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APPENDIX D
1974 AREA SOURCE FORMS FOR METROPOLITAN PHILADELPHIA AQCR
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APPENDIX E
PENNSYLVANIA STANDARDS FOR CONTAMINANTS
187
-------
S .138
491:0581
PENNSYLVANIA STANDARDS FOR CONTAMINANTS
(Title 25, Rules and Regulations; Part I, Department of Environmental Resources;
Subpart C, Protection of Natural Resources; Article II], Air Resources; Chapter 123,
Standards for Contaminants; Adopted September 2, 1971, Amended through October 31,
1973; Amended April 27, 1974; October 25, 1974, Effective November 10, 1974; July 25,
1975; July 15, 1976, Effective August 9, 1976)
FUGITIVE EMISSIONS
§123.1. Prohibition of certain fugitive emissions.
(a) No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmosphere of any fugitive air
contaminant from any source except from:
(1) The construction or demolition of buildings or
structures.
(2) The grading, paving and maintenance of roads and
streets.
(3) The use of roads and streets. Emissions from
material in or on trucks, railroad cars and other vehicular
equipment shall not be considered as emissions from use
of roads and streets.
(4) The clearing of land.
(5) Tilling or applying amendments to the soil, pre-
paring cover crops lor incorporation into the soil and
harvesting, while farming.
(6) The stockpiling of materials.
(7) Open burning operations.
(8) Blasting in open pit mines. Emissions from drilling
shall not be considered as emissions from blasting.
(9) Other sources and classes of sources determined by
the Department to be of minor significance with respect
to the achievement and maintenance- of ambient air
quality standards or with respect to causing air pollution.
(b) Any person responsible for any source specified in
subsection (a) of this section shall take all icasonable
actions to prevent paniculate matter from becoming
airborne. Such actions shall include, but not be limited
to, the following:
(!) The use, where possible, of water or chemicals for
control of dust in the demolition of buildings or struc-
tures, construction operations, the grading of roads or the
clearing of land.
(2) The application of asphalt, oil, water or suitable
chemicals on dirt roads, material stockpiles, and other
surfaces which may give rise to airborne djsts.
(3) The conduct of agricultural practices such as tilling
of land, application of fertilisers and the Like, in such a
manner as to minimize dust from becoming airborne.
(4) The paving and maintenance of roadways.
(5) The piompt removal of earth or other material
from paved streets onto wluch earth or other material has
been transported by trucking or earth moving equipment,
erosion by water, or other means.
§123.2. Fugitive paniculate matter.
No person shall cause, suffer, or permit fugitive particu-
late matter to be emitted into the outdoor atmosphere
from any source 01 sources specified in §123.1(a)(l)-(9)
of this Title (relating to prohibition of certain fugitive
emissions) if such emissions are either:
(1) visible, at any lime, at the point' such emissions
pass outside the property of the person, irrespective of
the concentration of paniculate matter in such emissions;
or
(2) not visible at I he point such emissions pass outside
the property of the person and the average concentration,
above backgiound, of three samples, of such emissions at
any point outside such property, exceeds 150 particles
per cubic centimeter.
PARTICULATE MATTER EMISSIONS
§123.11. Combustion units.
(a) No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmosphere of particulate matter, at
any tune, fiom any combustion unit in excess of the
following:
(1) The rate of 0.4 Ibs. per million B.t.u. of heat
input, when the heat input to the combustion unit in
millions of B.t.u.'s per hour is greater than 2.5 but less
than 50.
(2) The rate determined by the following formula:
A=3.6E-<>"56
where:
A = Allowable emissions in pounds per million B.t.u. of
heat input, and
E = Heat input to the combustion unit in millions of
B.t.u.'s per hour,
when E is equal to or greater than 50 but less than 600.
(3) The rate of 0.1 pounds per million B.t.u. of heat
input when the heat input to the combustion utut in
3-4-77
Copyright © 1977 by The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc.
188
79
-------
491:0582
STATE AIR LAWS
millions of B.t.u.'s per hour is equal to or greater than
600.
(b) Allowable emissions under subsection (a) of this
section are graphically indicated in Appendix A appended
to tins Chapter.
§123.12. Incinerators.
No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emission to
the outdoor atmosphere of paniculate matter from any
incinerator, at any time, in such a manner that the
paniculate matter concentration in the effluent gas ex-
ceeds 0.1 grain per dry standard cubic foot, corrected to
}2T( carbon dioxide.
§123.13. Processes.
(a) Subsections (b) and (c) of this section shall apply to
all processes except combustion units and incinerators.
(b) No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmosphere of particulate matter
from any process listed in the following table, at any
time, either in excess of the rate calculated by the for-
mula set forth in paragraph (2) of this subsection or in
such a manner that the concentration of particulate
matter in the effluent gas exceeds 0.02 grains per dry
standard cubic foot, whichever is greater:
(I) Table
TABLE 1
i'lOCfiS
]. Carbon black mfg.
2. Charcoal mfg.
;j. Crushers or grinders or
sci-'.-ens
4.' P.-tint mfg
5. Phosphoric acid mig.
6. Detergent drying
7. Alfalfa dehydration
8. Grain elevators.
Loading or unloading
9. Grain screening and
cleaning
10. Grain drying
11. Meat smoking
12. Ammonium nitrate mfg..
Granulator
hi. K'iroalloy production
furnace
1-4. PiniMiry 11011 anri/oi
sice! making.
Iron production
Sintenrig windbox
Steel production
Scarfing
15. 1'iiinary lend production.
Roasting
Sintering, windbox
Lead teduction
36. Primary zinc
pioductrm
Roasting
Sintering: windbox
/me reduction
Process Factor, F
500 Ibs./ton of product
400 Ibs./ton of product
20 Ibs./ton of feed
0.05 Ibj./ton of pigment
handled
b Ibs./ton of phosphorous
burned
30 Ibs./ton of product
30 Ibs./ton of product
90 Ibs./ton of grain
300 Ibs./ton of grain
20C Ibs./ton of product
0,01 Ibs./ton of meat
0.1 Ibs./ton of product
0.3 Ibs./ton of product
100 Ibs./ton of product
2C Ibs./ton of dry solids
ieed
40 Ibs./ton of product
20 Ibs./ton of product
0.004 Ibs./ton of ore feed
0.2 Ibs./ton of sinter
0.5 Ibs./ton of product
3 Ibs./ton of ore feed
2 Ibs./ton of product
10 Ibs./ton of product
'7. Secondary aluminum
production:
Sweating
Melti. „ and refining
18. Brass ;.r.d bronze
production.
Melting and refining
19. Iron foundry:
Melting.
5T./hr. and less
More than 5T./hr.
Sand handling
Shake-out
20. Secondary lead
smelting
21. Secondary magnesium
smelting
22. Secondary zinc
smelting.
Sweating
Refining
23. Asphaltic concrete
production
24. Asphalt roofing mfg:
Felt saturation
25. Portland cement mfg:
Clinker production
Clinker cooling
26. Coai dry-cleaning
27. Lime calcining
28. Petroleum refining;
Catalytic cracking
29. Pressed, blown and
spun glass, glass pro-
duction melting furnaces.
(2) Formula
50 Ibs./ton of aluminum
product
10 Ibs./ton of aluminum feed
20 Ibs./ton of product
150 Ibs./ton of iron
50 Ibs./ton of iron
20 Ibs./ton of sand
20 Ibs./ton of sand
0.5 \bs./ton of product
0.2 Ibs./ton of product
0.01 Ibs./ton of product
0.3 Ibs./ton of product
6 Ibs./ton of aggregate feed
0.6 Ibs./ton of asphalt used
150 Ibs./ton of dry solids
feed
50 Ibs./ton of product
2 Ibs./ton of product
200 Ibii./ton of product
40 Ibs./ton of liquid feed
50 Ibs./ton of fill
A =
A =
E =
F =
0.76E042, where:
Allowable emissions in Ibs./hr.
Emission index = F x W Ibs./hr.
Process factor in Ibs./unit, and
W = Production or charging rate in units/hr.
The factor F shall be obtained from Table 1. The units
for F and W shall be compatible.
(3) Allowable emissions. Allowable emissions under
this subsection are graphically indicated in Appendix B
to this Chapter.
(c) For processes not listed in subsection (b)(l) of this
section, the following shall apply:
(1) Prohibited emissions. No person shall cause, suffer,
or permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of
particulate matter from any process not listed in subsec-
tion (b)(l) of this section in such a manner that the con-
centration of paniculate matter in the effluent gas, at any
time, exceeds any of the following:
(i) 0.04 grains per dry standard cubic foot, when the
effluent gas volume is less than 150,000 dry standard
cubic feet per minute.
Environment Reporter
189
80
-------
PENNSYLVANIA CONTAMINANTS
S-.l IH
401:0583
(ii) The rate determined by Ihe Ibrmuia:
A = 6000E -', where:
A = Allowable emissions in grains per dry standard
cubic foot, and
H = Effluent gas volume in dry standard cubic feet per
minute,
when E is equal to or greater than 150,000 but less than
300,000.
(iii) 0.02 grains per dry standard cubic foot, when the
effluent gas volume is greater than 300,000 dry standard
cubic feet per minute.
(2) Allowable emissions. Allowable emissions under
this subsection are graphically indicated in Appendix C
appended to this Chapter.
SULFUR COMPOUND EMISSIONS
§123.21. General.
(a) This section shall apply to all sources, except those
subject to the provisions of other sections of this Article,
with respect to the control of sulfur compound emissions.
(b) No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmospheie of sulfur oxides, from
any source, in such a manner that the concentration, at
any time, of the sulfur oxides, expressed as S02, in the
effluent gas exceeds 500 parts per million, by volume
(dry basis).
§123.22. Combustion units.
(a) Prohibited emissions in general. This subsection
shall apply to all combustion units in all the air basins
except those units subject to the provisions of subsi'ct;--.n
(b) of this section. No person shall cause, suffer, or
permit the emission into the outdoor atmosphere of
sulfur oxides, expressed as SO^, fiom any combustion
unit, at any time, in excess of any of the following.
(1) The rate of three pounds per million B.t.u. of heat
input when the heat input to the combustion unit in
millions of B.t.u.'s per hour is greater than 2.5 Dut less
than 50.
(2) The rate determined by the following formula.
where:
A=Allowable emissions in Ibs per million B.uu. of heal
input, and
li=lleat input to the combustion unit in millions of
B.t.u.'s per hour,
when E is equ.il to or greater than 50 but less ihan 2,000.
(3) The rate of 1.8 pounds pei million B.t.u. of 'neat
input when the heat input to the combustion unit in
millions of B.t.u.'s per houi is equal to or greater than
2,000.
(b) Specific locations. This subsection shall apply to
-------
491:0584
STATE AIR LAWS
§123.24. Primary zinc smelters.
(a) No person shall cause, suffer,.or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmosphere of sulfur oxides, from
any /inc roasting operation, in such a manner that the
concentration of sulfur oxides, expressed as SO2 in the
effluent gas exceeds 500 parts per million by volume (dry
basis) calculated as a two-hour moving average.
(b) No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmosphere of sulfur oxides, from
any zinc sintering operation, at any time in excess of the
rate calculated by the following formula:
Y = 0.054X, where;
X = Calcine feed rate to the sinter plant (Ibs/hr), and
Y = Allowable sulfur oxide emissions (Ibs/hr).
ODOR EMISSIONS
§123.31. Limitations.
(a) (1) No person shall cause, suffer or permit, at any
time, any emissions from the following processes unless
the emissions have been incinerated at a minimum of
1200 degrees F. for at least 0.3 seconds prior to their
emission into the outdoor atmosphere: chip dryers,
animal blood dryers, asphalt oxidation, asphalt roofing
manufacture, brake shoe debondmg operations, core
ovens, rendering cookers, varnish cookers, paint-baking
ovens, meat smokehouses other than those in single
family farms, plastic curing ovens, fabric-backing and
fabiic-coating baking ovens, ovens for curing of binders in
mineral wool production, meat processing other than in
single family farms, tear gas manufacture and sources of
hydrogen sulfule or mercaptans. (2) Techniques other
than incineration may be used to comply with the
provisions of clause (1) this subsection if it is shown 10
the satisfaction of the Department that such techniques
aie equivalent to or exceed the required incineration in
terms of control of the odor emissions.
(b) No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emis-
sion into the outdoor atmosphere of any malodorous air
contaminants from any source, including those in com-
pliance with the provisions of subsection (a) of this
section, ui such a manner that the muiodors are detect-
able beyond the property of the person.
VISIBLE EMISSIONS
§123.41. Limitations.
No person shall cause, suffer, or permit the emission
into the outdoor atmosphere of visible air contaminants
in such a manner that the opacity of the emission is
either of the following:
(1) Equal to or greater than 20 percent for a period or
periods aggregating more than 3 minutes in any one hour;
or
(2) Equal to or greater than 60 peicent at any time.
§123.42. Exceptions.
The limitations of §123.41 of ihis Title (relating to
limitations) shall not apply to a visible emission in any of
the following instances:
(1) When the presence of uncombined water is the
only reason tor failure of the emission to meet the
limitations.
(2) When resulting from the operation of equipment
used solely to train and test persons in observing the
opacity of visible emissions.
(3) When from sources specified in §123.1 (a) (1) -
(9) of this Title (relating to permitted fugitive emissions).
§123^.43. Measuring techniques.
Visible emissions may be measured using either of the
following:
(1) Any device approved by the Department and main-
tained to provide accurate opacity measurements.
(2) Observers, trained and qualified to measure plume
opacity with the naked eye or with the aid of any devices
approved by the Department.
Environment Reporter
191
82
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195
62
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APPENDIX F
HOURLY MODEL
The basis for our modeling evaluation of peak 3-hour and 24-hour S0~ concen-
trations in the metropolitan Philadelphia AQCR for the base year and pro-
jection years was the EPA UNAMAP Model PTMTP. The current version of PTMTP
calculates hourly pollutant concentrations at selected receptor locations
based upon emission characteristics of multiple point sources. Receptor
input parameters are the easting and northing coordinates and the height
of the receptor above ground. Source inputs include the easting and
northing coordinates, emission rate, stack height,, stack diameter, stack
gas exit velocity and stack gas temperature. Hourly meteorological
inputs are the wind direction, wind speed, atmospheric stability index,
mixing height and ambient temperature. Hourly ground level concentrations
are calculated by use of the Pasquill-Turner dispersion curves-^ and the
Briggs plume rise formulation. •"•"
For this particular study GCA was required to make the following modifica-
tions to PTMTP:
1. Input formats were changed to enable more effective batch
processing.
2. To minimize core storage requirements, source parameters
are not stored. Concentrations at a given receptor for a
particulate hour are elevated on a source by source basis.
3. A source receptor file of 24-hour and running 3-hour con-
centrations is written in tape.
196
-------
4. The model now provides for area source inputs by means of
an algorithym similar to that used in the AQDM,1 except
that the angle used in the effective area and distance cal-
culation is no longer fixed at 22-1/2 degrees but depends upon
the atmospheric stability index for the hour in question.
5. A stability dependent wind profile was included to provide
more realistic estimates of stack top wind speeds.
Since a simulation of all possible "worst day" conditions for all com-
binations of wind speed, wind direction, atmospheric stability and mixing
height was not practical for such a large number of point and area
sources, we choose a winter day in 1975 during which relatively high 24-
hour and running 3-hour concentrations were observed (see Tables F-l and
F-2).
As may be seen from the surface map shown in Figure F-l for January 24,
the study area was under the influence of a large high pressure system
centered off the middle Atlantic coast, causing a rather strong sub-
sidence inversion for most of the day. Hourly meteorological inputs to
our short-term model for this day are presented in Table F-3. The
ceiling height, wind speed, solar elevation angle and cloud cover were
used in the determination of the stability index according to Turners'
method.^
Mixing heights used in the model are determined from the intersection of
the 1200 GMT RAOB temperature profile and the potential temperature
based on the surface RAOB pressure at 1200 GMT and the following surface
temperatures:
Temp code 1 - Minimum temperature 0200 through 0600 LST plus 2.5°c
Temp code 2 - Minimum temperature 0200 through 0600 LST plus 5.0°C
Temp code 3 - Minimum temperature 0200 through 0600 LST plus 7.5°C
Temp code 4 - Minimum temperature 0200 through 0600 LST plus 10.0°C
Temp code 5 - Temperature at 13 LST
Temp code 6 - Temperature at 16 LST
Temp code 7 - Temperature at 19 LST
197
-------
^^m^^¥^m
•$&K '%> y/j/rLl... ;^>a»i&g8&r *1
SURFACE; WEATHLR MAI
AND STATION WtafHER
AT 7 OO A M E S T
Figure F-l. Surface weather map at 7:00 a.m. EST for
January 24, 1975
198
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199
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Table F-l. HOURLY S02 MEASUREMENTS
FOR JANUARY 24, 1975
AT PHILADELPHIA SITES
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24-hour average
Delaware
and
Allegheny
78
78
104
156
208
156
156
130
n 14
Camp
Station
234
234
208
182
156
182
208
208
208 182
260 234
260
416
468
286
208
208
234
156
104
104
104
104
78
185
312
936
702
-
494
520
442
364
286
156
130
156
312
364
320
AMS11
Lab.
286
234
286
312
286
208
182
364
702
546
702
1014
572
676
676
442
312
338
260
208
208
286
286
234
401
South13
Broad
182
182
130
-
130
130
208
208
208
520
832
988
598
546
598
390
416
390
208
130
104
156
312
52
337
200
-------
Table F-2. RUNNING 3-HOUR S02 CONCENTRATION MEASUREMENTS
AT PHILADELPHIA SITES FOR JANUARY 24, 1975
Starting hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
Delaware
and
Allegheny
87
113
156
173
173
147
165
199
-
-
-
381
390
321
234
217
199
165
121
104
104
95
Camp
Station
225
208
182
182
182
199
199
208
243
494
650
-
-
485
442
364
269
191
147
199
277
AMS
Lab.
269
277
295
269
225
251
416
537
650
754
763
754
641
598
477
364
303
269
225
234
260
269
South
Broad
165
-
-
-
156
182
208
312
520
780
806
711
581
511
468
399
338
243
147
130
191
173
201
-------
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Temperature code 2 was chosen to represent the morning mixing height and
the largest of codes 5 through 7 for the afternoon mixing height.^
The way in which hourly urban mixing heights are determined from maximum
mixing heights (MXDP) for yesterday (i-1), today (i) and tomorrow (i+1)
and minimum mixing heights (MNDP) for today (i) and tomorrow (i+1) is
depicted in Figure F-2. For urban mixing height between midnight and
sunrise the following procedure is used: if the stability is neutral
interpolate between MXDP-^_]^ and MXDPi (T) , if stability is stable use
MNDPi (2) . For hours between sunrise and 1400, if the hour before sun-
rise was neutral, interpolate between MXDPi-1 and MXDPi Q3) . For sunrise
to 1400, if the hour before sunrise was stable, interpolate between MNDPi
and MXDPi © • For 1400 to sunset, use MXDPi (5) . For hours between
sunset and midnight; if stability is neutral interpolate between MXDPi and
MXDPi+1 © > if stability is stable interpolate between MXDPi and
MNDPi+1 Q .
Since no temperature soundings were taken at Philadelphia on 25 January,
the determination of evening hourly mixing heights is more difficult. In
the absence of rainfall or a frontal passage one would expect the
morning mixing height on 26 January to be lower than the afternoon value
measured the previous day. By 7:00 a.m. EST on 25 January, however, light
rain had moved into the Philadelphia area, a condition which, according
to Holtzworth, *-° would lead to higher morning mixing heights than would
have been observed in the absence of precipitation. Under these cir-
cumstances we felt that the best procedure would be to set the evening
hourly mixing heights equal to the maximum afternoon value. Calculated
mixing heights for all hours on 24 January are presented in Table F-3.
For this worst day simulation the calculated concentrations were calibrated
with a slope of 1 and a background of 0, as was done with the annual means
calculated with AQDM. The SC>2 half-life was estimated to be 3 hours, the
same value which was used in AQDM, but the average annual area source
emission rates were multiplied by 2.0 to account for the greater space
203
-------
heating demands during this period. A preliminary run of the model showed
a sizeable under prediction for the 1-hour and 24-hour concentrations at
the monitor locations. This problem was traced to the assumption of zero
contribution for those sources with a plume rise above the mixing height.
In many cases this lead to a sizable reduction in the concentrations
which would have been predicted at the model receptors. Since the
relatively low mixing height on this day appeared to be one of the major
reasons for the high concentrations and due to the uncertainties inherent
in the hourly mixing height determination method, it was decided to limit
the plume height to the value of the hourly mixing height.
In Table F-4 we present a list of calculated 24-hour and peak 3-hour SO-
concentrations at 22 receptor locations. Fourteen of these locations are
actual monitoring sites while the other eight represent receptors with
high annual SO levels based upon the base year AQDM run. Hourly com-
parisons of calculated and measured S02 concentrations for the three
monitoring sites are presented in Figures F-3a through F-3c. These
comparisons reveal several obvious problems with the model calculations.
The rapid change in calculated concentrations from 1 hour to the next
indicates that the primary contribution to these calculated values comes
from large point sources upwind of the receptor locations. The airport
wind directions used in the model do not give a proper indication of
pollutant transport since they represent only a single measurement a few
minutes before the end of the hour and they are only specified to the
nearest 10 degrees. An examination of the calculated concentrations for
each of the actual and the hourly surface meteorological data presented
in Table F-3 shows that the highest calculated concentrations were
obtained when the wind direction was 230 degrees. If this heading is
followed from each of the receptor locations, we pass almost directly
over some of the largest SO,, point sources in the inventory. This wind
direction in combination with the location of these sources and the
relatively low mixing height, is almost surely responsible for the large
midday peak in the observed concentration which occurs at the same time
period during which the highest calculated values are obtained. If more
204
-------
Table F-4. CALCULATED 24-HOUR AND PEAK 3-HOUR S02 CONCENTRATIONS AT
ACTUAL AND MODEL RECEPTOR LOCATIONS FOR JANUARY 24, 1975
West to East
coordinate, X
452.81
461.48
447.16
447.11
452.87
455.00
489.40
491.70
479.40
520.00
491. CO
487,20
486.00
485.10
480.00
485.00
485.00
485.00
490.00
490.00
490.00
495.00
South to North
"ocrdmate, Y
4388.84
4406.37
4399.05
4390.73
4398.10
4396.23
4421.41
d
4419.00
4408. 70S
4452. 00f
4<»28.54a
4417.33
4421. 65b
4422.83°
4420.00
4415.00
4420.00
4425.00
4415.00
4420.00
4425.00
4430.00
T
24-Hour concentration, ijg/m
Calculated
69
23
3
4
20
20
99
64
58
68
118
112
126
104
149
91
130
128
34
115
130
157
Measured
58
24
55
401
337
320
Peak 3-Hour concentration, ug/m-'
Calculated
236
66
11
20
124
68
251
126
194
139
194
192
281
203
335
277
319
230
88
232
267
252
Measured
113
48
96
763
806
650
AMS Laboratory
South Broad Street
Camp Station
Camden Trailer
Paulsboro
Trenton
205
-------
1000 -
MEASURED
CALCULATED
CALCULATED WITH WIND
DIRECTIONS CHOSEN
RANDOMLY WITHIN A 10
DEGREE INTERVAL CENTERED
ABOUT 230 DEGREES.
10 12 14
HOUR
24
Figure F-3a.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations for the
AMS lab site
106
-------
1000
900 -
10 12
HOUR
Figure F-3b.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations at the
South Broad Street site
207
-------
1000
900 -
10 12
HOUR
22 24
Figure F-3c.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations at the
Camp Station site
208
-------
representative wind direction data could have been used, the temporal
distribution of calculated hourly concentrations would probably have been
closer to the measured distribution. That this overall underprediction
and extreme variation in hourly predicted levels is due in part to the
choice of wind direction can be seen by examination of Figure F-4,
where we have calculated hourly concentrations with the wind directions
chosen randomly within a 10 degree interval centered about 230 degrees.
Of even more value in the calculation would have been wind data from a
sufficiently large number of stations so that air parcel trajectories
could have been calculated.
Even if the temporal distribution could be made to agree, there remains
the problem of a general underprediction of even the highest hourly con-
centrations especially during the observed midday peak. This under-
prediction might have been corrected if a fumigation model could have
been used, but this would have required a more detailed analysis of daily
mixing height variations, for which sufficient data was not available.
To determine whether the rather poor performance of the model was due to
the meteorological characteristics for the particular day in question, we
ran the model for a second day, August 30, 1974. The surface map for
7:00 a.m. on this date (Figure F-4) shows a very warm southwesterly flow
over the Philadelphia area with a cold front and associated wave distur-
bance to the west. Unlike the winter's day studied earlier, mixing heights
averaged over 1,000 meters with superadiabatic conditions prevailing at
midday until a line of thunderstorms moved through the area, drastically
reducing the measured hourly SO concentrations. As can be seen from the
hourly surface observations (Table F-5), the arrival of the squall line
at 2:00 p.m. was accompanied by gusty winds shifting to the north. In
Table F-6 we present the hourly 24-hour average S09 concentrations
measured at four locations along with the predicted 24-hour values. Al-
though the predicted 24-hour values correlate poorly with the measurements,
the magnitudes of the 24-hour predictions are more reasonable than was the
209
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Table F-6. HOURLY SO, MEASUREMENTS (yg/m3) AT PHILADELPHIA
SITES FOR AUGUST 30, 1974
Hour
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
24-hour average
Predicted
Southeast
Sewer
0
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
26
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4.3
43.2
CAMP
Station
78
26
26
78
104
78
130
182
182
338
312
182
78
78
78
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
0
80.2
36.9
AMS
Laboratory
26
0
0
26
52
52
26
52
104
182
130
78
26
52
26
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
34.7
64.3
South
Broad
26
0
52
104
104
130
156
156
312
182
156
78
52
78
52
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
26
52
81.2
71.4
212
-------
case for January 24, 1975. This conclusion also holds for the comparison
of measured and calculated hourly SO concentrations (Figures F-5a through
F-5d). Further examination of these curves reveals the following additional
features:
• The measured SOo concentrations show pronounced maxima at
10:00 a.m. at three of the four stations, although the peak
is not as strong as that displayed by the January 24, 1975
measurements and occurs approximately 2 hours earlier, con-
sistent with the earlier hour of sunrise and the greater solar
elevation.
• The calculated SC>2 concentrations show rapid hourly variations
due to the model assumptions regarding the specification of
wind direction and its variation on an hourly basis.
• The model predictions of low concentrations after 4:00 p.m.
are consistent with actual observations.
The similarity between the diurnal patterns of 862 hourly concentrations
for the two validation days suggest the importance of the fumigation process
in the determination of the associated 24-hour averages. The fact that
our gaussian type model did not strongly underpredict the 24-hour S0~
concentrations for this day appears to be due to the fact that the fumiga-
tion effect was less pronounced than was the case for the January 24, 1975
validation day. The only feature of the August 30, 1974 diurnal variation
of S09 concentrations the model was able to reproduce is the sharp drop
in measured concentrations associated with the midafternoon windshift.
It is not clear, however, that the fall in measured S0_ concentrations
after the passage of the squall line was due more to the windshift or
the effects of washout.
Based upon our analysis of both of the days, we must conclude that any
modeling approach to the analysis of 24-hour SO concentrations in an
urban area must involve a detailed analysis of the fumigation process
together with a calculation of air parcel trajectories based upon wind
observations from more than one station.
213
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10
350
3OO
250
• 200
<
x.
ISO
100
50
I /
I I
I I
\ I
I I
LEGEND:
—CALCULATED
-MEASURED
K
IO 12
HOUR
14
16
18 20 22 24
Figure F-5a.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations for the
Southeast Sewer Site
214
-------
350
CALCULATED
MEASURED "1
Figure F-5b.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations for the
Camp Station Site
215
-------
350
300
250
IO
E
^
o
O
o
o
200
100
50
LEGEND
CALCULATED
MEASURED
O
A
O--d
10
12
HOUR
14
16
18 20
22 24
Figure F-5c.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations for the
AMS Lab Site
216
-------
350
3OO -
250 -
zoo -
o
I-
z
ui
o
o
u
-CALCULATED
MEASURED
2 24
Figure F-5d.
Measured and calculated hourly concentrations for the
South Broad Street Site
217
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read Instructions on thi. reverse before complet.ng)
1 REPORT NO.
EPA 903/9-77-030
2.
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION-NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
EMISSION INVENTORY AND SULFUR DIOXIDE ALTERNATIVES
FOR THE METROPOLITAN PHILADELPHIA REGION
5. REPORT DATE
August 1977
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHOR(S)
Victor Corbin
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-77-09-G
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GCA CORPORATION; GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
68-02-1376, TO 24
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Air Programs Branch
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final Report
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The Metropolitan Philadelphia Interstate Air Quality Control Region is currently not
attaining the primary air quality standards for sulfur dioxide, total suspended
particulates, photochemical oxidants and carbon monoxide. This contract updates the
point source emission inventory for the region, develops an area emission inventory,
and calculates sulfur dioxide concentrations for a base year of 1974 and for
selected future years. In addition, alternative sulfur in fuel strategies developed
by the cognizant air quality control agencies are modeled to determine their effect
with respect to the attainment and maintenance of ambient sulfur dioxide air quality
standards.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
COSATI Field/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Unlimited Distribution
19. SECURITY CLASS {This Report)
UNCLASSIFIED
21. NO. OF PAGES
233
20. SECURITY CLASS (Thispage)
UNCLASSIFIED
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
219
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