fl Chesapeake Bay Review:
Research and Responsibilities
Volume
Ul Tnv/r
Prepared For
The Chesapeake Bay Program
Region III
United States Environmental Protection Agency
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Region III Library
Environmental Protection Agency
EPA Report Collection
Information Resource Center
US EPA Region 3
Philadelphia, PA 19107
THE MITRE CORPORATION
SEPTEMBER 1976 METREK DIVISION
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MITRE Technical Report
MTR-7344
Vol. I
fl Chesapeake Bay Review:
Research and Responsibilities
THE:
MITRE
D. BRITT S. STRYKER
R. BROWN S. TRACEY
J. SCHLESINGER N. ZIMMERMAN
R. SPEWAK
SEPTEMBER 1976
CONTRACT SPONSOR U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
CONTRACT NO. 68-01-3539
PROJECT NO. 186C
DEPT. W-53
MEXfliA&B£M This document was prepared for authorized distribution
ni\/ISION ft haS n0t Deen aPProve^ for public release
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Department Approval:.
MITRE Project Approval:.
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ABSTRACT
This report was prepared for the staff of the Chesapeake Bay
Program, Region III, Environmental Protection Agency. It describes
the major research activities, jurisdictional responsibilities,
studies, monitoring programs, and cooperative relationships which
relate to the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay.
iii
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of Report
1.2 Content of Report
1.3 Sources and Limitations of Information
2.0 FEDERAL AGENCIES
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Department of Commerce
2.3 Department of Defense
2.4 Energy Research and Development Administration
2.5 Environmental Protection Agency
2.6 Federal Council for Science and Technology
2.7 Department of Health, Education and Welfare
2.8 Department of the Interior
2.9 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
2.10 National Science Foundation
2.11 Department of Transportation
2.12 Smithsonian Institution
3.0 STATE AND REGIONAL AGENCIES
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Delaware
3.3 District of Columbia
3.4 Maryland
3.5 Pennsylvania
3.6 Virginia
3.7 West Virginia
4.0 ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
4.1 Introduction
4.2 University of Delaware
4.3 Johns Hopkins University
4.4 University of Maryland
4.5 Old Dominion University
4.6 United States Naval Academy
4.7 University of Virginia
4.8 Virginia Institute of Marine Science
4.9 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
4.10 College of William and Mary
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
(Continued)
5.0 OTHER AGENCIES OR INSTITUTIONS 5-1
5.1 Introduction 5-1
5.2 Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin 5-1
5.3 Susquehanna River Basin Commission 5-2
5.4 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission 5-4
5.5 Potomac River Fisheries Commission 5-5
5.6 Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated 5-5
5.7 Marine Science Consortium 5-6
6.0 MAJOR STUDIES ON THE BAY 6-1
6.1 Introduction 6-1
6.2 Major Studies 6-1
7.0 MONITORING OF THE BAY 7-1
7.1 Introduction 7-1
7.2 Monitoring Activities 7-1
8.0 COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPS 8-1
9.0 SIMILAR RESEARCH - MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS 9-1
9.1 Introduction 9-1
9.2 Long Island Sound Management Study 9-1
9.3 San Francisco Bay-Delta Plans 9-2
9.4 The Management of Great South Bay 9-4
9.5 New York Bight 9-5
10.0 ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS 10-1
11.0 LITERATURE CITED 11-1
APPENDIX I MAJOR MONITORING PROGRAMS 1-1
APPENDIX II COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPS II-l
APPENDIX III PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS I II-l
vi
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LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
Figure Number
2.1
3.1
3.2
Organization of Corps of Engineers
District Offices Located in the
Chesapeake Bay Basin
Relationship of Maryland Agencies
Concerned With Water Resources in
the Chesapeake Bay Basin
Relationship of Virginia Agencies
Concerned with Water Resources in the
Chesapeake Bay Basin
Page
2-14
3-6
3-21
Table Number
1.1
2.1
6.1
I.I
1.2
1.3
III.l
III.2
LIST OF TABLES
Page
A Categorical Index to Volume I By
Research Topics 1-3
Data Files Relating to the Chesapeake
Bay and Environs 2-11
Summary of Reports Related to the
Water Quality of the Chesapeake Bay 6-4
Index to Monitoring Programs 1-2
Nature of Materials Monitored 1-7
Summary of Major Monitoring Activities 1-9
How Important Are the Following Items
to the Chesapeake Bay and its Users?
(Shabman and Ashton, 1976) III-9
How Important Are the Following Items
to the Chesapeake Bay and its Users?
(Shabman and Ashton, 1976) 111-12
vii
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Purpose of Report
This report was prepared under contract with the Environmental
Protection Agency and is designed to serve as a source of information
useful to the Agency's Chesapeake Bay Program. The primary goal of
the Program will be to develop a management system which is designed
to maintain and improve the overall water quality of the Chesapeake
Bay. The Program will emphasize the coordination of existing Bay
programs being conducted by current planning and regulatory agencies
and will focus on the impacts of nutrients, toxic substances, non-
point source pollution, physical alterations, the causes of problems
associated with the impacts, and the existing institutions, policies,
and regulations which relate to these areas. The purpose of this
report is to identify and to summarize the ongoing activities of the
major institutions and agencies in the Bay area, especially with
respect to the problem areas of primary interest to the Chesapeake
Bay Program. This report will be utilized by the staff of the
Chesapeake Bay Program to pull together information relevant to on-
going activities which will be useful to the development of a
coordinated management program for the Bay.
1.2 Content of Report
This volume contains a description of the major research
activities, jurisdictional responsibilities, studies, monitoring
activities, and cooperative relationships which pertain to the
1-1
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water quality of the Chesapeake Bay. Within this report, at least
eleven federal departments and forty-five state and regional agencies
are described. Monitoring activities are described for fifty-one
monitoring programs representing over thirteen thousand sampling
stations where some of over fifty parameters are measured.
A description of the activities of federal agencies and state/
regional agencies is presented in Section 2.0 and 3.0, respectively
in this volume of the report. The activities of academic institutions
and other agencies are described in Section 4.0 and 5.0. Section 6.0
summarizes recent studies or reports on the Bay. Section 7.0,
together with Appendix I, presents an overview of the major monitoring
programs being carried out on the Bay and its tributaries. Section
8.0 and Appendix II depict more-or-less formal arrangements whereby
agencies interact to promote coordination with respect to activities
relating to the Bay. Section 9.0 identifies research and management
programs on similar bodies of water which may be useful as models
for the development of a management program for the Bay. Appendix III
is a listing of comments and recommendations received from adminis-
trators and researchers interviewed during the course of this study
and which may be useful to the development of a responsive management
program. Table 1.1 of this Section is a categorical index by page
number to the four problem areas of interest to the Chesapeake Bay
Program and broken down according to various sections of this report
relating to current activities or studies performed on the Bay.
1-2
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1.3 Sources and Limitations of Information
The information contained within was obtained largely from repre-
sentatives of various agencies or institutions in the Chesapeake
Bay area during personal or telephone interviews conducted in the
course of this study. This report is not intended to provide defini-
tive information with regard to every agency or institutional activity
with respect to the Bay. Rather, it is intended to provide an overall
perspective and a summary of the activities of agencies and institu-
tions with a jurisdictorial responsibility or active interest in the
quality of the Bay.
1-5
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2.0 FEDERAL AGENCIES
2.1 Introduction
Many federal agencies are active in research, planning,
surveillance, and enforcement activities in the Chesapeake Bay Basin.
Although not usually known for their efforts to protect the water
quality of the Bay, federal governmental units such as the Department
of Agriculture (acting through the Soil Conservation Service and
cooperative arrangements with state conservationist officials)
promote the soil conservation practices of contour farming, use of
sod waterways, terracing, and various land use policies which in
effect hinder or prevent the movement of fine particulates from
eroded soils into the Bay or its tributary estuaries.
Through the activities of fisheries research, tidal and meteor-
logical monitoring, coastal zone management, data inventories,
mapping, and the issuance of contracts under the Sea Grant Program,
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) represents
the federal agency having the most diverse programmatic efforts with
respect to the Bay. The responsibility for the enforcement of marine
law on the Bay lies with the United States Coast Guard. The Environ-
mental Protection Agency conducts surveillance and enforcement acti-
vities in the Bay Basin in support of regulations issued under the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 (PL 92-500).
To date the Corps of Engineers has been the lead Federal agency with
respect to the support of a unified and comprehensive approach to the
2-1
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understanding of the economic, demographic, land and resource
development trends within the Basin, and of the vitality of the Bay
and its tributary estuaries. This section describes the salient acti-
vities of these and other federal agencies as they relate to the
Chesapeake Bay.
2.2 Department of Commerce
Although having an indirect influence upon the Chesapeake Bay
through the Economic Development Administration and the Maritime
Administration, the Department of Commerce supports major planning
efforts and research activities through the Department's National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). The following is a
description of NOAA's activities with respect to the Chesapeake Bay.
The National Marine Fisheries Service conducts research on the
life history, population dynamics, and various factors influencing
the growth, survival, and distribution of marine mammals, fish, and
shellfish and promotes the development and marketing of fisheries
products. The Service maintains an extensive library on marine sport
fish and fisheries at its Middle Atlantic Coastal Fisheries Center,
Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, New Jersey. The major subjects
covered in over 4,000 volumes and 14,000 reprints include marine
biology, oceanography, conservation, marine pollution, and the fish-
eries of coastal estuaries, and near shore areas.
In cooperation with the Fisheries Administration of the Maryland
Department of National Resources, the National Marine Fisheries Ser-
2-2
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vice jointly funded a comprehensive survey of anadromous fish (fish
which migrate upstream from saline waters to breed) spawning areas
in the Potomac River and upper Chesapeake Bay drainage basins. The
survey was conducted over the period July 1970 - January 1975 as part
of Maryland's Anadromous Fish Stream Survey Program. The findings
of this study are presented in Section 6 of this volume.
The Service maintains a research laboratory in Oxford, Maryland.
Recent studies have centered on the development of neoplasms in the
Baltic clam (Macoma balthica), an abundant filter feeding organism
in the Chesapeake Bay. Several locations within the Bay have been
sampled for the occurrence of neoplasms in the clams. Studies also
have centered on the parasites and diseases of Rangia cuneata,
a brackish water clam common in areas within the Bay characterized
by low salinity. Other studies at the laboratory involved hysto-
logical analyses on striped bass and oyster ova, and the develop-
ment of a mariculture system.
As part of a Menhaden Catch Sampling Program conducted by the
Atlantic Estuarine Fisheries center of the National Marine Fisheries
Service, menhaden are sampled during a five-day period throughout the
annual fishing season at two processing plants located in Reedville,
Virginia. The program involves the estimate of population size and
the length, weight, and age relationships for the species.
The National Marine Fisheries Service, in cooperation with the
Environmental Protection Agency, has supported a National Estuarine
2-3
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Monitoring Program initiated at VIMS during 1965. During the period
1965-1972, oysters and other shellfish were collected from various
areas of the upper Chesapeake Bay and from the James, York, Rappahan-
nock, and Elizabeth Rivers and analyzed for pesticides. Residues of
DDT were observed to be as high as 0.070 ppm in Maryland and 0.68 ppm
in Virginia. However, in both states most oyster samples contained
DDT levels in the 0.011 to 0.100 range (Munson and Huggett, 1972).
Subsequent to 1972 until June of this year, the Program has been con-
ducted under the aegis of the Environmental Protection Agency wherein
yearling fish have been sampled at six month intervals in as many as
11 tributaries to the Chesapeake Bay (see Appendix - "Major Monitor-
ing Programs").
The National Ocean Survey conducts an extensive program of
monitoring with respect to tidal currents, heights, and time of
occurrence. The Survey played a major role in the gathering of
basic data for use in the development and construction of the Corps
of Engineers, Chesapeake Bay Hydraulic Model.
For various studies, the Survey moors buoys at strategic loca-
tions where data collected on salinity, temperature, and currents are
telemetered to a shore-based station. The National Ocean Survey con-
tributed most of the data recorded for Maryland's baseline survey of
the Chester River (funded jointly by Westinghouse Electric Corporation
and the State of Maryland). The National Ocean Survey retains exten-
sive archival data on the Chesapeake Bay at its office in Rockville,
Maryland.
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The National Weather Service maintains two meteorological mon-
itoring and observer stations in the Bay area and three automated
stations. The collected data are utilized in forecasts of weather
conditions over the Bay. Extensive data files relevant to meteorol-
ogical conditions in the Bay area are stored and available through
the Environmental Data Service of NOAA.
Predictions of freshwater flow into the Bay are available from
the National Weather Service River Forecast Center at Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania. The Center is responsible for predicting flows of
coastal rivers from the James River to the Hudson River. At present,
short-range predictions of only a few days are available, however,
Longer range predictions expressed in terms of probability can be made
available upon request.
The Office of Coastal Zone Management of NOAA promotes effective
protection and use of the land and water resources of the coastal
zone through administration of the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972. The Office enters into the planning process,
"when a state or territory decides to develop a coastal
zone management plan and applies for a federal grant
under Section 305—a strictly voluntary action based on
a decision by the Governor. The state must be able to
provide funds or services to match by one-half the total
of the federal grant it requests (so that the effort
is funded on a two-thirds federal, one-third state basis).
The Governor must designate a state agency respon-
sible for administering the grant and completing the
work plan. The grant application describes the respon-
sibilities of that agency and all other state agencies
involved; the status of coastal zone management acti-
vities; data sources and needs; state goals, problems
2-5
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and priorities; means for involving the public and
various levels of government in plan development; means
of coordinating plan development with agencies admin-
istering excluded federal coastal lands; and the
strategy to be pursued in developing the management
plan and program."*
With regard to the implementation of the management program,
a state may apply for and receive as many as
"three annual Section 305 planning, or program develop-
ment, grants. During this time, the state program
would be developing consistent with federal guidelines
which are designed to prepare the state to request and
receive federal approval of its management plan—and
federal grants to implement it.
Central to this goal are six items the state must
address in its planning program:
(1) identification of the boundaries of the coa-
stal zone;
(2) an inventory and designation of areas of
particular concern;
(3) broad guidelines on priority of uses in
particular areas including specifically those uses of
lowest priority;
(A) a determination of permissible land and water
uses which have a direct and significant impact on
coastal waters;
(5) the means by which the state proposes to con-
trol those uses; and
(6) the organizational structure which would
implement the management program.
* Source: Office of Coastal Zone Management. 1975. "Considering
Coastal Zone Management. The Law. The Participants.
The Program." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Adminis-
tration, U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C.
2-6
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The Act specifies three optional types of controls:
(1) direct state regulation; (2) local regulation con-
sistent with state established standards; or, (3) local
regulation subject to state review.
When the state program is developed, federal appro-
val may be sought from the Secretary of Commerce. He
judges whether the management process the state has
developed meets the general goals of the Act. The pur-
suit of federal approval is again a voluntary action by
the state. To secure federal approval, the Governor
must have approved the program and the state must have
developed the powers, arrangements and authorities
necessary to implement it. This is encouraged through
Section 306 program implementation grants. Substanti-
ally more funds are authorized by the Act for the annual
implementation grants it allows. The state must again
match the total federal grant it requests by one-half.
Authorized by Section 312 of the Act, an estuarine
sanctuary grant is made on a 50% - 50% matching basis.
It enables a state to acquire estuarine water bodies
and adjacent waters, wetlands and uplands and to oper-
ate and maintain that area for education and research
in support of its coastal management efforts.
Sanctuaries will be selected throughout the nation.
Areas selected are to be representative of the nation's
various ecosystem types, rather than being unique
ecological areas.
Criteria used in selection are based on ecological
characteristics, size and selection of boundaries, cost,
enhancement of non-competitive uses, proximity and
access to existing research facilities, availability of
suitable alternative sites already protected, and con-
flict with existing or potential competing uses in the
area or nearby.
Some marine areas merit preservation or restoration
for their conservation, recreational, ecological or
esthetic values. Congress recognized this in Title III
of the Marine Protection, Research & Sanctuaries Act of
1972 (Public Law 92-532; enacted October 23, 1972).
That Act provides that any individual, organization,
state or federal agency may nominate an area to be
designated a marine sanctuary. This area would be
2-7
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acquired and operated with full federal funding (where
funding is necessary), and could be managed in a variety
of ways through agreements with various federal or
state agencies.
Marine sanctuaries may be established in ocean
waters as far seaward as the outer edge of the conti-
nental shelf in coastal waters where the tide ebbs and
flows; and in the Great Lakes and their connecting
waters.
The marine sanctuaries program, administered by the
Office of Coastal Zone Management, is coordinated closely
with the coastal management program. For both sanctu-
aries programs, a public hearing process is called for
after nomination and prior to designation."*
The lead state agencies for coastal zone management contracts
in the Chesapeake Bay area are the Energy and Coastal Zone Administra-
tion of the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, and the office
of the Virginia Coastal Zone Management Program, Office of the Secre-
tary of Commerce and Resources. Discussion relevant to the status
of involvement of these States within the coastal zone management
program is given with the presentation of the responsibilities of
the appropriate state agency.
The National Oceanographic Data Center of NOAA's Environmental
Data Service maintains the Environmental Data Base Directory (EDBD).
The EDBD is a computerized inventory of environmental data bases
located at federal, state, and local government agencies, educational
and research institutions, and private industry in the U.S. and Canada.
* Source: Office of Coastal Zone Management. 1975. "Considering
Coastal Zone Management. The Law. The Participants. The
Program." National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
U.S. Department of Commerce, Washington D.C.
2-8
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At present, 3500 environmental data files are described. These per-
tain largely to Great Lakes and coastal areas of the U.S. A goal is
to complete a comprehensive nationwide inventory by 1980.
Each environmental data base description (a characterization
of a data file or unbroken series of collected data) lists the
geographic area of data collection, types of data parameters and
methods used to measure them, when and where the data were collected,
the sensors and platforms used, data formats, restrictions on data
availability, publications in which the data may be found, whom to
contact for further information, and the estimated cost of obtain-
ing the data. This inventory is searchable interactively on any of
the items listed above. Search results can be tailored to the user's
needs.
In order to catalog and to determine the extent of such data
files for the Chesapeake Bay, the Environmental Data Service has
contracted with the Virginia Institute of Marine Science for the
periodic updating and expansion of an environmental data index to
data files on the Bay. This index or directory may be obtained
by querying the entire data file of the Environmental Data Service
with respect to the existence of data files for the Bay. The out-
put is a listing and description of each data file. A search of the
data base conducted for this report revealed the existence of 1,182
data files pertinent to the Chesapeake Bay area (Environmental Data
Service, 1976). The listing is not complete (lacking EPA data files,
Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland, etc.), but represents a
2-9
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comprehensive directory of the various kinds and sizes of data files
on the Bay. A breakdown of the number of data files for each type
of data storage is presented in Table 2-1.
Each data file represents a certain amount of sampling or monitor-
ing effort. The collected data often are not readily compatible
with rapid information retrieval unless stored on punched standard
80 column Hollerith cards or on digital magnetic tape.
Most of these automated data files are located at the Virginia
Institute of Marine Science. Of these, the following four are exam-
ples of the type of surveys for which the data exist on magnetic
digital tape:
1. Monitoring data of temperature and salinity from 1972
to the present. Values measured every 30 minutes
(March to November) at two Rappahannock River stations.
2. Current speed and direction measurements every twenty
minutes for five-day periods at about 100 stations in
the lower Chesapeake Bay and its tributary estuaries
(March - September 1973).
3. Current speed and direction measurements every twenty
minutes in the Rappahannock River and Mobjack Bay
(May - August 1970).
4. Current speed and direction measurements every twenty
minutes at 25 stations in the lower Bay (June - August
1972).
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TABLE 2.1
DATA FILES RELATING TO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ENVIRONS
Number of
Data Files
Type of Storage
4
296
1
17
2
62
7
22
161
76
502
8
13
4
1,182
Charts (Map or atlas)
Data Sheets (Local or standard data forms manually recorded
and stored in files)
FOSDIC Film (Film sensing device for input into a computer)
Magnetic Disc
Magnetic Tape Analog (Any kind of analog magnetic tape)
Magnetic Tape Digital (Standard 1/2 inch computer compat-
ible tapes)
Microfiche (Sheet of microfilm containing multiple micro-
images in a grid pattern)
Microfilm (16 min or 35 mm, cartridge or reel)
Original film (Analog data stored on film)
Photoprints (Any photoprint system for storage of analog
data)
Punched Cards (Standard 80 column Hollerith cards)
Reports (Data stored in printed form such as books, data
reports, pamphlets)
Samples (Any samples of the environment available for
study, this includes reference collections)
Strip Charts (All recorder produced analog records)
X-Y Plots (Graphic plots shown on Cartesian coordinates)
SOURCE: Environmental Data Service, 1976.
2-11
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The Institute retains 47 data files on punched cards. Forty-
six of these are results of biological sampling efforts. Of these
8 represent the results of continuous collecting efforts (striped
bass, 1967, 1968, and 1972 to present; benthic fauna, 1972 - present;
rock crabs, 1970 - present; anadromous fishes 1966, 1967, and 1967
to present). The non-biological monitoring study dealt with exten-
sive nutrient sampling of Virginia estuaries during July 1967 - June
1970.
Automated data files exist at 30 other agencies and institutions,
Many of these files represent collected data from biological surveys.
A few represent continuous physical or chemical monitoring data
through the present. A copy of the listing of the 1,182 Chesapeake
Bay data files is available for study at the EPA - Region III head-
quarters in Philadelphia, Chesapeake Bay Program Office.
The Environmental Data Service also maintains an information
retrieval system termed OASIS (Oceanic and Scientific Information
System) which provides a reference to published technical literature
in the areas of chemistry and biology. The system services include
retrospective searches as well as providing the selective dissemina-
tion of information or current awareness citations on a periodic
basis.
NOAA also provides other services useful to activities in the
Chesapeake Bay Basin including the preparation of nautical charts,
nautical publications (tide tables, bench marks, current charts),
2-12
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bathmetric maps, coastal mapping, geodetic surveys, hydrographic sur-
veys, and aeronautical charts. NOAA also administrates the National
Sea Grant Program established by NOAA to provide grants to colleges,
universities, and other research institutions for programs and pro-
jects to develop and conserve marine resources. The academic
institutions within the Chesapeake Bay area which have received grants
under the Program include the Virginia Polytechnic Institute and
State University, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, the Uni-
versity of Delaware, and the University of Maryland.
2.3 Department of Defense
To date the United States Army Corps of Engineers, of the
Department of Defense, has been the lead federal agency with respect
to the development of a unified and comprehensive approach to the
understanding of the economic, demographic, land and resource develop-
ment trends within the Basin, and of the vitality of the Bay and its
tributary estuaries. As for research in other areas, the Corps of
Engineers conducts research studies on impact assessment,
management and conservation of ecosystems, engineering construction
to control the environment, and industrial siting. Methods are
developed for the control of aquatic weeds, waste disposal, and man-
agement of pollution associated with dredging, bulkheading, and
other physical alterations (see structure of Bay Offices - Figure 2.1).
The Army Corps of Engineers permit responsibilities are primarily
contained within the following enactments: The River and Harbor Acts
2-13
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of 1899, 1902, and 1965; The Federal Power Act of 1920; The Fish and
Wildlife Coordination Act of 1956; The Water Resources Planning Act
of 1965; The National Historic Preservation Act of 1966; The Estuary
Protection Act of 1968; The National Environmental Policy Act of
1969; The Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972;
The Marine Protection and Sanctuaries Act of 1972; and The Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972.
A major responsibility of the Corps relates to the granting or
denial of permit applications for physical alterations in navigable
waters. In this regard, any individual, firm or agency who plans to
build a structure in, on, under or over a navigable waterway in the
United States must obtain a permit from the Corps. If a body of water
is considered navigable, its entire surface falls under federal per-
mit authority, including adjacent wetlands, even though wetlands can-
not support watercraft uses. With this respect, permits must be
obtained for any work in bays, estuaries, or wetlands which are sub-
ject to tidal action.
With respect to the Chesapeake Bay, the Corps authority to con-
duct its Chesapeake Bay Study and to construct a hydraulic model of
the Bay is contained in Section 312 of the River and Harbor Act of
1965:
The Secretary of the Army, acting through the
Chief of Engineers, is authorized and directed to
make a complete investigation and study of water
utilization and control of the Chesapeake Bay Basin,
including the waters of the Baltimore Harbor and
including, but not limited to, the following:
2-15
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navigation, fisheries, flood control, control of
noxious weeds, water pollution, water quality
control, beach erosion, and recreation. In order
to carry out the purposes of this section, the
Secretary, acting through the Chief of Engineers,
shall construct, operate, and maintain in the State
of Maryland a hydraulic model of the Chesapeake Bay
Basin and associated technical center. Such model
and center may be utilized, subject to such terms
and conditions as the Secretary deems necessary,
by any department, agency, or instrumentality of
the Federal Government or of the States of Maryland,
Virginia, and Pennsylvania, in connection with any
research, investigation, or study being carried
on by them of any aspect of the Chesapeake Bay
Basin. The study authorized by this section shall
be given priority."
As a result of Tropical Storm Agnes, which caused extensive damage
within the Chesapeake Bay, the Supplemental Appropriation Act of 1973,
Public Law 92-607, provided for an additional study relating to the
impact of the storm on the Bay. Most of this study was subcontracted
to the Chesapeake Bay Consortium. The results are summarized in Sec-
tion 6 of this volume.
At the present time, Phase I of the study has been completed and
culminated in a seven volume study of existing conditions. The
report does not include the entire drainage area for the Bay. Cover-
age is very close to that of the study area for Maryland and Virginia's
Coastal Zone Management Programs, i.e. to counties adjacent to the
Bay and its tributaries.
Phase II should be completed by the end of 1976. It will consist
of 15 volumes on the future conditions of the Bay. The report will
project future resource needs and problem areas within the Chesapeake
2-16
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Bay Basin and will include recommendations for future studies and
model testing required to establish a management program for the Bay.
The present direction of the Corps' Chesapeake Bay Program is to
concentrate on the beneficial uses of the Hydraulic Model.
After the Model is calibrated (scheduled for completion in the
spring of 1977), a few projects (perhaps three) may be funded the first
year. At present, the initial tests to be conducted include (Corps
of Engineers, 1976):
1. Low Freshwater Inflow Test to determine the impact on the
Bay of either natural or man-made reductions in the amount
of freshwater entering the Bay.
2. Baltimore Harbor Test to determine the effects of deepening
the Baltimore Harbor and channel to 50 feet.
3. Potomac Estuary Test to study water supply and waste water
disposal in the Potomac Estuary.
Although the Model would be useful in identifying impacts due to
construction activities and point source discharges in the Bay, the
Model lacks the "quick response" needed for this kind of use, i.e.,
the projects for which the Model will be used need to be designated
a year or more ahead of time, and the Corps would hesitate "bumping"
a designated project for a quick study such as an environmental
assessment of a local or temporary problem.
2.4 Energy Research and Development Administration
Established by the Energy Reorganization Act of 1974, the Energy
Research and Development Administration (ERDA) was formed by the
assembly of energy related programs of the Atomic Energy Commission
2-17
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(no longer in existence), the Department of the Interior, the National
Science Foundation, and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Within the Chesapeake Bay area, ERDA has funded studies initi-
ated by the former Atomic Energy Commission. Many involve coopera-
tive support provided by other agencies such as the National Science
Foundation and the Office of Naval Research. Many of these studies
relate to the uptake and release of phosphorus in the Bay, the rela-
tionship between the concentration of plant pigments and the amount
of light reaching intertidal sediments, the cycling of nitrogen and
phosphorus in open waters of the Bay, and the distribution of the
dominant predaceous cladoceran (a planktonic organism) Podon poly-
phemoides in the Bay. Most are conducted by scientists at the Ches-
apeake Bay Instititute of the Johns Hopkins University. Other stud-
dies, such as an analysis of the pre-operational and post-operational
environmental conditions in the area of the Calvert Cliffs nuclear
power plant, are carried out by the researchers of the University of
Maryland.
2.5 Environmental Protection Agency
The Chesapeake Bay Basin is within the jurisdictional boundaries
of Region III of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The
regional office, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, maintains a
local field office in Annapolis, Maryland.
The Annapolis Field Office (AFO) is charged primarily with the
collection and analysis of water and bottom samples, to determine
2-18
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existing water quality problems and their causes, and the publication
of technical reports documenting investigations of the Chesapeake Bay,
Delaware Bay, Atlantic Coastal bays, and the tributaries to these
bays. The AFO provides technical support to Region III activities in
enforcement, planning, surveillance and other programs. The areas
of support encompass the disciplines of chemistry, ecology, biology,
and engineering with special capability in nutrient-phytoplankton
relationship studies and the application of mathematical modelling
techniques to air and water quality (Environmental Protection Agency,
1972d).
The Annapolis Field Office has recently assembled a hydraulic
and water quality model of the Upper Chesapeake Bay. This model has
provided information on the probable effects of increased nutrient
loadings from point and nonpoint sources to the Upper Chesapeake Bay.
Other math models have been applied to the Patuxent River Basin,
Potomac River Estuary, James River Estuary, and Rappahannock River
Estuary.
The Annapolis Field Office was a major coordinator and contri-
butor of water quality data to a comprehensive resource study for the
Corps of Engineers Chesapeake Bay hydraulic model. This study in-
volved collection and storage of water quality and data and municipal
and industrial wastewater inventories from all sources (ICMSE, 1976).
A new model that represents the state-of-the-art in the area of
eutrophication dynamics has recently been developed and is undergoing
2-19
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sensitivity testing at the Annapolis Field Office. The model should
have the predictive capability to assess light, temperature, and nu-
trients as rate limiting factors in the eutrophication process of the
Chesapeake Bay.
The Annapolis Field Office provides continuing support to the
planning efforts in the Potomac River Metropolitan Washington Area,
which includes conducting water quality investigations in that seg-
ment of the estuary. The results of the investigation have been
utilized in mathematical model verification studies, determination of
allowable wastewater loadings, and the quality effects of water
supply withdrawals from the upper estuary (Environmental Protection
Agency 1971; 1972b; 1972c; 1975).
Since 1965, the Annapolis Field Office has collected biological
and water quality data for the tidal and freshwater portions of many
tributaries flowing into the Bay. These include the Potomac, James,
Patuxent, Bush, Gunpowder, Middle, Severn, South, West Rappahannock,
York, Northeast, Elk, Bohemia, Sassafras, Chester, Choptank, Nanti-
coke, Wicomico, and Pocomoke Rivers (see Appendix I-Major Monitoring
Programs). A study on nutrient input to the Bay from the significant
tributaries was conducted from 1969-1970 (Environmental Protection
Agency, 1972a). A subsequent study delineated the major nutrient
sources within the lower Susquehanna Basin (Environmental Protection
Agency, 1974b).
Water quality samples from the problem areas in the Chesapeake
Bay Basin are analyzed for coliform bacteria, dissolved oxygen,
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biochemical oxygen demand, total and organic carbon, dissolved solids,
pH, alkalinity, chlorides, turbidity, chlorophyll-a, plant caroten-
oids, phaeophytin, and nutrients, which include carbon, nitrogen,
and phosphorous fractions. In special instances, water and bottom
samples are analyzed for heavy metals, oils and greases, and other
constituents.
The biological capability of the Annapolis Field Office currently
includes the enumeration and identification of freshwater and estuarine
rooted aquatic plants; a limited capability for identification of
estuarine larval fish; several methods for collection and identification
of estuarine and marine fishes; and estimations of estuarine benthic
communities.
Data are continually being obtained in the open water of the
Upper Bay and in the Middle Bay to provide background data for
detecting nutrient and phytoplankton standing crop increases and
species changes resulting from proposed treated waste discharges.
Through the administrative direction provided by Region III,
EPA is initiating a Chesapeake Bay water quality program. The
primary goal of the program will be to develop a management system
designed to maintain and improve the overall water quality of the Bay.
The program will emphasize the coordination of existing programs
conducted by various planning and regulatory agencies of Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia, Delaware, West Virginia, Section 208 PL 92-500
2-21
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authorities, the Corps of Engineers, and the National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. The program will interface with existing
water quality management programs within EPA such as the NPDES permit
program which is a vehicle to control the quantity of pollutants dis-
charged from industrial and municipal point sources into the Bay.
Section 404 (PL 92-500) authorizes EPA to control dredge and field
operations. The program also will utilize and coordinate area-wide
Section 208 planning and statewide 303 planning agencies to integrate
their efforts in the development of a Bay-wide management plan.
2.6 Federal Council for Science and Technology
An Interagency Committee on Marine Science and Engineering
(ICMSE) was formed in 1971 by the Federal Council for Science and
Technology to coordinate marine programs. The membership of the
Committee is composed of representatives of agencies (see Appendix II-
Cooperative Relationships) which have interest in oceanographic re-
search. The Chesapeake Bay Subcommittee was formed by the Corps of
Engineers following an ICMSE request in 1971.
The Subcommittee membership is available to federal agencies
with a strong commitment or research interest in the Bay. Represen-
tatives from the States of Maryland and Virginia sit as observers on
the Subcommittee.
The mission of the Chesapeake Bay Subcommittee is to allow for
the planning and coordination of federal and state programs relating
to the Bay. The goal is to avoid unnecessary duplication of research
2-22
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programs and to identify research, development, or demonstration needs
as they relate to the vitality of the Bay.
The Subcommittee soon will release a report identifying various
agencies and institutions concerned with the water and related re-
sources in the Chesapeake Bay Basin.
2.7 Department of Health^ Education and Welfare
The Food and Drug Administration of the Department of Health,
Education and Welfare maintains an office in Baltimore which supports
the National Shellfish Sanitation Program. The Program is a volun-
tary cooperative project conducted by the Food and Drug Administra-
tion with 23 coastal States and the shellfish industry. The program
office which has jurisdiction in the states of Pennsylvania, Dela-
ware, Maryland, Virginia and West Virginia is located in Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Staff of the Philadelphia office and of the local office in
Baltimore advise the States with respect to their shellfish programs
and prepare evaluations of such programs based on a 1965 manual of
operations (Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, 1965) for
the sanitation of shellfish growing areas and of the harvesting and
processing of shellfish. In 1974, the Environmental Protection Agen-
cy's Office of Water Program Operations prepared a guidelines bulle-
tin (Environmental Protection Agency, 1974c) for compliance with the
manual of operation in order to provide for the protection of shell-
fish waters which receive effluents discharged from municipal waste-
water treatment plants constructed with EPA funds.
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At present the Food and Drug Administration does not have exten-
sive enforcement powers under the National Shellfish Sanitation Pro-
gram. Currently, regulatory activity is limited to the disallowance
of the interstate shipment of contaminated shellfish.
2.8 Department of the Interior
Within the Department of the Interior, functions of the former
Fish and Wildlife Service and the Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wild-
life have been assumed by the Fish and Wildlife Service which pro-
vides for the protection of wildlife refuges on islands and shoreline
areas of the Bay.
These National Wildlife Refuges include the Susquehanna (Hart-
ford Co., Md.) Eastern Neck (Kent Co., Md.) Blackwater (Dorchester
Co., Md.), Martin (Somerset Co., Md.), Mason Neck (Fairfax Co., Va.),
Presquile (Chesterfield Co., Va.)» Fisherman's Island (Northampton
Co., Va.). The refuges are managed for the production, migration,
and wintering of migratory birds and for the protection of endangered
species.
The Service also conducts an extensive research program on the
accumulation of chlorinated hydrocarbons in migratory waterfowl at
its Patuxent Wildlife Research Center. The Center collects the wings
of ducks killed by hunters and natural causes as they migrate along
the Atlantic Flyway. These wings, are analyzed for the presence of
chlorinated hydrocarbons and the results are reported on a state by
state basis by the Center's Gulf Coast Field Station in Victoria, Texas.
2-24
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The objective of the project is to establish trends in the uptake of
these compounds over time. Collections have been made every three
years.
The Migratory Bird and Habitat Research Laboratory of the Center
is conducting an extensive study related to an apparent change in
the feeding habits of wintering populations of the canvasback, Aythya
vallisneria, in the Bay. During the last 10 years, the species ap-
parently has changed from a mixed diet of aquatic vegetation, primar-
ily wild-celery, Vallisneria americana, and invertebrate organisms,
to one composed almost entirely of invertebrates (preliminary find-
ings indicate the Baltic clam, Macoma balthica, to be the predominant
food organism). Future studies will relate to seasonal dietary vari-
ations and daily feeding patterns. Other Bay investigations conducted
by the Center relate to the population trends and reproductive success
of ospreys. These studies include the effects of pollutants on the
reproductive rates.
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service also maintains an
office in Annapolis.- One of the main functions of this office is to
review environmental impact statements. The Service is empowered
under the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (PL 85-624) to review
and comment on actions which are determined to be harmful to the fish
and birds of the Bay.
The United States Geological Survey of the Department of the
Interior is involved in coordinating the acquisition of water data
2-25
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for streams, lakes, reservoirs, estuaries, and ground waters as part
of its National Water Data Network. The network is an organized
system for collecting specific information at a series of stations
selected to satisfy a specific monitoring objective. Information on
the data acquisition activities by federal, state and local agencies,
and private organizations that acquire water data directly in the
field and laboratory is reported to the Office of Water Data Coordin-
ation (OWDC) of the Geological Survey. The information reported to
OWDC is published every two years in a catalog (U. S. Department of
the Interior, 1974). This catalog is a file of information concern-
ing the water-data acquisition activities (station names, locations,
period of record, storage of data, parameters measured, frequency of
measurement, and reporting agency), and is not a file of water data,
which must be obtained from the reporting agencies. The catalog re-
ports listings for stations which monitor streamflow and stage, and
the quality of surface and ground water.
The Geological Survey maintains its own series of data-collec-
tion sites in its National Stream Quality Accounting Network (NASQAN).
This network consists of sites at the mouth of 325 hydrographic
"accounting units" and is designed to gather data on the quantity and
quality of water moving from one accounting unit to the next (Picker-
ing and Ficke, 1976). Within the Chesapeake Bay drainage area, the
Geological Survey operates seven NASQAN stations (see Appendix I -
Major Monitoring Programs).
2-26
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Through the stations operated by the Geological Survey under
NASQAN and the National Water Data Network, and participating agen-
cies, the Geological Survey stores and disseminates about 70 percent
of the water data used by state, local, private, and other federal
agencies through its National Water Data Storage and Retrieval Sys-
tem (WATSTORE). The system is operated and maintained at a central
computer facility at its National Center in Reston, Virginia. The
Survey is currently establishing a National Water Data Exchange
(NAWDEX) to improve access to water data. One of the first projects
of NAWDEX will be the development of a Water Data Sources Directory
which will identify organizations that collect water data, sources
of water data, media in which the data are available, types of data,
and geographic areas represented.
The Office of Water Research and Technology of the Department of
Interior administers a program of water resources research and train-
ing authorized by the Water Resources Research Act of 1964, as amended.
Major program goals are to: develop through problem-oriented
research technology efficient methods for resolving local, state
and nationwide water resource problems; train water scientists and
engineers through their on-the-job participation in research work;
and facilitate water research coordination.
Under Title I of the Act, the Office provides annual funding
allotments to support one state university water resources research
2-27
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and training institute in each state. Additional funds are also pro-
vided to these institutes for specific research project work on a
dollar-for-dollar matching-fund basis. Other universities and col-
leges may participate in the Title I program work of the designated
State institutes. Under Title II of the Act, grants and contracts
are made with academic, private^ public, or other organizations and
individuals having water research competence.
The Virginia Water Resources Research Center at the Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University conducts numerous studies
related to the management of areas upland to the Bay. These studies
have a direct application to the control of non-point source dischar-
ges entering the Bay (See Academic Institutions: Virginia Polytech-
nic Institute and State University). A similar Water Resources Re-
search Center is situated at the University of Maryland.
Several of the academic institutions within the Chesapeake Bay
area have interacted, on various subject matters, with the newly
formed Office of Biological Services within the U. S. Fish and Wild-
life Service. This Office has established new programs such as a
National Wetlands Inventory, and Power Plant Siting, Stream Altera-
tion, and Coastal Ecosystems projects within its Aquatic Ecosystems
Program. It is envisioned that this office will become involved in-
creasingly in future research and planning studies in the Bay area.
2.9 National Aeronautics and Space Administration
The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) estab-
lished by the National Aeronautics and Space Act of 1958, maintains
2-28
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and operates a Chesapeake Bay Ecological Program Office at the NASA
Wallops Island Flight Center on Wallops Island, Virginia.
The primary mission of the Chesapeake Bay Program Office is the
transfer of remote sensing technology to the user community. The
Program Office has conducted remote sensing flights over the Chesa-
peake Bay since 1970. Copies of all photographs and imagery are on
file at the NASA Wallops Island Data Center. The Office has the
capability for ground verification of remote sensing data.
Photos derived from information collected by remote sensing
devices aboard aircraft and unmanned and manned orbiting spacecraft
have been used by regulatory officials, planners, and academic
researchers in the detection of pollutant concentrations, analysis of
sediment transport, surveying of circulation patterns, and wetlands
vegetation mapping.
2.10 National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation (NSF) established by the National
Science Foundation Act of 1950 initiates and supports fundamental
and applied research. Financial support is provided through grants,
contracts, and cooperative agreements to colleges, universities, non-
profit institutions, and other research organizations.
Most of the NSF sponsored Chesapeake Bay projects are funded by
the Research Applied to National Needs (RANN) Program and are carried
out by the Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated (CRC). These
2-29
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projects include studies relating to the wetlands, shorelines, and
shallows of the Bay; a summarization of knowledge of the biota of the
Bay (funding originated from the Corps of Engineers); the sources,
sinks, dispersion, and biological transformations of pollutants enter-
ing the Bay; an inventory of sewage treatment plants along the tidal
portions of the tributaries to the Bay; and criteria for sewage ef-
fluent loading. A recent RANN project is the entering of data from
permits for physical alterations into a Research and Management Shore-
line (RAMS) Data Bank (IBM 360-91 computer system) situated at the
Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory (JHU/APL). The
study is associated with the Wetlands/Edges Program of the Chesa-
peake Research Consortium and was initiated in 1973.
2.11 Department of Transportation
Many activities within the Department of Transportation such as
those within the Federal Highway Administration, the Federal Rail-
road Administration and the Urban Mass Transportation Administration
have an indirect bearing on the quality of the Bay through the trans-
portation of material resources, finished products, and induced
development in and around the port areas of the Bay. The Federal
Aviation Administration regulates air traffic operations around air-
ports serving the Bay area including an airport on Tangier Island in
the Bay and those related to a proposed airport on Smi'th Island.
Having a more direct contact with Bay related operations is the Uni-
ted States Coast Guard.
2-3Q
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The Coast Guard maintains rescue vessels, aircraft stations, and
radio stations to carry out its function of saving life and property
in and around the navigable waters of the United States. This func-
tion includes the removal of hazards to navigation. Under provisions
of the Federal Boating Act of 1958, Coast Guard boarding teams inspect
small boats to insure compliance with required safety measures.
Related to its mission of marine safety, the Coast Guard estab-
lishes uniform safety standards for recreational boats; educates small
boat operators in safety requirements; and assures compliance with
Federal laws and regulations through education, inspection, and law
enforcement. The Coast Guard is assisted in boating activities by
private citizens within the Coast Guard Auxiliary.
Within the Bay, the Coast Guard establishes and maintains aids
to navigation including light structures, lightships, buoys, day bea-
cons, and long-range electronic aids. It also enforces regulations
governing the anchorage, movement of ships, and the loading and un-
loading of dangerous cargos.
Although the Coast Guard is involved with marine aspects of law
enforcement on the Bay, much of its activity relates to Federal Water
Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972 and of the River and Harbors
Act of 1899 in regard to the prohibition of discharges of oil or ha-
zardous substances (defined by EPA) in navigable waters. The Coast
Guard also supervises the cleanup and removal of the spillage of such
materials. With respect to other agencies the Coast Guard cooperates
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in regard to the enforcement of laws related to marine environmental
protection and conservation.
2.12 Smithsonian Institution
The Smithsonian Institution, created by Congress in 1846 (as a
result of funds bequeathed by James Smithson), was established to
increase and disseminate knowledge (9 Stat. 102). The Smithsonian
Institution contributed in a significant manner to the preparation
of the first comprehensive summary of the state of knowledge concern-
ing the biota of the Chesapeake Bay for inclusion in the Corps of
Engineers, Chesapeake Bay Resource Study. The findings were pub-
lished in a supplement to Volume 13 of Chesapeake Science (Chesa-
peake Research Consortium, Incorporated, 1972).
The Smithsonian Institution, a member of the Chesapeake Re-
search Consortium, supports the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environ-
mental Studies at Edgewater, Maryland. The center is a Bureau of
the Smithsonian Institution from which it receives about 50 percent
of its funding. Other funds are obtained through grants and contracts
from governmental entities such as the National Science Foundation
and the Environmental Protection Agency.
Research at the Center focuses upon upland watershed and estuar-
ine systems in the subject areas of nutrients, herbicides, bacteria
(including pathogens), general water quality parameters, hydrology,
land use, plankton, and benthic organisms in estuarine systems and
upland watersheds. Current studies relate to a long-term investiga-
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tion of the Rhode River system and a relatively short-term study of
the Severn and South Rivers. The Center also has initiated bioassay
analyses of higher aquatic plants in an effort to relate an apparent
recent trend in the reduction of higher aquatic plants in the Bay to
herbicide contamination.
A monumental research effort, conducted by the Institution with
support from the Nature Conservancy, Kingsford Charitable Trust, led
to an inventory, assessment, and prioritization for acquisition of
natural areas of the Chesapeake Bay Region. The study involved the
mapping of all areas in the Bay region protected from uncontrolled
development and those preserved and managed as natural areas, and the
identification and mapping of all locations of ecologically signifi-
cant flora, fauna, biotic communities, and ecosystems. Selected
ecological criteria were assigned numerical ratings and, by the use
of overlay maps and a computerized data storage and retrieval system,
those areas identified as ecologically significant were assigned a
numerical rank. A report of the findings of the research effort was
published by the Center for Natural Areas, Ecology Program, Smith-
sonian Institution in May 1974 (Center for Natural Areas, 1974;
see Section 6 - Major Studies On The Bay). Most of the studies of
the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies are published
through the Chesapeake Bay Consortium as they reflect cooperative
research efforts within the Consortium.
With regard to water quality, the Center maintains and operates
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nine monitoring stations on the Bay and its tributaries. The first
of 18 planned stations was established in 1973. All data are stored
on magnetic tape in digital format at the main office of the
Smithsonian Institution, 1000 Jefferson Drive, S. W., Washington,
D. C. The Chesapeake Center for Environmental Studies is linked to
the data file through a terminal located at the Edgewater, Maryland
facility.
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3.0 STATE AND REGIONAL AGENCIES
3.1 Introduction
The following is a discussion of the responsibilities, missions,
and roles of each major office of state government and selected
local offices as they relate to the Chesapeake Bay and its watershed.
The information was obtained primarily from personal interviews
with spokesmen for various state and local agencies.
The responsibilities for each county office are not presented.
However, most counties bordering the Bay, especially in Maryland,
have initial land use and soil or water conservation authority.
Access to the local governmental officials may be obtained through
the appropriate county commissioner's office. A directory to
such local offices is presented in Volume II of this report.
3.2 Delaware
For the most part, the State of Delaware does not play a
major role in the protection or the enhancement of water resources
within the Bay. The jurisdiction of the State over waters entering
the Bay is confined to the headwaters of tributaries on Maryland's
eastern shore and to the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. The
following agencies relate to water quality within the state.
The Water Resources Section of the Environmental Control
Division, Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control,
focuses on three mission areas: water supply (allocation for
consumption), planning (with respect to PL92-500), and water pollution
3-1
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control (NPDES permit program, review of construction grant permits,
and compliance monitoring program). A technical services group
provides sampling and analytical services in support of the Division's
responsibilities. In support of the Delaware Environmental Protection
Act, the Water Resources Section collects samples on a regular basis
from the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal. These monitoring points
are located at Delaware Route 896 - Summit Bridge, U. S. Route 13 -
St. Georges Bridge, and Delaware Route 9 - Ready Point Bridge.
Through the enforcement of Title 7 of the Delaware State Code,
the Fish and Wildlife Division is responsible for the protection of
all fish and wildlife resources within the state, including the
protection of wetlands and other wildlife habitat areas. The
Division primarily is active in the protection of fishery resources
within the Delaware Bay.
Also active in the administration of Title 7 of the Delaware
Code (Chapters 39-41), the Soil and Water Conservation Division
works closely with soil conservation districts. The main concerns
of the Division are land erosion, agricultural irrigation drainage,
and beach erosion.
In the enforcement of Title 17 of the Delaware Health and
Safety Code, the Bureau of Environmental Health is responsible for
the quality of drinking water, waters utilized for swimming,
institutional and camp health, and general sanitation within the
State. The Bureau conducts monitoring of streams (ones used as
sources of potable water) and shellfish waters.
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3.3 District of Columbia
Although the District of Columbia comprises only a small
portion of the entire Chesapeake Bay Basin, it is the hub of a
Washington Metropolitan Area wherein urban population and employment
growth rates of 143 percent have been estimated for the period 1970-
2020 (Corps of Engineers, 1973). Various offices of the District's
Department of Environmental Services have responsibilities relating
to the water quality of adjacent areas of the Potomac River estuary.
The following is a brief summary of the work of these offices.
The major emphasis of the Bureau of Air and Water Pollution
Control, Department of Environmental Services, is public education
and enforcement. The Bureau issues permits and initiates enforce-
ment actions through Federal courts. The office of Environmental
Planning operates the District's sewage treatment plant and is
responsible for the compliance of the plant with Federal laws. The
responsibility of the Office of Water Resources Management is to
assure the District of an adequate supply of water. The source of
water supply for the District is the Potomac River.
The main water planning efforts in the metropolitan Washington
area (Northern Virginia, the District of Columbia, and suburban
Maryland) are being conducted by the Water Resources Planning Board
of the Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments (COG). In
June, 1975 COG initated an areawide 208 (Section 208, PL 92-500)
3-3
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planning effort. A draft of a 208 plan is to be produced in June,
1977, and adopted by the Water Resources Board by February 1978.
In August 1975, the Water Resources Planning Board delegated the
Northern Virginia Planning District Commission (NVPDC) with the
responsibility for developing a 208 water management program for the
Occoquan River Basin in Virginia. As part of the study, NVPDC will
develop washoff correlations transferable to urban land uses in
other watersheds. The Water Resources Planning Board intends to
test the regional application of these correlation factors in the
Watts Branch and Seneca Watersheds of Montgomery Country, Maryland.
It is envisioned that future efforts of the Council will con-
centrate on the following general areas:
• The adoption of a water shortage emergency plan alterantives
• The development of water resource projections and
waste load allocations.
• The definition of wastewater treatment and conveyance
system needs.
• The definition of institutional, financial and regulatory
alternatives
• The establishment of a draft areawide water quality plan
(Section 208, PL 92-500) by the end of June, 1977.
To assist the Council of Governments in its work, water resources
advisory committees such as the Water Resources Technical Advisory
Committee (TAC) and the Water Resources Citizens Advisory Committee
(CAC) have been formed.
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3.4 Maryland
Within the State of Maryland, the main responsibilities for the
monitoring of water quality within the Chesapeake Bay Basin reside
within the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene and the Department
of Natural Resources. The relationship of state agencies which
conduct activities related to the water quality or marine resources
of the Bay is shown in Figure 3.1 . All departments and agencies
of the state were created by Chapter 527, Acts of 1970 except the
Department of Agriculture, which was established by Chapter 342 of
the Acts of 1972.
The portion of the Chesapeake Bay which lies within the State
of Maryland encompases those parts of the open Bay and its tributary
estuaries which lie north of Smith Point, at the entrance to the
Potomac River. The state owns the Potomac River, but not its
southern tributaries (the Virginia-Maryland boundary crosses from
headland to headland) nor the portion in the District of Columbia.
The interstate boundary crosses the Bay from Smith Point through the
middle of Pocomoke Sound on Maryland's eastern shore. Maryland's
portion includes the deepest hole in the Bay (near the south end of
Kent Island), the Bay's narrowest segment (location of the Chesapeake
Bay Bridge), and part of the widest region, located at the interstate
boundary line (Lippson> 1973).
For the last several years the overall authority and responsi-
bility for planning, research, monitoring, and regulation of most
3-5
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matters relating to the water quality and ecology of Maryland's
portion of the Chesapeake Bay has resided in the Department of
Natural Resources (DNR). Within DNR, Bay related planning and
enforcement activities are carried out primarily by the Energy and
Coastal Zone Administration, Fisheries Administration, Maryland
Geological Survey, Natural Resources Police Force, and the Water
Resources Administration. Other offices such as the Maryland
Environmental Trust, Maryland Environmental Service, and the
Wildlife Administration are involved indirectly with the water of
the Bay.
The State of Maryland has approved a continuing planning process
as authorized in Sections 303 (e) and 208 of PL 92-500 for 16 sub-
basins tributary to the Chesapeake Bay. These subbasins include the
Lower Susquehanna, Pocomoke, Nanticoke, Choptank, Chester, Elk,
Bush, Gunpounder, Patapsco, West Chesapeake Bay, Patuxent, and the
lower, middle, upper, North Branch, and Metropolitan Washington areas
of the Potomac River. For each of these subbasins, water quality
management plans and implementation plans are being prepared. Phase
I basin plans which focus on point source control needs have been
completed. Phase II planning, which incorporates the findings of
208 areawide studies into an expanded statewide planning program
focusing on non-point pollution problems is underway and is scheduled
for completion by a court ordered mandated deadline of November 1,
1978 (applicable to all states, see Federal Register, Vol. 40, No.
230-November 28, 1975: 55321-55326 and 55334-55349). The Water
3-7
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Resources Administration (DNR), Environmental Health Administration
(Department of Health and Mental Hygiene), and the Maryland Environ-
mental Service (DNR) prepared a report which documents the state of
water quality, trends of water quality, an inventory of nonpoint
sources, and an assessment of nonpoint source impacts on water
quality for each of the subbasins (Maryland Department of Natural
Resources and the Department of Health and Mental Hygiene, 1975).
The major finding of this report are summarized in Section 6.0
"Major Studies on the Bay."
The Energy and Coastal Zone Administration established in
July 1975, is a new agency created through the reorganization of
various programs. The administration is responsible for the
implementation of Maryland's Coastal Zone Management and Power Plant
Siting Programs.
In 1973, the Governor of Maryland designated DNR to receive
and administer grants under the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972.
Under the Act, the state has three years to develop a management
program for the coastal zone which is acceptable to local, state,
and federal agencies. Currently Maryland is in its second year of
program development. The program has several long-range goals which
include the identification and development of mechanisms to protect
coastal areas, the development of guidelines and standards regarding
activities which impact the coastal environment and the setting of
priorities for the utilization of coastal resources.
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Until now emphasis has been on data collection. In the third
year the Energy and Coastal Zone Administration will shift emphasis
to data analysis, development of a management plan, and review of
existing statutes and regulations to determine the need for additional
legislation required for program implementation. Specific projects
planned for the third year of the program include (.he definition of
the coastal zone boundary which reflects the environmental factors
of coastal plain soils, tidal inundation, and vegetation; the
identification and priortization of natural areas of particular
state concern; the mapping of submerged lands (to be conducted by the
Maryland Geological Survey); and the identification of archeological
sites in coastal areas.
A major program effort with regard to critical developmental
areas is to work with local governments to protect and enhance
coastal wetlands and waters. The effort centers on an agreement
with the Regional Planning Council (RFC) to develop an approach to
coastal zone management for the Baltimore Metropolitan Area
(Maryland Department of Natural Resources - Regional Planning Council,
1976). The agreement was entered into during August, 1975 by DNR,
RPC, Baltimore City, and the counties of Anne Arundel, Baltimore, and
Hartford. The agreement focuses on the unique management problems
of an urban coastal area and the development of a coastal zone
program to meet the requirements of both the Coastal Zone Management
Act of 1972 and the land use planning requirements of HUD's "701"
grants program (Section 701 of the Housing Act of 1954, as amended).
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The Power Plant Siting Program (PPSP) focuses on the environ-
mental assessment of proposed power plants, the acquisition of poten-
tial power plant sites, the evaluation of impacts resulting from
existing power plants, and special research studies. The program is
financed by a surtax on electric energy operations in the State.
The environmental assessment of future power plants involves
an evaluation of their potential effects on physical, chemical, bio-
logical, and socioeconomic resources. The results of these studies
form the basis for recommendations submitted by the PPSP to the
Public Service Commission on the requirements that must be incorporated
into the design, construction, and operation of the proposed plant
in order to provide environmental compatability. Regional aquatic
studies are planned to occur through June 1977 on the Chesapeake
and Delaware Canal (site of proposed Philadelphia Electric Company
plant); at Bainbridge (former Naval Training Center in Cecil County-
proposed Baltimore Gas and Electric power plant); and at Stillpond
Neck in Kent County (a proposed site for acquisition).
In compliance with the Maryland Power Plant Siting Act (1971)
the site acquisition program of PPSP must purchase and retain a min-
imum of four and a maximum of eight potential power plant sites in
a land bank inventory for future purchase from the program by utility
companies. The priority for initial acquisition is given to sites
in north and south-central Maryland where they would serve
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the two largest power companies in the state (Baltimore Gas and
Electric Company and the Potomac Electric Power Company). To date,
only the Elm's site, located in St. Mary's County (south-central
Maryland) has been purchased. The state has approved the Bain-
bridge site (north-central Maryland) for acquisition. A third site,
Stillpond Neck, in eastern Maryland has been investigated and will be
considered for purchase after other eastern Maryland sites have been
studied.
At sites of existing plants, biological and water quality monitor-
ing is being conducted to develop a quantitative basis for the Water
Resources Administration, DNR and EPA decisions on 316a (Section
316a, PL 92-500) applications for waiver of the required backfitting
of cooling towers. Extensive studies are conducted at the new
Calvert Cliffs nuclear power plant (see Appendix I - Major Monitoring
Programs), and to a lesser extent the Morgantown, Chalk Point and
Dickerson fossil fueled power plants. These studies as well as
surveys of the biotic resources of the Bay require coordination among
consultants, utility companies, and state and federal agencies through
the Environmental Research Guidance Committee of the PPSP (see
Appendix II - Cooperative Relationships).
The research program of PPSP is designed by and receives technical
review from the Environmental Research Guidance Committee. High priority
research areas currently under study include the effects of thermal
stresses on fish eggs and larvae, the development of a captive
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technique for in situ studies of heat stress on planktonic organisms,
and fish behavior near power plant intakes and discharges (Energy and
Coastal Zone Administration, 1976) .
The Fisheries Administration (DNR) conducts studies of finfish and
shellfish in the state. The programs include an assessment of the con-
dition of oyster beds, the cultivation of natural oyster bars, and the
planting of oyster seed. Currently, the Administration is conducting
an inventory of all clam and oyster beds within the Bay and its tribu-
tary estuaries. Its monitoring activities also include the sampling
for marine parasites and fungi and an annual survey to determine trends
of fish populations in the Bay. The Administration also maintains an
intensive annual anadromous fish/stream survey program designed to pro-
vide information on the relationship between water quality and the
location and productivity of anadromous spawning areas (see Section 6.0
Major Studies on the Bay; Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs).
The Maryland Geological Survey (DNR) conducts topographic, geological,
hydrographic and geophysical surveys within the state. In relation
to the Bay, the survey investigates and recommends plans for the pro-
tection of waterfront lands against erosion and deposition. The agency
currently is initiating an inventory of geologic and mineral resources
of the Bay and its tributaries. The program entails the collection of
sediments and analyses for metals and various physical parameters from
over 3000 stations in the Bay. The sampling effort is expected to be
continuous over at least a five year period (see Appendix I - Major
Monitoring Programs).
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The Natural Resources Police Force is responsible for the enforce-
ment of the State of Maryland's boating and conservation laws on the
Bay and its tributary estuaries. The Police Force is empowered to make
inspections of Bay fish and other seafood which is caught or sold. The
Police Force frequently assists in the field operations of other sections
of DNR.
The Water Resources Administration (WRA) of DNR is responsible
for the control and abatement of water pollution in the State of Mary-
land. Its activities include the establishment and enforcement of
water quality and effluent standards, water quality monitoring, and
water resources planning. In addition, WRA administers and coordinates
several permit and licensing programs. Many of these permits relate
to water quality within the Chesapeake Bay. The following is a brief
summary of the types of permits issued:
1. Waterway Construction Permit. Required before construction
can begin in or alongside a non-tidal stream or any construc-
tion that changes the course, current or cross-section of
that stream or its floodplain. For example: construction
of a bridge or culvert over a stream; placing fill, embank-
ments, or structures of any type within the floodplain of
any stream.
2. Waterway Obstruction Permit. Required before construction
can begin on dams, reservoirs, or on ponds in excess of the
requirements for small ponds.
3. Small Pond Permit. Required after the Soil Conservation
District in a county approves a plan for a small pond project.
Generally, a permit is not required for a pond less than 12
acres but it must have Soil Conservation District approval
and meet Water Resources Administration safety standards.
4. Water Appropriation and Use Permit. Required before construc-
tion can begin on any structure which may require the withdrawal
3-13
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of surface or underground waters. Water for domestic use,
single or double household unit, or water for farms and
livestock is exempt.
5. Discharge Permit. Required for discharges to be in compliance
with the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
(NPDES) program.
6. Well Drilling Permit. Applied for by the Master Well Driller,
licensed by the State Board of Well Drillers, and must be
obtained before a. well can be drilled or driven.
7. Toxic Materials Permit. Required for aquatic life management
purposes before one can add toxic materials to surface water
for the control of algae, aquatic weeds or fish.
8. Oil Operation and Handling Permits. Required before one can
store, transfer, transport, or dispose of oil and petroleum
products. A fee is required. The revenues from these fees
are used for defraying costs of the immediate cleanup of oil
spills in the Bay.
9. State Wetland License (issued by the State Board of Public
Works upon a recommendation of the Department of Natural
Resources). Required before any dredging, filling or construc-
tion can begin in State wetlands - that is, in marshes, swamps,
or submerged bottoms below the mean high water mark. Such
construction includes the dredging of a channel or boat basin,
constructing of a stone or timber bulkhead, or any other
filling in a waterway.
10. Private Wetland Permit. Required before any dredging, filling
or construction can begin in marshes or swamps that are above
the mean high water mark but which are subject to periodic
tidal action. Such private construction includes the dredging
of a canal or boat basin, constructing bulkhead, filling to
create road, or to change the marsh into buildable land.
The Water Resources Administration conducts an extensive monitoring
program on the Bay. An intensive ambient surface water quality moni-
toring program is based on a five year cycle wherein 500-1000 stations
are sampled within a particular portion of the Bay each year. This
program is coordinated with an intensive monitoring program for point
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source discharges, also conducted by WRA. Other WRA monitoring programs
include the determination of trends in ambient surface water quality
and a WRA/EPA Potomac River Consolidated sampling program (see Appendix I -
Major Monitoring Programs).
The Forest Service of DNR is responsible for the operation of
State forests, control of forest fires, roadside tree protection, and
technical advice in the general areas of forestry and reforestation.
The Forest Service provides a planning and consultant service to pri-
vate owners and leasing companies with timberland adjoining the Bay
to reduce erosion and runoff from logging roads and heavy cutting.
On the upper reaches of the Potomac in Maryland, the Forest Service
provides both consultation as well as seeds and seedlings for reclama-
tion of strip-mined areas.
The Maryland Environmental Service of DNR is responsible for proj-
ect development, design and construction, and operations and maintenance
with regard to the purification and disposal of liquid and solid wastes.
The Service has bonding authority to finance and construct regional
treatment facilities, can charge for its services, and can enter into
waste management contracts.
The Maryland Environmental Trust of DNR is a quasi-public agency
responsible for conserving, stimulating, improving, and perpetuating
the natural, scenic, and cultural qualities of the environment of the
State. Programs of the Trust include scenic and conservation easement
acquisition, environmental education, and the dissemination of information
relevant to proposed and current state legislation.
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The Wildlife Administration is active in the areas of wildlife
and land management including waterfowl populations which inhabit
the Bay area. A current project entails an annual documentation
of the general extent and location of standing rooted aquatic plants,
with emphasis on waterfowl preferred species. The Wildlife
Administration has been conducting surveys of osprey nesting sites
in the Chesapeake Bay area since 1973.
The Department of Health and Mental Hygiene administers, through
federal and state grants, a comprehensive water pollution control
program. The program includes regulatory activities relating to the
design of sewage collection and transmission systems, control of
waste from marinas and boats, and training and certification of
sanitarians.
With respect to the Bay, the primary responsibility of the
Department of Health and Mental Hygiene is to ensure that shellfish
are safe for consumption. To fulfill this goal, the Department
maintains an extensive monitoring program of shellfish growing areas
in Maryland waters of the Bay. Closed shellfish waters are sampled
as well as growing areas designated safe for shellfish harvesting.
The Department also conducts a routine shell stock sampling of
catches in harvest boats during the shellfishing season (see
Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs).
The Maryland Department of Transportation (MDOT) works with
the coastal zone management program to minimize impacts of highway
construction in coastal areas, especially in relation to resource
protection. 3-16
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The Port Administration of MOOT has broad based powers which include
the protection of navigation and the acquisition of port facilities.
The Port Administration has been active in the development of container
port facilities in the City of Baltimore and a terminal facility at
the City of Cambridge on the eastern shore of Maryland. This seaport
allows refrigeration ships to carry frozen fish to packing plants
situated in the city.
At the regional level, two Maryland planning councils, the Regional
Planning Council (RFC) and the Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland,
are active in Bay related matters. The RFC is the 208 (Section 208,
PL92-500) planning agency for Maryland and is concentrating its efforts
in the Loch Raven watershed which supplies the water needs for over
one million people in the Baltimore area (see Appendix I - Major
Monitoring Programs). RFC also is involved in a unified coastal zone
planning program for the Baltimore region in coordination with the
Energy and Coastal Zone Administration of DNR.
The Tri-County Council for Southern Maryland (Calvert, Charles,
and St. Mary's counties) is a quasi-public planning agency concerned
with economic development and related water impacts. The Council
compiles water quality data on dissolved oxygen, metals, bio-chemical
oxygen demand, and coliform bacteria collected by various agencies
active in the Bay. Data compiled are recorded for samples collected
in the Patuxent River, Wicomico River, St. Mary's River, and in the
Chesapeake Bay at the mouth of the St. Mary's River. The council also
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keeps a duplicate of a portion of the data file of the State of Mary-
land, Division of Shellfish Studies, as it relates to the area of the
Bay of interest to the Council. These data are stored on punched
cards and magnetic tape. The data file is continuous from 1963 to
the present.
3.5 Pennsylvania
The State of Pennsylvania is situated upstream from the tidal
waters of the Chesapeake Bay. Flowing southeasterly as it leaves
the state, the main tributary to the Bay, the Susquehanna River,
enters Maryland where it is impounded by the Conowingo Dam. A few
miles downstream, the River enters the upper Chesapeake Bay at Harve
de Grace, Maryland.
The Susquehanna River Basin Engineer of the Division of Water
Quality (Department of Environmental Resources) has overall responsi-
bility and authority for the Susquehanna, including planning in
compliance with PL 92-500. The State of Pennsylvania recognizes that
the bulk of undesirable constituents in the upper Bay are traceable
to the Susquehanna. These pollutants include acid mine drainage from
abandoned mines in the upper and middle reaches (iron and acidity),
PCBs and nutrients from the Harrisburg area, pesticides and soil run-
off in the lower reaches, and heavy metals from numerous industries
and power plants along the river. The Department of Environmental
Resources, in cooperation with the United States Geological Survey
and the Susquehanna River Basin Commission, monitors the Susquehanna
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for water quality parameters including metals, PCBs, and pesticides
(see Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs).
In addition to PL 92-500, the Department of Environmental Resources
administers the Pennsylvania Clean Streams Law (Act 275), the Pennsyl-
vania Solid Waste Management Act (Act 241), and Article 1, Section 27
of the Pennsylvania Constitution. In enforcing these statutes, the
Department establishes and regulates water quality standards, reviews
applications and issues permits for construction and operation of water
supply and sewerage systems, provides grants for sewage facilities
planning, and conducts water quality studies and investigations.
With regard for the protection of the Chesapeake Bay, the State
is preparing a Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan (COWAMP)
for the Lower Susquehanna River Basin. The plan includes input from
appropriate State, Regional, and local agencies.
Other State agencies provide input to the Department of Environ-
mental Resources in matters impacting water quality and resource man-
agement. These include the Pennsylvania Fish Commission which conducts
surveys of fish in the Susquehanna River Basin. The Institute for
Research on Land and Water Resources situated at Pennsylvania State
University has conducted a number of water quality assessments in
streams tributary to the Susquehanna River. Most of these studies
have taken place in headwater areas. These studies include analyses
of nutrients, organic loadings, and determinations of oxygen profiles
in Pine Creek, a tributary to the West Branch. Eutrophication
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investigations have been performed on Spring Creek and studies on
acid mine drainage problems also have occured in the West Branch of
the Susquehanna.
3.6 Virginia
Water resources management in the Commonwealth of Virginia is
largely decentralized, with program elements administered by a number
of relatively independent agencies. This institutional framework has
resulted from the development of laws to focus on specific problems
as they have arisen. In some cases a new, independent agency has
been created to administer the law. The relationship of these agencies
is shown in Figure 3.2
At the beginning of the discussion of each agency, the portion
of the Code of Virginia applicable to the statutory responsibility of
the agency is contained within parentheses beside the agency title.
Unless cited specifically, most information contained within this
section was obtained during telephone conversations or personal inter-
views with members of the staff of the various agencies. Additional
information was taken from the following publications: Council on
The Environment, 1976; Laird, 1974; and Walker and Cox, 1976.
The State Water Control Board (Title 62.1, Chapter 3.1-3.4) is
the State's primary water resources agency and exercises a wide range
of water resource management responsibilities. One broad area of
responsibility is administration of the water quality management pro-
gram in compliance with PL 92-500 and state laws. This includes such
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and Resources
(Coastal Zone Manag
Act of 1973)*
Secretary of Human Affair:
Department of Agriculture and Commerce
(Titles 3.1, 59.1, 61.1 - control o:
Commission of Game and Inland Fisher! es
(Title 29 - management of wildlife
including freshwater fiah.)
Council on the Environment
(Title 10 - Coordination of
environmental programs.)
Department of Health
(Titles 32, 4.1, 62.1 - protection of
public water supplies, seafood
sanitation, and public health.)
• Bureau of Sanitary Engineering
(domestic wastewater control and water supply)
(mosquito control agencies)
(radiological health)
Division of Local Health Services
• Bureau of Environmental Health
(individual waste treatment systems and water
supplies)
• Bureau of Tourist Establishment Sanitation
(safety of recreational beaches)
.opment
park management.)
Division of Parks
Division of Salt Water Sport Fishing Promotion
Marine Resources Commission
(Title 28.1 - fisheries protection;
Virginia Wetlands Zoning legislation
of 1972.)
(Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972, Virginia
State Water Control Law )
Division of
Consolidated Laboratory Services
(Administratively under the Department of Health,
however, it operates on an independent basis -
analytical services.)
i Bui
• Bureau of Environmental Scienci
(chemical analysis)
Bureau of Microbiological Scienci
(coliform analysis)
Virginia Institute of Marine Scien.
(Titles 3.1, 10, 23, 28.1, 62.1 •
marine research.)
Virginia Port Authority
(Title 62.1 - port development.)
(Title 21 - erosion and sediment •
FIGURE 3.2
RELATIONSHIP OF VIRGINIA AGENCIES CONCERNED WITH WATER
RESOURCES IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY BASIN
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duties as establishment of water quality standards, issuance of
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits, and
administration of the construction grants program for publicly owned
waste treatment facilities. In addition to its water quality program,
the Board is responsible for water resources policy formulation, com-
prehensive river basin planning (Virginia State Water Control Board,
1976; see summary in Section 6.0 - Major Studies on the Bay), desig-
nation of critical ground water areas and administration of allocation
controls therein, State coordination of the National Flood Insurance
Program, and administration of a dam safety program.
The State Water Control Board has maintained an extensive water
quality monitoring network in Virginia waters since 1970. The moni-
toring entails surveillance of ambient water quality at over 570
stations within the Bay or its tributaries (see Appendix I - Major
Monitoring Programs).
The Marine Resources Commission (Title 28.1, Chapters 1-8; Title
62.1, Chapters 1, 2.1, 3.1, Ib, 20) enforces laws and regulations
relating to the commercial fisheries of the State's tidal waters.
The commission maintains records of all of the oysters and clam plant-
ing grounds in the Commonwealth. The agency controls use of the
publicly owned beds of the State's tidal waters, including operation
of an extensive program of leasing shellfish grounds. It also has
several responsibilities under the wetlands program, including devel-
opment of guidelines for wetlands use, review of the decisions of
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local wetlands boards, and administration of permit programs where
local governing bodies have not adopted an ordinance dealing with
wetlands zoning.
The Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Commission (Title 21,
Chapter 1) exercises general supervision over State programs for soil
conservation and certain water resource development projects in small
watersheds. Primary responsibility for implementation of these pro-
grams has been delegated to the State's soil and water conservation
districts and other political subdivisions, but the Commission pro-
vides various forms of coordination and assistance, including the
exercise of regulatory authority concerning local implementation.
One of the agency's functions in water resources management is exer-
cising its authority to approve or disapprove proposed projects
involving federal funding under the small watershed program. Another
responsibility is the preparation of erosion and sediment control
guidelines for local programs to regulate land disturbing activities,
and reviewing permit decisions by soil and water conservation districts.
The Department of Agriculture and Commerce (Title 3.1, Chapters 1-6
and 9-38; Title 59.1, Chapters 12 and 14; Title 61.1, Chapters 2-7) has
three main areas of concern with respect to the Bay: a) future of the
fishing industry, b) effect of industrialization on the agriculture
and fishing industry and c) land application of municipal waste. The
Department also controls pesticides and fertilizers through the certi-
fication of applicators.
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The Office of the Secretary of Commerce and Resources (Title 2-1,
Chapters 26-29) has received new responsibilities as a result of the
1976 session of the General Assembly which adopted legislation that
abolishes the Division of State Planning and Community Affairs. The
first status report of the coastal zone management program, prepared
under the Division, will be submitted to the Secretary of Commerce
and Resources by September, 1976. The office works in union with the
Marine Resources Commission and the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science on matters related to coastal zone management. To date the
Office has issued planning grants to Northern Neck, Middle Peninsula,
and Accomack-Northampton planning district commissions for area-wide
planning. These districts do not have on-going 208 area-wide planning
efforts due to their location in non-metropolitan areas (first 208
studies centered on metropolitan areas).
A primary responsibility of the Department of Health (Title 32;
Title 40.1, Chapter 1; Title 62.1, Chapters 3 and 4) within the
Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay Watershed is the regulation of
public water supplies. The Department also exercises control over
certain waste disposal operations, including septic tank use and
disposal of solid wastes and toxic substances, and acts in an advisory
capacity to the State Water Control Board regarding large sewage treat-
ment plants. Other relevant functions include seafood sanitation,
radiation control, and mosquito control. The Board administratively
encompasses Consolidated Laboratory Services, a State analytical and
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testing facility serving a variety of other agencies. For practical
purposes, however, this laboratory operates as an independent unit.
The Bureau of Shellfish Sanitation of the Department of Health
conducts a number of sampling programs related to the water quality
and shellfish populations of the Bay. These programs include shell
stock monitoring, Kepone monitoring, bacteriological sampling, heavy
metal monitoring, pesticide monitoring, and general water quality
surveillance. Descriptions of these programs are presented in
Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs.
The Council on the Environment (Title 10, Chapter 17) is an advi-
sory body to the Governor. Its duties include a continuing assessment
of environmental conditions and problems confronting the Commonwealth,
coordination and review of the State's environmental program, coordi-
nation of environmental impact analysis procedures and permit processes,
and environmental education.
With respect to permits, the Council's role is to develop a uni-
form administrative system to facilitate the review and evaluation
of proposed State facilities which require multiple permits.
With respect to private interests, an applicant who requires more than
two permits may request the Council to provide aid in the coordination
of state review and action on the various permits.
The Virginia Port Authority (Title 62.1, Chapter 10; Title 28.1,
Chapter 5) is a government corporation, chartered by the Virginia
legislature to promote and develop the ports of Virginia. The ports
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are Hampton Roads, Newport News, Norfolk, Portsmouth, and Richmond.
The Authority owns a number of piers in the Hampton Roads area of
the Bay. With respect to port facilities, the Authority seeks to
secure the improvement of navigable waters within the State.
The mission of the Commission of Game and Inland Fisheries
(Title 29, Chapter 2) is to preserve and propagate birds, animals,
freshwater fish, and other wildlife. A primary activity of the Com-
mission is the management of freshwater sport fish within state owned
areas and, through cooperative agreements, on privately owned areas.
The Commission constructs and maintains boat ramps and promotes pub-
lic fishing and boating within the State. The tidewater counterpart
of this Commission is the Division of Salt Water Sport Fishing Promo-
tion of the Department of Conservation and Economic Development
(Title 10). The Division collects landing statistics, publishes
literature, and contributes to the general promotion of salt water
sport fishing.
The Commission of Outdoor Recreation (Title 10, Chapter 2.1)
coordinates state and federal funding for outdoor recreation and con-
servation of recreation lands. The Commission reviews environmental
impact statements relating to impacts on outdoor recreation. The
Commission also cooperates with utility companies to establish environ-
mental compatibility in the siting of transmission lines.
The Virginia Institute of Marine Science (Chapters of Titles 28.1,
23, 62.1, 3.1, 10) is both an academic institution and a state agency.
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It functions as the principal oceanographic or marine science center
for the Commonwealth. The Institute conducts basic and applied marine
related research and services as the technical advisor to coastal zone
management activities in the State. The Institute provides educational
opportunities through agreements with colleges and universities (see
Section 4.0 - Academic Institutions).
The Code of Virginia (Title 28.1, Chapter 1) defines Tidewater
Virginia as that area contained within 31 counties and 16 cities in
the State. These areas generally are adjacent to tidal waters of the
Chesapeake Bay or its tributaries. The Virginia Area Development Act
of 1968 allowed local governments to establish planning districts to
promote regional cooperation and coordination, and to provide planning
assistance to local governments. Nine of these planning districts are
represented by "Tidewater" Planning District Commissions because they
encompass the areas designated as Tidewater, Virginia. Four of these
Tidewater Commissions serve as 208 agencies for the development of
area-wide water quality plans. These include the Northern Virginia
Planning District Commission in Falls Church, the Rappahannock Area
Development Commission (RADCO) in Fredericksburg, and a consortium
between the Richmond Regional Planning District Commission and the
Crater Planning District Commission in Petersburg, Virginia. Other
208 agencies in Virginia are the Fifth Planning District Commission
in Roanoke and the Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency in Virginia
Beach. With the exception of the Roanoke area, all 208 plans are in
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the formative stage and non-point source monitoring is being initiated.
The monitoring programs for these agencies are presented in Appendix I -
Major Monitoring Programs.
3.7 West Virginia
West Virginia, situated to the west of the Chesapeake Bay, contains
a portion of the Potomac River watershed. The State is a member of
the Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin. Agency respon-
sibilities, as they relate to water resources or to the Bay directly,
are discussed briefly.
The Department of Natural Resources has the responsibility and
authority for water quality control and management. The area of
interest, with respect to the Chesapeake Bay, is the Potomac drainage
basin in the eastern part of the State which includes the North and
South Branch of the Potomac, the Shenandoah, and the Cacapon Rivers.
The Department generally feels that any pollution originating in the
West Virginia portion of the basin would represent a miniscule portion
of the total pollution burden which reaches Chesapeake Bay from the
Potomac. Nonetheless, the Department is committed to monitor and abate
undesirable effluents in West Virginia. The principal problems are
viewed as acid mine drainage from abandoned mines, soil and pesticide
runoff from agriculture and deforestation, and nutrient loading. A
special study within the Potomac watershed centered on acid mine
drainage of the North Branch. The Department of Natural Resources
currently maintains 16 monitoring stations on the upper Potomac River
(see Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs).
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The Office of Federal-State Relations is responsible for water
quality and resource management planning under PL 92-500. This office
works closely with the Department of Natural Resources with respect
to water quality planning. The Office is formulating an overall
comprehensive Potomac drainage basin plan.
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4.0 ACADEMIC INSTITUTIONS
4.1 Introduction
Identification of the major thrusts of investigation or research
orientation is presented for those academic institutions which have
a particular interest in the Chesapeake Bay. A listing of the princi-
pal academic researchers is contained in Volume II of this report.
Two academic consortia, the Marine Science Consortium, and particularly
the Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated, have an interest in
Bay research. These consortia are described in this Volume under
Section 5, "Other Institutions or Agencies."
4.2 University of Delaware
The University of Delaware, in Newark, Delaware, maintains a
number of marine science facilities near Lewes, Delaware. Many of
the staff of the Department of Biological Sciences also serve as
faculty of the College of Marine Sciences.
Most of the marine research activities of the University are
centered in the Delaware Bay or in near shore coastal waters. However,
several studies have been conducted in waters contiguous with the
Chesapeake Bay. These investigations centered on the ecological
effects of enlargement of the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal.
4.3 Johns Hopkins University
The marine research division of Johns Hopkins University is the
Chesapeake Bay Institute which supports extensive facilities, including
research vessels, and staff dedicated to the full breadth of oceanog-
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raphy, including biology, chemistry, geology, and physics. The
research emphasis is on the estuarine and coastal environment.
Several staff members are engaged in deep sea oceanographic studies.
The programs of the Institute include studies of the forces
that act upon water and the motions that are produced by those
forces; scales of motion from small-scale, random, turbulent motions
to large-scale, well-organized estuarine and oceanic flows; and from
small capillary waves in laboratory tanks to large wind-induced waves.
Research interests of the staff include the sizes, shapes,
origins, and structures of the Bay's tributary basins and the sediments
that are filling these basins. Emphasis is placed on the sources,
routes and rates of sediment transport, patterns and rates of depo-
sition, physical and chemical characteristics of sediment, and the
chemical reactions between the interstitial water of sediments and
overlying water.
Members of the research staff are also concerned with organisms
that inhabit the water (microscopic plants and animals, plankton,
shell- and finfish). These studies include nutritional requirements
of organisms, spatial and temporal distributions, evolutionary
development, and behavior.
Recent investigations conducted by the Institute which relate
to the Chesapeake Bay include studies of the physical and chemical
hydrography of the Bay and tributary estuaries, site evaluation
studies for proposed electric power plants, energy fixation and
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transfer in the planktonic organisms of the Bay, the role of different
nitrogenous nutrients with respect to the ecology of planktonic forms
within the Bay, the biogeochemistry of trace metals (especially with
regard to the mechanisms of mobilization and transfer across the
sediment-water interface), and the monitoring of dredge spoil disposal
operations. The Chesapeake Bay Institute also serves in an advisory
capacity to city, state and Federal governments on environmental
matters and in the planning of programs designed to protect the waters
of the Chesapeake Bay.
From time to time the Institute has maintained stations throughout
the Bay. While none of the stations are monitored continuously many
or all have been sampled repeatedly for specific projects. Conse-
quently, there is an accumulation of long-term data for specific para-
meters. The Institute analyzes and stores these collected data in the
University computer system in Baltimore. In addition, the Institute
publishes a periodic directory of the parameters in the data bank and
many of them are suitable for trend analysis of the ecology of the Bay.
This Chesapeake Bay Data Bank System of the Chesapeake Bay
Institute includes water chemistry and nutrient data collected by
Institute personnel since 1949. Temperature, salinity, dissolved
oxygen, chlorophyll, pH, orthophosphate, total phosphate, and other
less commonly assayed parameters are included. The data reflect the
entire Chesapeake Bay and most tributaries. The data are stored on
magnetic digital tape and represent at least 7,348 retrievable stations
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in the Chesapeake Bay proper and 12,937 retrievable stations in tribu-
taries to the Bay. Several depths are sampled per station with several
of the parameters measured at each depth.
The headquarters of the Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incor-
porated, is situated at the main campus of Johns Hopkins University
in Baltimore, Maryland.
4,4 University of Maryland
The University of Maryland has contributed to Chesapeake Bay
research and education since the establishment of the Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory in 1924. Currently there are 119 faculty mem-
bers with specific interests relating to the Chesapeake Bay. The
names, addresses, specific interests, and recent publications and
reports of most of these faculty members are listed in the University
of Maryland Chesapeake Roster (Center for Environmental and Estuarine
Studies, 1975).
At least 14 separate departments are conducting research
related to the Bay at the College Park Campus. The Departments of
Biological Sciences and Political Science at the Baltimore County
Campus, and the Schools of Law and Medicine at the Baltimore City
Campus are also conducting Bay-related investigations. Biologically
oriented investigations also are conducted at the University of
Maryland's Eastern Shore Campus at Princess Anne, Maryland.
The most extensive research activities related to the Chesa-
peake Bay and its watershed, however, are conducted by the five
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laboratories of the Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies
(GEES). The Chesapeake Biological Laboratory at Solomons Island,
Maryland is the largest of GEES laboratories. Estuarine research
investigations generally are conducted at this laboratory or one of
its field stations. Aquaculture and marine waste studies are designed
and implemented at the Horn Point Environmental Laboratories at
Cambridge, Maryland. Investigators at the Crisfield Laboratory in
Crisfield, Maryland specialize in marine products research. Inland
research activities in the Chesapeake Bay watershed are conducted
by the staff of the Appalachian Environmental Laboratory and the
Inland Environmental Laboratory located at Frostburg, Maryland and
College Park, Maryland, respectively.
In addition, the University of Maryland is a member of
the Chesapeake Research Consortium (Johns Hopkins University,
Smithsonian Institution, University of Maryland, and Virginia
Institute of Marine Science). The members of the University
of Maryland faculty cooperate through the Consortium and in
many other ways with other agencies and citizens groups in
efforts to increase knowledge and enhance the uses of the
Bay.
The University of Maryland also has a Cooperative Ex-
tension Service Branch which is active in Sea Grant Program
Development and the administration of Marine Extension Pro-
grams. Extension agents are trained and advised on Bay-related
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environmental programs. Educational programs are conducted which
relate to business management for watermen; pesticide management,
wetlands management, and livestock management to eliminate water pol-
lution; consumer information on finfish and shellfish; and many
other Bay-related activities.
Much of the data collected by the Chesapeake Biological Labora-
tory or staff of the College Park Campus of the University are archived
or summarized on data sheets or are in published reports. Several of
the data files are automated and a few represent continuous recordings
of Bay parameters (Environmental Data Service, 1976). These automated
data files include:
1. Daily temperature and salinity recorded for near surface
water at the end of the Laboratory's pier on Solomons Island.
Period of coverage is continuous since 1937 (5000 punched
cards).
2. Data includes all fish survey work conducted by Chesapeake
Biological Laboratory since December 1960. This is a master
file for fishes. Collection data includes water chemistry,
weather observations, fish lists, abundance, lengths, weight,
and sex ratios. The data are retrievable by river code,
species, station, year or date (one 1,800 foot tape reel plus
200,000 cards).
3. Analysis of Chesapeake Bay sediments for bacterial and viral
components with ancillary data on water temperature, dis-
solved oxygen, salinity, and nutrients. The period of cover-
age is since January 1964 (50,000 punched cards; one magnetic
tape).
4.5 Old Dominion University
Old Dominion University in Norfolk, Virginia, is an urban
regional university. Founded in 1930, the University is a state-sup-
ported educational institution with approximately 10,000 students.
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The Institute of Oceanography at Old Dominion University was
established in 1959 as a field laboratory in the Department of
Biology and became a separate unit in the School of Sciences in
1965. It initiated master's and doctoral degree programs in 1966
and 1973 respectively. There are presently seven faculty and staff
devoting full time to the Institute and thirteen faculty holding
adjunct or joint appointments.
The Institute occupies a 20,000 square foot building on the cam-
pus of the University with eight laboratories for biological, chemical,
geological and physical oceanography. It maintains docking facilities
at the Naval Amphibious Base on Little Creek in Norfolk. A 65-foot
former Army T-boat has been converted by the Institute. The vessel
contains oceanographic winches, sampling equipment and laboratory
facilities. The research activities of the Institute include analyses
for metals, organic chemicals, nutrients and sediments, and utilize
underwater photographic equipment and a dive locker in coastal and
estuarine studies.
Areas of Bay research are physical, chemical, geological and
biological oceanography. Emphasis of the research activities is on
transport, fate, and quality of sediments, chemical pollutants,
statistical wave theories, invertebrates, mariculture, and larval
development. Currently, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science
and Old Dominion University are developing a relationship to pro-
mote cooperation in marine research activities.
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4.6 United States Naval Academy
The United States Naval Academy offers a four-year program of
academic, military, and professional instruction for the training and
education of personnel for naval service. Completion of the program
normally leads to a commission in the United States Navy or the
United States Marine Corps and a bachelors degree in one of 27 fields
of study including engineering, oceanography, mathematics, history,
economics, and international affairs.
Research projects on the Chesapeake Bay usually are undertaken by
faculty and students in oceanography as part of the curriculum in
environmental pollution. Previous research activities include investi-
gations of the nature of copper in sediments in the Bay and bioassays
utilizing sediments and water from the Bay.
Current and future investigative efforts center on additional
research on copper in sediments and on bioassays of different condi-
tions of acidity or alkalinity utilizing fish from the Bay as test
species. Much of this work will be directed toward the environmental
impacts of iron and steel pickling wastes on the Chesapeake Bay.
4.7 University of Virginia
The University of Virginia, founded in 1819, is a state supported
coeducational university in Charlottesville, Virginia and includes
branches at Martinsville, Virginia (Patrick Henry); Wallops Island,
Virginia (Eastern Shore); Clinch Valley College in Wise, Virginia; and
several extension centers. Professional as well as Ph.D. degrees
are offered.
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Most research related to the Chesapeake Bay is conducted through
an agreement with the Virginia Institute of Marine Science whereby the
Institute serves as the Department of Marine Science for the College.
Expertise of the University staff primarily is related to the ecology
of wetlands adjacent to the Bay.
4.8 Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Created by the Virginia Assembly in 1940, the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science (VIMS) is the principal state institution responsible
for research, advisory services, and education in the marine sciences.
Operating under the provisions of Chapter 9, Title 28 of the Code of
Virginia, it is the mandate of the Institute:
1. To conduct studies and investigations of all phases of the
commercial fishing and sport fishing industries;
2. To consider means by which fisheries resources may be
conserved, developed and replenished, and to advise state
agencies and private groups on such matters;
3. To conduct studies and investigations of problems pertaining
to other segments of maritime economy;
4. To conduct studies and investigations of marine pollution
in cooperation with the State Water Control Board and the
Department of Health and make the resulting data and
corrective recommendations available to the appropriate
agencies;
5. To conduct hydrographic and biological studies of the
Chesapeake Bay and the tributaries thereof and all the
tidal waters of the Commonwealth and the contiguous
waters of the Atlantic Ocean;
6. To engage in research in the marine sciences and, with proper
affiliation with one or more accredited institutions of
higher learning, to provide education;
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7. To conduct special studies and investigations as may be
requested by the Governor.
In 1970 the Governor designated the Director of the Institute
to serve also as the Marine Science Advisor to the Commonwealth. In
conjunction with the development of a State Coastal Zone Management
System, the Governor also designated VIMS as the Coastal Zone Labora-
tory of the Commonwealth. VIMS receives financial support from the
General Fund of Virginia; however, federal and private grants and
contracts comprise over half of its annual budget.
The main campus is located on the York River at Glouster Point,
Virginia. A branch site is operated at Wachapreague on the Eastern
Shore. The VIMS staff, numbering over 370, includes more than 100
professional scientists and engineers, 100 technical employees, and
over 80 graduate students. An additional 100 support people augment
the staff during the summer months.
In fulfilling its mandate, VIMS serves as the School of Marine
Science of the College of William and Mary and the Department of
Marine Science of the University of Virginia. A working arrangement
exists between VIMS and the community college system and the Mariners
Museum. The Institute is currently building a working relationship
with other academic institutions within the State and is an active
member of the Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc.
There are approximately 200 on-going projects at VIMS. Areas
of special research interest and participation include: coastal zone
management, outer continental shelf oil and gas development, extended
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fishery jurisdiction and management, marine education and training for
emerging industries, environmental benchmarks and inventories, wetlands
preservation and management, environmental contaminants, environmental
impact statements, aquaculture of commercially important species and
advisory services and technical assistance programs. A 1972 report
detailing research at VIMS currently is being revised and updated for
publication in Autumn, 1976 (VIMS, 1976). VIMS also is updating its
Chesapeake Bay bibliographies(adding a total of 5000 references to
its bibliographies of Virginia Waters (Tennyson, et al., 1972) and
Maryland Waters (Stauble and Wood, 1975) and its Virginia State
Agencies Concerned With Coastal Zone Planning Management or Scientific
and Engineering Activities (Laird, 1974) for Autumn release.
Archive records, many on data cards, exist for the past 5 years
and are kept on the major rivers in the Commonwealth such as the James
(to Richmond), York (Mattaponi-Pamunkey Branches), and Rappahannock.
These data are obtained from samples collected by survey teams at about
fifteen stations located upstream from the mouth of each river. The
surveys are conducted once each month during slack tide. During summer,
sampling occurs twice a month. These archival surveys are internally
funded. Additional information on this monitoring activity is presented
in Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs.
Fisheries sampling is conducted annually in all major rivers and
the Bay. VIMS collects samples to track juvenile fish migration to
complement sports fisheries and commercial fishing landings data.
Other monitoring work is dependent on contract work.
4-11
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VIMS has an extensive information storage and retrieval system
for biological data. A number of statistical and input/output programs
have been adapted at VIMS for relating species to certain temporal,
spatial, or chemical conditions. The master file based on a taxonomic
code is maintained in the VIMS Department of Data Processing.
4.9 Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (VPI) has
several departments conducting educational and research activities
on and adjacent to the Chesapeake Bay. At least 29 faculty members
from the Departments of Agricultural Economics, Agricultural Engineering,
Agronomy, Environmental and Urban Systems, Biology (the Center
for Environment Studies), Civil Engineering, Forestry and Wildlife
Resources, and the Virginia Water Resources Research Center have
expressed research interests in the Bay or its Watershed. The Depart-
ments of Chemistry, Aerospace and Ocean Engineering, Entomology, and
the Anaerobic Bacteriological Laboratory (actively involved in studies
of anaerobic bacteria and their efficiency In septic tanks of the Bay's
coastal plain) may provide supportive studies, although they are not
presently conducting specific research on the Bay.
The majority of the research and educational programs are inland
and closely associated with land-use in the Bay watershed. Many
studies conducted at VPI may be applicable to Coastal Zone Management
problems and to the identification and control of non-point source
pollutants in the Bay drainage system. In addition, many economic,
4-12
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social, and legal concerns of the commercial finfish and shellfish
industry are investigated through Extension Service Programs.
The Virginia Water Resources Research Center located at the
Blacksburg, Virginia campus is a Federal-State partnership agency
which is attempting to find solutions to Virginia's water-resource
problems. The Center has four major functions: to identify and
evaluate water problems; fund and direct water-related research; pro-
vide training opportunities in research for scientists in water-related
fields; and to collect and distribute information on water resources.
The Center was created by the Water Resources Research Act of 1964,
and receives an annual research allotment from the Office of Water
Research and Technology (OWRT) in the United States Department of
Interior. Additional funds for specialized projects have been obtained
from the National Science Foundation, Virginia State Water Control
Board, United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare, as
well as from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration under
the Sea Grant Program. In addition to VPI, Virginia institutions
which have participated in the programs sponsored by the Water
Resources Center include: Virginia Military Institute; University of
Richmond; University of Virginia; Virginia Commonwealth University;
Washington and Lee University; the College of William and Mary; Old
Dominion University; and the Virginia Institute of Marine Science.
Presently, the Center's research activities are directed toward
the implementation of its Five Year Research Program which lists
4-13
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eight areas of critical research needs identified through .a statewide
inventory of resource planners, managers and decision makers. The
priority research areas are: (1) Water and Land-Use Management; (2)
Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution; (3) Resource Inventory Monitoring;
(4) Water Supply; (5) Waste Treatment; (6) Non-Structural Flood Damage
Prevention; (7) Marine Environment; and (8) Outdoor Recreation.
Specific studies underway relate to: the deleterious effects of
agricultural chemicals, contamination of surface and groundwater from
swine waste lagoons, the causes and effects of turbidity in estuaries,
the impact of sediments eroded from urban areas, the implications of
using chlorine for disinfection, methods for reclamation of streams
to serve as habitats for fish, the potential environmental hazards of
fungicides, the use of biological organisms as detectors of toxic
substances, the role of sediments in eutrophication, and mechanisms
for watershed planning and management.
4.10 College of William and Mary
The College of William and Mary, founded in 1692, is a state
supported coeducational college in Williamsburg, Virginia with branches
in Newport News and Petersburg, Virginia. Professional as well as
Ph.D. degrees are offered. Work related to the Chesapeake Bay pri-
marily is carried out within an agreement with the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science whereby the Institute serves as the School of Marine
Science for the College. In relation to the Bay, faculty of the
4-14
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college have expertise relevant to the embryology of invertebrates,
reactions of invertebrates under stress, and the osprey population
within the Bay area.
4-15
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5.0 OTHER AGENCIES OR INSTITUTIONS
5.1 Introduction
The following is a description of the missions and activities of
various interstate commissions and consortia which have an interest
in applied research, pollution abatement, or resource planning within
the Chesapeake Bay Basin.
5.2 Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin
Approved by Congress in 1940, the Interstate Commission on the
Potomac River Basin (INCOPOT) was established by an agreement among
the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, West Virginia, Virginia, and the
District of Columbia. The governors of each state and the President
appoint three commissioners to the Commission.
The Commission lacks regulatory or enforcement powers. A concerted
effort by Maryland and Virginia to establish a Potomac River Basin
Compact (similar to the Susquehanna River Basin Commission and the
Delaware River Basin Commission) was abandoned in June 1976 primarily
due to reservations on the part of Pennsylvania and West Virginia.
The Commission is active in the coordination of data collection,
evaluation, and in the dissemination of baseline water quality infor-
mation. The Commission coordinates resource planning efforts and is
active in public education. As part of its role as coordinator, INCOPOT,
together with the Maryland Power Plant Siting Program, recently brought
biologists and managers together for a comprehensive discussion in the
form of a symposium on the protection and enhancement of the biological
5-1
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resources of the Potomac estuary (Mason and Flynn, 1976). The
Commission currently coordinates an extensive 55 station water
quality monitoring network (see Appendix II - Cooperative Relation-
ships) and is also active in the areas of erosion control and
water supply. Recently, the Commission has been concentrating its
efforts on the lower portion of the Potomac for the integration of a
proposed estuary monitoring program to be coordinated among the states
of Maryland, Virginia, the District of Columbia, and the Environmental
Protection Agency. It is envisioned that the collection of data within
the proposed baseline monitoring network will be carried out by the
appropriate governmental agencies. The role of the Commission would
be to evaluate and report the data and to promote the uniform use of
sampling techniques and analytical procedures. The actual water quality
testing would be conducted by the Virginia Consolidated Laboratories
of the Virginia Water Control Board in Richmond, Virginia, the Mary-
land Water Resources Administration laboratories in Annapolis, and the
laboratories of the District of Columbia, Department of Environmental
Services at the Blue Plains wastewater treatment plant.
5.3 Susquehanna River Basin Commission
The Susquehanna River Basin Commission is a Federal-Interstate
Compact organization in which the Federal Government is represented
by a United States Commissioner (Special Assistant to the Secretary
of the Interior). The state members are the Governors of Maryland,
New York, and Pennsylvania (84 stat. 1509).
5-2
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The Susquehanna River Basin Commission is responsible for program-
ming, scheduling, and controlling projects and activities within the
Susquehanna Basin that will develop ground and surface water supplies
for municipal, industrial, and agricultural uses. The Commission has
developed a comprehensive plan for the management and development of
the water resources of the Susquehanna River Basin. The Commission
does not regulate or enforce water quality standards (function of the
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources), but it does review
all plans involving water use or discharge into the Susquehanna and
its tributaries. The Commission cooperates fully with the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Resources in matters related to the manage-
ment of water quality.
The activities of the Commission have included the water quality
assessment of specific problem areas, trend analysis throughout the
basin, special heavy metal and pesticide studies, current and planned
non-point source assessments, and the establishment of water supply
models (Susquehanna River Basin Commission 1975, 1976, undated).
The Commission has a continuous monitoring station on the Susque-
hanna at Harrisburg, Pennsylvania and conducts a trend monitoring pro-
gram of interstate waters at the New York-Pennsylvania border (see
Appendix I - Major Monitoring Programs). Data are available from
the Commission, and also are submitted to the Pennsylvania Department
of Environmental Resources for inclusion in WAMIS, the Department's
storage and retrieval system for water related data.
5-3
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5.4 Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission
The Atlantic States Marine Fisheries Commission represents a com-
pact among the Atlantic Coastal states in which each state is repre-
sented by three commissioners. One of the four regional divisions is
the Chesapeake Bay Section formed by the States of Maryland and Virginia.
The Commission lacks regulatory powers except in such instances
where two or more states may delegate authority to the Commission to
control fisheries activities in the areas of common interest.
The purpose of the Commission is to promote coordination among
the member states in regulatory activities, fisheries research, enhance-
ment and protection of fisheries, and education with regard to conser-
vation of fishery resources. As part of the Commission's educational
objectives, it publishes brochures which characterize fishery conser-
vation practices and ecological relationships. These are available
to various agencies and institutions for distribution to interested
parties.
A recent project for the Commission, conducted by the Maryland
Watermen's Association, involved a series of meetings in New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, and Virginia for the purpose of
identifying fisheries problems as they relate to federal agencies.
Major findings of the study were (Wieland et. al., undated):
• It is the feeling of watermen that Congress and the public
do not understand the value of the seafood industry in the
country. Capital backing is required to revive the industry.
• The present marketing-pricing-processing system is inadequate
and needs to be revised.
5-4
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• Little improvement in the pollution of fishing grounds has been
observed by watermen.
• Pollution and foreign fleets are the largest threats to the
mid-Atlantic fishing industry.
5.5 Potomac River Fisheries Commission
The Potomac River Fisheries Commission is a cooperative effort
legalized in the form of a compact between the States °f Maryland and
Virginia to enhance shellfish resources of the Potomac River. The
Commission works closely with the Maryland Department of Natural
Resources and the Virginia Marine Resources Commission in the manage-
ment of fisheries in the Potomac River. Major activities of the Com-
mission include the surveying and reseeding of oyster beds, the
regulating of shellfish, finfish, and crab harvesting, and the issuing
of licenses to catch seafood from the river.
5.6 Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated
The Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated (CRC) is an
academic association among the Johns Hopkins University, the University
of Maryland, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Virginia Institute
of Marine Science. Each institution selects four members to sit on
the board of trustees.
The Consortium was formed as a legal consortium corporation in
January 1972, and has utilized a multi-disciplinary approach to meet
the comprehensive research needs for the Chesapeake Bay. Most of the
research efforts of the Consortium have been funded by the Research
Applied to National Needs (RANN) Program of the National Science
5-5
-------
Foundation (NSF). These efforts related to a characterization of the
biota of the Chesapeake Bay, wetlands, and the development of a Research
and Management Shoreline (RAMS) Data Bank. Recent studies have included
a Corps of Engineers sponsored evaluation of the impact of Tropical
Storm Agnes on the Chesapeake Bay (see Section 6.0 - Major Studies on
the Bay) and a literature review prepared for NSF and EPA on the effects
of sewage treatment plant effluents on fish. To date, over 52 reports
have been published by the Consortium.
5.7 Marine Science Consortium
Organized in 1968, the Marine Science Consortium is an association
of 17 colleges and Universities. These include:
The American University
Washington, D.C.
Bloomsburg State College
Bloomsburg, Pennsylvania
California State College
California, Pennsylvania
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
Indiana, Pennsylvania
Kutztown State College
Kutztown, Pennsylvania
Millersville State College
Millersville, Pennsylvania
The Catholic University of America Pennsylvania State University
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Washington, D.C.
Catonsville Community College
Catonsville, Maryland
Cheyney State College
Cheyney, Pennsylvania
East Stroudsburg State College
East Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania
Edinboro State College
Edinboro, Pennsylvania
Federal City College
Washington, D.C.
University Park, Pennsylvania
Shippensburg State College
Shippensburg, Pennsylvania
Slippery Rock State College
Slippery Rock, Pennsylvania
West Chester State College
West Chester, Pennsylvania
West Virginia University
Morgantown, West Virginia
5-6
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The Consortium maintains a research vessel in the Chesapeake Bay
at Saxis, Virginia (Tangier Sound). Other vessels are located at the
Consortium's laboratory on Wallops Island, Virginia. The laboratory
conducts classes in marine subjects with an average enrollment of 150
students per day. The laboratory also contracts with DuPont, the City
of Philadelphia, and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration
to perform studies in coastal waters.
With regard to the Chesapeake Bay, the laboratory has conducted
a few short term studies related to the nature of bottom sediments and
biota. The laboratory has the capability to perform any kind of marine
research within the areas of heavy metals analysis, suspended sediments
monitoring, collection and measurement of bottom sediments, water chem-
istry, and marine biology.
5-7
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6.0 MAJOR STUDIES ON THE BAY
6.1 Introduction
A recurring comment of various officials, scientists, and
environmental organizations during this study was that the Chesapeake
Bay was the most extensively investigated ecological system within their
knowledge. Certainly, the amount of recorded information is extensive.
In recent bibliographies on the Chesapeake Bay (Tennyson, et al, 1972;
Stauble and Wood, 1975) prepared by the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, approximately 850 and 1,740 reports were cited respectively
for Virginia and Maryland waters of the Bay. These works include
books, periodicals, government, institutional, and academic reports,
theses, and dissertations published largely in the last 100 years and
deal with taxonomy, natural history, physical studies, and pollution.
Literature searches conducted as part of this study revealed 376
periodical publications within the last 5 years which deal with
pollution in the Bay (Biosciences Information Service, 1976). A
similar search of federal documents yielded 353 reports relating to
water quality within the Bay (N.T.I.S., 1976).
6.2 Major Studies
Current research activities relevant to the Bay also are
extensive. Many academic researchers possess expertise and retain
an interest in,or are actively involved In, research related to the
Bay. A listing of these researchers and their respective areas of
expertise identified during this study is presented in Volume II of this
6-1
-------
report. A current area of major concern, and one In which studies
are being initiated, is the disappearance of eel grass and other
vegetation within large areas of the Bay. This phenomenon has been
attributed to a number of causes including the effects of herbicides
contained in storm water runoff, the changes in salinity in the upper
Bay brought about by Tropical Storm Agnes, the browsing of cow nosed
rays, and increases in turbidity brought about by eroded particles
in suspension or algal cells. Current research in this area includes
that conducted by the Smithsonian Institution's Chesapeake Bay
Center for Environmental Studies where bioassay analyses of higher
acquatic plants have been initiated in an effort to relate the
inhibition in plant growth to herbicide contamination. Graduate
research at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science (Robert J. Orth)
centers around the use of remote sensing data to map the changes in
vegetation and the association of vegetation disappearance with
variations in winter mean temperatures for the southern portion of
the Bay. The Department of Natural Resources is evaluating the impact
of existing levels of rooted aquatic plants In the Bay. The U. S.
Fish and Wildlife Service is monitoring the distribution and abundance
of submerged vegetation at 642 stations in the Bay. The EPA Chesapeake
Bay Program, through the U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service (Office of
Biological Sciences), is currently funding a literature search of
existing information on submerged vegetation of the Bay.
6-2
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In an effort to summarize the major Bay research studies
that have been performed, a list of major reports on the Bay was
compiled based on recommendations by administrators and researchers
interviewed during the course of this study. The list represented
major studies performed since 1970 and also the broad areas of research
which are of interest to the Environmental Protection Agency's Chesa-
peake Bay Program, namely - nutrients, toxic materials, non-point
source discharges, and physical alterations. Twenty of these reports
were selected for summarization by a representative of the Chesapeake
Bay Program. The topics of these reports or the findings of studies
described in the reports are summarized in Table 6.1 These summaries
include the name of the study, the sponsoring agency, a reference
to literature cited, areas of the Bay investigated, the objectives of
the study, and areas of study, e.g. nutrients, toxic materials,
non-point source discharges, physical alterations, and other areas.
6-3
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7.0 MONITORING OF THE BAY
7.1 Introduction
During the course of this study, various sampling activities
relevant to the physical, chemical, biological, or health aspects of
the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries were identified. Some of these
activities involved the collection of samples over a very short
period in support of a limited project. In this study, emphasis was
placed on sampling efforts which required successive measurements
over a prolonged period of time for the purpose of detecting change,
or the lack of it.
7.2 Monitoring Activities
Within the Bay area, several agencies have established organized
systems or networks for the collection of a specific kind of informa-
tion. These systems include a series of points (stations) at which
measurements are made at a predetermined frequency. A summary of
these types of monitoring activities is presented in Appendix I -
Major Monitoring Programs for 51 discrete monitoring programs. These
represent primarily major monitoring programs, i.e., ones which are
not short-lived or involve a localized sampling activity such as that
conducted by a municipality. However, because of a special interest
expressed by the Chesapeake Bay program in non-point source dis-
charges, monitoring activities in the Chesapeake area being performed
in compliance with Section 208 (PL 92-500) were included. These
sampling activities, for the most part, are short-lived and relate to
a portion of an area represented by a regional planning commission.
7-1
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Of the 51 major existing monitoring programs identified during
this study, 34 address surface water quality, 2 are concerned with
point discharges, 5 with non-point discharges, 7 with the quality
and volume of sediments, 22 with the kinds and abundance of aquatic
organisms, and 3 with the abundance and edibility of harvested species.
Of the programs, 27 sample for toxic substances (chlorinated organic
compounds or metals) and 35 sample for nutrients (phosphorous or
nitrogen compounds). A description of these programs is provided in
Appendix I. The description identifies by name the agency conducting
the monitoring and a person to contact for additional information,
the name of the program and purpose of monitoring, the medium sampled
and parameters analyzed, the number and general locations of sampling
stations, the frequency of sampling, the duration of the monitoring
program, and the form of data storage.
Of all of the states contacted, Maryland was identified as
administering the most comprehensive monitoring program with respect
to the Chesapeake Bay. For more than fifteen years, Maryland has
had, in effect, some type of intensive ambient surface water moni-
toring program. Currently, Maryland utilizes two methodologies to
maintain surveillance of its waters, an intensive monitoring method-
ology and a trend monitoring methodology.
The intensive monitoring is designed so that all waters of the
State will receive detailed sampling within some reasonable time
frame. Under the program, the waters have been divided into five
7-2
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geographical areas. Each geographical area is considered for inten-
sive monitoring work each year. Thus, the entire State's waters
receive attention once in every five-year period.' This time frame
was chosen primarily to coincide with information needs for waste
water discharge purposes and because water quality does not normally
change significantly within a lesser time frame.
The trend monitoring program is designed to supplement the
intensive monitoring program in order to allow for a continuing
observation of the long-term changes occurring in surface waters.
This monitoring network currently consists of 133 stations situated
in Maryland waters of the Bay and its tributaries.
In addition to the regular monitoring of surface waters,
Maryland has more than 40 individuals, located throughout the State,
who sample municipal and industrial discharges to assure compliance
with regulations specified in discharge permits and federal and state
laws or regulations. In addition to sampling in response to approxi-
mately 1000 discharge permits, continuous checks for compliance with
state permits and regulations are made of such areas as wetlands,
sediment and erosion control, flood plain intrusion, and oil spill
violations.
The monitoring programs of the State of Maryland are primarily
conducted by the Environmental Health Administration of the Depart-
ment of Health and Mental Hygiene and by various divisions of the
7-3
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Department of Natural Resources. A total of 22 major monitoring pro-
grams were identified for the State.
In Virginia, 8 monitoring programs were identified. Of these,
5 are conducted by the Bureau of Shellfish Sanitation of the Department
of Health, and one each by the Bureau of Industrial Hygiene, also of
the Department of Health, the Virginia Institute of Marine Science, and
the Virginia State Water Control Board. Water quality monitoring
within the state is conducted by the State Water Control Board at
over 570 stations throughout the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake
Bay and its tributaries. This basic network has been in existence
since 1970. The Water Control Board also conducts inspections to
assure that sewage and industrial waste effluents are in compliance
with discharge permit requirements. Extensive sampling is conducted
in shellfish growing areas and other waters for metals, pesticides,
coliform bacteria and kepone, by the Bureau of Shellfish Sanitation.
The Virginia Institute of Marine Science sponsors a surface water
monitoring program for the purpose of obtaining data collected on a
regular basis and which reflect the state of water quality over a
period of time. This archival program has been in existence for five
years.
The monitoring activities of federal agencies include those of
the Corps of Engineers (water supply), Environmental Protection Agency
(water quality and the National Estuarine Monitoring Program), U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (waterfowl and invertebrate sampling), U.S.
7-4
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Geological Survey (water quality), and the National Marine Fisheries
Service (menhaden sampling). The most comprehensive of these efforts
is that of the Environmental Protection Agency which regularly samples
for water quality at 133 stations through its consolidated Water
Quality Studies in the Chesapeake Bay and Potomac River. Other
monitoring programs, although not extensive in relation to the
Chesapeake Bay, include those of the States of Pennsylvania and West
Virginia, the District of Columbia, the Susquehanna River Basin
Commission, and various regional planning commissions.
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8.0 COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
During the course of this study, several interagency cooperative
efforts were identified. The nature and purpose of these relation-
ships varied according to the objective of the common effort. Most
of the relationships took the form of federal/state advisory bodies
wherein the participants provided guidance with respect to overall
coordination and integration of a particular program. Such advisory
bodies include the "Chesapeake Bay Program Policy Advisory Committee"
of the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Corps of Engineers
"Chesapeake Bay Study Advisory Group". Other groups, such as the
"Chesapeake Bay Subcommittee" of the Interagency Committee on Marine
Science and Engineering, exist primarily to promote communication and
coordination among the planning and management activities of the
member agencies.
A compilation of those cooperative efforts or institutional
mechanisms identified as relating to the water quality of the Bay are
presented in Appendix II - Cooperative Relationships. Contacts are
provided for each relationship to facilitate the acquisition of addi-
tional information.
8-1
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9.0 SIMILAR RESEARCH - MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS
9.1 Introduction
A major goal of the Environmental Protection Agency's
Chesapeake Bay Program is to develop a water quality management
program for the Bay. Attempts have been made for other, somewhat
similar, bodies of water to establish an efficient approach to
water quality management. Most of these efforts have been success-
ful because the entire body of water to be managed was situated within
the jurisdictional boundary of a single state. Many of the large
surfaces of water which lie between states are protected through
interstate compacts or commissions such as the Delaware River Basin
Commission.
The following is a brief description of the nature and extent
of water quality management efforts on other large marine areas.
This discussion is intended only as an identification of other
approaches to management or to the understanding of basic management
problems. A detailed analysis is required to determine the
appropriateness of applying these techniques or lessons learned to
the development of a program plan for the Bay.
9.2 Long Island Sound Management Study
One of the most recent comprehensive management plans for an
Atlantic estuarine system was developed by a water resources study
entitled "Long Island Sound Study". The investigation was a
multidisciplinary, multi-agency, three year study. The lead
9-1
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agency was the New England River Basin Commission, Boston, Mass-
achusetts. The results were published in 16 volumes (New England
River Basin Commission, 1975).
In addition to making specific recommendations for solving cri-
tical problems, the study analyzed various legal and institutional
arrangements for managing the implementation of their recommendations.
Both short-term and long-term management plans were discussed.
This study may be particularly relevant because Long Island
Sound and its drainage area extends over more than one interstate
boundary; therefore, many of the legal and institutional problems
may be similar to those that will be experienced in the Chesapeake
Bay program.
9.3 San Francisco Bay-Delta Plans
In California the policies and goals of PL 92-500 are implemented
through the State Water Resources Control Board and the nine regional
Water Quality Control Boards acting in conjunction with Region IX
of the EPA. It is the responsibility of the nine Regional Boards
to formulate and adopt water quality control plans that protect the
beneficial uses of the waterways under their jurisdiction and to
comply with the State policy for water quality control.
The water quality control planning strategy consists of
identifying stream segments, listing beneficial uses, defining water
quality objectives, and quantifying anticipated wasteloads for each
stream segment. Finally, the resultant water quality of the segment
is calculated and waste discharge requirements for controllable point
9-2
-------
sources are established accordingly. The basin planning document
contains a detailed description of the control concepts, an implemen-
tation schedule, and a program for assessing compliance. The basin
planning is part of an on-going process and is continuously being
updated.
In dealing with contiguous water bodies, such as the San Fran-
cisco Bay/Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, water quality management
has been simplified by establishing basin, subbasin, and segment
designations. For example, the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta is
subdivided into the Sacramento River, Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta,
and San Joaquin River subbasins. The tributaries to the Sacramento-
San Joaquin Delta were segmentized according to the definition of
"segment designation", which appeared in the Federal Register (40
CFR 130.2 M).
The San Francisco Bay was subdivided in a similar manner.
Wasteload allocations were calculated for different segments of
the Bay and established water quality objectives were based on
beneficial uses. Water quality objectives were established for the
following:
bacteria floating material
biostimulatory substances oil and grease
temperature pH
chemical constituents sediment
color settlable material
dissolved oxygen suspended material
pesticides tastes and odors
radioactivity turbidity
electrical conductivity
total dissolved solids
toxicity
9-3
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9.4 The Management of Great South Bay
Great South Bay located south of Long Island, New York, ranks
with the Chesapeake Bay as one of the most valuable estuaries on
the Atlantic coast. The Great South Bay physically is quite
dissimilar to the Chesapeake Bay. The Chesapeake Bay essentially is
a drowned river basin. Great South Bay, however, is a lagoon formed
by barrier islands.
The drainage area of Great South Bay is small in comparison
with Chesapeake Bay; therefore, non-point discharges contribute
lesser quantities of pollutants. In addition, the stream flow in
the small tributaries which do flow into Great South Bay consist
of only 5% surface runoff. The remaining 95% consists of ground
water seepage.
Further differences exist in institutional and legal aspects.
Great South Bay is located within the jurisdiction of only one
State; and the two major Counties (Nassau and Suffolk) cooperate
fully in planning and management activities. The Coastal Zone
Management Program for New York and the Regional 208 plan may
become effective management plans for Great South Bay without the
creation of additional agencies or commissions.
Commonality between Great South Bay and the Chesapeake Bay is
that each is utilized extensively as a recreational area (passive
recreation, shellfishing, and sport-finfishing). Commercial
shellfishing (especially clamming) also is important to both bays.
9-4
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Furthermore, both bays function as a stopover for migratory water-
fowl and as a nursery area for commercially important finfishes.
Three references which discuss some aspects of marine resource
management pertinent to Great South Bay, also may be useful to the
Chesapeake Bay program. These references are:
• Ellis, R. H., P. B. Cheyney, J. T. Ball, and E. R. Sweeton.
1972. "Design of a management information system for
coastal resources planning." Prepared by the Center for
Environment and Man, Inc., Sea Grant Project GH-63,
National Science Foundation, CEM-4103-460. Regional
Marine Resources Council. Hartford, Connecticut,
• Ellis, R. H., P. B. Cheyney, F. A. Smith, R. M. Davis,
and R. 0. Brush. 1969. "The development of a procedure
and knowledge requirements for marine resource planning-"
Prepared by the Travelers Research Corporation for the
Marine Resources Council, Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning
Board, Hauppauge, New York.
• Smith, F. A., L. Ortolano, R. M. Davis, and R. 0. Brush,
1970. "Fourteen selected marine resource problems of Long
Island, New York." Descriptive evaluations prepared by the
Travelers Research Corporation for the Marine Resources
Council, Nassau-Suffolk Regional Planning Board, Hauppauge,
New York, 128.
9.5 New York Bight
With respect to the establishment of a research program
for the Chesapeake Bay, a similar program was developed for the
New York Bight which involved an identification of basic problems
within the Bight and the establishment of a program of research to
understand the extent and sources of water quality problems. The
research program, termed the New York Bight Marine Ecosystems Analysis
(MESA) Project, is administered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, United States Department of Commerce.
9-5
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This project, established during July 1973, is a 7-year program
designed to:
1. Determine the fate and effects of pollutants on the ecosystem
of the New York Bight, particularly in regard to ocean
dumping.
2. Quantify environmental factors involved in the location,
design, and operation of major offshore facilities.
3. Identify and describe important environmental systems
operating in the Bight and define their interrelationships.
The MESA program relies to a large extent on review by
advisory committees which reflect governmental, industrial, academic
and public concerns. These committees have met on a regular basis
to review the performance of the program and to recommend future
courses of action.
9-6
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10.0 ACRONYMS AND INITIALISMS
AEC
AFO
BG&E
BWQMN
CAC
CBESS
GEES
COWAMP
COG
CRC
DDT
DNR
EDBD
Atomic Energy Commission (functions divided in
1975 between the Nuclear Regulatory Commission
and the Energy Research and Development
Administration)
Annapolis Field Office (of Region III, Environ-
mental Protection Agency)
Baltimore Gas and Electric Company
Baseline Water Quality Monitoring Network
Citizens Advisory Committee (with reference
to the Water Resources Citizens Advisory
Committee of the Metropolitan Washington
Council of Governments)
Chesapeake Bay Earth Sciences Study (a program
of the Maryland Geological Survey, Maryland
Department of Natural Resources)
Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies
(an organizational unit of the University of
Maryland)
Comprehensive Water Quality Management Plan
(with reference to water resources planning
by the State of Pennsylvania for the Lower
Susquehanna River Basin)
Metropolitan Washington Council of Governments
Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated
Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (an
insecticide)
Department of Natural Resources (of the State
of Maryland)
Environmental Data Base Directory (computerized
inventory of environmental data bases, Environ-
mental Data Service, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration)
10-1
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EPA
ERDA
FOSDIC
HRWQA
HUD
INCOPOT
ICMSE
JHU/APL
MDOT
MESA
NASA
NASQAN
NAWDEX
NMFS
NOAA
NODC
Environmental Protection Agency
Energy Research and Development Administration
Film Optical Sensing Device for Input to
Computers (of the National Bureau of Standards)
Hampton Roads Water Quality Agency
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River
Basin
Interagency Committee on Marine Science and
Engineering (formed in 1971 by the Federal
Council for Science and Technology)
Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics
Laboratory
Maryland Department of Transportation
Marine Ecosystems Analysis (a program of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion)
National Aeronautics and Space Administration
National Stream Quality Accounting Network
(a data collection network of the Geological
Survey, Department of Interior)
National Water Data Exchange (of the Geological
Survey, Department of Interior)
National Marine Fisheries Service (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration);
formerly—Bureau of Commercial Fisheries
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion (Department of Commerce)
National Oceanographic Data Center (Environ-
mental Data Service, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration)
10-2
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NOS National Ocean Survey (National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration); formerly—Coast
and Geodetic Survey
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
System (of the Environmental Protection Agency)
NSF National Science Foundation
NTIS National Technical Information Service
NVPDC Northern Virginia Planning District Commission
OASIS Oceanic and Scientific Information System
(information retrieval system, Environmental
Data Service, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration)
OCZM Office of Coastal Zone Management (National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
OWDC Office of Water Data Coordination (Geological
Survey, Department of Interior)
OWRT Office of Water Research and Technology (of
the Department of Interior)
PCBs Polychlorinated Biphenyls (a group of
chlorinated organic chemicals)
pH The negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion
concentration in water
Ph.D. Doctor of Philosophy
PPSP Power Plant Siting Program (of the Maryland
Department of Natural Resources)
RADCO Rappahannock Area Development Commission
(situated in Fredericksburg, Virginia)
RANN Research Applied to National Needs (a program
of the National Science Foundation)
RAMS Research and Management Shoreline (a data
bank situated at the Johns Hopkins University,
Applied Physics Laboratory)
10-3
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RFC
STORET
TAG
USGS
VIMS
VPI
WAMIS
WATSTORE
WRA
Regional Planning Council (situated in
Baltimore, Maryland)
Storage and Retrieval (a data processing
system utilized by federal and state agencies)
Technical Advisory Committee (with reference
to the Water Resources Technical Advisory
Committee of the Metropolitan Washington
Council of Governments)
United States Geological Survey (Department
of Interior)
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University
Water Quality Management Information System
(of the Pennsylvania Department of Environ-
mental Resources)
National Water Data Storage and Retrieval
System (of the Geological Survey, Department
of Interior)
Water Resources Administration (of the
Maryland Department of Natural Resources)
10-4
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11.0 LITERATURE CITED
Biosciences Information Service, 1976. "Retrospective Citations 1971-
1976, on Pollution in Chesapeake Bay." Ref. No. 91161, Biological
Abstracts, Philadelphia, Pa.
Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, 1975. "University of
Maryland Chesapeake Roster," University of Maryland, Baltimore,
Maryland.
Center for Natural Areas, 1974. "Smithsonian Institution, Natural Areas
of the Chesapeake Bay Region: Ecological Priorities," Washington, B.C.
Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated, 1974a. "Water Quality
Criteria and the Biota of Chesapeake Bay." CRC Publication No. 41,
Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated, 1974b. "A Report on the
Concentration, Distribution and Impact of Certain Trace Metals from
Sewage Treatment Plants on the Chesapeake Bay." CRC Publication No.
31, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Chesapeake Research Consortium, Incorporated, 1972. "Biota of the
Chesapeake Bay," Chesapeake S c i enc e, 13: Supplement.
Council on the Environment, 1976. "Information Papers on the Environ-
mental Agencies of the Commonwealth of Virginia," Council on the
Environment, Richmond, Virginia.
Corps of Engineers, 1976. "Announcement of Public Meetings on the
Chesapeake Bay Study," Baltimore, Maryland.
Corps of Engineers, 1975, "Impact of Tropical Storm Agnes on
Chesapeake Bay," 2 Vols., Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland.
Corps of Engineers, 1973,, "Chesapeake Bay Existing Conditions
Report," 7 Vols., Baltimore District, Baltimore, Maryland.
Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1965. "National Shell-
fish Sanitation Program Manual of Operations," Public Health Service
Publication No. 33, Division of Environmental Engineering and Food
Protection, Shellfish Sanitation Branch, Washington, D.C.
Environmental Data Service, 1976. A listing of the Environmental Data
Base Directory (EDBD) Files described for Chesapeake Bay obtained by
a computer search of the entire EDBD file conducted on May 19, 1976.
Data Index Branch, National Oceanographic Data Center, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration, Washington, D.C.
11-1
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Environmental Protection Agency, 1975. "Current Nutrient Assessment
Upper Potomac Estuary." Paper presented at the Interstate Commission
on the Potomac River Basin Symposium, "The Biological Resources of the
Potomac Estuary," June 4, 1975, Alexandria, Virginia.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1974a. "Distribution of Metals in
Baltimore Harbor Sediments." Technical Report 59, Annapolis Field
Office, Annapolis, Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1974b. "Summary and Conclusions -
Nutrient Transport and Accountability in the Lower Susquehanna River
Basin." Technical Report 60, Annapolis Field Office, Annapolis,
Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1974c. "Technical Bulletin - Pro-
tection of Shellfish Waters." EPA 430/9-74-010. Office of Water
Program Operations, Washington, D.C.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1973. "Summary and Conclusions from
the Forthcoming Technical Report 56, Nutrient Enrichment and Control
Requirements in the Upper Chesapeake Bay." Annapolis Field Office,
Annapolis, Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1972a. "Chesapeake Bay Nutrient
Input Study," Technical Report 47, Annapolis Field Office, Annapolis,
Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1972b. "Mathematical Model Studies
of Water Quality in the Potomac Estuary." Technical Report 33,
Annapolis Field Office, Annapolis, Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1972c. "Nutrient Transport and Dis-
solved Oxygen Budget Studies in the Potomac Estuary, Technical Report
37, Annapolis Field Office, Annapolis, Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1972d. "A System of Mathematical
Models for Water Quality Management." Technical Report 51, Annapolis
Field Office, Annapolis, Maryland.
Environmental Protection Agency, 1971. "A Water Resource-Water Supply
Study of the Potomac Estuary." Technical Report 35, Annapolis Field
Office, Annapolis, Maryland.
Energy and Coastal Zone Administration, 1976. "Power Plant Siting Pro-
gram. Long Range Plan." Unpublished document dated April 1976, Mary-
land Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis, Maryland.
11-2
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Hydroscience, Inc., 1975. "The Chesapeake Bay Waste Load Allocation
Study." Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Water Resources
Administration, Annapolis, Maryland.
ICMSE (Interagency Committee on Marine Science and Engineering), 1976.
"A Survey of Institutions Concerned with the Water and Related
Resources in the Chesapeake Bay Basin."
Kerby, C., and J. McErlean, 1972. "Scientific Personnel Resource
Inventory: List and Index to Research Scientists Involved with the
Estuarine Environment, Especially the Chesapeake Bay." No. 72-li,
Office of Oceanography and Limnology, Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.
Laird, B., 1974-1975. "Virginia State Agencies Concerned with Coastal
Zone Planning, Management or Scientific and Engineering Activities."
Special Report in Applied Marine Science and Ocean Engineering No. 67,
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, Virginia.
Lippson, A.J., 1973. "The Chesapeake Bay in Maryland. An Atlas of
Natural Resources." Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore,
Maryland.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources and the Department of Health
and Mental Hygiene, 1975. "Maryland Water Quality 75." State of
Maryland, Executive Department, Annapolis, Maryland.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources - Regional Planning Council,
1976. "Existing Conditions Review," Second Draft. Office of Energy
and Coastal Zone Management, Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
Annapolis, Maryland.
Mason, W.T., and K. C. Flynn, 1976. "The Potomac Estuary Biological
Resources. Trends and Options." Proceedings of a Symposium,
Alexandria, Virginia, June 4-6, 1975. Interstate Commission on the
Potomac River Basin, Bethesda, Maryland.
Mathias, C. McC., Jr., 1974. "A Chesapeake Bay Report: What We Have
and How We Can Protect It." Unpublished Report by Senator Charles
McC. Mathias, Jr.), U.S. Senate, Washington, D.C.
Munson, T.O., and R. J. Huggett, 1972. "Current Status of Research
on the Biological Effects of Pesticides in Chesapeake Bay." Chesa-
peake Science 13:S154-S156.
New England River Basin Commission, 1975. "People and the Sound. A
Plan for Long Island Sound," 16 Vols. New England River Basin
Commission, Boston, Massachusetts.
11-3
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NTIS (National Technical Information Service), 1976. "Retrospective
Citations and Abstracts on Pollution in Chesapeake Bay." User 1321,
Print 8/5/1-353, File 6, Springfield, Virginia.
O'Dell, J., J. Gabor, and R. Dintaman, 1975. "Survey of Anadromous
Fish Spawning Areas." Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
Fisheries Administration, Annapolis, Maryland.
Office of Coastal Zone Management, 1975. "Considering Coastal Zone
Management. The Law, The Participants, The Program." National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, U.S. Department of Commerce,
Washington, D.C.
Pickering, R.J., and J. F. Ficke, 1976. "Design of Nationwide Water-
Quality-Monitoring Networks." Journal American Water Works Asso-
ciation 68:43953:43956.
Power, Garrett, 1976. "The Chesapeake Bay: Redesigning Its Institu-
tional Structure." A paper presented to the Land Issues and Problems
Seminar, Newport News, Virginia.
Schubel, J.R., 1972. "The Physical and Chemical Conditions of
Chesapeake Bay: An Evaluation." Special Report 21, Chesapeake Bay
Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland.
Shabman, L.A. and M. Ashton, 1976. "Citizens Attitudes Toward Manage-
ment of the Chesapeake Bay." Bulletin 96, Virginia Water Resources
Research Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University
Blacksburg, Virginia.
Stauble, J. and D. H. Wood, 1975. "The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography.
Volume III, Maryland Waters." Specific Scientific Report No. 73,
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Quality of Streams in the Susquehanna River Basin." Resource Quality
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Susquehanna River Basin Commission, 1975. "Water Resources Program."
Susquehanna River Basin Commission, Mechanicsburg, Pennsylvania.
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Jr., 1972. "The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography, Volume II, Virginia
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11-4
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Scientific and Engineering Activities." Revision of 1974 Report in
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305 (b) Report, Virginia Information Bulletin, 526, Richmond, Virginia.
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Water Resources Management in Virginia." Special Report No. 1 (Draft)
April 1976. Virginia Water Resources Research Center, Virginia
Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, Virginia.
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Environment (II): The Fate of the Chesapeake Bay." Journal of the
Washington Academy of Sciences. 62:51 - 223.
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Oceanic Division, Annapolis, Maryland.
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tion Fisheries Survey. Mid-Atlantic Region Final Report." Atlantic
States Marine Fisheries Commission, Washington, D.C.
11-5
-------
APPENDIX I
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APPENDIX II
COOPERATIVE RELATIONSHIPS
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11-15
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APPENDIX III
PROBLEMS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
III-l
-------
This section primarily contains comments concerning major
problems related to the Chesapeake Bay which were made by admini-
strators and investigators during personal interviews conducted in
the course of this study. A discussion of the perspectives of
citizens is also given.
In addition to the citing of commonly identified problems
(enrichment of the Bay, pollution from oil spills), almost every
individual held some differing viewpoint. Academic researchers
presented well formulated recommendations for research investigations
or management actions. Administrators were concerned with juris-
dictional disputes and lack of interagency cooperation. Civic
groups, polled in a survey as part of another study, were action
oriented, well educated and tended to stress concern for problems
receiving attention from regulatory agencies (waste discharges,
oil spillage, wetland alteration).
All comments are presented as anonymous and are grouped
within appropriate categories. Each comment is identified as to
whether it was by a scientific investigator who conducts research
on the Bay or by an administrator who is not involved in day-to-day
research at the technical level.
Federal Perspectives
The following comments are concerned with institutional rela-
tionships or pollution abatement mechanisms with respect to the Bay.
III-2
-------
• The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) is
a response agency and not an initiator of unmandated actions.
The Agency should restrict its activity to the enforcement
of existing legislation (Researcher).
• The EPA should not monitor the quality of surface waters >
which is the role of the United States Geological Survey
(USGS). The EPA only should monitor municipal and indus-
trial wastewater outfalls (Administrator).
• No management solutions can be implemented before basic
problems are identified. The first priority of any new
research program is to identify the problems to which the
program is to direct its attention (Researcher).
• There is no Bay-wide mechanism for dealing with catastrophic
effects such as large spills of toxic chemicals. Contin-
gency plans must be prepared (Administrator).
• Abatement of non-point discharges to the Bay only can be
accomplished through the implementation of appropriate soil
conservation practices within the watershed of the Bay
(Administrator).
• Many agencies are duplicating planning efforts with respect
to proposed research and monitoring activities. These
efforts must be coordinated (Administrator).
• Various agencies have restricted public access to the Bay.
There are not enough public lands in Virginia (Admini-
strator) .
• Fishing and boating must be promoted to retain public
interest in the Bay (Administrator).
• The Environmental Protection Agency should not attempt to
establish a data center. Such efforts should become a part
of the NODC/NOAA system. Pass through funds should be
given to NOAA to increase its coverage or to fund special
data system requirements (Administrator).
• Replicate mailing lists compiled by federal agencies may be
unavoidable owing to a legal restriction to the exchanging
of mailing lists among federal agencies (Administrator).
III-3
-------
• The only effective management policy for the Bay is the
establishment of an interstate regulatory commission or
compact. Such a unit must have strong and comprehensive
regulatory powers (Administrator).
The following comments relate to problem identification or
research needs with respect to the Bay.
• In the period 1950-1960 visibility was to a depth of 8 feet
in certain parts of the Bay. Now in some of those places
visibility is less than one foot in depth (Researcher).
• Until now, physical and chemical analyses have centered on
"quick and dirty" techniques. A need exists for systematic
precise analyses for all water quality parameters and pollu-
tants including synthetic organics (Researcher).
• At present, there exists a general lack of understanding
concerning the trophic levels of the Bay. These must be
characterized (Administrator).
• There are disagreements as to the value of hydraulic vs.
mathematical models. The Corps hydraulic model may be a
step toward a mathematical model. Fewer data are needed to
verify a hydraulic model than a mathematical one (Admini-
strator) .
• A grid system for determining sampling coordinates must be
established (Researcher).
• Sustained programs in basic research are needed. None exist
at the present time (Researcher).
• More systematic biological work is needed to determine the
effects of pollution on species in the Bay (Researcher).
• A need exists to characterize the Bay in order to understand
symptoms of degradation (Researcher).
• Information on hazards from flooding must be accumulated.
These data are required by the Housing and Urban Development
Administration (Administrator).
III-4
-------
State and Local Perspectives
The following comments are concerned with institutional rela-
tionships or pollution abatement mechanisms with respect to the Bay.
• Increased economic returns must be made to those who make a
living on the Bay and use its resources (Administrator).
• Promote and encourage consumption of seafood products
(Administrator).
• A need exists for the states of Maryland and Virginia to
coordinate coastal zone planning efforts (Administrator).
The following comments relate to problem identification or
research needs with respect to the Bay.
• The major state water pollution abatement agencies regard
the control of non-point discharges to be of utmost
importance (Administrator).
• Over 90 percent of the pollution burden in the upper Bay is
attributable to the Susquehanna River (Administrator).
Academic Perspectives
The following comments are concerned with institutional rela-
tionships or pollution abatement mechanisms with respect to the Bay.
• The proposed EPA Chesapeake Bay Program should channel
program funds as much as possible into applied research
rather than to internal staffing (Researcher).
• The proposed program should have continuity. Plans should
be made for transference of data base information after
the Program has terminated (Researcher).
• Present Section 208 (PL 92-500) studies should be completed
in order to identify data needs before the Program is
initiated (Researcher).
• Initial sampling should be concentrated in areas of the Bay
adjacent to low population centers which do not warrant 208
studies. These areas require baseline data prior to induced
changes with time (Researcher).
III-5
-------
• Additional basic research regarding current measurement and
tidal mixing (physical oceanography) to foster a better under-
standing of particulate movement in the Bay (Researcher).
• Long-term monitoring studies of biological communities are
necessary. This information is desperately needed for a
better understanding of castastrophic changes, such as the
sudden disappearance of eel grass in parts of the Bay
(Researcher).
• Historical archives should be established to monitor changes
in fish populations, salinity, nutrients, and toxic materials
(Researcher).
• Four "pressure points" or areas of major concern in the lower
Bay (tidal waters of Virginia and Potomac are the: Upper
James (Richmond to 10 miles below Hopewell), Lower James,
Potomac, and areas around Newport News (Researcher).
• Physical alterations should rank 4th in priority after
toxics, nutrients, and non-point sources as an area for
further research (Researcher).
• Evaluate the extent and source of chlorinated hydrocarbons
in Bay waters. Presently, there is a feeling that much
pesticide wastes from homes and farms are entering the
Bay (Administrator).
• Investigate the reason for the anaerobic condition of
large subsurface areas of the Bay. Evaluate sludge
depositions and compositon and its effect on oxygen levels
(Researcher) .
• Assess the cause of high copper levels in the sediments of
the deep areas of the Bay (Researcher).
• Investigate and account for the existence of wedges of high
and low salinity in the Bay near Kent Island (Researcher).
• Assess the effect of sedimentation rate on oyster production
(Administrator).
• Assess the effects of heavy metals on oysters and finfish
(Researcher) .
• Investigate the composition and effects of oil sludges
dumped from bilges (Administrator).
III-6
-------
Citizen Perspectives
An initial indication of the citizen perspectives of the
problems of the Chesapeake Bay was obtained during a recent
survey of civic, environmental, and citizen organizations in
the Bay area. The survey results and conclusions have been pub-
lished as Bulletin 96 of the Virginia Water Resources Research
Center, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University.
(Shabman and Ashton, 1976.) Part of this survey consisted
of a list of 26 response items specifically designed to examine
certain types of respondent attitudes and opinions. Six items
addressed the "environmentalist" orientation of the respondents;
three were designed to identify the respondents' opinions of
current management efforts in the Bay (specifically the Mary-
land and Virginia Coastal Zone Management Programs» and the
United States Army Corps of Engineers' Chesapeake Bay Study
Program); two items focused on proposed changes in management
institutions; two were designed to identify the respondents'
attitudes toward the public's role in the management of the
Bay; and the remaining 13 items were specific Bay problems (as
identified from an extensive review of Bay-related literature,
as well as interviews with representatives of various govern-
mental agencies and the Citizens Program for the Chesapeake
Bay, Inc.). The respondents were asked to identify the relative
importance of each of the 26 items.
III-7
-------
Out of 4,561 surveys distributed, 617 completed surveys
were returned. The respondents generally were of a higher socio-
economic status, were better educated, were involved in public service
activities to a greater degree, and displayed an "environmentalist"
bias toward the Bay more than typical citizens living within
Chesapeake Bay Basin.
Although the respondents did not represent the typical residents,
Shabman and Ashton (1976) suggest that they were typical of the
population most likely to become involved in a public-participation
effort related to Bay problems.
In general, the respondents, although well educated, were
not well informed about the Maryland and Virginia Coastal Zone
Management Programs nor the United States Army Corps of Engineers
study. The respondents did not express significant concern for the
creation of a unified management agency for the entire Bay, nor did
they suggest that the passage of new laws was needed. They were,
however, mildly dissatisfied with present Bay-related administrative,
legal, and management programs.
The ranked importance of each of the 26 items is listed in
Table III-l. Table III-2 lists the priority of each of the 13
specific Bay problems from the Maryland respondent perspective and
Virginia respondent perspective. Both Maryland and Virginia
respondents listed the same four problems as the four highest
priorities, although the exact order differed somewhat. In addition,
III-8
-------
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TABLE III. 2
"HOW IMPORTANT ARE THE FOLLOWING ITEMS TO THE CHESAPEAKE
BAY AND ITS USERS?"
(Shabman and Ashton, 1976)
Maryland
Rank*
Disposal of industrial and
municipal waste
Dumping of bilge washings
and oil from ships
Need to preserve wetlands
Preparing for the impact
of offshore oil development
Careless disposal of dredge
material
Siting of power plants
Runoff of pesticides and
fertilizers from agricultural
land
Erosion of the shoreline
Economic and environmental
threats to commercial fishing
Too rapid population growth
Need more wildlife management
growth
Need continued improvement in
port and shipping facilities
Need to improve public
access to the Bay
1
2
3
4
7
8
13
14
15
14
16
17
26
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
Virginia
Rank*
2
1
5
3
9
8
15
13
7
19
17
16
26
(2)
(1)
(4)
(3)
(7)
(6)
(9)
(8)
(5)
(12)
(11)
(10)
(13)
*
Numbers in parentheses indicate rank of specific problem among the
13 problem items, while rank numbers not in parentheses indicate
overall ranking out of all 26 items in the Question.
Ill -12
-------
the four lowest priorities also were the same (again, the exact
order differed). A major difference between the two states was
a much higher ranking of the importance of the commercial fishing
industry by Virginia respondents compared to Maryland respondents.
Other specific problem items for which importance rank was signi-
ficantly affected by the State of residence included: Need to
preserve wetlands, siting of power plants, dumping of bilge washings
and oil from ships, disposal of municipal and industrial wastes,
and too rapid population growth. All five of these problem items
were typically ranked higher by residents of Maryland.
111-13
------- |