41
_ February 1977
* 26 Chromium in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 42
February 1977
27 Copper in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 43
February 1977
J| 28 Zinc in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 44
February 1977
29 Temporal Distribution of Iron in Sediments, Mean, 51
Standard Deviation and Range
130 Temporal Distribution of Nickel in Sediments, Mean, 52
Standard Deviation and Range
131 Temporal Distribution of Chromium in Sediments, Mean, 53
Standard Deviation and Range
32 Temporal Distribution of Zinc in Sediments, Mean, 54
Standard Deviation and Range
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Temporal Distribution of Lead in Sediments, Mean,
Standard Deviation and Range
Temporal Distribution of Copper in Sediments,
Mean, Standard Deviation and Range
Temporal Distribution of Total Organic Carbon in
Sediments, Mean, Standard Deviation and Range
PCB (Arochlor 1254) in Sediments, Mean, Standard
Deviation and Range
Arctica islandica, Apparent Recent Mortality
Live Arctica and Clappers
Area! Extent of Oxygen Depleted Bottom Water
(<2 ppm 02) Mid-September 1976 (NMFS, Sandy
Hook, New Jersey, Unpublsihed data.
Distribution of "Dark" and "Clean" Sediments
Operation Touchstone, December 1975
Distribution of "Dark" and "Clean" Sediments
Operation Hotspot, August 1976
Distribution of "Dark" and "Clean" Sediments
Operation Mogul, February 1977
Distribution of "Dark" and "Clean" Sediments
Operations Touchstone, Hotspot and Mogul
Bathymetry of Intensive Grid Area, Depths in Feet
Operation Mogul, February 1977
Grid Station Locations, Operation Touchstone
December 1975
Total Organic Carbon (mg/kg dry wt) Operation
Touchstone, December 1975
Chromium (mg/kg dry wt) Operation Touchstone
December 1975
Zinc (mg/kg dry wt) Operation Touchstone
December 1975
Iron (mg/kg dry wt) Operation Touchstone
December 1975
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50 Copper (mg/kg dry wt)-Operation Touchstone 94
_ December 1975
51 Nickel (mg/kg dry wt) - Operation Touchstone 95
December 1975
52 Lead (mg/kg dry wt) - Operation Touchstone 96
December 1975
I 53 Cadmium (mg/kg dry wt) - Operation Touchstone 97
December 1975
| 54 Intensive Grid, Loran C Locations and Station 101
Numbers,- Operation Hotspot, August 1976
155 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments (mg/kg) 102
Operation Hotspot, August 1976
V 56 Nickel in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 103
August 1976
57 Lead in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 104
August 1976
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_. 58 Chromium in Sediments (mg/kg)-0peration Hotspot 105
August 1976
59 Zine in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Hotspot 106
ff August 1976
60 Intensive Grid, Loran C Locations and Station 110
Numbers, Operation Mogul - February 1977
61 Total Organic Carbon in Sediments (mg/kg) 111
ซ Operation Mogul -February 1977
62 Nickel in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 112
February 1977
63 Lead in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 113
February 1977
| 64 Chromium in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 114
February 1977
I 65 Zinc in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 115
February 1977
166 Copper in Sediments (mg/kg) - Operation Mogul 116
February 1977
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77 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 141
ซ December 1975 - Potamilla neglecta
78 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 142
December 1975 - Lumbrinereis impatiens
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67 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 131
December 1975 - Protodrilus sp.
68 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 132
December 1975 - Nematodes
69 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 133
December 1975 - Goniadella gracilis
70 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 134
December 1975 - Parapionosyllis longicirrata
71 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 135
December 1975 - Sphaerosyllis erinaceus
72 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 136
December 1975 - Aglaophamus circinata
73 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 137
December 1975 - Stauronereis caecus
74 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 138
December 1975 - Spiophanes bombyx
75 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 139
December 1975 - Minuspio japom'ca
76 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 140
December 1975 - Exogone hebes
79 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 143
December 1975 - Lumbrinereis acuta
80 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 144
December 1975 - Aricidea jeffreysii
81 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 145
December 1975 - Aricidea suecia
82 Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone 146
December 1975 - Aricidea neosuecia
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Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Byblis serrata
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Trichophoxis epistomis
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Ape! i sea vadorum
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Praxillella "B"
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Number of Species
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Number of Individuals
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Simpson's Index
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Species Richness
Distribution of Infauna - Operation Touchstone
December 1975 - Shannon-Weaver Index
Cancer irroratus with Lesions
Flow Diagram of the Coliform Analysis Methodology
Operation Mogul, February 1977
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LIST OF TABLES
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1 Metals in Sediments, Total Organic Carbon, Iron, 20
Nickel - Operation Touchstone, Cruise 75-VI -
Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Historical Stations
2 Metals in Sediments, Lead, Chromium, Copper - 21
Operation Touchstone, Cruise 75-VI - Duncan's
Multiple Range Test Historical Stations
3 Metals in Sediments, Zind - Operation Touchstone, 22
Cruise 75-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Historical Stations
4 Metals in Sediments, Total Organic Carbon, 30
Chromium - Operation Hotspot, Cruise 76-11 -
Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Historical Stations
5 Metals in Sediments, Nickel, Lead, Zinc - 31
Operation Hotspot Cruise 76-11 - Duncan's
Multiple Range Test, Historical Stations
6 Metals in Sediments, Total Organic Carbon, 37
Chromium, Nickel - Operation Mogul, Cruise 77-1 -
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
7 Metals in Sediments, Copper, Lead, Zinc - 38
Operation Mogul, Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple
Range Test
8 Metals in Sediments, Historical Stations 47
9 PCB (Arochlor 1242, 1254) in Ocean Sediments 61
10 Chi-square Analysis of "Dark" and "Clean" Areas With 72
Organic Carbon Concentrations
11 Repeat Observations of "Dark" and "Clean" Areas, Grid 77
12 Metals in Sediments, Total Organic Carbon - Operation 82
Touchstone, Cruise 76-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range
Test, Grid Stations
13 Metals in Sediments, Chromium - Operation Touchstone, 83
Cruise 76-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Grid
Stations
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14 Metals in Sediments, Zinc - Operation Touchstone, 84
Cruise 75-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Grid Stations
15 Metals in Sediments, Iron - Operation Touchstone, 85
Cruise 75-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Grid Stations
16 Metals in Sediments, Copper - Operation Touchstone, 86
Cruise 75-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Grid Stations
17 Metals in Sediments, Nickel - Operation Touchstone, 87
Cruise 76-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Grid Stations
18 Metals in Sediments, Lead - Operation Touchstone, 88
Cruise 76-VI - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Grid Stations
19 Metals in Sediments, Total Organic Carbon - 98
Operation Hotspot, Cruise 76-11 - Duncan's
Multiple Range Test, Grid Stations
20 Metals in Sediments, Nickel and Zinc - Operation 99
Hotspot, Cruise 76-11 - Duncan's Multiple Range
Test, Grid Stations
21 Metals in Sediments, Chromium and Lead - Operation 100
Hotspot, Cruise 76-11 - Duncan's Multiple Range
Test, Grid Stations
22 Metals in Sediments, Copper and Total Organic 107
Carbon - Operation Mogul, Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's
Multiple Range Test, Grid Stations
23 Metals in Sediments, Nickel and Chromium - Operation 108
Mogul, Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
Grid Stations
24 Metals in Sediments, Zinc and Lead - Operation Mogul, 109
Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test, Grid
Stations
25 Metals in Sediments, Total Organic Carbon, Operation 118
Mogul, Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
All Stations
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126 Metals in Sediments, Chromium - Operation Mogul, 119
Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
All Stations
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27 Metals in Sediments, Nickel - Operation Mogul, 120
Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
All Stations
28 Metals in Sediments, Copper - Operation Mogul, 121
Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
All Stations
29 Metals in Sediments, Lead - Operation Mogul, 122
Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
All Stations
30 Metals in Sediments, Zinc - Operation Mogul, 123
Cruise 77-1 - Duncan's Multiple Range Test,
All Stations
31 Metals in Sediments, Intensive Grid Area 125
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32 Correlation of Benthic Infauna with Environmental 130
_ Parameters, Spearman's Rank Correlation
33 Bacteriological Data - Operation Hotspot, - 160
August 1976
* 34 Bacteriological Data - Operation Mogul 164
February 1977
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, wishes to
H acknowledge the many persons and institutions who have participated
in these multi-faceted monitoring studies.
1 Special acknowledgement must go to the director and staff of the
ซ Annapolis Field Office, EPA Region III; Patricia Johnson made the many
metals determinations, Norman Fritsche the total organic carbon analyses
and R. Si grid Kayser the organohalogen determinations. Margaret Munro
willingly typed the many tables and text of the manuscript.
The EPA Environmental Research Laboratory, Narragansett, Rhode
Island, has provided personnel for cruises and initiated special studies,
The EPA Wheeling Field Office assisted in these cruises. Chris Ostrom,
Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and Robert Davis, EPA Region
III, were especially effective participants on cruises. Capt. James
Verber, Cdrs. Adams and Gaines, U.S. Food and Drug Administration,
m Davisville, Rhode Island, provided expertise in bacteriological analyses
and sampling.
I Special thanks must go to the officers and crew of the U.S. Coast
Guard Cutter ALERT, Cape May, New Jersey, for their willing support and
" excellent navigation in oceanographic operations. Cdr. Michael O'Brien
and his successor, Cdr. Donald Ramsden were especially helpful in
conduct of the field phases.
g It is difficult to completely list all persons to whom grateful
acknowledgements are due, and many others not listed have materially
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contributed to the program.
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CONCLUSIONS
1. Significantly high concentrations of metals known to be
I present in City of Philadelphia sewage sludge can be found on
occasion at points in the sediments in and near the sludge release
8 site. Several bands with consistently high concentrations of metals,
m in association with high organic carbon, have been partially identified
and have persisted for at least fourteen months in and adjacent to the
southern part of the sludge release site.
2. Ambient concentrations of the metals in question have been
derived by statistical comparisons over a three year period.
3. Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB's) were widely distributed
in concentrations that may be inimical to marine organisms. The time
M distribution indicated cyclical inputs, possibly from the coastal zone.
Localized areas of high impact, associated with other parameters from
sewage sludge, have been identified.
4. Mortalities of the mahogany clam, Arctica islandica, were
indicated at loci in and near the ocean dumping activity.
ฃ 5. The large areas of anoxic waters off New Jersey in summer 1976
_ apparently did not extend into this study area, judging from relative
mortalities of macrobenthic fauna.
W 6. Detailed bathymetry of the persistently impacted area south
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of the sludge release site indicates gentle geomorphic features may
affect the aggregation of dumped materials.
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7. Statistically significant changes of the benthic infaunal
communities are occurring in the impacted area south of the sewage
sludge release site.
I 8. A preliminary indication of diseased macrofauna associated
with the impacted area was found in February 1977.
9. Molluscan shellfish in the vicinity of the sewage sludge
site appear to harbor bacteria of sanitary significance.
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INTRODUCTION
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The ecological effects of a populous technological society on
I the environment became incerasingly pronounced and obvious in the
past two decades. Legislation in the early 1970's was passed to
recognize and control deleterious effects on the environment.
The Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries Act of 1972
(PL 92-532, the "ocean dumping act") was passed to regulate ocean
| dumping activities. One requirement of this legislation is a knowl-
edge of the ecological effects of ocean dumping activities as a
condition for the issuance of permits.
EPA Region III, in May 1973, initiated a field monitoring program
on two active dumpsites located approximately 40 miles east of the
| Delaware-Maryland seacoast. A program was designed with emphasis on
ซ the longer term, more persistent effects, especially on the benthic
environment, as contrasted to the more transient effects in the water
I column. EPA research laboratories in Narragansett, Rhode Island, and
Corvallis, Oregon, were instrumental in the initial efforts. Many
| other persons and institutions, as noted in the acknowledgements, have
M participated.
The site locations of the area of study are shown in Figure 1.
Station locations are shown in Figures 2 and 3.
Several reports have been issued by EPA on the earlier phases of
I this program (Palmer and Lear, 1973; Lear, Smith and O'Malley, 1974;
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Lear, 1974; Lear and Pesch, 1975) as well as summaries of program
Ij results at ocean dumping permit hearings, which information is
available at EPA Region III, Philadelphia, Pa.
| Several reports related to these studies have recently become
ฃ available. Forns (1977) has described the phytoplankton and zoo-
plankton findings from these cruises. Palmer et al. (1976) have
described the results of recording current meter observations and
inferred bedload transport in this area. Demenkow and Wiekramaratne
I (1976) have developed a mathematical model of dispersal and settling
of sewage sludge into this environment. Klemas et al. (1976) have
reported on circulation studies in this area, conducted with radar-
I tracked drogues. Marine Research, Inc. (1975, 1975, 1976, 1976) has
produced a series of reports, under contract with EPA Region III,
M with detailed identification, enumeration and relationships of the
benthic infauna of this area. Interstate Electronics Corp. (1977)
under contract to EPA, has compiled an extensive and exhaustive data
I bank pertinent to this area, from many sources.
This report will be primarily concerned with results of the most
" recent four cruises (Operation Touchstone, December 1975; Operation
Pickup, June 1976; Operation Hotspot, August 1976; Operation Mogul,
February 1977) covering the span of time from winter 1975 to date.
I In the past year several noteworthy events have been noted on
the continental shelf of the Mid-Atlantic Bight:
1. An insurgence of interest on the Mid-Atlantic continental
shelf as an ecosystem was engendered by the prospects of oil production.
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* The results of the necessary environmental studies are beginning to
become available, with substantially increased information expected
in the next year or so.
| 2. There was a cessation of dumping of industrial acid wastes
at the nearby site in October 1976.
* 3. The track of Hurricane Belle indicated the eye of this small,
V fast moving storm passed approximately over the dumpsite in August 1976.
4. A major area of dissolved oxygen depletion was noted, involving
I thousands of square miles off the New Jersey coast.
5. The winter of 1977 was atypically cold, and some measured
parameters indicate the effects of this weather could be found on the
continental shelf.
The data presented herein do not represent all of the studies in
m this ocean dumping monitoring program. Many samples remain archived
awaiting analysis, and many other data have not yet been plotted and
analyzed. This report summarizes some of the more salient aspects
of these investigations, primarily during the calendar year 1976.
This report is, in essence, a progress report. Field investigations
and summarization of data are continuing.
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FIGURE 1
AREA OF STUDY
40'
77'
40T
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77'
78'
74'
SCALE IN MILES
10 20 30 40 50
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38* 30
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33* 00'
32
33
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FIGURE;.-?
20
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G-19
/ 922
D
23
F
HISTORICAL STATIONS "T INTENSIVE GRIQ-1
sฐ
EPA OCEAN DISPOSAL .MONITORING PROGRAM-
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" METHODOLOGY
W Sampling on all three cruises was from the USCGC ALERT, a 210'
Cutter based at Cape May, New Jersey and modified for oceanographic
operations. Navigation was done with the Coast Guard "Seal ad" modifi-
I cation of Loran C, with digital readout in yards from preassigned
location. Depth recordings were made on the ship's EDO recording
fathometer.
Hydrographic determinations were made using a mechanical BT
for temperature and depth and/or conductivities, temperature and
Q salinity by a Beckman RS-5 field induction salinometer. Salinity
_ values were verified in the laboratory with random grab samples run on a
* Beckman RS-7C bench top salinometer.
I Water samples for bacteriological analyses were taken by a Niskin
hinge sampler with sterile PE bags.
I Bottom grabs at historical monitoring stations were made using a
ซ Shipek sediment sampler. Four replicates were taken at each station.
The first grab was sacrificed for bacteriological subsamples and
flj organohalogens. Sediment for organohalogen determination was put in
hexane washed quart jars with teflon lids and stowed for laboratory
0 analysis.
ซ Three grabs were sampled for metals, sediment size, total organic
carbon, and the remainder for infauna.
A small polyethylene cup was filled with sediment for metals analyses,
a small glass vial for TOC. These were then quick frozen on dry ice. A
6 oz. whirlpak was partially filled for sediment size and stowed.
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The remainder of the sample was placed in a gallon polyethylene
jar, preserved with 10% buffered formalin and stowed for subsequent
infauna sorting and identification.
At stations in the intensive grid one Smith-Mclntyre grab was
made at each station and three replicates for each parameter sampled
from the single grab.
H Macrofauna was collected using a Fall River rocking chair dredge.
Laboratory methods can be found in Palmer and Lear (1973), Lear
" and Pesch (1975) and Marine Research, Inc. (1975).
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, REGIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM
HYDROGRAPHY
Station locations and the planar depth presentation of hydro-
graphic data are shown in Figure 3.
The distribution of temperature in December 1975 is shown in
Figure 4, with cooler surface waters intruding into the area from the
northwest. No vertical stratification was evident.
The distribution of salinity (Figure 5) indicates the input of
fresher waters from the coast at this season.
The distribution of temperature in June 1976, Operation Pickup,
shows the typical thermocline development and orientation of isotherms
approximating the isobaths (Figure 6). Warmer surface waters were
B evident inshore. Temperatures below the thermocline were typical for
this season.
Salinities showed very little variation laterally or with depth,
and were generally slightly greater than 32 ฐ/00 (Figure 7). One
station at the southeast portion of the study area showed anomalously
high values.
In August 1976 the waters were at midsummer temperatures, with
thermocline developed, and surface waters with no distributional
patterns (Figure 8). The thermocline was 16 to 20 meters, as usually
_ found.
The winter of 1977 was atypically cold in the eastern United States,
This was reflected on the continental shelf with water temperatures of
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less than 3ฐC extending out on the shelf. The warmest waters were again
found at the southeast corner of the study area (Figure 9).
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The distribution of salinity showed the typically higher values
characteristic of winter conditions. A tongue of slightly fresher water
was indicated extending from the shore in center of the study area. No
pronounced stratification with depth was noted (Figure 10).
These observations indicate that in the time span noted, hydro-
graphic features were those characteristic of this area (Bumpus, 1974).
The presence of the major Delaware estuary was noted with the tongue
of fresher surface water penetrating the study area. The winter of 1977
was atypically cold, and the inshore waters were especially affected by
the meteorological phenomenon.
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FIGURE 3
HISTORICAL STATION LOCATIONS
38ฐ50''
N
xf^:
40 METERS
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FIGURE 4
DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
38ฐ50'
11.3 ,11.6
11.0
o ซio.
j. ซ ,
,10 f6
,10.9 *11.3
U'3 .13.6
11.2
40 METERS
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FIGURE 5
DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
* .31.6.31.^3*2J^;
40 METERS
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FIGURE 6
DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE
Operation Pickup - Cruise 76-1
June 1976
38ฐ50'
14.5
40 METERS
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FIGURE 7
DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY
Operation Pickup - Cruise 76-1
June 1976
31.6ป3 ' .32.0 .31.9
40 METERS
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FIGURE 8
DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE
Operation Hotspot - Cruise 76-1
August 1976
38ฐ50' ^BT Observat1ons)
40 METERS
I
-------
I
I
FIGURE 9
DISTRIBUTION OF TEMPERATURE
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
February 1977
38ฐ50' J
1
40 METERS
I
-------
FIGURE 10
DISTRIBUTION OF SALINITY
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
February 1977
3^\35.5 35 35.5
40 METERS
-------
I
1
_ REGIONAL MONITORING PROGRAM
I
I
HISTORICAL STATIONS - METALS IN SEDIMENTS
A major component of the monitoring of this continental shelf
I
environment was the determination of the maximum temporal and spatial
extent of measurable inputs of pollutants on the sea floor. The
routine monitoring station grid (historical) stations, covering
2
approximately 40 x 50 mile (2000 mi ) area, was designed to determine
the ambient levels of parameters, to identify areas impacted, to
estimate the extent of translocation of deposited materials, and to
ฃ determine other possible inputs to the area.
_ A series of tables and figures (Tables 1-7 and Figures 11-28)
" show the distribution of metals in sediments on cruises Touchstone
(December 1975), Hotspot (August 1976) and Mogul (February 1977).
The tables display results of analysis by Duncan's new multiple range
I test, with three sample replications (Steele and Torrie,1960). Lines along
_ the ranked columns of concentrations include sets statistically related
at the 0.05 probability level.
fl Considering the data for this period, Stations A and D showed no
elevations of concentrations of any metal on any of the three cruises.
I Station A, the northernmost of the monitoring stations, was probably
M outside the influence of dumping activity, with known circulation
patterns primarily to the northeast and southwest from the release
ff sites.
i
-------
I
I
Station D, between the acid waste site and the sludge site, is
fl located on one of two fairly prominent small elevations known to the
fishermen as the "sausages". As indicated in the discussions on
bathymetry, such elevations are probably more readily swept clean of
m such materials as may be deposited thereon.
The stations with most evidence of increased concentrations of
I metals were 9, 20, 22, G-19, 6-34, C, and F. Stations 9, 22, 6-34
and F were generally south of the dumping activity, in the path of
known net water movement. Stations C and 20 were on the western sector.
of the industrial acid waste release site. Station G-19, first occupied
in June 1975, has consistently shown evidence of a catastrophic impaction
M of metals and mortalities of mahogany clams.
The metals in sediments at these stations indicate intermittent
residence of high concentrations of metals on the benthos at sites over
W a wide area, most commonly to the westerly and southerly directions
from the release sites. Certain areas, such as the aforementioned
Stations C, G-19, 20, 9, G-34, and F showed consistently higher concen-
trations of metals than other stations. This may be as a result of a
local more permanent residence of materials or possibly multiple input
fl events.
I
I
-------
TABLE 1
I
I
I
I
I
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I
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f
1
I
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I
1
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1
1
P"~
CU
^
o
2r c
fO
CU
s
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p~
rO
i ^
co
j [
>
rC-P
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cu cu
CO 1
" ' 1
P-"
CO 3 CU CO
H- S- 05 C
2: c_> c o
LU (O !
5ฃ i o2 -P
i i (O
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LU C i CO
co o **"*
I* "'"'" tf
21 CO -P rO O
ii _c c o cฃ
0 3 !- 1-H
co a s: s-
_J O O C
co
C_5
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p^
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ro
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j
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ra
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co
_ __________ _ __ _ ^_____ 2;
co to fซ^ co co CM LO *^* CM ^i" *& co ^o r^ซซ r*^* co r^*
CMtOtOUDr^COCOCTiCMCMCMCMLOCOLOCOr-^
OOOOOOOOi i i i i CMCMCMCO
f ^ ^Q ^i |*^ i , i PX^ ^. ฃj-j ^. ^\j fir) ^^ 1 1 ^- rjj^ r\j t ^
CO i CM i CM CO, CM
1 1
CO O
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r*^ซ co C5 ^* ^^~ co *ซQ CM co ^~ co LO oo ^r co co co LO
LO C^ P^NI CO *ปQ ^O O^ CO CO CT^ LO CTV P^* OO LO LO P*1* r"~
cno^o
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CD CD
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, r- r CM
cQCMcoacMeCcocor^ijj^j-CMcr>^i-u_^}-cnc_)
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20
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1
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CO 3 CU to
I S- 0> C
2: o c o
LU (O !-
2: I Qi 4->
it (O
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LU E i ซ
^= i O
U 3 !-
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to
E
O
0
(C
i. I
cu
Q.
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JD
Q_
(O
4->
GO
OJ
+J
+J
oo
TABLE 2
o CM to r~. co co co i LO co o CM
V
CM
CM CO
co co i
I I
O3 CD
^j- CQ r**** r*1^ t-Q o^ r"1" * ^ซป r^1* co ^~~ co ^3 *^j- r*** ^~ vo co
CO j" ^ OO vj ^O ^T^ c^"j p c^ c\J
-------
t
I
TABLE 3
1
1
1
I
1
I
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1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1 4
>
in
0) O)
00 1
CO 3 <1> to
\ S- CD S=
z: o c o
LU fO T-
2: 1 Cฃ 4J
* i co
Q aj QJ -i->
LU E r CO
2: to +-> n3
l l _C i CJ
O 3 !
oo 3 s: s-
_J 0 0
et ( CO -M
| - 00
s: o n3 nr
r- O
fO Z3
S- 0
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a.
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to
-M
CO
CTปi r-^fOi
-------
38ฐ 30'
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN SEDIMENT
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
*single observation
23
-------
2615 )
38ฐ 30'
IRON IN SEDIMENTS(mg/kg)
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
*single observation
-------
38ฐ 30'
NICKEL IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
*single observation
-------
38ฐ 30'
LEAD IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
*single ovservation
-------
Chromium in Sediments (mg/kg)
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
*single observation
-------
COPPER IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg
28
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
* single ovservation
o
o
o
^f
r-
-------
ZINC IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION TOUCHSTONE
Cruise 75-VI
December 1975
*singie observation
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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I
I
1
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TABLE 4
E
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C
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EPnH
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g1^ QJ
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LU S- rO T-
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HH (C
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LU i CO
CO 4-> CX
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^> IL* ^* fO
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!-> 3 V-
co o s: s-
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I cr - to
LU O E -r-
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fO E
S- 3
O) Q
CL
O
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1
(
r- 1
-=-
E nooor^i~^t^ooooocoror^cnr^i^.Lor-~
to LncMซd-ซ=i-vor~.coooconroiovฃ)cocPtCMoocM
S r CMCMCMCMCMCMcooonnroro O
fO ^" CO OJ r-~ CO CO OJ r OJ OJ
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T3 '-^ P^ r*^ CO CO O^ OJ CO CO *^f* CO fO ^^ CO LO OJ CO **sf
i) oj c^i oj co oo ^^* LO LO r*** r*^ co co co o^ ^ ^j* ^^* LO
ฃ r i ^~
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3 etfv. COCMCriO
-------
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TABLE 5
M
fO
cu
ro
CO CM
CMCOCM
CO
CD
CM
C3
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n:
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1
-------
ORGANIC CARBON IN SEDIMENTS
OPERATION HOTSPOT
Cruise 76-11
August 1976
-------
NICKEL IN SEDIMENTS (mq/kq)
OPERATION HOTSPOT
Cruise 76-11
August 1976
-------
LEAD IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION HOTSPOT
Cruise 76-11
August 1976
-------
f*6.27 >
38ฐ 30'
CHROMIUM IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION HOTSPOT
Cruise 76-11
August 1976
-------
I
I
I
I
I
4
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
38ฐ 30'-
38ฐ 00'-
4.73ซ
(, 1 57
ZINC IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION HOTSPOT
Cruise 76-11
August 1976
3.00__
o
o
36
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
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I
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I
I
TABLE 6
O!
-X
u
oocoooorvr^ooocoocooot^coooooo
C>OC3C3OC)C3r-^i-^rri i i-^i-^^-CMCMOO
to
4->
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CO i OO CM r OO CM r CM
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r-. r CJ rs
iiT 1
cซ,5 8
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CMCM
CM OO CM r r CO OO
r i cMCMoooooo*5-<3-ซd-ซ=i-Lnr^.cocoO[ vo
COOO
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-------
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TABLE 7
oo
1
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^*
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Q
LU
OO
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oo
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1 1 1
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P;
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C^
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0) to
O) C
E O
fO *^>
Qi -M
fO Ol
fO
f o ซ
3 'i "O
^^ L* (O
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to -M _J
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^f* r^*ป CM CM r^s r^ซ en en o CM oo vo r CM oo r^ co < r^.
"~
CMOO CMi r- OOOO i CM CM
1 1
CJ3 O
in in oo e^ f*^ซ e^ oo un co c^ co co i^** co oo r^ป co r^
cooootor>.cnooo=fCMoo
-------
/850/j
JTS (mg/kg)
TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN SEDIME
OPERATION MOGUL
Cruise 77-1
February 1977
-------
NICKEL IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION MOGUL
Cruise 77-1
February 1977
40
o
o
-------
I* 3.30 I
LEAD IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION MOGUL
Cruise 77-1
February 1977
-------
CHROMIUM IN SEDIMENTS (nig/
OPERATION MOGUL
Cruise 77-1
February 1977
g)
42
O
o
o
^-
r--
-------
COPPER IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION MOGUL
Cruise 77-1
February 1977
-------
38ฐ 30'
ZINC IN SEDIMENTS (mg/kg)
OPERATION MOGUL
Cruise 77-1
February 1977
-------
I
I
TEMPORAL TRENDS OF METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Considering temporal trends of metals on the continental shelf,
Table 8 shows a summary of mean concentrations of metals at these
_
stations since the inception of the program. Figures 29 , 30, 31 , 32,
33 , and 34 show plots of mean, standard deviation and range as a
function of time. Cadmium was not graphed because concentrations were
| generally indeterminate. The means reflect ambient levels of metals
in this environment, and show no consistent fluctuations with season
or general increases as a function .of time. The standard deviations
I are an index of the normal variation to be expected. The ranges
plotted are particularly instructive for discriminating external
inputs to the environment, noting the atypical variations are nearly
m always towards high concentrations. These may affect the means and
standard deviations to some extent, but when present such influences
I can be taken into account.
As has been shown in previous reports (Lear and Pesch, 1975), the
I metals, with possible exception of lead, show significant linear regres-
sions with iron, which further indicates a relatively stable ambience
of these parameters.
The concentrations of iron in sediments, shown in Figure 29, show
means of the order of magnitude of 1500-2500 mg/kg dry wt., which
probably represents the ambient concentrations. Loadings greater than
approximately 3500-4500 mg/kg can be regarded as atypical, and should
be further investigated.
I
45
I
-------
1
Nickel in sediments (Figure 30) shows mean concentrations of the
order of magnitude of 1.0-2.0 mg/kg dry wt., and concentrations greater
than approximately 2.5 mg/kg should be viewed with suspicion.
| The ambient concentrations for chromium in sediments (Figure 31 )
_ were indicated to be 2.0-4.0 mg/kg.
* Zinc in sediments in this region apparently ranged from 4.0 to
7.0 mg/kg, with aberrant concentrations above levels of approximately
8 mg/kg.
| Lead concentrations generally averaged between 2.5 and 3.5 mg/kg,
H and concentrations greater than 4.5 mg/kg may indicate unusual inputs
to this system.
I The means of copper concentrations showed more variation than
the other metals (Figure 34) but no apparent cyclical or temporal
trends were evident. The ambient sediment concentrations would,
however, be approximately in the range of 0.5 to 2.0 mg/kg.
Cadmium concentrations, not graphed but shown in Table 8 , were
generally found to be less than 1 mg/kg. On the one cruise (Deep Six,
August 1974) with actual determinations, the mean at these stations
f was 0.08 mg/kg dry wt., giving~anTestimate of ambient levels.
I
I
I
I
46
I
-------
TABLE 8
1
tation A
ttch
es
ep Six
งdwatch
uchstone
tspot
Mogul
tation B
งatch
des
Deep Six
(idwatch
ouchstone
otspot
Jjlogul
"tation C
Ietch
des
Deep Six
Vidwatch
ouchstone
Hotspot
-------
^Station G-34
Fetch
ides
Deep Six
Midwatch
I Touchstone
Hotspot
Mogul
0.05
I
Station 2
I
I
I
I
Station 8
TABLE 8 (cont.)
METALS M SEDIMENTS
1
Ptation F
...
Fetch
งdes
eep Six
Midwatch
^Touchstone
Motspot
^logul
fctation G-19
m
Fetch
Edes
eep Six
Midwatch
Touchstone
Wotspot
Mogul
Cd
_
<1
0.12
<0.06
<0.05
_
<1.00 .
0.08
-
0.27
1 il_ 11 \t-~*~J Jb 1 1 ^ L_ h/ Jb t 1 1 I ป 1 /
Historical Stations
Cr Cu Fe
-
2.50
3.90
3.15
3.17
3.83
2.97
-
3.00
1.41
-
2.84
3.63
2.63
-
2
1.34
0.68
0.35
0.63
-
1.00
0.42
-
1.25
0.97
-
1957
4829
2255
1958
-
2031
2575
-
1958
Ni
-
1.50
2.80
0.90
1.56
0.90
1.77
-
1.00
1.04
-
1.27
1.30
2.63
Pb
-
6
4.80
4.30
2.46
0.50
2.80
.
5.00
4.31
-
4.20
1.77
4.07
Zn
-
5.50
9.67
5.05
6.04
6.16
6.67
-
7.00
5.00
-
6.13
7.57
8.70
3.60
3.00
2.40
;0.83
'0.70
2078
Fetch
ides
Deep Six
Midwatch
f Touchstone
Hotspot
Mogul
<1.00
<1.00
0.12
<0.06
0.05
. 3.00
2.60
2.07
4.33
3.41
2.23
2.03
<1.00
1.00
0.30
1.61
0.79
0.57
2508
2401
2481
3323
1695
2.37
0.80
1.73
4.51
1.47
9.50
6.41
5.70
7.23
1.00
1.20
0.83
2.11
1.24
0.13
0.83
4.50
8.20
2.
6.
3.
.91
.11
.89
0.50
2.40
5.00
8.60
4.45
10.02
5.57
4.20
4.70
Fetch
Ides
Deep Six
Midwatch
Touchstone
Hotspot
Mogul
<1.00
<1.00
0.12
<0.06
0.07
-
-
2.00
2.20
0.71
1.55
2.66
2.80
2.13
<1.00
1.40
0.26
0.53
0.32
-
0.70
1548
2179
1993
1459
1094
-
-
<1.00
1.60
0.31
0.43
0.66
<0.1
0.83
2.00
8.40
2.53
1.75
3.68
1.60
2.35
2.00
6.80
2.45
2.62
2.10
3.13
3.77
48
-------
TABLE 8 (cont.)
1
Jtation 9
-------
I
I
tation 23
tetch
des
Deep Six
fidwatch
ouchstone
Hotspot
Station 33
Station
Fetch
Ides
,Deep Six
Midwatch
Touchstone
kHotspot
Mogul
TABLE 8 (cont.)
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Historical Stations
Cd Cr Cu Fe Ni Pb Zn
IJetch
งdas
Deep Six
-------
FIGURE 29
I
t
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I
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I
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I
I
I
I
I
I-
.00
CO
1
/Cup 6>|/6iu
51
-------
FIGURE 30
LU
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
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1
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1
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I
1-
I
b--l
^>
*ฃ? Q
to.
CD
UD
-=r
/cup 6>i/6m
52
CD
-------
FIGURE 31
AUp 6>(/6iu
53
-------
FIGURE 32
-------
HGUKh 33
/Cup 6>)/6iu r
55
-------
FIGURE 34
I
I
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I
1
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LU
<
h
Q
CO CO
I
1
1
t
1
i-
1
CXI
/Cup 6>)/6ui 'HHddOO
56
-------
I
ง TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN SEDIMENTS
I Total organic carbon determinations in sediments were made using
similar sampling and statistical treatments as were metals, and were
consequently shown with the metals in sediments data. The stations
ซt with statistically significant elevations of concentrations of metals
were also the stations with statistically significant increases of
M organic carbon. The interpretation of these data in this context,
without qualitative knowledge of the carbon compounds, is difficult.
Increased carbon could be derived from sludge deposition, from accumu-
lations of dead organisms from the water column in consistently impacted
areas, or from increased populations of opportunistic benthic organisms,
1 among other causes. The association of the high organic carbon concen-
trations do, however, suggest these are related to ocean dumping
activity.
W The distribution of TOC as a function of time, Figure 35, indicates
ambient concentrations in the order of magnitude of 300 to 800 mg/kg
J| dry wt.
4^ __ ..
1
I
1
57
1
-------
FIGURE 35
I
1
t
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1
1
LU
o |/6m ^
TV101
58
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I
ORGANOHALOGENS IN SEDIMENTS
Analyses of the sewage sludge released into this environment
showed several organohalogens to be consistently present, consequently
checks were made in bottom sediments to determine ambient levels and
possible impaction areas. The data for polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB)
are shown in Table 9 as Arochlor 1252 and 1254, by station. These
W data indicate the ambient levels on this shelf environment at a given
m time, and obviously high concentrations may potentially indicate more
direct inputs. These may be related to ocean dumped materials by
W association with other parameters, such as metals (Lear and Pesch, 1975).
When these data are examined as a function of time (Figure 36 ),
by expressing as mean, standard deviation and range, a cyclical plot
results. As these represent the larger scale monitoring grid, it
would appear that concentrations of PCB's fluctuate in the entire region
A with atypically higher concentrations localized in specific areas.
Further computations are in progress to examine relationships with
salinity differences, reflecting possible inputs from runoff.
4| Regardless of source, the levels found are potentially deleterious
to the marine organisms in the area. Stalling and Mayer (1972) report
ฃ that levels of 0.94 yg/1 archlor 1254 were lethal to immature pink
_ shrimp, and levels of 5 yg/1 produced mortalities in the estuarine
* fish, Lagodon rhomboides and Leiostomus xanthurus. Moreover, these
J| authors report concentration factors in the order of magnitude of
40,000 times.
1
I
-------
1
I
I
These data indicate levels of PCB in this Mid-Atlantic Bight
in concentrations that can potentially be detrimental to the marine
organisms. Ocean dumping activities may contribute locally with even
M greater impacts.
I
t
1
1
1
1
I
1
t
1
1
I
1
1
60
-------
1
I
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
1
2
5
8
n
13
14
17
E
A
9
C
19
24
26
28
33
M- 3
M- 5
M- 7
M- 9
M-12
M-14
C-12
F
22
C- 1
30
D- 1
1-14
27
G-52
G-53
D
201
212
215
222
223
32
206
219
224
226
228
242
Composite
TABLE 9
PCB (AROCHLOR 1242 and 1254) IN OCEAN SEDIMENTS (.ppb)
Midwatch Dragnet Touchstone Hotspot
2-75 6-75 12-75 8-76
1254 1254 1254 1254
2.52
1.39
0.68 20.5,15.4,13.6
2.19
29.2,14.8, 5.6
2.67
11. 1,14. 1,16.0
2.08
1.95
1.38
1.88
0.40
0.59
0.85
1.20
1.56 21.6,17.0,20.2
1.57
1.53
2.25
3.33
3.58
1.36
23.2
15.2,22.6
2.4,13.7, 9.6
3.8
3.2
1.8
1.6
0.7
102, 103, 104, 114, 115, 117 50.0
136, 144, 145, 146, 151, 152 80.0
61
Mogul
1254
11.1
8.6
31.0
21.2
20.0
25.4
13.3
17.6
18.8
14.6
28.7
I/. 5
-------
1
1
I
1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
lAtSLh y ^cont.;
PCB IN OCEAN SEDIMENTS (ppb)
Quicksilver Fetch Ides
5-73 11-73 3-74
1242 1254 1242 1254 1242 1254
Station
1 26 12 5.8 9.1
231 ND ND 33.0 28.7
5 3 0.9 1.4 2.1
8 3 0.8 0.5 0.4
11 3 0.6 1.9 3.1
13 3 1
14 2 0.6 2.5 ND
17 23 14 5.2 0.9
E 0.8 1.7
A 0.3 3.5
9 5.5 1.7 4.5 4.3
C 6.1 5.0 1.9 4.7
19 6.5 4.8
24 49.0/86.0 172.4/560
26 14.3 11.0
28
33
M- 3
M- 5
M- 7
M- 9
M-12
M-14
C-12
F
22
C- 1
30
D- 1
1-14
27
G-52
G-53
D
201
212
215
222
223
32
206
219
224
226
228
242
Composite 102, 103, 104, 114, 115, 117
136, 144, 145, 146, 151 , 152
62
Deep Six
8-74
1242 1254
<0.2 <0.2
<0.2 <0.2
<0.2 1.1
<0.2 1.7
<0.2 1.4
<0.2 1.0
-------
FIGURE 36
r~
r~>
<\j
IX"
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f
f
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1
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1
f
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l_
1
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ce:
CD <
*-
CO
r-
\
CD
in
CM
CO
m
Is-
\
OJ
qdd 4fS2L
63
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I
* APPARENT MORTALITIES OF CLAMS
A gross index of apparent mortalities of the mahogany clam,
Arctica islandica, is the relative incidence of live, intact clams
compared with empty hinged valves, or "clappers". Individual shells,
g not hinged, are not considered.
^ The data presented in Figure 37 are the total numbers of live
* clams and clappers found in duplicate dredge hauls, not percentages.
Percent mortalities do not reflect the standing crops of available
clams, consequently may bias towards higher indicator numbers.
fl| The low standing crops at Stations A, 32, 22, 23, and 9, all
_ near the 20-fathom isobath, reflect the natural distribution of this
organism which was generally found between the 20-and 30-fathom isobaths.
fl Stations F and G-34 are deeper than 30 fathoms and are generally sparser
in Arctica.
ฃ The data shown indicate apparent recent mortalities on several
* cruises and at several locations. Stations G-19, C, 14, and 2 show
such indications.
Stations 2 and C are within dumpsites. Station G-19, approximately
20 nautical miles northwest of the dumpsites, has consistently shown
significantly high concentrations of metals, indicating an impact.
4| Station 14 is approximately 20 nautical miles east of the dumpsites,
and shows indications or mortalities and has shown significantly high
1 concentrations of chromium and lead.
The data show no indications of seasonal mortalities.
I
f
64
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I
These data may also give some indication of the time required
0 for hinge ligaments to rot, whereby "clappers" become individual
valves. If the assumption is made that a single incident was respon-
ฃ sible for a major mortality at Stations G-19 and 2, a plot of the
^ incidence of "clappers" against time may give an order of magnitude
estimate. Such a plot, shown in Figure 38, indicates 12 to 14 months.
The apparent increase in numbers of live clams at Station 2 may
indicate a repopulation of an area once impacted.
Station 6-19 indicates a mortality previous to June 1975, and
ซ no evidence of recovery.
I
I
1
I
t
I
1
1
I
65
-------
1
I
1
1
1
I i
<
I !
z
_ UJ
^B m
i-
z
M UJ
1 <
^^K. ft.
^^ Q_
1 j
110
<
ซS^
O
s
i <
0
61
FIGURE 37
o
in
o
o
co
cc
LJ
a
a.
O
CO
UJ
-------
50
I
I
I
I
I
I
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*00
I
LJ
i
|50
I
1
1
I
f
FIGURE 38
LIVE ARCTJCA AND CLIPPERS
A
\
\
\
\
\
O
\
300
CO
o:
UJ
a
Q_
u
200
00
A.2 CLAPPERS
A 2 LIVE
O GI9 CLAPPERS
GI9 LfVE
VI
XII
VI
976
67
xii it
1977
-------
I
EFFECTS OF ANOXIC CONDITION
I A major catastrophic oxygen depletion was noted off the New Jersey
coast by other investigators in summer 1976 (Sharp, 1977). This caused
major fish kills along some resort communities at the peak of the
A summer season. This oxygen depletion apparently originated in the
apex of the New York Bight, and was at least partially due to pollution
from the New York metropolitan area. The extent of this anoxic area
was reported to extend nearly to the Delaware-Maryland dumpsite area
(Figure 40).
As one function of the February 1977 cruise (Operation Mogul)
comparative sampling at stations known to be affected by this condition
I were occupied, to compare with the stations regularly visited in this
program.
." Samples of macrobenthos were taken by measured mile with the rocking
chair dredge at stations marked Cl , Cl and N3. Massive mortality of
Arctica clams were found, as indicated by "clappers". There were four
jj live Arctica clams and one small (1-1/2" rock crab, Cancer irroratus,
m in the sample at Station N3.
In comparison, the stations regularly visited (historical stations)
showed patterns of organisms and mortalities as has been regularly
experienced in this program. It is concluded, therefore, that the
ฃ effects of the anoxic area, if present in the study area at all, were
not reflected in the macrobenthos sampling. Infauna samples have been
* archived, waiting analysis.
i
i
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Figure 33 Areal extent of oxygen depleted bottom water (<2 ppm 02)/
mid-September 1976 (NMFS, Sandy Hook, unpublished data).
69
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I
"
INTENSIVE GRID MONITORING PROGRAM
m An intensive bottom sampling grid, with stations one mile apart,
m was initiated in December 1975 immediately south of the sewage sludge
site. This was occasioned by the detection on earlier cruises of
benthic biological community aberrancies at two of the monitoring
stations in the area. Areas of atypically discolored sediments were
found distributed in this grid sampling area.
The investigation of the intensive sampling area was facilitated
by the fact that sediments high in pollutants generally showed an
| evident "dark" coloration, in contrast to the "clean" sands found
elsewhere. To test this hypothesis, chi square analyses were run
" comparing total organic carbon concentrations greater than and less
than the mean of all grid stations, rwith visual observations noted at
time of collection. For the three cruises in December 1975, August 1976,
Q and February 1976, the results of such calculations are shown in Table 10.
_ These data indicate that such field observations can be useful for rapid
* tentative identification of the areas with higher levels of pollutants.
The distributions of the "clean" and "dark" sediments are shown
in Figures 40, 41, and 42 for three cruises. A composite is shown in
I Figure 43 These data indicate the full area! extent of the dis-
ซ colorations has not yet been found, in spite of increased areas of
search on subsequent cruises.
A The areas revisited, however, appear to be consistent and persistent.
Table 11 shows the findings of stations in common on the three cruises.
I
70
I
-------
I
With one exception, all areas noted as "dark" on the initial survey
remained "dark", while some "clean" areas subsequently became "dark".
This indicates this area of impaction is increasing. On the February
I 1977 cruise, Operation Mogul, two stations at the northwest corner
m of the grid were found to be layered with "dark" bands interspersed
with "clean" sediment, possibly as a result of burial by storm
activity.
I
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
71
I
-------
I
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I
I
I
I
TABLE 10
Chi-Square Analysis of Dark and Clean
Areas with Organic Carbon Concentrations
Touchstone
Dark sediment
Clean sediment
Hotspot
Dark sediment
Clean sediment
Mogul
Dark sediment
Clean sediment
TOC
> mean
30
8
X*
TOC
> mean
8
2
X2
TOC
> mean
10
2
TOC
< mean
12
45
= 30.98**
TOC
< mean
3
16
= 11.47**
TOC
< mean
11
14
72
X = 5.11*
-------
I
I
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o
a
t H
oo
03
o
o z
-a
O
-s ~n
a o a>
(D -S rt- =
o c: -" o
CD -" O 3=ป
cr 7^
CD -H =
-5 ^J O
cn c >
' i o -z.
vo < 3- a
~vj tI t/1
tn (-ซ =
o o
3 r~
fD rn
3ป
oo
m
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FIGURE 40
73
-------
-------
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-------
FIGURE 43
'.:' '\ ^
/'>. \
>-;>. \ \
o o o
IQ ซ+ C
C 01 O
i -a =r
O in
r+ c+
O
3
fD
ro oo PO
-j
--j
X \
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CO
a.
CO
ro
tn
ซj.
c-t-
tD
/
O
T3
fD
-S
O O QJ
fD -S <-+
O C -i.
fD -> O
_ W =5
O" fD
-H
I-S -*J O
en c
ko < 3-
r-4 ii 1/1
PI r+
O
co
o
z
o
ro
c~>
r
m
CO
rn
o
CO
Vv
\.
/
v .X .*
\ :-.. .
\. /. -x- ..
-* fc*-W ซ
V/J :..-:.*.>-:'
< - .*. -^ . .
ป, * _ * ป
*'-: .*
76
-------
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I
TABLE 11
Repeat Observations of Dark & Clean Areas
Grid
Loran C
10490
70500
70510
70520
70530
70540
70550
70560
52300
C = clean
D = dark
52275
52250
52225
ccc
CCD
C-C
CCC
ccc
-CD
-DD
-CD
CCD
ODD
ODD
ODD
ODD
-DD
-DD
-CC
ODD
ODD
CCC
ODD
ODD
-DD
-CC
CDC
CCC
CCC
CCC
CCD
-CC
-CD
77
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I
I BATHYMETRY
_ The stability of the high organic carbon areas south of the sludge
- site led to specualtions on why such accumulations occur. Inspection
fl of the available bathymetry on the standard navigational chart of the
area showed no apparent depressions coincident with the organic carbon
J| areas. Previous bathymetry by EPA on the first cruise in May 1973,
. limited to the boundaries of the release site, showed no apparent
* depressions. A chart, "Bathymetry of the Virginia Sea," by V. Goldsmith
fl and C. H. Sutton at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, shows a
small basin at approximately the southern boundary of the sewage sludge
(| site, but insufficient relief to account for the configurations found.
M One facet of the February 1977 (Operation Mogul) cruise was a
bathymetric survey of the area to the south of the sludge site, using
the recording depth finder available on the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter ALERT.
The resultant fathograms were plotted at approximately one-half nautical
mile intervals. This interpretation resulted in a contoured plot of
the intensive grid area with very subtle relief features evident (Figure 44)
Several features not evident on other charts were discernable, but consis-
tent with the known northeast-southwest ridge and swale topography
characteristic of the Mid-Atlantic shelf.
The northeast corner of the area showed a fairly gentle slope, 40
feet over 10 miles, leading to a basin-like depression, with relief of
15 feet over approximately 3 miles. Small ridges and troughs were e
evident on the northeast and southwest sides, and another minor depres-
sion suggested towards the southern end of the area. The southeast
corner seemed to grade off towards a known steep slope or scarp.
i
-------
I
If Superimposition of the distribution of the organic carbon areas
M on a chart with the derived geomorphologic features indicates that
the flat, gently sloped or depressed areas are higher in organic
carbon, and the slight ridges are generally cleaner. This suggests
that the materials are not so much trapped in depressions as the
ridges are swept clean by the current regimes. The implications here
m are that, while organic carbon areas with concomitant metallic pollu-
tants have been consistently found in characteristic distribution in
this area, the usual hydraulic regime is sufficiently energetic to
keep the ridges cleaned off. The converse, of accumulation in these
minor depressions, must be viewed with caution, however, for high
energy events such as storm surges may be capable of redistributing
these materials. That such case may be true are observations of
intermediate layering of dark bands with clean bands of sediment in
the sampler, found on the slope on the northwest side of the area
during the past cruise. This indicates a cataclysmic activity, rather
than biological reworking. As this area is described as geologically
non-depositional, but as a palimpsest, the strength of evidence to
I date would be insufficient to conclude the organic carbon area is
_ stabilized in the locations so far described.
If further materials were added to the area, it can be hypothesized
I that the organic carbon area would increase to the seaward, less
energetic side.
I
I
I
79
-------
FIGURE 44
80
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I
METALS AND TOTAL ORGANIC CARBON IN SEDIMENTS - INTENSIVE GRID AREA
The distribution of metals and organic carbon in the intensive
grid area was determined statistically using Duncan's new multiple
range test. This procedure objectively selects the stations statis-
tically related at a selected level, in this case the 0.05 probability
level. The data are shown in tabular form (Tables 12 through 26) and
plotted in Figures 45 through 66 with the statistically highest subsets
encircled by broken lines. Cadmium is shown on chart only, for there
were too many indeterminate values for statistical comparison.
These plots show the distribution of the contaminant organic
carbon and metals fall statistically into similar patterns, indication
| of a common source. As these materials are major components of the
_ sludge, as shown by analysis of the barged materials, it can be
concluded that this was an accumulative area for such dumped materials.
I
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1
1
Station Maan
102 380
_ 115 405
117 410
114 426
104 440
1138 450
179 453
103 460
1133 463
161 463
196 470
1180 493
134 506
m BIO
- 121 520
112 530
178 533
162 566
135 570
139 585
140 586
1173 600
101 613
106 636 -
1131 640
130 650
177 653
- 182 663
125 670
168 676
_ 132 686
116 710
155 713
181 720
1188 733
113 743
107 746
1142 750
105 750
165 753
- 148 756
153 760
" 143 766
_ 119 773
184 775
120 796
170 810
1195 826
147 850
1
1
1
i
TABLE 12
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
TOC HI I
82
167 850
174 860
160 866
163 896
156 930
190 956
164 963
141 980
189 1006
169 1023
154 1046
172 1053
191 1076
149 1080
157 1105
124 1120
183 1136
108 1136
187 1160
193 1163
194 1170
166 1170
158 1190
185 1230
186 1233
192 1233
159 1240
171 1333
137 1363
175 1376
176 1385
109 1396
110 1436
118 1450
128 1470
150 1546
123 1605
122 1610
126 1720
129 1956
127 2225
152 2290
136 2333
151 2396
144 2556
145 2570
146 2373
df
Between
Within 1
95
83
,
r
ANOVA
sos ms F j
83104560 874784 8.0**
17915833 97900
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
^B
1
1
I
1
1
1
Station
142
196
105
101
115
103
125
139
140
132
104
143
124
112
133
120
117
138
106
131
113
180
160
134
153
130
119
116
114
102
135
154
126
155
165
141
147
172
189
156
149
177
121
181
162
159
178
107
m
194
182
METAL
Operation "
Duncan s
Mean
0.98
0.99
1.02
1.08
1.13
1.22
1.29
1.29
1.29
1.31
1.36
1.37
1.40
1.43
1.46
1.48
1.51
1.53
1.56
1.58
1.60
1.67
1.71
1.75
1.75
1.79
1.80
1.80
1.86
1.89
1.89
1.91
1.92
1.94
1.94
1.96
1.97
2.07
2.09
2.18
2.19
2.20
2.21
2.24
2.26
2.29
2.32
2.37
2.40
2.43
2.45
TABLE 13
.5 IN SEDIMENTS
Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Cr
Station Mean UN
137 2 . 50 1
167 2.54
123 2.56
168 2.58
170 2.58
152 2.60
148 2.63
195 2.66
118 2.66
169 2.68
179 2.69
158 2.73
174 2.76
193 2.82
173 2.83
127 2.88
150 2.92
Illl j[ Mill
122 2.93
171 2.96
188 2.96
129 2.99
157 3.01
190 3.08
186 3.12
183 3.18
144 3.22
166 3.30
163 3.33
151 3.38
110 3.39
192 3.43
184 3.45
187 3.53
136 3.55
175 3.55
108 3.56
109 3.65
176 3.67
145 3.74
128 3.92
191 4.14
1 II|H II
161 4.22
164 4.53
146 4.77
ANOVA
83
Between
Within
Total
df
SOS
94 221 .
187 '
02.
281 323.
32
6b
98
ms F
2.35 4.29*^
0.549
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
194
128
123
196
117
105
114
101
152
161
140
120
139
180
132
142
125
143
118
115
153
119
165
131
182
113
133
154
138
134
169
167
136
168
147
127
135
106
148
149
103
177
155
160
102
112
156
124
121
Ope
Mean
0.92
1.35 1
1.71
1.89
2.21
2.27
2.37
2.40
2.40
2.42
2.45
2.47
2.64
2.65
2.67
2.69
2.74
2.77
2.84
2.86
2.94
2.96
3.00
3.01
3.02
3.09
3.14
3.24
3.24
3.32
3.33
3.35
3.35
3.36
3.42
3.49
3.50
3.53
3.55
3.65
3.60
3.66
3.68
3.68
3.70
3.79
3.911
4.02
4.07
1 1 1
1 1 II 1 1 II
TABLE 14
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Zn
Station Mean
162 4.09
116 4.23
172 4.25
188 4.32
111 4.32
178 4.47
181 4.48
126 4.50
189 4.65
130 4.84
173 4.89
141 4.92
159 5.17
195 5.19
137 5.34
107 5.40
104 5.50
179 5.63
170 5.67
158 5.67
157 5.68
184 5.89
190 6.07
183 6.60
187 6.79
150 6.90
191 6.96
171 6.98
166 7.04
122 7.11
174 7.22
192 7.35
175 7.41
144 7.78
186 7.79
185 8.00
151 8.04
163 8.08
176 8.11
''109 8.31
193 8.34
129 8.35
145 8.52
164 9.05
146 9.31
108 9.42
110 9.73
34 ! ' df
i Between 95
j Within 187
1 Total 282
minim
II
ANOVA
sos ms F
1285.13 13.53 5.76*
439.12 2.35
1724.25
-------
_ TABLE 15
I METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
IGrid Stations
Iron
iStation Mean
_ 104 720
105 732
101 862
180 865
1117 868
103 893
196 896
1115 933
106 966
118 1045
- 142 1055
113 1117
" 140 1120
161 1140
139 1146
1 02 11 56
132 1156
1114 1159
120 1199
112 1222
1116 1231
124 1233
147 1244
_ 143 1267
165 1287
160 1303
126 1329
1138 1354
119 1366
153 1393
1107 1400
182 1403
133 1443
- 125 1444
141 1483
134 1497
188 1497
1131 1511
181 1539
111 1574
1177 1586
154 1636
152 1654
1156 1661 1
189 1669
155 1674
148 1685
167 1711
184 1726 1
178 1808 1
1168 1823
i . i
Station Mean|,|||J||[|||||
162 18231
135 1842
121 1859
179 1866
172 1888
187 1892
169 1913
109 1939
183 1941
195 1983
149 2025 1
1 58 2034
159 2045
190 2056
186 2058
173 2064
130 2071
123 2130
150 2134
170 2180
. 110 2256
137 2262
185 2265
1 91 2267
. 144 2270 '
108 2310
174 2377
1 51 2404
1 36 2408
192 2439
1 57 2475
193 2494
129 2503
122 2535
127 2617
1 66 2740
146 2749
194 2771
145 2822
171 2826
175 2935
164 3072
163 3135
ill
176 3308
128 3331
ANOVA
df sos ms
Between 95 111868617 1177564
85 Within 187 22627719 121004
1 Total 282 134496336
-------
1
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
1
w
1
1
I
1
1
1
1
I
Station
165
167
115
180
117
161
183
120
130
196
168
101
189
118
125
114
153
148
182
184
121
134
150
142
131
135
119
162
139
112
103
132
154
147
140
188
143
138
149
102
141
116
124
176
177
133
178
156
157
Mean
.051
.05
.09
.09
.11
.12
.14
.15
.17
.18
.19
.20
.21
.23
.23
.23
.23
.24
.26
.26
.27
.28
.28
.29
.30
.30
.30
.30
.31
.32
.33
.33
.34
.35
.35
.36
.36
.38
.39
.40
.41
.42
.42
.42
.42
.42
.42
.45
.45
n\l
mini!
TABLE 16
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Cu
Station Mean.,, ,
86
172 .46
155 .46
113 .47
111 .48
195 .48
152 .49
160 .49
104 .49
105 .50
171 .52
169 .52
181 .53
190 .56
158 .56
107 .57
185 .61
106 .62
170 .63
159 .63
187 .70
i
174 .71
179 .72
194 .72
I
173 .74
126 .76
163 .77
192 .78
151 .79
129 .79
166 .80
193 .85
191 .88
109 .95
123 .96
175 .98
164 1.02
144 1.06
137 1.07
110 1.07
1 08 1 . 08
145 1.12
146 1.15
122 1.19
127 1.20
186 1.23
128 1.85
136 1.96 ANOVA
1 df sos ms F
Between 95 56.74 0.5972 7.35-V
j Within 177 14.37 0.081
i Total 272 71.11
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
vV
1
1
I
1
1
I
1
1
Station
117
149
133
119
120
105
104
113
101
134
116
114
118
130
132
106
no
115
138
112
103
165
180
139
131
142
196
124
147
121
140
102
111
125
152
169
141
154
148
161
160
155
167
182
177
172
107
126
162
143
Oper
C
Mean
0.15
0.28
0.39
0.41
0.45
0.46
0.49
0.55
0.55
0.58
0.58
0.59
0.60
0.63
0.64
0.65
0.65
0.65
0.67
0.68
0.69
0.72
0.74
0.74
0.80
0.83
0.84
0.86
0.86
0.87
0.92
0.93
0.93
0.94
1.00
1.04
1.07
1.10
1.11
1.14
1.20
1.21
1.23
1.23
1.29
1.31
1.33
1.34
1.35
1.38 J
III II
linn IMI
TABLE 17
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Ni
Station MeanllllllllllNliml
183 1.38
135 1.40
150 1.52
168 1.52
184 1.54
159 1.56
181 1.57
156 1.59
173 1.59
108 1.61
158 1.66
195 1.74
188 1.79
170 1.82
189 1.82
178 1.83
137 1.94
164 2.05 j
157 2.08
171 2.08
190 2.12
145 2.21
123 2.22
129 2.24 J
146 2.28
122 2.33
127 2.34
166 2.34
144 2.38
194 2.43
186 2.50
109 2.55
175 2.56 J
192 2.65
187 2.66
174 2.71
185 2;80
179 3.01
163 3.07
128 3.09
191 3.12
151 3.20
153 3.31
136 3.33
176 3.35
193 3.38
ANOVA
87
Between
Within
Total
df
95
186
281
SOS
205
126
331
.03
.66
.69
ms
2.
0.
16
68
F
3.17*1
-------
TABLE 18
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Touchstone - Cruise 75-VI
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Station Mean Pb Station Mean 1 1 l|ll|
117 0.74
196 1.02
_ 105 1.18
180 1.25
118 1.43
101 1.56
111 1.68
135 1.79
182 1.81
1113 1.91
120 1.92
114 1.93
1115 1.93
165 1.96
119 2.01
_ no 2,12
1 104 2.23
112 2.30
102 2.34
1167 2.43
161 2.45
106 2.50
1132 2.55
125 2.56
134 2.57
_ 103 2.57
189 2.63
143 2.66
154 2.67
1140 2.68
133 2.73
181 2.73
1138 2.76
153 2.84
139 2.89
142 2.99
124 3.01
116 3.02
160 3.09
1192 3.10
177 3.11
188 3.12
1195 3.16
183 3.19
155 3.24
m 184 3.28
130 3.42
* 123 3.45
170 3.45
121 3.48
107 3.53
131 3.77
I 111!!
168 3.79
179 3.88
169 3.91
172 3.93
158 3.94
178 4.06
190 4.06
191 4.09
156 4.11
126 4.11
149 4.22
162 4.40
148 4.49
147 4.51
144 4.53
157 4.53
173 4.54
1 174 4.56
193 4.60
108 4.86
187 5.08
159 5.08
129 5.10
194 5.14
141 5.15
145 5.19
176 5.22
175 5.24
171 5.25
151 5.29
127 5.38
163 5.39
122 5.53
109 5.57
137 5.73
186 5.73
152 5.75
150 5.93
166 5.96
146 6.55
128 6.89
136 7.02
164 7.59
185 10.28
Mill
ANOVA
df sos
Between 95 723.54
Within 187 628.65
Total 282 1352.19
88
MHilll
-------
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FIGURE 47
-------
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FIGURE 48
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237
236
234
205
209
235
220
227
238
202
224
225
208
212
216
223
213
228
207
241
204
219
242
239
217
210
211
222
215
206
240
226
214
218
221
203
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Mean
0.20
0.23
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.53
0.60
0.63
0.63
0.67
0.67
0.70
0.73
0.83
0.83
0.90
0.97
0.97
0.97
,00
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1.
1,
1.
1.
1.
1,
1,
2.
2,
2.
33
43
63
90
20
57
63
3.27
Copper
TABLE 22
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Station Mean
TOC
ANOVA
df sos ms p
Between
Within
1 Total
1
1
35 55.59 1.59 13.73*
76 8.79 0.13
111 64.38
209
212
205
234
213
236
207
237
242
224
216
202
227
228
235
225
220
208
223
219
211
210
204
241
217
- 238
215
240
206
239
214
222
201
218
226
203
201
275
287
315
333
383
433
470
493
600
613
665
686
693
747
783
787
793
827
873
913
933
963
980
1010
1077
1103
1227
1400
1623
1687
1700
2007
2376
2433
3060
3150
4250
ANOVA
Between
Wltmn
Total
df
36
72
108
SOS
86211348
10706433
96917781
ms
2394760
148700
F
.16.
1*
107
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Opera
Dun
Nickel
Station Mean
234 0.40
236 0.50
209 0.57
205 0.63
237 0.70
235 0.80
228 0.83
238 0.87
208 1.03
213 1.10
227 1.10
207 1.13
202 1.17
220 1.17
225 1.17
223 1.23
212 1.33
204 1.37
216 1.60
240 1.90
219 1.93
224 1.97
222 2.17
217 2.37
210 2.37
239 2.40
211 2.40
241 2.60
242 2.60
206 2.60
214 2.63
203 2.73
215 2.90
226 3.00
201 3.07
218 3.13
221 3.53
ANOVA
df sos ms F
Between 36 81.19 2.25 36.17*
Within 74 4.61 0.62
Total 110 85.80
TABLE 23
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Chromi urn
Station
220
236
238
228
202
234
237
209
204
213
205
225
216
235
224
207
240
223
208
219
212
227
239
241
222
217
210
242
, 211
203
226
215
214
206
218
221
201
Mean
TT33
1.43
1.73
1.73
1.80
1.80
1.87
1.90
1.93
1.97
2.07
2.17
2.27
2.33
2.33
2.37
2.47
2.47
2.50
2.60
2.67
2.70
2.87
3.00
3.00
*
3.13
3.30
3.33
3.50
3.53
3.53
3.57
3.83
3.97
4.23
4.53
5.33
ANOVA
Between
Within
Total
df
35
75
no
SOS
91.33
7.03
98.35
ms
2.61
0.094
F
27.85*'
108
-------
1
1
Station
236
_ 234
237
238
235
1202
228
209
1205
223
220
- 225
227
213
212
1208
204
207
1216
240
224
- 219
241
217
239
210
242
211
1222
226
215
1206
214
218
_ 203
221
201
Between
Within
Total
1
1
ME-
Opera ti<
Duncan
Zinc
Mean
1.73
2.53
2.63
2.73
3.07
3.63
3.63
3.83
3.90
3.93
4.06
4.10
4.30
4.30
4.67
4.67
5.47
6.17
6.83
7.23
7.57
7.87
8,27
8.30
8.40
8.63
8.93
8.97
8.97
9.67
10.53
11.07
11.63
12.73
13.43
14.67
15.20
ANOVA
df sos ms p
36 1428.26 39.67 54.81*:
74 53.56 0.72
110 1481.81
TABLE 24
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
tion Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
Grid Stations
Station
Mean
Lead
238
235
236
202
234
237
209
208
225
220
207
204
212
227
205
228
240
216
239
223
211
210
241
215
222
226
219
217
224
242
206
201
214
218
221
203
0.40
1.03
1.10
1.20
1.25
1.25
1.30
1.43
1.77
1.90
1.93
2.00
2.20
2.20
2.23
2.30
2.30
2.37
2.40
2.60
2.97
3.13
3.13
3.27
3.33
3.37
3.37
3.50
3.57
3.73
4.20
5.03
5.23
5.60
6.20
6.73
ANQVA
Between
Within
Total
df
36
74
110
SOS
201.28
53.47
254.74
ms
5.59
0.72
F
7.74*^
109
-------
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I
COMPARISONS OF INTENSIVE GRID WITH REGIONAL GRID
I
The data from the regional monitoring stations were pooled with
ฃ the data from the intensive grid from the February 1977 cruise,
_ Operation Mogul, and subjected to the new Duncan multiple range test.
The results are shown in Tables 25 through 30.
fl Total organic carbon was significantly higher in concentration
in the impacted areas of the intensive grid than on the surrounding
| shelf regions. Station 20, in the acid waste site, had concentrations
ป at levels found in the intensive grid. The metal parameters, chromium,
nickel, copper, lead, and zinc showed a similarity with organic carbon
ff of stations with significantly elevated concentrations.
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
117
I
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
^^v
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
G-34
D
33
9
209
212
A
205
234
213
2
23
17
32
236
E
207
B
8
237
14
242
224
216
202
227
C
228
0|
I
Mean
77
156
176
250
275
287
290
316
333
383
386
386
393
413
433
453
470
486
493
493
593
600
613
665
686
693
713
747
lill
Betwe
Wit hi
Total
TABLE 25
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
All Stations
Station Mean
235
225
220
F
208
24
223
219
211
210
204
241
22
217
238
G-19
215
240
206
20
239
214
222
201
218
226
203
201
783
787
793
820
827
850
873
913
933
963
980
1010
1036
1077
1103
1176
1227
1400
1623
1680
1687
1700
2007
2376
2433
3060
3150
4250
ANOVA
Between
Within
Total
df
55
no
165
SOS
10618056.0
1258623.3
11876679.3
ms
193055.5
11442.0
F
16.87**
118
-------
Station Mean
260
236
238
228
E
17
202
234
237
209
204
213
2
205
8
225
D
A
216
235
224
24
207
G-34
240
223
23
208
219
TABLE 26
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
All Stations
Chromium
1.33
1.43
1.73
1.73
1.77
1.77
1.80
1.80
1.87
1.90
1.93
1.97
2.02
2.07
2.13
2.17
2.17
2.23
2.27
2.33
2.33
2.37
2.37
2.40
2.47
2.47
2.50
2.50
2.60
Station
G-19
212
227
14
33
239
F
241
222
217
210
242
32
C
211
203
226
215
9
B
214
206
218
22
221
201
20
Mean
III!!
2.631
2.67
2.70
2.73
2.73
2.87
2.97
3.00
3.00
3.13
3.30
3.33
3.37
3.47
3.50
3.53
3.53
3.57
3.73
3.80
3.83
3.97
4.23
4.37
4.53
5.33
6.17
ANOVA
df
Between 55 1
Within
lotal
12
b7
SOS
54.34
15.52
69.86
ms
2.81
0.14
F
20.25*
119
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Station Mean
234
236
209
205
237
E
23
235
2
8
228
238
B
D
33
17
208
213
227
207
202
220
235
32
A
24
223
TABLE 27
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
All Stations
Nickel
0.40
0.50
0.57
0.63
0.70
0.70
0.80
0.80
0.83
0.83
0.83
0.87
0.90
0.97
0.97
1.00
1.03
1.10
1.10
1.13
1.17
1.17
1.17
1.20
1.20
1.23
1.23
Station Mean
14
212
C
G-34
F
22
240
219
224
222
217
210
239
211
9
241
242
206
214
G-19
203
215
226
201
218
221
20
1!
1.401
1.60
1.73
1.73
1.77
1.83
1.90
1.93
1.97
2.17
2.27
2.37
2.40
2.40
2.53
2.60
2.60
2.60
2.63
2.63
2.73
2.90
3.00
3.07
3.13
3.53
3.60
ANOVA
Between
Within
Total
df
55
112
167
SOS
121.26
9.45
130.71
ms
2.20
0.08
F
26.11*
120
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
1
^r
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Station
237
236
234
D
33
205
209
235
23
B
17
220
227
238
202
224
225
A
14
208
C
2
24
212
F
216
223
213
Mean
0.20
0.23
0.27
0.27
0.27
0.30
0.33
0.37
0.37
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.40
0.47
0.47
0.47
0.50
0.50
0.53
0.56
0.57
0.57
0.60
0.63
0.63
0.63
0.67
II
III!
Be
Wi
To
TABLE 28
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
All Stations
Copper
Station Mean
228
207
8
32
G-34
E
241
204
219
242
239
217
210
9
G-19
211
222
22
215
206
240
226
214
20
218
221
203
201
0.67
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.70
0.73
0.73
0.83
0.83
0.90
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
0.97
1.00
1.00
1.13
1.30
1.33
1.43
1.63
1.90
1.97
2.20
2.57
2.63
3.27
ANOVA
Between
Within
Total
df
55
112
167
SOS
68.72
7.48
76.20
ms
1.25
0.066
F
18. 7T
t*
121
-------
Station Mean
238
23
235
D
236
202
234
237
209
14
208
32
33
225
220
A
207
204
24
212
227
205
228
240
8
216
2
G-34
TABLE 29
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
All Stations
Lead
Station Mean
0.40
0.85
1.03
1.05
1.10
1.20
1.25
1.25
1.30
1.33
1.43
1.60
1.77
1.77
1.90
1.90
1.93
2.00
2.03
2.20
2.20
2.23
2.30
2.30
2.35
2.37
2.40
2.40
239
B
22
223
9
F
E
211
210
241
215
C
20
222
226
219
217
224
242
G-19
206
201
214
218
221
203
2.40
2.50
2.60
2.60
2.67
2.80
2.83
2.97
3.13
3.13
3.27
3.27
3.30
3.33
3.37
3.37
3.50
3.57
3.73
4.07
4.20
5.03
5.23
5.60
6.20
6.73
ANOVA
Between
Within
Total
df
53
99
152
SOS
247.53
90.69
338.22
ms
4.67
0.92
F
5.09*
122
-------
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Station Mean
236
234
237
238
235
D
202
228
8
209
205
223
220
225
23
33
227
213
212
208
2
A
24
17
14
E
204
207
TABLE 30
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Operation Mogul - Cruise 77-1
Duncan's Multiple Range Test
All Stations
Zinc
1.73
2.53
2.63
2.73
3.07
3.43
3.63
3.63
3.77
3.83
3.90
3.93
4.06
4.10
4.23
4.23
4.30
4.30
4.67
4.67
4.70
4.73
4.97
4.97
5.07
5.27
5.47
6.17
Station Mean
B
F
216
32
G-34
240
224
C
219
241
217
239
210
6-19
22
242
211
222
9
226
215
206
214
218
203
20
221
201
1 1
6.30|
6.67
6.83
7.10
7.23
7.23
7.57
7.83
7.87
8.27
8.30
8.40
8.63
8.70
8.80
8.93
8.97
8.97
9.13
9.67
10.53
11.07
11.63
12.73
13.43
13.77
14.67
15.20
Hill
ANOVA
Between
Within
Total
df
55
112
167
SOS
1784.73
107.51
1892.25
ms
32.45
0.96
F
33.80*
123
-------
I
I TEMPORAL TRENDS OF METALS IN THE INTENSIVE GRID
Table 31 shows a summary of metal concentrations at stations in
the intensive grid area common to the December 1975, August 1975 and
| February 1977 cruises. No consistent trends of increasing or decreasing
m concentrations are immediately apparent with any parameter. However,
stations marked with an asterisk were significantly the highest in
concentrations in the respective cruises, indicating these two clusters
of stations show consistently elevated levels, and are probably the
most severely impacted.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
124
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
w
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Stations in Common
uchstone
117
120
*122
124
133
*135
138
140
149
*152
154
156
165
167
170
172
181
184
*186
188
Hotspot
228
201
202
235
203
204
205
227
206
207
208
209
-
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
*218
219
220
*221
222
223
224
225
*226
Mogul
234
228
201
202
235
203
204
205
227
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
TABLE 31
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Intensive Grid Area
Pb
Touchstone Hotspot Mogul Touchstone
1.08
1.92
5.53
3.01
2.73
1.79
2.76
2.68
4.22
5.75
2.67
4.11
3.16
5.14
3.93
2.73
3.28
5.73
3.12
4.13
3.23
0.93
3.33
3.60
1.20
4.03
1.43
<0.5
<0.5
1.93
1.70
<0.5
1.80
1.90
2.70
0.80
2.30
1.80
0.45
1.67
1.60
2.00
1.00
3.37
3.70
125
1.25
2.30
5.03
1.20
1.03
6.73
2.00
2.23
2.20
4.20
1.93
1.43
1.30
3.13
2.97
2.20
<0.5
5.23
3.27
2.37
3.50
5.60
3.37
1.90
6.20
3.33
2.60
3.57
1.77
3.37
1.51
1.48
2.93
1.40
1.46
1.89
1.53
1.29
2.19
2.60
1.91
2.18
1.94
2.54
2.58
2.07
2.24
3.45
3.12
2.96
5.57
4.73
2.60
5.27
3.43
2.47
4.20
2.33
2.67
1.60
2.40
3.97
2.90
2.20
4.03
4.43
3.57
2.47
6.07
3.87
1.80
4.23
4.00
3.07
2.57
2.87
4.53
Mogul
1.80
1.73
5.33
1.80
2.33
3.53
1.93
2.07
2.70
3.97
2.37
2.50
1.90
3.30
3.50
2.67
1.97
3.83
3.57
2.27
3.13
4.23
2.60
1.33
4.53
3.00
2.47
2.33
2.17
3.53
-------
1
1
TABLE 31 (cont.)
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Intensive Grid Area
Stations in Common
1
1
1
1
1
I
I
1
1
1
1
m
1
1
uchstone
117
120
122
124
133
135
138
140
149
152
154
156
165
167
170
172
181
184
186
188
Hotspot
228
201
202
235
203
204
205
227
206
207
208
209
_
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
Mogul
234
228
201
202
235
203
204
205
227
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
Touchstone
0.15
0.45
2.33
0.86
0.39
1.40
0.67
0.92
0.28
1.00
1.10
1.59
0.72
1.23
1.82
1.31
1.57
1.54
2.50
1.79
Ni
Hotspot
1.67
1.67
<0.1
1.37
1.60
0.30
-
1.57
0.25
0.30
0.45
0.24
1.33
0.67
0.47
1.33
1.70
1.17
0.30
2.43
1.13
0.40
1.80
1.37
0.90
0.33
0.50
1.77
126
Mogul
0.40
0.93
3.07
1.17
0.80
2.73
1.37
0.63
1.10
2.60
1.13
1.03
0.57
2.37
2.40
1.33
1.10
2.63
2.90
1.60
2.27
3.13
1.93
1.17
3.53
2.17
1.23
1.97
1.17
3.00
Touchstone
2.21
2.47
7.11
4.02
3.14
3.50
3.24
2.45
3.65
2.40
3.24
3.91
3.00
3.35
5.67
4.25
4.48
5.89
7.79
4.32
Zn
Hotspot
12.83
11.50
3.43
9.87
9.23
2.43
-
8.87
3.03
2.73
2.90
3.27
7.73
4.50
2.77
7.87
8.40
6.47
3.17
11.60
7.37
2.53
10.50
7.20
5.47
2.57
3.27
9.03
Mogul
2.53
3.63
15.20
3.63
3.07
13.43
5.47
3.90
4.30
11.07
6.17
4.67
3.83
8.63
8.97
4.67
4.30
11.63
10.53
6.83
8.30
12.73
7.87
4.06
14.67
8.97
3.93
7.57
4.10
9.67
-------
1
1
1
1
1
^^v
1
1
1
1
w
1
1
1
1
w
1
1
TABLE 31 (cont.)
METALS IN SEDIMENTS
Intensive Grid Area
Stations in Common
uchstone
117
120
122
124
133
135
138
140
149
152
154
156
165
167
170
172
181
184
186
188
Hots pot
228
201
202
235
203
204
205
227
206
207
208
209
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
Mogul
234
228
201
202
235
203
204
205
227
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
Cu
Touchstone
<0.10
0.15
1.19
0.42
0.41
0.30
0.38
0.35
0.39
0.49
0.34
0.45
<0.10
<0.10
0.61
0.52
0.53
<0.10
1.23
0.36
Mogul
0.27
0.67
3.27
0.47
0.37
2.63
0.83
0.30
0.40
1.33
0.70
0.53
0.33
0.-97
1.00
0.60
0.67
1.90
1.30
0.63
0.97
2.20
0.83
0.40
2.57
1.00
0.63
0.47
0.47
1.63
127
-------
I
' DISTRIBUTION OF INFAUNA IN INTENSIVE GRID
Previous reports (hearing testimony, City of Philadelphia; ocean
dumping permit hearing, Georgetown, Delaware, April 1976) have indicated
changes in the benthic infaunal community as a function of ocean dumping
activity. These conclusions were based on observations of data from
the regional wide area monitoring (historical) stations.
More detailed examination of data in the intensive sampling (grid)
" areas associated with the high organic carbon and metal deposits is
currently in progress. Figures 67 through 85 show the distribution
of the dominant organisms from the December 1975 cruise (Operation
g Touchstone). Numbers shown are the mean of three replicates.
Visual inspection of the data indicate the distribution of the
archiannelid Protodrilus did not appear to be affected by any of the
parameters measured. Similarly the nematode distribution showed no
obvious positive or negative associations with the "clean" or "dark"
| areas.
. The polychates showed a wide range of response. Gom'adella gracilis,
Parapionsyllis longicirrata, Praxilella "13", Sphaerosyllis erinaceus, and
8 Aglaophamus circinata were intolerant of the materials deposited. Stauro-
nereis caecus was apparently indifferent. Spiophanes bombyx, Minuspio
9 Japom'ca, Exogone hebes, and Potomilla neglecta population densities
M were apparently stimulated by the inputs to this habitat. Within some
polychaete general Lumbrinereis impatiens was stimulated while Lumbrinereis
acuta was intolerant of these conditions. Aricidea jeffreysii was in-
tolerant, while Aricidea sueria and Aricidea neosuecia were apparently
indifferent.
128
I
-------
I
I
Of the amphipods dominating this environment, Bybl i s serrata
and Trichophoxis epistomis seemed to be indifferent, while Ampelisca
vadorum populations were stimulated in the high organic areas.
Preliminary statistical examination of these data indicated the
benthic populations were not normally distributed, but fitted a negative
binomial distribution. Consequently a nonparametric statistical method,
I Spearman's rank correlation, was selected to determine whether the
apparent distributions were in fact statistically sound (Table 32).
The polychaete, Spiophanes bombyx, was apparently stimulated in
numbers in the areas of high organic carbon at this time, as indicated
by positive and significant correlation coefficient. Mean grain size
was not significant in its distribution, but the percent fines was
correlated at a lesser level.
Sphaerosyllis erinaceus and Lumbri nereis acuta were significantly
excluded from the areas of high organic carbon and nickel, were inde-
pendent of mean grain size, but were negatively correlated with percent
| fine fraction. Goniadella gracilis was excluded from the high organic
_ carbon and nickel areas, and was negatively correlated with mean phi
* and percent fine fractions.
Data analyses are continuing on this aspect, but the indications
to date are that sewage sludge disposal is significantly altering the
I distribution of the benthic infauna, causing aberrant increases of
some opportunistic species, and lethal to the pollution sensitive
species.
I
129
-------
TABLE 32
Correlation of Benthic Infauna with Environmental Parameters
Spearman's Rank Correlation
rs,t
Mean 0 % Fines TOC Ni
I Spiophanes bombyx 0.44 0.58 0.54 0.67
" 1.73 2.52 5.85** 5.20**
I
IGoniadella gracilis -0.56 0.47 -0.62 -0.67
2.38* 1.89* 8.99** 5.20**
I
Sphaerosyllis erinaceus 0.02 -0.62 -0.50 -0.49
0.07 2.79** 6.32** 6.46**
I
Lumbrinereis acuta -0.22 -0.71 -0.52 -0.76
. 0.79 3.50** 5.51** 14.04**
* Significant p <0.05
** Significant p <0.01
I
I
I
I
I
130
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
FIGURE 67
?
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FIGURE 68
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FIGURE 69
co*
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FIGURE 70
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FIGURE 72
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FIGURE 73
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FIGURE 74
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FIGURE 75
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FIGURE 76
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I
DISEASES OF MARINE ORGANISMS
m Visible necrotic conditions or abnormalities or marine organisms
ฃ have been described from known polluted areas, including the New York
Bight. It has been a function in the cruise plans of the Region III
monitoring expeditions to note abnormalities, lesions, growth,
deformities, etc. In the wide area coverage, no obvious aberrancies
were noted.
m In the February 1977 cruise, while sampling with the rocking chair
dredge in the intensive grid, adjacent and immediately south of the
sewage sludge site, a live rock crab, Cancer irroratus, was noted with
obvious lesions (Figure 92). As this sampling was for collection for
9 Other parameters further investigations were not accomplished on that
m cruise. More detailed collections in the intensive survey area are
planned, based 'on this observation.
Macroscopic observations are obviously but a gross index of
organic or infectious diseases. Samples of Arctica have regularly
been collected, preserved and archived for histopathological deter-
minations at the EPA National Marine Water Quality Laboratory,
Narragansett, Rhode Island.
I
I
I
I
156
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FIGURE 92
Cancer irroratus with Lesions
157
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I
BA'CTERIOLOGY
_ Operation Hotspot - Cruise 76-11
August 1976
M. L. O'Malley
During Operation Hotspot, August 1976, 32 sediment samples and
| 3 shellfish samples were analyzed for total coliforms and fecal coli-
ซ forms. All stations sampled were within the intensive sampling grid.
(Figure 54 ). Sediments were subsampled from an undisturbed Smith-
I Mclntyre bottom grab using a flame-sterilized 2.7 ml cylindrical
scoop. This was introduced into a French square containing 100 ml
| of sterile distilled water and treated as a normal bacteriological
m sample. The French square was vigorously shaken and the sediment
allowed to settle out over 2-3 minutes. The sample was split and run
through both the total coliform and fecal coliform procedures as out-
lined in Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater
m (1976). Incubation for coliforms was 24 hours at 35ฐC in a dry air
incubator and at 44.5ฐC for fecal coliforms in a shaker water bath.
Results were negative for both total coliforms and fecal coliforms for
I all sediments sampled as shown in Table 33.
A Fall River "rocking chair" dredge was deployed at Station 201
to obtain shellfish for bacteriological analyses. Two Arctica islandica
clams and one horse mussel, Modiolus modiolus were tested. Each was
shucked, weighed and ground in a sterile blender to facilitate handling.
Standard total coliforms and fecal coliforms MPN's were estimated
following procedures listed in "Standard Methods". A 3-tube, 3-dilution
_ 153
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I
I
m schema was employed using aliquots of 10.0, 1.0 and 0.1 ml of blended
shellfish meat. MPN's for shellfish are also shown in Table 33. All
shellfish tested contained both coliforms and fecal coliforms with the
| mussel, Modiolus, having the highest values for both.
_ Sediment samples showed no influence from municipal waste disposal,
however the shellfish sampled contained coliforms and fecal coliforms.
B This indicated bacteriological studies should continue.
I
I
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I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
159
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1W
1
1
1
1
ป
1
1
TABLE 33
BACTERIOLOGICAL DAT
Operation Hotspot - Augu
GRID STATIONS
Depth
Station Date Time (Fathoms) Sam
201 8/08
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
211
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
232
235
201
201 N
/76 1615
1645
1110
1552
1710
1140
1535
1730
1042
1203
1515
1750
1014
1224
1447
1810
0953
1303
1423
1830
0920
1333
1338
1847
1845
2014
2218
2128
2240
/ 2240
201 8/08/76 2240
25 Sedi
27
27
28
29
29
27
29
27
30
29
30
25
25
34
32
25
32
33
32
32
33
33
35
35
37
25 N
A
st 1976
Col i form F. Col i form
pie plate cts./50 ml
ment <
x /
/ \
1 <
s /
/ V
1
X.
/
26 Sediment <1 <1
MPN/100 gm MPN/100 qm
25 Arctica 3 <3
25 Arctica 15 6.2
25 Modiolus 29 29
160
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I
BACTERIOLOGICAL ANALYSES
Operation Mogul - February 1977
Capt. Willard N. Adams
USPHS - Davisville, R. I.
The comments expressed in this section are the interpretations
" of bacteriological (coliform) analysis performed aboard ship during
B calm and rough seas and good and inclement weather conditions. The
ship was not equipped to perform laboratory work, which required
| modifications of existing ship compartments and temporary laboratory
ซ installations. The ship's helicopter shack was used as an incubator
room, which required an electric heater to maintain ambient tempera-
I ture for the desired incubator operation during Operation Mogul.
Temporary 4 x 6 x 8 ft. laboratory shacks were lashed to the railing
| of the ALERT. It was necessary to keep an electric heater operating
ซ in the temporary lab shacks to keep membrane filter (MF) apparatus
(tubing) from freezing. Thirty-five mm slides of facilities and
operations are available at North East Technical Services.
The results of coliform analysis of bottom waters, sediments and
V mahogany clam (Arctica islandica) samples are presented in Table 34
m Figure 93 represents a flow diagram of the coliform analysis methodo-
logy employed aboard ship. These methods generally follow APHA
Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Sea Water and Shellfish,
4th edition, 1970. However, some procedures were difficult to follow
aboard ship such as gravametric procedures that require weighing a
portion of sediment or shellfish homogenate. A special balance is
161
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I
required (not available during these studies) that will record weighings
and compensate for ship movement. Volumetric measurements of shellfish
homogenate were therefore made based on the equivalence of one ml to
| one gram of homogenate. Sediment measurements were made with a sterile
^ wooden applicator, four approximate 2.5 g portions were estimated to
* represent a ten-gram amount of sediment. The temperature of the air
A incubators ranged between 35ฐ to 37ฐ C. rather than the 35ฑ0.5ฐC recom-
mended by APHA Recommended Procedures for the Examination of Sea Water
and Shellfish, 4th edition, 1970. All other procedures, except those
m discussed above, for MPN and MF analysis were generally in agreement
with the Recommended Procedures and Standard Methods.
The results expressed in Table 34 showed that of 20 water samples
only 3 contained detectable MPN and MF coliform concentrations and only
one sediment sample contained a detectable coliform MPN concentration.
j Water samples from Stations G-34, 205 and 207 had coliform MF concen-
trations of 0.6/100 ml, 1/100 ml and 0.2/100 ml respectively. The
I sediment coliform MPN concentration at Station 207 was 22/100 g.
Table 34 also shows that speciation of coliform bacteria isolated
from water and sediment samples were not fecal coliforms. Escherichia
coli was not isolated in these samples, but rather secondary coliforms
such as Enterobacter, Citrobacter and Pseudomonas which are perhaps
I more resistant to the the marine environment than IE. col i.
The significance of these results suggest that even though the
coliform isolates are not specifically associated with fecal contamination
they are associated with a hetrotrophic terrestrial environment and are
162
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I
present in sewage. They are foreign to marine waters especially at
the ocean depths salinity and temperature from which these samples
were obtained.
ฃ Table 34 also shows the clams, Arctica islandica, to have a
_ relatively higher concentration of coliforms than was indicated by
water or sediment samples. Of the seven clam samples examined the
MPN coliform count ranged from 36/100 g to 2400/100 g, and the fecal
coliforms from 36 to 73 per 100 grams.
| Speciation of the coliform isolated from clam samples, with the
ป exception of Station 17-1, were not E_. coli. Enterobacter, Klebsiella
and Pseudomonas genera were isolated and identified from clam homo-
I genates. The increased concentrations of these coliforms in the clams
is probably caused by the filter-feeding habits of clams. A clam
| sample from Station 17-1 had an MPN concentration for coliform and fecal
H coliform of 9 /TOO g, which was speciated to be E_. coli. indicating a
potential for more recent sewage deposition at this station.
I The bacteriological results from Operation Mogul suggest that the
count levels of secondary coliform indicator bacteria obtained from
V clam samples indicate concentration of these bacteria in the filter-
m feeding clams. Also speciation of coliforms isolated and identified
from clam, sediment and water samples suggests that they are probably
coming from sewage dumping. Additional studies in surrounding ocean
areas out of the disposal site are required to establish background
information presently lacking on the concentrations and speciation of
bacteria present in the clams, sediment and water.
163
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Station
32
G-34
G-34
24-1
8
8
8
17-1
234
234
201
201
236
236
205
205
203
203
207
207
227
227
238
238
240
240
Sample
Sediment
Water
Sed.
Clam
Clam
Sed.
Water
Clam
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
TABLE 34
BACTERIOLOGICAL DATA
OPERATION MOGUL
February 1977
MPN MF MPN
Total Total Fecal
Col i forms/ Col i forms/ Col i forms/
100 ml Count 100 ml 100 ml API Speciation
<22
<2.2 0.6->- <1 Ent. agglomerams 4 ea
<22
36 <36 Kl . pneumoniae
Ent. aerogenes
2400 73 Ent. cloacae - 3 ea
Kl . pneumoniae - 4 ea
<22
<2.2 <1
91 91 E. coli - 2 ea
<22
<2.2 <1
<22
<2.2 <1
<22
<2.2 <1
<22
<2.2 <1 1 C. freundii
<22
<2.2 <1
22/<22 <22 Ps. mal tophi lia
<2.2 0.2-*- <1 Ent. Cloacae
<22
<2.2 <1
<22
<2.2 <1
<22
<5.7 <1 164
Date
2/16/77
2/17
11
'
11
"
M
"
"
11
"
"
"
"
"
2/18
11
"
11
"
"
11
"
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
I
V
1
^^w
1
1
1
^^f
1
Station Sample
210
210
212
212
213
213
215
215
220
220
221
221
223
223
225
225
242
242
218
218
Grid #1
209 - 1
mile SW
Grid #2
218 - 1 mi
toward 215
Grid #3
206 - 1 mi
toward 203
Grid #4
237 - 1 mi
toward 236
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Sed.
Water
Clam
Clam
Clam
Clam
TABLE 34 (cont.)
MPN MF MPN
Total Total Fecal
Coliforms/ Coliforms Coliforms
100 ml Count 100 ml 100 ml API Speciation Date
<22
<2.2
<22
<2.2
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
<22
<5.7
230
36/<36
2400
91
2/18/77
1 n
n
<1 "
"
<1 "
11
<1 "
2/19/77
-------
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I
FIGURE 93
FLOW DIAGRAM OF COLIFORM PROCEDURES EMPLOYED IN OPERATION MOGUL
SAMPLES COLLECTED FROM PHILADELPHIA DISPOSAL SITE
Bottom Sea Water
(SW)
B.ottom Sediment
(Sed)
Sea Clams-Homogenized
Liquor + Meats
Membrane Filter Procedure
(MF) HC Millipore Filter |
Most Probable Number Procedure
(MPN) __^
Sample Filter Volumes (SFV) were
500 and 100 ml aliquots. MF's
containing filtrates were placed
in contact with pads saturated
with lauryl tryptose broth (LST)
and incubated for 3 hrs. at 35ฐC
Recessitated MF's were transfer-
red from LST pads to m-Endo Agar
LES with continued 35ฐC incu-
bation for 21 hrs. Pick pink to
dark red colonies with metallic
sheen (typical coliform morpho-
logy) to BGBB for confirmation.
Colony count equated to 100 ml
of SFV represents the total
coliform concentration.
5 tubes of double strength
LST presumptive broth are
inoculated with 10 ml of
SW and/or 10 ml of 10% sus-
pension of Sed in sterile
phosphate buffer solution
(PBS). Incubate for 24 to
48 hrs. at 35ฐC. Positive
tube indicated by the
presence of gas.
_V
V
3-tube 3-dilution
presumptive LST
broth tubes are
inoculated with
10 ml, 1 ml and
0.1 ml of a 10%
suspension of
clam homogenate.
This amount of
inoculum repre-
sents 1 g, 0.1 g,
and 0.01 g por-
tions. Incubate
at 35ฐC for 24 to
48 hrs. Positive
tubes indicated
by the presence
jof gas.
Confirm total coliform counts by transferring from positive presumptive
tubes or m-Endo colony picks to brilliant green bile broth tubes.
Incubate at 35ฐC for 24 to 48 hrs. Positive gassing tubes are scored
and total coliform concentrations are recorded as MPN/100 ml SW or 100 gm
of Sed or Shellfish homogenate. Direct MF counts are equated to typical
coliform colony counts/100 ml SFV.
Streak positive BGBB tubes on EMB plates and incubate for 24 hrs. at 35ฐC.
Pick typical coliform colonies (nucleated green metallic sheen) to nutrient
(BHI) agar slants and incubate for 18 to 24 hrs. at 35ฐC. Speciate with APF
20 biochemical Enterobacteriacae tests. IMViC classification is included
in test with the addition of MR test. Also EC lactose broth tube is inclu-
ded to determine fecal coliform concentrations (gas production at 44.5ฐC in
24 hr. water bath incubation). Positive EC tubes are scored and appropriate
MPN/100 ml concentrations are recorded.
Information available:
Total and Fecal Coliform concentrations
by MF and MPN methods in parallel.
Speciation of coliforms in the Entero-
bacteriacae family.
IMViC classification.
166
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REFERENCES
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D. C.
American Public Health Association. 1970. Recommended Procedures
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Bumpus, D. F. 1974. General Circulation Over the Baltimore Canyon
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Gas Development in the Baltimore Canyon Region of the Mid-Atlantic
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Demenkow, J. W. and P. Wiekramartane. 1976. Far Field Sewage
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167
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Bight. Westinghouse Ocean Research Laboratory, Annapolis, Maryland.
Sharp, J. H. (Ed.) 1976. Anoxia On the Middle Atlantic Shelf During
the Summer of 1976. IDOE/NSF. University of Delaware, College of
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Stalling, D. L. and F. L. Mayer. 1972. Toxicities of PCB's to Fish
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Principles and Procedures of
168
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