ESTUARINE RESPONSE TO NUTRIENT ENRICHMENT,
A COUNTERPART OF EUTROPHICATION:
AN ANNOTATED BIBLIOGRAPHY
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VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
AND
SCHOOL OF MARINE SCIENCE
COLLEGE OF WILLIAM AND MARY
GLOUCESTER POINT, VA 23062
THIS RESEARCH WAS SUPPORTED BY
GRANT NUMBER: R 806 189 010
FROM THE
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
TO THE
CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM, INC.
1419 FOREST DRIVE, SUITE 207
ANNAPOLIS, MD 21403
MAY 1979
CRC PUBLICATION NUMBER: 67
SPECIAL SCIENTIFIC REPORT NUMBER: 94
VIRGINIA INSTITUTE OF MARINE SCIENCE
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PREFACE
This work is a result of our efforts to compile the literature
related to the results of nutrient enrichment of estuaries. It
consists of two related publications, a bibliography and an
annotated bibliography; both works are accompanied by an index
which applies to either bibliography. An attempt has been made
to include some key papers related to various processes, eg. ,
nutrient uptake by phytoplankton, which influence or
participate in the response process.
Items included are wide ranging from articles in scientific
journals, chapters in books, and manuscripts for such
publications to the grey literature of project reports, theses
and the like. They have been accumulated by a variety of
methods including the use of the DIALOG Information Retrieval
Service (Lockheed Information Systems), manual search of
various abstracting publications and the original contemporary
literature as well as direct input from authors responding to
direct and indirect solicitation. Science Citation Index
(Institute of Scientific Information) was also utilized as a
source. Annotations rely heavily on abstracts from authors or
abstracting services.
Copies of all the original documents are being acquired and will
be available for personal use at the CRC headquarters and the
four Consortium member institutions. They are on microfiche.
Information on availability to the public is contained within
each citation. Bibliography users who have difficulty obtaining
original materials may approach MERRMS of VIMS concerning
availability of non-copyrighted materials on microfiche at cost
plus handling.
These publications were produced under great time pressures and
a number of citations were omitted. The senior author accepts
complete responsibility for these omissions and apologizes to
friends, colleagues and other scientists for omission of their
works.
The authors thank Ms. Linda L. Jenkins for many hours of
effort in front of a computer terminal, the staff of the VIMS
library for efforts to obtain reference materials, the MERRMS
staff for microfiche facilities, and especially to Geri Ellis,
Dan Ewart and Pete Hoyle of the William and Mary Computer Center
for extensive help in making the storage, manipulation, and
retrieval of the bibliographic information possible.
K. L. Webb
17 May 1979
11
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Estuarine response to nutrient enrichment bibliography field
coding. *
CODE FIELD
1 Author(s)
2 Address
3 Title of Article;if in a Book: Title, Editors
4 Publisher or Journal
5 Year, volum4, pages
6 Language
7 Abstract
*The code numbers do not appear in the citations. Fields are
separated by blank lines, empty fields are blank.
The index is a cross referenced listing of descriptors relevant
to each citation. The numbers accompanying the listings refer
to citation numbers.
111
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Citation
AALTO, J. A.
, N. A. JAWORSKI, D. W. LEAR, JR.
Chesapeake Technical
Federal Water Quality Administration,
Support Lab, Annapolis, MD
Current Water Quality Conditions and Investigations in the Upper
Potomac River Tidal System
Fed Water Qual Admin, CTSL
1970(May), Technical Rep. No. 41,38p.
English
Based on
wastewater
data obtained by
treatment agencies
field investigations and from
in the Washington metropolitan
area, a statement on current water conditions and
investigations of the Upper Potomac River tidal system was
summarized. Fecal coliform densities are lower
as a result of the increased chlorination of
discharges since 1969. High fecal coliform
prevalent at times of high stream flow above the
prepared and
than in 1965
treated waste
densities were
major basin, urban runoff, storm sewers and combined sewer
outflows. Tributaries also contained very high fecal coliform
at times. Extensive phytoplankton blooms were
densities
detected.
entering
increased
Since the late 1930's the amount of phosphorus
the Potomac has increased about tenfold and nitrogen
about fivefold. The major shift toward nuisance blue-
green algal growths appears to be related to increases in
nitrogen and phosphorus, and not BOD (carbon). Most of the
phosphorus which entered the tidal system from the upper basin,
plus some from local wastewater discharges, was absorbed and
deposited in the bottom sediments of the estuary. Dye and
mathematical model investigations indicate that wastewater
assimilation and transport rates are very low.
Citation 2
ABBOTT, 0. J.
Univ. of Strathclyde, Marine Laboratory, Kilcreggan
Black Necrosis in Brown Shrimp, Crangon crangon
In: Proceedings of the Symposium on the Burry Inlet (South
Wales),13-15 (Sept) 1976. Edited by A. Nelson-Smith and E. M.
Bridges. Problems of a Small Estuary. Quadrant Press Ltd.
Swansia, West Glamorgan
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1977(Jan), Session 3,2/1-2/10.
English
A disease, black necrosis, caused by chitinoclastic bacteria
affects the exoskeleton of marine Crustacea. Incidences of
infection have been correlated with organic and industrial
pollution for the brown shrimp, Crangon sp. For this study
shrimp were sampled from 5 stations in the Salway Firth and
examined for necrotic lesions. Incidence of lesion was
correlated to trace metals, detergent concentration,
temperature, salinity, pH, DO, population age-sex,
physiological differences, and other infections or injuries.
No clear relationships were discerned. Abstr by JMB
Citation 3
ABBOTT, W.
Gulf Coast Research Lab. , Ocean Springs, MS
Nutrient Studies in Hyperfertilized Estuarine Ecosystems. I.
Phosphorus Studies
Adv Water Pollut Res
1970,4(11-3240),729-739.
English
It was established on a pseudokinetic, long-term basis that
some experimental systems assimilated exogenous dissolved
orthophosphate according to a first-order, presumptively
sorption-limited, reaction scheme. Further, photosynthetic
production and community respiration were correlated with
nitrate and phosphate fertilization. Relevant field studies are
reported. Three forms of phosphorus were defined: dissolved,
labile, and bound. Analyses were carried out for
orthophosphate or total phosphate on each phosphorus fraction.
Of nitrogen forms, only nitrate was monitored. Eighteen
experimental ponds were constructed by capturing a small bayou
channel and fertilized. Trends evident by passage of P-32
through the pond environment suggest a steady-state ecological
phosphorus processing machine. Differences between fertilized
and control ponds indicate that a demand system probably
controls allocations to various ecosystem sub-units. From this
standpoint, at least relative to phosphorus, an estuary is not
a 'nutrient trap1 but is, rather, a 'nutrient buffer' tending
to modulate phosphorus flow through the ecosystem while
obviating wild fluctuations in the phosphorus economy.
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Sediments, in this context, are the phosphorus stockpile.
Periodically, turbulence effects cycle part of this stored
reserve. Metabolic demands within the community may withdraw
any required phosphorus from the flux and the excess is soon
returned to the stockpile.
Citation 4
ABERDEEN MARINE LABORATORY
Aberdeen Marine Lab.
Library;Aberdeen, UK
Water Pollution: A Bibliography of Reports
Library;Aberdeen, UK
Aberdeen Marine Lab.
1977,38p.
English
This bibliography is a listing of reports on water pollution,
acquired by the library of the Aberdeen Marine Lab. , during
the years 1974-1976. It contains 308 references, divided into
the following sections: A. General B. Oil C. Oil Removal D.
Metals E. Pesticides F. Radioactivity G. Thermal H. Sewage
and Industrial Wastes I. Eutrophication J. Dredging K.
Effects of Pollution L. Economics
Citation 5
ADMIRAAL, W.
Groningen Rijsuniversiteit (Netherlands), Dept. of Systematic
Botany
Tolerance of Estuarine Benthic Diatoms to High Concentrations of
Ammonia, Nitrite Ion, Nitrate Ion and Orthophosphate
Mar Biol
1977,43,307-315.
English
Ten species of benthic diatoms were cultured unialgally in
synthetic media with various concentrations of ammonia (NH4+
+NH3), nitrite ion, nitrate ion, and orthophosphate. Most of
the species grew well in media with very high concentrations of
nitrite ion (1 to 10 mg-at N 1-1), nitrate ion (about 16.9 mg-
at N 1-1) and orthophosphate (at least 0.9 mg-at P 1-1).
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Ammonia concentrations higher than 0.5 mg-at N 1-1 inhibited
growth of the cultures. The rate of photosynthesis of diatoms
from the field and from cultures was also inhibited by 0.5 mg-at
N 1-1 of ammonia under certain conditions. Inhibition of
photosynthesis by ammonia was strongly enhanced ' by high
irradiance and high pH. It was unlikely that nitrite ion,
nitrate ion, and orthophosphate attained concentrations high
enough to be inhibitory in the field, but concentrations of
ammonia may have been high enough for inhibition to occur. A
clear relationship between sensitivity of the diatoms and their
occurrence on more or less polluted mudflats was not found.
Citation 6
ALAM, M. I. , C. P. HSU, Y. SHIMIZU
Dept. of Pharmacognosy and Environmental Health Sciences,
College of Pharmacy, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI
02881
Comparison of Toxins in Three Isolates of Gonyaulax tamarensis
(Dinophyceae)
J Phycol
1979,15,106-110.
English
Toxicity levels and profiles of three isolates of Gonyaulax
tamarensis Lebour grown under the same conditions were compared.
One isolate was collected from Ipswich, Massachusetts, during
the massive red tide of 1972 along the New England coast. The
other two isolates were obtained from Perch Pond (Falmouth,
Massachusetts) and Mill Pond (Orleans, Massachusetts) located
in the southwest and south of Cape Cod, Massachusetts,
respectively. All the three cultures produced toxins with
variation in their toxicity levels. Toxin contents were highest
in their toxicity levels. Toxin contents were highest in the
Ipswich isolate, followed in an order by Mill Pond and Perch
Pond cultures. Morphological similarity existed between Ipswich
and Mill Pond cells, whereas the Perch Pond cells possessed an
additional ventral pore on the 1' epithecal plate.
Citation 7
ALASKA UNIV. COLLEGE INST. OF MARINE SCIENCE
Alaska
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Environmental Studies of an Arctic Estuarine System - Final
Report
US Environmental Protection Agency
1975(June), Ecol. Res. Ser. No. EPA-600/3-75-026,54p.
English
The Colville River estuarine system was studied over a period of
four years. Physical, chemical, geomorphological and
biological features were included. North slope river deltas
differ significantly from those elsewhere, due to
climatological extremes and a long, cold, dark winter with
continuous ice-cover and continuous daylight during the summer
with melting ice or open water. Basic information has been
obtained on the winds, waves and currents. Predominant current
directions are from the west, with wind drift currents with a
periodicity of 4 to 5 days. Beach sediments are characterized
as poorly sorted gravelly sandy sediment in a relatively low
energy environment. The ice-free biological regime is strongly
influenced by the river input of low salinity water containing
relatively high concentrations of nitrogen nutrients. An annual
primary production in the estuary is estimated at 10-15 g-C sqm.
Crustaceans, molluscs and polychaetes characterize the
macrofauna at depths exceeding 2 m, with but few species
responsible for most of the biomass. Interesting features of
the chemical regime are connected with the isolation of
hypersaline water in the shallow estuarine and river system.
Fresh water systems were included in the study.
Citation 8
ALLEN, G. W.
Humboldt State Univ. , • Arcata, CA
Rearing Pacific Salmon in Saltwater Ponds Fertilized with
Domestic Wastewater
Humboldt State Univ.
1976(Nov), Rep. HSU-SG-10,92p.
English
Two 0.15-hectare ponds using mixtures of treated domestic
wastewater and seawater were used to rear juvenile salmonids
without supplemental feeding. Ponds are located within the
periphery of an oxidation pond located on the north arm of
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Humboldt Bay, Humboldt County, Arcata, California. Forced
air and surface spray systems of pond aeration and mixing of
pond waters were employed to maintain water quality. Fingerling
coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri) were reared together using both ponds. Polyculture
of coho and rainbow trout at about 5 fish per square meter
planting density resulted in survival rates of 55-85% and a
total fish production rate of about 200 kg/ha/yr in both ponds.
Survival of chinook salmon was low due to an unusual loss of fry
early in the experiment apparently from a combination of
supersaturation of the blood with oxygen and/or high pH values.
Citation 9
AMANIEU, M. , 0. GUELORGET, P. MICHEL
Laboratoire d1Hydrobiologie marine et continentale, Universite
des Sciences et Techniques du Languedoc, Place E Bataillon,
34060 Montpellier, France
Richness and Diversity of Benthic Macrofauna of a Mediterranean
Lagoon
Vie Milieu
1977, B27(l),85-109.
English
A 400-hectare lagoon was sampled monthly from 1973-74 in order
to observe specific richness (number of species) and diversity
over time and space using Shannon's index. Interstation
comparisons (Shannon's diversity in space) allowed
classification into groups. Chronological analysis of
intrastation diversity (Shannon's diversity with time) shows the
effects of accidents (e. g. pollution) or systematic phenomena
(e. g. summer stress) on populations. A systematic comparison
emphasizes behavioral differences of each major group. It is
pointed out that molluscs are a major influence in the evolution
of diversity.
Citation 10
ANDERSON, DONALD MARK, DAVID WALL
Dept. of Civil Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139
Potential Importance of Benthic Cysts of Gonyaulax tamarensis
and G. excavata in Initiating Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms
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J Phycol
1978,14(2),224-234.
English
Thick-walled, nonmotile cysts (termed hypnocysts) of two
dinoflagellates were isolated from estuarine sediments in Cape
Cod, Massachusetts, and germinated to produce their respective
motile, thecate stages. Hypnocysts from Orleans district were
identified as Gonyaulax excavata (Braarud) Balech sensu Loeblich
& Loeblich. Visually identical hypnocysts from Falmouth
district were provisionally identified as Gonyaulax tamarensis
Lebour. Both species were toxic. A geographic survey in
September detected hypnocysts in only the sediments of locations
where toxic blooms developed the preceding and following Spring.
Laboratory incubation (16 C) of hypnocysts from sediment samples
stored in the dark (5 C) for 6 mo initiated excystment by the
temperature increase, with no appreciable effect from light
regime, nutrient, or chelator concentrations. Motility of
excysted germlings was optimum in highly chelated medium and in
the presence of light. We conclude that hypnocysts of both taxa
are important in seeding recurrent annual blooms, synchronizing
early bloom development with vernal warming of seawater and
increasing the geographic range of the species. We suggest that
many red tides in New England and eastern Canadian waters are
initiated through the displacement of motile estuarine
populations into nearshore areas by tidal advection and surface
runoff, although the potential existence and importance of
offshore cyst reservoirs cannot be discounted. Evidence is
presented that hypocysts are probably sexual zygotes whereas the
thin-walled cysts readily formed in laboratory cultures
(pellicle cysts) are asexual. Pellicle cysts are of limited
durability, do not overwinter in nature, and therefore do not
play a significant role in initiating toxic blooms.
Citation 11
ANGER, K.
Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (West Germany)
On the Influence of Sewage Pollution on Inshore Benthic
Communities in the South of Kiel Bay. Part 2. Quantitative
Studies on Community Structure
Helgol Wiss Meeresunters
1975,27,408-438.
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German
The sandy bottom of a shallow inshore region in the South of
Kiel Bay (Baltic Sea) was studied for the influence of organic
sewage pollution on the macrobenthic community structure. Three
associations characterize the bottom: Capitella capitata and
Oligochaeta at 50-100 m from the sewage outlet; Pygospio elegans
at 200 to about 700 m; and Bathyporia sarsi at greater than 700
m. The influence of the biological substrate structure becomes
more apparent in less affected areas. The inshore benthic
macrofauna aids in the self purification of the ecosystem by
transforming particulate organic matter to available fish food.
Abundance and biomass are multiplied due to sewage
sedimentation. Highly diverse systems such as mussel beds
resist factors which directly influence the composition of the
community. The ecological buffer consists of many specialized
competitors and predators. Faunal composition, evenness,
species richness, population density, and biomass of the
communities are suitable parameters for the early recognition of
environmental stress.
Citation 12
ANGER, K.
Biologische Anstalt Helgoland (West Germany)
Benthic Invertebrates as Indicators of Organic Pollution in the
Western Baltic Sea
Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol
1977,62(2),245-254.
English
The quantitative distribution of some important benthic
invertebrates in a shallow inshore area of Kiel Bay (Western
Baltic Sea) is described. This region is partly polluted by
domestic sewage from the municipality of Kiel. Three groups of
species are distinguished with reference to their densities and
other population parameters in the different subareas.
Progressive species of the 1st and 2nd order indicate a high and
moderate to slight degree of pollution respectively by high
population numbers. Regressive species are adverse indicators,
absent or occurring in exceptionally low numbers in affected
areas. In many cases the examination must be concentrated on
sand bottom, because a series of species normally dwelling on
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aufwuchs build up dense populations in sand, if it is
organically enriched.
Citation 13
ANONYMOUS
Second International Conference on Toxic Dinoflagellate Blooms
1978(0ct 31-Nov 5),40p.
English
Document is a bibliography of citations with abstracts on toxic
dinoflagellate blooms in coastal waters; the papers are
available from the authors.
Citation 14
ANONYMOUS
Protecting America's Estuaries: Florida (Part 2)
Hse Comm Govt Operations Hearings 93 Con 1
1973 (May),26p.
English
Hearings were held on the environmental problems affecting
Florida's estuaries, and coastal and other waters.
Considerations included: whether various federal agencies are
effectively and efficiently carrying out their duties to protect
and enhance the environmental quality of Florida; efforts to
prevent eutrophication-mostly due to phosphates-of Florida's
waters; the effect of ocean outfalls on ocean resources, human
health, and public recreation; the extent to which wetlands are
being destroyed by dredging and filling; and the progress, or
lack of it, in providing adequate treatment for municipal and
industrial wastes. Witnesses included educators, and officials
from the Sierra Club, the Nat'l Audubon Society, and other
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environmental groups. Statements, letters, and related data
are transcribed. (numerous tables)
Citation 15
ANONYMOUS
Bibliography on Pollu of Estuaries Coastal Waters
1972 (Aug)
English
Citation 16
ARCHIMBAUD, M. , C. TROUVE
Commissariat a 1'Energie Atomique, Pierrelatte (France)
The Linkage Between Chemical Pollution and Bacteriological
Pollution in Coastal Zones
Water Res
1976,10(3) ,225-229.
French
Analysis of water samples taken from 4 locations near Marseille,
France, in the Etange de Berre (Baie de Vaine, Baie de St.
Chamas) and in the Mediterranean Sea near the Marseille Sewer at
Cortiou is reported. The study was undertaken in order to view
correlations between pollution as measured by bacteriological
and chemical indicators, particularly in waters which are meant
for swimming. Since chemical analysis is the faster of the 2
techniques, it would be possible to use these measures to
quickly and precisely survey areas of possible pollution.
Samples were taken (146 in total) and sent to a laboratory for
bacteriological analysis and chemically analysed in a mobile
laboratory at the sampling site. For the former, the number of
coliform bacteria and escherichia coli were counted and for the
latter detergent anions and ammonia were measured. Visual
analysis of the figures obtained revealed that an attempt to
correlate the figures mathematically would be statistically
biased because of the form of the distributions. Each of the
measures was divided into 3 sections: weak, medium and strong
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concentrations. This revealed interesting results. A first
estimation is that for all samples where the concentration of
detergents is greater than 350 micrograms per litre corresponds
to water polluted by bacteria and all samples where the
concentrations of detergents were less than or equal to 300
micrograms per litre and ammonia was less than 100 micrograms
per litre is non-polluted water. These definitions would permit
a decision in perhaps two-thirds of all areas studied and the
area of uncertainty could perhaps be narrowed with further study
and other environmental and meteorological parameters could be
taken into account.
Citation 17
ARMSTRONG, J. W.
Washington Univ. , Seattle
The Impact of Subtidal Sewage Outfalls on the Intertidal
Macrofauna of Several Central Puget Sound Beaches
Washington Univ.
1977, PhD Dissertation, 233p.
English
The intertidal macrofauna were surveyed over a 21-mo period at
five beaches located near municipal outfall sewers in Puget
Sound, Washington. The 80 sites, sampled every three months,
were characterized by fine-grained wave-rippled sand or cobble-
strewn mixed sediments. Sampling yielded 302 species of
intertidal invertebrates and fish; infauna and epifauna were
screened from sediment samples. The control beach and the beach
considered most likely to be affected by the outfall discharges
yielded the highest number of species; 10-15% fewer species were
obtained from the other sites. Substrate type rather than the
extent of pollution controlled the degree of species
differentiation; benthic faunal diversity was greater in
individual samples than the variability between different beach
samples. Saxidomus giganteus and Macoma inquinata collected at
the beach most likely to be affected by outfall discharges did
not exhibit deteriorated bivalve condition index values; growth
rates of Hemigrapsus oregonenesis and S. giganteus were not
substantially different from those at other beaches. Although
several species of pollution-indicating polychaete feeding types
were collected at all beach sites, the proportions were similar
at all beaches and not considered to be related to waste
disposal. Stepwise discriminant analyses yielded no pollution-
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12
related gradients; benthic faunal variations were primarily
dependent upon sediment type.
Citation 18
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
Baltimore District, Dept. of the Army, MD
Chesapeake Bay Existing Conditions Report, Appendix-C; The Bay
Processes and Resources
US Dept of the Army
1973, Vol. 2.
English
This project consisted of the following objectives: a.
Identification of current biological researchers, research
activities, and research agencies. b. Inventory of biological
organisms occurring within Chesapeake Bay. c. Assessment of
the extensiveness and intensiveness of our knowledge concerning
these organisms and their sensitivities to change. d. An
examination of data processing systems, methods, and
capability. This effort would produce some estimate of present
capability and future potential. e. An examination of possible
and currently used techniques for estimating the biological
effects of environmental alteration. f. An attempt to initiate
and eventually develop standardized methods for conducting,
analyzing, and reporting research results. g. A reexamination
of the current state of the art in referrence to the other
topical areas of the Corps report.
Citation 19
ASTON, S. R. , C. N. HEWITT
Lancaster Univ. , Bailrigg (England), Dept. of Environmental
Sciences
Phosphorus and Carbon Distributions in a Polluted Coastal
Environment
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1977(Mar),5(2),243-254.
English
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Phosphorus and organic carbon distributions were used to examine
the effect of pollution from sewage effluents on a semi-enclosed
tidal area. The phosphorus and organic carbon accumulating in
the sediments of the area were related to the influx of
particulate matter during tidal cycles, and some of the
environmental factors determining the influence of marine
effluent disposal on a coastal zone were assessed.
Citation 20
AUBERT, M. , J. AUBERT, J-M. PINCEMIN, N. DESIROTTE, J-
P. BREITTMEYER
Centre d1Etudes et de Recherches de Biologie et d'Oceanographie
Medicale, Nice (France)
Restructuring of River Banks and Secondary Pollution: Study of
Eutrophications in Port Areas
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
1972,26,53-64.
French
Harbor areas, withdrawn from hydrological exchanges with open
sea, are the locality of accumulation of substances and wastes,
leading, thereby, to some biological lack of balance of marine
environment. The physics, chemistry, bacteriology and
planktonology were studied. Results allowed, by statistical
treatment, to point out a number of characteristic correlations
of a more or less pronounced eutrophic state.
Citation 21
AXELRAD, D. M. , M. E. BENDER , K. A. MOORE
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
Function of Marshes in Reducing Eutrophication of Estuaries of
the Middle Atlantic Region
VIMS
1974 (Feb), Completion Rep. OWRR B-027-VA(1),91p.
English
Annual nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon budgets for two Virginia
salt marshes were determined by monthly measurements of water
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discharge and constituent concentrations over tidal cycles.
Considering all three forms of phosphorus measured (total,
dissolved organic and orthophosphate) there was a net loss from
the estuary to the marshes. Nitrogen flux data show a loss of
nitrate and nitrite to the marshes. Carbon flux data show
significant contributions of both particulate and dissolved
organic carbon to the estuary from the marshes.
Citation 22
AXELRAD, DONALD M. , KENNETH A. MOORE, MICHAEL E. BENDER
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Carbon Flux in Chesapeake Bay Marshes
WRRC Virginia (Blacksburg)
1976(Jan), VPI-VWRRC-Bull 79.
English
Annual nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon budgets for two Virginia
salt marshes were determined by monthly measurements of water
discharge and constituent concentrations over tidal cycles.
Considering all three forms of phosphorus measured (total,
dissolved organic and orthophosphate) there was a net loss from
the estuary to the marshes. The data reveal a loss of
particulate phosphorus of estuarine origin to marsh sediments
and mineralization of this phosphorus in the marshes with
subsequent export' of dissolved inorganic and organic phosphorus
back to the estuary. Nitrogen flux data show a loss of nitrate
and nitrite to the marshes. Particulate nitrogen is imported to
the marshes where it is mineralized and returned to the estuary
as ammonia and dissolved organic nitrogen. The magnitude of
nitrogen export suggests significant fixation of atmospheric
nitrogen by marsh flora with subsequent export as dissolved
species. Carbon flux data show significant contributions of
both particulate and dissolved organic carbon to the estuary
from the marshes. Estimates of export, based on marsh grass
productivity, suggest a loss of 36 and 49 percent of a year's
primary production on the marshes as detritus for Ware and
Carter Creeks respectively.
Citation 23
AYRES, P. A.
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Burnham-on-Crouch
(England), Fisheries Lab
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15
The Use of Faecal Bacteria as a Tracer for Sewage Sludge
Disposal in the Sea
Mar Pollut Bull
1977(Dec),8(12),283-285.
English
The movement of sewage sludge discharged into Liverpool Bay in
England was followed using bacteria indigenous to sewage as a
tracer. Enumeration of E. coli and other enterobacteria
associated with fecal waste was accomplished within two days for
samples of bottom sediment collected from 62 sites in Liverpool
Bay. Initial concentrations of coliforms in the sediment
samples proved higher than E. coli concentrations, indicating
greater survival of coliform bacteria over a large area.
Movement of the bacteria demonstrated a definite easterly
direction towards the River Mersey and rising tide; little
northerly or southerly movement was observed. Previous studies
with radioactive tracers had yielded similar results and
indicated rapid dispersion with east-west settlement over an
area 8-km wide by 30-km long. Fecal bacteria was found to
collect in muddy sediments and had a short viability in
seawater.
Citation 24
BACH, STEVEN D. , MICHAEL N. JOSSELYN
Dept. of Biology, Allegheny College, Meadville, PA 16335
Mass Blooms of the Alga Cladophora in Bermuda
Mar Pollut Bull
1978,9(2) ,34-37.
English
A bloom of the green macroalga Cladophora has been recently
reported from the island of Bermuda. The alga has increased
considerably since the late 1960 "s and at present, mats of
Cladophora averaging 10 cm in depth cover large areas of
protected inshore waters of Bermuda. The present study was
conducted to examine the production of Cladophora under a
variety of light and nutrient conditions in order to isolate
some of the environmental factors controlling its spread.
Productivity of Cladophora was measured using the C-14 technique
under field conditions. Production was calculated using data on
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biomass and C-14 uptake, and was found to average about 3.3 g C
m-2 day-1 during December 1976 at an experimental site. The
possible causes for the algal bloom are discussed and the rates
of production related to known rates of other marine macroalgae.
Citation 25
BAHLOOL, B. BEN
Cawthron Inst., P. 0. Box 175, Nelson, New Zealand
Nitrogen Fixation in Polluted Intertidal Sediments of Waimea
Inlet, Nelson
N Z J Mar Freshwater Res
1978(Sept),12(3),271-275.
English
Nitrogen fixing potential was measured in summer 1975 by
acetylene reduction in situ at 5 stations on the intertidal
flats of the Waimea Inlet, Nelson, New Zealand, which receive
nutrients from several sources. Highest values (644 umol. m-2.
d-1) were obtained on sediments near an apple cannery effluent
discharge and were linear through at least two tidal cycles.
The cannery waste had the highest carbon to nitrogen ratio
(10.3:1.0) of all the effluents examined and exhibited the
highest rate of acetylene reduction (14.0 umol. 1-1. d-1).
Sizeable populations of the nitrogen fixing bacteria Klebsiella
pneumoniae were isolated from the cannery effluent (2 x 10exp4
per millilitre) and also from the mud adjacent to the discharge
pipe (5 x 10exp5 per millilitre). The simulatory effect of the
cannery effluent on nitrogen fixation in the sediment was shown
to be restricted to close to the discharge point. Sediments in
areas affected by slaughterhouse and sewage effluents exhibited
the second and third highest rates of acetylene reduction, (130
& 28 umol. m-2. d-1 respectively). In both places, the
activities were not restricted to the immediate vicinity of the
effluent channels. Nitrogen fixation was lowest in sediments
fronting a catchment of grazed pasture. Fixation was low also
in sediments affected by effluents from the hydraulic debarker
of a woodchip mill.
Citation 26
BARBER, RICHARD T. , WILLIAM W. KIRBY-SMITH, PATRICIA E.
PARSLEY
Duke Univ. Marine Laboratory, Beaufort, NC 28516
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Wetlands Alterations for Agriculture
In: National Symposium on Wetlands, American Water Resources
Ass. , Minneapolis, MN
in press
English
Since 1973 drainage of freshwater wetlands to create new
farmland has increased in the South Atlantic region and the
Lower Mississippi Valley. The conversion of wetlands to
farmland destroys the wetland character of the land and puts
stress on the remaining wetlands and estuaries that border the
new farms. A study of one large wetlands drainage project in
eastern North Carolina has demonstrated that after four years
changes in nutrient loading and the salinity pattern have
occurred in the shallow estuary that receives runoff from the
new farmland. The magnitude of the changes is smaller where the
runoff must percolate through an intact marsh border before it
enters the estuary. While it appears inevitable that large-
scale wetlands watershed conversions will deleteriously affect
the receiving estuary, the changes can be somewhat ameliorated
if the marsh border is used to process runoff from the new
farmland.
Citation 27
BARD, HARRY, RICHARD G. KRUTCHKOFF
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. , Blacksburg, VA
Predicting Pollution in the James River Estuary. A Stochastic
Model
VPI Water Resources Research Center Bulletin
1974, VPI-WRRC-Bull-70,147p.
English
Modeling the James River Estuary with the Schofield model was
the major goal of the project. The model was set up for a 60
mile stretch of the estuary beginning at Richmond. Sensitivity
studies involving rate constants, freshwater flow rate, sewage
input, and water temperature were made and the results were
analyzed. The average oxygen deficit concentration is
insensitive to random water temperature, moderately sensitive
to the sewage input rates investigated, and highly sensitive to
changes in the organic carbon utilization rate constant. Ortho -
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phosphate concentration is insensitive to changes of the
phosphate utilization rate constant and ortho-phosphate,
organic carbon, and organic nitrogen are insensitive to a
difference in the freshwater flow as great as 40%. Finally,
nitrate + nitrite concentration, bacteria growth, and algal
growth are insensitive to a reduction of the nitrogen waste from
the point sources. (Modified author abstract)
Citation 28
BARLOW, JOHN P. , CARL J. LORENZEN, RICHARD T. MYREN
Department of Conservation, Cornell Univ. , Ithaca, New York
Eutrophication of a Tidal Estuary
Limnol Oceanogr
1963,8(2) ,251-262.
English
The effect of heavy fertilization of the estuary of the Forge
River on growth and photosynthesis of the phytoplankton has been
studied over a 2-year period. Although there is distinct
stratification in salinity, the nutrients added from the river
are carried seaward by the circulation without significant
tendency to accumulate in the deeper layer. Nearly all the
large amounts of organic matter accumulated in the estuary can
be accounted for as being produced locally by the dense
populations of plankton algae both from the relation between
chlorophyll a and organic matter, and from consideration of the
rate of oxidation of allocthonous organic matter in the estuary.
The region provides an unique environment for the growth of
phytoplankton which is shown in the photosynthesis/respiration
ratios, and in the rates of photosynthesis per unit of
chlorophyll, or assimilation numbers, that have been observed.
Citation 29
BARRETT, M. J.
Water Pollution Research Lab. of the Dept. of the Environment,
Elder Way, Stevenage, Hertfordshire
Predicting the Effect of Pollution in Estuaries
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
1972,180,511-520.
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English
Mathematical models as aids to management and control of
pollution in estuaries are discussed. Methods developed for
predicting distribution of dissolved oxygen and ammoniacal and
oxidized nitrogen in the Thames Estuary are briefly reviewed and
short accounts of more recent developments in the work of the
Water Pollution Research Laboratory on other estuaries are also
given.
Citation 30
BARRICK, SUSAN 0. , MAY B. DAW, PAMELA S. TENNYSON, FRANK
W. WOJCIK, JOHN J. NORCROSS, WILLIAM J. HARGIS, JR.
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Pt. , VA 23062
The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography, Vol. 1, The James River
VIMS
1971(June), Special Sci. Rep. No. 58.
English
A model bibliography of the James River has been constructed.
It uses a subject index approach and includes references to the
"grey literature" as well as to formal publications. Theses and
dissertations, special reports and manuscripts are
incorporated. All aspects (physical, chemical, and
biological) of the James River are covered.
Citation 31
BATES, S. S.
City College of New York, Dept. of Biology
Effects of Light and Ammonium on Nitrate Uptake by Two Species
of Estuarine Phytoplankton
Limnol Oceanogr
1976,21(2),212-218.
English
The incident light intensity, preconditioning light history,
and the presence or absence of ammonium affected the rate of
nitrate uptake by a chlorophyte and Skeletonema costatum
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isolated from the Hudson estuary. In the absence of ammonium,
shade-adapted cells reached the highest maximum velocity of
nitrate uptake. S. costatum had a lower half-saturation
constant for light than the chlorophyte and reached a greater
maximum velocity of nitrate uptake. In the presence of
ammonium, nitrate uptake was depressed at all light
intensities, but more in shade-adapted than in sun-adapted
cells of both species, and more in S. costatum than in the
chlorophyte. The maximum velocity of ammonium uptake was
greater in shade-adapted than in sun-adapted cells. Since
nitrate and ammonium uptake were related to the chlorophyll a
content of the cell, energy for uptake was probably derived
primarily from photosynthesis in the light but may also be
derived from respiration since substantial dark uptake was
observed, especially in S. costatum.
Citation 32
BECHTEL, TIMOTHY J. , B. J. COPELAND
Department of Zoology, North Carolina State Univ. , Raleigh,
NC 27607
Fish Species Diversity Indices as Indicators of Pollution in
Galveston Bay, Texas
Texas Insti Mar Sci, Contributions
1970,15,103-132.
English
Pish species diversity indices (natural bels/individual)
calculated for both fish weights and numbers from trawl
collections were found to be useful indicators of environmental
and pollution stress in Galveston Bay, Texas. Diversity values
ranged from 2.2 in the Houston Ship Channel. Thus it is
demonstrated that the concept of using species diversity to
indicate adverse water quality conditions is applicable to the
higher tropic levels of an estuary. Significant differences
were detected in diversity between areas of the bay within each
sampling period except in winter as well as between seasons.
Also, significant differences between the weight and number
indices existed, indicating that both biomass and numbers of
organisms should be utilized when studying the diversity of
higher tropic levels. Correlation of diversity with percent
waste water indicated that those areas receiving the greatest
amounts of effluents and toxic materials (up to 86% of effluent
by volume) exhibited the lowest mean annual diversities. Fish
diversity in the Houston Ship Channel above Baytown, Texas can
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be used to predict diversity in the bay because of the linear
relationship between distance and dilution of the ship channel
effluent (19% effluent by volume calculated for Bolivar Roads).
Sampling throughout the system indicated that the fish
populations could be divided into somewhat separate communities,
each structured as a response to environmental and pollution
stress. In those areas receiving the greatest stress, the bay
anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, was the dominant species. These
same areas also supported the fewest numbers of large
individuals.
Citation 33
BELLA, D. A.
Oregon State Univ. , Corvallis, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Tidal Flats in Estuarine Water Quality Analysis
US Environmental Protection Agency
1975(June), EPA-660/3-75-025,184p.
English
The initial phases of the study involved mixing processes and
tidal hydraulics; however, the study emphasis shifted to
estuaries benthic systems as the importance of these systems
became more apparent. A conceptual model of estuarine benthic
systems was developed and a classification system of estuarine
benthic deposits which is based on the availability of hydrogen
acceptors and reactive iron was developed. Field studies
demonstrated that estuarine sediments and overlying wastes could
contain significant concentrations of free sulfides which are
toxic to a variety of organisms. Field studies of benthic
oxygen uptake and benthic sulfide release were conducted. Water
quality profiles within the deposits also were determined. A
number of laboratory studies were conducted to determine the
rate of sulfate reduction. Results from experiments using
extracts from benthic deposits and algal mats demonstrated a
close relationship between the rate of sulfate reduction and the
sulfate soluble organic carbon concentrations. A general
systems model of estuarine benthic systems was developed. A
variety of activities which could contribute to significant
environmental changes with estuarine benthic systems were
identified. Methods of determining dispersion coefficients from
salinity profiles were examined and an improved method was
developed. The build-up of a pollutant in the vicinity of the
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outfall during the slack water period of tide was studied
through a field experiment and mathematical model.
Citation 34
BELLA, DAVID A. , WILLIAM E. DOBBINS
Stanford Univ. , Calif.
Finite-Difference Modelling of River and Estuary Pollution
Proceedings of the National Symposium on Estuarine Pollution,
23-25(Aug)1967
1967(Aug),612-645.
English
One dimensional dynamic model for describing the mass balance in
an estuary is described. It is shown that the resulting
differential equations are too complicated for analytical
solution. Numerical solution techniques are presented.
Citation 35
BENEDICT, ARTHUR H. , ANDRE LESOUEF
Whiteley-Jacobsen and Assoc. , Seattle, WA
Assessing Nitrogen Contamination by Use of Differential
Temperature Calculations
Water Res
1978,12,1107-1112.
English
A methodology to assess the relative influence of nitrogenous
and carbonaceous oxygen requirements in the lower Aisne River,
a subtributary of the Seine, was developed. This methodology
utilizes the differential effect of temperature on biological
oxidation rates to separate the influence of nitrogenous and
carbonaceous oxygen use in the study area selected. The results
obtained from this analysis indicate that nitrogenous oxidation
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potentially accounts for approximately 38% of the total oxygen
demand requirements in the lower Aisne system.
Citation 36
BERG, R. H.
Seattle Univ. , Seattle, WA, Dept. of Civil Engineering
The Oxygen Uptake Demand of Resuspended Bottom Sediments
US Environmental Protection Agency, Water Pollut Control Res
Ser
1970(Sept),16070 DCD, 38p.
English
The Warburg respirometer was used to evaluate the influence of
light, sodium chloride, dilution salts, temperature, and
agitation on the maximum oxygen uptake of disturbed estuarian
benthos material. Temperature varied from 10 to 20C and the
agitation settings from maximum to 25%. The variations in the
initial uptake ranged from 2000 to 83,000 mg/1 of oxygen/hr.
Agitation alone caused a ten-fold increase in the maximum oxygen
demand.
Citation 37
BIOME CO. , INC.
Surfside, CA
The Demonstration and Standardization of a Method for Monitoring
the Ecological Effects of Marine Waste Discharges
Calif State Water Res Control Board
1974(Apr), Publication No. 54,96p.
English
An improved method for monitoring the effects of sewage outfalls
and dispersion of effluents off the California coast consists of
simple and inexpensive line buoys which permit exposure of
ceramic panel substrates in ocean depths down to at least 200
feet. The substrates are nonpigmented ceramic panels 10 cm x 10
cm x 3/8 in. A 6 to 12-ft vertical interval was required to
delineate the dispersion area during periods of complex
stratification Four sets of buoy stations were deployed in the
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Pacific Ocean for 92-day periods, approximately 4.5 miles
offshore at the terminus of the Orange County Sanitation
District's Ocean Outfall No. 2. Parameters derived from the
biomass analysis included gross productivity, the absolute and
relative frequences of some species and species groups, the
relative chlorinated hydrocarbon levels, and the relative heavy
metal levels. Productivity was equivalent to the biomass of the
common hydroid, Obelia dichtoma. Gross productivity was
inhibited in the waste dispersion field. Buoy station losses
were 50% to 60% thus the number of stations deployed should
compensate for losses. The float costs ranged between $30.00
for the largest to $20.00 for the smallest. The data from an
adequate array of stations should make it possible to plot the
mean position of the waste dispersion field.
Citation 38
BIOSPHERICS INC.
Rockville, MD
Study of the Possible Role of Pollution in the Prevalence of Sea
Nettles in the Chesapeake Bay and the Development of a Census
Taking Method
Biospherics, Inc.
1971(0ct), Final Rep. NASW-2115,135p.
English
The effect of pollutants on the polyp stage of the sea nettle,
Chrysaora quinquecirrha, and a means to detect the medusae form
by remote sensing were investigated. Phosphate, nitrate,
ammonium, combinations of these, pH from 6-8, and synthetic
sewage effluents were examined for maintenance and morphology of
the polyps. Phosphate, nitrate, and their combinations were
found to contribute to the proliferation of polyps, pH had no
effect while ammonium, ammonium combinations and sewage were
found to be detrimental to polyps. Phosphate and nitrate seemed
to act as a protection against the lethal effects of ammonium.
An assay based on the labeled release technique was used to
measure polyp metabolism. The results support those obtained in
the maintenance study suggesting a potential to predict and
support the morphological effects of pollutants on polyps.
Citation 39
BLACK, R.
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Fisheries Research Board of Canada, St. John's (Newfoundland),
Biological Station
Growth Rates of Intertidal Molluscs as Indicators of Effects of
Unexpected Incidents of Pollution
J Fish Res Board Can
1973,30(9) ,1385-1388.
English
Shells of mussels, Mytilus edulis, and periwinkles, Littorina
littorea, from several locations were used to determine the
effects of phosphorus pollution in Long Harbor, Newfoundland.
Such effects were recorded using check marks on the shells.
Examination of numerous shells indicated that check marks in
both species were probably annual marks. Growth rates of
Mytilus in 1969, the year of significant elemental phosphorus
pollution at Long Harbour, were no different from those in
preceding or succeeding years. No Littorina alive in 1969
occurred at Long Harbour, but they were abundant at other
locations. This sort of analysis, used with caution because
effects of pollutants may be confounded with effects of other
variables, provides a method of examining nonlethal effects of
unexpected polluting events.
Citation 40
BLEECKER, A. L.
Rutgers-the State Univ. , New Brunswick, NJ
Primary Productivity in Raritan Bay and its Relationship to
Pollution
Rutgers-the State Univ.
1971, PhD Dissertation.
English
Citation 41
BLUMBERG, A.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton,
NJ, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab
Numerical Tidal Model of Chesapeake Bay
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NOAA
1977(Jan), NOAA 04-022-33,1-10.
English
A two-dimensional plan view numerical model based upon the
shallow water equations was developed to simulate the tidal
dynamics of estuaries, rivers, and bays. The finite
difference technique conserved mass, momentum (with no
dissipation), and energy. The technique also allowed for easy
employment of boundary conditions. The model was applied to the
Chesapeake Bay with its varying bathymetry and many tributaries,
showing the simulations predicting available observations. The
presence of residual eddies was detected. Numerical simulations
of the Bay demonstrated that the bottom friction value of
Chezy's C equal to 63 was appropriate.
Citation 42
BLUMBERG, A. F.
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Princeton,
NJ, Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Lab.
On the Dynamic Balance of the Chesapeake Bay Waters
Chesapeake Sci
1977(Sept),18(3),319-323.
English
An investigation into the dynamic balance of Chesapeake Bay
waters was carried out by means of a two-dimensional, plan view
numerical model. The results of the investigation showed that
neither the Coriolis force nor the advective terms in the
governing vertically integrated equations can be neglected
without changing the tidal dynamics and circulation patterns of
this Bay. Also, a bottom friction coefficient of 0.0025
produces the most realistic simulations of observed tidal data.
Citation 43
BOWDEN, WILLIAM B. , JOHN E. HOBBIE
North Carolina State Univ. , Raleigh. Dept. of Zoology, NC
Nutrients in Albemarle Sound, North Carolina
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Sea Grant pub.
1977(Apr), UNC-SG-75-25,202p.
English
The quality of water and degree of eutrophication were measured
in Albemarle Sound, a large oligohaline sound in North
Carolina. The patterns of nutrient concentration over time in
Albemarle Sound were similar to those found in the near-by Tar -
Pamlico and Neuse River systems, with some exceptions.
Although nutrients seem to be abundant, algal bloom conditions
were surprisingly infrequent. At present the sound is healthy
with few signs of excessive eutrophication. However, the
Albemarle Sound watershed is a rapidly developing region.
Increased non -point source pollution from second-home
developments or reduced turbidity as a result of dams could
rapidly accelerate the eutrophication process in this system.
Citation 44
BOWER, C. E. , J. P. BIDWELL
Sea Research Foundation, West Hartford, CT, Inst. for
Aquarium Studies
lonization of Ammonia in Seawater: Effects of Temperature, pH,
and Salinity
J Fish Res Board Can
1978,35,1012-1016.
English
Previous studies have shown that the toxicity of ammonia to
freshwater fishes depends on the ambient concentration of the un-
ionized fraction (NH(3)) and have quantified the percent NH(3)
in solution as a function of temperature and pH. If NH(3) is
also toxic to marine fishes, the effect of salinity on the
ionization of ammonia must also be considered. The percent
NH(3) over ranges of temperature, pH, and salinity common in
seawater-culture situations is presented here.
Citation 45
BRAY, J. T.
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD
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Behavior of Phosphate in the Interstitial Waters of Chesapeake
Bay Sediments
Johns Hopkins Univ.
1973, Rep. COO-3292-7,167p.
English
Determinations of dissolved inorganic phosphate concentrations
and a number of related chemical parameters were made on
interstitial water from Chesapeake Bay sediments. The
activities of dissolved phosphate and Fe2+ are covariant and are
described satisfactorily by an equilibrium model involving the
mineral vivianite Fe3(P04)2,3H20. The presence of sedimentary
vivianite, which leads support to the equilibrium model, is
demonstrated by x-ray diffraction techniques. Interstitial
water of Chesapeake Bay sediments contains large quantities of
dissolved inorganic phosphate. Estimates of the diffusional
flux of phosphate indicate that the release of phosphate from
the sediments has little effect on the overlying water.
Oxidation during sampling procedures decreases the inorganic
phosphate concentrations in interstitial water rich in Fe2+.
All sampling and analytical procedures must be carried out in an
inert atmosphere.
Citation 46
BRAY, J. T. , 0. P. BRICKER, B. N. TROUP
Dept. of Earth and Planetary Sciences, Johns Hopkins Univ. ,
Baltimore, MD 21218
Phosphate in Interstitial Waters of Anoxic Sediments: Oxidation
Effects during Sampling Procedure
Science
1973 ,80,1362-1364.
English
Oxidation during sampling procedures significantly decreases the
inorganic phosphate concentrations of interstitial water rich in
iron (II). All sampling and analytical procedures must be
carried out in an inert atmosphere. Orthophosphate in the
interstitial water of Chesapeake Bay sediments, in equilibrium
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with vivianite, is a potential nutrient source for the
overlying water.
Citation 47
BREHMER, MORRIS L. , SAMUEL 0. HALTIWANGER
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
A Biological and Chemical Study of the Tidal James River
VIMS, SRAMSOE
1966(Nov), No. 6,104p.
English
Biological, chemical, and physical data were recorded from ten
stations on the James River from May 1965 to May 1966. Those
parameters measured were depth, salinity, temperature, DO,
alkalinity, pH, chlorophyll, PN, N03, N02 and phosphorus.
From the pollution standpoint, the critical area in the James
River extends from Richmond to Brandon Point, a distance of 48
nautical miles. The phytoplankton standing crop frequently
exceeds 50 ugl-1. Values exceeding 100 ugl-1 were recorded on
one cruise. An algal scum was frequently observed during the
late summer months. The phosphorus and nitrogen data indicate
that the 48-mile critical area is highly enriched. Nitrate-
nitrogen values as high as 231 ug-at 1-1 and soluble reactive
phosphorus values as high as 12.60 ug-at 1-1 were recorded
during the study. The nutrient elements could not be followed
through the estuarine portion and the phytoplankton population
in the lower area did not reflect that the high level of
enrichment existed upstream.
Citation 48
BREZONIK, PATRICK L.
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Univ. of Florida,
Gainesville, FL
Nitrogen: Sources and Transformations in Natural Waters
In: Nutrients in Natural Waters, Wiley-Interscience, Div. of
John Wiley and Sons, Inc. NY, NY
1972, Chapt. 1.
English
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Of the major nutrient cycles in natural waters, the nitrogen
cycle is perhaps the most interesting, the most complex and the
least understood from a quantitative point of view. The
geocycle of nitrogen is largely a biochemical phenomenon; in
natural waters it is nearly wholly so. Thus the nitrogen cycle,
like the carbon and phosphorus cycles, is inextricably related
to aquatic organic productivity. Although many elements and
compounds are required for biosynthesis, nitrogen and
phosphorus have long been considered to be the principal
limiting nutrients for primary production; evidence lately
obtained suggests that carbon may also limit production in some
situations. The great recent concern over cultural
eutrophication has stimulated much new research in the following
areas: the chemistry and biochemistry of nutrients in aquatic
systems, the quantification of the sources and sinks of
nutrients, and the dynamics of nutrient uptake and release. In
this chapter we discuss these subjects with respect to the cycle
of nitrogen in natural waters.
Citation 49
BREZONIK, PATRICK L.
US Environmental Protection Agency
Nitrogen Sources, Cycling in Natural Waters
US EPA
1973 (July), EPA 660/3-73-002
English
Sources of nitrogen were reviewed to determine their
significance in lacustrine budgets. Nutrients in rainfall were
found significant although their variability obviates precise
conclusions. Using literature values for nutrient export from
various land uses, nutrient budgets were calculated for 55
Florida lakes. Critical N and P loading rates (above which
eutrophication is likely) were estimated from the calculated
budgets and lake trophic conditions. Algal fixation in two
trophic Florida lakes was studied in detail; the total annual N
fixed and factors affecting the occurrence of fixation were
evaluated. A survey of fixation in 55 Florida lakes showed
significant fixation in only eutrophic lakes. Bacterial
fixation in the hypolimnion of a small lake contributed
substantial nitrogen to the lake, and nitrogen fixing activity
was found in both estuarine and lacustrine sediments. The
acetylene reduction assay for N fixation was evaluated; short
incubations were found essential. Reduction was light dependent
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and N2 acted as a competitive inhibitor. A preliminary
experiment suggested that lacustrine sediments acted as ammonia
buffers; estuarine sediment sorbed ammonia strongly with little
tendency to release ammonia to the water. Inferences from high
organic color were evaluated for automated inorganic N and P
analytical methods. Various amino acids were also shown to
interfere with the indophenol ammonia procedure.
Citation 50
BRINDLE, J. R. , M. D1AMOURS
Universite du Quebec a Rimouski, Que. (Canada), Section
d'Oceanog raph ic
Seasonal Distribution of Nutrients in the Vicinity of Rimouski
Cah Inf Sect Oceanogr Univ Que Rimouski
1977(Nov), No. l,39p.
French
Between August 1973 and October 1974 a monthly analysis was made
of temperature, salinity, silicates, ammonia, urea,
nitrite, nitrate, organic and total nitrogen, phosphate and
organic and total phosphorus, in a section of the St. Lawrence
estuary. Data indicate two periods of bloom, one in June-July,
the other in September-October, while in winter concentrations
of nutrients at the surface are at a maximum. There is evidence
of believing that a cycling of organic and inorganic matter
occurs. In summer nutrients decrease with depth. There is a
relative increase in concentration from the north bank to the
south bank each month, confirming the importance of the
riverine flow of the Rimouski and Metis rivers.
Citation 51
BRINN, DAVID G.
British Steel Corp. , England, Strip Mills Div.
A Select Bibliography on Pollution of Estuaries and Coastal
Waters with Particular Regard to Industrial Effluents
BISRA, London
1972(Aug), SM/BIB/785,6p.
English
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This bibliography on water pollution has 34 references, divided
into 5 sections; General Papers, Ecological Considerations,
Eutrophication and Nutrient Cycles, Investigations in U. K.
Locations, Investigations in Foreign Locations.
Citation 52
BRISTOW, J. W. , A. A. CROWDER, M. R. KING, S.
VANDERKLOET
Queen's Univ. , Kingston (Ontario), Dept. of Biology
The Growth of Aquatic Macrophytes in the Bay of Quinte Prior to
Phosphate Removal by Tertiary Sewage Treatment (1975-1976)
Le Nat Can
1977,104,465-473.
English
In a study of the distribution of aquatic macrophytes in the Bay
of Quinte (southeastern Ontario), fewer species and a lower
density of cover were recorded in the upper portion of the Bay.
Biomass was generally low. The poorer macrophyte growth in the
shallow nutrient-rich upper Bay was probably a result of algal
blooms and high turbidity of the water, but the absence of
suitable substrate might also be a contributing factor. The
lower Bay was similar to adjacent areas of Lake Ontario in
species composition and density of plant cover.
Citation 53
BROOKS, KEITH M.
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, Bethesda, MD
Critical Areas in the Potomac River Basin: A Mid-1977 Review of
Water Pollution Control
Interstate Commission on the Potomac River Basin, Bethesda, MD
1977(Dec), Technical Pub. 77-3,83p.
English
Citation 54
BROWN, L. , E. G. BELLINGER
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Victoria Univ. of Manchester (England), Pollution Research
Unit
Nitrate Determination in Fresh and Some Estuarine Waters by
Ultraviolet Light Absorption: a New Proposed Method
Water Res
1978,12(4),223-229.
English
The new proposed uv resin technique for nitrate determination is
either not affected by, or can allow for, the following
interfering chemicals at levels occurring in natural polluted or
unpolluted waters: chloride, phosphate, sulphate,
carbonate/bicarbonate, bromide, nitrite, colored metal
complexes, humic acids, ammonium, dyes, detergents, phenol,
and other uv absorbing organics. The method is quick and has an
accuracy of + or -3%. Concentration of the sample to determine
lower levels by evaporation is feasible with certain upland
waters but should not be attempted if the sample has a high
humic acid concentration. The technique can be used only in
nitrate rich estuarine and coastal waters because the lower
limit of detection is raised to 0.5 mg/1 when the sample is
diluted to remove bromide interference.
Citation 55
BROWN, R. J.
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd. ,
Springfield, VA
Sewage Effects in Marine and Estuarine Environments. Volume
2.1977-May 1978
NTIS
1978, NTIS/PS-78/0559,55p.
English
This updated bibliography contains abstracts relating to the
effects of sewage effluents and sludge on marine and estuarine
environments, especially their ecology. The effects on marine
plants and animals and problems associated with ocean dumping,
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water chemistry, dispersion studies, etc, are covered in the
cited references.
Citation 56
BROWN, ROBENA J.
National Technical Information Service, 5285 Port Royal Rd. ,
Springfield, VA 22161
Water Pollution in Estuaries and Coastal Zones (A Bibliography
with Abstracts)
NTIS
1975(Sept), NTIS/PS-75/698
English
This bibliography contains selected abstracts of research
reports covering studies dealing with water pollution from
estuarine and coastal development, the effects of this
pollution, and its control. The reports are general in nature
so as to be of interest to any coastal area. The topics include
pollution as related to urbanization, government actions,
coastal planning, natural resource development, and sewage and
solid waste disposal. Specific biological and oceanographic
studies have been excluded. (Contains 214 abstracts)
Citation 57
BROWN, ROBENA J.
National Technical Information Service,5285 Port Royal Rd. ,
Springfield, VA 22161
Water Pollution in Estuaries and Coastal Zones, Vol.2,1975-Sept
1976
NTIS
1976(Nov), NTIS/PS-76/0852
English
The bibliography contains selected abstracts of research reports
covering studies dealing with water pollution from estuarine and
coastal development, the effects of this pollution, and its
control. The reports are general in nature so as to be of
interest to any coastal area. The topics include pollution as
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related to urbanization, government actions, coastal planning,
natural resource development, and sewage and solid waste
disposal. Specific biological and oceanographic studies have
been excluded. (This updated bibliography contains 145
abstracts,96 of which are new entries to the previous edition.)
See also NTIS/PS-76/0851, Water Pollution in Estuaries and
Coastal Zones. Vol.1 1964-1974.
Citation 58
BUCK, J. D.
Connecticut Univ. , Storrs Inst. of Water Resources
Sedimentation and Microbial Metabolism in a Shallow Estuary
Connecticut Univ.
1978, Completion Rep. OWRT A-069-CONN(1)/14-31-001-6007,27p.
English
A pristine, forested coastal watershed (18 km) in southern New
England was studied for three years to determine (1) the effect
of a small (22 ha) drinking water reservoir on nutrient and
water runoff, and (2) the relative importance of the watershed
in supplying organic sediment to the receiving estuary (29 ha).
Organic and inorganic freshwater runoff data were supplemented
with estuarine sedimentation rate data to construct a first-
order organic supply budget for the estuary. The reservoir
system retained significant amounts of dissolved and particulate
organic carbon and N03-N, but O-P04-P runoff was unaffected.
Lentic conditions in the reservoir allowed for substantial
amounts of primary production by photoplankton which reduced NO3-
N export to the estuary by a third. Freshwater delivery of
particulate organic matter to the estuary equaled the amount
from marine sources which was collected in sediment traps (c.
23 mol organic carbon/sq m/yr). Total deposition of organic
material in the estuary was estimated to range between 120 and
300 mol/sq m/yr, mostly from estuarine primary production.
Investigations of the chemistry of the interstitial pore waters
of the estuarine sediments showed that organic matter deposition
rates and the ambient hydrologic regime induce facultative and
anaerobic metabolism by the microflora. A sensitive assay of
total biological metabolism using tetrazolium salts is being
developed to (1) obtain estimates of aerobic and anaerobic
metabolism and, (2) complete a first-order organic matter
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supply and demand model for this aquatic/marine system.
Citation 59
BURKHOLDER, PAUL R. , LILLIAN M. BURKHOLDER
Dept. of Bacteriology, Univ. of Georgia, Athens, GA
Vitamin B12 in Suspended Solids and Marsh Muds Collected Along
the Coast of Georgia
Limnol Oceanogr
1956,1(3),202-208.
English
Vitamin B12 content of suspended solids in river and sea waters
and in marsh muds, collected along the coast of Georgia, was
determined by means of the E. coli mutant assay. Appreciable
amounts of vitamin B12 carried on suspended particles of river
water, the brown water types showing highest concentrations,
up to 6.4 ug per gram of solids. Vitamin B12 content of
particulate matter in the sea waters varied over the range
0.0027 to 0.130 ug per liter. Calculated in relation to dried
solids, the highest concentration of B12 was 0.736 ug per gram
of solids. Considerable variations were found at different
times, stations, and depths. Samples of suspended matter
taken from the Duplin River at different phases of the tide
showed maximal values of B12 up to about 0.06 ug per liter, on
the outgoing tide. In settling experiments it appeared that a
major portion of B12 is correlated with the organic fraction of
solids in sea water. Enrichment cultures showed large increases
of vitamin B12 produced by microorganisms in marine muds and
waters. Many isolated bacteria were grown on extracts of marsh
grass and found to produce significant quantities of the
vitamin. It is concluded that suspended particles are important
in the vitamin nutrition of the sea and that bacteria are
significant producers and carriers of vitamin B12 in the marine
environment.
Citation 60
BUTTERMORE, R. E.
Univ. of Tasmania, Dept. of Zoology, G. P. 0. Box 252C,
; Hobart, Tasmania, 7001, Australia
Eutrophication of an Impounded Estuarine Lagoon
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Mar Pollut Bull
1977(Jan),8(1),13-15.
English
A small lagoon to the east of Hobart is cut off from a larger
body of tidal salt water by a causeway, allowing only a limited
tidal interchange. Primary treated effluent from a small
township is discharged into the lagoon. Causes for noxious
odours emanating from the lagoon were investigated. it was
found that the effluent, combined with agricultural runoff,
has accelerated eutrophication. Wide variations in temperature
and salinity occur. Decomposing algal mats account for most of
the odours, while rooted aquatics and molluscs appear to play
only a small part. Proposed remedies will be costly and still
might not achieve their objective.
Citation 61
CALIFF, J. M. , JR.
Stanford Univ. , Stanford, CA, Dept. of Civil Engineering
An Approach for Involving Local Officials and Citizens in
Regional Water Quality Studies
Engineering-Economic Planning Program
1971, Publication No. EEP-44,197p.
English
A case study is made of the "Bay-Delta Program1, a three-year
water quality study of the San Francisco Bay-Delta area
completed in 1969. Methods for local involvement used in that
study are described, along with results of a detailed mail
survey distributed to local officials. The survey focuses on
local opinions concerning the value of the public involvement
procedures used and on local attitudes toward alternative
methods. Based on the above findings and a literature survey,
guidelines for developing local liaison procedures are
formulated.
Citation 62
CALIFORNIA UNIV.
San Diego, La Jolla, Inst. of Marine Resources
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Eutrophication in Coastal Waters: Nitrogen as a Controlling
Factor
US Environmental Protection Agency
1971(Dec), Water Pollut Contr Res Ser EPA 16010 EHC 12/71,67p.
English
The Southern California coastal sewage outfalls were
investigated in relation ito their effect upon standing stocks of
phytoplankton, and on Iprimary production, during two cruises
in July 1970 and June 1971. Kinetic parameters for the
assimilation of ammonium, nitrate, and urea were determined at
the outfall sites using N-15 labeled substrates. Laboratory
studies investigated the utilization of various forms of
nitrogen by phytoplankton, mechanisms and rates of nitrogen
assimilation, and enzymes of nitrogen assimilation. Ammonium
and nitrate assimilation were found to vary from day to night as
does the capacity for photosynthesis when cultures were grown on
light dark cycles simulating natural illumination. In fitting
data on rates of nitrogen assimilation vs. concentrations of
nitrogen to the Michaelis-Menten equation, modified to describe
nutrient uptake, it was found that the maximum growth rate was
a variable, while the saturation constant was uniform over a
range of dilution rates of N-limited chemostat cultures. The
chemical composition of phytoplankton, particularly ratios of
carbon/chlorophyll and carbon/nitrogen, varied with dilution
rate in reproducible ways. By varying the dilution rate of such
cultures one seems to regulate the degree of nitrogen-deficiency
of the phytoplankton.
Citation 63
CAMBRIDGE, M. I.
Western Australia Univ. , Nedlands, Dept. of Botany
Seagrasses of South-Western Australia with Special Reference to
the Ecology of Posidonia australis Hook F. in a Polluted
Environment
Aquatic Bot
1975(June),1(2),149-161.
English
New ecological data, including soil types, growth patterns,
seasonal changes, and reactions to pollution are given for the
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nine species of seagrasses of south western Australia, with
special references to Posidonia australis in Cockburn Sound, a
polluted marine environment.
Citation 64
CAPERON, JOHN , S. A. CATTELL , GEORGE KRASNICK
Hawaii Inst. of Marine Biology, P. 0. Box 1346, Kaneohe
96744
Phytoplankton Kinetics in a Subtropical Estuary: Eutrophication
Limnol Oceanogr
1971,16(4) ,599-607.
English
On each of a 4-month series of weekly cruises in Kaneohe Bay,
Oahu, Hawaii, in vivo chlorophyll a was monitored continuously
by fluorometry, and at 8 stations discrete measurements of
chlorophyll a (trichromatic method), primary productivity (C14
), and nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) were made. The
results are compared with similar data collected a decade
earlier in the bay to investigate the enrichment effects of
increased waste discharge over this period. The south sector of
the bay, site of two sewage outfalls, showed the greatest
population instability and had the highest concentrations of
chlorophyll a, nitrate, and phosphate, as well as the highest
primary productivity. Chlorophyll, nutrient concentration,
and primary productivity decreased through the transition sector
into the north sector of the bay, which is farthest removed
from the waste discharge points. The productivity index (mg C
fixed hr-1 mg Chi a-1) showed no such south to north
differences. A model of a simplified food chain using a
hyperbolic relationship between uptake rate and substrate
concentration is postulated to explain the dynamics of the
plankton community in the bay.
Citation 65
CAPERON, JOHN, WAYNE A. HARVEY, FRANCES A. STEINHILPER
Univ. of Hawaii, Dept. of Oceanography, Correa Road,
Honolulu, HI 96822
Particulate Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, and Chlorophyll as
Measures of Phytoplankton and Detritus Standing Crops in Kaneohe
Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
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Pac Sci
1976,30(4),317-327.
English
Data are presented to show that the Kaneohe municipal waste
discharge into the southeastern corner of Kaneohe Bay gives rise
to high concentrations of particulate organic matter and
chlorophyll-a. The data cover a period of 4.5 years and show a
continuing increase in particulate organic matter and
chlorophyll-a and a significant increase in the particulate
organic nitrogen/carbon ratio. It is shown that regression
analyses of particulate organic carbon and nitrogen on
chlorophyll-a can be used to estimate the phytoplankton and the
detritus carbon and nitrogen concentrations in surface water
samples from the eutrophic southeastern section of the bay. The
differences in regression analyses results on samples from
eutrophic waters as opposed to those from oligotrophic waters
are discussed.
Citation 66
CARPENTER, EDWARD J.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst., MA
Effects of Phosphorus Mining Wastes on the Growth of
Phytoplankton in the Pamlico River Estuary
Chesapeake Sci
1971,12(2),85-94.
English
To test the effects of P mining waste water (SPW) and domestic
sewage on the growth of phytoplankton in the Pamlico River
estuary, six 1400 cu m artificial estuaries and eight 15 cu m
plastic pools were constructed. Measurements of phytoplankton
biomass and abundance of blue-green algae were made at regular
intervals in estuaries and pools that contained various
concentrations of SPW and artificial sewage. Concentration
(excluding controls) of SPW in the pools was 1% and in the
estuaries ranged from 2% to 8% of the total water volume. The
concentration of an artificial sewage mix in the pools was 0.1%
v/v. The present-day concentration of SPW in the lower Pamlico
River is about 0.7% v/v and is expected to rise as other
companies begin mining operations. Two experiments were carried
out, one (44 days long) in the estuaries and one (36 days long)
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in the plastic pools. The experiments gave evidence that the
addition of SPW to estuarine water does not immediately increase
the biomass of the phytoplankton. This is most likely because P
apparently does not limit the growth of phytoplankton in the
river. As shown in a study that took place in late summer, N
limited the algal photosynthesis in the Pamlico estuary.
However, blue-green algae cell numbers (Anabaena sp. and
Spirulina sp. ) were 77.2% higher (0.010
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This paper is a review of the salient features of the observed
distributions.
Citation 68
CARTER, H. H. , R. J, REGIER
Marine Sciences Research Center, State Univ. of New York,
Stony Brook, NY 11794
A Physical Assessment of the Maryland Coastal Waters to Receive
Wastewater
Chesapeake Bay Inst., The Johns Hopkins Univ.
1978(May), Special Rep. 62,92p.
English
This report describes a physical study of the Maryland seacoast
carried out during July and August of 1977; its overall
objective was to identify and rank outfall corridors along the
Maryland seacoast suitable for the disposal of an estimated 1.31
m3s-l (30 x 10exp6 gallons/day) of sewage effluent from the
North- Central Ocean Basin by 2000. In order to accomplish this
objective, we (1) measured the far-field dilutions of the
primary effluent presently being discharged through the existing
Ocean City outfall/diffuser at 64th Street with a dye tracer
technique, (2) measured the currents, temperatures, and
salinities at three locations (one (Station "N") off 64th Street
(Fenwick Island), a second (Station "MID") off the Ocean City
Airport (Assateague Island), and a third (Station "S") off the
Assateague Island State Park)) for the purpose of examining the
uniformity of the nearshore waters, (3) developed additional
data on the dispersive characteristics of the nearshore region
off the Maryland seacoast by means of three instantaneous dye
tracer releases, and (4) carried out additional bathymetric
surveys off Assateague Island. (abbrev. summary)
Citation 69
CHAN, KWONG-YU, K. H. WONG, P. K. WONG
Dept. of Biology and Dept. of Chemistry, The Chinese Univ.
of Hong Kong, Shatin, NT, Hong Kong
Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal from Sewage Effluent with High
Salinity by Chlorella salina
Environ Pollut
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1979,18,139-
English
Cells of Chlorella salina CUl are able to grow well in domestic
sewage effluent having salinities as high as 16 ppt. By using
controlled C. salina CUl cultures, it is possible to remove
the nitrogen and phosphorus from the sewage effluent before it
is discharged into marine coastal water. With a retention time
of 8 days, 86% to 100% NH3-N, 98% N03-N and 98% P04-3-P are
removed from the sewage effluent under laboratory conditions.
It is also found that cells of C. salina CUl prefer ammonia to
nitrates as nitrogen source. Uptake of nitrates by the cells
occurs only after the ammonia in the sewage effluent has been
reduced to levels below 0-5 ppm. Ammonia at high concentrations
completely inhibits the nitrate uptake by the algal cells.
Since cells of C. salina CUl have a high protein content (44%),
it is proposed that this unicellular green alga can be used to
serve the dual function of wastewater purification and waste
recycling through the production of algal protein from sewage
effluent having high salinities.
Citation 70
CHAPMAN, A. R. 0. , J. W. MARKHAM, K. LUNING
Dept. of Biology, Dalhousie Univ. , Halifax, Nova Scotia,
Canada B3H 4J1
Effects of Nitrate Concentration on the Growth and Physiology of
Laminaria saccharina (Phaeophyta) in Culture
J Phycol
1978,14(2) ,195-198.
English
Laminaria saccharina Lamour. sporophytes were grown in enriched
and synthetic media through a range of nitrate concentrations.
There was an approximately linear relationship between growth
and nutrient concentration up to 10 uM substrate concentration.
The half-saturation constant (Ks) was ca. 1.4 uM N03-. The
internal levels of N03- increased at substrate concentrations
above 10 uM N03- and reached levels several thousand times
higher than the surrounding medium. Thus there is evidence for
luxury consumption of N03-. The chlorophyll content and
photosynthetic capacities of plants also increased with
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increasing external N03-. The ecological implications of this
work are considered.
Citation 71
CHEN, CARL W. , GERALD T. ORLOB
Water Resources Engineers, Inc. , Walnut Creek, CA
Ecologic Simulation for Aquatic Environments
Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
1972 (Dec), Final Rep. No. 1-0500,168p.
English
A mathematical model for computer simulation of aquatic
ecosystems was developed and adapted to lake and estuarial
systems. The model is capable of simulating the annual cycle of
ecologic successions involving algae, bacteria, zooplankton,
fish and benthic animals and the interdependent relationships
between biota and abiotic substances carried in the natural
aquatic system. It is water quality oriented, predicting the
temporal and spatial distributions of temperature, dissolved
oxygen, biochemical oxygen demand, pH, conservative
constituents (e. g. , salinity, TDS, etc. ), toxicity,
nitrogen (three forms), carbon dioxide, and phosphorus as well
as the biomass of each trophic level in the system. The basic
formulations in the model are based on kinetic principles and
the law of Conservation of Mass. Algal growth kinetics are
governed by a Michaelis-Menton relationship including light,
temperature, carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus.
Citation 72
CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM, INC.
Baltimore, MD
Annual Technical Report, Volume V. Emissions and Additions:
Biological Transfers and Effects of Waste Components
CRC
1973(May), CRC-PUB-24, NSF/RA/E-73/513,169p.
English
The components of sewage effluents in the dissolved or
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particulate state are available for utilization by or impact
upon the biological components of the receiving system. The
known effects include stimulation, inhibition, and biological
transfers within and transport from the system or to sediments.
Before distant or regional effects of sewage treatment outfalls
can be adequately predicted, biological transfers within and
transport from the estuarine system must be better understood.
To this end the following subjects are studied and the results
presented: the estuarine food chain; community analysis of the
phytoplankton of an estuarine ecosystem; the zooplankton of
lower Chesapeake Bay; autotrophic and heterotrophic phosphorus
metabolism in microbial communities; the relation of benthic and
certain planktonic algae to nutrient loading in Chesapeake Bay
and its tributaries; microbiological modifications of biocides
and hazardous chemicals in sewage effluents; population ecology
of foraminifera; effects of Tropical Storm Agnes on macrobenthic
communities of lower Chesapeake Bay; oxygen requirements; and
the biological aspects of trace metals in the Chesapeake Bay.
Citation 73
CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM, INC.
1419 Forest Drive, Suite 207, Annapolis, MD 21403
Chesapeake Bay Baseline Data Acquisition, Appendix IV.
Eutrophication
CRC
1978(Aug),347p.
English
This report comprises three sections as follows: Annex I.
contains scientists presently engaged in research in this field.
Annex II. is an indexed listing of data files pertinent to the
Chesapeake Bay and adjacent coastal states. Annex III.
summarizes the monitoring efforts as derived from Annex II. The
source material for appendices IV-XI includes minimal material
based on interviews, field work and verification. Efforts were
directed to determining reseachers and their activities from "A
Chesapeake Bay Directory" only. For each of the eight subject
areas, a key word list was also formulated and the respective
pertinent data files compiled from the Environmental Data Base
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Directory. These files served as the primary source for the
monitoring programs section.
Citation 74
CHESAPEAKE RESEARCH CONSORTIUM, INC.
1419 Forest Drive, Suite 207, Annapolis, MD 21403
Chesapeake Bay Baseline Data Acquisition, Appendix. VII.
Modification of Fisheries
US EPA
1978(Sept), EPA/903/9-78/027,289p.
English
This report identifies researchers conducting current research
programs relating to modification of fisheries in the Chesapeake
Bay estuarine system. The data files included in this report
are compiled from the Environmental Data Base Directory and
reflects data applicable to modification of fisheries from 1973
to the present. The report also identifies the major past,
present, or planned monitoring efforts.
Citation 75
CHRISTIAN, ROBERT R. , RICHARD L. WETZEL
Dept. of Biological Sciences, Drexel Univ. , Philadelphia,
PA
Interaction between Substrate, Microbes, and Consumers of
Spartina Detritus in Estuaries
In: Estuarine Interactions, edited by Martin L. Wiley,
Academic Press
1978 ,93-113.
English
A review of recent literature has indicated that the classic
view of estuarine detritus food webs is simplistic. The
dynamics of the detritus microbial complex is best understood
when consideration is given to each component and its
interactions, rather than merely considering the complex as a
whole. This is true not only in determining the fate of the
detritus substrate, but also in predicting the availability of
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microbes to consumers. Partitioning of detritus substrate,
microbe, and consumer components was made in a simple,
theoretical simulation model. The importance of the
partitioning was demonstrated in 1) the energetics of trophic
relationships between substrate, microbes, and the consumer
sink; 2) the heterogeneity of microbial attachment in time and
space; and 3) consumer requirements for energy and nutrients.
Citation
76
CHRISTIE, N. D.
A. MODLAN
Cape Town Univ. (South Africa), Dept. of Zoology; and Dept.
of Planning and the Environment, Capetown (South Africa)
Effects of Fish Factory Effluent on the Benthic Macrofauna of
Saldanha Bay
Mar Pollut Bull
1977(Feb),8(2),41-45.
English
A survey was conducted adjacent to a pelagic fish canning
factory in Saldanha Bay, South Africa, to determine the
effects of effluent on the benthic macrofauna. Pairs of samples
were taken using Scuba diving techniques at each of five
stations situated at increasing distances from the factory. The
benthic macrofauna was analysed using numerical methods of
classification and ordination thereby defining three groups of
stations. The macrofauna nearest the factory was impoverished
T°:h several species having only small individuals but with
distance from the factory species richness, species density,
density of individuals and ash-free biomass increased. Although
conditions adversely affected some of the macrofauna at the five
stations, the situation has undoubtedly improved since June
1972, when a high benthic mortality occurred.
Citation
77
CLARK, JOHN, W.
MICHAEL P. FAHAY
G. SMITH, ARTHUR W. KENDALL, JR. ,
National Marine Fisheries Service, Highlands, NJ, Sandy Hook
Marine Lab
Studies of Estuarine Dependence of Atlantic Coastal Fishes
Bureau Sport Fish Wildl
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1969(Aug), Technical Paper No. 28,132p.
English
The extent that migratory fishes of the Atlantic coast depend on
estuaries as essential habitat during the early stages of their
lives and the effects on fishes from physical disruption and
pollution of estuaries caused by twenty years of coastal
development was studied by the Sandy Hook Marine Laboratory.
The basic data from a series of surveys, eight cruises of the
research vessel Dolphin, from Cape Cod, Massachusetts to Cape
Lookout, North Carolina during a one year period from December
65 to December 66 is reported. The data includes temperatures,
salinities, zooplankton volumes, and the midwater trawl
collections of fishes.
Citation 78
CLARK, L. J. , K. D. FEIGNER
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis Field Service
Office, Annapolis, MD
Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality in the Potomac
Estuary
US EPA
1972(Mar), Technical Rep. No. 33,174p.
English
Mathematical models are becoming an increasingly important
'tool1 for predicting, under a variety of conditions, water
quality behavior in an estuary. The report presented recent
Annapolis Field Office studies on use of models in the Potomac
Estuary, specifically, the Thomann Model (time-dependent
version) and the FWQA Dynamic Estuary Model. Numerous computer
runs were made with both models in an attempt to make a
reasonably accurate simulation of dye profiles observed in the
Potomac Estuary following a 13-day continuous release during
November 1969 and of observed dye profiles in the Anacostia
River following a 7-day continuous release during April 1970.
In addition to model verification, consideration was given to:
(1 )a comparison of modeling approaches, (2)the limitations of
each model, (3)input data requirements, and (4)a detailed
sensitivity analysis to determine which input parameters had the
greatest effect on model output. While mathematical models have
been developed for the entire Potomac Estuary, most studies in
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the report pertained to the 40-mile reach of the upper estuary
extending from Key Bridge to Sandy Point. (SIMS-ISWS)
Citation 79
CLARK, LEO J. , DANIEL K. DONNELLY, ORTERIO VILLA JR
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Annapolis
Field Office
Summary and Conclusions from the Forthcoming Technical Report
56. Nutrient Enrichment and Control Requirements in the Upper
Chesapeake Bay
U S EPA
1973 (Aug), EPA-903/9-73-002-a, 94p.
English
The upper portions of the Chesapeake Bay and its tidal
tributaries are currently suffering from an insidious
eutrophication problem as evidenced by the increased frequency
and persistence of undesirable algal blooms and the dramatic
changes in the Bay's natural flora which have recently been
experienced. Water quality monitoring data collected between
1968 and 1971 have shown an upward trend in phosphorus levels
and indicated that inorganic nitrogen may presently be the
growth rate-limiting nutrient since it is almost nonexistent
during peak bloom conditions. In order to limit the maximum
algal standing crop to 40 ug/1 chlorophyll a, it was determined
that total phosphorus and inorganic nitrogen concentrations
should not exceed 0.12 mg/1 and 0.8 mg/1, respectively. The
achievement of these concentrations necessitates the institution
of a considerable abatement program in the Susquehanna River
Basin and the Baltimore metro area. (Modified author abstract)
Citation 80
CLARK, LEO J. , NORBERT A. JAWORSKI
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Annapolis
Field Office
Nutrient Transport and Dissolved Oxygen Budget Studies in the
Potomac Estuary
U S EPA
1972 (Oct), Technical Rep. No. TR-37,50p.
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English
The purpose of this report is to model a portion of the nitrogen
cycle, phosphorus deposition, and the occurrence of algal
blooms as measured by chlorophyll a; as well as the effects of
carbonaceous, nitrogenous, and benthic oxygen demand; algal
photosynthesis, respiration and decay; and reaeration on the
dissolved oxygen resources in the upper Potomac Estuary.
Citation
81
CLARK, LEO J.
STEPHEN E. ROESCH
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Annapolis
Field Office
Assessment of 1977 Water Quality Conditions in the Upper Potomac
Estuary
US EPA
1978(July), EPA/903/9-78/008,83p.
English
A multi-objective water quality monitoring program was conducted
in the Potomac Estuary from July to September 1977. This
program was comprised of slack water sampling, wastewater
effluent sampling, and a series of special studies to further
describe different facets of the dissolved oxygen budget
including some algal related impacts. This report presents all
of the data collected during the study along with an enumeration
of the findings and conclusions that were based on a detailed
analysis of this data.
Citation
82
COCHRANE,
ARONSON
JOHN J.
Northeastern Univ.
CONSTANTINE J. GREGORY, GERALD L.
Boston, MA
Water Resources Potential of an Urban Estuary. (Saugus River,
Pines River and Lynn Harbor Complex)
1970 (June), NTIS PB-197 991,110p.
English
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The water resources potential of the urban estuarine complex
comprised of the Saugus and Pines Rivers and Lynn Harbor,
Massachusetts, was evaluated. Impairment of recreational usage
and nutrient reserves in sediments was studied. A laboratory
study of the growth of marine algae, Ulva latissima, made in
flowing sea water, indicates an optimum growth at nitrogen-
phosphorous ratios of between 40 and 60 to 1, at a phosphate
concentration of 120 micrograms per liter. Average values for
nutrients in eutrophic areas were 268 micrograms/liter total
orthophosphate and 0.513 mg/1 nitrates. Sediments from these
areas averaged 5.98% volatile solids, 0.532 mg/1 extracted
orthophosphates, and 2.177 mg/1 total Kjeldahl nitrogen. In
contrast, oligotrophic areas, including parts of the Pines
River, had average values of 164 micrograms/1 total
orthophosphate, 0.175 mg/1 nitrates, 0.79% volatile solids,
0.349 mg/1 extracted orthophosphates and 0.294 mg/1 total
Kjeldahl nitrogen. (WRSIC abstract)
Citation 83
COLLETT, W. F.
Forth River Purification Board, Langgarth, Scotland
The Control of Estuarine Pollution
Chem Ind (Lond)
1967(Jan 7) ,25-29.
English
Scotland's views on comprehensive control of effluent discharges
into estuaries are outlined. Control methods to achieve water
quality suitable for various purposes are described and the
following conclusions are drawn: full committal to the self-
purification capacity of an estuary is impractical; estuaries
should be divided into zones where discharges are subject to
similar limitations, or more practically, on equality of
effort rather than results; with wide margin of safety attached
to pollution limitation, a complete knowledge of the self-
purification capacity of an estuary is unnecessary before
controls are applied; discharge of effluents must be controlled
for the benefit of the estuary; control should be primarily for
the current use of an estuary; remedial work should be phased
according to availability of funds and expertise; priority must
be given to those discharges which by their size, strength, or
situation are the dominating factors in estuarine pollution; and
if estuarine usage is to be maximal, the consideration is not
how little need be done to improve effluents but how much can be
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required without excessive hardship to any segment of industry
or the community.
Citation 84
COLLIAS, EUGENE E. , SVETLANA I. ANDREEVA
Univ. of Washington, Dept. of Oceanography, WA
Puget Sound Marine Environment an Annotated Bibliography
Univ. of Washington
1977,392p.
English
This is a bibliography with brief abstracts on all aspects,
physical, chemical, and biological of the Puget Sound Marine
Ecosystem.
Citation 85
COLLINS, N. R.
Gloucester, Eng.
Environmental Planning with Particular Reference to Water
Water Pollut Control
1978,77(2),211-218.
English
The British climate and settlement pattern mean that most of the
country's water supply must be recycled. The natural water
systems do not compare so favorably with those of Europe.
Sections of the holiday coastline had totally untreated sewage
discharges. The estuary and its adjacent groundwaters, being
at the end of a topographical gradient, are paricularly
vulnerable to pollution by the detritus of urban and
agricultural activity. Land drainage is an integral and
critical part of water management in the low and wet lands.
Where large rivers form a boundary between local administrations
or counties, the water authorities can become arbiters and link
authorities. Treatment of domestic effluents and pollution of
all kinds is reasonably well under control in the U. K. except
in the coastal towns. The "polluter pays" principle will only
be defensible it if is applied without discrimination and taken
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to mean that environmental conservation expenditure by industry
is only another element in the operational cost arithmetic. The
balance must be struck between cost and benefit to the public.
Peak contaminations are no longer associated with urbanism and
industry, but also agricultural use of pesticides,
fertilizers, and field drainage systems. Critical areas of
nascent eutrophication include Liverpool Bay, the Bristol
Channel, the Solent, East Wight to Beachy Head, the Thames
estuary, and the Wash and Humber estuaries. Political
decisions which may be influenced by economic factors to the
detriment of the environment can only be made after the due
processes of planning law. Water Authorities are the
controllers of development because no new settlement or land-use
dispositions can be achieved without their full consent and
active collaboration.
Citation 86
COOPER, DAVID C. , B. J. COPELAND
Dept. of Biological Sciences, State Univ. of New York at
Binghampton, Binghampton, N Y
Responses of Continuous-Series Estuarine Microecosystems to Point
-Source Input Variations
Ecol Monogr
1973 ,43,213-236.
English
Six continuous-series microecosystems, each containing five
cells, were consructed to simulate hydrological factors of
estuarine regions. Exchange and retention characteristics were
adjusted to closely model the hydrological conditions of Trinity
Bay, Texas. Primary production and community respiration in
the first three cells of the microecosystems were dependent on
both quantity and quality of freshwater input, whereas primary
production and community respiration in the saltwater portions
(cells 4,5) of the microecosystems were virtually independent of
the quantity and quality of freshwater input. Metabolism of the
freshwater portions of the microecosystems was heterotrophic
under normal flow conditions and autotrophic under drought
conditions. Addition of an industrial effluent to the
freshwater inputs resulted in extensive shifts towards metabolic
heterotrophy of the more freshwater portions of the
microecosystems. Metabolisms of the saltwater cells was
heterotrophic under all conditions of freshwater input. The
upstream communities were adapted to a dependency on
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allochthonous materials input for production and respiration
maintenance. Retarding freshwater input resulted in tying up
larger portions of the nutrient pool within the systems in
living components. Addition of industrial effluent increased
the community maintenance requirements. Retarding freshwater
input acted as an environmental stress on the first three cells
of the microecosystems. Magnitudes of production and
respiration were significantly lower, and zooplankton standing
crops and species diversity decreased significantly. Addition
of industrial effluent produced similar effects. Decreased
freshwater input rate (primary stress) rendered the receiving
communities more susceptible to the industrial effluent addition
(secondary stress).
Citation 87
COPELAND, B. J.
North Carolina State Univ. , Raleigh, Dept. of Zoology
Nutrients and Eutrophication in the Pamlico River Estuary, NC -
Preliminary Results, 1971-72
WRRI North Carolina
1972(Nov), Interim Rep. , 23p.
English
Studies were initiated in 1965 to study the effects of expected
increases in phosphorus concentrations in the Pamlico River
Estuary from phosphate mining operations onshore. A series of
reports have followed, reporting phosphorus concentrations,
hydrography, phytoplankton, benthic animal populations,
zooplankton, the effects of phosphorus on algae, and a summary
of phosphorus effects for the initial periods of work during
1965-69, During 1969-71, the sampling was expanded to include
nitrogen concentrations in the estuary as well as nutrient
concentrations in tributary streams. A preliminary analysis of
data taken during 1971-72 for nutrients and response of the
biological components is presented.
Citation 88
COPELAND, B. J. , DONALD E. WOHLSCHLAG
Univ. of Texas, Marine Science Inst. , Port Aransas, TX
Biological responses to nutrients — eutrophication: Saline
water considerations. Advances in Water Quality improvement.
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Water Resources Symposium No. I. Papers. Gloyna, Earnest F.
and Eckenfelder, W. Wesley, (Held in Austin, Tex. , April
1966.) Sponsored by Univ. of Texas, Center for Research in
Resources, Austin
Univ. of Texas Press, Austin
1968,65,82.
English
1) The addition of a known nutrient source to a marine community
resulted in alteration of the metabolic patterns of the
ecosystem. An increase in the amount of nutrient material
caused an increase in photosynthetic production. 2) Species
diversity of zooplankton is reduced in marine environments
receiving various types of organic wastes, which an
interruption of normal community structure by the addition of
new nutrient materials. 3) A theoretical case was presentd to
demonstrate that slight toxic effects are pronounced although
not detectable by conventional methods of measurements. With
just a slight increase in mortality rate the biomass of the
fishes affected would be decreased greatly. 4) Experiments on
the metabolic rate of fishes revealed that slight pollution
stresses tend to lower the metabolic rates considerably. The
depression was greatest when the fish were already subject to
regular environmental stress, such as low temperature. 5) Most
of the effects of waste materials in the marine environment are
subtle. It appears that the community approach rather than the
organismic approach will be more fruitful in evaluating the
impact of man-made changes in inland saline water ecosystems,
notwithstanding the fact that the effect of stresses on
individual populations can be physiologically quantifiable.
Citation 89
COPELAND, B. J. , H. LEE DAVIS
Dept. of Zoology, North Carolina State Univ. , Raleigh, NC
Estuarine Ecosystems and High Temperatures
WRRI UNC
1972(June), UNC-WRRI-72-68 or UNC Contribution No. 29,90p.
English
A study was designed to investigate the responses of estuarine
community structure respiration and production to added heat,
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sewage and their combination. The study was conducted in
plastic pools containing transplanted ecosystems from South
Creek Estuary, NC. Temperature replication was achieved.
Temperature in the heated pools was regulated at 5 C (9 F) above
that of the ambient pools; but due to local and short-term
weather variations, the actual differences were 2-5 C, 3-5 C
and 0-12 C during spring, summer and winter, respectively.
Thermal treatment increased the nutrient regeneration rates,
yielding slightly higher algal biomass; although, seasonal
differences were more significant. Gross community productivity
was regulated by ammonia, light, and temperature levels and
total respiration was regulated by temperature and primary
productivity. Sewage addition substantially increased the
ammonia levels, particularly during the winter. Community
metabolism responded positively to thermal treatment, but not
to sewage treatment. Thermal treatment and the combination of
sewage and thermal treatments increased the
photosynthesis/respiration ratios (P/R) during spring and
summer, but decreased the P/R when temperature was limiting
during winter. Temperature had very little effect on
phytoplankton composition during the spring. Blue-green algae
and coccoid green algae dominated in the heated and sewage-
treated pools during summer. Nekton and benthic (blue crabs,
grass shrimp, widgeon grass, bay clams, and fish) increased
to higher biomass in the heated pools during spring and achieved
a lower biomass in the heated pools during summer than in the
ambient pools. Sewage addition did not substantially alter the
patterns between heated and ambient systems. Oysters, bay
clams and widgeon grass reached higher biomass in the heated
pools during winter than in the ambient pools.
Citation 90
COPELAND, B. J. , JOHN E. HOBBIE
North Carolina State Univ. , Dept. of Zoology, Raleigh, NC
Phosphorus and Eutrophication in the Pamlico River Estuary, NC
North Carolina Water Resourc. Res. Inst. , Raleigh, N C
1972 (Mar), UNC-WRRI-72-65,95p.
English
The effects of phosphorus on the ecology of the Pamlico River
Estuary, N. C. were measured. Surveys were conducted to
determine hydrography, phosphorus concentrations in the water
and sediment, and phytoplankton speciation and biomass in
relation to inputs from the Tar River Basin and phosphorus
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mining activities. Studies were designed to determine
phytoplankton response to phosphorus additions, phosphorus
exchange with sediment, phosphorus utilization by Rangia clams,
and phosphorus uptake by phytoplankton. The Pamlico River
Estuary is typically oligo- to mesohaline; tidal influence is
minimal and the estuary occasionally stratifies. Stratification
is easily destroyed by winds. During summer stratification,
anaerobic conditions develop near the bottom muds. The estuary
already is rich in phosphorus, and concentrations are
increasing via land runoff and mining wastes. (Author)
Citation
91
CORRELL, D. L.
Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, Box 28,
Edgewater, MD 21037
Estuarine Productivity
BioScience
1978,28,646-450.
English
An article which reviews estuarine particle production,
consumption and mechanisms for maintaining high productivity at
a level understandable to the sophisticated layman. Orientation
is largely toward Chesapeake Bay as a result of the work cited.
It concludes that 80-90% of the primary production is in situ by
phytoplankton (small forms of less than 20 urn) rather than
imported and that the required nitrogen and phosphorus is
effectively recycled through various routes such as the
sediments, aquatic plants, etc. Article acknowledges the
importance of hydrography through indicating that the estuarine
countercurrent flow traps nutrients and offers migratory paths
to organisms, i. e. passive flow toward the ocean in surface
and toward land in bottom waters. Article suffers from lack of
critical evaluation of the cited literature and lack of careful
editing. 41 references. Abstr. by KLW.
Citation
92
CORRELL, D. L.
STEVENSON, K. LOMAX
M.
Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies,
Edgewater, Md 21037
A. FAUST, J. W. PIERCE, J.
Box 28,
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A Quantitative Study of the Diffuse Source Loadings of
Chesapeake Bay, (Progress Report)
Chesapeake Bay Research Consortium, Inc.
1976(Nov), Rep. No. NSF/RA-761357,13p.
English
Research conducted by the Chesapeake Research Consortium during
the period from December 1,1975 to November 30,1976 is reported.
The research of organic and mineral particulates, and of
indicators of bacterial pathogens on a seasonal basis, per unit
of watershed area of a series of land use types prevalent in the
Chesapeake Bay region; (2) test whether expedited land use
mapping and area yield loading rates measured at intensive study
locations can be used to calculate diffuse source loading of
Chesapeake Bay from other control areas of its watershed; and
(3) develop a tested methodology, of regional scope, for the
prediction of land use effects via diffuse source pollution upon
water quality in Chesapeake Bay. Described are the construction
and instrumentation of the monitoring stations; Rhode River
Watersheds, Choptank River Watersheds, and Patuxent River
Watersheds. A status report on other program activities is
included.
Citation
93
CORY, R. L.
Geological Survey, Edgewater, MD
Changes in Oxygen and Primary Production of the Patuxent
Estuary, Maryland, 1963 Through 1969
Chesapeake Sci
1974(June),15(2),78-83.
English
Water quality was monitored from 1963 through 1969 in the upper-
middle Patuxent estuary, near Benedict, Maryland. Over the
period of record, a pronounced change occurred in the diel
oxygen measurement, particularly during the months of July,
August, and September. Annual variations of dissolved oxygen
ranged from 3.6 to 15.0 mg per liter in 1964 and from 2.3 to
16.5 mg per liter in 1969 with percentage saturation varying
from 60% to 130% in 1964 and from 30% to 84% in 1969. The
magnitude of diel summer oxygen variation changed from about 3
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to 7 mg per liter per day over the same period. From hourly
values of temperature, oxygen, and conductivity, gross
primary production (GP) and respiration (R) were estimated.
From the seasonal data, GP ranged from about 3 to 25 g of
oxygen per sqm per day, and R ranged from about 4 to 32 g of
oxygen per sqm per day. On average days, GP ranged from 2 to
10 g of oxygen per sqm per day in 1964 and from 1 to 16 in 1969.
In 1964, daily average GP was 5.2 grams of oxygen per sqm per
day as compared to 6.1 in 1969, and respiration was 6.1 grams
of oxygen per sqm per day in 1964 versus 10.2 grams of oxygen
per sqm per day in 1969, increases of 20% and 16%,
respectively. Ratios of GP/R averaged 0.84 in 1964 versus 0.60
in 1969, reflecting a larger respiration in 1969 and suggesting
a trend towards community instability. The increases in
production were attributed to upstream domestic waste loading.
If the present trend increases, metabolic imbalance and
anaerobic conditions may develop.
Citation 94
COX, D. C. , P. R. FAN, K. E. CHAVE, R. I. CLUTTER,
K. R. GUNDERSEN
Hawaii Univ. , Honolulu, Water Resources Research Center
Estuarine Pollution in the State of Hawaii, Volume 2: Kaneohe
Bay Study
WRRC Hawaii
1973(Nov), Technical Rep. No. 31,444p.
English
Kaneohe Bay, a combination coastal-plain estuary and lagoon,
is used extensively for recreation and as a fishery. Fresh
water discharges to the bay, principally from perennial
streams, originally totaled about 97 mgd, but have been
reduced by diversions by about 38 percent. Only 8 percent of
the exchange transport with ocean water affects the southeastern
part of the bay, which comprises 27 percent of the bay volume.
Into this southeastern part of the bay is discharged nearly 3
mgd of sewage effluents, mostly after secondary treatment.
During floods, both perennial and intermittent streams
discharge large amounts of sediments, one stream discharging an
estimated 9470 tons in a single 24-hour storm period. High
concentrations of total coliforms and fecal coliforms occurred
in the stream mouths and in the vicinity of sewer outfalls;
however, most of the bay water met the state standards for the
highest water quality class. Nitrogen concentrations offshore,
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in streams, and the bay were found generally to exceed
standards, indicating unreasonably restrictive standards.
Phosphorus concentrations in streams and at outfalls exceeded
standards but decreased rapidly away from points of discharge.
Plankton studies indicated a high productivity in the south
decreasing to lower productivity to the north. Trends toward
eutrophication, decreasing diversity, and stability have been
documented. Among alternatives for reducing the pollution of
the bay by sewage effluents, the diversion of the effluents by
force main to the open ocean east of Kaneohe Bay was found to be
the most economical.
Citation
95
CRAIG, N. J. , J. W. DAY, JR.
Louisiana State Univ. , Baton Rouge, Center for Wetlands
Resources
Barataria Basin: Eutrophication Case History
Louisiana State Univ. , Center for Wetlands Resources
1976(June),27p.
English
The cumulative impact of eutrophication and salinity changes on
the nursery grounds of the Barataria Basin were assessed. Much
of man's activity in the coastal zone leads to salinity change
or the introduction of excessive nutrients into water bodies.
Various factors producing these impacts are identified and the
relative importance of each of these factors is quantified.
Predictions about future impacts are based on the continuation
of present trends and mitigation possibilities. The Barataria
Basin is an interdistributary bay-wetland system bordered by
Bayou Lafourche, the Mississippi River, and the Gulf of
Mexico. The coastal wetland of Barataria Basin, extending from
the fresh swamp of the upper basin to the saline marsh bordering
the coast, serves as water storage reservoirs, nursery areas,
chemical transformation factories, and sources of organic
matter and nutrients. The importance of the estuaries as
nursery grounds cannot be overstressed. Barataria Basin alone
is responsible for about 45% of Louisiana's total commercial
fishery harvest.
Citation
96
CRAIG, N. J.
J. W. DAY, JR.
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Louisiana State Univ. , Baton Rouge, Center for Wetlands
Resources
Cumulative Impact Studies in the Louisiana Coastal Zone;
Eutrophication; Land Loss
Louisiana State Univ. , Center for Wetlands Resources
1977(June),166p.
English
This publication consists of two parts. Part 1 recognizes that
eutrophication is a widespread problem throughout the coastal
zone of Louisiana. It leads to poor water quality, development
of nuisance algal blooms, decline in desirable commercial and
sports fishery species, and diminished recreational usefulness
of water bodies. The major cultural sources of nutrients
leading to eutrophication are urban runoff, domestic sewage,
and agricultural runoff. The causes and consequences of wetland
losses in coastal Louisiana are examined in the second part.
Man-induced land losses result from flood control practices,
impoundments, and dredging of canals and channels with their
subsequent widening. Wetland loss also results from the
placement of spoil upon the marsh and impounded areas which are
drained for land reclamation.
Citation 97
CRIM, R. I. , N. L. LOVELACE
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Annapolis
Field Office
Auto-Qual Modelling System
US EPA
1973(Mar), Technical Rep. 54,301p.
English
Two mathematical models were designed to meet needs of Federal,
State or local agencies for water quality planning. The models
are designed specifically for water bodies in which widths are
small relative to their length. Most freshwater streams and
tidal tributaries to estuarine bays fit that description. These
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are waters whose net hydraulic circulation patterns are
essentially undirectional.
Citation
98
CROUZET, P.
C. BEAUPOIL
Study of the Restoration of the Laita River, Methodology
Approach to the Restoration of a Polluted Estuary
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
1978,50,37-42.
French
Laita river is the estuary of a drainage basin that used to be
rich in Salmons. It is now heavily polluted, due mainly to
flows from a paper pulp plant located upstream. The study was
undertaken by ABLE. Its purpose was the coming back of Salmons
in the estuary, in technical and economic conditions that could
be accepted without polluting sea-inshore environment. The
research made necessary to study particularly the following
topics: (1) Courantology of the estuary (working up of a
mathematical model), (2) Determination of toxical and
salubrious levels in pollutants (ecological survey), (3)
Courantology and sedimentology of sea-inshore environment. The
investigation led to practical proposals for cleaning up the
estuary; it is getting carried out at the end of 1977.
Citation
99
CUSTER, STEPHEN W. , RICHARD G. KRUTCHKOFF
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. , Blacksburg, VA
Stochastic Model for BOD and DO in Estuaries
J San Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1969(0ct),95(SA5),865-886.
English
The BOD and DO of estuaries was studied by using a statistical
model of the biodegradation of pollutants. Using the assumption
that the degrading process in nature is descrete rather than
continuous, a stochastic model is constructed for the process.
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Unlike the results previously obtained for streams the mean
effects did not coincide with previously obtained deterministic
results. The mean effect and the fluctuations about this effect
were compared with data from the Potomac estuary. The
comparison is remarkably good, and strongly indicates the
validity of the stochastic model.
Citation
100
DAHL-MADSEN, K. I.
Water Quality Inst. , Horsholm, Denmark
Mathematical Modeling of Eutrophied Coastal Areas
Prog Water Technol
1978,10(5-6),217-235.
English
Combined hydrodynamic, transport-dispersion and eutrophication
models have been developed and applied in the Danish wastewater
planning process for marine coastal water systems. The water
quality of these water systems has been described by 5-14 state
variables and biochemical processes. The phytoplankton growth
equation used in the later versions of the eutrophication models
relates growth to intracellular concentrations of P and N. A
comprehensive evaluation of field and model data shows that the
agreement between observed and simulated values of variables has
to be improved by further model development.
Citation
101
DAIBER, FRANKLIN C.
Delaware Univ. , Newark, College of Marine Studies
Flushing Pattern of Certain Tidal Streams in Delaware
Delaware Univ.
1972 (Jan), Completion Rep. July 66-June 70,48p.
English
The flushing characteristics of two tidal streams, the
Broadkill and Murderkill Rivers, have been established. Water
quality characteristics of biological importance are described
for the Broadkill River: there is a longitudinal and seasonal
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distribution of the various forms of phosphorus and nitrogen,
oxygen, pH and chlorophyll pigments. The distribution of these
various parameters is determined by the hydrographic features of
the stream, the season and the location of one existing sewer
outfall. (Author)
Citation 102
DAVIS, E. M. , W. W. ECKENFELDER
Texas Univ. , Austin
Estuarine Measurements for Productivity and Evaluation of System
Waste Discharge Effects
In: Fifth International Water Pollution Conference, San
Francisco, July 26-Aug 1,1970
1970,9p.
English
The overall productivity of two estuarine systems on the Texas
coast, namely Taylor Bayou and Chocolate Bayou, was evaluated
and the seasonal effects of chemical waste discharges on the
ecology of the systems was estimated. The variation of
productivity by season of the year over a two-year period was
established by field analysis which included the measurement of
gross photosynthesis and respiration and the species diversity
index in each system. These results were compared to laboratory
data using waste samples taken from each estuary. It was
established that the community productivity and the effects of
additions of chemical process wastes could be determined under
laboratory conditions. Chlorophyll-a response varies with the
population quite extensively and can increase due to
phytoplankton increases. The nutritive benefit is therefore
quite rapid for some wastes. Even with increases of chlorophyll-
a concentrations some photosynthetic supression may occur due to
a concurrent toxic effect by the waste. Diversity indexes
decreased most often due to the toxic effect of the wastes on
the zooplankton. The dinoflagellates are more seriously
effected, followed by the green algae, diatoms then
bluegreens. Application of the principles involved herein are
by no means limited to the estuaries of Texas coast, and may be
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applied to any aquatic ecosystem regardless of the hemisphere in
which it is located.
Citation 103
DAVIS, G. J.
East Carolina Univ. , Greenville, NC 27834
Seasonal Changes of Rooted Water Plants of the Pamlico River
Estuary
WRRI North Carolina
1975, Annual Rep. , 51p.
English
Citation 104
DAVIS, G. J. , M. M. BRINSON, W. A. BURKE
East Carolina Univ. , Greenville, NC 27834, Dept. of Biology
Organic Carbon and Deoxygenation in the Pamlico River Estuary
WRRI North Carolina (Raleigh)
1978(Jan), UNC-WRRI-78-131,123p.
English
The distribution, sources and sinks of organic carbon were
studied in the Pamlico River Estuary during 1975-1977. The main
source of organic carbon was from phytoplankton productivity,
which, together with other sources from within the estuary,
provided 64% of the organic carbon inputs. The remaining 36%
was mainly from tributaries. Organic carbon losses (sinks) were
80% as water column respiration and 20% as outflow.
Sedimentation and benthic respiration are undetermined losses.
Total organic carbon (TOC) varied seasonally with the highest
levels occurring during the summer months when flow rates were
low. Also, TOC normally displayed a gradient with the highest
levels consistently in the upper reaches near Washington, DC.
Approximately 79% of the TOC in the estuary consisted of
dissolved organic carbon (DOC) which accounted for most of the
seasonal variations in TOC. Levels of particulate organic
carbon (POC) were fairly constant throughout the year with the
exception of sporadic increases in phytoplankton biomass. The
largest input of organic carbon to the estuary is from
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productivity of phytoplankton which is more readily available to
organisms utilizing oxygen than the more abundant and less
refractory inputs from tributaries^. Because of this, the
regulation of inorganic nutrient 'sources (mainly nitrogen) is
more important for controlling increases in organic loading than
are tributary inputs of organic carbon.
Citation 105
DAY, JOHN W. , JR. , CHARLES M. WEISS, H. T. ODUM
Institute for Environmental Health Studies, Morehead City, NC
Carbon Budget and Total Productivity of an Estuarine Oxidation
Pond Receiving Secondary Sewage Effluent
2nd International Symposium for Waste Treatment Lagoons, 23-
25(June)1970, Kansas City, Missouri
1970,100-113.
English
A waste stabilization lagoon was modeled on a digital computer
in PL/1 computer language. Included in the program are
constants for inflow, light intensity, rate of respiration,
rate of photosynthesis, and other parameters. All of these
constants were determined from experimental studies of existing
waste stabilization lagoons. These studies were performed in
their entirety for over a year. The data was then analyzed and
arranged to arrive at the desired constants. Development of a
model which was deemed a satisfactory representation of the pond
system allowed work to be done on the effect which various
outside stimuli will have on system performance, with the
desired end result being the prediction of changes which will be
undergone by aquatic environments receiving a certain waste
flow. The model may also be used to determine avenues of
further investigation in assessing the effects of treated sewage
on estuarine systems.
Citation 106
DEAN, DAVID, MICHAEL A. MAYURKIEWICZ
Maine Univ, Walpole, Ira C. Darling Center for Research,
Teaching and Service
Water Quality - Benthic Invertebrate Relationships in Estuaries
Maine Univ.
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1970(June), Completion Rep.
English
31p.
This is a study of the relationships between water quality and
estuaries, representing heavily polluted, moderately polluted
and relatively unpolluted conditions, respectively.
Preliminary hydrographic, sedimentary and faunal surveys were
conducted to determine comparable areas in each estuary to be
analyzed for interaction between level of pollution and
invertebrate benthic fauna present. Field studies conducted in
each area included an analysis of the qualitative and
quantitative distribution of benthic invertebrates, the
seasonal composition of the meroplankton, the settlement of
larvae and the hydrography of the area. Laboratory studies
included: (1) the determination of particle size distribution
of sediments and the amount of volatile solids present; (2) the
facility with which different indigenous species of benthic
invertebrates can be cultured in the laboratory; (3) the
temperature, dissolved oxygen and salinity tolerances of larvae
and adults; (4) experiments on temperature as a factor
influencing the spawning of adults; (5) the influence of
different substrates upon larval settlement; (6) the effect of
water quality upon survival, reproduction, development and
growth of benthic invertebrates.
Citation
107
DECOURSEY, P. J. ,
South Carolina Univ.
Research Inst.
W. B. VERNBERG
, Columbia, Belle W. Baruch Coastal
The Effect of Dredging in a Polluted Estuary on the Physiology
of Larval Zooplankton
Water Res
1975(Feb),9(2),149-154.
English
The effect of water samples from three dredging locations in
Charleston Harbor and its tributaries upon the physiology of
larval or juvenile zooplankton was determined. The samples for
each dredging location included dredge site, 200 yd downstream,
and the weir of the diked disposal area. The effect of the
water samples upon survival, metabolism, and behavior of
larval or juvenile zooplankton was measured. Since salinities
varied at the three locations, the assay organisms included
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juvenile Daphnia for Location I, newly hatched Palcomonetes for
Location II, and larval Polydora for Location III. Weir water
proved most toxic; the sample from 200 yd downstream was
intermediate in effect. Least toxicity was observed in water
from the dredge site.
Citation 108
DELTREIL, JEAN-PIERRE, MICHELLE FEUILLET, GUY ARCHAMBEAU
Etude Experimentale de la Fertilisation Phosphatee dans les
Claires a Huitres
Rev Trav Inst Peches Marit
1977,41(3) ,283-297.
French
Citation 109
DENN, M. M. , R. K. JAIN
Delaware Univ. , Newark, Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Control of BOD Upsets in the Delaware Estuary
Delaware Univ.
1974(Nov), Completion Rep. OWRR A-024-DEL(1),87p.
English
Short term regulation of effluent BOD levels is studied as a
means of maintaining water quality in an estuary following a
surge in biochemical oxygen demand. Optimal control theory is
used to solve the problem, with the constraint that deviations
in effluent BOD from regulated means must average to zero.
Optimal solutions are obtained for both a lumped and distributed
parameter estuary model, using parameters characteristic of the
Delaware estuary. Improvements in water quality using the
optimal effluent regulation policy are inadequate to justify
implementation.
Citation 110
DENOYELLES, F. , W. J. O'BRIEN
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Phytoplankton Succession in Nutrient Enrichment Experimental
Ponds as Related to Changing Carbon, Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Conditions
Archiv fur Hydrobiol
1978,84(2),137-165.
English
A study of phytoplankton succession was made to determine the
relation between changing conditions and phytoplankton
distribution during eutrophication. The influence of carbon,
nitrogen and phosphorus availability on the phytoplankton
community and changes of species was observed under three levels
of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium enrichment in 8
experimental ponds. • Data are presented showing that
phytoplankton changes in terms of overall biomass were not only
directly associated with nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment and
in some cases also with zooplankton grazing, but also to
changes in inorganic carbon availability; further, that such
major changes in species composition are influential in
establishing the undesirable conditions associated with
eutrophication.
Citation 111
DEPARTMENT OF THE ENVIRONMENT
London
Biological Indicators of Estuarine Pollution-Research and
Application. Report of a Seminar, London, June 1976
Dept. of the Environment and Transport
1978, Research Rep. No. 22,79p.
English
The seminar on biological indicators of estuarine pollution was
organized to promote consultation between the Department of the
Environment, as sponsors of the research, and the performing
organizations, including the Natural Environment Research
Council and other institutions. Research currently being
pursued by the Natural Environment Research Council, under
contract to the Department of the Environment, its scope for
practical application, and future research needs were
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considered. The papers and the ensuing discussions are
summarized in this report.
Citation 112
DITSWORTH, GEORGE R.
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Northwest
Region, Pacific Northwest Water Laboratory, Corvallis, OR
Environmental Factors in Coastal and Estuarine Waters:
Bibliographic Series - Volume II. Coast of Washington
Fed Water Pollut Control Admin
1968(Aug).
English
Indexed herein are references to literature pertaining to the
marine waters of the State of Washington. References to these
papers, most' of which have been published since 1955, are
indexed under one or more of the following headings: Marine
Biology, Fisheries, Geology, Chemical and Physical
Oceanography, Water Pollution, and Bibliographies, Literature
Surveys, and Compilations.
Citation 113
DUEDALL, I. W. , H. B. O'CONNORS , J. H. PARKER , R.
E. WILSON ; A. S. ROBBINS
Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York,
Stony Brook, N Y 11794
The Abundances, Distribution and Flux of Nutrients and
Chlorophyll a in the New York Bight Apex
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1977 ,5,81-105.
English
Tidal, spatial and seasonal changes in salinity, temperature
and the concentrations of ammonium, nitrite, nitrate,
phosphate, silicic acid, chlorophyll a and suspended matter in
the waters between Sandy Hook, New Jersey, and Rockaway Point,
New York, were measured during five cruises which took place
between November 1973 and June 1974. Over this period
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concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a were much greater
than those found in the adjacent coastal waters. The main
source of the ammonium, nitrite and phosphate is sewage
effluent which is discharged into the waters surrounding the New
York metropolitan region; nitrate comes mainly from the Hudson
River and silicic acid is discharged in large amounts from river
and sewage sources. The largest tidal variation in salinity and
nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations occurs near Sandy Hook
where the Hudson River discharge has the greatest influence.
Near Rockaway Point, nutrient and chlorophyll a concentrations
are generally lower and salinities higher than those observed
near Sandy Hook because of the inflow of Bight water by non -
tidal currents. During the spring freshet nutrient
concentrations, especially ammonium, are low along the
transect due to (1) dilution by the spring freshet and (2)
utilization by the abundant phytoplankton. Flux calculations
for the June observations indicate that most of the nutrients
and chlorophyll a are being transported from the lower Hudson
Estuary into the New York Bight apex.
Citation 114
DUKE, THOMAS W. , ANATOLITY I. SIMONOV
Environmental Research Lab, Gulf Breeze, FL
American-Soviet Symposium on the Biological Effects of Pollution
on Marine Organisms (1st)
US Environmental Protection Agency
1978, EPA/600/09-78/007,176p.
English
This symposium was conducted under US-USSR Environmental
agreement, Project 02.06-21 titled 'Influence of Pollutants on
Marine Organisms'. American and Soviet specialists discuss
state-of-the-art for hydrobiological analysis of basic
structural components of marine ecosystems and the influence of
various pollutants on these components. Participants define
problems related to methods for modeling the influence of
pollutants on the marine environment, long-term forecasting and
determination of permissible loads of pollutants, and the
unification and intercalibration of methods for determining
production of micro-organisms of ocean bacterioplankton and
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phytoplankton. Results or laboratory research on the influence
of pollution on the marine environment are presented.
Citation
115
DUNSTAN, WILLIAM M.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA
Problems of Measuring and Predicting Influence of Effluents on
Marine Phytoplankton
Environ Sci Technol
1975,9,635-638.
English
Concentrations of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in sewage
effluents are high enough to increase the levels of these
nutrients in coastal waters and thereby to influence
phytoplankton ecology. A variety of algae cultured in several
samples from one treatment plant failed to grow to the levels
that would be predicted based on the N and P concentrations.
Effluents from other treatment plants were even less
predictable. Furthermore, different groups of algae and
species within these groups varied in their response to
different effluents which were matched in N and P
concentrations. Effluent from one plant which produced
deficient growth, based on the N and P concentrations, grew to
expected levels when trace metals were added to the effluent.
While N and P added to the coastal environment from sewage
effluent stimulates general phytoplankton growth, the addition
of effluents emphasizes the role of minor growth substances
which might otherwise not have been important in the N-limited
coastal region. These factors then become important in causing
changes in the pattern of phytoplankton production,
distribution, and population dynamics.
Citation 116
DUNSTAN, WILLIAM M. , DAVID W. MENZEL
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
Continuous Cultures of Natural Populations of Phytoplankton in
Dilute, Treated Sewage Effluent
Limnol Oceanogr
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1971(July) ,16(4) ,623-632.
English
Seawater diluted with secondary-treated sewage effluent provides
excellent enrichment for the maintenance of mixed natural
populations of marine phytoplankton in continuous culture.
Treated effluent, sampled over 1 year, was consistent in the
ratios of plant nutrients' and similar in its properties of
plant growth stimulation and level of toxicity. The
heterogeneous continuous culture system produced large
quantities of plant carbon with the concomitant removal of
nitrogen and phosphorus from sewage effluent. The plant species
that grew in the continuous cultures were common to the typical
coastal phytoplankton and the selection and elimination of
species was gradual considering the chemical complexity of the
sewage effluent enrichment.
Citation 117
DUXBURY, ALYN C.
Dept. of Oceanography, U. of Washington, Seattle 98195
Orthophosphate and Dissolved Oxygen in Puget Sound
Limnol Oceanogr
1975,20(2) ,270-274.
English
The concentrations of dissolved oxygen and inorganic
orthophosphate at a single location in the main basin of Puget
Sound over the period 1934-1973 show no long term change that
can be related to man's increasing discharge of wastes. A
change in concentration in annual mean values of dissolved
oxygen and inorganic orthophosphate can however be related to
variations in the freshwater content and the influx of seawater
into the sound.
Citation 118
EDWARDS, ARTHUR P.
Cold Regions Research and Engineering Lab Hanover, NH
A Guide to the Use of 14N in Environmental Research
Cold Regions Res Eng Lab, NH
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1978(Sept), CRREL-SR-78-8,77p.
English
The fate of the mineral nitrogen in wastewater can be
established only through natural or artifical stable isotopic
labeling. This report assesses the possibilities and problems
associated with such tracer techniques applied to the small
amounts of nitrogen normally present after secondary waste
treatment. The methods outlined for sample processing to
minimize analytical errors are applicable to other types of
environmental research involving isotope ratio analysis as a
means of tracing nitrogen in the biosphere.
Citation
119
EDWARDS, P.
Durham Univ. (England), Dept. of Botany
Benthic Algae in Polluted Estuaries
Mar Pollut Bull
1972(Apr),3(4),55-60.
English
On site studies were made of three estuaries in northeastern
England in which different conditions of pollution exist. The
rivers, located in County Durham, are the Wear, a relatively
unpolluted stream, the Tyne, which receives a large volume of
untreated sewage, and the Tees, which receives industrial
wastes. These systems provide a huge natural experiment since
the degree or type of pollution is probably the only
environmental factor that varies significantly between the three
estuaries. The algal flora of the estuaries is compared to
reveal the effects of different kinds of contamination. A total
of 69 stations at about 1 km intervals intervals reaching from
the mouth to the tidal limit of each estuary were used to
determine the various species of algae. Vegetation identified
consists of 54 species from the three estuaries; these are
listed. A table also gives the species of benthic marine algae
in the Tees estuary for 1935. A decrease in algal vegetation
since the 1930 "s in the Tees is probably due to growth of the
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chemical industry and the associated discharge of toxic chemical
wastes.
Citation 120
EDWARDS, P.
Durham Univ. (England), Dept. of Botany
An Assessment of Possible Pollution Effects over a Century of
the Benthic Marine Algae of CO, Durham, England
Bot J Linn Soc
1975,70(4),269-305.
English
One of the most polluted British shores is in County Durham,
England. Pollution effects could be studied there, because
extensive herbarium algal collections were made from 1793-1864
before pollution increased dramatically. This list was revised
according to modern algal systematics and surviving herbarium
specimens examined. There were 145 species, although 8 were
excluded because they may not have been collected in Durham and
3 because they were incorrectly identified. These were compared
with the present flora of 122 species collected. A detailed
list of species is presented, showing their vertical and
seasonal abundance, reproduction, characteristics and
collection date. Eighty-six species were common to both lists.
Approximately 48 species were common in the earlier study and 53
now (excluding estuarine algae). The figures indicate there has
been little or no reduction in common species with time and
pollution. Of the 48 species found earlier, six are now absent
and two rare; therefore there has only been a 16.6% reduction in
common species over the past century despite increases in
industrialization and urbanization. It is concluded that
pollution has had only a minimal effect on species diversity on
the open Durham County coast where there is good water
circulation.
Citation 121
EHRHADT, MANFRED, JU HEINEMANN
Rgen. Meereskunde Inst, W Germany
Hydrocarbons in Blue Mussels from the Kiel Bight
Environ Pollut
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1975(Dec),9(4),263-283.
English
Although the Kiel Bight, W. Germany, receives relatively
little direct fossil fuel pollution, the neighboring Baltic Sea
is heavily polluted by excessive eutrophication. Blue mussels
are used as an indicator species to measure amounts of petroleum
hydrocarbons present in the Kiel Bight. Data indicate that
mussels ingest hydrocarbons from the surrounding water, which,
depending on the season, has varying concentrations of fossil
and biogenic hydrocarbons. The mussels degrade the paraffinic
fossil and biogenic hydrocarbons. The degradation of cyclic
saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons, which originate from
fossil fuels, is much less efficient. (18 references, 4
tables)
Citation 122
EHRHARDT, J. P.
Serv. Mixte de Controle Biol. , BP 16,91310 Montlhery,
France
Techniques for Studying Biological Modifications Caused by
Coastal Restructurations
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
1978,50,11-19.
French
In case of eutrophication favoured by the reduced circulation of
sea waters sheltered with dikes or alveolar complexes and by the
sewage dumps which are rich in mineral and organic elements,
the biological survey consists of planktonological and
bacteriological studies. The first studies aim at detecting a
red tide beginning with the planktonic population survey, and
the flagellate planktonic species identification and with the
search of their toxicity. The bacteria studies involved not
only the aerobic bacterial colony and coliform colony counting
but chiefly the control of the anaerobic bacterial microflora
presence and the testing of the sulphate reducing activity of
the samples. The biochemical studies consist of the assay of
mineral and organic elements. They have only a provisional
value and have to be completed by a careful and periodical
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survey of physical and chemical parameters relative to the
changed area.
Citation 123
EISERMANN, JOHN L. , J. DOUGLAS SMITH
Selective Nutrient Removal from Secondary Effluent
Office of Research and Development, US Environmental Protection
Agency, Washington, D. C. 20460
1973(Sept), EPA-670/2-73-076,155p.
English
Exchange diffusion (Donnan dialysis) with ion-exchange membranes
was investigated as a potential process for the removal of
nitrate, phosphate and ammonia from secondary sewage plant
effluents. Using commercial ion-exchange membranes & plate-and -
frames configuration ninety percent removals were obtained in
laboratory and pilot scale experiments. Ammonium removal
appears to be economically feasible while a combined nitrate -
phosphate system is only marginally economic at the present
state of development. Improvements in cell configuration and
membranes are suggested as a means of improving the process
costs.
Citation 124
EL-SABH, MOHAMMED, I. , E. BOURGET, M. J. BEWERS, J.
C. DIONNE
Departement d1Oceanographie, Universite du Quebec a Rimouski
Oceanography of the St. Lawrence Estuary
Naturaliste canadien (publication of Symposium on the
Oceanography of the St. Lawrence Estuary, Universite du Quebec
a Rimouski, April 12-14,1978)
1979(Jan/Feb),18 papers and a bibliography.
English
Contributions on estuarine dynamics, mixing, surface and
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internal tides, trace metals, suspended particulate matter,
primary production, fisheries and pollution.
Citation 125
ELEUETERIUS, C. K.
Gulf Coast Research Lab, Ocean Springs, MS
Mississippi Sound Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Nutrients
Mississippi-Alabama Sea Grant Consortium
1976, MA SGP-76-024,66p.
English
Mississippi Sound, an estuarine system, is the eventual
recipient of the accumulative effluents from activities
throughout the drainage basin and is further altered by other
direct actions such as dredging and construction. In order to
assess the effect of present and future development on the water
quality of the Sound, it is necessary to ascertain the existing
regime of nutrients through determination of descriptive norms
and causal relationships. A "baseline1 thus established serves
as a reference to which perturbations in the nutrient levels can
be compared to evaluate whether the level is a normal variation
or an abnormality. The estuarine waters are the principal
sources of the major elementary components of estuarine
organisms: carbonate, phosphate and nitrate ions. While added
amounts of phosphates and nitrates serve to increase the
fertility of the estuary, excessive amounts result in algal
blooms and accompanying anoxic conditions. Excessive nutrient
levels result in degradation of water quality and are therefore
used as indicators of pollution. One objective of the
Mississippi Sound research effort was to ascertain the temporal
and spatial distribution of nutrients.
Citation 126
ENGLER, R. M. , D. A. ANTIE, W. H. PATRICK, JR.
Research Soil Scientist, Dep. of the Army, Corps of Eng. ,
Waterways Exp. Stn. , Environ. Effects Lab. , Vicksburg,
MS 39180
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Redox Potential and Nitrate
Removal in Flooded Swamp and Marsh Soils
J Environ Qual
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1976,5(3) ,230-235.
English
The 02 depletion rates, N03- loss, and the effects of added 02
on N03- disappearance and redox potential in four flooded or
intermittently flooded soils from the swamp and coastal marshes
of Louisiana were quantitatively characterized in a laboratory
study. The N03 added either to the shallow floodwater or mixed
with the soil in a suspension rapidly disappeared. Eighty to
ninety parts per million N03 was lost from the soil suspensions
in 1 to 4 days and from the floodwater over a soil in 10 to 20
days. No N03- was lost from floodwater separated from the
soils. Oxygen depletion in the soil suspensions occurred in 15
minutes to 4 hours. Redox potential curves exhibited a
characteristic inflection after 02 disappearance in all soils
studied. Nitrate disappearance did not appear to be inhibited
by as much as 16 ppm 02 dissolved in the soil suspensions
because the O2 was rapidly consumed.
Citation 127
ENGLER, R. M. , W. H. PATRICK, JR.
Research Soil Scientist, Dept. of Army, Corps of Engineers,
Waterways Experiment Station, Environmental Effects Lab. ,
Vicksburg, MS 39180
Nitrate Removal from Floodwater Overlying Flooded Soils and
Sediments
J Environ Qual
1974,3(4),409-413.
English
The floodwater N03 removal rate of intermittently-flooded fresh
water swamp soils and continuously-flooded saline marsh soils of
southern Louisiana was quantitatively characterized in a
laboratory study. Of the two areas studied, the marsh area was
the more effective sink for NO3 contaminated waters with an
average initial removal rate of 9.15 ppm N/day. After
correcting for the rate of N03 diffusion, the microbial N03
removal rate was calculated to be 7.64 ppm N/day. The swamp
soil had a removal rate of 4.38 ppm N/day. The microbial N03
removal rate for this area, after correcting for diffusion,
was 2.5 ppm N/day. Studies on samples of floodwater separated
from the soil showed the active site of microbial N03 reduction
to be the soil-water interface or within the soil, but not in
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the floodwater. Additions of organic matter to a mineral soil
flooded for rice (Oryza sativa L. ) culture decreased the
thickness of the aerobic-anaerobic zone at the soil-water
interface and increased the rate of N03 reduction.
Citation
128
EPPLEY, R. W.
C. SAPIENZA, E. H. RENGER
Institute of Marine Resources A-018 University of California,
San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093
Gradients in Phytoplankton Stocks and Nutrients off Southern
California in 1974-76
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1978,7,291-301.
English
Standing stocks of phytoplankton and other particulate matter in
Southern California coastal waters show an onshore (high) to
offshore (low) gradient. Much of the spatial and temporal
variability in the standing stocks is related to changes in the
vertical concentration gradient of nutrients and is reflected in
sea surface temperature anomalies. At shallow inshore stations
the nitrate distribution at the bottom of the euphotic zone is
in accord with Riley's 'model of nutrient conditions in coastal
waters'.
Citation
129
EPPLEY, RICHARD W.
Institute of Marine Resources, Scripps J.HQO
Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, CA
Eutrophication in Coastal Waters:
Factor
Institute of
CA
Nitrogen as a Controlling
1971,16010 EHC , 67p.
English
The role of southern California coastal sewage outfalls in the
eutrophication of local sea water was investigated. The outfall
effluents have a measureable influence on standing stocks of
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phytoplankton, and on primary production. Two cruises were
undertaken, in July, 1970, and June, 1971. Kinetic
parameters for the assimilation of ammonium, nitrate and urea
were determined at the outfall sites using 15N-labelled
substrates. These parameters will be usefull for simulation
models of phytoplankton growth as influenced by local sewage
effluents. The utilization of various forms of nitrogen by
phytoplankton, mechanisms and rates of nitrogen assimilation
and enzymes of nitrogen assimilation were found to vary from day
to night as does the capacity for photosynthesis when cultures
were grown on light-dark cycles simulating natural illumination
(Eppley - UCSD).
Citation
130
FAHY, EDWARD , ROGER GOODWILLIE, JOHN ROCHFORD, KELLY DAVID
Natl inst for Physical Planning, Waterloo Rd, Dublin 4 Eire,
Ireland
Eutrophication of a Partially Enclosed Estuarine Mudflat
Mar Pollut Bull
1975 (Feb),6 (2),29.
English
Some 130 years ago Rogerstown Estuary, about 25 km north of
Dublin, Ireland, was partly cut off from the sea by a railway
causeway. Mudflats that formed became an important feeding
ground for wildfowl. In recent years the estuary has become
subject to increasing amounts of organic pollution. Algal
growth has increased, and further nutrient increases may cause
undesirable extension of algal mats. The Rogerstown Estuary
environment is described. (1 graph, 2 maps)
Citation
131
FANNING, K. A. , M. E. Q. PILSON
University of South Florida, St. Petersburg, Marine Science
Inst.
The Lack of Inorganic Removal of Dissolved Silica During River-
Ocean Mixing
Geochim Cosmochim Acta
1973,37(11),2405-2415.
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English
The significance of the inorganic removal of dissolved silica
from estuarine zones was investigated at 3 river mouths: the
Orinoco (Venezuela), the Savannah and the Mississippi.
given to the Mississippi river plume,
silica uptake had been reported.
(Venezuela),
Particular attention was
where extensive inorganic
Mixing curves and laboratory dilution experiments provided
little evidence that the phenomenon was widespread. Because of
an uncertain fresh water tie point, some inorganic uptake could
not be completely ruled out for the Orinoco, but in the plumes
of the Savannah and Mississippi rivers, no inorganic silica
removal was indicated. In contrast to published experiments on
river sediments, laboratory dilution studies on suspended
matter from the Mississippi river showed release of dissolved
silica instead of uptake.
Citation
132
FARMER,
SHAH
R.
C.
W. R. WALDROP, F. H. PITTS, K. R,
Louisiana State Univ. , Baton Rouge, Dept. of Chemical
Eng ineering
Development of a Three-Dimensional Time-Dependent Flow Field
Model
NASA
1975(Jan), NASA-CR-120762,88p.
English
A three-dimensional, time-dependent mathematical model to
represent Mobile Bay was developed. The objective of this study
was to develop computer programs which would numerically solve
the appropriate conservation equations for predicting bay and
estuary flow fields. The model will be most useful for
analyzing the dispersion of sea water into fresh water and the
transport of sediment. Also, the model serves as a useful tool
for relating field and physical model data. The unique feature
of this model is that it correctly accounts for momentum
transfer in the governing flows, thereby making it far more
realistic than any previously devised. NASA's ERTS and Skylab
programs resulted in high quality photographs of Mobile Bay. U.
S. Army Corps of Engineers have also studied this bay
extensively All these data have been reviewed for comparison to
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this mathematical model. The computer program listing is
contained in the appendix.
Citation 133
FAUST, M. A. , D. L. CORRELL
Smithsonian Institution, Edgewater, MD, Chesapeake Bay Center
for Environmental Studies
Comparison of Bacterial and Algal Utilization of Orthophosphate
in an Estuarine Environment
Mar Biol
1976,34(2),151-162.
English
In an effort to overcome lack of information about the role of
various microorganisms in the process of phosphorus cycling in
estuarine environments, finer-controlled filtration and
microscopy was used to distinguish between bacterial and algal
utilization of orthophosphate by plankton in the Rhode River sub-
estuary of Chesapeake Bay. The differential filtration
technique incorporated tests with flow filters of 5.0,1.2 and
0.45 micrometer pore size. Light microscopy examination
revealed that most of the bacterial population passed through a
5.0 micrometer filter while most algae were retained.
Phosphorus uptake by algae and bacteria was closely correlated
with cell biomass. Phosphorus uptake by algae was high only in
the summer months where P-uptake was correlated with temperature
or dissolved orthophosphate, total organic phosphate or total
phosphate concentrations. Algal cell numbers had a high
correlation with bacterial cell numbers (0.950) as did the algae
and bacteria biomass (0.902) though high standard deviations
from the means were found. The rate of P-uptake from water by
algae and bacteria varied with season and with the species
composition of the natural population. Bacterial and algal cell
numbers and biomass were estimated in all experiments.
Citation 134
FEDERAL WATER POLLUTION CONTROL ADMINISTRATION
Philadelphia, PA
Delaware Estuary Comprehensive Study Preliminary Report and
Find ings
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Fed Water Pollut Control Admin
1966(July),113p.
English
The Delaware river estuary - particularly the segment between
Trenton and the Pensylvania-Delaware state line below Wilmington
- was studied from the points of view of municipal and
industrial waste discharges, water quality and its improvement
by five specific alternative objective sets, water use, costs
and benefits of projected improvements, and guidelines for
implementation. Stormwater overflow discharges (discussed on pp
24,61,92) are considered esthetically objectionable, although
in comparison with other waste input it does not constitute a
large source of oxygen-demanding pollution of the estuary. A
continuation of the reported stormwater sampling program is
urged, and a demonstration project to counteract undesirable
effects of combined sewer overflow is recommended.
Citation 135
FERGUSON, R. L. , M. B. MURDOCH
National Marine Fisheries Service, Beaufort, NC, Atlantic
Estuarine Fisheries Center
Microbial ATP and Organic Carbon in Sediments of the Newport
River Estuary, North Carolina
Estuarine Res
1975,1,229-250.
English
Methods for the quantitative estimation of the standing crops of
organic carbon in sediment communities (allochthonous detritus,
detritus, heterotrophic and autotrophic microbes, and
microbial fauna) were devised. Seasonal surveys of
microorganism, macroscopic infauna, and nekton biomass in the
Newport River Estuary, North Carolina, are being made.
Standing crops of carbon in heterotrophic and autotrophic
microorganisms in water and sediments were estimated from
adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and chlorophyll-a measurements.
ATP was extracted with boiling tris (hydroxymethyl) aminomethane
buffer. The extraction efficiency from sediment was
approximately 47%. ATP was strongly absorbed by acid-washed
clay, but ATP extractability from natural sediments was
independent of its clay content. Instrumentation for the
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determination of as little as 0.0005 micrograms of ATP per ml
of extract and a hand-coring device for collecting samples of
shallow water sediment are described. The standing crop of
heterotrophic microbes increased 8.4-20.9 g c/sq m from winter
to summer in the upper 15 cm of sediment over the whole estuary.
This increase was associated with a drop in detritus and
increase in macroscopic infauna. Implications of seasonal
carbon distributions in detritus, microbes, and infauna are
discussed in relation to the apparent carbon flows through the
detritivore food web.
Citation 136
FINGER, JAMES H. , T. ALLEN WASTLER
Tampa-Hillsborough Bay Technical Assistance Project, Tampa,
FL, and Federal Water Pollution Control Administration,
Washington, DC, Office of Estuarine Studies
Organic Carbon-Organic Nitrogen Ratios of Sediments in a
Polluted Estuary
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1969(Feb),41(2), R101-109.
English
The observed ratios of organic carbon-organic nitrogen in
natural environments are used to differentiate between sludge
deposits of industrial waste origin and those from human wastes.
Field results from Charleston Harbor show deposits of both types
in separate areas and mixtures of sludge deposits in some
locations in the harbor. The C/N ratio of domestic wastewater
deposits is approximately 10, while that in deposits from
untreated paper mill waste is 40.
Citation 137
FINNISH MARINE RESEARCH
Inst. of Marine Research, P. 0. Box 14 166, SF-00141,
Helsinki 14, Finland
Proceedings of the Finnish-Swedish Seminar on the Gulf of
Bothnia VAASA, Finland, March 8th-9th, 1978
Finnish Marine Res
1978, No. 244,236p.
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English
The objectives of these joint research activities are to state
long-term changes in the hydrographical, hydrochemical,
biological and sedimentological conditions of the Gulf of
Bothnia, to study the present state of the Gulf of Bothnia,
especially pollution, and to investigate the material balance
of this sea area.
Citation
138
FISH, R. , J. SAVAGE
Partners, UK
An Outline Scheme for Reuse of Mogden Sewage Effluent
Water Serv
1974 (Sep),78 (943),300.
English
The possibilities of arranging for the reuse of effluents
discharged into estuaries and other tidal waters by diverting
them inland are explored. A scheme designed to give maximum
possible extent and flexibility is outlined. Cost estimates are
included. (3 maps)
Citation
139
FISHER, W. S.
California Univ.
Bodega Bay, Bodega Marine Lab
Relationships on Epibiotic Fouling and Mortalities of Eggs of
the Dungeness Crab (Cancer magister)
J Fish Res Board Can
1976,33,2849-2853.
English
This study describes the close association of epibiotic
microbial fouling on the eggs of Cancer magister and egg
mortalities. Laboratory experiments showed that nutrient
enriched sea water increased the number of measurable filaments
on the egg surface and increased the number of egg mortalities.
Chemotherapeutic treatment of the sea water decreased the number
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of filaments and mortalities. The use of antibiotics decreased
the number of mortalities while the number of filaments steadily
increased, suggesting that antibiotic-sensitive,
nonfilamentous forms may be substantially responsible for
mortalities caused by microbial fouling. Darkness and
ultraviolet irradiation of the sea water had no significant
effects on filaments or egg mortalities. Both filamentous
fouling and egg mortalities described exponential declines with
increased depth into the egg masses.
Citation 140
FLEMER, D. A. , D. R. HEINLE
Maryland Univ. , Solomons, Chesapeake Biological Lab
Effects of Waste Water on Estuarine Ecosystems
Chesapeake Research Consortium, Inc.
1974, CRC Publication No. 33,16p.
English
Recent increases in algae, measured as concentration of
chlorophyll a, in the Patuxent River estuary appear to have
occurred as a consequence of increased loading by sewage in the
upper watershed. The increases in concentration of chlorophyll
were observed downstream from the turbid sediment-trap portion
of the estuary, an impact distant from the points of addition.
Primary production, measured by the 14C method, increased also
as did zooplankton biomass. Samples of water from the Sandy
Point area of the upper Chesapeake Bay were enclosed in 750-
liter (200-gallon) polyethylene microcosms, enriched with
treated sewage, and ensuing events followed. While the
predictions from the microcosms have not been fully validated,
clear effects on several parameters were noted. Phosphate
appeared to be the major limiting nutrient in these experiments.
Enriched microcosms developed higher concentrations of
zooplankton and chlorophyll a and rates of primary production,
permitting predictions of effects of the sewage treatment plant
under various loads.
Citation 141
FLEMER, DAVID A. , HEYWARD D. HAMILTON, CAROLYN W. KEEFE,
JOSEPH A. MIHURSKY
Maryland Univ. , Solomons, Natural Resources Inst.
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The Effects of Thermal Loading and Water Quality on Estuarine
Primary Production
NRI Maryland
1970 (Dec), NRI-REF-71-6,223p.
English
Data on the hydrography, nutrient chemistry, primary
production, standing crops of phytoplankton and zooplankton,
and the effects of entrainment on the phytoplankton-bacteria
community by a power plant in the upper Patuxent estuary are
reported for the period August 1968 to August 1970. Calculated
primary production ranged from 0.01 to 5.77 g per sq. cm per
day and the spacial pattern was inversely related to turbidity
and the volumetric measurements of productivity. Maximum
penetration of high nutrient levels into the estuary occurred
during the winter. Nutrient concentrations were high and
comparisons with earlier published data indicate accelerated
rates of nutrient input. Published information on intake -
effluent studies showed that the power plant can cause a
significant reduction in the standing crop and photosynthetic
rates of entrained organisms. Preliminary studies were made on
the species composition, chemical content, biomass and
production of marsh vegetation. Final rept. , Aug 68 -Aug 70
Citation 142
FLINT, K. P. , J. W. HOPTON
Dep. Microbiol. , Univ. Birmingham, Birmingham, Engl.
Seasonal Variation in the Phosphatase Activity of Waters and
Sewage Sludges
Eur J Appl Microbiol
1977,4(3) ,205-215.
English
The alkaline phosphatase (I) activity of water from 8 locations
differing in P04-3 concentration was determined from late autumn
to late summer. Evidence for induction/repression effects was
conjectural, but cellular activity was highest in the
environment of lowest P04-3 concentration. Environments were
sampled and the pH/I profiles constructed. The pH of maximum
activity of low P04-3 environments was in the acid region
whereas the pH of high P04-3 environments was in the alkaline
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region. There was little difference in the character and
distribution of constitutive I in representative bacterial
cultures from high and low P04-3 environments. The I activity
of a water at a particular time will be influenced by nutrient
and physicochemical status as well as ambient P04-3
concentration.
Citation
143
FOLKARD, A. R.
P. G. W. JONES
Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Fisheries Lab,
Lowestoft, Suffolk, UK
Distribution of Nutrient Salts in the Southern North Sea during
early 1974
Mar Pollut Bull
1974 , 5 (12) ,181-185.
English
Nutrient salt surveys in the southern North Sea have shown that
the level of phosphate and nitrate off the continental coast
during January, 1974, was two to three times higher than
during the same period in 1962. The level of phosphate has also
increased in the Thames Estuary but to a lesser degree. It is
suggested that these increases are related to the discharge of
waste material from terrestrial sources and that such changes
must be considered in the context of eutrophication in the
southern North Sea.
Citation
144
FOREE, EDWARD G.
CHARLES REECE SCROGGIN
University of Kentucky, Water Resources Institute, Lexington,
KY
Carbon and Nitrogen as Regulators of Algal Growth in Treated
Sewage
WRI Kentucky
1972, Research Rep. No. 49,60p.
English
Continuous flow algal cultures were grown under three different
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growth conditions using secondary sewage treatment plant
effluent as the growth medium. The only variable within each
run was the hydraulic residence time. The concentrations of
growth regulating nutrients were varied between the runs so
comparisons of the algal mass, composition, nutrient uptake,
and genera could be made. The importance of C02 availability
for algal growth was also studied. A kinetic theory which based
algal growth on cellular nutrient concentration was verified.
The second phase of the study was a batch culture study in which
the same growth medium was used as in phase 1. The objective of
Phase 2 was to investigate significant similarities and
differences between continuous and batch culture growth under
otherwise similar growth conditions. Carbon dioxide enriched
conditions produced as much as ten times the algal mass as CO2
deficient conditions. Algal blooms dominated by blue-green
algae were found to be the result of a successional change from
green to blue-green algae under C02 enrichment, nitrogen
limited conditions. In the batch culture study algae exhibited
a luxuriant nitrogen uptake.
Citation
145
FRECKER, MAXINE F. , CHARLES C. DAVIS
Dept. of Biology, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario,
Canada
Man-made Eutrophication in a Newfoundland (Canada) Harbour
Int Revue ges Hydrobiol
1975,60(3) ,379-392.
English
A comparative study in 1969-1970 of the phytoplankton and
certain other parameters in St. John's Harbour and Aquaforte
Harbour, located on the southeast coast of Newfoundland, led
to the conclusion that St. John's Harbour which receives
untreated sewage as a prime source of nutrients was by far the
more eutrophic. Evidence for the eutrophic state was especially
observed in the central basin (Station 1) of the harbour. Here
the bottom waters were deficient in oxygen especially during the
summer months. Secchi disc readings were generally lower at
this station, and the annual standing crop of phytoplankton was
almost three times that at unpolluted Aquaforte Harbour. Also
the proportion of the biomass contributed by the nannoplankton
was greater in St. John's Harbour. One euglenoid occurred in
bloom concentrations throughout the summer months and may
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possibly be considered as an indicator of organically-polluted
waters.
Citation 146
FREEMANTLE, M. H. , N. RULINGS , M. MULQI , E. C.
WATTON
Faculty of Science, Univ. of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
Calcium and Phosphate in the Jordan Gulf of Aqaba
Mar Pollut Bull
1978,9(3) ,79-80.
English
Water and sediment samples taken from near the Port of Aqaba
have been examined for calcium and phosphate in order to
determine the effect of phosphate rock dust on the Jordan Gulf
of Aqaba. Normal values for calcium and phosphate were found
except near the town1s sewage outlet where the phosphate was
relatively higher.
Citation 147
FRONTIER, S.
Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer,
Nosy-Be (Madagascar). Centre Oceanographique (ORSTOM) de Nosy-
Be
Zooplankton of the Region of Nosy-Be: V. Cladocera:
Contribution to the Study of a Tropical Eutrophic Bay
Cah ORSTOM Ser Oceanogr
1973,11(3),259-272.
French
Spatiotemporal variations of the populations of Penilia
avirostris and Edvane tergestina are discussed. The 2 spp.
belong to the internal neritic settlement; the former is more
strictly coastal than the latter. The populations develop very
fast in the bays (Malagasy Republic) after the 1st heavy rains
(Dec. ). They reach a 1st maximum level in Feb. -March and a
2nd in July-Aug separated by an interseasonal decrease. The 1st
maximum is the principal maximum for Evadne. The situation is
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opposite for Penilia. The populations decrease drastically in
Sept. During stratification of the neritic water (wet season),
Evadne remains generally in the more superficial layers than
Penilia. With the surface drifting toward the open sea and the
estuarine circulation prevailing at this time of the year it
sweeps Penilia towards the external neritic zone. Cladoceran
populations seem to follow closely the abundance variations of
phytoplankton, the later being directly affected by river flow.
They are an essential link in trophic chains because of the
filtration power they represent.
Citation
148
GAMESON, A. L. H. , I. C. HART
Water Pollution Research Lab. , Stevenage (England)
A Study of Pollution in the Thames Estuary
Chem Ind (Lond)
1966(Dec 17),2117-2123.
English
An investigation was begun in 1949 to provide information on
which recommendations could be based for reducing the pollution
of the Thames Estuary. The main objectives were to determine
effects of various factors on distribution of dissolved oxygen,
and to develop methods by which this distribution could be
predicted for any combination of conditions that might arise.
The condition of the middle (most polluted) reaches of the
Thames Estuary, as judged by the dissolved oxygen content of
the water, showed a marked improvement at the beginning of
1964, following the installation of the secondary treatment
plant in Southern Outfall Sewage Works; this improvement was
maintained throughout 1964-1965. The lower reaches have shown
no improvement and satisfactory conclusions for this have not
been reached as many factors are involved. Among them are
deposition of organic solids, removal by dredging, changes in
dredging, possible return of oxidizable matter to the estuary,
variations of sampling methods, and longitudinal mixing. The
marked deterioration in 1949-1950 is attributable to the
widespread introduction of synthetic anionic detergents. In
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1964-1965 there was no anaerobic reach established at any time,
a situation that had not existed for several decades.
Citation 149
GARDNER, L. R.
Clemson Univ. , South Carolina Dept. of Chemistry and Geology
Exchange of Nutrients and Trace Metals Between Marsh Sediments
and Estuarine Waters - A Field Study
WRRI South Carolina
1976(Sept), Report No. 63,95p.
English
Some of the effects of marshes on the quality of adjacent
coastal waters are described and some of the mecahnisms of
materials exchange between marshes and estuaries are identified.
Data were collected on the quantity and quality of runoff from
marshes during low tide exposure and on the chemistry of
interstitial waters and marsh sediments. The results indicate
that marshes export phosphorous and silica in amounts comparable
to the supply of these elements by terrestrial stream flow and
that marshes take up Cu, Zn and Mo but at rates so low that the
effect on the concentrations of these elements in coastal waters
is immeasurably small. The export of silica and phosphorous
from marshes is due chiefly to the diffusion of these substances
from the sediment into a thin layer of water on the marsh
surface that slowly drains during low tide exposure. A
mathematical simulation of the process was formulated which
qualitatively fits the observed pattern of silica concentration
in the runoff.
Citation 150
GARDNER, W. S. , J. A. STEPHENS
Stability and Composition of Terrestrially Derived Dissolved
Organic Nitrogen in Continental Shelf Surface Waters
Mar Chem
1978,6(4),335-342.
English
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Twenty surface water samples obtained from a 100 km transect in
the seaward direction from Savannah Sound, GA, were analysed
for dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and nitrogen fractions to
assess the stability or availability of dissolved organic
nitrogen (DON), transported by rivers into coastal waters. A
linear decrease in both organic carbon and nitrogen with
increasing salinity was observed. It was inferred that most
biological and chemical changes affecting river-derived DOC and
DON had occurred by the time the river water reached the shore
line. The organic matter entering the continental shelf region
appeared to be relatively stable with C/N ratios and amino
nitrogen composition resembling those of soil organic matter.
Citation 151
GENOVESE, S.
Institut d1Hydrobiologie, Universite de Messine, Italie
Eutrophication Recent Directions for New Perspectives
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
1973,29,53-61.
English
It becomes obvious that the concept and the word of eutrophy has
undergone an evolution. In the beginning, it pointed out,
according to its etymology, a natural and optimal condition of
a stretch of water, characterized by its wealth of nutritive
substances. Now, on the contrary, the word of eutrophication
is employed only to indicate pollution conditions which are due
whether to an excess of organic substances or to the action of
man. This has led us to consider new studies and experiments on
samples of freshwater, marine water of some little lakes and
estuary areas, brackish water lagoons, in order to use this
great potential of nutritive wealths at different levels of
trophic chain.
Citation 152
GIESKES, W. W. C. , A. J. VAN BENNEKOM
Netherlands Institute for Sea Research, Texel, Netherlands
Unreliability of the 14C method for Estimating Primary
Productivity in Eutrophic Dutch Coastal Waters
Limnol Oceanogr
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1973,18(3),494-495.
English
Secretion of mucus by colony-forming algae may contribute to the
underestimation of primary productivity with the 14C method if
only the particulate, not the dissolved organic, fraction is
taken into account. Silicate enrichment from glass 14C ampoules
may lead to overestimation.
Citation 153
GIESKES, W. W. C. , G. W. KRAAY
Netherlands Inst. Sea Res. , Texel, Netherlands
Continuous Plankton Records: Changes in the Plankton of the
North Sea and its Eutrophic Southern Bight from 1948 to 1975
Neth J Sea Res
1977,11(3-4),334-364.
English
Patterns of long-term variability in the plankton of the North
Sea were remarkably uniform over large areas. Patterns of
annual variation in the herbivorous zooplankton were not related
to those in the phytoplankton. In the southern North Sea the
decrease in copepod numbers between 1960 and 1966 did not
correspond with a change in the number of diatoms registered by
the Continuous Plankton Recorder; the decline in this latter
group did not start before the mid sixties. Phytoplankton
groups that contributed to the coloration of the silks but were
not recorded in the analysis of C. P. R. samples (e. g.
microflagellates, small or fragile diatoms) came to profusion
in spring and early summer all over the North Sea during the
late sixties and early seventies; and during the last 5 years
dinoflagellates were much more abundant than usual all over the
southern North Sea. The gradual decrease in abundance of the
colonial u-flagellate Phaeocystis poucheti between 1948 and 1970
and the delay in the spring production of Temora and Acartia
since the early fifties may have been related to the decline of
sea temperature on the European shelf reported in the
literature; but in the southern North Sea the annual
fluctuations in the phytoplankton did not correspond to
temperature variations in any season. The increasing green
coloration of the Recorder silks showed some resemblance to a
trend of increasing solar fluctuations in the survey region most
under the influence of the eutrophic Rhine water were similar to
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those in adjacent areas. However, the decrease in diatoms and
in copepods was less dramatic than elsewhere, while the
increase in microflagellates and other unidentified species
between 1966 and the early seventies was greater than in any
other region. It is possible that the increased fertilization
of this area has stimulated phytoplankton and zooplankton
production in the eastern part of the Southern Bight. However,
the natural long-term variability can still be recognized
clearly. (abbrev. )
Citation 154
GILES, M. S.
Australian Atomic Energy Commission Research Establishment,
Lucas Heights
A Study of the Movement of Phosphorous in the Little River
Estuary, NSW
Aust Atomic Energy Comm Res Estab
1972(Oct), Rep. AAEC/TM-616,22p.
English
Knowledge of the physical and biological modes of dispersion of
radioactivity and of how released radioactivity can progress
through food chains, sometimes with a concentration factor, is
necessary in order to determine the rates at which the various
steps in this cycle occur so that dispersion or concentration
may be predicted. The estuary of the Little River, NSW was
mapped and measurements made of phytoplankton productivity,
phosphorus content, chlorophyll-a content, zooplankton
biomass, salinity, temperature, and oxygen content.
Phosphorus-32 and hydrogen 3 were injected into the estuary and
the rate of phosphorus-32 movement into the phytoplankton and
zooplankton calculated. Soluble P-32 in the estuary moved
rapidly into the phytoplankton with a turnover time of about two
hours. Phosphorus-32 incorporated into the phytoplankton was
found to be dispersed and diluted in the same way as tritiated
water released at the same time. Movement of P-32 into the
zooplankton was much slower. During a tidal phase of the
estuary, P-32 taken up by the phytoplankton (comprising at
least 90% of the total isotope released) was flushed from the
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system. During the same
retained in the estuary.
phase P-32 in the zooplankton was
Citation
155
GILMARTIN, MALVERN, NOELIA REVELANTE
Center for Marine Studies, University of Maine, Orono, ME
04473
The Phytoplankton Characteristics of the Barrier Island Lagoons
of the Gulf of California
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1978,7,29-47.
English
The eastern coast of the Gulf of California, a marginal sea of
the Pacific Ocean, is almost continuously bordered by extensive
coastal lagoons. Fifteen representative lagoons were compared
with the open Gulf during the season of lowest upwelling,
highest temperatures, and at the end of the low rainfall
season. A positive correlation between lagoon flushing rates,
nutrients, chlorophyll a biomass (to >19.5 mg m-3), and
primary production (to >185 mg C m-3 h-1) was established,
apparently related to lagoon trapping of nutrients and/or
anthropomorphic eutrophication, as well as a positive
correlation between lagoon assimilation numbers (to >12.5) and
temperature (to >31 C). Gradients of lagoon primary production
characteristics (phytoplankton community composition,
chlorophyll a biomass, primary production, assimilation
numbers, and nutrient levels) indicated that the lagoons were
markedly influencing the inshore waters of the eastern central
Gulf of California. Supporting data on the distribution of
phytoplankton species in the Gulf and lagoons, diversity
indices, degree of dominance, and nano: microplankton ratios
are provided.
GLEESON, SANDRA A.
JANE F. STAUBLE
Virginia Institute of Marine Science,
Virginia 23062
Citation
Gloucester Pt.
156
The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography, Vol. 4, Virginia Waters
VIMS
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1976(Dec), Special Sci. Rep. No. 80.
English
Compared to previous volumes, the Chesapeake Bay Bibliography-
Volume IV: Virginia addresses a larger geographic and subject
study area. Not only does this volume include and update the
water resource-oriented citations contained in volume I and II,
but it also identifies information sources dealing with the land
resources of Virginia's nine coastal planning regions. This
enlargement reflects the growing concern over land and water
resource interrelationships, and was made to help meet the
information needs of government and citizen groups involved in
Virginia's Coastal Resources Management Planning Program.
Subsequent volumes of the bibliography will seek to update and
improve this information base.
Citation 157
GOERING, JOHN J.
Institute of Marine Science, Univ. of Alaska, College, AL
The Role of Nitrogen in Eutrophic Processes
In: Water Pollution Microbiology. Edited by Ralph Mitchell.
Wiley- Interscience
1972, Chapt. 3,43-68.
English
There appears to be a delicate balance in aquatic freshwater and
marine ecosystems between nutrients and organismal growth. A
simplified diagram of the balanced flow of nitrogen through such
a system is presented. If nutrients are limited, as in
oligotrophic waters, the balance is maintained (ie, the system
is essentially in steady state). Also as the water increases
its nutrient content by natural or artificial fertilization the
individual components (ie, plankton, bacteria, zooplankton,
ammonium, etc. ) of the system increase in size but remain in
balance. Eventually, however, in late eutrophication, the
balance is lost and large increases in the phytoplankton
standing stock take place. McCoy and Sarles(76) suggest that
the imbalance results from physical restraints of the habitat on
the maximum size of the bacterial population. This would set an
upper limit on the rate of nutrient assimilation by bacteria but
not by phytoplankton. Thus, when the bacterial population
reaches its maximum, the phytoplankton could use any excess
nutrient over that needed to maintain the maximum steady state
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bacterial population and their own steady-state population to
increase their standing stock, and the system would then become
unbalanced.
Citation 158
GOLDBERG, EDWARD D. , JOHN J. GRIFFIN, VERN HODGE, MINORA
KOIDE
Geol. Res. Div. , Scripps Inst. Oceanogr. , La Jolla, CA
The Pollution History of the Savannah River Estuary
Scripps Inst. Oceanogr.
1978, NUREG CR0082,42p.
English
Records of natural and pollutant fluxes to the Savannah River
Estuary found in some river and marsh deposits into which time
frames are introduced by 210Pb or Pu geochronologies. Pu
releases from the Savannah River Plant are evident in 1 marsh
deposit and in marsh grass which received the transuranic
element from atm. transport. The pollution records are
disturbed by bioturbative activities of organisms, by the input
of marine solids to the estuarine deposits, and by dumping and
dredging in the river.
Citation 159
GOLDMAN, CHARLES R. , JAMES MCEVOY III, PETER J. RICHERSON
University of California, Davis
Environmental Quality and Water Development
W. H. Freeman and Company, 660 Market Street, San Francisco,
CA 94104
1973,500p.
English
A History of Water Development and Environmental Quality,
Rivers and Americans; A Century of Conflicting Priorities,
Psychological Response to the Environment, The Measurement of
Environmental Quality and its Incorporation into the Planning
Process, The American Public's Concern with the Environment,
Public Opinion in Planning Water Development, Impact Analysis
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and the Planning Process, Watershed Program Lacks Ecological
Dimensions, Ecological Impacts of Water Storage and Diversion
Project, Demographic Effects of Water Development, Protection
of Environmental Quality in Estuaries, Man's Effect on the
Great Lakes, Lake Washington, Skippack Watershed and the
Evansburg Project: A Case Study for Water Resources Planning,
Innovations in Water Resource Planning; Creating and
Communicating Discernible Alternatives, Water Development and
Urban Recreation, Wisconsin's Shoreland Protection Program: A
State-Local Regulatory Approach to Natural Resource
Preservation, The Economics of Water Development and
Environmental Quality, The Role of the Technical Expert in
Decision-Making, Decision-Making at Local, State, Federal,
and International Levels, Some Political Aspects of the
Relationship Between Large Scale Inter-Basin Water Transfers and
Environmental Quality, Alternatives in Water Project Planning:
Ecological and Environmental Considerations, Bodega: A Case
History of Intense Controversy, Water Development: A European
Experience, Case Description: Morrison Creek Stream Group
Basin, Critique of Water Resources Council's Proposed
Principles and Standards for Planning Water and Related Land
Resources.
Citation 160
GOLDMAN, J. C.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA
Identification of Nitrogen as a Growth-Limiting Nutrient in
Waste-Waters and Coastal Marine Waters Through Continuous
Culture Algal Assays
Water Res
1976,10(2),97-104.
English
Nitrogen can often be a growth limiting nutrient in both waste
waters and in coastal waters in which the major contribution of
nutrients originates from domestic waste discharges. The
results of continuous culture algal assays on waste water-sea
water mixtures supporting this view are reported. Analytical
expressions are presented that give the limiting nutrient
present in a given water. Two series of assays were conducted
on waste waters from the coasts of Massachusetts and Rhode
Island. In the first series waste waters representing different
degrees of treatment were added to sea water in volume ratios of
1:3 and 1:1 waste water / seawater In the second series,
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ratios were reduced to 1:12 and 1:6.5. Waste water was
collected at the treatment facilities and mixed with sea water
in the desired ratios in the laboratory. All indigenous algae
were removed and the particular test algae were added.
Particulate nitrogen, ash-free dry weight, and particulate
phosphorus were measured to determine algal biomass. The
results show that nitrogen is the growth-limiting nutrient in
the waste waters studied and in the marine waters receiving
these wastes. There was a linear relationship between total
inorganic nitrogen in the influent and particulate nitrogen
representing algal biomass up to a total inorganic nitrogen-
phosphorus ratios in the test algae varied between 10 and 20 and
in the sea water they varied between 4 and 12. Phosphorus had
little effect on algal growth. The elimination of phosphate
free detergents will have little effect on the degree of
eutrophication in coastal waters.
Citation 161
GOLDMAN, J. C. , K. R. TENORE, H. I. STANLEY
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA
Inorganic Nitrogen Removal from Wastewater: Effect on
Phytoplankton Growth in Coastal Marine Waters
Science
1973(June),180(4089),955-956.
English
Algal bioassays were used to demonstrate the high efficiency of
a combined tertiary wastewater treatment and marine aquaculture
system in removing inorganic nitrogen, and to show that the
coastal waters off Woods Hole, Massachusetts, are limited in
nitrogen for marine phytoplankton growth. When nutrients were
removed from secondarily treated domestic wastewater through
assimilation by phytoplankton in an outdoor growth pond, the
pond effluents, in varying dilutions with seawater, could not
support more phytoplankton growth than the seawater alone.
However, when nitrogen was added back to the mixtures of pond
effluent and seawater, the phytoplankton growth response was
similar to that with a mixture of wastewater and seawater. This
is similar to the findings of other researchers, and suggests
that nitrogen may be the key growth-limiting nutrient in many
coastal marine waters. The combined tertiary treatment-marine
aquaculture system appears to be an effective means of removing
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nitrogen from secondarily treated wastewater and controlling
eutrophication of coastal marine waters.
Citation 162
GOLOVKIN, A. N. , G. P. GARKAVAYA, I. V. CHURBANOVA
Murmanskii Morskoi Biologicheskii Institut (USSR)
Influence of Mussel Metabolites on the Dynamics of Nutrients in
the Coastal Waters of the Eastern Murman Coast
Okeanologiya
1976,16(3),451-456.
Russian
Hydrochemical surveys were made in the Porchnikha and
Vyselkovskaya (southern) USSR gubas (inlets) in July-Aug. ,
1971 and 1972, to determine the influence produced by the
populations of East Murman mussels on the hydrochemical regime
of the littoral zone. The highest phosphate, organic P and
organic N concentrations were characteristic of the areas
corresponding to the water level during the low tide or the
initial phase of the high tide, ie, places with the most dense
mussel populations. Growth in N03 concentrations was not
related to mussel grounds. A noticeable enrichment of water
with phosphates at the initial phase of the high tide may
originate from mussel metabolites accumulated during drainage in
the mantle cavity as corroborated by calculations. The
observations made in the 1972 mass mussel mortality showed that
no growth in phosphate concentrations occurred at the initial
phase of the high tide. Sharp changes in the content of
nutrients in the coastal water may evidently be attributed to
their isolation by mass organisms.
Citation 163
GOULD, D. J. , M. R. FLETCHER
Water Research Centre, Stevenage Laboratory, Elder Way,
Stevenage, England
Gull Droppings and Their Effects on Water Quality
Water Res
1978,12,665-672.
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English
Droppings collected over periods of 24 h. from four species of
captive gulls of the genus Larus, were examined for total
coliforms, faecal coliforms, faecal streptococci and
Clostridium perfringens. Samples were also monitored for
salmonellae and representative groups of samples analyzed for
nutrient content. The occurrence of several types of droppings,
characterized by their colour and consistency, was recorded.
Daily loads of coliform bacteria indicated that the outputs of
the two larger species of gull approximated to values quoted for
man; values for other indicator bacteria were however
considerably lower in all gull species. Salmonellae were not
detected. Daily loads of Kjeldahl nitrogen from each bird
varied from 608 to 1819 mg, and total phosphorus from 3 to more
than 115 mg, according to species.
Citation 164
GOULDER, R.
Department of Plant Biology, University of Hull, England
Attached and Free Bacteria in an Estuary with Abundant Suspended
Solids
J Appl Bacteriol
1977,43(3),399-405.
English
Metabolic measurements of free bacteria and bacteria attached to
the high concentrations of suspended solids in the Humber
estuary were made. Comparisons revealed higher concentrations
of attached bacteria as well as a higher potential for glucose
mineralization in attached bacteria. It is suggested that
organic decomposition is carried out mainly by attached
bacteria. Data from four other estuaries suggest that when
concentrations of suspended solids are lower, free bacteria may
be more abundant than attached bacteria. Therefore, in these
estuaries, free bacteria may make a relatively greater
contribution to the heterotrophic bacteria population.
Citation 165
GRADL, T.
Kiel Univ. (West Germany), Institut fuer Meereskude
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Enzymatic in situ Measurements: New Seawater and Sediment
Measurement Methods
Kiel Meeresforsch
1974,30(1) ,1-11.
German
A percolator was constructed to continuously measure metabolic
processes in sediments. A continuous flow of water penetrates
the sediment. 02 can be excluded. Continuous polarographic
control or control with enzyme electrodes is possible. Gases
evolved by metabolism can be trapped. An attempt to
discriminate bacterial and purely enzymatic processes (free
enzymes) by addition of chloroform or toluence (both lethal for
bacteria) was unsuccessful. Enzyme electrodes were constructed
as a probe for sediments, for the percolator and for the free
water. The enzyme elctrodes permit the determination of the
ratios of Pi/organic P, urea/ammonia, and glycosidically bound
glucose/free glucose. The enzyme is coupled to a diazotized
anilin resin fixed on a metal electrode as a thin layer. The
potentials (measured against Ag-AgCl) correlate with the ratio
of the concentrations of substrate and product. Absolute
measurements can be performed. The electrodes are calibrated in
Tris-HCl-buffer solutions of pH S. To study the fine structure
of sediments, matrix bound color reactions are used. The
matrices are fixed to glass slides. Glucose is bound
glycosidically to an epoxy resin. After exposition the
remaining glucose is measured by a color reaction.
Dehydrogenases are detected by 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolim-
chloride fixed to a matrix by spraying with a teflon aerosol.
The yellow formazan color is measure. H2S is detected by lead
acetate which is enclosed in the cells of a dried emulsion. The
walls are permeable for gas (H2S), but not for the insoluble
reaction product. All reactions are calibrated in Tris-HCl-
buf fer solutions of pH 8.
Citation 166
GRAEF, W.
Myxobacteria of the Myxococcus Group as Indirect Indicators of
Fecal Matter in Surface Water: 1. Communication
Zentralbl Bakteriol Parasitenkd Infektionskr Hyg Erste Abt Orig
Reihe B Hyg Praev Med.
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1975,160(1),28-39.
German
The fruiting-body-forming myxobacteria of the Myxococcus group
are coprophilic, ie, they accumulate in biotopes containing
fecal substances. A detection method of Myxococcus in water,
based on the membrane-filter method, was developed. Field
studies in the region of a mechanico-biological clarifying
plant, above a stretch of the Regnitz River laden with waste-
water, and on the Bodensee (Lake Constance) (West Germany)
revealed a clear correlation between the load of fecal
substances in such waters and their content of myxococci. These
germs can be used as indirect bacterial indicators of fecal
substances.
Citation 167
GRAY, J. S.
Leeds Univ. (England), Wellcome Marine Lab
The Fauna of the Polluted River Tees Estuary
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1976,4,653-676.
English
The fauna at the mouth of the grossly polluted river Tees
estuary, England, was surveyed in summer 1971 and spring 1973.
Gastrotrichs and nematodes dominated numerically and were more
abundant within the estuary than at open coast beaches, (2 x 10
to the 6th power compared with 8 x . 000001 animals sq m). Few
environmental factors correlated with faunal abundance. Sewage
bacteria showed a positive correlation with gastrotrichs at open
coast beaches and a negative correlation at sheltered beaches,
whereas nematodes showed a positive correlation with sewage
bacteria at a sheltered sand beach and a negative correlation at
a muddy beach. Annelids did not show correlations with
granulometric factors and comprised 98% of the biomass of the
muddy area. Using data on annelid species, diversity patterns
and a variety of multivariate analyses all showed that at the
muddy Seal Sand, a central area could be distinguished from a
peripheral area. The central area was physically stable and was
covered by an algal mat. This area contained the polychaetes
Capitella capitata, Polydora ciliata, Streblospio shrubsolii
and Manayunkia aestuarina and the oligochaetes Peloscolex
benendeni and Tubifex pseudogaster. The macrofauna comprised
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fewer species when compared with a survey done in 1935; in
particular there were fewer species of pelecypods. There were
no detectable effects of pollution on the meiofauna; the numbers
of organisms and total biomass were comparable with those of
other temperate estuaries.
Citation
GREEN, KATHERINE A.
P. 0. Box 13204, El Paso, TX 79912
A Conceptual Ecological Model for Chesapeake Bay
US Dept of Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service,
Ecosystem Group
168
Aquatic
1977, Order No.
English
SFWB 144807,36p.
A conceptual model for the Chesapeake Bay ecosystem (wetlands,
tributaries, and bay proper) has been developed as an
interrelated series of box and arrow diagrams showing carbon and
nutrient pathways. Information was based on discussions with
Bay scientists. The ecological functions which produce the
resources of commercial and recreational fisheries, habitat for
migratory birds and other wildlife, waste disposal, and
aesthetic water quality are indicated. Physical (light,
turbidity, mixing, transport, sedimentation) and chemical
(sediment-water interactions, presence of pollutants) aspects
of the environment modify the rates of biological processes
(primary production, nutrient regeneration, larval survival).
(abbrev. )
Citation
169
GRENNEY, W. J. , D. A. BELLA, H. C. CURL
Utah Water Research Lab. , Logan
Effects of Intracellular Nutrient Pools on Growth Dynamics of
Phytoplankton
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1974(July),46(7),1751-1760.
English
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A three-compartment mathematical model has been developed to
represent a phytoplankton population having the capacity to
store nitrogen in a nitrate-limited environment. Parameters
were estimated by fitting the model to equilibrium data from two
chemostat experiments. The model then was run to simulate the
transient chemostat conditions and the model response was
compared with the observed data. The model is shown to provide
a reasonable representation of the sudden population surges
associated with intracellular nutrient storage.
Citation
170
GRENNEY, WILLIAM J.
, DAVID A. BELLA
Oregon State University,
Department of Civil Engineering,
Corvallis, OR 97331
Field Study and Mathematical Model of the Slack-Water Buildup of
a Pollutant in a Tidal River
Limnol Oceanogr
1972,17(2) ,229-236.
English
The accumulation of a pollutant in the vicinity of an outfall
during slack-water periods in a tidal river was studied through
a field investigation and a mathematical model. A diffuser was
installed across the main channel of the Yaquina River about 35
km from the mouth at Newport, Oregon. Rhodamine-B was injected
at a constant rate for 10 hr and over 400 water samples were
taken. The data indicate a significant buildup during periods
of slack water. A one-dimensional, time dependent, finite-
difference model developed for the field study simulated average
trends reasonably well, but calculated peak values were
consistently lower than field observations. Concentration
profiles from the model were sensitive to the dispersion
coefficient and the grid parameters when large concentration
gradients were present.
Citation
171
GROSS, F.
Department of Zoology, University of Edinburgh
Further Observations on Fish Growth in a Fertilized Sea Loch
(Loch Craiglin)
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J Mar Biol Assoc UK
1949,28,1-8.
English
Flounders grew much more slowly in 1944 than during the previous
2 years. From October 1943 to October 1944 their mean size
increased from 7.9 cm, 6.8 g, to 12.7 cm, 23.6 g, an
increment which was if anything smaller than under normal
conditions. The reason of the reduction in growth rate is
attributed to the increasingly unfavourable hydrographic
conditions resulting from the prolonged closure of the dam, in
particular to the high H2S concentration, the high pH and the
low oxygen concentration of the water. In the autumn of 1944
the sluice gate of the dam was opened for several months. In
1945/46 the growth of stock III flounders was very rapid. They
reached a mean size of 32.3 cm, 409 g, in March 1946 and 36.8
cm, 580 g, in March/April 1947. Native flounders reached a
mean size of 30.6 cm, 353 g, in 2 years. The poor growth in
1944 was reflected in narrow bands laid on by the otoliths and
in low condition factors (1.05-1.15), the subsequent great
improvement in growth rate was correlated with broad rings and
high condition factors (1.31-1.16 in stock III, 1.2-1.23 in the
native stock). In March 1946 most females and all males were
ripe at an age of 3 years. In March/April 1947 10 males were
fully ripe at 2 years of age. These observations, in
conjunction with those recorded by Kandler (1932), suggest that
sexual maturity is correlated with size and not with age.
Citation 172
GRUNSFICH, GARY S. , IVER W. DUEDALL
Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York,
Stony Brook, NY 11794
The Decomposition of Sewage Sludge in Seawater
Water Res
1978,12,535-545.
English
Laboratory experiments were conducted over a 12 week period to
follow the decomposition of sewage sludge in seawater and
sediment-seawater mixtures under aerobic and anaerobic
conditions at 4 and 21 C. Results showed that the sewage sludge
decomposed more rapidly in the presence of oxygen. Dissolved
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organic carbon, a major carbon source in sewage sludge,
abruptly decreased to very low concentrations in 3-4 weeks in
aerobic systems; concentrations of particulate carbon decreased
only gradually during the 12 week period. Aerobic conditions at
the sewage sludge dump site in the New York Bight apex can
promote rapid decomposition of sewage sludge if it is
distributed evenly over an area of at least 5.2 km2 (2 miles2).
Citation 173
GUIDE, VICTOR , ORTERIO VILLA, JR.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis Field Office,
Annapolis, MD
Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Input Study
US EPA, Annapolis Field Office
1972(Sept), Technical Rep. No. 47,118p.
English
The purpose of this study was to determine primary stream and
watershed sources and their relative contributions seasonally of
nutrients to the Chesapeake Bay. Nutrient loading and stream
flow are statistically related through regression analysis.
Discussion of seasonality of nutrient loading is based on mean
monthly flow, substantiated by linear regression extrapolation
of this data. During the study, the majority of nutrients
entered the Bay from November to May; the primary sources of
nutrients were the Susquehanna, Potomac, and James watersheds.
The Susquehanna contributed over 50% of all nutrients to the
Bay. 13 references. Abstr. by JMB.
Citation 174
HAAS, LEONARD WILLIAM
The School of Marine Science, The College of William and Mary
in Virginia
Plankton Dynamics in a Temperate Estuary with Observations on a
Variable Hydrographic Condition
VIMS
1975, PhD Dissertation.
English
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110
A station in the York River mouth (37ol4'40" N. lat. ,
76o23'28" W. long. , depth ca. 18 meters) was occupied eight
times (24-36 hours duration) during 1974 for the purpose of
elucidating 1. the hydrographic characteristics, and 2. the
dynamics of the phytoplankton community of this temperate
estuarine system. Emphasis in the phytoplankton study centered
on defining the role of the nannoplankton (<15um) and the short
term (hourly) variation in plankton parameters. Temperature,
salinity, dissolved oxygen, light penetration, chlorophyll a
(Chi a), and in situ primary production (PP) were measured at
intervals through the water column periodically for the duration
of each station. (abbrev. )
Citation 175
HAERTEL, LOIS , CHARLES OSTERBERG , HERBERT CURL JR. , P.
KILHO PARK
Dept. of Oceanography, Oregon State University, Corvallis,
OR 97331
Nutrient and Plankton Ecology of the Columbia River Estuary
Ecology
1969,50(6) ,962-978.
English
Monthly samples of nutrients, phytoplankton and zooplankton
were taken in the Columbia River estuary over a period of 16
months in order to determine distribution with season and
salinity, and interrelationships between plankton and
nutrients. Nitrate and phosphate levels in the river water
entering the estuary are high in the winter and show depletion
during the summer. Silicate levels are high in the river water
at all seasons. During the summer upwelling season nitrate and
phosphate levels in the entering ocean water are high. Although
nutrient levels in the estuary generally show a linear
relationship with salinity, nutrients tend to be enriched in
the bottom waters of the central part of the estuary. The
estuarine phytoplankton is primarily composed of freshwater
species, and probably represents a downstream extension of the
river flora. Linear regression analysis indicates a strong
correlation between phytoplankton abundance and solar radiation.
The estuary zooplankton is composed of fresh water, oligohaline
and polyhaline forms. Eurytemora affinis, an oligohaline form
is the major zooplankter, reaching population densities of
100,000/m3 or more. Regression analysis indicates a strong
correlation between abundance of fresh water zooplankton and
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river temperature. Regression analysis indicates close
correlation between phosphate levels and Eurytemora abundance.
This indicates a strong potential for zooplankton regeneration
of phosphate necessary for phytoplankton growth.
Citation 176
HAINES, E. B.
Georgia Univ. , Sapelo Island, Marine Inst. ,
Nitrogen Content and Acidity of Rain on the Georgia Coast
Water Resour Bull
1976(Dec) ,12(6) ,1223-1231.
English
Since nitrogen is a nutrient frequently in short supply in
coastal ecosystems, an estimate of the nitrogen input via rain
was made for the Georgia coast. Water samples collected in 34
separate storms during a 12 month period were analyzed for
concentrations of ammonia, nitrate plus nitrite, and dissolved
organic nitrogen (DON). The range and average concentration in
micromoles of nitrogen per liter were 0.0 to 137 (6.3) for
ammonia, 1.0 to 21 (7.9) for nitrate plus nitrite, and 0.0 to
13.6 (4.0) for DON. DON, not usually measured in rain,
comprised up to 62% of the total nitrogen content. The annual
amount of nitrogen contributed by rain to the coast was about
0.3 g N/sq m. This value is a small fraction of the calculated
nitrogen requirements of coastal plants. More than half the
rain samples had pH values less than the CO2 equilibrium pH of
5.6. Values as low as 4.2 were in the range of pH values
reported for acid rain in Europe and the northeastern U. S.
Total titratable acidity was measured for 12 summer rainwater
samples. The results for 7 individual storms showed a highly
linear relation between hydrogen ion concentration and total
acidity. However, the slope of the regression line indicated
that increases in acidity were not a result of addition of
strong acid alone.
Citation 177
HAINES, EVELYN B.
University of Georgia Marine Institute, Sapelo Island, GA
31327
Nitrogen Pools in Georgia Coastal Waters
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Estuaries
1979(Mar),2(1) ,34-39.
English
The amount of nitrogen present as ammonia, nitrate, nitrite,
dissolved organic nitrogen, and particulate nitrogen was
determined for nearshore Georgia shelf waters and for tidal
water inundating a 0.5 hectare diked Spartina alterniflora salt
marsh in the adjacent estuary. Concentrations of ammonia,
nitrate, and nitrite were comparatively low in offshore water
(<2.2 ug-at N/l), and in high tide water in marsh (<9.9 ug-at
N/l). High concentrations of ammonia, up to 73.4 ug-at N/l,
were measured in low tide water draining from marsh. The
largest pools of nitrogen in offshore water and in high tide
water in the marsh creek were dissolved organic nitrogen (DON)
(2.5 to 20.4 ug-at N/l) and particulate nitrogen (PN) (0.1 to
30.0 ug-at N/l). Concentrations in marsh creek water at low
tide were higher, ranging from 4.4 to 38.0 ug-at N/l for DON
and from 13.0 to 239.0 ug-at N/l for PN. Comparisons of the
average concentrations of dissolved and particulate forms of
nitrogen in the marsh tidal creek during flood and during ebb
tide suggested no net movement of the inorganic nitrogen
nutrients, a net influx of PN to the marsh, and a net outflux
of DON from the marsh.
Citation 178
HALE, STEPHEN S.
Graduate School of Oceanography, University of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RI
The Role of Benthic Communities in the Nitrogen and Phosphorus
Cycles of an Estuary
Proceedings of a Symposium "Mineral Cycling in the Southeastern
Ecosystems"
1975, Cof-740513,291-308.
English
A study of net sediment-water fluxes of ammonia, nitrate,
nitrite, and inorganic phosphate was conducted in Narragansett
Bay, RI , from July 1973 to January 1974 to examine the role
of benthic communities in the nutrient cycles of this estuary.
Bottom chambers were used to obtain in situ measurements from an
Ampelisca abdita (amphipod) community, a Nepthys incisa—Nucula
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annulata (polychaete—bivalve) community, and a Mercenaria
mercenaria (bivalve) community. Oxygen uptake was used as a
measure of metabolism. Over a temperature range from 3.2 to
22.4 C, ammonia flux at the sediment surface varied from -4.28
to 276.10 umoles m-2 hr-1. Nitrate was transported in both
directions across the sediment-water interface, varying from -
66.31 to 43.43 umoles m-2 hr-1. Nitrite flux was relatively
unimportant. Phosphate uptake and release ranged from -9.43 to
41.63 umoles m-2 hr-1. Few significant differences (p<0.05)
were found among the three communities. Temperature exerted a
strong influence on the fluxes of ammonia and phosphate. The
fluxes measured can have significant effects on the nutrient
concentrations of the overlying water.
Citation
179
HALLBERG, R. D. , L. E. BAGANDER, A. G. ENGVALL, M.
LINDSTRON, S. ODEN, F. A. SCHIPPEL
ASKO Laboratory, University of Stockholm, Sweden
The Chemical-Microbiological Dynamics of the Sediment-Water
Interface
Univ. of Stockholm, Sweden
1973, Contribution No. 2.
English
In order to perform geochemical microbiological model studies at
the sediment-water interface a certain volume of bottom water
and underlying sediment is enclosed by means of a plexiglass
vessel. By this means it is possible to control and register
chemical and microbiological changes in an isolated natural
system. Sampling from the water body and sediment enclosed by
the vessel is carried out by SCUBA-diving. (Thus the method is
limited to a water depth of about 40 m). The changes in the
chemistry of the bottom water, as a result of changes in the
chemical nature of sediments due to the production of hydrogen
sulphide has been studied during the last 3 years by means of
this in situ method.
Citation
180
HAMPSON, B. L.
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, (Lowestoft England)
Fisheries Lab
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114
The Analysis of Ammonia in Polluted Sea Water
Water Res
1977,11(3) ,305-308.
English
Measurement of ammonia in polluted seawater or freshwater is
important, especially in fish rearing. However, existing
methods for the determination of ammonia are subject to serious
suppression interference by many substances, including all
types of amines, nitrite, and amino acids, which may
chain of reactions employed diverting it.
from breakdown of amino acids to ammonia.
often present in anoxic waters, also
be removed. The reported method overcomes
the mentioned difficulties by internal standard calibration and
by specific u. v. photo-activation of the required ammonia
yields indophenol blue reaction at low temperature.
participate in the
Some methods suffer
Hydrogen sulphide,
interferes and must
Citation
181
HANNAH, R. P.
General Electric Co.
Louis, MS
, A. T. SIMMONS, G. A. MOSHIRI
, Mississippi Test Facilities, Bay St.
Nutrient-Productivity Relationships in a Bayou Estuary
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1973 (Dec),45 (12),2508.
English
The temporal and spatial distribution of N2 and P were studied
in Bayou Texar, an estuarine bayou near Pensacola, Fla. , as
related to the major nutrient source and carbon fixation of the
system. Results showed that Carpenter's Creek was the primary
source of all N2 forms except nitrite. There was a significant
degree of P exchange between the water and bayou sediments,
even though the P content of the bayou was very low. Carbon
fixation rates ranged from 140 mg C/hr/cu m in the early fall to
10 mg C/hr/cu m in the winter. Finally, the tests indicated
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that the inorganic nitrates were more important than the
inorganic phosphates in controlling carbon fixation rates.
Citation
182
HANSON, R. B. , K. R. GUNDERSEN
Department of Microbiology, Honolulu,
Reef Flat
University of Hawaii,
HA 96822
Bacterial Nitrogen Fixation in a Polluted Coral
Ecosystem, Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
Pac Sci
1976,30(4) ,385-393.
English
Benthic nitrogen fixation was investigated in Kaneohe Bay,
Oahu, Hawaiian Islands, which receives secondary sewage from
two treatment plants. The range of nitrogen fixation rates (2
to 10 ng N2g-lhr-l) was similar to those reported by other
workers for a variety of benthic systems. Enrichment cultures
prepared from sediment samples from five stations revealed the
existence of several distinct physiological types of nitrogen-
fixing bacteria. It was found that 50 percent of the bacterial
fixation in the southern sector was light-dependent. There was
a significant relationship between the numbers of nitrogen-
fixing bacteria detected and rates of nitrogen fixation measured
in the sediments.
Citation
183
HARLEMAN, D. R. F. ; J. E. DAILEY, M. LU. THATCHER, T.
O. NAJARIAN, D. N. BROCARD
Massachusetts Inst. of Tech. , Cambridge, MA, Dept. of
Civil Engineering.
User's Manual for the M. I. T. Transient Water Quality
Network Model - Including Nitrogen-Cycle Dynamics for Rivers and
Estuaries
MIT
1977(Jan), EPA/600/3-77/010,263p.
English
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This study presented the development of a water quality
engineering model for nitrogen-limited, aerobic estuarine
systems. The uniqueness of the model lies in its application of
real-time hydrodynamics, that is the proper specification of
mass transport due to changes in magnitude and direction of flow
with time in tidal systems. The model is intended to be used in
engineering decisions regarding the degree of eutrophication due
to distributed and point source loadings in estuaries. This
user's manual contains a review of the theoretical background
for the one-dimensional, real-time, nitrogen cycle model, a
detailed discussion of the computer program including a complete
listing of the program, and an example of the application of
the model to hypothetical estuarine and river systems.
Citation 184
HARRIS, RICHARD L.
Dept. of Chemistry, Univ. of MD
Processes Affecting the Vertical Distribution of Trace
Components in the Chesapeake Bay
Univ. of MD
1976, PhD Dissertation.
English
Seasonal changes in phosphate and 8 trace metals (Cd, Cr, Cu,
Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn) have been investigated over a one year
period at a station near the deepest point in the Chesapeake
Bay. For the monthly sampling, in situ temperature, salinity,
depth, pH, and dissolved oxygen were measured; chlorinity,
total alkalinity, sulfide, sulfate, total and soluble
orthophosphate, ammonia, and chlorophyll a were measured in
the laboratory. Noticeable changes in the mid-Bay waters have
occurred since 1938. Total phosphates (40 ug/1) and chlorophyll
a (25 ug/1) are now almost double their average summer
concentrations of over 35 years ago. Dissolved oxygen has
increased from 7.5 mg/1 to 9 mg/1. These long term changes show
the influence of increased biological activity in this region of
the Bay. In addition, the deep water anoxic zone remains
longer now in the summer than in the early 1950's. For the
first time the vertical distributions of several components are
documented at one site in the Chesapeake Bay. The trend for one
month bears little resemblance to preceeding and following
months. This implies the existence of active vertical transport
processes capable of changing surface and bottom water
compositions within the time span of one month, the calculated
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residence time for the trough waters. Several possible
mechanisms for accomplishing this vertical transport are
critically examined. (abbrev. )
Citation 185
HARRISON, WILLIAM G. , JOHN E. HOBBIE
North Carolina Water Resources Research Inst. , Raleigh, NC
Nitrogen Budget of a North Carolina Estuary
WRRI North Carolina
1974(Jan), UNC-WRRI-74-86,187p.
English
The Pamlico River Estuary of eastern North Carolina is a
relatively oligotrophic ecosystem which is entering the initial
stages of cultural eutrophication. The estuary is naturally
rich in phosphorus and indirect evidence indicates that nitrogen
probably limits primary production. Investigations into the
various pathways of nitrogen movement and transformation were
needed to determine the importance of nitrogen in controlling
production in the estuary. In order to answer these questions,
a study of the nitrogen cycle of the estuary was undertaken.
Citation 186
HARRISON, WILLIAM GLENN
Raleigh, Dept. of Zoology, NC State University
Nitrogen Budget of a North Carolina Estuary
UNC State University
1974, Doctoral Thesis, 188p.
English
Nitrogen concentrations in the Pamlico River estuary changed
seasonally with highs occurring in winter and early spring and
lows occurring in summer. Of the five forms of nitrogen
measured (nitrite, nitrate, ammonium, dissolved organic and
particulate nitrogen ), the dissolved organic fraction was the
largest. Concentrations of total inorganic nitrogen varied over
distance and over time, basically reflecting nitrate
fluctuations. Seasonal peaks in nitrite and nitrate
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concentrations occurred in winter with concentrations at barely
detectable levels in summer. Ammonium was present in relatively
high concentrations year round and was distributed uniformly
throughout the estuary. Dissolved organic nitrogen
concentrations were at least equivalent to inorganic nitrogen
concentrations most of the year. Biological uptake and release
were the most important pathways of nitrogen transformation.
The calculated annual inorganic nitrogen budget for the estuary
revealed that of the total inorganic nitrogen entering the
system, nearly 40% disappeared. At present, nitrogen appears
to be a major factor limiting the production of the estuary
although the amounts entering have caused no noticeable ill
effects.
Citation 187
HARTWIG, E. 0.
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD. Chesapeake Bay Inst.
The Impact of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Release from a Siliceous
Sediment on the Overlying Water
Third International Estuarine Conference, Galveston, TX
1975(0ct), Paper No. COO-3279-20,33p.
English
The nutrient exchange rate was quantified for subtidal siliceous
sediments at a depth of 18.3 m in the La Jolla Bight, and the
probable impact of this exchange on phytoplankton productivity
in the overlying water was analyzed. Release (+) or uptake (-)
of nutrients was measured by analyzing nutrient concentrations
contained in a known water volume overlying a measured sediment
area enclosed within plastic boxes over a predetermined time
interval. Mean net exchange values and total range of rates
were (in micromoles/sqm/day); ammonia +872 (-47 to +3290);
nitrite +34 (-5 to +97); nitrate -77 (-720 to +647); phosphate
+77 (-438 to +502); dissolved organic phosphorus +12 (-28 to
+59); dissolved organic nitrogen -75 (-1326 to +1280); and
dissolved organic carbon -583 (-30,800 to +23,800). Using
published primary production rates and carbon- nitrogen-
phosphorus ratios it is calculated that 15,000 micromoles N/sqm
/day and 935 micromoles P/sqm/day were taken up by the
phytoplankton. The benthos released 786 micromoles N/sqm/day
and 90 micromoles P/sqm/day, or 5% and 10% of the required
nitrogen and phosphorus. Results showed, however, that
sediment exchange released only an insignificant fraction of
both nitrogen (0.04%) and phosphorus (0.05%) already contained
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in the water. Using a mean net advection rate of 1.5 km/day,
it is presumed that nitrogen and phosphorus released into the
water was superfluous to the needs of the phytoplankton and was
therefore exported from the area.
Citation 188
HARVEY, WAYNE A. , JOHN CAPERON
University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu,
HA 96822
The Rate of Utilization of Urea, Ammonium, and Nitrate by
Natural Populations of Marine Phytoplankton in a Eutrophic
Environment
Pac Sci
1976,30(4),329-340.
English
The utilization rates of ammonium, nitrate ion, and urea were
determined for 18 samples of water from the southern sector of
Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Island. The samples were
collected from 14 May through 23 August 1974. The mean daytime
uptake rates for this period were 0.040,0.033, and 0.013 hr-1
for ammonium, urea, and nitrate, respectively. Dark uptake
rates for ammonium, urea, and nitrate from two samples were
approximately 50,30, and 0 percent of the daytime uptake rates.
The uptake data indicate that the phytoplankton growth rate is
not limited by the availability of fixed nitrogen. This
conclusion is supported by the data on the carbon/nitrogen ratio
of the phytoplankton, which show that the plants were more
heavily enriched in nitrogen than they had been during previous
studies of this part of the bay. Mass balance calculations show
that the supply of fixed nitrogen to the nutrient pool from
stream runoff and municipal waste discharge was only 3.5 percent
of the total uptake rate by phytoplankton, and, therefore,
suggest that the in situ regeneration of nutrients is far larger
than the new nutrients added to the bay from these sources.
Citation 189
HATCHER, P. G. , L. E. KEISTER, P. A. MCGILLIVARY
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL,
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs
Steroids as Sewage Specific Indicators in New York Bight
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Sediments
Bull Environ Contain Toxicol
1977(Apr),17(4),491-498.
English
Steroids associated with human fecal matter were suggested as
sewage pollution indicators in marine sediments. Some of these,
such as coprostanol, have not been detected in unpolluted
marine sediments and would be useful as indicators. An analysis
of the New York Bight sediment was conducted to evaluate this
theory. Steroids were determined in freeze-dried sediments and
in sewage samples, one taken from a near-shore site and the
other from a sewage sludge dumpsite, were coprostanol,
cholestrol, beta-sitosterol, and 24 beta-ethyl coprostanol.
Of these, cholesterol and beta-sitosterol were present in
significant quantities. These steroids are usually dominant in
marine sediments, coprostanol and 24 beta-ethyl coprostanol in
the bight sediment linked the major organic component of the
muds to sewage. Coprostanol concentrations in the two sediments
were 4.8 and 5.2 ppm, which indicated a similar level of sewage
contamination. Thus the nearshore sample indicated as much
contamination as the sample from a basin heavily impacted by
sewage. Analysis of a New York City treatment plant's sludge
revealed large amounts of coprostanol and 24 beta-ethyl
coprostanol. This confirmed the results of the sediment
analysis. It was concluded that coprostanol or 24 beta-ethyl
Coprostanol could be used to identify sediment sewage
contamination on a horizontal or vertical sedimentary profile.
Citation 190
HATTORI, A. , I. KOIKE
Univ. of Tokyo, Ocean Research Inst. , 15-1,1-chome,
Minamidai, Tokyo, 164 Japan
Denitrification and Ammonia Formation in Anaerobic Coastal
Sediments
Appl Environ Microbiol
1978(Feb),35(2),278-282.
English
Simultaneous determinations of N2 production, ammonia, and
particulate organic N formation in the coastal sediments of
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Mangoku-Ura, Simoda Bay, and Tokyo Bay, Japan, were made by
using the 15N-label tracer method. The rate of N2 production in
the sediment surface layer was 10-2 ug atom of N/g/hr,
irrespective of the location of the sediments examined. The
(ISN)ammonia and particulate organic N accounted for 20-70% of
the 3 products, and after several hours of incubation, the
major fraction of nondenitrified 15N in Mangoku-Ura and Simoda
Bay sediments was recovered as ammonia. In Tokyo Bay sediments,
particulate organic N was produced at a greater rate than was
ammonia. The reduction rate data suggest that the pathway of
nitrate reduction to ammonia is important in coastal sediments.
Citation
191
HECK, K. L.
JR.
Department of Biological Science,
Tallahassee, FL
Florida State University;
Community Structure and the Effects of Pollution in Sea-Grass
Meadows and Adjacent Habitats
Mar Biol
1976,35,345-357.
English
Differences in the structure of epibenthic invertebrate species
assemblages were investigated in two estuarine areas in
Apalachee Bay, Florida (USA), and related to the presence or
absence of pulp-mill effluents. Invertebrate species associated
with sea-grass beds, mud flats, and oyster reefs were included
in the analyses. Surprisingly, several commonly used
indicators of pollution stress were ineffective in
differentiating the study areas, even though there were large
differences in abundance and dominance relationships between
them, and these differences were clearly related to the
presence of the pulp- mill effluents. Recommendations for data
analyses in similar types of studies are made, based on the
results of this investigation and others in the same study
areas.
Citation
192
HEINLE, D. R. , D. A. FLEMER , J. F. USTACH , R. A.
MURTAGH
Maryland University, Prince Frederick,
Environmental and Estuarine Studies, MD
Center for
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Contributions of Tidal Wetlands to Estuarine Food Chains
Water Resources Research Inst. Maryland
1975, Technical Rep. No. 29,34p.
English
Flows of detritus and nutrients from stable marshes in the upper
Patuxent Estuary subjected to low tidal amplitude were slight.
The quantity of particulate carbon flowing from the marsh to the
estuary was less than 10% of annual production. By contrast, a
portion of the marshes subjected to scouring by ice lost
virtually all of its above ground biomass to the estuary and
contributed over half of the annual carbon budget to the system.
An appendix entitled 'Problems with adenosine triphosphate
measurements in the Patuxent River marshes' concluded that this
technique is a poor biomass indicator for the marshes.
Citation
193
HEINLE, D. R.
D. A. FLEMER
Univ. of Maryland, Center for Environmental and Estuarine
Studies Chesapeake Biological Lab. ; Solomons, MD
Flows of Material between Poorly Flooded Tidal Marshes and an
Estuary
Mar Biol
1976,35,359-373.
English
Flows of particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus,
chlorophyll a, crude fiber, carbohydrate, and adenosine tri -
phosphate; and of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus between a
marsh and the Patuxent Estuary, Maryland, USA, were measured
over a two year period. Virtually no carbon was exchanged,
while net flows of nitrogen and phosphorus were from the marsh
to the estuary, principally in dissolved forms.
Citation
194
HEINLE, DONALD R. , DAVID A. FLEMER, ROGERS T. HUFF,
SHELLY T. SULKIN, ROBERT E. ULANOWICZ
University of Maryland, Center for Environmental and Estuarine
Studies, Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Solomons, MD 20688
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Effects of Perturbations on Estuarine Microcosms
Univ. of South Carolina, Belle W. Baruch Inst.
Biology and Coastal Research
Rec'd (Nov)1978, in Press.
English
for Marine
Microcosms containing planktonic communities from Chesapeake Bay
responded to enrichment by sewage by developing larger standing
phytoplankton and zooplankton. Data suggest that
productivity would be reflected up the food chain,
increase existing problems with dissolved oxygen and
qualitative changes in the composition of the
Either phosphorus or nitrogen were removed more
solution depending on where and when the
crops of
increased
but might
lead to
zooplankton.
rapidly from
experimental water was obtained. Increases in standing crop of
algae were associated loss of nitrogen from solution in two
experiments and losses of both nitrogen and phosphorus from
solution in one experiment.
Citation
195
HEINLE, DONALD R. , DAVID A. FLEMER ,
RICHARD A. MURTAGH, ROGER P. HARRIS
JOSEPH F. USTACH,
Maryland Univ.
Solomons. Natural Resources Inst.
and Associated Micro-Organisms in
The Role of Organic Debris
Pelagic Estuarine Food Chains
NRI Maryland
1973, Rep. NO. NRI-Ref-74-29 TR-22,130p.
English
Production on marshes adjacent to the upper Patuxent estuary was
1,000 to 1,500 grams dry weight per square meters per year.
Approximately 6 to 9 percent of the annual production was
exported to the estuary as particulate carbon. Production was
comparable to other marsh systems but export (as percentage of
production) was less, probably due to poor tidal exchange. In
spite of the relatively low percentage of their fixed carbon
contributed to the estuary, the marshes provide about one-third
of the total carbon budget in the upper Patuxent. A large
portion of the marsh carbon enters the estuarine system in early
spring when levels of algal primary production are low.
Substantial production of the calanoid copepod, Eurytemora
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affinis occurs with detrital carbon as the apparent food base.
Feeding experiments indicate that E. affinis can reproduce when
fed a diet of detritus enriched with bacteria and protozoa, or
when fed only protozoa. Diets of detritus and micro-organisms
alone were seldom equal to algal controls.
Citation 196
HELZ, G. R. , R. J. HUGGETT, J. M. HILL
Maryland Univ. , College Park, Dept. of Chemistry
Behavior of Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn, Cd and Pb Discharged from a
Wastewater Treatment Plant into an Estuarine Environment
Water Res
1975(July),9(7),631-636.
English
To obtain information on the fate of trace metals discharged to
an estuarine environment, analyses were made on water and
sediment samples from Back River, Maryland, and on effluent
from the large wastewater treatment plant that discharges there.
Within 2-3 km of the outfall, the concentration (in
micrograms/liter) of all metals decreases as follows: Mn,
greater than 120-90; Fe, greater than 570-300; Cu, 53-7; Zn,
280-9; Cd, 3.5-0.5 and Pb, 31-less than 4. Except possibly
for Mn and Fe, these decreases are much greater than can be
ascribed to simple dilution, so physical, chemical or
biological processes must be removing metals to the sediments.
Correspondingly, sediment concentrations of Cu, Zn, Cd, and
Pb are approximately one order of magnitude higher than normally
found in uncontaminated areas. After the initial decrease,
concentrations of Mn and Cd in the water begin to rise again,
suggesting remobilization from the sediments. Comparison of the
estimated annual discharge of 8 trace metals to the Chesapeake
Bay from wastewater treatment plants and from rivers suggests
that the wastewater input may be within one order of magnitude
of the fluvial input for Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb. Of the
metals studied, Cd presents the greatest potential for serious
pollution because its input from wastewater probably exceeds
fluvial input, it appears to be readily remobilized from
sediments, and it is known to be toxic to many organisms.
Citation 197
HENDEY, N. I.
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125
The Species Diversity Index of Some-in-Shore Diatom Communities
and its Use in Assessing the Degree of Pollution on Parts of the
North Coast of Cornwall
In: Fourth Symp. on Recent and Fossil Marine Diatoms, Oslo
Aug 30-Sept 3,1976, Proceedings. Edited by P. Simsen
1977,354-377.
English
The Species Diversity Index of a community indicates the degree
of 'pollution insult1 imposed upon the community by the
environment. When the indices of six diatom communities
collected from the north coast of Cornwall were ranked in a
decreasing order, it was found that three of the sites enjoyed
values higher than average while the others were lower. The
values decreased during the summer (indicating worsening
environmental conditions), the time of year when the population
of the County rises steeply due to the influx of summer
visitors.
Citation 198
HESS, K. W.
Rhode Island Univ. , Kingston, Graduate School of
Oceanography
A Three-Dimensional Numerical Model of the Estuary Circulation
and Salinity in Narragansett Bay
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1976(May) ,4(3) ,325-338.
English
Gravitational circulation in an estuary was produced primarily
by longitudinal density differences, but other factors, such
as local topography, the Coriolis acceleration, and lateral
density variations may be equally important. A generalized
three-dimensional rigid-lid model of the steady, density-driven
flow was formulated, which includes spatial variations in
depth, eddy viscosity and diffusivity, and horizontal pressure
gradients. An equation of steady salt conservation was also
solved, including convection, based on the gravitation
circulation and diffusion in the three directions. Some details
of the numerical computations were presented and comparisons
with observations from Narragansett Bay were evaluated.
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Cyclonic circulation predicted by the model was discussed as an
example of its capabilities.
Citation 199
HINCHCLIFFE, P. R.
Lancashire and Western Sea Fisheries Joint Committee,
University of Lancaster, Bailrigg, Lancaster LAl 4XY, England
Surf-zone Water Quality in Liverpool Bay
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1976,4,427-442.
English
The results of a continuous investigation into seasonal and long
term changes in surf zone water quality on the foreshores around
Liverpool Bay are reported for the period 1971 to 1974
inclusive. Five sites along the Lancashire coast were sampled
at approximately monthly intervals throughout this period. Five
supplementary coastal stations in Cumbria, Cheshire and North
Wales were sampled for 24 months during 1972-1974 and three
estuarine sites in Lancashire were sampled for 21 months during
1971 to 1972. Samples were taken at low water from just below
the low water mark. A fairly predictable seasonal pattern was
detected in most of the variables measured. During the summer
months the salinity and pH were higher and dissolved inorganic
nitrogen concentrations very much lower than in winter.
Dissolved reactive phosphate was too heavily buffered by the
large amounts of suspended matter to show much seasonal
variation. The water remained more or less saturated with
dissolved oxygen. During the winter months higher levels of
coliforms were detected suggesting that die-off rates increased
with increasing temperature. The Mersey appeared to exert a
strong influence on the salinity and inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorus concentrations of Liverpool Bay coastal water. Steep
gradients were detected along the Lancashire and North Wales
coasts towards the estuary. Only phosphorous and nitrogen
showed any significant long-term changes. Phosphate
concentration tended on average to increase over the 4-year
period at most stations. The average rate of increase along the
Lancashire coast was about 17% per annum—very similar to that
detected in other European coastal waters. The winter maximum
nitrate concentration remained relatively constant during the
period 1971 to 1973, but the maximum concentration in 1974 was
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substantially higher than in the three previous years at most
stations. (abbrev. )
Citation 200
HIROTA, JED, JAMES P. SZYPER
University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu,
HA 96822
Standing Stocks of Zooplankton Size-Classes and Trophic Levels
in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
Pac Sci
1976,30(4) ,341-361.
English
Data are presented for the estimated standing stocks of
nanozooplankton, microzooplankton, and macrozooplankton in the
southern sector of Kaneohe Bay. Analyses of variability in the
estimates due to sampling errors and spatial-temporal variations
and the annual average values are also given. There is evidence
that a shift has occurred in the past decade in the size-
composition of the macro- and microzooplankton; during this time
the total amount of zooplankton particulate nitrogen has
remained nearly unchanged. The same dominant species of macro-
and microzooplankton still inhabit the bay. We speculate that
the historical changes in the zooplankton of southern Kaneohe
Bay are the result of selection for nanophytoplankton feeders
with rapid rates of metabolic turnover. The size-composition
and trophic structure of the southern Kaneohe Bay zooplankton
and plantivorous nekton in the ecosystem are compared with
available information from the northeastern Pacific Ocean. The
major differences between these ecosystems are to be found in
the ratio of macrozooplankton/microzooplankton, the predominant
trophic level of zooplankton captured by 0.333-mm- mesh nylon
nets, and the size of the common epipelagic planktivorous
nekton.
Citation 201
HOBBIE, J. E. , B. J. COPELAND, W. G. HARRISON
North Carolina Water Resources Research Institute, Raleigh, NC
Nutrients in the Pamlico River Estuary, NC , 1969—1971.
Eutrophication
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WRRI North Carolina
1972(Dec), Rep. 79,242p.
English
A study was initiated in 1966 on the Pamlico River Estuary, N.
C. , to determine hydrography, phosphorus concentrations in
the water and sediment, and phytoplankton speciation and
biomass in relation to inputs from the Tar River Basin and
phosphorus mining activities. Since it was likely that
inorganic nitrogen was the most important single factor
controlling eutrophication, the study was expanded in 1969 to
include investigation of nitrogen concentrations and their
effects. Phosphorus concentrations are high throughout the
Pamlico River Estuary, with the main input via the Tar River.
Since these concentrations are already high, additions from
smaller tributaries and phosphate mining activities are
insignificant in the development of a wintertime algal bloom.
Total phosphorus concentrations have been steadily increasing in
the estuary since the beginning of the study in 1966. Inorganic
nitrogen concentrations ranged between low during summer and
high all year around, while nitrate was almost zero during
summer and high during winter. These concentrations were
controlled to some extent by the flow of the Tar River. During
times of moderate to high rates of Tar River inflow there are
large build-ups of nitrate in the estuary. Other tributary
inputs were so small that their total contribution of nitrate to
the estuary was insignificant. Dissolved organic nitrogen was
the most abundant form of nitrogen, but is not thought to be
biologically available. A strong algal bloom occurs in the
middle reaches of the estuary each winter and correllates very
well with nitrate concentrations. Phytoplankton nitrate
reductase activity in the estuary paralleled the development of
the winter dinoflagellate bloom. Nitrate was found to be an
important source nitrogen for the bloom organisms in spite of
the abundance of ammonia.
Citation 202
HOBBIE, JOHN E.
North Carolina Water Resources Research Inst. , Raleigh, NC
Phosphorus Concentrations in the Pamlico River Estuary of North
Carolina
WRRI North Carolina
1970(Mar), Rep. No. 33,50p.
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English
The Pamlico River is a naturally rich estuary that extends from
Washington, North Carolina some 35 miles to enter the west side
of Pamlico Sound. It is shallow (average depth 10.5 feet), and
has only a six inch lunar tide. The natural levels of
phosphorus in the estuary are, for total phosphorus, 1 - 2 ug -
at P/l (0.031 - 0.062 mg P/l). As a result of phosphate mining
activities, phosphate levels as high as 93 ug-at P/l (2.9 mg
P/l) have been measured in the estuary, however, release is
intermittant and the high phosphorus water is found as patches
that move seaward along the south shore of the estuary. Because
this estuary appears to have more than enough phosphorus for
normal algal photosynthesis, it is believed that the phosphorus
added by the phosphate mining and fertilizer manufacturing
operation has little effect on the biology of the river at the
present time. Even more serious is a rise in the concentration
of phosphorus entering the upper estuary from the Tar River.
This added phosphorus has tripled over the past three years.
Because this phosphorus appears to come from sewage, it is
likely that the nitrogen is also increasing and that
eutrophication of the river could take place within 10 - 20
years. (Author)
Citation 203
HOBBIE, JOHN E.
North Carolina Water Resources Research Inst. , Raleigh, NC
Nutrients and Eutrophication in the Pamlico River Estuary, NC
1971-1973
WRRI North Carolina
1974(Aug), Rep. No. UNC-WRRI-74-100,248p.
English
A study was initiated in 1966 to determine hydrography,
nutrient concentrations, and phytoplankton speciation and
biomass in relation to inputs from the Tar River Basin and from
phosphorus mining activities. Results are presented for 1971 -
73.
Citation 204
HOBBIE, JOHN E. , NATHANIEL W. SMITH
Department of Zoology, NC State University
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130
Nutrients in the Neuse River Estuary, North Carolina
Univ. North Carolina
1975(Dec), UNC-SG-75-21,183p.
English
Concentrations of phosphorus are quite high in the Neuse River
Estuary. This is likely caused by a combination of 1) sewage
and urban runoff and 2) the high rates of fertilization of
tobacco. In both the river and the estuary, the concentrations
of posphorus were highest during the periods of low flow and
vice versa. Nonetheless, there was always more than enough
phosphorus present for algal growth and algal blooms. In spite
of this abundant nutrient, the algal blooms formed only during
the winter and spring months when nitrate was abundant in the
middle reaches of the river. Actually nitrate is present and
even abundant throughout the year in the Neuse River. However,
in the warm months of the year the river flow is relatively
small and biological activity is high; the result is that the
nitrate is rapidly used in the first few miles of the estuary.
Algal blooms do occur at this time of year but are restricted
entirely to the upper end of the estuary near New Bern. In the
winter and spring, the nitrate is leached from the soil and
reaches high concentrations in the river. The large quantities
of inflowing water carry the nitrate for 15 or 20 miles into the
estuary. Algae are able to use this nitrate and phosphate even
when the water temperatures are low. Ammonia, another source
of nitrogen for algae, is abundant throughout the year.
Moderate amounts enter the estuary and even greater quantities
are regenerated from the decay of organic matter. It is not
known why the algae do not utilize the ammonia nitrogen to form
blooms; one possibility is that the algae that do form blooms
need nitrate and are, in addition, able to gain some
competitive advantage by their motility. The exact combination
of nutrients and salinity must also be aligned with a relatively
slow flushing time of the estuary before a bloom of algae will
occur. Often the nutrient conditions seem right but the high
rates of inflowing water dilute the incipient bloom and even
wash it into Pamlico Sound before the algal concentrations build
up.
Citation 205
HOCHMAN, E. , D. ZILBERMAN, R. JUST
Tel-Aviv Univ. , (Israel), Dept. of Economics
Internalization in a Stochastic Pollution Model
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131
Water Resour Res
1977(Dec),13(6),877-881.
English
A stochastic model has been developed for internalizing
pollution externalities. Pollution occurs or does not,
depending on factors related to a stochastic environment and
human error. But the probability of pollution can be altered by
adopting various technologies. The model is described in detail
in terms of industries located within a river basin, wherein
the objective function is that of profit maximization. The
model is applied to the problem of effluent runoff holding
areas, pollution occurs if a rainstorm is severe enough to
cause overflow. Standards rather than taxes are used as policy
instruments in the model. Results generally indicate that an
accurate approximation of stochastic distribution is a
necessity. Specific implications for the dairy problem are that
present regulations are too lenient. The methodology presented
may be of critical importance for examining other problems,
such as oil spills and nuclear power plant explosions.
Citation 206
HODSON, R. E. , 0. HOLM-HANSEN, F. AZAM
California Univ. , San Diego, La Jolla, Inst. of Marine
Resources
Improved Methodology for ATP Determination in Marine
Environments
In: Research on the Marine Food Chain, Progress Report for
period July 1974-June 1975.
1975, UCSD 10P20-202,871-888.
English
Three procedures; Tris extraction, conventional acid
extraction, and charcoal adsorption method, for extraction of
ATP from marine sediments were evaluated. It was found that the
charcoal column procedure was suitable since it extracts with
high efficiency, removes inhibitory substances, and permits
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ATP to be concentrated many fold from large volumes of dilute
extract.
Citation 207
HOLDREN, G. R. , 0. P. BRICKER, G. MATISOFF
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD, Dept. of Earth and
Planetary Sciences
A Model for the Control of Dissolved Manganese in the
Interstitial Waters of Chesapeake Bay
Johns Hopkins Univ.
1975, Rep. CONF-750410-8,18p.
English
A model is described which predicts dissolved manganese
distribution in the anoxic pore waters of the sediments of
Chesapeake Bay, where greater concentrations of the metal have
been found than in any other marine or brackish water sediment
system. The model was developed from observations on the pore
water composition and describes the results of two independent
competing reactions. Both reactions are continuous over the
whole sediment column, and the final calculated concentrations
of dissolved manganese at any particular depth is dictated by
the process most limiting the concentration at that depth. The
model requires knowledge of the acidity of the pore waters, the
distribution of bicarbonate ion with depth in the sediment, the
amount of manganese oxide in the surface sediment and the rate
of release of manganous ion from those solids. In the model,
the diffusion coefficient and sedimentation rates were assumed
as constant through space and time, respectively, and it was
assumed that steady state has been reached in the system and
that with depth in the core manganous ion was in equilibrium
with a poorly-crystalline carbonate phase. Agreement is
generally good between the model and the field data, suggesting
that the processes controlling the distribution of dissolved
manganese in the bay sediments are basically understood.
Citation 208
HOLLAND, J. S. , N. J. MACIOLEK, C. H. OPPENHEIMER
Texas Univ. , Port Aransas, Marine Science Inst.
Galveston Bay Benthic Community Structure as an Indicator of
Water Quality
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133
Contrib Mar Sci
1973,17,169-188.
English
Various methods of community structure analysis including
several species diversity indices, rarefaction curves and a
probability of interspecific encounter index were applied to
data collected from selected sites in Galveston Bay, Texas.
Hydrographic data and sediment analysis were used in
interpreting the results of the various methods of investigating
community structure. The different methods of analysis used in
this study showed very close agreement. Three of the 5
investigation sites in Galveston Bay showed normal estuarine
water quality. Two other stations showed evidence of large
amounts of stress probably due to water quality. One of the 2
was probably stressed due to natural causes, primarily salinity
fluctuations. The other, a channel site near a huge industrial
complex, showed intermittent stress possibly due to man-made
pollution.
Citation 209
HOWELLS, GWYNETH P.
Nerc, London, Eng.
The Estuary of the Hudson River, USA
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
1972(Mar) ,180(1061),521-534.
English
The Hudson River is a major waterway of the eastern seaboard of
the U. S. Its 2 major tributaries, the Mohawk and Hudson,
combine to form the long narrow estuary of the Lower Hudson.
The area is populous and industrially developed, and it is
predicted that both domestic and industrial demands for water
will increase, as well as the demand for waste disposal and for
maintenance of recreational resources. Recent studies of the
ecology of the estuary surveying the levels of pollutants in
water, and their distribution between water, muds, and the
biota, indicate that water quality may need control if problems
with maintenance of fisheries, eutrophication, and drinking
water quality are to be avoided. Estuaries are areas of great
natural variations in environmental conditions and their flora
and fauna is selected and restricted in its variety by the need
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134
to tolerate and regulate in the variable conditions. The
capacity of estuaries to accept pollutants which enhance natural
variations is relatively great. The limits of environmental
acceptance need to be determined by achieving the best
reconciliation between industrial development and the
maintenance of amenity.
Citation
210
HULL, R. J.
Rhode Island Univ.
Science
Kingston. Dept. of Plant and Soil
The Capacity of
Estuarine Waters
Rhode Island Univ.
Salt Marsh Vegetation to Modify the Quality of
1976(Sept), Completion Rep. OWRT B-062-RI(I),34p.
English
The ability of tidal marsh vegetation to absorb nutrient and
heavy metal ions introduced to the marsh by tidal flood waters
was investigated. Water soluble salts of N, P, Cd, and Zn
applied to the marsh surface during low tide, and infiltration
into the sediment was measured by analyzing water samples taken
from wells placed 15,30,60 and 90 cm into the sediment.
Ammonium, applied as urea, and phosphate penetrated the marsh
sediment readily with most concentrated in the upper 15 to 30
cm. Spartina alterniflora growing on the marsh absorbed
approximately 40% of the NH4+ and 20% of the P applied. S.
alterniflora and S. patens absorbed NH4 + preferentially from
solutions containing 10 to 15% NaCl. S. patens patens absorbed
NH4+ at normal rates regardless of the solution oxygen tension
Cd and Zn applied to the marsh surface was not detected in
sediment water and plant uptake was less than 1% of that
applied. Radio Cd and Zn was absorbed from nutrient solution by
S. alterniflora and moved via symplast and apoplast throughout
the plant. Nutrient sink properties of tidal marshes are
confirmed.
Citation
211
HUNDEMANN, AUDREY S.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Remote Sensing Applied to Environmental Pollution Detection and
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135
Management (A Bibliography With Abstracts),1964-July 1978
NTIS
1978(Aug), NTIS/PS-78/0789/4ST, 163p.
English
Application of remote sensing methods to air, water, and noise
pollution problems is discussed. Topic areas cover
characteristics of dispersion and diffusion by which pollutants
are transported, eutrophication of lakes, thermal discharges
from electric power plants, outfalls from industrial plants,
atmospheric aerosols under various meteorological conditions,
monitoring of oil spills, and application of remote sensing to
estuarian problems. (This updated bibliography contains 156
abstracts, 23 of which are new entries to the previous edition.
) _Supersedes NTIS/PS -77/0674, and Updates NTIS/PS-76/0500. _
Citation 212
HYER, P. V. , A. Y. KUO, C. S. FANG, W. J. HARGIS,
JR.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
23062
Hydrography and Hydrodynamics of Virginia Estuaries. VIII.
Mathematical Model Studies of Water Quality of the York River
System
Appl Mar Sci Ocean Eng
1975(Oct), Special Rep. No. 104,168p.
English
Two water quality models were developed, then calibrated and
verified using data collected as part of the CSA modeling
project. Intensive hydrographic surveys were conducted along
the York estuary in the spring and summer of 1973. Hourly
determinations of salinity, temperature, and dissolved oxygen
were made for at least thirty-two consecutive hours. Tidal
currents were measured at twenty-minute intervals. Monthly
slack water runs have been conducted since August, 1970. From
these data, two water quality models were developed, one real-
time model and one tidal-average model. The real time model is
based on the mass balance equations for salt, BOD and DO, with
the convective velocity including both freshwater discharge and
tidal current. Taylor's formulation of dispersion coefficient
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136
was extended to include the effect of density inhomogeneity in
the saline water. The differential equations were solved
numerically by an implicit finite-difference scheme using a
Gaussian elimination method. In the tidal-average model, the
convective velocity consisted of the non-tidal component only.
The tidal current was treated as an effective turbulence,
making the dispersion term much larger than that of the real
time model. The tidal-average model is intended for
investigating long-term variations of salinity intrusion.
Citation
213
ISCHINGER, L. S. , E. B. WELCH, E. E. GELDREICH, L.
W. LITTLE, R. F. UNZ, G. F. CRAUN, D. J. REASONER
US Fish & Wildlife Service, CO
Water Pollution
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1976(June) ,48(6) ,1318-1321.
English
Literature on water pollution is reviewed. Included are:
freshwater macroinvertebrates; eutrophication; microbiology of
water; bioassays-procedures and results; microbiology of waste
treatment; microbiology-waterborne outbreaks; microbiology-
detection, occurrence, and removal of viruses; oxygen sag and
stream purification; pollution effects on surface waters and
groundwaters; aquatic sediments; marine and estuarine pollution;
heavy metals and related trace elements; thermal effects;
effects of pollution on freshwater fish; and mixing and
transport.
Citation
214
JAWORSKI, N. A.
US Environmental Protection Agency
Comprehensive Analysis of the Upper Estuary of the Potomac
River. Basic Problems in Control of Eutrophication
Vsestoronnii Anal. Okruzhayushchei Prir. Sredy, Tr. Sov.
Am. Simp. , 1st, 1974, Gidrometeoizdat Leningrad, USSR
Edited by Yu. A Izrael
1975,189-206.
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Russian
Evaluation of the actual trophic condition, nutrient
availability, and eutrophic retardation and control are
discussed in relation to the Potomac River estuary. Abstr. by
M. Svaton.
Citation
215
JAWORSKI, N. A.
D. W. LEAR, JR.
O. VILLA, JR.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Chesapeake
Technical Support Lab
Nutrient Management in the Potomac Estuary
In: Nutrients and Eutrophication: The Limiting Nutrient
Controversy; American Society of Limnology and Oceanography,
Allen Press
1972, Spec. Symp. Vol. 1,246-273.
English
Water quality studies were undertaken to define wastewater
treatment requirements of upper Potomac estuary since 1965.
Studies and concepts used to formulate a nutrient management
program are presented. Causes and control needs were studied
relative to the changes in nutrient enrichment, including
appearance of nuisance blue-green algae. Data from algal
composition analysis, annual nutrient cycles and longitudinal
profiles, bioassay studies, algal modeling, comparison with a
noneutrophic estuary, and review of historical material were
used to establish nutrient criteria. Based on a subjective
analysis, desired upper limits of chlorophyll a concentrations
were determined for establishing degree of eutrophication
control required to minimize detrimental effects on water
quality and water uses. Although at the present time no
specific criteria relative to requirements for wastewater
treatment have been established for the mesohaline portion of
the estuary, specific nutrient criteria have been developed for
the freshwater portion. With a properly designed facility the
dissolved oxygen concentration may be enhanced and algal growth
reduced. The water quality management program being developed
will not only improve the water quality to meet minimum
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designated standards,
municipal water supply.
but will render it a feasible source of
Citation
216
JAWORSKI, N. A.
L. J. CLARK
K. D. FEIGNER
Chesapeake Technical
US Environmental Protection Agency,
Support Lab, Annapolis, MD
A Water Resource-Water Supply Study of the Potomac Estuary
US EPA
1971(Apr), Technical Rep. No. 35,263p.
English
A detailed investigation of the water quality and water
resources of the Potomac Estuary was conducted by the Chesapeake
Technical Support Laboratory. Included in the study were an
evaluation of pollution sources including nutrients, the
development of mathematical models to predict effects on water
quality, the projection of water supply needs and wastewater
loadings, an evaluation as a potential water supply source,
the determination of the maximum pound loadings by zone for
certain pollutants under different flow conditions, alternative
waste treatment plans and cost analysis of wastewater treatment.
Citation
217
JAWORSKI, N. A.
L. J. CLARK, K. D. FEIGNER
US Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, DC, Office of
Research and Monitoring
Upper Potomac Estuary Eutrophication Control Requirements
US EPA, Annapolis Field Office
1972(Apr), Technical Rep. No. 53,45p.
English
Identification of the needs, costs, and mechanisms for
controlling eutrophication in the Potomac Estuary was made and
an attempt at implementing the program has begun. With capital
cost for nutrient removal of over $250,000,000, a need exists
for continuous efforts to improve eutrophication control,
treatment methods, cost estimates, and institutional
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arrangements. Maintenance of free-flowing continuous exchange
of information among the various agencies conducting the removal
requirement studies, designing and facilities, and planning
the overall management needs is also necessary. These
interactions are the basis for successful management planning.
Citation 218
JAWORSKI, N. A. , L. J. HETLING
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Annapolis, MD
Relative Contributions of Nutrients to the Potomac River Basin
from Various Sources
US EPA
1970(Jan), Technical Rep. No. 31,36p.
English
The upper Potomac Estuary is highly eutrophic. During the
summer months, large blooms of nuisance blue-green algae,
mainly Microcystis, occur in the fresh-water portion of the
upper Estuary. A relationship between high nutrient content and
the accelerated eutrophication in the Potomac Estuary has been
established. The annual average concentration of phosphorus
varied from 0.09 mg/liter in the south branch to 1.9 mg/liter in
the Antietem watershed. The annual average concentration of
nitrogen varied from 0.3 mg/liter in the south branch to 2.2
mg/liter in Opequon Creek. About 92,700 Ibs. /day of total
phosphorus entered the Potomac in 1955,87% from wastewater. The
average 1966 loading of total nitrogen was about 125,000 Ibs.
/day, 51% from wastewater. During low flow conditions a
significant proportion of the phosphorus entering the surface
water from the various sources in the upper basin is retained in
the stream channel. At high stream flow, it appears that a
large proportion of this phosphorus is 'flushed1 out of the
stream channel and transported downstream. A comparison of
sources of nutrients in the Hudson River basin to those in the
Potomac supports the contention that in the Middle Atlantic
region the major source of nutrients to the aquatic ecosystem is
from wastewater discharges. (KNAPP-USGS)
Citation 219
JAWORSKI, NORBERT A.
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory, Middle Atlantic
Region, Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, US
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Department of the Interior
Nutrients in the Upper Potomac River Basin
Ches Tech Sup Lab
1969(Aug), Technical Rep. No. 15,91p.
English
This report is on the nutrient concentrations and loadings in
the upper Potomac River Basin above Washington, DC, and the
purpose is: 1. To present data on the nutrient concentrations
and loadings. 2. To identify the portions of the basin high in
nutrients. 3. To describe the temporal and spatial
distributions of the nutrients in the upper basin. 4. To
determine relative nutrient concentrations attributed to
domestic wastewater, industrial discharges, and land runoff.
Water nutrient analyses consisted of P04, N03 + NO2, and TKN.
Citation 220
JAWORSKI, NORBERT A.
Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory, Middle Atlantic
Region, Annapolis, MD
Water Quality and Wastewater Loadings Upper Potomac Estuary
During 1969
US EPA
1969(Nov), Tech. Report No. 27 , 104p.
English
This report is a compilation of estuarine data previously
collected by state and federal agencies and by the wastewater
treatment facilities in the Washington metropolitan area. Water
quality conditions and wastewater loadings of the Upper Potomac
Estuary during 1969 are defined. Indices of water quality are
bacteriological, DO, TOC, CO2, nutrients, chlorophyll, and
chlorinated hydrocarbon pesticides. Eutrophication was
considered a form of pollution. 4 references. Data appendix.
Abstr. by JMB.
Citation 221
JAWORSKI, NORBERT A. , DONALD W. LEAR , JOHAN A. AALTO
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Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory,
Region, Annapolis, MD
Middle Atlantic
A Technical Assessment of Current Water Quality Conditions and
Factors Affecting Water Quality in the Upper Potomac Estuary
US EPA
1969(Mar), CTSL Tech. Report No,
English
55p.
This report includes an assessment of the 1968 water quality
conditions and factors affecting water quality in the Upper
Potomac Estuary. It includes the sources and effects of the
nutrients on the production of massive phytoplankton growths,
and an evaluation of all major sources of carbonaceous and
nitrogenous BOD including wastewater discharges, benthic
background, and phytoplankton growths and their effects on the
DO balance. The report "A Research Program for the Potomac
River" by Dr. John C. Geyer, et al. served as a guide for
these studies. 22 references. Abstr. by JMB
JAWORSKI, NORBERT A.
Citation
LEO J. CLARK, KENNETH D. FEIGNER
222
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Annapolis
Field Office
Upper Potomac Estuary Eutrophication Control Requirements
US EPA
1972 (Apr), Rep. No. TR-53,46p.
English
Detailed studies by the Chesapeake Technical Support Laboratory
(CTSL) of the Federal Water Quality Administration to define the
interrelationships among wastewater inflow, freshwater inflow,
and water quality in the Potomac Estuary were undertaken in
November 1969. These studies had two purposes: (1) to refine
the allowable oxygen demanding and nutrient loadings previously
established and (2) to determine the feasibility of using the
estuary as a municipal water supply source. Presented herein is
a summary of numerous reports published by CTSL with major
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emphasis on the eutrophication control aspects developed in the
recent studies.
Citation 223
JAWORSKI, NORBERT A. , ORTERIO VILLA, JR. , LEO J.
HETLING
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Chesapeake
Technical Support Lab, Annapolis, MD
Nutrients in the Potomac River Basin
US EPA
1969(May), Technical Rep. No. 9,40p.
English
The purpose of this study was to determine the sources,
temporal spatial distribution, and transport mechanisms of
nutrients in the Potomac River Basin. Total Basin nutrient
loadings are summarized utilizing data from wastewater and land
runoff sampling programs. Changes in concentrations of TKN,
N02+N03, total P, and chlorophyll are presented as isopleths
with respect to location and time. Phosphorus transport is
modeled for steady state flow conditions; values for the
transport coefficient vary from 0.1 to 0.3. About 38% of
phosphorus entering surface waters in the upper Basin was
retained in the stream channel. 8 references. Abstr. by JMB.
Citation 224
JEFFRIES, H. P.
Rhode Island Univ. , Kingston, Narragansett Marine Lab
The Atypical Phosphate Cycle of Estuaries in Relation to Benthic
Metabolism
Narragansett Marine Laboratory
1962(Aug), Contribution No. 44,58-68.
English
This report describes the phosphate and nitrate cycles of
Raritan Bay, NJ which due to a combination of natural and man-
made influences, demonstrate aspects of estuarine nutrient
dynamics with the clarity of a laboratory experiment. The
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characteristic summer increase in phosphate content of New
England and Middle Atlantic estuaries, coincident with a sharp
drop in the N03/P04 ratio, can be qualitatively explained with
existing information. The phenomenon, obviously of extreme
importance in understanding estuarine productivity, is a
manifestation of seasonal changes in several rates, both
physical and biological. The processes are not peculiar to
estuarine systems, but they appear to exert a greater effect,
arising from the fundamental properties of. the environment,
than in the open ocean. Data are not available to assess these
rates quantitatively; only their relative importance can be
inferred.
Citation 225
JEFFRIES, H. P.
Rhode Island Univ. , Kingston, Graduate School of
Oceanography
Chemical Responses by Marine Organisms to Stress, Stress in
Hard Clams from a Polluted Estuary
US Environmental Protection Agency
1971(Dec), EPA-R3-72-017,27p.
English
The hard clam, Mercenaria mercenaria, shows a general response
to environmental variation. The molar ratio of free taurine to
glycine in gill and mantle tissues climbs above 3, while alpha-
amino acids and carbohydrates decrease. Subtle adjustments in
the total pattern of free amino acids and fatty acids also
occur, but these can be readily seen by changes in biochemical
diversity and equitability. In an estuary long suffering from
hydrocarbons and other agents in petroleum products and sewage,
high mortality results from a culmination of natural responses
superimposed on abnormal complications. The process apparently
starts after a black, polymeric irritant collects in epithelial
tissue and eventually occludes the renal sac. This leads,
indirectly, to infestations of a parasitic polychaete that is
rarely found in hard clams. A syndrome with many facets soon
becomes clear, but the situation can be identified and its
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results predicted by simply observing the responses of taurine
and glycine in stressed and normal populations.
Citation
226
JEFFRIES, HARRY P.
University of Rhode Island,
Characteristics of Raritan Bay, A Polluted
Narragansett Marine Laboratory,
Kingston, RI
Environmental
Estuary
Limnol Oceanogr
1962,7(1) ,21-31.
English
Temperature, salinity, dissolved O2, P04-P, and N03-N in
Raritan Bay, NJ were determined over a 16-month period. Each
reflects the circulation pattern in which sea water floods along
the northern shore, enters a region of mixing with river
discharge in the head of the bay, and then ebbs out along the
southern shore. At the mouth of the bay, salinity was higher
on the northern than on the southern side. The mean annual
monthly difference at the surface was 1.27o/oo; departures from
the mean were related to river flow. Surface and bottom
dissolved 02 content were minimal in August and highest during
winter. Low concentrations occurred in the Raritan River,
especially during the summer preceding operation of a trunk
sewer. The primary source of NO3-N was outflow from the Raritan
River. Prior to operation of a trunk sewer, the river may have
discharged significant quantities of PO4-P into the bay.
Throughout spring and summer, PO4 concentrations rose and N03
decreased. It is postulated that the resultant low N/P ratio
due to an efficient nutrient regeneration
favored the rate of P renewal. A combination of
supplies arising from natural and domestic
a sluggish circulation, efficient nutrient
regeneration mechanism, and scarcity of macroscopic algae
combine to form an estuarine environment capable of supporting
extremely dense plankton populations.
was partially
mechanism that
rich nutrient
sources, plus
Citation
227
JEFFRIES, HARRY P.
Graduate School of Oceanography,
Kingston, RI
University of Rhode Island,
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145
Comparative Studies on Estuarine Zooplankton
Limnol Oceanogr
1964,9(3) ,348-358.
English
The seasonal cycle of zooplankton in Raritan Bay, New Jersey,
was compared with Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island, and the York
River, Virginia, to determine the effects of local conditions
on latitudinal gradients in species distributions. The dominant
copepods in each estuary, Acartia clausi and A. tonsa,
alternated cycles of abundance in a similar and predictable
manner, and the distribution of Eurytemora spp. reflected the
salinity distribution in several embayments. Relative
proportions of the major groups comprising the temporary
plankton differed significantly between estuaries. Paucity of
lamellibranch larvae in the Raritan system probably resulted
from organic debris in the water column, whereas the importance
of Balanus nauplii in the York River appeared to be the
expression of a natural zoogeographic pattern. Local
irregularities were noticed in Raritan Bay when A. tonsa
disappeared during summer. This highly abnormal situation
paralleled drastic fluctuations in the phytoplankton.
Lamellibranch veligers and Balanus nauplii increased in numbers
where pollution had been reduced. Plant nutrients arising from
discharged wastes and land runoff produced fertile conditions
for an extremely dense and persistent spring bloom of
phytoplankton. The overabundance of food or associated factors
may have been responsible for delayed reproduction by Balanus
and polychaetes.
Citation 228
JENKINS, DAVID
California Univ. , Berkeley, Sanitary Engineering Research
Lab.
The Differentiation, Analysis, and Preservation of Nitrogen
and Phosphorus Forms in Natural Waters
Trace Inorganics in Water, Adv in Chem Ser, Amer Chem Soc
1968, No. 73,265-280.
English
For waters of varying salinity, such as San Francisco Bay,
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146
techniques were developed for differential analyses of suspended
and soluble organic nitrogen, ammonium-nitrogen, nitrite-
nitrogen, nitrate-nitrogen; total and soluble phosphorus;
soluble orthophosphate; and condensed phosphate. Certain
modifications of standard methods were required. Samples
preserved by storage (1) at 4 deg C, (2) at -10 deg C, (3) at
4 deg C with added 2 ml/liter of 5% sulfuric acid, and (4) at 4
deg C with mercuric chloride at 40 mg mercuric ions per liter
were compared for periods of a few days to one month. For all
forms of nitrogen, storage at 4 deg C with 40 mg mercury per
liter was best but did not hold initial levels of organic
nitrogen or nitrite-nitrogen as long as 30 days. Most
satisfactory for phosphorus was storage at -10 deg C with
mercury for 30 days or 4 deg C with mercury for a few days.
Chloroform preservation for phosphorus caused marked reduction
in soluble orthophosphate and accompanying increase in total
soluble phosphorus.
Citation 229
JENSEN, ARNE, JANET R. STEIN
Univ. of Trondheim, Norway
IXth International Seaweed Symposium
Science Press, International Publishers in Science and
Medicine, 8 Brookstone Drive, Princeton, N J 08540
1979,655p.
English
Information presented on seaweed resources focuses on
productivity, harvesting, medicine, and physical and chemical
properties.
Citation 230
JENSEN, LOREN D.
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD, Dept. of Geography and
Environmental Engineering
Biological Processes which Interact with and Influence the
Distribution of Wastes Introduced into the Marine Environment
Background Papers on Coastal Wastes Management, prepared for
National Academy of Sciences Committee on Oceanography and the
National Academy of Engineering Committee on Ocean Engineering,
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147
Wash, DC
1969, Vol. 1, XIV1-XIV9.
English
Living organisms inhabiting surface waters are adapted to dilute
solutions of inorganic salts, atmospheric gases and extracted
organic materials. Due to the volumes involved and the dilute
nature of the waste streams and coastal waters the physical,
chemical and biological processes that occur when such solutions
mix are considered. The main biological processes which are
involved with waste stabilization are bacterial fermentation
which occur on wetted surfaces. The exploitation of these
processes is the primary mechanism of waste stabilization with
conventional biological waste treatment systems. These
biological processes which interact with and influence the
distribution of wastes are discussed in detail.
Citation 231
JOHNSON, R. W.
North Carolina State Univ. , Raleigh, Dept. of Marine
Sciences
Inflow on Secondary Productivity in an Ecosystem
North Carolina State Univ.
1974, PhD Dissertation, 123p.
English
A simulation type mathematical model of the Galveston Bay,
Texas, ecosystem was developed using operations research
technology. Secondary productivity measured by harvestable
species (fish, crabs, shrimp) was evaluated in terms of man-
related and controllable factors (quantity and quality of fresh
water inflow and pollutants). Ecosystem responses to reduce
pollution input and changes in freshwater inflow were evaluated
and studied to determine management options. The model used
information from an existing physical parameters model and
relevant biological measurements. One purpose was to provide
predictive information for estuarine pollution control and
fisheries management (especially of migrating species such as
menhaden, trout, bass, croaker, shrimp, crabs). Another
purpose was to identify biological, chemical, and physical
parameters needed to develop models for similar ecosystems. The
model can be adapted to other ecosystems in the same temperature
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zone (approximately the same latitude and weather conditions).
For other temperate zones and/or different environmental
conditions (rain, tides), studies must determine similarities
among consumers, food types and availability, and seasonal
growth characteristics. Model calibration and verification
needs comprehensive sampling and other data (commercial catch
records, weather data, etc. ). Such models provide an
optimized basis for analysis using all available information.
Citation 232
JONES, D. J.
Durham Univ. (England), Dept. of Botany
Ecological Studies on Macroinvertebrate Populations Associated
with Polluted Kelp Forests in the North Sea
Helgol wiss Meeresunter
1971,22,417-441.
English
Two gradients of pollution, one estuarine and one off the open
coast, are described. The intervening seacoast has little or
no pollution. A comparative method of pollution surveying is
presented. Ecological comparison is made of the community
development described for clean and polluted stations. Two
ecological barriers to normal community development in the
polluted environment are postulated.
Citation 233
JORGENSEN, B. B.
Aarhus Univ. (Denmark). Inst. of Ecology and Genetics
The Sulfur Cycle of a Coastal Marine Sediment (Limfjorden,
Denmark)
Limnol Oceanogr
1977(Sept),22(5),814-832.
English
The cyclic transformations of inorganic sulfur compounds in the
sediments of a Danish Fjord were followed for 2 years. The in
situ rate of sulfate reduction measured with a radio-tracer
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149
technique together with chemical determinations of various
sulfur compounds were used to calculate a budget of the complete
sulfur cycle. Sulfate reduction rates were high at the sediment
surface (25-200 nmole S02(2-)/cu cm/d), and there was still
measurable activity at a depth of 1.5 m. Sulfate reduction also
was compared with the benthic community metabolism measured as
the oxygen uptake rate of the sediment. Sulfate reduction
accounted for 53% of the total mineralization of organic matter
in the sediment. Only 3% of the sulfide was derived from
organic sulfur. Of all the sulfide produced, 10% was
precipitated by metal ions within the anoxic sediment, while
the rest was reoxidized at the surface. The results
demonstrated the dynamic nature of the sulfur cycle, with
turnover times for sulfate of 4-5 months and for free sulfide of
1-5 days. The calculations illustrated the dynamic nature of
the sediment system and the danger of drawing conclusions from
pool sizes to process rates.
Citation 234
JUPP, B. P.
Durham Univ. (England), Dept. of Botany
The Effects of Organic Pollution on Benthic Organisms near
Marseille
Int J Environ Stud
1977,10,119-123.
English
A quantitative survey of sublittoral marine organisms was
carried out in polluted and unpolluted waters near Marseille
(France). Samples from rocky substrates indicate that organic
pollution effects have not decreased since earlier surveys.
Studies on beds of Posidonia oceanica, the dominant
Mediterranean sea grass, show that its biomass is low in the
polluted Gulf of Marseille compared with that in unpolluted bays
near Marseille and with data from Malta. Crops were
particularly low in shallow water to 15m where it is suggested
that grazing by echinoids, whose numbers are probably
encouraged by high levels of organic material, could be an
important factor limiting growth, as well as other factors such
as low underwater irradiance and detergent toxicity. Along the
most polluted coastline near the main sewer outlet at Cortiou,
Posidonia was absent and is probably excluded by indirect and
direct effects of the effluent. The decline of these sea grass
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beds has serious implications for sediment stability and the
survival of associated biota.
Citation 235
KAHN, LLOYD, FRANCIS T. BREZENSKI
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, Metuchen, NJ,
Hudson-Champlain and Metropolitan Coastal Comprehensive Water
Pollution Control Project
Determination of Nitrate in Estuarine Waters—Comparison of a
Hydrazine Reduction and a Brucine Procedure and Modification of
a Brucine Procedure
Environ Sci Technol
1967(June),1(7),488-491.
English
Nitrate levels in estuarine waters were evaluated by hydrazine
reduction and a brucine procedure. Low results were often
obtained with the hydrazine procedure presumably due to
depletion of available hydrazine by environmental components in
the system, resulting in incomplete reduction of nitrate. The
brucine method of Jenkins and Medsker was modified to provide a
better behavior of the Beer-Lambert law. The modification
involves carrying out the reduction step in boiling water,
rather than at 20 deg C. Evidently the reaction kinetics are
such that at the elevated temperature no break in the
calibration curve is observed, the procedure resulting in the
linearity of from 0 to 0.6 milligrams of nitrate-nitrogen per
liter. The precision of the modified-brucine procedure was
evaluated to be better than 0.03 milligram of nitrate-nitrogen
per liter.
Citation 236
KALLGUIST, T.
Algal Growth Potential of Six Norwegian Waters Receiving
Primary, Secondary and Tertiary Sewage Effluents
Verh Int Verein Limnol
1975,19,2070-2081.
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151
English
Experiments with algal growth in mixtures of three different
kinds of treated sewage and six receiving waters have shown that
the growth potential depends on composition of receiving water
as well as waste water. With chemically treated waste water the
phosphorous concentration of the receiving water is critical.
Primary wastes have the higher level of nutrients and give the
greatest increase in growth potential.
Citation 237
KALMAZ, E. V.
Dept. of Engineering Science and Mechanics, Univ. of
Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37916
Mathematical Model and Computer Simulation of the Population
Dynamics of Zooplankton in Lake and Estuary Ecosystems
Ecol Model
1978,5(3),225-235.
English
A mathematical model is developed for predicting the time-
variant population levels and survival probabilities of
zooplankton under conditions where the production rate is
constant and the life-span distribution is independent of time,
and different species propagate independently of each other.
Basic digital computer simulation methodology is employed for
the solution and analysis of the relevant equations. The model
is not applicable to open ecosystems.
Citation 238
RANG, J. W.
Pusan Fisheries Coll. (Republic of Korea)
Diseases of the Cultivated Porphyra at Culture Beds with Special
Reference to the Effects of Fertilizer Plant Effluents
Bull Kor Fish Soc
1972,5(2),39-44.
Korean
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152
The Chinhae Bay (Korea) and adjacent waters were contaminated
with fertilizer plant effluents. The photosynthetic activity of
P. suborbiculata is lower by 4% in 200 ppm, 20% in 300 ppm and
43% in 1000 ppm of contaminated seawater containing diluted
pollutants from the fertilizer plant. Photosynthesis was
depressed about 21-34% near the fertilizer plant, and in the
area of the Porphyra beds, 15% in the portion where tide is
weak and 5% where the tide is strong, in comparison with the
area of unpolluted water.
Citation 239
KARLGREN, LARS , KRISTER LJUNGSTO
Natl Env Protection Board, Sweden
Nutrient Budgets for the Inner Archipelago of Stockholm
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1975 (Apr),47 (4),823-833.
English
The nutrient budget of the Inner Archipelago of Stockholm is
discussed. About 60% of the total phosphorus and only 40% of
the total nitrogen entering the basin is retained in the inner
basin. Concentrations of one or more nutrients other than
nitrogen that can really be controlled should be reduced to such
low levels that nitrogen cannot be the limiting factor. A
drastic increase in the nitrogen to phosophorus ratio in the
Archipelago is anticipated, so phosphorus will become the
limiting growth factor. (1 diagram, 5 graphs, 1 map)
Citation 240
KEEGAN, ROBERT T. , J. VENN LEEDS, JR.
Rice Univ. , Lab. of Environmental Science and Engineering,
Houston, TX
Dynamic Programming and Estuarine Water Quality Control
Water Resour Bull
1970(Apr),6(2),235-248.
English
Water quality management problems and similar problems (eg, air
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153
quality) are amenable to solution by the use of dynamic
programming. The dynamic programming algorithm allows one to
deal with any physical water quality model. Dynamic programming
and the use of Lagrangian multipliers not only solves the water
quality management problem for given quality constraints but
also permits one to observe the trade-off between quality and
cost of achieving the quality. The additional advantage of
solving several other problems "free of charge" is not to be
overlooked. The disadvantages associated with the algorithm are
offset by its advantages.
Citation 241
KETCHUM, BOSTWICK H.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, MA
Eutrophication of Estuaries
WHOI or IN: Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences,
Correctives. International Symposium on Eutrophication.
Proceedings. (Held in Madison, Wise. , June 11 - 15,1967.)
Sherry, Sol et al. (edited by). National Research Council.
Publ No. 1706 Thrombosis. X + 762p. Illus. National Academy
of Sciences: Wash. D. C.
1969, WHOI Contribution No. 1960,197-209.
English
Eutrophication processes for estuaries are described. Major
factors considered are characteristics of estuarine circulation;
distribution of salinity, oxygen, and phosphorus; and the
nutrient cycle.
Citation 242
KHALID, R. A. , W. H. PATRICK, R. P. GAMBRELL
Louisiana State Univ.
Effect of Dissolved Oxygen on Chemical Transformations of Heavy
Metals, Phosphorus, and Nitrogen in an Estuarine Sediment
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1978(jan),6(1),21-36.
English
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154
The effect of DO on the chemical transformations of iron,
manganese, zinc, copper, lead, nitrogen, and phosphorus in
an estuarine sediment suspension under laboratory conditions was
investigated. Phosphorus and nitrogen concentrations decreased
sharply as a result of increased redox potential levels in the
2.1% and 21% oxygen levels. The effect of the 0.11% oxygen
treatment was neglible. These data indicate that oxidized
sediment conditions may be an important factor that regulates
eutrophication by reducing the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen
available for biota. Thus, changes in the DO concentration in
sediment-water systems should be studied carefully.
Citation 243
KIMBALL, M. C.
Miami Univ. , Coral Gables, FL
Effect of Thermal Effluent on Nitrogen Fixation in the Sediments
of Guayanilla Bay, Puerto Rico
Miami Univ.
1977(June),112p.
English
Nitrogen fixation by sediment microflora was studied from March,
1976 through January, 1977 in Guayanilla Bay on the south coast
of Puerto Rico. The study site was located in an area which
receives thermal effluent from a power plant. The temperatures
annually ranged from approximately 25 exp 0 to 30 exp 0 C in the
control areas, and from approximately 30 exp 0 to 40 exp 0 C in
the discharge area. Rates of nitrogen fixation were measured in
situ with the acetylene reduction technique. High rates of
nitrogen fixation generally corresponded with the development of
blue-green algal mats. A blue-green algal mat, predominantly
composed of Microcoleus vaginatus, formed in the discharge area
when temperatures were at or above 35 exp 0 C. Chlorophyll-a
content in this mat reached maximum values of 600 mg/meter exp 2
in shallow areas (ie, depths of 0.5 meter or less). The
highest rates of nirogen fixation were found in portions of the
mat growing in the intertidal zone in August. These rates
ranged as high as 2.17 and 0.76 mg/meter exp 2/hour for light
and dark incubated samples, respectively. Rates of nitrogen
fixation decreased with depth, and hence also light intensity.
Despite high rates of fixation by light incubated samples
(hence, predominantly photosynthetic organisms), dark
heterotrophic processes (bacteria) appeared to account for the
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majority of nitrogen fixed in the blue-green algal mat during a
twenty-four hour period.
Citation 244
KINSMAN, B. , J. R. SCHUBEL, M. J. BOWMAN, H. H.
CARTER, A. OKUBO, D. W. PRITCHARD, R. E. WILSON
Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York,
Stony Brook, NY 11794
Transport Processes in Estuaries: Recommendations for Research
Mar Sci Res Cent, State Univ. of New York
1977(Apr), Special Rep. 6,21p.
English
A review of the state of current knowledge of transport
processes in estuaries is presented. A better description and
quantification of those terms in the equations of motion not
given 'a priori1 by the physics of the flow and commonly
referred to as "diffusive1 or 'dispersive1 remain elusive goals.
Proper verification and testing of three-dimensional time-
varying models that are universally applicable to different
types of estuaries have yet to be undertaken. A set of field
experiments is outlined in broad terms. It is hoped that these
experiments will provide new insight into basic nonadvective
transport mechanisms in various types of estuaries ranging from
well-mixed to highly stratified.
Citation 245
KIORTSIS, V. , M. MORAITOU-APOSTOLOPULOU
Athens Univ. (Greece), Zoological Lab, and Museum
Marine Cladocera (Crustacea) in the Eutrophicated and Polluted
Saronic Gulf
Isr J Zool
1975,24(1-2),71-74.
English
Six species of planktonic cladocerans were determined and
seasonally measured in the Saronic Gulf of the Aegean Sea,
characterized by a high degree of pollution in the northern part
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where the main sewage outfall from the Athens-Piraeus area is
located and where large quantities of industrial wastes and
hydrocarbon products from the Elefsis industrial zone enter the
marine environment. Surface zooplankton were collected during
nine cruises between August 1969 and June 1973, in order to
obtain an overall picture of the zooplanktonic community in
relation to oceanographic parameters and the degree of pollution
in the gulf which varies from north to south. Evadne spinifera
Muller is the commonest and most abundant cladoceran of Saronic
Gulf. This thermophilic species reaches a maximum with the
higher water temperatures, strongly decreases in winter and
disappears from samples when the water temperature reaches its
annual minimum. Evadne tergestina Clauss, also thermophilic,
has a higher temperature range than E. spinifera. Also found
were Evadne nordmani Loven, Podon intermedius Lillijeborg, P.
polyphemoides Levekart and Penilia avirostris Dana. P.
nordmani had not been previously found in the Aegean Sea. The
Penilia species, a neritic form prefering lower salinities, is
explained by large amounts of suspended detritus and dissolved
organic matter and by the relatively shallow character of the
gulf.
Citation 246
KIRYUKHINA, L. N. , M. I. KUCHERENKO, O. G. MIRONOV
Institute of Biology of the Southern Seas, Sevastopol (USSR)
Marine Soil Pollution and Self-Purification
Gidrobiol Zh
1974 ,10(2) ,55-59.
Russ ian
A detailed analysis is given of the physicochemical composition
of the bottom sediments, distribution of chemical components
with depth and the species composition, density and regularity
of occurrence of cabohydrate oxidating microorganisms. The data
show weak self-purification processes in the bottom sediments of
the bay.
Citation 247
KISTRITZ, RON U.
Weatwater Research Centre, The University of British Columbia ,
2075 Westbrook Mall, Vancouver, B. C. , Canada, V6T 1W5
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Recycling of Nutrients in an Enclosed Aquatic Community of
Decomposing Macrophytes (Myriophyllum spicatum)
OIKOS
1978,30,561-569.
English
A 0.5 m2 area of littoral zone in an eutrophic reservoir
dominated by the aquatic vascular plant Myriophyllum spicatum L.
was enclosed in order to study, in situ, the release of
nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) compounds as the enclosed plant
community decomposed. Decomposition is shown to be complete in
about 50 d. Fixed N appeared mainly as NH3 at a maximum rate of
380 ug 1-1 d-1. P was mobilized mainly as PO4 at a maximum rate
of 34 ug 1-1 d-1 and also as soluble organic -P. Aquatic
macrophytes accounted for only 3 to 4% of the regenerated N but
for 40 to 44% of the regenerated P recycled by the enclosed
system; blue green algae and the mud surface accounted for the
balance of the regenerated N and P. Total suspended bacterial
biomass represented an average of 10% of the total organic N and
P pool of the water column. The role of aquatic macrophytes,
blue green algae and mud surface is discussed in terms of the
recycling of N and P.
Citation 248
KLAVESTAD, N.
Ringgt. 56, N-1700 Sarpsborg, Norway
The Marine Algae of the Polluted Inner Part of the Oslofjord
Bot Mar
1978,21,71-97.
English
The benthic algal vegetation of the inner, polluted part of the
Oslofjord was investigated during the period 1962-66.
Observations were made at 101 localities, and the area was
divided into four sub-areas, each with its characteristic
floristic features. A brief general description of the
vegetation of the different sub-areas is given. The Oslofjord
has previously been subjected to algological investigations by
Sundene (1953) and Grenager (1957), and the results of the
present survey are compared with their results. The survey
contains descriptions of seasonal and annual variations in the
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vegetation throughout the whole area. On the basis of the
available data on salinity, temperature, currents, pollution
and other ecological factors, the distribution patterns of the
various algae are discussed. Finally, there is a floristic
list with information on life cycle stages of the various
species.
Citation 249
KLEIBER, P. , W. E. ERLEBACH
Inland Waters Directorate, Pacific and Yukon Region, Water
Quality Branch, Vancouver, British Columbia
Limitations of Single Water Samples in Representing Mean Water
Quality. III. Effect of Variability in Concentration
Measurements on Estimates of Nutrient Loadings in the Squamish
River, B. C.
Inland Waters Directorate
1977, Technical Bull. No. 103,9 p.
English
An examination of the effect of variability in concentration
measurements on estimates of nutrient loadings in the Squamish
River and its tributaries has shown the limitations that result
from the use of data derived from infrequent single grab
samples. By the use of Monte Carlo techniques, the precision
and accuracy of various measurement approaches were assessed.
Correlations between discharge, measured continuously, and
nutrient concentration, measured intermittently, provide a
means of generating precise and accurate loading estimates.
Citation 250
KNAPP, GEORGE L.
Office of Water Resources Research, Washington, DC, Water
Resources Scientific Information Center
Aeration of Natural Waters: A Bibliography
WRSIC
1973 (Jul), WRSIC-73-206,363p.
English
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The report, contains 240 abstracts on improving water quality
by artificial aeration. It is another in a series of planned
bibliographies in water resources to be produced from the
information base comprising Selected Water Resources Abstracts
(SWRA). At the time of search for this bibliography, the data
base had 53,230 abstracts covering SWRA through February 15,1973
(Volume 6, Number 4). Author and subject indexes are included.
Citation 251
KNUDSON, K. , C. E. BELAIRE
Texas Parks and Wildlife Dept. , Seabrook Marine Laboratory,
P. O. Box 8, Seabrook 77586
Causes and Probable Correctives for Oxygen Depletion Fish Kills
in the Dickinson Bayou Estuary: a Field Study and Simplified
Algal Assay .
Contrib Mar Sci (Port Aransas)
1975(Aug),19,37-48.
English
Frequent oxygen depletion fish kills, caused by dense algal
blooms, have occured during summers in the six-kilometer
portion of Dickinson Bayou directly upstream from two sewage
treatment plants. These plants are the major contributors of
waste to the bayou. During summer periods of low action ,
causing dense algal blooms;algal density is much less above the
tidal influence and downstream from the plant outfalls. Algal
assays demonstrated that if the plants employed chemical
coagulation to remove the phosphorus, the summer algal
densities in the critical six-kilometer portion of the bayou
would be reduced to concentrations corresponding to, or less
than, the levels found in the rest of the bayou. Such
treatment would thereby reduce the probability of summer fish
kills.
Citation 252
KOIKE, I, A. HATTORI
Univ. of Tokyo, Ocean Research Inst. , Nakano, Tokyo, 164
Japan
Simultaneous Determinations of Nitrification and Nitrate
Reduction in Coastal Sediments by a 15N Dilution Technique
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160
Appl Environ Microbiol
1978(May),35(5),853-857.
English
Nitrification and nitrate reduction by bacteria in coastal
sediments of MangoVu-Ura and Odawa Bay were simultaneously
determined by a 15N dilution technique. In muddy sediments of
Mangoku-Ura, nitrate reduction proceeded at a rate of 10-2 to
10x10-2 ug-at of N/g/hr, Nitrification was far less intensive.
Denitrification accounted for 30% of the nitrate reduction. A
simultaneous occurrence of nitrification and nitrate reduction
with a similar rate of 10-2 ug-at of N/g/hr was^demonstrated in
sandy sediment collected from a Zostera bed of Odawa Bay.
Citation
253
KRAMER, G. R.
New Mexico Univ. , Albuquerque, NM, Eric H. Wang Civil
Engineering Research Facility
Predicting Reaeration Coefficients for Polluted Estuary
J Environ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1974(Feb),100(EEl) ,77-92.
English
Reaeration rate coefficients measured in polluted estuaries were
compared to those predicted from equations that predict
reaeration coefficients in natural streams. Many of the
currently available equations relating K2 with the physical and
hydrodynamic characteristics of the waterway are described along
with some of the conditions under which they were derived or
determined. The effects of wind, temperature, and surface
active agents on reaeration are reviewed. A number of the given
equations were applied to the Houston Ship Channel in an attempt
to predict K2. The predicted K2 was usually less than 1/100 of
the measured K2. It is concluded that none of these equations
are applicable to the upper Houston Ship Channel area.
Citation
254
KRAUS, MARJORIE
Delaware Univ. , Newark. Coll. of Marine Studies
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161
Host Range Study of Blue-Green Algal Viruses
Delaware Univ.
1974(Apr), Rep. No. DEL-SG-1-74,33p.
English
The paper is a progress report summarizing the information
gained on the molecular ecology of a host/virus system covering
a rather wide range of blue-green algal viruses and their hosts.
Knowledge gained to date from the host-range data has been
applied in: Interpreting survival curves of blue-green algal
viruses as a function of radiation dose; formulating a
methodology for the examination of fish kills; characterizing
new and old viruses; and establishing a blue-green algal
host/virus system as a model of principles and mechanisms in the
examination of viruses in polluted or eutrophic water.
Citation 255
KRUTCHKOFF, RICHARD G. , WILLIAM R. SCHOFIELD
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. , Blacksburg, VA
Stochastic Model of Dynamic Eutrophic Estuary
J Environ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1974(June),100(E3),613-628.
English
Citation 256
KUENZLER, E. J. , A. F. CHESTNUT
Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill and Morehead City, NC
Structure and Functioning of Estuarine Ecosystems Exposed to
Treated Sewage Wastes
Univ. of North Carolina
1971(Feb), Annual Rep. 1970-1971.
English
This is the third annual report from an investigation of the
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ecological systems which develop when estuarine waters are
enriched with sewage wastes. Faculty and students from the
University of North Carolina have studied various phases of
community structure and metabolism of six experimental brackish-
water ponds, three of which receive treated sewage wastes, and
of a small tidal creek and its salt marshes. In this report are
chapters on productivity, carbon metabolism, the phosphorus
budget, nitrogen, and bacterial heterotrophy; on the standing
crops of phytoplankton, decapod crustaceans, fishes,
meiofauna, foraminifera, insects, molluscs, and birds; on
calcium analysis; and on growth and reproduction of algae. The
waste ponds have developed into productive, well-integrated,
but slightly unstable systems. They perform some of the
functions of tertiary treatment and hold promise for production
of harvestable seafood protein.
Citation
LACOMBE, D. , W. MONEIRO
Institute Oswaldo Cruz, Rio de Janeiro (Brazil)
Balanidae as Pollution Indicators in the Bay of Guanabara
Rev Bras Biol
1974,34(4) ,633-644.
257
Portuguese
Certain barnacle species are
Among the different species
(Brazil) Balanus amphitrite
indicator. This is the only
the bay. Three varieties of
the entrance of the bay
stallactifera in the Flamengo,
B. a. amphitrite is dominant
of pollution.
useful as pollution indicators.
occurring in the Bay of Guanabara
amphitrite is the best pollution
dominant and widespread species in
B. tintinnabulum were observed in
and the Tetradita squamosa
Botafogo and surroundings. Only
in the bay; it resists all grades
Citation
258
LAI, C.
Geological Survey, Reston, VA Water Resources Div.
Computer Simulation of Two-Dimensional Unsteady Flows in
Estuaries and Embayments by the Method of Characteristics—Basic
Theory and the Formulation of the Numerical Method
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163
Geological Survey, Water Res. Div.
1977(Aug), Water-Resources Invest. 77-85,72p.
English
Two-dimensional unsteady flows of homogeneous density in
estuaries and embayments can be described by hyperbolic, quasi-
linear partial differential equations involving three dependent
and three independent variables. A linear combination of these
equations leads to a parametric equation of characteristic form,
which consists of two parts: total differentiation along the
bicharacteristics and partial .differentiation in space. For its
numerical solution, the specified-time-interval scheme has been
used. The unknown, partial space-derivative terms can be
eliminated first by suitable combinations of difference
equations, converted from the corresponding differential forms
and written along four selected bicharacteristics and a
streamline. Other unknowns are thus made solvable from the
known variables on the current time plane. The computation is
carried to the second-order accuracy by using trapezoidal rule
of integration. Means to handle complex boundary conditions are
developed for practical application. Computer programs have
been written and a mathematical model has been constructed for
flow simulation. The favorable computer outputs suggest further
exploration and development of model worthwhile.
Citation 259
LAKE, CAROL A. , WILLIAM G. MACINTYRE
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. , Blacksburg.
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Pt. , VA,
Prepared by VIMS
Phosphate and Tripolyphosphate Adsorption by Clay Minerals and
Estuarine Sediments
VPI-VWRRC-Bull
1977(June),109,64p.
English
This investigation sought to provide additional needed
information on overenrichment of estuarine areas by examining
the extent to which phosphate nutrients are taken up by clay
sediments in estuarine and marine environments. Examined
specifically was the adsorption of orthophosphate and
tripolyphosphate by the four clay minerals most commonly found
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164
in Virginia estuaries. A factorial analysis was applied to the
design of the experiments in order to examine statistically the
effect of pH, salinity, temperature, and initial phosphate
concentration on orthophosphate adsorption. The main effects of
pH and initial phosphate concentration were statistically
important to orthophosphate adsorption by each of the clays
increased in the following order: montmorillonite—kaolinite- -
illite—chlorite. The orthophosphate adsorption by synthetic
clay demonstrated the generality of the adsorption experiments,
for similar units were adsorbed by both synthetic and natural
clays. When the source of phosphorus was tripolyphosphate
rather than orthophosphate, each clay adsorbed more phosphorus
under similar reaction conditions.
Citation 260
LEE, WEN YUH
Univ. of Texas, Marine Science Inst. , Port Aransas Marine
Laboratory, Port Aransas, TX 78373
Some Laboratory Cultured Crustaceans for Marine Pollution
Studies
Mar Pollut Bull
1977,8(11) ,258-259.
English
Three laboratory cultured crustaceans are recommended for use in
marine pollution studies because they are characterized by (1)
wide distribution, (2) a short life cycle, (3) high
reproductive potential, and are (4) representative of the
plankton and benthos in coastal waters and the intertidal zone,
where oil spills most often occur and refinery wastes are
discharged. Methods of culturing these crustaceans are
described.
Citation 261
LEEDS, J. V.
Rice Univ. , Houston, TX
Accuracy of Discrete Models Used to Predict Estuary Pollution
Water Resour Res
1967,3(2),481-490.
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165
English
In the solution of estuary pollution problems, the mathematical
model is a partial differential equation, which is often
replaced by a set of ordinary differential equations with time
as the independent variable. The solution to these equations is
taken as the solution of the partial differential equations at
points dx apart. A significant problem is to determine the
closeness of the solution of the ordinary differential equation
to the solution of the partial differential equation, the
spacing, and the number of sections. The closeness of the
solution can be judged by examining the magnitude and phase of
the frequency response of the partial differential equations and
the set of ordinary differential equations. Selecting a given
phase error allows one to obtain a relation giving the allowed
spacing. Selecting an attenuation error sets the number of
sections. Thus, from the knowledge of the frequency response
of the system the rules developed give the number of sections
and spacing to meet specified errors in the approximation.
Citation 262
LEENDERTSE, J. J. , A. B. NELSON
Rand Corp. , Santa Monica, CA
A Water Quality Simulation Model for Well Mixed Estuaries and
Coastal Seas: Volume IX, the Computer Program
Rand Corp.
1978(Apr), Rep. No. R-2298-RC , 90p.
English
The computer program in its present form can be used to compute
the flow and pollutant distributions in a certain region if the
hydrodynamic and transport equations described are
representative of the fluid motions and transport of
constituents; information is available about depth to a certain
reference level; the bathymetry can be approximated with
sufficient detail (computer memory and computer time
requirements per run are proportional to the second and roughly
third power, respectively, of the reciprocal of the space grid
size); sufficient data are available for model adjustment; input
water level histories at a single boundary at the left side of
the model are available for forcing the model; time varying wind
and discharge information is available; and currents are
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166
relatively weak and the system quite well dampended so that
stability conditions of the advection terms are not exceeded.
Citation 263
LEHMANN, EDWARD J.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Water Quality Modeling. A Bibliography with Abstracts
NTIS
1974 (May), NTIS-WIN-74-036,163p.
English
The bibliography contains 158 selected abstracts of research
reports retrieved using the NTIS on-line search system-
NTISearch. The abstracts contain information on models used to
describe water quality. This covers models of the chemical,
physical, biological, and hydrological processes important to
water quality. Included are studies on the modeling of
eutrophication, nutrient removal, pollutant dispersion,
stream flow, heat dissipation, limnological factors, and
storm water runoff. Rep. for 1964-Apr 74.
Citation 264
LEHMANN, EDWARD J.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Water Quality Modeling- -Hydrological and Limnological Systems
(A Bibliography with Abstracts)
NTIS
1975 (May),218p.
English
The abstracts contain information on models used to describe
water quality. This covers models of the chemical, physical,
biological, and hydrological processes important to water
quality. Included are studies on the modeling of
eutrophication, nutrient removal, pollutant dispersion,
stream flow, heat dissipation, limnological factors, aquifer
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167
water quality, and water runoff quality. (Contains 213
abstracts). Kept. for 1964-May 75
Citation 265
LEHMANN, EDWARD J.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Water Quality Modeling. Hydrological and Limnological Systems.
Volume 2.1975-June 1976 (A Bibliography with Abstracts)
NTIS
1976(June), NTIS/PS-76/0444/OST, 103p.
English
The abstracts contain information on models used to describe
water quality. This covers models of the chemical, physical,
biological, and hydrological processes important to water
quality. Included are studies on the modeling of
eutrophication, nutrient removal, pollutant dispersion,
stream flow, heat dissipation, limnological factors, aquifer
water quality, and water runoff quality. (This updated
bibliography contains 98 abstracts, 79 of which are new entries
to the previous edition. ) See also NTIS/PS-76/0443, Water
Quality Modeling—Hydrological and Limnological Systems. Vol.
1.1964-1974.
Citation 266
LEHMANN, EDWARD J.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Water Quality Modeling. Hydrological and Limnological Systems.
Volume 1.1964-1974 (A Bibliography with Abstracts)
NTIS
1976(June), NTIS/PS-76/0443/2ST, 197p.
English
These abstracts of Federally-sponsored research cover studies on
models used to describe water quality. This covers models of
the chemical, physical, biological, and hydrological
processes important to water quality. Included are studies on
the modeling of eutrophication, nutrient removal, pollutant
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168
dispersion, stream flow, heat
factors, aquifer water quality,
(This updated bibliography
which are new entries "~
dissipation, limnological
and water runoff quality.
contains 192 abstracts, none of
to the previous edition. )
Citation 267
LEHMANN, EDWARD J.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Water Quality Modeling -Hydrological and Limnological Systems.
Volume 2.1975-June 1977. (A Bibliography with Abstracts)
NTIS
1977(June), NTIS/PS-77/0528/8ST, 190p.
English
The abstracts contain information on models used to describe
water quality, including models of the chemical, physical,
biological, and hydrological processes important to water
quality. Studies are included on the modeling of
eutrophication, nutrient removal, pollutant dispersion,
stream flow, heat dissipation, limnological factors, aquifer
water quality, and water runoff quality. (This updated
bibliography contains 185 abstracts, 87 of which are new
entries to the previous edition. ) See also NTIS/PS-76/0443,
Water Quality Modeling--Hydrological and Limnological Systems.
Vol. 1.1964-1974.
Citation 268
LEHMANN, EDWARD J.
National Technical Information Service, Springfield, VA
Water Quality Modeling- -Hydrological and Limnological Systems.
Volume 3. July, 1977 -June, 1978 (A Bibliography with
Abstracts)
NTIS
1978(June), NTIS/PS-78/0650/8ST, 92p.
English
The abstracts contain information on models used to describe
water quality, including models of the chemical, physical,
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169
biological, and hydrological processes important to water
quality. Studies are included on the modeling of
eutrophication, nutrient removal, pollutant dispersion,
stream flow, heat dissipation, limnological factors, aquifer
water quality, and water runoff quality. (This updated
bibliography contains 86 abstracts, all of which are new
entries to the previous edition. )
Citation 269
LEPPAEKOSKI, E.
Aabo Akademi, Inst. of Biology, SF-20500 AABO 50, Finland
Monitoring the Benthic Environment of Organically Polluted River
Mouths
IN: Biological Monitoring of Inland Fisheries. Edited By J.
S. Alabaster. London: Applied Science Publishers
1977,125-132.
English
Studies were made of the soft bottom macrofauna of some
organically polluted brackish water areas at river mouths in
southwest Finland and western Sweden and papers on the subject
are reviewed. A benthic pollution index (BPI) was developed for
estimating the distribution and relative degree of pollution by
relating the extent of pollution zones to the whole area of the
waste receiving water. Compared with other biological pollution
indexes used in studying rivers and river mouths, the BPI has
the advantage of comparing overall conditions in different
areas. It simplifies taxonomic work, is related to the
availability of food for bottom feeding fish, and is especially
suitable for longterm monitoring. The use of the BPI method is
restricted to long and rather sheltered river mouths or gradient
type estuaries loaded by municipal or other wastewaters, rich
in organic substances. In open coastal areas, >1 of the
pollution zones may fail to appear. Thermal pollution or toxic
substances affect aquatic biota differently from organic
material and easily conceal changes caused by eutrophication or
organic pollution. The BPI method is based on quantitative
biological analyses rather than on merely qualitative
identification of several indicator species. It also replaces
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170
lists of scientific names and complicated terms by numerical
values.
Citation 270
LEUNG TACK KIT, D.
Centre d'Oceanographie, Marseille (France), Station Marine
d'Endoume
Study of a Polluted Environment (The Old Port Area of
Marseilles): The Influence of Physical and Chemical Conditions
on the Characteristics of the Population of the Quay
Tethys
1971(1972),3(4),767-825.
French
The seasonal changes of several hydrological factors
(temperature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, nutrients, seston,
particulate C and N, detergents), and their influence in the
fauna and flora of the quay were studied. The hydrological data
show the circulation in the 2 basins, the undersaturation of
dissolved oxygen in the harbor water, its freshening and its
important reserve of nutrients. These conditions are favorable
to substantial plankton production. The great quantity of
organic material maintains the biological degradation by an
1autopollution1. The quay settlement is composed of an
association of species resistant to extreme conditions and
variations of the environment.
Citation 271
LEVIN, GILBERT V.
Director, Life Systems Division, Hazleton Lab, Inc. , Falls
Church, VA
The New Pollution
J Civ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1967(May),37(5),68-71.
English
Urbanization, increased use of fertilizers and detergents,
and, paradoxically, advances in wastewater treatment are
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171
accelerating the problem of eutrophication. The problem and a
relatively low cost method of control are described.
Citation 272
LEVY, E. M. , C. C. CUNNINGHAM, C. D. W. CONRAD, J.
D. MOFFATT
Bedford Inst. of Oceanography, Dartmouth (Nova Scotia),
Atlantic Oceanographic Lab
A Titration Apparatus for the Determination of Dissolved Oxygen
in Seawater
J Fish Res Board Can
1977,34(11) ,2218-2220.
English
A novel titration apparatus for the Carritt/Carpenter
modification of the Winkler method for determining dissolved
oxygen in seawater was described. Routine quantitative analyses
for oxygen are made more reliable and more convenient by
reducing the human factor.
Citation 273
LIBERTI, LORENZO , GIANFRANCO BOARI
Istituto Ricerca Sulle Acque, C. N. R. ,5 via De Blasio,
70123 Bari, Italy
Phosphates and Ammonia Recovery from Secondary Effluents by
Selective Ion Exchange with Production of a Slow-Release
Fertilizer
Water Res
1979,13(1),65-71.
English
A process for the reduction of eutrophic potential in urban
secondary effluents, which comprises the selective exchange of
phosphates in a weak anion resin and of ammonia on
clinoptilolite, is described. Sodium chloride is used to
regenerate both resins, with some Ca(OH)2 added for
clinoptilolite. By adding Mg(OH)2, eventually precipitated
with lime from sea water, the premium quality, slow-release
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fertilizer, MgNH4P04.6H20 is recovered from the concentrated
regeneration streams, which can then be recycled. Laboratory
evaluations of the hydrolysis extent of the weak anion resin in
the presence of bicarbonates showed that a steady-state is
attained with resin exchange capacity reproducibly averaging
about 80 mmol phosphate 1-1. The preliminary runs on a pilot
plant for the tertiary treatment of urban sewage are also
presented.
Citation
274
LIMA, HILDA DE SOUZA, P. J. LEB. WILLIAMS
Department of Oceanography, The University, Southampton, U.
K.
Oxygen Consumption by the Planktonic Population of an Estuary—
Southampton Water
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1978,6,515-521.
English
The short term rate of oxygen consumption of water samples taken
from Southampton Water was determined over the period February
to September 1972. The rates varied from undetectable (<10 ul
02 1-1 day-1) to 570 ul 02 1-1 day-1. In the winter months,
the highest rates of oxygen consumption were found in water
samples from the upper half of the estuary, where they were
typically 100-200 ul 02 1-1 day-1. There was an increase in the
rate of oxygen consumption in the summer months; for the
stations within the estuary the increase over the winter rates
lay in the range 200-300 ul 02 1-1 day-1. It is argued that the
upper half of the estuary are sustained by inputs from external
sources (sewage, industrial effluents and rivers) and that the
summer increase is a consequence of phytoplankton
photosynthesis.
Citation
275
LITCHFIELD, CAROL D.
Rutgers - the State Univ. , New Brunswick, N J, Center for
Coastal and Environmental Studies
Microbial Contributions to Nutrient Cycling in the New York
Bight, 1 February 1976-1 January 1977
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173
Rutgers State Univ. , New Brunswick, NJ,
and Environmental Studies
1978(Aug), NTIS PB-287 661/3WP, 116p.
English
Center for Coastal
The following studies are combined to form this final report:
Impact of a Ceratium bloom on microbial biomass and activities
of the New York Bight. Adenosine triphosphate in
the New York Bight; and The effect of cadmium and
on sedimentary microorganisms in the New York
in sediments
sediments of
petrochemicals
Bight.
Citation
276
LITTLER, M. M.
S.
California Univ. ,
Evolutionary Biology
N. MURRAY
Irvine, CA,
Dept. of Ecology and
Influence of Domestic Wastes on the Structure and Energetics of
Intertidal Communities Near Wilson Cove, San Clemente Island
California Water Resources Center
1977(June), Contribution No. 164,88p.
English
This project was directed toward studies of the role of stresses
imposed by domestic waste waters on marine intertidal organisms,
how natural communities of such organisms deal with high-energy
inputs from the particulate matter derived from human wastes and
the processes controlling community development, food web
structure, primary productivity, and seasonal fluctuations in
polluted waters. A primary effect of sewage stress in the upper
to mid-intertidal was to maintain community development in an
early disclimax stage. The outfall area successional plots
showed rapid recovery—nearly 100% after less than a month,
whereas communities that developed on the unpolluted
experimental plots had not fully recovered after one year. The
communities occupying the peripheral margins of the outfall
habitat showed enhanced abundance of suspension-feeding animals.
Species comprising much of the mid-intertidal turf
characteristic of the sewage-disturbed area showed considerably
greater productivity per unit of thallus area than most of the
other macrophytes measured. Outfall populations tended to have
higher energy contents than did populations from the unpolluted
area. Energy-rich compounds appear to be entering the
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intertidal food web through the omnivores and suspension feeders
of the outfall community. The outfall serves as an attractant
and food source for a few species of finfish that are
generalized feeders. Macrophytes with higher sewage-tolerance
display low photosynthetic quotient values during exposure to
effluent; higher values are associated with forms having low
physiological tolerance to sewage. It is suggested that
tolerant species exhibit carbohydrate metabolism during exposure
to effluent stress, whereas intolerant forms tend toward
protein and lipid metabolism.
Citation 277
LITTLER, MARK M. , STEVEN N. MURRAY
Dept. of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Univ. of
California, Irvine, CA
Influence of Domestic Wastes on Energetic Pathways in Rocky
Intertidal Communities
J Appl Ecol
1978,15,583-595.
English
The calorific contents of eighteen macroinvertebrates and thirty-
six macrophytes were determined in an unpolluted rocky
intertidal habitat and in a nearby polluted habitat. (2) Much
of the variation in the calorific values of macrophytes was
related to life span. The algae that characterized the
unpolluted community usually contained comparatively fewer
calories per unit weight. These forms had relatively more
structural tissues and hence allocated relatively less energy to
rapid growth and reproduction. In the polluted habitat,
fugitive or opportunistic algal species were more prevalent;
these had more rapid growth rates and higher productivities and
tended to have relatively high calorific contents. Encrusting
forms, that are easily accessible to many herbivores, had
thallus constituents with lower calorific values, suggesting
that these algae may have evolved reduced palatability. (3) The
major taxonomic groups of algae yielded the following sequence
of mean calorific values: Chlorophyta, 4.78 kcal g-1 ash-free
dry weight; Rhodophyta, 4.39; Cyanophyta, 4.38; Phaeophyta,
4.22. (4) In nearly every case, macroinvertebrate populations
exposed to domestic sewage had higher energy contents than did
corresponding populations from the unpolluted habitat. (5)
Macroinvertebrates in the polluted habitat grazed greater
proportions of blue-green algae and bacteria. Omnivores and
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suspension feeders in the polluted habitat appeared to utilize
energy-rich compounds in the sewage effluent; this may explain
the greater standing stocks of omnivores and suspension feeders
in the peripheral regions of the outfall plume.
Citation 278
LIVINGSTON, R. J.
Florida State Univ. , Tallahassee, FL, Dept. of Biological
Science
Impact of Kraft Pulp-Mill Effluents on Estuarine and Coastal
Fishes in Apalachee Bay, Florida, USA
Mar Biol
1975,32,19-48.
English
Offshore areas in north Florida that received kraft pulp-mill
effluents (KME) displayed significant increases in color and
turbidity and reductions in dissolved 02 compared with a nearby
control area. Estuarine and marsh fish assemblages in areas of
acute impact were severely reduced in numbers of individuals and
species. Species diversity could not be used as an indicator of
pollution per se, and was useful only when considered in
conjunction with various other parameters. Transition areas
(between polluted and unpolluted areas) showed increases in
species diversity, individuals, and species. In general, the
effects of KME on offshore fish assemblages appeared to be due
to a complex combination of habitat alteration, reduced benthic
productivity, and behavior reactions. Overall, there were
some significant changes in the biota such as reduced dominance
and productivity in polluted areas that were similar for the
various types of organisms sampled.
Citation 279
LOCICERO, VINCENT R.
Massachusetts Science and Technology Foundation, 10 Lakeside
Office Park, Wakefield, MA 01880
Proceedings of the First International Conference on Toxic
Dinoflagellate Blooms. Boston, MA, 4-6(Nov)1974
Massachusetts Science and Technology Foundation
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1975(Apr),529p.
ENglish
The conference goal was to investigate all aspects of
dinoflagellate blooms. Content organization was as follows: A.
Dinoflagellate Blooms: an Overview B. Oceanographic Conditions
Associated with Red Tide Blooms C. the Organisms D. Chemistry
E. Pharmacology F. Management
Citation 280
LONG, R. R.
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD, Dept. of Earth and
Planetary Sciences
Three-Layer Circulations in Estuaries and Harbors
J Phys Oceanogr
1977(May) ,7(3) ,415-421.
English
A theory was developed for the three-layer circulation in an
overmixed estuary (finite freshwater influx) or harbor (zero
freshwater influx) accompanying a two-layer structure in the
large body of water outside. A determinate set of algebraic
equations was derived for the general case, and the form of the
equations shows that for zero freshwater influx, the discharge
q sub 1 from a harbor is proportional to the square root of the
density difference between the two outside fluids. The problem
is solved completely when there is a uniform depth H of the
fluids inside and outside the harbor, when the freshwater
influx is zero, and when the two layers of fluid outside the
harbor are of equal thicknesses. The solution showed that the
outflowing layer of water has a thickness d=H/2 and a flux q sub
1 = HW sq rt (H Delta b sub o)/8, where W is the width at the
constriction and Delta b sub o the buoyancy difference between
the two outside layers of water. A laboratory model reproduced
the three-layer circulation of the theory. The outflowing fluid
was quite turbulent, which made the observation of the layer
thickness uncertain, but the thickness appeared to be close to
the value d=H/2 of the theory.
Citation 281
LOUISIANA STATE UNIV.
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Baton Rouge, Center for Wetland Resources
Proceedings of the International Symposium on Marine Pollution
Research
US Environmental Protection Agency
1976(Jan), EPA-600/9-76-032,171p.
English
Symposium papers discuss how man's activities have affected
natural resources of a coastal environment. Participants,
representing international aspects of coastal pollution,
reviewed current status of research and procedures planned to
minimize offshore coastal damage. Subjects included: 'An
Overview of the USEPA Program in Maine Pollution Research1,
Carl R. Gerber; 'Responsibilities for Marine Pollution Research
Within Federal Agencies of the United States', Norman L.
Richards; "Overview of Marine Pollution Research the Baltic",
K. Rozdzynski; "Marine Pollution Research in the Baltic', K.
Rozdzynski Yugoslavia: An Overview", V. Pravdic; 'Overview of
Marine Pollution Research in Egypt", Saad El-Wakeel; "Overview
on Pollution in the Coastal Environment of Pakistan and its
Possible Implication for the Marine Ecosystem', S. M. Haq;
"Overviews on Marine Pollution in India", K. Ranga Rao;
"Research Needs Concerning Pollution of the Marine Benthos', R.
C. Swartz; 'Hydrological, Chemical and Physical Processes
Affecting Pollution of the Baltic Sea", A. Trzosinska;
"Investigation of Pollution-Stressed Littoral Communities in the
Northern Adriatic", D. Zavodnik; "Microbiology and Chemistry
of Estuarine Surface Microlayers', A. W. Bourquin and D. G.
Ahearn; "Survival of Viruses in the Marine Environment1, George
E. Schaiberger, Charles P. Gerba and Enrigue G. Estevez;
'Relationship of Marine Pollution to Human Health", Ronald
Engle; "Bioassays as Indicators of Pollution Effects', David L.
Coppage.
Citation 282
LUND, J. W. G.
The Freshwater Biological Association, The Ferry House, Far
Sawrey, Ambleside, Westmorland
Eutrophication
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
1972,180,371-382.
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English
Eutrophication is enrichment by plant nutrients. Here man-made
eutrophication is considered. The chief sources of enrichment
are sewage, artificial fertilizers and agricultural wastes.
Large populations of plants and animals, alive or dead, cause
difficulties in the water industry and may interfere with
recreation, especially fishing. Most of the phosphorus and
nitrogen can be removed from sewage effluent if the cost is
justified. A large reduction of agricultural run-off is
impractical but some reduction is possible. The removal of
polyphosphates from detergents is a palliative but a suitable
replacement which does not pose a threat to the environment is
not yet on the market. Though the main factors causing
eutrophication are well known, there is little detailed
understanding of their interaction with other environmental
factors. Consequently it is not yet possible to forecast the
exact changes to be expected in aquatic ecosystems, a fact
which is illustrated by certain changes in two mildly enriched
lakes over the last 27 years.
Citation
283
MACDONALD, G. J.
Canterbury Univ.
Civil Engineering
R. N. WEISMAN
Christchurch (New Zealand), Dept. of
Oxygen-Sag in a Tidal River
J Environ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1977(June),103(EE3) ,473-488.
English
Freshwater flow in a tidal river was incorporated in a
dimensionless solution of the derived equations for BOD and DOD,
and a comparison was made between the profiles obtained with
both a constant and a time variable dispersion coefficient, E.
The time variation of E was expressed as the ratio of the
absolute value of the oscillating velocity to a reference
velocity. Flow data from the Potomac River, Washington, were
used in the computer programs, and illustrative BOD and DOD
profiles were presented. Increases in the river discharge
decrease and translate downstream the points of maximum BOD and
DOD. Time variation of the dispersion coefficient smooths both
BOD and DOD profiles, as opposed to a constant value of E, and
reduces their peak values. Decisions on the maximum DOD
associated with a specific effluent outfall, which are based on
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179
a solution with a constant E, appear, therefore, to be
conservative.
Citation 284
MACKAY, D. W. , J. I. WADDINGTON
Clyde River Purification Board, Glasgow (Scotland)
Quality Predictions in a Polluted Estuary
In: Fifth International Water Pollution Research Conference,
San Francisco, July 26-Aug 2,1970
1970, Paper III-7,6p.
English
Some methods adopted by the Clyde River Purification to
investigate the system are outlined, and one case for which it
has been possible to look back on the accuracy of prediction is
described. The main shipping channel of the Clyde Estuary
receives the drainage from a heavily industrialized region with
population of 2.4 million. The circulation of water in the
estuary is extremely complex. During dry spells, the dissolved
oxygen content of the upper estuary falls to zero for a distance
of up to 20 km. The dissolved oxygen levels in the Clyde
Estuary vary directly with the fresh water input and inversely
with the temperature. Equations were derived linking these
parameters at each of 13 stations spaced at 3.2 km; intervals
seawards from the head of the estuary. The salinity, for a
range of five depths at each sampling station, has been
measured. Flows are expressed as percentage exceedences.
Retention time in the upper 32 km of the estuary varies between
2 and 20 days depending mainly upon fresh water input. The sum
of the product of BOD and retention time gives an index of
pollution producing the observed dissolved oxygen deficit. It
was predicted that a reduction of 13% in the overall dissolved
oxygen deficit would result from beginning operation of the new
treatment plant. The reduction in the dissolved oxygen deficit
is 11% overall and is in satisfactory agreement with the
prediction made.
Citation 285
MAGGI, P.
Institut Scientifique et Technique des Peches Maritimes, Nantes
(France), Service de Pollution
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The Growth of Posidonia and the Urban Pollution in the Gulf of
Giens
Ann Inst Michel Pacha
1972,5(1) ,1-H.
French
Studies were carried out in the Gulf of Giens (France), which
receives a large amount of urban pollution. This pollution may
be the reason for the disappearance over a large area of
Posidonia oceanica, which played a large part in fixing the
light sediments. This resulted in hollowing of the sea floor
and severe erosion of the sand beaches. A solution aimed at
stopping the sources of pollution is considered. The problem of
reconquest of the light sediments is approached by an original
method of P. oceanica reimplantation. An 18 mo. trial showed
that slips of the plants take root firmly in a sand bottom.
Citation 286
MAHONEY, JOHN B. , JOHN J. A. MCLAUGHLIN
National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center,
Sandy Hook Laboratory, Highlands, NJ
The Association of Phytoflagellate Blooms in Lower New York Bay
with Hypertrophication
J exp mar Biol Ecol
1977,28 ,53-65.
English
Large quantities of nutrients, including organic substances,
in treated and untreated wastes, are discharged into the New
York estuary. The possible relationship between annual
phytoflagellate blooms in Lower New York Bay and the urban
hypertrophication was investigated by means of tests of the
utilization of a wide variety of organic C, N, and P compounds
by the dominant phytoplanktonic organisms. Carbon compounds
were tested at 50,25, and 5 mg C/l; nitrogen compounds at
1.4,0.7 and 0.14 mg N/l; and phosphorus compounds at 0.5,0.25,
and 0.1 mg P/l. The results from the lowest concentration are
considered of greatest environmental relevance. At the low
concentrations Massartia rotundata (Lohmann) Schiller used 11,
Olisthodiscus lutens Carter 14, and Prorocentrum micans
Ehrenberg 15 of 20 organic carbon compounds; M. rotundata used
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181
14,
0.
luteus 7, and P. micans 14 of 16 organic nitrogen
compounds; M. rotundata used 6, 0. luteus 8, and P. micans
7 of 8 organic phosphorus compounds.
with complementary data indicating
substances during blooms, suggest
association.
These results, together
utilization of organic
a bloom-hypertrophication
Citation
287
MAHONEY, JOHN B.
JOHN J. A. MCLAUGHLIN
National Marine Fisheries Service, Northeast Fisheries Center,
Sandy Hook Lab., Highlands, NJ
Salinity Influence on the Ecology of Phytoflagellate Blooms in
Lower New York Bay and Adjacent Waters
J exp mar Biol Ecol
1979,37,213-223.
English
The possible role of salinity in phytoflagellate blooms in New
York Harbor estuarine and oceanic waters was examined by culture
studies of the dominant species. Massartia rotundata (Lohmann)
Schiller (=Katodinium rotundatum (Lohmann) Loeblich III) grew
best in the range 24-30 o/oo, Olisthodiscus lutens Carter in
the range 10-36 o/oo, and Prorocentrum micans Ehrenberg in the
range 27-36 o/oo. The optimum ranges for all three species
sufficiently match the characteristic bay ocean range (17-32
o/oo) to eliminate salinity tolerance as a major factor in bloom
development. Laboratory simulation of the change from brackish-
river to ocean water salinities, by culture preconditioning at
20 o/oo or at 30 o/oo before inoculation into a salinity
gradient, shows stress effects on growth, especially in
Massartia rotundata and Olisthodiscus lutens. It is speculated
that salinity stress may temporarily affect the development of
particulate blooms of these two species.
Citation 288
MALONE, THOMAS C.
Inst. Mar. Atmos. Sci. , City Univ. New York, N Y
Environmental Regulation of Phytoplankton Productivity in the
Lower Hudson Estuary
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
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182
1977 , 5(2),157-71.
English
Phytoplankton productivity and mean photic zone chlorophyll a
concentrations ranged from 0.01 g C m-2 d-1 (December) to 2.22 g
C m-2 d-1 (July) and from 0.8 ug Chi 1-1 (December) to 6.4 ug
Chi 1-1 (July). , respectively. Dissolved inorganic nutrient
concentrations were high throughout the year, and (with the
possible exception of silicate during the summer) temporal
variations were not correlated with concurrent variations in
phytoplankton productivity. Chlorophyll a specific
phytoplankton productivity was regulated by light and
temperature. Nanoplankton growth accounted for increases in
phytoplankton productivity above 0.25 g C m-2 d-1 within the
lower estuary. Except during the summer when phytoplankton
growth rates were high, increases in phytoplankton biomass were
related to the advection of phytoplankton into the lower Hudson
Estuary from Raritan Bay or the Apex of the New York Bight.
Although major nutrient concentrations were consistently high,
net plankton growth rates were apparently less than flushing
rates and, therefore, too low to generate blooms in the lower
estuary.
Citation 289
MARKS, JAMES W. , ORTERIO VILLA, JR.
US Environmental Protection Agency, Annapolis, MD, Water
Quality Office
Nutrient Data on Sediment Samples of the Potomac Estuary, 1966-
1968
Chesapeake Technical Support Lab
1970, Data Rep. ll,20p.
English
During the years of 1966 through 1968 the Chesapeake Technical
Support Laboratory, conducted three separate surveys of the
bottom sediments of the tidal portion of the Potomac River to
determine the existing quality of the river bottom. The results
of these investigations are presented and the sampling
procedures and analytical methods are described. In 1966 the
Potomac River between the 14th Street Bridge in Washington, DC
to the US Route 301 Bridge near Morgantown, Maryland, was
sampled three times, March-May, June-August and September-
October. In 1967 the same portion of the river was sampled
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183
twice, March-April and again during September. In 1968 the
river between the US Route 301 Bridge to the mouth of the river
at Point Lookout was sampled once during February. The
parameters measured include total phosphorus, inorganic
phosphorus, total nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, chemical oxygen
demand, wet weight, dry weight, volatile weight and
chlorophyll a.
Citation 290
MARTIN-BOUYER, G. , H. VEIGA-PIRES, G. SALAMA, J. P.
BECHAC, F. ROGER
Evaluation of Surface Water Pollution at Several Points in
Relation to Zones of Shellfish Industry in Roadsteads of the
Brest Region
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
1973 ,31/32,91-121.
French
Water samples (258) were studied, considering the following 10
parameters: coliforms, Escherichia coli, enterococci,
temperature, pH, salinity, nitrites, organic matter,
dissolved oxygen and BOD5 (biochemical oxygen demand). The
levels of organic and bacteriological pollution were almost
constant through the week. The tide had no influence on the
pollution indicators, only on the salinity. Organic pollution
depended on the location of the sampling stations. Fecal
pollution followed almost the same pattern as organic pollution:
Landerneau had the highest pollution level, Eaon the lowest.
Both organic and fecal pollution were strongly influenced by the
seasons; the level of organic pollution was always higher in
June-July; the 3 bacteriological tests indicated a variation of
fecal pollution according to the seasons, but each test gave
different results.
Citation 291
MASSMANN, WILLIAM H.
The Fishes-A Neglected Aspect of Estuarine Research
Trans N Am Wildl Nat Resour Conf
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184
1964(Mar),29,337-352.
English
The author states that the bulk of marine sport fish of the
Atlantic and Gulf coast are dependent on estuaries for either
spawning, nursery, or feeding grounds, but there has been
little research on the management of estuarine fishes. Striped
Bass and Atlantic Shad research has uncovered basic information,
but most questions regarding management remained unanswered.
Further detailed life history, ecological and behavior studies,
information on fish population dynamics are needed for important
estuarine dependent coastal fishes (flounders, weakfish,
spotted seatrout and others). Information is also needed on
effects on environmental factors and engineering structures on
fish populations. Basic studies on the fishes of estuaries
should ultimately result in methods for minimizing or
compensating for damage to these waters. The use of artificial
reefs by sport fishes needs to be clearly evaluated. Catch
regulations where needed should be based on the results of
biological studies, and their effects should be thoroughly
evaluated.
Citation
292
MATHIS, JANE H.
Florida State Univ. , Tallahassee, FL, Marine Lab
Mangrove Decomposition. A Pathway for Heavy Metal Enrichment in
Everglades Estuaries. Appendix III
Florida State Univ. , Tallahassee, Marine Lab.
1973 (Mar),68p.
English
Red mangrove decomposition was studied as a natural pathway for
heavy metal enrichment in estuaries of South Florida. Red
mangrove leaves, major constituents of the highly organic
suspended detritus of the estuaries, were analyzed in several
decomposition stages for heavy metal concentration. Analysis
revealed a 3 to 200-fold enrichment of Fe, Mn, Cu, and Cd in
the detritus compared to living leaves. This enrichment process
is thought to be primarily due to adsorption, complexion and
concentration of dissolved metals by the mangrove detritus and
its associated microbiota. Comparisons between the Barren River
estuary, which receives its drainage from agriculturally
developed areas, and the Shark and Broad River estuaries,
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185
which receive drainage from undeveloped areas, revealed a
significantly higher concentration of Cu and Cd in Barron River
leaves and a higher concentration of Mn, Fe, and Cu in Barron
River detritus than in the leaves and detritus of the
uncontaminated estuaries. (Modified author abstract)
Citation
293
MATISOFF, G.
0. P. BRICKER, G. R. HOLDREN, P. KAERK
Johns Hopkins Univ.
Baltimore, MD
Spatial and Temporal Variations in the Interstitial Water
Chemistry of Chesapeake Bay Sediments
Johns Hopkins Univ.
undated, Rep. CONF-750410-7,16p.
English
Core analyses to calculate the chemical mass balance relations
in estuaries based on spatial and temporal variability of the
concentrations of dissolved species in the sediment, and their
interactions, are described. Data reliability is contingent
upon navigational accuracy which limits relocation of sample
sites and variations in temperature, salinity, and sediment
deposition rates, which are dependent on time cycles, and
which, in turn, influence both the biological and inorganic
processes taking place within the cores. The oxidation
reduction potential, hydrogen ion concentration, chloride,
silicate, sulfate, carbonate alkalinity, ammonia, phosphate,
iron and manganese were calculated and compared to the
analytical techniques. The spatial variations were only
slightly greater than the limits set by the analytical
techniques. However, groundwater infiltration can severely
affect the interstitial water chemistry and may be an important
influence in some areas; also the distribution of some chemical
species is controlled by local mineral equilibria, which
decreases the reproducibility of spatial data. Temporal
variations greatly exceeded the limits of spatial variations for
each chemical specie. For parameters which are conservative
and/or influenced predominantly by inorganic activity, seasonal
changes in salinity and temperature control the interstitial
water profiles. Those species which are involved in the
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186
decomposition of organic matter also showed a gross seasonal
correlation.
Citation 294
MATTHEWS, P. J.
Anglian Water Authority, Huntingdon (England) Directorate of
Scientific Services
Application of Physico-chemical Treatment as a Method of
Achieving Partial Standards on Sewage Effluents Discharged in
Estuarial and Coastal Situations
Public Health Eng
1977(Mar),5(2),31-37.
English
Applying various physico-chemical treatment (PCT) methods to
wastes which would be discharged to estuaries and coastal waters
in England was considered. PCT was used in the nineteenth
century, but biological treatment outweighed it by appearing
more effective and by producing a more easily disposable sludge.
Chemically aided sedimentation can be of use, however, where
there is a solids standard of 60 to 150 milligrams/liter of
suspended solids, or where this standard and a BOD and/or a COD
limit are appropriate. The most common systems of chemical
sedimentation include lime, ferric and ferrous salts, alum
alone or with anionic polyelectrolytes, and cationic
polyelectrolytes. This can be added before wastes undergo
flocculation chamber followed by sedimentation tank treatment,
or before combined flocculation/sedimentation tank treatment.
The sludges produced are less filterable than primary sludges,
but they can be treated, disposed of, or used in agriculture.
Lime seems to be the most cost effective coagulant/flocculant.
Partial treatment allows for shorter effluent pipelines than
needed for crude sewage outfalls. Higher hydraulic loadings
permit reduced sedimentation tank size and reduced sedimentation
capital costs. The drawbacks to lime treatment are possible
increases in capital costs by as much as 200% and in operating
costs by 10-20% over sedimentation costs. Finally, the effects
of coagulants, flocculants, and their impurities on effluent
quality and sludge production must be considered.
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Citation 295
MAYZAUD, P. , S. TAGUCHI
Biochimie Marine, Station Zoologique, Villegranche-sur-Mer,
06230, France
Spectral and Biochemical Characteristics of the Particulate
Matter in Bedford Basin
J Fish Res Board Can
1979,36,211-218.
English
A survey of the distribution, nature, and biochemical
composition of particulate matter (less than 153 um diam) showed
that small particles (<18 um) made up the bulk of the
particulate matter during most of the summer. Relatively large
amounts of microzooplankton (tintinnids) were also recorded
during the period of stable hydrographic conditions. Diatoms
and dinoflagellates were abundant only in early fall prior to
the fall bloom. All cell counts were transformed into parts per
million on a volume basis to compare with Coulter Counter data.
Cell counts on preserved samples strongly underestimated the
number and volume of small particles and did not take into
account the detritus. Considerations of the ATP content
strongly suggested that for naturally occurring particulate
matter there is not a constant ATP to carbon ratio but rather an
upper and lower limit. Small particles were the main repository
for protein whereas phytoplankton was the repository for
carbohydrates. The high variability of both quality and
quantity of particles in the neritic habitat suggests that a
single chemical variable cannot describe fully the nutritive
value of naturally occurring suspended matter.
Citation 296
MCCARTHY, J. J. , W. ROWLAND TAYLOR, M. E. LOFTUS
Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University;
Baltimore, MD
Significance of Nanoplankton in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary and
Problems Associated with the Measurement of Nanoplankton
Productivity
Mar Biol
1974,24,7-16.
English
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Over a 2-year program of monthly cruises covering the entire
Chesapeake Bay (USA), the phytoplankters which passed 35 urn
mesh were responsible for 89.6% of the phytoplankton
productivity. On a single summer cruise, the <35 urn
phytoplankton fraction was responsible for 93.4% of the
chlorophyll a and 100% of the primary productivity. The <10 urn
fraction was responsible for 81.3% of the chlorophyll a and 94%
of the productivity. The difference in biomass in the <35 urn
and the <10 urn fractions was significant (P = 0.025), but no
significant difference in the productivity could be
demonstrated. Laboratory experiments demonstrated that recently
assimilated carbon can be lost with gravity screening.
Considering both this and the effect of herbivorous zooplankters
enclosed in productivity incubations, a prescreening rather
than postscreening technique is recommended for studying
nanoplankton productivity.
Citation 297
MCCARTHY, JAMES J. , W. R. TAYLOR, J. L. TAFT
Department of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
02138
The Dynamics of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Cycling in the Open
Waters of the Chesapeake Bay
Marine Chemistry in the Coastal Environment. American Chemical
Society. Edited by Thomas A. Church
1975,40,644-681.
English
At the present time the greatest uncertainty in the nitrogen and
phosphorus budgets of the main body of the Chesapeake Bay rests
with the question of local nutrient supply. In general neither
vertical transport from the sediments nor rainfall (unpublished
data) can be considered as major sources. A large body of data
provide both direct and indirect evidence which suggests that
herbiverous zooplankters are capable of consuming the
phytoplankton productivity. The smaller the zooplankton, the
greater the fractional return of ingested nitrogen and
phosphorus to the water via excretion. We are in the process of
evaluating the importance of this pathway to local nutrient
replenishment in the Bay. Bacteria in the water column,
whether free-living or associated with larger particles, may in
part be responsible for both supply and loss of the plant
nutrients discussed above. Unfortunately, it is extremely
difficult to quantitate with even fair accuracy the role of the
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bacteria, and the significance of bacterial activity in these
processes has not been evaluated for any large area of the open
Bay. Indirect evidence suggests, however, that the role of
bacteria is minor when compared to those of both phytoplankton
and zooplankton. The general impression from this presentation
is that plankton nutrition must be viewed as a dynamic process.
One can be totally deceived in an effort to understand plankton
nutrition solely from measurements of biomass and nutrient
concentrations, and, therefore, unless one partitions the
nutrient pool and actually measures rates of utilization,
little useful information can be obtained from field programs
designed to investigate various links in the nutrient-
phytoplankton-zooplankton-nutrient cycle.
Citation 298
MCCARTHY, JAMES J. , W. ROWLAND TAYLOR, JAY L. TAFT
Department of Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA
02138
Nitrogenous Nutrition of the Plankton in the Chesapeake Bay. 1.
Nutrient Availability and Phytoplankton Preferences
Limnol Oceanogr
1977(Nov) ,22(6) ,996-1011.
English
Eight stations in the main body of Chesapeake Bay and one on the
continental shelf were sampled seven times over a period of 13
months to investigate the nitrogenous nutrition of the
phytoplankton. The rates at which the phytoplankton were
utilizing NO3-, NO2-, NH4+ and urea N were determined. The
data demonstrate that for a large portion of the year there is
inadequate N nutrient available to permit a single doubling of
the particulate N. Over temperatures from 4-28 C and salinities
from 2-32 o/oo, there was a universally high phytoplankton
preference for NH4+ and urea N over N03- and N02-. A relative
preference index indicated that NH4-t- concentrations in excess of
0.5-1.0 ug-atom N liter-1 almost totally suppressed N03-
utilization. Urea N was used after NH4+ in order of preference,
and when the sum of available NH4+ and urea N was insufficient
to meet the phytoplankton N nutrient demand, N03- was used.
When the sum of all available N nutrients was less than that
required to satiate the phytoplankton demand, NH4+, urea N,
N03-, and N02- were all utilized at rates proportional to their
availability. For the midbay region in October 1973, N02- was
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the dominant N nutrient present both in the water and in the
diet of the phytoplankton.
Citation 299
MCCARTY, PERRY L.
Civil Engineering Department, Stanford University, Palo Alto,
CA
Energetics of Organic Matter Degradation
In: Water Pollution Microbiology. Edited by Ralph Mitchell.
Wiley-Interscience
1972, Chapt. 5,91-117.
English
Natural aquatic systems are dynamic in nature and have energy
flowing through them. The flow of energy gives rise to and
maintains some order in the system. When the energy flux
through an aquatic system remains nearly constant with time,
the system will approach a steady-state condition which is kept
away from a state of equilibrium by the flux of energy and the
ordering which results. For this reason the concentrations of
materials present cannot be determined from equilibrium
calculations alone. The dynamics of the biological and physical
processes occurring must also be considered. In this chapter
the energetics and kinetics of bacterial growth and substrate
utilization in natural aquatic systems are discussed. Bacterial
growth occurs at the expense of energy released by the flow of
electrons from donors to acceptors mediated by bacteria.
However, bacteria are open systems in which irreversible
processes are occurring and only a portion of the free energy
released can be captured for useful work. The remainder escapes
as heat. The extent to which bacterial growth occurs is a
function of the energy released by the electron transfer and the
efficiency of energy utilization by the organism mediating the
transfer. Those organisms which can bring about the transfer
most rapidly and can capture released energy most efficiently in
a given environment will tend to dominate as their rate of
growth will be greatest. The concentrations of electron donors
and acceptors resulting under steady-state conditions will be
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governed to a large extent by the dynamics of the processes of
biological growth and decay.
Citation 300
MCCORMICK, J. MICHAEL, PATRICIA T. QUINN
Biology Department, Montclair State College, Upper Montclair,
NJ 07043
Phytoplankton Diversity and Chlorophyll-a in a Polluted Estuary
Mar Pollut Bull
1975(July),6(7),105-106.
English
The quantity of phytoplankton in Newark Bay, New Jersey as
indicated by chlorophyll-a content of the water, is low in the
winter and early spring, and fluctuates greatly during the
spring and summer. Chlorophyll-a concentrations are generally
less than 20 ug/1 until April. Between April and August, three
phytoplankton blooms were indicated by chlorophyll-a
concentrations as high as 81.4 ug/1. Net phytoplankton
diversity values indicated generally eutrophic conditions;
however, there was no significant correlation between diversity
and chlorophyll-a concentrations. A role of nannoplankton in
blooms is indicated.
Citation 301
MCKEWEN, T. D.
Maryland Environmental Service, Annapolis, MD
Human Wastes and the Chesapeake Bay
J Wash Acad Sci
1972,62(2) ,157-160.
English
Chesapeake Bay is considered to be a relatively clean body of
water, but with the population increase expected, public
awareness and additional treatment is needed to improve the
existing quality. Sewage and industrial waste, currently
treated to remove BOD are the main contributors. Tertiary
treatment to remove nutrients will soon be needed to protect the
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fisheries from overenrichment.
sewage and industrial wastes,
With improved treatment of
surface runoff will become more
visible. These pollutants are similar in nature to sewage but
are difficult to treat because of their diffuse nature.
Sedimentation originally a natural process, has been carelessly
enhanced to the point of clogging backwaters of the bay. These
diffuse pollutants will be the limiting factor in water quality
as point source pollutants are controlled.
Citation
302
MCLEAY, D. J.
C. C. WALDEN, J. R. MUNRO
Division of Applied Biology, B. C. Research, Vancouver, V6S
2L2, Canada
Effect of pH on Toxicity of Kraft Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent
to Salmonid Fish in Fresh and Seawater
Water Res
1979,13,249-254.
English
In freshwater bioassays with juvenile rainbow trout (Salmo
gairdneri), at initial pH values from 4 to 11, kraft mill
effluents were considerably less toxic at pH 9-10 than at
neutrality. When pH of test solutions was controlled throughout
the bioassay period, the least toxic range was 8.5-9.5.
Toxicity at typical receiving-water pH values was 50-60%
greater. The acute toxicity of effluent samples to yearling
coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) was identical for these
effluents in seawater and freshwater respectively, provided
that the pH was adjusted and held at the same value, and that
test fish were previously acclimated to the dilution water for
several months. Thus seawater constituents other than pH did
not affect the acute toxicity of pulp and paper mill effluents
appreciably.
Citation
303
MIHNEA, P. E.
Consiliul Natl. Pentru Stiinta si Tehnologie, Sectorul 1,
Bucarest, Roumania
Domestic Wastewater Effects on Marine Phytoplanktonic Algae
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
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1978,49(3) ,89-98.
French
Two of the main trophic ions (N-N03 and P-P04) as well as
natural phytoplanktonic communities were analyzed throughout the
last 15 years along the Romanian Black Sea coast, have been
investigated. Concentrations over 17 mg P-P04,100 mg N NO3/m3,
and an average of 1 million cells/1 of unicellular algae could
be considered as a certain diagnosis of eutrophication. The
trophic importance of sewage for some algae has been
experimentally proved. Chaetoceros simplex var. calcitrans was
considered as an indicator organism.
Citation 304
MIHURSKY, J. A. , D. A. FLEMER, D. H. HAMILTON, JR. ,
C. W. KEEFE
Maryland Univ. , Solomons, MD, Natural Resources Inst.
The Effects of Thermal Loading and Water Quality on Estuarine
Primary Production
NRI Maryland
1971(Oct), Completion Rep. OWRR-B-010 MD(l),55p.
English
A study was made of the effects of thermal pollution on
hydrography, nutrients, phytoplankton standing crop, and
primary production in the Patuxent estuary (Maryland) from
September 1970 to June 1971. Residual chlorine from the water
passing through the condensers of the Chalk Point Power Plant
reduces phytoplankton production in the effluent canal to a
greater extent than would be expected from simple mixing of
condenser water with augmentation water. Nutrient
concentrations in Western Branch were higher during this study
year than during the previous years. Also, standing crop and
primary production in the lower study area were higher during
the winter of this study year than during the previous winters.
Measurements of sedimentary carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus
indicate great depositions of phosphorus in the sediments from
Lower Marlboro to Hollowing Point.
Citation 305
MILLER, B. S. , B. B. MCCAIN, R. C. WINGERT, S. F.
BORTON, K. V. PIERCE
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Washington Univ. , Seattle, Fisheries Research Inst.
Ecological and Disease Studies of Demersal Fishes in Puget Sound
near Metro-Operated Sewage Treatment Plants and in the Duwamish
River
Puget Sound Interim Studies, Municipality of Metropolitan
Seattle
1977, Final Rep. No. CR2231,164p.
English
The effects of sewage effluent on demersal fish community
structure and the relationship between sewage outfalls and
disease incidence and parasite infestation levels were
investigated. Baseline data for future sewage treatment
procedures analysis on demersal fish was collected. A sampling
program was designed to collect data on species composition,
distribution, and abundance as well as disease and parasite
incidences in the vicinity of two sewage outfalls and a control
site. The Duwamish River study provided data on the spatial and
temporal distribution of tumor-bearing and parasitized
flatfishes in particular starry flounder. Additional data were
gathered on the distribution and abundance of all non-flatfish
species.
Citation 306
MINAS, H-J. , P. DAVID, B. COSTE, M-C. BONIN, M. MINAS
Centre Universitaire de Luminy, Station Marine D'Endoume,
Laboratoire D'Oceanographie, F13288 Marseille Cedex 2, FR
Caractere Particulier du Mecanisme de L1Eutrophisation dans
L'Etang de Berre
Institut Oceanographique, Paris. Annales
1976,52(2) ,153-164.
French
Citation 307
MINAS, M.
Centre Univ. de Luminy, Marseille, France
Dissolved Oxygen and Saturation in an Environment of High
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Organic Production (Etang de Berre): Role of Halocline on
Distribution of These and on the Oxygen-Phosphate Ratio
Hydrobiol
1976,51(2),149-162.
French
The evolution of O2 distribution (concentration and saturation)
was monitored in brackish waters of the lake Etang de Berre
during several years. In relation to the occurrence of a well-
defined pycnocline (halocline) an oxycline is shown to be
present, leading to anoxic conditions in some cases. The
relationships between O2 and nutrients under conditions of O2
depletion are examined and it is shown that anomalies are due to
the dynamic aspects of the consumption-production-regeneration
system. A concept of the theoretical O2 budget in a brackish
water basin is proposed.
Citation 308
MOOK, W. G. , B. K. S. KOENE
Groningen Rijksuniversiteit (Netherlands), Environmental
Isotopes Lab
Chemistry of Dissolved Inorganic Carbon in Estuarine and Coastal
Brackish Waters
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1975,3(3) ,325-336.
English
When fresh and sea water are mixed, chemical rearrangement
occurs in the dissociation equilibria. The shifts are complex,
and the first and second dissociation constants are functions of
ion activities which depend on the water's ionic strength and
composition. Fresh waters are considered dilute solutions, but
the salt content of sea water affects activity coefficients more
than is theoretically predicted due to formation of ion pairs
and complexes. When fresh and sea waters are mixed, acidity
shows a maximum (pH minimum) at a specific mixing ratio. The
first and second apparent dissociation constants of carbonic
acid increases rapidly with increased salinity, causing a
remarkable pH distribution in an estuary. Downstream, instead
of gradual continuous increases in pH from fresh water (7.0-7.5)
to ocean values (8.2), the pH showed minimal values at low
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salinity. Depending on the alkalinity ratio of fresh river
water and sea water, estuarine carbonate ion concentrations
could remain very low up to relatively high salinities and may
affect shell growth of some mollusks. To obtain dissociation
constants for brackish waters with low chlorinities,
adjustments of data for pure water and sea water are made by
mathematical equations.
Citation 309
MOORE, D. M.
Marine Sciences Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
Seasonal Changes in Distribution of Intertidal Macrofauna in the
Lower Mersey Estuary, U. K.
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1978,7,117-125.
English
The distribution of intertidal macrofauna on the east shore of
the Mersey Estuary changes from season to season. Principal
components analysis identified a faunal gradient in winter which
is oriented partly long-shore and partly down-shore. This
pattern is simplified in spring and summer when distribution is
graded everywhere perpendicular to the shore but this break down
in autumn with the return of a long-shore gradient. The
continual re-adjustment of the intertidal community is related
to the seasonal change in the proportion of very fine sand and
mud. The physical properties of the estuary which determine
turbidity and sedimentation on the east shore are discussed with
regard particularly to organic pollution associated with the
sediment.
Citation
310
MORAITOU-APOSTOLOPOULOU, M. , V. KIORTSIS
Athens Univ. (Greece), Zoological Lab and Museum
Comparative Study of Cladocera from the 1st Meter of Sea Water,
Collected in a Polluted Zone and in Another Relatively Clean
Zone
Rev Int Oceanogr Med
1976,43,37-46.
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French
A comparative study of the most superficial (0-100 cm layer)
cladocerans was made, to assess the influence of marine
pollution on their occurrence and distribution. Two collecting
stations were established in the coastal waters of Saronicos
gulf near Athens (Greece). One was in a polluted area near the
main sewage outfall, the other in an area of purer waters.
Statistically significant differences in water temperature and
in the occurrence and abundance of various cladoceran species
were observed between the 2 stations. In addition to their
usual vertical microdistribution and seasonal variation, a
preference of some of the species (Evadne spinifera) for clear
vs. polluted water (E. tergestina and Podon polyphymoides) was
noted. The ecological characteristics of the 6 spp. examined
were analyzed in comparison with recently published data on this
group. (The other 3 spp. are E. nordmani, P. intermedius
and Penilia avirostris).
Citation 311
MORRIS, A. W. , R. F. C. MANTOURA, A. J. BALE, R. J.
M. HOWLAND
Institute for Marine Environmental Research, Prospect Place,
The Hoe, Plymouth, UK
Very Low Salinity Regions of Estuaries: Important Sites for
Chemical and Biological Reactions
Nature
1978(Aug),274,678-680.
English
The importance of biogeochemical interactions in estuaries is
widely recognised; in particular, theoretical models of
estuarine speciation of trace metals and the pH-carbonate system
predict that sharp changes of thermodynamic equilibrium
conditions should occur at very low salinities (<1 o/oo).
However, because of the limitations of conventional sampling
strategies, the chemical properties of this freshwater-seawater
interphase (FSI) have not been adequately characterized.
Instead, the expected variability has usually been represented
by a scatter of spatially and temporally unresolved data points.
Over the past two years, we have carried out periodic detailed
investigations of the immediate mixing of the fresh and brackish
water in the Tamar Estuary, South West England and we present
data here for 11 determinands which point to the FSI as being an
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important site for chemical and biological processes in
estuaries.
Citation 312
MORTON, S. D. , R. SERNAU, P. H. DERSE
WARF Institue, Inc. , Madison, WI 53701
The Carbon Dioxide System and Eutrophication
US Environmental Protection Agency
1971, EPA Grant 16010 DXV, 72p.
English
Growth rates of the algae Chlorella, Microcystis, and Anabaena
were studied with respect to carbon availability. Algae can
utilize dissolved concentrations of carbon dioxide much lower
than those atmospheric equilibria. Control of algal growth by
sweeping the carbon dioxide out of water by aeration with air
containing very low concentrations ot carbon dioxide is
difficult because of atmospheric replenishment of carbon
dioxide. Bicarbonate is at least 50% utilized at growth rates
as high as 7 mg per liter per day (dry weight). Atmospheric
replenishment of carbon dioxide, without any wind mixing, can
sustain growth rates of 1.5-2 mg per liter per day for depths of
at least 1.7 m.
Citation 313
MOSHIRI, G. A. , W. G. CRUMPTON, D. P. BROWN, P. R.
HARRINGTON, N. G. AUMEN
University of West Florida, Pensacola Dept. of Biology
Interrelationships between Certain Microorganisms and Some
Aspects of Sediment-Water Nutrient Exchange in Two Bayou
Estuaries, Phases I and II
WRRC Florida (Gainsville)
1976(July), Publication No. 37,45p.
English
Over a two-year period, certain aspects of nutrient exchange
and regeneration were studied as related to major physical,
chemical, and microbial parameters in two bayou estuaries.
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Sediment to water phosphate (P03-4) exchange was affected by
dissolved oxygen concentrations in both systems, but Eh effects
of oxygen depletion on P03-4 exchange kinetics differ in the two
bayous. Sediment Eh profiles follow a temporal pattern perhaps
related to the bacterial activity. Glucose concentrations and
uptake were monitored as related to possible sources and
utilizers respectively. (Morgan-Florida)
Citation 314
MOSHIRI, G. A. , W. G. CRUMPTON, N. G. AUMEN, C. T.
GAETZ, J. E. ALLEN
Water Resources Research Center, Univ. Florida, Gainsville
Water-Column and Benthic Invertebrate and Plant Associations as
Affected by the Physicochemical Aspects in a Mesotrophic Bayou
Estuary, Pensacola, Florida
WRRC Florida (Gainsville)
1978, WRRC-PUB-41,166p.
English
Water column samples were collected every 2 wk over a 1-yr
period from 3 stations in mesotrophic Bayou Texar, Pensacola,
Florida and were analyzed for N03-, NH3, P04 , and total
organic C against a background of physical parameters.
Phytoplankton and zooplankton populations present during the
study period were identified and enumerated. Benthic core
samples were collected to assess the macroinvertebrate
populations; however, analysis indicated a paucity of organisms
in general. Data were subjected to appropriate statistical
analysis to indicate possible relations among aspects studied;
negative correlations appeared between salinity and nitrates,
between NH3 and dissolved 0 (at some stations), between
Brachionus plicatilus and dissolved o and between Cryptophytes
and dissolved o. Pos. correlations were indicated between
total organic C and NH3, between Brachionus and Cryptophytes,
and between Brachionus and Oithona colcarva.
Citation 315
MOSHIRI, G. A. , W. G. CRUMPTON
Univ. of West Florida, Dept. of Biology, Pensacola, FL
32504
Certain Mechanisms Affecting Water Column-to-Sediment Phosphate
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Exchange in a Bayou Estuary
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1978,50(2),392-394.
English
The effect of reducing conditions on the release of phosphate
(P04-3) from the sediment-water interface in Bayou Texar was
studied. In 1974-75,2 sampling regimens were followed in the
mesotrophic Bayou Texar and in Mulatto Bayou, a nearby shallow,
eutrophic bayou estuary. In one regimen, surface and bottom
water samples were collected from 3 stations in each system and
analyzed for dissolved P04-3. In situ determinations of
temperature, salinity, DO, and pH were made. The 2nd
sampling regimen involved collection of sediment cores in order
to investigate PO4-3 exchange as related to the redo* status of
the substrate. Data from the 1st sampling method show that in
Mulatto Bayou, bottom water DO is consistently low (<2 mg/1),
and there is a negative correlation between DO and dissolved P04-
3. As DO decreases, more and more PO4-3 is found in bottom
waters, presumably because of the release of adsorbed P04-3.
In contrast, DO in Bayou Texar bottom water is seldom low
(always >3 mg/1), and examination of data shows no significant
correlation between DO and dissolved P04-3 in this system.
Dissolved water column PO4-3 showed no correlation with
interface P04-3 or Eh. Reducing conditions in Bayou Texar
appear to cause the release of substantial amounts of P04-3 from
the sediment-water interface.
Citation 316
MOSHIRI, GERALD A. , ET AL.
Florida Water Resources Research Center, University of Florida
Determination of a Nitrogen-Phosphorus Budget for Bayou Texar,
Pensacola, Florida
WRRC Florida
1972(Feb), Publication No. 17,27p.
English
Citation 317
MOSHIRI, GERALD A. , WILLIAM G. CRUMPTON , DEWEY A.
BLAYLOCK
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201
University of West Florida, Pensacola, FL
Algal Metabolites and Fish Kills in a Bayou Estuary: an
Alternative Explanation to the Low Dissolved Oxygen Controversy.
(Communication)
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1978,50,2043-2046.
English
Bayou, Texar, Pensacola, FL , is a shallow bayou estuary in
which raw wastewater leaks are frequently followed by massive
algal blooms and extensive fish kills. This study of
phytoplankton physiological parameters purposed to determine if
over-nutrification encouraged long-term phytoplankton population
shifts. Four major groups of phytoplankton were found:
dinoflagellates, chrysophytes, diatoms, and cryptophytes.
Although no clear seasonal pattern was indicated, a noticeable
long-term shift involved almost unispecific blooms of the first
three groups. Declines in total phytoplankton biomass were
accompanied by decreases in dissolved organics, and BOD maxima,
and increases in DO minima. Although DO concentrations reached
low levels on several dates, peak fish mortality occurred
during a 1972 dinoflagellate bloom, in which the largest
population of Gymnodinium, a dinoflagellate that produces
metabolites toxic to fish, was recorded during the study
period. The author suggests that algal bloom toxins may be the
more important factor than DO stress in large fish kills. 5
references. Abstr. by JMB.
Citation 318
MONDAY, J. C. , JR. , R. J. BYRNE, C. S. WELCH, H.
H. GORDON, J. D. BOON, III
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Point,VA
Applications of Remote Sensing to Estuarine Problems
VIMS
1975(Dec), Annual Rep. No. 3,168p.
English
A variety of siting problems for the estuaries of the lower
Chesapeake Bay have been solved with cost beneficial remote
sensing techniques. Principal techniques used were repetitive
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1:30,000 color photography of dye-emitting buoys to map
circulation patterns, and investigation of water color
boundaries via color and color infrared imagery to scales of
1:120,000. Problems solved included sewage outfall siting,
shoreline preservation and enhancement, oil pollution risk
assessment, and protection of shellfish beds from dredge
operations.
Citation 319
MURPHY, R. S. , R. F. CARLSON , D. NYQUIST, R. BRITCH
Alaska University, College Institute of Water Resources, AK
Effect of Waste Discharges into a Selt-Laden Estuary, a Case
Study of Cook Inlet, AK
IWR Alaska
1972(Nov), Completion Rep. IWR-26,26p.
English
Cook Inlet, Alaska located adjacent to Anchorage, Alaska's
largest population center, has received the areas raw waste
discharges for five decades. A program of field measurements
and data analysis was carried out to examine the effects of the
raw discharge on the inlet's low temperature, silt laden,
highly mixed waters. The physical characteristics studied
included temperature , suspended sediments, tidal currents and
tidal dispersion. Chemical characteristics included
measurements of pH, DO, oxygen, salinity, and nutrients such
as silica, nitrogen, and phosphorus. The biological
characteristics studied were bacteria, plankton and benthic
organisms. The study indicated that some pollution had occurred
near the outfalls but the inlet as a whole was extremely low in
all usual pollution indicators. Because of the high tidal
mixing and heavy sediment concentrations the inlet water
presents a very hostile environment and could easily receive
additional waste loads with no detrimental effects. Additional
treatment of the now primary treated water is unnecessary.
Citation 320
MURPHY, R. SAGE, ANN P. MILLER
Alaska Univ. , College Dept. of Environmental Health
Engineering; and Alaska Univ. , College, Inst. of Water
Resources
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Waste-Induced Oxygen Uptake of an Alaskan Estuary
J San Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1968,94(SA 2) ,345-354.
English
A study is reported to determine the possible biological effects
of sewage discharge generated by Anchorage, Alaska, upon the
waters Knik Arm, a portion of Cook Inlet, to determine optimum
disposal method. Large quantities of fine silt and low ambient
temperatures of Knik Arm made standard biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD) procedure inappropriate as a method for predicting the
biological activity of the waters. Natural waters and 2C
incubation temperatures were substituted for standard BOD
procedure and comparisons with standard BOD values made. At 2C
incubation temperature, figures are presented which compare
oxygen uptake between waters inoculated with settled sewage,
and oxygen consumption by selectively removing sewage or natural
water-originating organisms. Considerable oxygen uptake is
observed in waters when incubation temperature is 2C. A mixture
of sewage and natural water exhibits much greater oxygen
consumption than natural water alone. The concentration o"f silt
does not have an appreciable effect upon oxygen consumption.
Organisms indigenous to the natural waters have greater effect
on decomposition of sewage than sewage-originating organisms.
Citation 321
NAJARIAN, T. 0. , D. R. F. HARLEMAN
Resource Analysis, Inc. , Cambridge, MA
Real Time Simulation of Nitrogen Cycle in an Estuary
J Environ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1977(Aug) ,103(EEH) ,523-538.
English
Biogeochemical engineering models as applied to water quality
control in rivers and estuaries are discussed. Hydrodynamic
aspects of an estuary are the transport processes—including the
advection, mixing, and dispersion of specific constituents in
waste effluents, which are in turn subject to various
transformation or reaction processes. Using an idealized
estuary, the coupling of transport processes in an advective
system with the biochemical nitrogen transformation processes is
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investigated. It is shown that the predicted concentrations of
the nitrogen storage variables are highly sensitive to the
representation of the real time (ie, intratidal cycle) tidal
motion and dispersive mixing processes within the estuary. The
estuary is assumed to have uniform depth length and width and
Manning roughness of 0.018. A constant freshwater inflow rate
of 28 cu m/sec enters the head of the estuary, and two waste
treatment plants are located on the estuary. It is demonstrated
that there is a high degree of coupling between intratidal cycle
transport and mixing and biochemical transfer processes in
estuaries. Use of nontidal or through-flow water quality
models, which grossly simplify the transport, leads to large
differences in predicted nutrient concentrations, even though
identical biochemical components and rate constants are used in
both these and real-time models.
Citation 322
NAKAYAMA, OOKI, MASAO OHNO, TAKAJI YASUI
Dept. of Environmental Engineering, Yamanashi University,
Kofu, 400 Japan
Effect of Enrichment with Digested Night Soil on the Growth of
Marine Plankton
Bull Jpn Soc Sci Fish
1978,44(10) ,1099-1103.
Japan
Enhancement of algal growth and accompanied organisms after
fertilization with night soil digested by facultatively
anaerobic process was estimated through indoor and outdoor
experiments. Seawater enriched with various amounts of digested
night soil was inoculated with Nitzschia closterium or mixed
population of natural phytoplankton and incubated at 20 C under
6,000 Ix illumination for 12 hours per day during 4 weeks.
Growth of Nitzschia and natural plankton especially green
flagellates were much stimulated by adding 5-20 ml/1 and 5 ml/1
of night soil, respectively. A floating box made of PVC filled
with 100 1 of natural seawater enriched with 1 liter of digested
night soil was placed on the water surface of Uranouchi-Bay,
Pacific coast of Kochi prefecture, Japan, for 4 weeks during
January to February, 1978. Water temperature was about 13 C.
Population of plankton and soluble trophic elements were
surveyed every week. Planktonic diatoms, which dominated in
the original seawater, were overcome by such unicellular green
algae as Platymonas and Chlamydomonas. Some filamentous and
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coccoid blue-greens and ciliates also propagated. Content of
chlorophyll a increased from 2.5 to 43 ug/1, and soluble P04-P
decreased from 10 to 0.5 ug/1, after 4 weeks.
NAQUI, S. W. A.
Citation
S. N. DE SOUZA, C. V. G. REDDY
323
Relationship between Nutrients and Dissolved Oxygen with Special
Reference to Water Masses in Western Bay of Bengal
Indian J Mar Sci
1978(Mar),7(1),15-17.
English
Citation
NARKIS, N.
M. REBHUN
CH. SHEINDORF
Environmental Engineering Laboratories,
Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
Technion,
324
Israel
Denitrification at Various Carbon to Nitrogen Ratios
Water Res
1979,13(1),93-98.
English
The aim of this research was to examine whether the residual
dissolved organic matter remaining in chemically treated sewage
would be able to satisfy the carbon demand in a denitrification
process. In the first stage of research we investigated the
effect of type and amount of organic substrate on
denitrification efficiency. The critical weight ratios of
methanol and sodium acetate to total concentration of nitrite
and nitrate which enable the occurrence of complete
denitrification were studied. It was found that when the
concentration of the organic matter was expressed as BOD, a
critical ratio of (mg BOD/mg sum of NOx-N)=2.3 ensured 100%
denitrification. Lower ratios decreased denitrification
efficiencies proportionally. The same critical ratio was found
when the chemically treated raw sewage was used as an available
organic carbon source. Denitrification-nitrification process
was also investigated by recirculating the nitrified effluent
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into the denitrification reactor, to which effluents from
chemical treatment of raw sewage were fed to satisfy the carbon
demand. The same critical ratio of (BOD/sum of NOx-N)=2.3 was
found. By increasing the recycling, nitrate concentration in
effluent was decreased.
Citation 325
NATIONAL ACADEMY OF SCIENCES
Washington, D. C.
Beneficial Modifications of the Marine Environment; Proceedings
National Academy of Sciences
1972 (July),123p.
English
The report, the proceedings of a symposium held at the Research
Council's Eleventh Annual Meeting, contains papers and
discussions on four imaginative proposals for modification of
the marine environment. Each proposal is followed by
discussions, thus assuring a balanced view of both scientific
feasibility and desirability. The four topics are: Ice on the
ocean and world climate; Atmospheric moisture extraction over
the ocean; Water transfers: possible de -eutrophication of the
Great Lakes; and Modification and management of water flow in
estuaries.
Citation 326
NEDWELL, D. B.
Univ. of Essex, Dept. of Biology, Wivenhoe Park, ;
Colchester CO4 3SQ, Eng.
Inorganic Nitrogen Metabolism in a Eutrophicated Tropical
Mangrove Estuary
Water Res
1975(Feb) ,9(2) ,221-231.
English
Treated sewage effluent was investigated to determine the fate
of inorganic nitrogen compounds discharged into a tropical
mangrove estuary. Primary production in the water column
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occurred at the expense of ammonium, and nitrate was only
utilized during dissimilatory nitrate reduction by the
sedimentary bacteria. The denitrifying capacity of mangrove
sediments may make lagooning of secondary sewage effluent in
mangrove areas an economical tertiary treatment process to
alleviate coastal eutrophication in the tropics. (3 diagrams,
4 graphs, 1 map, 22 references, 4 tables)
Citation 327
NEILSON, BRUCE J.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
23062
Final Report on Water Quality in the Hampton Roads 208 Study
Area
Appl Mar Sci Ocean Eng
1978(Mar), Special Rep. No. 171,51p.
English
The purpose of the Hampton Roads 208 Study is to assess the
present and future water quality conditions in the study area
and to develop a wastewater management plan to achieve certain
water quality goals. The study included all major estuaries in
the area, and among other things, took account of population
and industrial growth, effluent quality (as mandated by PL92-
500) and nonpoint sources of pollution. Land use maps for 1975,
estimates of future land use, population projections and many
other elements of the study initiated in 1974 provided the
foundation upon which the water quality work was based.
Projections of point source discharges, both flows and
pollutant loads, were developed by Betz-Converse-Murdoch, Inc.
(Task Package 4). The studies of nonpoint sources of pollution
were conducted primarily by Malcolm Pirnie Engineers, Inc.
(Task Package 5). Twenty-five sites in the two planning
districts were sampled during each of two rain events by VIMS
during the period March through October 1976. Data from these
field studies were used by MPEI to calibrate the mathematical
model of surface runoff called STORM (Storm, Treatment,
Overflow and Runoff Model). This model then was used to project
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nonpoint loads at the time of water quality surveys and for
future times.
Citation 328
NELSON, B. W.
South Carolina Univ. , Columbia, SC, Coll. of Arts and
Sciences
Biogeochemical Variables in Bottom Sediments of the Rappahannock
River Estuary
In: Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries; 18th
Annual Meeting of Southeastern Section of the Geological Society
of America, 10-11(Apr)1969, Columbia, SC
1972, Memoir 133,417-451.
English
A transition from undifferentiated mud to estuarine sediment
occurs in the bottom of the Rappahannock River estuary,
Virginia, between the sediment-water interface and 100
centimeters in depth. The sediment profiles and their chemical
properties respond to a dynamic equilibrium between
sedimentation rate, depositional rate of organic detritus, and
microbiological activity. The equilibrium is influenced by the
general bathymetry and intensity of physical processes near the
bottom, the salinity and ventilation of the bottom water, the
composition of organic detritus, and sediment compaction
processes such as dewatering and gas ebullition. Below 50
centimeters in depth, Eh typically becomes positive. In the
lower estuary, less intense physical process in greater water
depths and high salinities cause higher rates of microbial
activity. The chemical properties of estuarine sediment respond
to the biological, chemical, and physical forces in their
environment, and the particular expression of profile
development at any location tends to reflect a dynamic
equilibrium between these forces.
Citation 329
NEVILLE, R. A. , J. F. GOWER
Dept. of the Environment, Victoria (British Columbia), Inst.
of Ocean Sciences
Passive Remote Sensing of Phytoplankton via Chlorophyll Alpha
Florescence
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J Geophys Res
1977(Aug),82(24),3487-3493.
English
The spectrum of light backscattered from the sea in the visible
and near infrared and, in particular, the chlorophyll alpha
fluorescence line at 685 nm were observed from an aircraft under
natural illumination by using a multichannel silicon diode
spectrometer. The instrument was mounted in the aircraft so as
to view the water surface at the Brewster angle by using a
polarizer to reduce reflected skylight substantially, even
under rough surface conditions. This and the relatively high
red sensitivity of the silicon diode detectors explain why the
line appears here but not in previous airborne observations.
The observed line height was compared with chlorophyll depth
distribution measurements made from a launch and was shown to be
proportional to an average of the chlorophyll concentration near
the surface, weighted with depth to allow for absorption by the
water of light at 685 nm. The observations were made at low
(150 m) altitude, but it was shown that the observed line
height is insensitive to altitude up to 1200 m. Although the
lowest chlorophyll concentration encountered was 2 mg/cu m, the
technique is expected to be useful for airborne mapping of
chlorophyll at concentration several times smaller than this.
Citation 330
NEWBURY, T. K. , EDWIN F. BARTHOLOMEW
Univ. of Hawaii, Dept. of Oceanography, Honolulu, HA 96822
Secondary production of Microcopepods in the Southern,
Eutrophic Basin of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
Pac Sci
1976,30(4) ,373-384.
English
The microcopepods function as an important herbivorous group in
the planktonic community of the southern, sewage-rich portion
of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands. Most of the
microcopepod biomass was composed of a rapidly producing species
of Paracalanidae. The Paracalanidae population production rate
was calculated with the field population stage composition, the
length: dry weight relationship, and the species development
rate in both laboratory and in situ containers. The population
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production rate/bioraass ratio equalled 78 percent per day
during summer 1968. For all of the microcopepods secondary
production was estimated to be 1.8 mg nitrogen/m3/day.
Citation 331
NICHOLS, J. A.
Southeastern Massachusetts Univ. , North Dartmouth, Dept. of
Biology
Benthic Community Structure Near the Woods Hole Sewage Outfall
Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol
1977,62(2),235-244.
English
The benthic invertebrate fauna near the Woods Hole,
Massachusetts sewage outfall and a nearby control area were
sampled. Community structure in terms of numbers and taxa
fluctuated seasonally at both control site and at the outfall.
The outfall fauna was dominated by small nematode worms, and
the year round maintenance of a nematode-dominated community may
be a mechanism for utilization of the unpredictable unnatural,
excess organic material available around the outfall. Based on
the small size of the invertebrates at the outfall compared to
the other areas, it is suggested that the relationship between
macrofaunal abundance and average individual size in an
assemblage is a measurement of community structure which can be
useful in assessing environmental disturbance.
Citation 332
NICKELS, JANET S. , JOHN D. KING, DAVID C. WHITE
Department of Biological Science, Florida State University,
Tallahassee, FL 32306
Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate Accumulation as a Measure of Unbalanced
Growth of the Estuarine Detrital Microbiota
Appl Environ Microbiol
1979(Mar) ,37(3) ,459-465.
English
The procaryotic endogenous storage material poly-B-
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hydroxybutyrate (PHB) can be induced to accumulate in the
estuarine detrital microbiota under conditions which suggest
unbalanced growth, such as limitation of a critical factor(s)
in the presence of carbon and energy sources. Changes in PHB-to-
lipid phosphate ratios detected in field samples can be mimicked
in the laboratory with common estuarine stresses. Acute anoxia
or low pH induces conditions of no growth with depression of
both the synthesis and catabolism of PHB without change in the
lipid phosphate. Balanced growth induced by nutrients increases
the lipid phosphate, depresses PHB synthesis, and stimulates
PHB catabolism, resulting in a low ratio of PHB to lipid
phosphate. Unbalanced growth induced to a small extent by high
salinity or much more readily by dark upland runoff water
results in rapid accumulation of PHB and slowing of PHB
catabolism with little change in lipid phosphate. Unbalanced
growth conditions result in high PHB-to-lipid phosphate ratios
in the detrital microbiota.
Citation 333
NIELL, F. X.
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Muelle de Bouzas
C/N Ratio in Some Marine Macrophytes and its Possible Ecological
Significance
Bot Mar
1976,19(6),347-350.
English
Carbon-nitrogen ratios determined for 24 species of benthic
algae collected from intertidal rocks in Vigo Bay, northwestern
Spain, showed that Phaeophyta had the highest mean values among
noncalcified algae. The production rate of a given alga was
inversely related to its carbon-nitrogen ratio, and older
thallus parts had higher ratios than did younger parts. There
was no apparent connection between the C/N ratio and the level
at which an alga was growing in the intertidal zone. All
collections were made in late January; plants were dried at 80C
for three hours, ground to a powder, and dried again but at
100C. Samples were then analyzed in a C, N, H Perkin-Elmer
240 autoanalyzer. Carbon and nitrogen levels showed a low
positive correlation value (r=0.48). Phaeophyta had a lower
nitrogen content than Chlorophyta or Rhodophyta. High C/N
ratios were found in all algal species dormant in the winter,
such as Enteromorpha ramulosa, Sacchoriza polyschides,
Laminaria ochroleuca, Cystoseira baccata, C. tamariscifolia,
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Fucus spiralis, Pelvetia canaliculata, Gelidium sesquipedale,
G. attenuatum, and Gigartina acicularis.
Citation 334
NIELL, F. X. , Y. J. BUELA
Institute de Investigaciones Pesqueras, Vigo (Spain),
Laboratorio de Investigaciones Pesqueras
N. W. Spain, 'Stress' on the Fucaceae Standing Crop
Invest Pesq
1976,40(1) ,137-149.
Spanish
Populations of intertidal fucaceae in the vicinity of a Kraft
pulping waste discharge in Pontevedra Bay, Spain, show the
effects of pollution. There is a total abiotic zone in the
immediate vicinity of the discharge; farther on, a semi-biotic
zone is found; and farther distant a zone with some eutrophic
population characterized by an abundance of Mytilus and Ulvales.
The biomass is lower near the discharge. There is a high
negative correlation between lignosulphonic residues and
biomass.
Citation 335
NIEMI, ARE
Proceedings of the Third Baltic Symposium on Marine Biology.
Helsinki/ Helsingfors, 11-17(June)1973
Helsinki, Government Printing Centre
1975,355p.
English
The topics chosen for this symposium are 1. Production, food
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webs, and ecological models of the Baltic and 2. Indicator
organisms/communities of different environments in the Baltic.
Citation 336
NIENHIUS, P. H. , B. H. H. DE BREE
Delta Institute for Hydrobiological Research, Yerseke,
Netherlands
Production and Ecology of Eelgrass (Zostera marina L. ) in the
Grevelingen Estuary, the Netherlands, Before and After the
Closure
Hydrobiologia
1977,52(1) ,55-66.
English
The Grevelingen estuary was cut off from the North Sea and from
influences of the river Rhine by a dam in 1971, and became a
stagnant salt-water lake. Production and ecology of Zostera
marina L. were studied in 1968 and in 1973-1975, both through
standing stock estimations, biomass increases in permanent
quadrats, and correlation of distribution patterns with
ecological factors. After the closure of the estuary the
intertidal eelgrass population extended downwards to 5 m below
lake level, probably owing to the increased transparency of the
water; the area occupied, and the density of the eelgrass beds
increased strongly. Eelgrass annual overground production,
based on doubled maximum standing crop values in July-August,
was estimated at 50 g C/m2 in 1968,121 g C/m2 in 1973 and 91 g
C/m2 in 1975 in Zostera beds, and 4 g C/m2 in 1968,18 g C/m2 in
1973 and 23 g C/m2 in 1975 for the entire Grevelingen area. A
minimum estimate of net production in Zostera beds at a depth of
0.50-0.75 m, based on short term changes in biomass in 2
permanent quadrats in 1974 and 1975, was 40.5 g C/m2/yr for
overground parts and 12.7 g C/m2/yr for underground parts.
Horizontal distribution of eelgrass is not primarily limited by
grainsize distribution, but more by exposure to wave action and
currents. On account of irradiance reduction light is a
limiting factor in the vertical distribution of the eelgrass
population in Lake Grevelingen.
Citation 337
NIHOUL, J. C. J.
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Hydrodynamics of Estuaries and Fjords
Elsevier; Amsterdam, Netherlands. Proceedings of 9th
International Liege Colloquium on Ocean Hydrodynamics
1978, Elsevier Oceanogr. Ser. No. 23,546p.
English
Twenty-eight papers are presented, dealing with hydrodynamic
modelling of estuaries, fjords, coastal seas and rivers, each
of which is catalogued individually in this issue of ASFA.
Citation 338
NISHIMURA, H.
Tokyo Univ. (Japan), Dept. of Chemical Engineering
Nitrogen Cycles in a Polluted Sea Area
Chem Eng
1976(Dec),315,760-764.
English
A model is proposed for quantitative analysis of the nitrogen
cycle to determine the relative importance of two terrestrial
sources of organic loading to Japan's Seto Sea. This narrow
inland sea, 400 km long by 40 km wide between the mainland and
Shikoku Island, is a very fertile fishing ground, but 15 years
of extensive urbanization and petrochemical industrialization
along its shores have resulted in severe water pollution. Oil-
tainted fish, red tides, and heavy fishkills have been
observed, and catches of prawn, crab, and sea bream have
declined to one-third previous levels. A 1974 governmental act
requires reduction of chemical oxygen demand to 60% of the 1972
level. Although the fish catch of plankton feeders (such as
anchovy) has increased, a substantial decrease in benthic
Crustacea (prawn, crab) and benthic feeders (sea bream,
turbot) is attributed to pollution of bottom sediments with
organic matter. Excessive organic matter in sediments is lethal
to benthic organisms as it produces sulfides in sediments while
reducing sulfates in the sea water. Organic loading comes from
both terrestrial sources and marine plankton. Plankton growth
depends on feed rates of phosphorus and nitrogen nutrients from
land; these rates are therefore nearly equivalent to the organic
load in the marine environment. Thus, two sources of
terrestrial organic loading are present; a direct source, in
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the form of organics, and an indirect source, in the form of
nutrients.
Citation 339
NORTH CAROLINA UNIV.
Chapel Hill, Inst. of Marine Sciences
Structure and Functioning of Estuarine Ecosystems Exposed to
Treated Sewage Wastes
North Carolina Univ.
1971(Feb), Annual Rep. 1970-1971,345p.
English
This is the third annual report from an investigation of the
ecological systems which develop when estuarine waters are
enriched with sewage wastes. Various phases of community
structure and metabolism of six experimental brackish-water
ponds, three of which received treated sewage wastes, and of a
small tidal creek and its salt marshes were studied. Included
are chapters on productivity, carbon metabolism, the
phosphorous budget, nitrogen, and bacterial heterotrophy; on
the standing crops of phytoplankton, decapod crustaceans,
fishes, meiofauna, foraminifera, insects, mollusks, and
birds; on calcium analysis; and on growth and reproduction of
algae. The wastes ponds have developed into productive, well
integrated, but slightly unstable systems. They perform some
of the functions of tertiary treatment and hold promise for
production of harvestable seafood protein.
Citation 340
N Y OCEAN SCIENCE LAB
N Y
The Problems of Long Island Waters
N Y Ocean Science Lab, Workshop 9-11(Feb)1971
1971(Feb), Technical Rep. 0010.
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English
O'CONNOR,
THOMANN
Citation
341
DONALD J.
DOMINIC M. DI TORO, ROBERT V.
Manhattan College, Bronx, NY
Phytoplankton Models and Eutrophication Problems
NOAA/Resources for the Future Symp.
Wash, DC, 10-12(Sept)1974
on Ecological Modeling,
1974, Technical Rep.
English
149-160.
A set of equations describing the seasonal distribution of
phytoplankton is applied to the analysis of eutrophication
problems in various US locations. The theoretical structure of
the analysis is reviewed with a qualitative description of the
pertinent equations and a discussion of the general procedure of
the verification process. Examples from the freshwater segment
of the San Joaquin River, Calif. ; the estuarine regions of
the Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, Calif. ; the Potomac River,
Washington, D. C. ; Western Lake Erie; and Lake Ontario are
presented .
Citation 342
O'CONNOR, DONALD J. , ROBERT V. THOMANN, DOMINIC DI TORO
Manhattan Coll. , Bronx, N Y, Dep. of Civil Engineering
Dynamic Water Quality Forecasting and Management
US Environmental Protection Agency
1973 (Aug), Ecol Res Series EPA-6603-73-009,209p.
English
The report describes the formulation and initial verification of
two modeling frameworks. The first is directed toward an
analysis of the impact of the carbonaceous and nitrogenous
components and wastewater on the dissolved oxygen resources of a
natural water system. The second modeling framework
concentrates on the interactions between the discharge of
nutrient, both nitrogen and phosphorus, and the biomass of the
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phytoplankton and zooplankton populations which result, as well
as incorporating the overall impact on dissolved oxygen. The
models are formulated in terms of coupled differential equations
which incorporate both the effect of transport due to tidal
motion and turbulence, and the kinetics which describe the
biological and chemical transformation that can occur. The
modeling frameworks are applied to the Delaware and Potomac
estuaries in order to estimate the ability of such models to
describe the water quality effects of carbon, nitrogen, and
phosphorous discharges. The agreement achieved between
observation and calculation indicate that the major features of
the impact of wastewater components on eutrophication phenomena
can be successfully analyzed within the context of the models
presented herein. (Author)
Citation 343
ODUM, H. T. , A. F. CHESNUT
Inst. of Marine Sciences, Univ. of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill and Morehead City, NC
Studies of Marine Estuarine Ecosystems Developing with Treated
Sewage Wastes
Inst. Marine Science, UNC
1970(May), Annual Rep. 1969-1970,366p.
English
This is the second annual report in a study of ecological
systems that develop when the treated wastes from municipal
sewage systems flow into estuarine waters. Studies by a team of
faculty and students of the University of North Carolina are
considering a small marsh-lined estuary, Calico Creek, which
receives the wastes following secondary sewage treatment and a
set of three ponds in which estuarine water and treated sewage
mixture flows. Three control ponds receive tap water and
estuarine water. Now in their second year, the ponds are rich
in productivity with successive algal blooms throughout the year
and a food chain culminating in blue crabs. In this report
there are chapters on the events in the salinity regime and
input management, photosynthetic productivity and respiration,
algal growth, phosphorus and nitrogen, bacteria, and animal
populations. The presence of a substantial ecological system
suggests a viable intermediary system interface is possible
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between man's municipal wastes and normal estuaries. These
systems have potential for aquaculture and waste amelioration.
Citation
344
OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, WATER RESOURCES
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
Washington, DC
Estuarine Pollution, A Bibliography
WRSIC
1973 (Apr), WRSIC-73-205,510p.
English
The bibliography, containing 324 abstracts and references, is
another in a series of planned bibliographies in water resources
to be produced from the information base comprising Selected
Water Resources Abstracts (SWRA). At the time of search for
this bibliography, the data base had 50,631 abstracts covering
SWRA through December 15,1972. The report contains an author
index and extensive subject indexes.
Citation
345
OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, WATER RESOURCES
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
Washington, DC
Estuarine Pollution, a Bibliography, Vol. 2
WRSIC
1976(Dec), Rep. OWRT/RSIC 76-207,576 p.
English
This report, containing 366 abstracts, is another in a series
of planned bibliographies in water resources produced from the
information base comprising selected water resources abstracts
(SWRA). Volume 2 covers the period from January 1973 to April
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1974 (Volume 7, Number 7). Author and subject indexes are
included.
Citation 346
OFFICE OF WATER RESEARCH AND TECHNOLOGY, WATER RESOURCES
SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION CENTER
Washington, DC
Estuarine Pollution, a Bibliography, Vol. 3
WRSIC
1976(Dec), Rep. OWRT/WRSIC 76-208,566p.
English
This report, containing 373 abstracts, is another in a series
of planned bibliographies in water resources produced from the
information base comprising selected water resources abstracts
(SWRA). Volume 3 covers the period from April 1974 to September
1976 (Volume 9, Number 18). Author and selected indexes are
included.
Citation 347
OFFICER, C. B. , J. H. RYTHER
Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755 and W. H. 0. I. ,
Woods Hole, MA 02543
The Importance of Silicon in Marine Eutrophication
Science
Submitted manuscript, 1979.
English
Diatom phytoplankton populations are the usual food for
zooplankton and filter feeding fishes and contribute in a direct
way to the large fishable populations in coastal zones.
Flagellates, on the other hand, are frequently poor foods for
most grazers and can lead to undesirable eutrophication effects.
Arguments are presented that silicon is often the controling
nutrient in altering a diatom to a flagellate community. The
alteration is governed by the relative magnitudes of the natural
fluxes of the nutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and silicon to the
receiving water body and the recycled fluxes of nitrogen and
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phosphorus from zooplankton grazing and phytoplankton
respiration and decomposition. Examples of such alterations are
presented for oceanic, estuarine and inland water bodies.
(author abstr. ) This manuscript presents no documentation for
the statement that non-diatom food is bad for the ecosystem. In
contrast to this idea, American oyster larvae grow very nicely
when cultured on a mixture of two flagellates and a green alga;
consequently this idea needs either literature documentation or
more research. The general model related to silica has merit
but is perhaps self evident; value judgements related to
eutrophication are perhaps premature. (comments by KLW)
Citation 348
OFFICER CHARLES B. , JOHN H. RYTHER
Dartmouth College and Woods Hole Oceanographic Inst.
Secondary Sewage Treatment Versus Ocean Outfalls: an Assessment
Science
1977(Sept) ,197(4308) ,1056.
English
Simplified models have been developed to obtain order of
magnitude estimates of the oxygen demand of municipal and
industrial wastes and of their potential eutrophication effects
in the marine environment. The models have been applied to
assess two major corrective actions that might be considered for
such pollution problems: secondary sewage treatment and ocean
outfalls. The assimilation characteristics of rivers,
estuaries, and coastal waters are examined. The waste
oxidation model and eutrophication oxidation potential are
discussed. Results indicate that the arguments for secondary
sewage treatment as the proper corrective action are not
compelling and that the problem should be reexamined with
appropriate scientific and engineering evaluations. One goal of
such scientific evaluations should be a more thorough
understanding of the life histories of possible trace
contaminants and pathogens that may have long biological,
chemical, or geological retention times in the marine
environment. (1 graph, 27 references, 1 table)
Citation 349
OGITA, HARUHISA, YUKIO ARAKAWA
Aichi Environ. Res. Cent. , Nagoya, Japan
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Self-Purification of Rivers and Estuaries. 2. Self
Purification and Environmental Acceptability
Aichi -Ken Kogai Chosa Senta Shoho
1976,4,42-49.
Japan
The average value of rate constants of deoxygenation in Aichi
prefecture rivers was 0.1. Variations were observed among
rivers or sampling stations of the same river; the observed rate
constants of self-purification showed some variation depending
on sampling stations and BOD, COD, total organic C, and total
O demand. Secondary pollution by eutrophication should be
considered as a factor influencing self-purification.
Citation 350
OHLHORST, C. W.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Langley Station,
VA, Langley Research Center
Analysis of Six Broadband Optical Filters for Measuring
Chlorophyll-a and Suspended Solids in the Patuxent River
NASA Technical Memorandum
1976(July), X-3399,49p.
English
Six broadband optical filters were flown over the Patuxent River
(Maryland) in 1972 to evaluate their use in remotely measuring
total chlorophyll-a and suspended solids concentrations, as
part of a program to determine spectral bandwidths needed to
measure remotely various water quality indicators. The spectral
range of the Kodak Wratten 89B filter (690 to 900 nm) showed
promise for detecting gross changes in total chlorophyll-a
levels in estuarine waters. The filter-film system detected
concentrations greater than 67 microgram/liter but did not
detect concentrations lower than 28 microgram/liter. There was
some indication that the 690 to 900 nm band can be used to
measure suspended solids concentrations in the 20 to 70 mg/1
range. The broad spectral bands of 500 to 600 nm (Wratten
filters 57 and 58),600 to 700 nm (Wratten filter 25), and 500-
700 (Wratten filter 12) do not by themselves seem capable of
measuring total chlorophyll-a levels below 28 microgram/liter in
turbid waters. These spectral bands ranges do show some promise
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in measuring the concentration of total suspended solids in the
range of 20-70 microgram/liter. The spectral band of 400-500 nm
(Wratten filter 47B) shows no indication of being able to
measure either total chlorophyll-a (less than 28
microgram/liter) or total suspended solids (20 to 70
microgram/liter range) in turbid estuaries.
Citation 351
OKADA, MITUMASA, RYUICHI SUDO
Natl. Inst. Environ Stud. , Tsukuba, Japan
Methodology of Algal Assay Procedure and its Application to
Eutrophication Research
Yosui to Haisui
1978,20(7),765-779.
Japan
Citation 352
OLSSON, L. , R. ROSENBERG, E. OLUNDH
Uppsala Univ. (Sweden), Inst. of Zoology
Benthic Fauna and Zooplankton in Some Polluted Swedish Estuaries
AMBIO
1973,2(5) ,158-163.
English
Four more-or-less polluted estuaries on the Swedish west coast
are compared regarding bottom fauna of different sizes, and
zooplankton. The salinity in these almost non-tidal waters
varies from estuary to estuary and decreases from north to
south. As it was expected that the physical and chemical
environment in the estuarine systems might be reflected in the
faunal communities, the purpose was to classify the systems in
respect to each other on a faunal basis, especially with regard
to the pollution aspects. The meiofauna of the bottom (size 0.1-
1 mm), represented by foraminifers (one-celled animals) and
annelids (segmented worms), seemed more to reflect differences
in pollution than differences in salinity. A reduced ostracod
fauna (crustaceans) was an outstanding feature. Few species
appeared in all estuaries. Even the macrofauna of the bottom
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(size greater than or equal to 1 mm) showed that the effects of
pollution in Byfjorden were restricted to the inner areas. In a
comparison with another estuary, Saltkallefjorden, nowadays
almost non-polluted and recovered, there was a remarkably
uniform fauna at certain localities in the two estuaries. If
distance to river-mouth is taken into consideration, both meio-
and macrofaunal composition seemed to be more similar between
the various estuaries than within individual estuaries,
reflecting the short-distance changes of the environment.
Compared to the bottom fauna, the zooplankton (greater than or
equal to 0.16 mm) showed the least differences between the
various estuaries. The composition seemed to be much the same,
with copepods (crustaceans) as the dominating group.
Citation
353
OLUFEAGBA, B. J.
R. H. FLAKE
Department of Electrical Engineering,
Austin, Austin, TX
N. E. ARMSTRONG
University of Texas at
A Boundary Value Approach for Estuarine Water Quality Modelling
with Results for Jamaica Bay, New York
Ecol Model
1975,1,3-30.
English
Results of water quality modelling for Jamaica Bay, a New York
estuary with a large hydraulic circulation, are presented. The
two-dimensional topology is approximated by a set of coupled one
-dimensional subsystems. The long term steady state water
quality problem is then reformulated as a multi-point boundary
value problem for ordinary differential equations. Piecewise
constant dispersion parameters are estimated from salinity data.
A sequential algorithm based on parallel shooting is developed
for solving the multi-point problem. The method, which
simplifies handling ot teedtorward and feedback reaction
kinetics, is equivalent to employing a high order finite
difference technique with the subsequent enhanced accuracy.
Results of model verification for uncoupled variables-salinity,
coliform, total soluble phosphorus, and coupled variables for
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nitrogen(organic and ammonia)and BOD-DO for Jamaica Bay are
discussed.
Citation 354
ORLOB, G. T.
California Univ. , Davis, CA, Dept. of Civil Engineering
Mathematical Modeling of Estuarine Ecosystems
In: Proceedings of the International Conference on Transport of
Persistent Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems, 1-3(May)1974,
Ottawa, Canada
1974(May), IV27-IV43.
English
A set of models is described which are designed to simulate
hydrodynamic, hydrologic, water quality, and biologic
behavior of aquatic systems of an estuarine environment. The
particular set of models is applied to the San Francisco Bay
Delta area. Convection-diffusion equations describe the
transport of substance identified with the water mass.
Knowledge of hydrodynamic behavior necessary for the solution of
this equation is derived from the prototype or a model. Aquatic
ecologic processes are described mathematically through the
concept of conservation of mass and energy. A model for long-
range simulation and another for dynamic response are described.
Citation 355
ORTH, R. J.
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Point
Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on Growth of the Eelgrass Zostera
marina in the Chesapeake Bay, VA
Mar Biol
1977,44(2) ,187-194.
English
Experimental addition of two commercial fertilizers to a bed of
eelgrass (Zostera marina) in Chesapeake Bay off Church Neck,
Delmarva Peninsula, Virginia, greatly increased the length,
biomass, and total number of turions over controls at both
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shallow and deep stations during a two to three month period.
Results suggest: (1) z. marina beds in Chesapeake Bay are
nutrient-limited, (2) growth form of Z. marina may be related
to sediment nutrient supply, and (3) Z. marina may
competitively exclude Ruppia maritima by light-shading.
Fertilizers used were: (1) 5% ammonium nitrate, 10% phosphoric
anhydride, 10% potassium oxide; and (2) 10% ammonium nitrate,
10% phosphoric anhydride, 10% potassium oxide. The area is
characterized by an extensive intertidal sand flat populated by
patchy widgeon grass (R. maritima) and grading into a mixed
subtidal seagrass bed of Z. marina and R. maritima, and then
into a monospecific bed of Z. marina in deeper portions. Two
stations were established, Station A in 0.3 m of water, and
Station B in 0.6 m of water (mean low water). No significant
difference was found between the two fertilizers for any of the
parameters monitored. There were significantly more turions in
both fertilized plots and controls in the shallow area than in
the deeper area, but turions in deep plots were significantly
longer than those in shallow plots.
Citation 356
OVERSTREET, R. M. , H. D. HOWSE
Gulf Coast Research Lab. , Ocean Springs, MS
Some Parasites and Diseases of Estuarine Fishes in Polluted
Habitats of Mississippi
Ann NY Acad Sci
1977(Sept) ,298,427-462.
English
Several diseases that afflict both finfishes and shellfishes
that live in waters suspected or known to be polluted are
described. Pollutants can affect animals directly by causing
acute to chronic diseases or they can affect the animals
indirectly by stressing them and thus allowing them to be
vulnerable to parasites or other disease agents, forming
synergistic or other-type relationships between the pollutant
and other chemical or disease-causing agent, permitting
predators to become affected by feeding on exposed animals, or
destroying the environment so that the animals can no longer
live, grow, or reproduce. Brief comments follow on the
habitats and pollutants in Mississippi and examples of a variety
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of diseases and conditions that affect fishes in polluted
habitats are given.
Citation 357
PALMER, C. MERVIN
Municipal Environmental Research Lab. ,
Cincinnati, OH
Algae and Water Pollution
US Environmental Protection Agency
1977(Dec), EPA-68-03-0232.
English
Algae are involved in water pollution in a number of important
ways. It requires a continuous monitoring and study of algae
existing in waters of various quality in order to determine what
controls or what changes or what uses can be instituted for the
benefit of man and for conservation of water and of desirable
aquatic life. This manual presents a simplified identification
key limited to algal species of importance in water supplies and
associated with pollution. The most important species are
illustrated in three-dimensional drawings in color. The manual
also deals with the ecology and significance of algae and
presents information on filter clogging and mat forming algae,
attached forms, algicides and algal control, algae associated
with pollution (both fresh water and estuaine), various uses of
algae, algae of rivers and lakes, eutrophication, algae as
indicators of pollution, methods of recording algae, and the
use of algae in waste stabilization lagoons for the treatment of
domestic and/or industrial wastes.
Citation 358
PAMATMAT, MARIO M. , R. STEPHEN JONES, HERBERT SANBORN,
ASHOK BNAGWAT
Dept. of Fisheries, Auburn University, Auburn, AL
Oxidation of Organic Matter in Sediments
US Environmental Protection Agency
1973(Sept), EPA-660/3-73-005.
Engl:sh
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Techniques were developed for sampling undisturbed sediment
interface, and measuring oxygen uptake by intact sediment
cores, dehydrogenase activity of sediment bacteria, and
metabolic heat release by benthic organisms. Dehydrogenase
activity, a relative measure of anaerobic metabolism, was
calibrated by direct microcalorimetry to provide estimates of
actual metabolism under field conditions. The oxygen debt of
sediments was determined by a dichromate method. Laboratory
experiments were conducted to determine the relationship between
oxygen uptake, loss of carbon, and release of silicate,
nitrate, ammonia, and phosphate by sediments. The oxygen
consumption at 33 stations in Puget Sound was measured each
season to provide baseline data for this estuary. The original
that total oxygen uptake represents a
metabolism in the sediment column appears
least in organically rich sediment where
anaerobic metabolism may greatly exceed aerobic metabolism. As
sedimentation rate of oxidizable organic matter increases, as
in cases of organic pollution and eutrophication, anaerobic
metabolism becomes an important process that is measurable by
dehydrogenases assay. In less organic sediments, the rate of
oxygen uptake may be a fair estimate of total metabolism.
Furthermore, it is a useful index of equilibrium conditions
among the various factors that affect the rate of oxygen uptake,
e. g. oxygen tension, temperature, turbulence, available
metabolizable energy, composition of community, etc.
working hypothesis,
measure of total
erroneous, at
Citation
359
PANSINI, M. , R. PRONZATO
Genoa Univ. (Italy, Inst. of Zoology)
Preliminary Analysis on the Distribution of Porifera in Areas
Exposed to Different Types of Pollution
Boll Mus 1st Biol Univ Genova
1975,43,21-32.
Italian
The effects of several kinds of pollution on the distribution of
Porifera were analyzed along the coast of Liguria (Italy), five
stations on hard bottoms subjected to industrial or cloacal
pollution and another from unpolluted waters were selected. The
number of Porifera collected in polluted waters is lower than in
unpolluted environments, but the industrial pollution seems to
affect the sponge development much more than the sewage. Only 3
specimens of Calcispongiae and 2 of Demospongiae (owing to
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228
different species) were collected in polluted waters containing
parts of toxic chemicals. A rather rich and varied population
of Porifera (8 spp) was observed in the harbor eutrophic
environment, despite the presence of considerable amounts of
sewage. The numerous findings of the Demospongia Hymeniacidon
sanguinca (Grant) in polluted water emphasize the interest of
the study of this sponge as a possible pollution marker.
Citation
360
PARDO, J. , R. A. COLER
Univ. of Massachusetts
A Test of the Effects of Domestic Sewage on the Growth of the
Common Blue Mussel, Mytilus edulis, in an Aquacultural System
Univ. of Massachusetts Water Resources Centre
1977, Publication No. 87,44p.
English
The effect of domestic sewage on the growth rate of the marine
bivalve mollusc, Mytilus edulis was investigated by introducing
controlled amounts of sewage into a raceway system and comparing
the response with that of organisms in a similar system fed with
uncontaminated estuarine water. The results showed that the
admixture of domestic sewage with sea water retarded the growth
of this organism, and indicate that it would not be feasible to
use populations of Mytilus to reduce the BOD due to sewage
sludge in receiving waters.
Citation
361
PARK. C. K.
Eutrophication and Chlorophyll Content in the Sea Water of
Jinhae Bay Area Korea
Bull Korean Fish Soc
1975 , 8 (3),121-126.
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English
Citation 362
PARSONS, T. R. , K. VON BTOCKEL , P. KOELLER , M.
TAKAHASHI , M. R. REEVE , O. HOLM-HANSEN
Institute of Oceanography, Universty of British Columbia, B.
C. , Canada
The Distribution of Organic Carbon in a Marine Planktonic Food
Web Following Nutrient Enrichment
J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol.
1977,26,235-247.
English
Low level nutrient enrichment of four enclosed water columns
showed an increased production with nutrients but a decrease in
transfer efficiency between primary producers and ctenophore
production. From an extrapolation of primary productivity
levels in the enriched containers to one unenriched container it
is found that the nitrogen flux was 1.52 mg-at. N/m2/day
which allows for an approximate doubling of the nitrogen supply
as calculated from winter nitrate levels. A carbon budget for
each container was calculated for primary, secondary, and
tertiary producers; decrease in transfer efficiencies were
accounted for at various points in the food web.
Citation 363
PARSONS, T. R. , R. J. LEBRASSEUR, J. D. FULTON
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Nanaimo (British Columbia),
Pacific Oceanographic Group
Some Observations on the Dependence of Zooplankton Grazing on
the Cell Size and Concentration of Phytoplankton Blooms
J Oceanogr Soc Jpn
1967(Feb),23(1),10-17.
English
Authors
determined, with Coulter counter (apertures: 100 and 400
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230
microns), size and quantity of particulate food consumed by
different zooplankters during occurrence of two natural
phytoplankton blooms. Individual organisms constituting
Chaetoceros bloom could be readily utilized by Euphausia
pacifica (EP); but Calanus pacificus (CP), Euphaussid furcilia
(EF), and Pseudocalanus minutus (PM) could derive only a
subsistence diet from same plants. Unidentified nannoplankters,
about 8 microns diameter, were less available as food for EP
but a better food source for CP and EF. Authors suggest that
differences may relate to food's physical availability in terms
of its size and shape. Data relating zooplankton feeding at
various phytoplanktonic concentrations could be described by
following modification of relationship originally proposed by
Ivlev: r=R(l-(exp(-kp))(exp(-kp- sub-0))), where r=ration,
p=food density, R=maximum ration, k=proportionality constant,
and p-sub-0=log prey density at
experiments described, rations
weight) were: (mean food size,
15.0; CP+EF, 2.0; (mean food size,
food above subsistence level
production, observable as a distinct size
particulate biomass during Chaetoceros bloom.
which feeding ceased. In
as carbon (percentage body
EP,
EP
egg
the
32 microns) PM, 0.8;
8 microns) CP+EF, 4.1.
apparently went into
fraction of
Citation
364
PARSONS, T. R.
BEERS, P. GILLESPIE
California Univ. ,
Marine Resources
W.
H. THOMAS, D. SIEBERT, J. R.
San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Inst. of
The Effect of Nutrient Enrichment on the Plankton Community in
Enclosed Water Columns
Int Rev Gesamten Hydrobiol
1977,62(5) ,565-572.
English
Low level nutrient enrichment of an enclosed water column caused
increases in primary, secondary and tertiary production. In
addition, increases in the amount of sediment material
heterotrophic activity and accumulation of major nutrients,
nitrate and phosphate, were noted. In contrast, no change was
observed in species diversity that could be attributed to
nutrient enrichment. The combination of these effects is
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suggested as a diagnostic approach to examining the early
effects of marine eutrophication.
Citation 365
PATTEN, BERNARD
Department of Marine Science, College of William and Mary and
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Pt. , VA 23062
Plankton Energetics of Raritan Bay
Limnol Oceanogr
1961(0ct) ,6(4) ,369-387.
English
Plankton production in Raritan Bay is described based on total
chlorophyll data and two series of 24-hr dark and light bottle
differential oxygen experiments. Maximum chlorophyll recorded
was 663 ug L-l in a bloom of Massartia rotundata. Utility of
pigment data in estimating productivity or biomass is regarded
as dubious: i)17.3xlOexp6 chains of Skeletonema costatum once
corresponded to only trace quantities of chlorophyll; ii)
production occurred several times in absence of detectable
chlorophyll. (abbrev)
Citation 366
PATTEN, BERNARD C.
Department of Marine Science, College of William and Mary and
Virginia Fisheries Laboratory, Gloucester Point, VA
Negentropy Flow in Communities of Plankton
Limnol Oceanogr
1961,6(1),26-30.
English
A model generalizing negentropy flux in plankton communities is
presented. An expression is derived for the total community
information in a homogeneous water column of depth z assuming a
logistic relationship between photosynthesis and light
intensity. Various transformations of the exponent of this
equation were developed for gross production, respiration, and
net production in the whole water column. The cost in community
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negentropy to procure a unit of biotope negentropy was
formulated. Empirical data are provided for a station in
Raritan Bay which indicate a net loss of planktonic negentropy
during the summer of 1959 amounting to 5.46 x 10exp20
bits/cm2/day. A comparison of observed costs with expected
values computed from the model indicated no significant
difference between expectation and observation, demonstrating
the efficacy of the model even under conditions where the
assumption of perfect homogeneity throughout the water column
was only partially realized. (abbrev. )
Citation
367
PATTEN, BERNARD C. , GEORGE M. VAN DYNE
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37830
Factorial Productivity Experiments in a Shallow Estuary:
Energetics of Individual Plankton Species in Mixed Populations
Limnol Oceanogr
1968(Apr) ,13(2) ,309-314.
English
A nonlinear programming method is described for estimating
productivity parameters of individual plankton populations from
data on mixed species water samples. The method is flexible in
yielding average values over a treatment set established by
experimental design. Specimen data on in situ populations of
Skeletonema costatum are examined for illustration. Changes in
estimated energy-processing characteristics of this diatom
during a summer succession in the York River, Virginia,
indicated a wide range of physiological states available to the
species. Computed values of its gross production and
respiration were correlated positively, but estimates of its
productive output per individual were related inversely to
corresponding values for other species. Various usages of the
technique are discussed.
Citation
368
PAYNE, J. F.
Environment Canada, Fisheries and Marine Service, Biological
Station, Water Street East, St. John's, Newfoundland
Mixed Function Oxidases in Marine Organisms in Relation to
Petroleum Hydrocarbon Metabolism and Detection
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233
Mar Pollut Bull
1977,8(5) ,112-116.
English
Several phyla from the coastal Northwest Atlantic were
investigated for mixed function oxidases. Enzyme activity was
related to petroleum hydrocarbon metabolism and detection in the
marine environment.
Citation 369
PEARSON, ERMAN A. , GEORGE A. HOLT
University of California, Berkeley, CA
Water Quality and Upwelling at Grays Harbor Entrance
Limnol Oceanogr
1960,5(1) ,48-56.
English
The incoming ocean water entering Grays Harbor, Washington on
flood tide was observed periodically to contain abnormally low
dissolved oxygen concentrations. Low dissolved oxygen
concentrations (<5.0 mg/L or 3.5 ml/L) were associated generally
with significantly lower than normal ocean water temperatures
which presumably results from upwelling along the coast. On a
given tidal cycle the oxygen deficiency from normally assumed
saturation levels for ocean water is equivalent to the oxygen
demand associated with the domestic sewage discharge of 20
million persons. It appears that upwelling phenomena may negate
conclusions based on oxygen balances in pollutional analyses of
estuaries unless the actual dissolved oxygen concentration at
the ocean source is determined.
Citation 370
PEARSON, T. H.
Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Argyll,
Scotland
The Effect of Industrial Effluent from Pulp and Paper Mills on
the Marine Benthic Environment
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
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234
1972,180,469-485.
English
The types of effluent discharged by wood-process ing industries
and their effects on the benthic environment are described. A
brief summary of the results of the Lochs Linnhe Eil survey 1964-
70 is given. Populations of the molluscs Corbula, Thyasira and
Myrtea have increased in most areas, and appear to be favoured
by a moderate increase in the organic input to the system.
Corbula dominates in the shallower polyhaline areas, and Myrtea
in the deeper mixoeuhaline areas. On sediments with a high
natural leaf litter content a low diversity fauna occurs,
dominated by the annelids, Cirriformia, Peloscolex, Capitella
and Staurocephalus, and the crustacean Idotea. The
predominance of this kind of fauna has increased in its area of
occurrence in recent years. Comparisons of these faunal
distributions and changes with those found in surveys in other
marine areas affected by wood-processing wastes and other types
of organic effluents show considerable similarities in the
faunal changes occurring under increased organic loading. The
utility of 'indicator' species in the assessment of organic
pollution is briefly discussed. The need for detailed
information on the ecological and physiological reasons
underlying the varied faunal successions which occur under
conditions of pollutional stress is emphasized.
Citation 371
PEARSON, T. H. , R. ROSENBERG
Dunstaffnage Marine Research Laboratory, Oban, Argyll,
Scotland
Macrobenthic Succession in Relation to Organic Enrichment and
Pollution of the Marine Environment
Oceanogr Mar Biol Ann Rev
1978,16,229-311.
English
In this review we have tried to focus attention on changes in
physical environmental and biological parameters brought about
by increased organic enrichment and the consequent changes in
sedimentary and biological structure. If organic enrichment is
of a certain magnitude it will superimpose its own gradient on
the environment and induce modifications of the distribution of
organisms initially controlled by, for example, salinity and
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235
temperature. Faunal community structure along such gradients
does not show distinct differences—rather the communities
integrate continuously and the gradient of communities and
environments may be defined as an ecocline (Whittaker, 1967) or
coenocline (Lindroth, 1971). Literature reviewed suggests that
benthic communities react similarly to organic pollution
irrespective of geographical region. This assumption is based
on data from coastal regions but there is no indication that
ecological processes would differ in oceanic areas similarly
affected. Between the two end points, the afaunal point and
the 'normal1 community, we have defined three successional
stages: (1) the peak of opportunists, with few species in
great numbers; (2) the ecotone point, where the abundance is
low and evenness diversity high; and (3) the transition zone
with initially great fluctuations of the populations progressing
towards the more stable "normal" community. These structural
faunal changes are similar in both temporal and spatial
gradients. It has been shown that the initial stages of
recovery from enrichment and the last stages to survive
following an excessive organic input are similar, with the same
genera or even species occurring all over the world. The final
stage of a recovery process,ie, the "normal" community
in that habitat, will naturally be habitat-dependent but is
highly predictable for a given region.
Citation 372
PENUMALLI, B. R. , R. H. FLAKE, E. GUS FRUH
Biomedical Engineering Program, Department of Electrical
Engineering, The University of Texas of Austin, Austin, TX
Large Scale Systems Approach to Estuarine Water Quality
Modelling with Multiple Constituents
Ecol Model
1976,2,101-115.
English
A matrix model for simulating concentration distributions of
water quality constituents with coupled reactions in an estuary
is developed from a large scale systems approach. The model is
an approximation to the set of coupled partial differential
equations describing the process. This steady state
approximation is formulated as a large algebraic system
consisting of coupled subsystems. The large algebraic system is
solved by an efficient iterative method. Results utilizing
actual field data are presented for the nitrogen cycle with five
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236
constituent forms of nitrogen for Corpus Christi Bay, Texas.
Simulated and observed concentrations are compared.
Citation 373
PER, P. A.
Goucher Coll. , Towson, MD
Evaluation & Predictions on Eutrophication of Bush Sub-Estuary
Soc. of Systematic Zoology, Meeting, Washington, DC, 29
(Dec) 1972
1972(Dec), A724330.
English
Citation
374
PERES, J. M.
Centre d1Oceanographie,
d'Endoume
J. PICARD
Marseille (France),
Station Marine
Causes of Decrease and Disappearance of the Seagrass Posidonia
oceanica on the French Mediterranean Coast
Aquatic Bot
1975(June),1(2),133-139.
English
Two causes which also represented two stages of the decrease of
seagrass, Posidonia oceanica, were observed in the Gulf of
Marseilles. The first cause was determined to be the increase
in the level of global pollution, mostly sewage which increased
the turbidity of seawater through eutrophication and induced the
compensation depth to decrease by 5-8 meters, causing the
deepest parts of the beds to disappear. The second cause was
related to the increase of clay sedimentation which arose from
harnessing the Rhine River. Ecological effects were discussed
in relation to the disappearance of Posidonia beds and the
existing ecosystems.
Citation
375
PERKINS, E. J.
0. J. ABBOTT
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237
Univ. of Strachclyde,
Dunbartonshire, Scotland
Marine Lab.
Garelochhead,
Nutrient Enrichment and Sand Flat Fauna
Marine Pollut Bull
1972(May),3(5),70-72.
English
Nutrient enrichment from
or damaging depending on
to a dense growth of
accompanied by anaerobic
indirectly to the loss
detriment of fisheries.
Scotland, are discussed.
sewage discharges may be advantageous
the circumstances. Enrichment leading
Enteromorpha on a sandy beach is
conditions in the substrata, leading
of 'mollusc and worms, to the possible
Observations made in the Clyde estuary,
Citation
376
PETERS, J. J. , R. WOLLAST
Laboratoire de Recherches Hydrauliques, Antwerp (Belgium)
Role of the Sedimentation in the Self-Purification of
Scheldt Estuary
the
In: Proceedings of the Third Federal Inter-Agency Sedimentation
Conference, Denver, Colorado, 22-25(Mar)1976, Water
Resources Council, Washington, DC, Sedimentation Committee
1976,3-77 - 3-86.
English
The hydrographic basin of the Scheldt River covers a heavily
populated and industrialized region and drains waters extremely
polluted due to uncontrolled discharges. In this partially
stratified estuary, the mixing process of fresh and salt water
is responsible for an important deposition of the suspended load
of the river in a restricted area corresponding to the harbor of
Antwerp. This important shoaling is explained by the physico-
chemical properties of the suspended matter and the
hydrodynamical characteristics of the estuarine region. Taking
into account the physical characteristics of the Scheldt, the
estuary was divided into two zones: an upper one from km 100 to
km 55 and a lower one from km 55 to the mouth. Four times a
year fixed stations situated at the boundaries of these regions
were managed during 5 days; hourly samples were taken at three
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238
depths and continuous measurements of the profile of the
currents along a vertical were performed. The mechanisms and
characteristics of the mud deposition and their influence on the
mass-transport, the accumulation, and the transformation of
some typical elements in the estuarine zone of the Scheldt were
presented. Observations over three years enabled the annual
mass balances of input, transport, and accumulation by
sedimentation of various pollutants in the two estuarine regions
to be estimated. The role of the sediments on the oxygen budget
was deduced from the previous mass-balances. Large
concentrations of nutrients persisted in the brackish water zone
where oxygen was available and turbidity was low. As a
consequence, this zone was eutrophied and diatom blooms were
frequent.
Citation
377
PETERSON, D. H.
US Geological Survey,
CA94025
345 Middlefield Road,
Menlo Park,
Oxygen, Carbon & Nitrogen (OCN) Distributions in Eutrophic
Potomac River-Estuary
American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting, Miami Beach FL 17-
21 (Apr) 1978
1978,782 2126.
English
PETERSON, DAVID H.
Citation 378
, JOHN F. FESTA, T. JOHN CONOMOS
345 Middlefield Road, Menlo Park, CA
US Geological Survey,
94025
Numerical Simulation of Dissolved Silica in the San Francisco
Bay
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1978,7,99-116.
English
A two-dimensional (vertical) steady-state numerical model that
simulates water circulation and dissolved-silica distributions
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239
is applied to northern San Francisco Bay. The model (1)
describes the strong influence of river inflow on estuarine
circulation and, in turn, on the biologically modulated silica
concentration, and (2) shows how rates of silica uptake relate
to silica supply and mixing rates in modifying a conservative
behavior. Longitudinal silica distributions influenced by
biological uptake (assuming both vertically unifrom and
vertically decreasing uptake situations) show that uptake rates
of 1 to 10 ug-at 1-1 day-1 are sufficient to depress silica
concentrations at river inflows of 100-400 m3s-l, respectively,
and that the higher rates appear ineffective at inflows above
400 m3s-l. The simulations further indicate that higher silica
utilization in the null zone is not essential to depress silica
concentrations strongly there. Advective water- replacement
times at river inflows of 400,200 and 100 m3s-l are computed to
be less than 25,45 and 75 days, respectively, for a 120-km
estuary-river system.
Citation 379
PETTI, M. J.
Rhode Island Univ. , Kingston, RI, Dept. of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Phosphorus Exchange at the Sediment-Water Interface of Selected
Narragansett Bay Sediments
Rhode Island Univ.
1975, MS Dissertation, 89p.
English
In developing an understanding of water quality and its
management, it is necessary to understand the materials balance
or materials flux within a given water system. Among these
materials are various pollutants, chemicals, gases,
nutrients, biological communities, etc. The interaction of
these materials (best described by the rate and extent of
reaction) governs the overall aging process of a water system.
Such an aging process and the parallel process of eutrophication
can proceed naturally or be accelerated artifically. The
objective of this study is to investigate an aspect of the
materials balance in Narragansett Bay, Rhode Island. The
material of primary concern is phosphorus, and the process
under consideration is nutrient flux. Nutrient flux or exchange
of phosphorous at the sediment-water interface with the water
column above, as determined in the laboratory, of selected bay
sediments is described. Two series of experiments were
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conducted. Each experimental series is composed of microcosm
studies performed in the laboratory. The first series studies
the release and uptake of phosphorus, to and from the water
column, by the sediments in aerobic and anaerobic environments
and a constant flushing rate.
Citation
380
PHEIFFER, T. H.
D. K. DONNELLY
US Environmental Protection Agency,
Annapolis, MD
D. A. POSSEHL
Annapolis Field Office,
Water Quality Conditions in the Chesapeake Bay System
US EPA
1972(Aug), Technical Rep. No. 55,48p.
English
Existing water quality conditions in the Chesapeake Bay and its
tidal tributaries are delineated and water quality data and
monitoring programs are evaluated in the context of a Bay
management program. The study areas are the lower Susquehanna
River, upper Bay and upper Eastern Shore, upper Western Shore,
Baltimore Harbor, middle Western Shore, middle Chesapeake Bay,
middle Eastern Shore, lower Eastern Shore, Patuxent River,
Potomac River, Rappahannock River, York River, James River,
and lower Chesapeake Bay waters. The available water quality
information is assessed for each study area with specific
reference to the following parameters: bacterial densities,
DO, nutrients, heavy metals, and pesticides. Where
sufficient data exist, as in the case of the Potomac Estuary,
water quality trends are identified and their significance
discussed. Inventories of industrial and municipal waste-water
discharges are discussed. Based on nutrient input studies of
the major tributary watersheds of the Chesapeake Bay, the
Susquehanna River is the largest contributor of nutrients to the
Bay. ( Woodard-USGS)
Citation
381
PLATT, TREVOR, CHRISTIANS FILION
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Marine Ecology Laboratory,
Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia
Spatial Variability of the Productivity:
Phytoplankton in a Small Marine Basin
Biomass Ratio for
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Limnol Oceanogr
1973(Sept),18(5) ,743-749.
English
The productivity: biomass (P: B) ratio for phytoplankton was
studied using a replicated sampling design at six stations in a
small marine basin. On six out of ten sampling days,
statistically significant differences were revealed in the P: B
ratios between stations. This result is consistent with the
concept of contemporaneous disequilibrium which emphasizes the
spatial component of the heterogeneity of the phytoplankton
habitat.
Citation 382
PLATT, TREVOR, D. V. SUBBA RAO
Bedford Inst. , Dartmouth (Nova Scotia), Marine Ecology Lab
Primary Production Measurements on a Natural Plankton Bloom
J Fish Res Board Can
1970,27(5),887-899.
English
The samplings were made one mile from the shore of Nova Scotia
at six depths from 1 to 40 meters. Analyses included
determinations of primary production by the in situ C-14 method,
photosynthesis; respiration and chlorophyll c; chlorophyll a
ratios, particulate carbon, ash content, phosphorus, silica,
nitrates, incident radiation, and transparency. The
observations suggested that culture trails provide satisfactory
analogues of natural plankton systems under bloom conditions.
As inferred from calorific values, phytoplankton in senescent
stages of the bloom has no tendency to store fat. No single
quantity served as an indicator of the physiological vigor of
the plant community.
POIRRIER,
ELLIOT ST.
MICHAEL A.
EISENBERG
Citation 383
JAMES S. ROGERS, MAUREEN A. MULINO,
New Orleans Univ. , LA Dept. of Biological Sciences
Epifaunal Invertebrates as Indicators of Water Quality in
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Southern Lake Pontchartrain
WRRI Louisiana
1975(May), Rep. No. TR-5,52p.
English
The distribution and relative abundance of estuarine epifaunal
invertebrates can be used to detect water quality differences.
Epifaunal invertebrates associations were affected by salinity
and storm-water discharge. Differences among both biological
and physico -chemical stations were related to discharge of more
saline water by the Industrial Canal and quality differences of
outfall discharge. In 1973 the opening of the Bonnet Carre
Spillway added alkaline nutrient-rich, freshwater from the
Mississippi River and affected all water quality parameters.
Gradual changes occurred as the river water was flushed from the
lake. Increased phytoplankton growth resulted from the addition
of nutrients. Epifaunal invertebrates were not greatly affected
because 26 predominantly estuarine taxa were present 6 weeks
after the spillway was closed. Storm-water discharge by outfall
canals adds plant nutrients, coliform bacteria and other
undesirable substances to the lake. Salinity was lower, but
alkalinity, pH and nutrient values were higher due to the
spillway opening and heavy rainfall. There was a west-to-east
gradient of changing water quality in near-shore stations.
Citation 384
POLISHCHUK, L. N.
Zooplankton of the Dniester Estuary and Adjacent Seaside under
Anthropogenic Influences
Gidrobiol Zh
1976,12 (6),37-45.
English
Reduction in the Dniester river runoff and the construction of a
canal resulted in significant changes in the biological state of
the estuary. On the one hand, intrusion of marine fauna
increased, on the other hand, the number of freshwater fauna
representatives decreased. The number of marine immigrants is
especially high in periods of low percipitation. Quantitative
changes also took place: the amount of zooplankton in summer is
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six times as low as in the 50's. In the marine areas adjacent
to the estuary there occur both quantitative and qualitative
changes in zooplankton. They are mostly due to an increased
eutrophication of the Black Sea north-western shelf by river
waters oversaturated with organic substances from industrial,
agricultural and domestic waste.
Citation
385
POMEROY, L. R.
E. E. SMITH , CAROL M. GRANT
Dept. of Zoology and Marine Institute, University of Georgia,
Athens, GA
The Exchange of Phosphate between Estuarine Water and Sediments
Limnol Oceanogr
1965,10(2),162-167.
English
The exchange of phosphate between water and sediments of Doboy
Sound, Georgia, was studied experimentally with freshly
collected core samples and suspensions of surface sediment,
using 32P as a tracer. The exchange consists of a two-step ion
exchange between clay minerals and water, plus an exchange
between interstitial microorganisms and water. The exchange
tends to maintain a concentration of phosphate in the water of
one umole of phosphate liter. In undisturbed sediments the
biological exchange is trivial, but in suspended sediments the
biological exchange moves nearly as much phosphate as does the
exchange with clay minerals. The rates of exchange and exchange
capacity of the sediments are large enough to be significant
ecologically, maintaining phosphate at a level favorable for
continued production of plant populations.
Citation
386
POMEROY,
ROBERT J.
LAWRENCE R.
REIMOLD
L. R. SHENTON, R. D. JONES,
Department of Zoology, Computer Center, Department of
Statistics, and Marine Institute, University of Georgia,
Athens and Sapelo Island, GA
Nutrient Flux in Estuaries
In: Nutrients and Eutrophication: the Limiting-Nutrient
Controversy, Amer. Soc. of Limnology & Oceanography, Inc.
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1972, Spec. Symp. Vol. 1,274-293.
English
The flux of phosphorus in several turbid, shallow estuaries on
the Georgia coast is examined as an index of the function and
stability of the system rather than as a limiting factor. The
seasonal cycle of phosphorus concentration in estuarine water is
described, and evidence is presented that this cycle is
controlled primarily by shifting rates of metabolic processes
that move phosphorus from sediments to water. Direct equilibria
between sediments and water are of secondary importance.
Streamflow has a negative effect on the concentration of
phosphorus. Those estuaries with the lowest streamflow have the
most phosphorus in their water. Mathematical models of the flux
of phosphorus in the estuarine system are described. Simulated
perturbations of the system verify the importance of nutrient
reserves in the sediments but suggest that estuaries with much
smaller reserves than those in Georgia will be equally stable
and productive. The cycles of phosphorus and productivity of
other estuaries, polluted and unpolluted, are discussed in
relation to these findings.
Citation 387
POON, C. P. C.
Rhode Island Univ. , Kingston Dept. of Civil and
Environmental Engineering
Nutrient Exchange in Water-Sediment Interface and its Effects on
Water Quality
Rhode Island Univ.
1975, Completion Rep. OWRT B-052-RI(I),13p.
English
Profiles of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, iron and manganese
of Narragansett Bay sediments were established after extensive
physical and chemical analyses of samples taken at various
locations in the Bay. These profiles reveal the history of
pollution in the Bay. Relationships between metals and the
nutrients were also established. Clear trends of increasing NH3-
N and available-P concentrations in deeper layers of sediments
with corresponding decrease of organic carbon were detected.
Dredging of the sediment could expose these higher NH3-N and
available-P concentrations to the overlying water. Microcosm
study showed that the sediments could act as a source or sink of
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phosphorus under various conditions. The dissolved oxygen
content, phosphorus concentration in water and available-P in
sediment dictate the amount of P release or uptake by the
sediment. In heavily polluted areas, the seawater flushing
rate increases the phosphorus flux rate and vice versa. The
steady state flux of P varies from 20 to 440 ug-P/m2/hr in
Narragansett Bay depending on location and flushing rate. No
NH3-N release from Narragansett Bay sediments occurs and
consequently only phosphorus is considered a potential nutrient
source in the sediment.
Citation 388
POORE, G. C. B. , J. D. KUDENOV
Victoria Ministry for Conservation, Melbourne(Australia),
Marine Pollution Studies Group
Benthos around an Outfall of the Werribee Sewage Treatment Farm,
Port Phillip Bay, Victoria
Aust J Mar Freshwater Res
1978,29,157-167.
English
A square km of area adjacent to the 145W outfall of the Werribee
sewage-treatment farm was sampled for sediment, water chemistry
and macrobenthos. Sediments nearshore were more sandy and more
uniform than those offshore. Water salinity and nutrient
concentrations (particularly ammonia) in overlying and
interstitial water decreased rapidly with increasing distance
from shore. The fauna was rich and contained several euryhaline
and opportunistic species. Classification analysis revealed an
offshore and a nearshore group of stations, and possibly a
third group around the outfall. The distribution of common
species was correlated with depth, sediment parameters or
interstitial phosphate concentrations. The benthos of the 145W
drain was distributed patchily but the station closest to the
outfall (within 300 m) had high densities, high proportions of
scavengers and deposit-feeders, high sediment organic fraction
and high interstitial nutrient concentrations. The effect of
the drain on the macrobenthos is exerted through particulate
organic matter, dissolved nutrients and freshwater inputs.
Citation 389
POORE, GARY C. B. , JERRY D. KUDENOV
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Marine Studies Group, Ministry for Conservation, 605 Flinders
Street Extension, Melbourne, Vic. 3000
Benthos of the Port of Melbourne: The Yarra River and Hobsons
Bay, Victoria
Aust J Mar Freshwater Res
1978,29,141-155.
English
The distribution of soft-bottom macrobenthos in the Yarra River
and Hobsons Bay, Vic. , is examined in terms of temporal
changes in abundance and diversity, and related to selected
environmental variables. Hierarchical classification was used
to divide the stations into three zones: upstream river
stations; downstream river stations with muddy bay stations; and
sandy bay stations. The faunas of the river and the central
muddy basin of Port Phillip Bay are similar although several
common Bay species were absent in the river, probably as a
result of competition and lowered salinity and dissolved oxygen.
Faunal diversity of the Yarra River was lower than that of
Hobsons Bay and is lower than that of equivalent areas in the
northern hemisphere. Seasonality in species composition or
diversity was not observed. The dominant river species, Theora
fragilis (Bivalvia), was more abundant in the lower river than
anywhere in Port Phillip Bay. Its life expectancy and density
were lowest at stations further up the river. Species diversity
seems more predictable in highly diverse communities lacking
dominant species than in communities of low diversity dominated
at all times by one or two species.
Citation 390
POTERA, G. T. , E. E. MACNAMARA
Lehigh Univ. , Bethlehem, PA , Dept. of Biology
Spartina alterniflora (Tall) Productivity in a Polluted New
Jersey Estuary
Bull N J Acad Sci
1972,17(1),13-14.
English
Net primary productivity for cord grass, S. alterniflora
(tall), based on several 1 m2 harvest sites from a polluted
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northern New Jersey estuary is presented. Average productivity
for the New Jersey site was more than 40% greater than reported
cord grass productivity at Hempstead, Long Island. The
significant increase in productivity was attributed to a
slightly longer growing season.
Citation 391
QASIM, S. Z. , S. WELLERSHAUS, P. M. A. BHATTATHIRI,
S. A. H. ABIDI
National Inst. of Oceanography, Cochin (India), Biological
Oceanographic Div.
Organic Production in a Tropical Estuary
Proc Indian Acad Sci
1969(Feb),69(2)B, 51-94.
English
Daily and seasonal rates of primary production in tropical
estuaries and their critical appraisal were investigated on the
basis of observations recorded at four stations located in the
upper reaches of the Cochin Backwater estuary, and several
earlier publications. The article contains the following
sections: (1) introduction, (2) procedure and methods; (3) the
environment; (4) rate of photosynthesis; (5) incubation time and
diurnal rhythm; (6) photosynthesis as a function of
illumination; (7) gross and net production; (8) seasonal changes
in production rates; (9) factors influencing organic production;
(10) estimation of production from radiation and chlorophyll;
(11) productivity in relation to particular matter; (12) annual
production; (13) efficiency; and (14) productivity in relation
to zooplankton. the study shows that in a highly turbid and
polluted estuary the C-14 assimilation is nearer to net
production and the diurnal rhythm in photosynthesis is
associated with the increase and decrease in daily illumination.
Seasonal changes in the production rates ae not well marked and
show only 3- to 4-fold increase in certain months. The study
also shows that for most of the year, primary production seemed
nonexistent at depths greater than about 4 m and temperature and
nutrients are not limiting factors in the estuary.
Citation 392
RALSTON, STEPHEN
University of Hawaii, Department of Zoology, Honolulu, HA
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96822
Anomalous Growth and Reproductive Patterns in Populations of
Chaetodon miliaris (Pisces, Chaetodontidae) from Kaneohe Bay,
Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
Pac Sci
1976,30(4),395-403.
English
Specimens of Chaetodon miliaris collected in Kaneohe Bay, Oahu,
during a 15-month study appeared to be reproductively inactive
and were smaller than were those from other Hawaiian study
areas. Additionally, they lacked calanoid copepods in their
diet, the main food consumed elsewhere. It is suggested that
the absence of this food in their diet resulted in a dietary
deficiency leading to poor growth and reproductive inactivity.
Citation 393
RAYMONT, J. E. G.
University College, Southampton
Further Observations on Changes in the Bottom Fauna of a
Fertilized Sea Loch
J Mar Biol Assoc UK
*
1949,28,9-19.
English
An account is given of the further changes in the bottom fauna
of a fertilized sea loch (Loch Craiglin) from 1944 to 1947, and
the results are compared with those obtained from 1942 to 1944.
The bottom fauna density fell markedly during 1944, despite the
addition of very large quantities of fertilizers. Unfavourable
hydrographic conditions, especially low oxygen tensions, are
considered to be responsible for the decrease. Densities higher
than ever obtained before in Loch Craiglin were found in the
summer of 1945 (average of 23,000 animals/m2), when favourable
hydrographic conditions once more existed. The little evidence
available suggests that the high productivity was maintained
during 1946, although only a very little fertilizer was added
during that year. By 1947 the average density of bottom fauna
had fallen to only 7500 animals/m2 and it is suggested that this
drop was correlated with less nutrients being available, since
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no fertilizers were added after January 1946. Hydrobia ulvae
became progressively more important from 1944 onwards, and was
the dominant member of the bottom fauna from 1945. Reasons are
advanced for the progressive rise in numbers of this species.
The average dry weight of flesh of the bottom fauna rose from 3
g/m2 in 1942 to 9 g/m2 in the summer of 1943. It fell to 3.5 g
in 1944, rose to 19.5 g in 1945 but declined again to 7.5 g in
the summer of 1947. The results suggest that with constant
application of fertilizers at least two to three years are
necessary to achieve maximum production from the bottom fauna.
Further, even after two and a half years had elapsed since
regular fertilization was practised, the bottom fauna
production was still more than twice as great as under 'natural1
conditions.
Citation
394
RAYMONT, J. E. G.
Department of Oceanography, The University Southampton, Great
Britain
Some Aspects of Pollution in Southampton Water
Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci
1972,180,451-468.
English
The levels of some trace metals have been studied in Southampton
Water. Particulate iron, though variable, is generally high
and the concentration appears to be correlated with the amount
of particulate matter. Zinc is approximately doubled in
concentration inside Southampton Water, but much higher levels
are occasionally encountered. Copper and nickel are only
somewhat higher and total mercury is lower inside Southampton
Water than in Solent waters. Zinc and copper are concentrated
approximately 30000 times on a dry mass basis by Mercenaria
mercenaria. Mercury is concentrated by Mercenaria and other
bivalves; the mud which is especially rich in total mercury may
represent an important source of mercury for those animals.
Primary nutrients, phosphate, nitrate and ammonium, increase
in concentration from seaward on proceeding up the estuary.
Surface waters appear to be especially rich in nitrate and
ammonium. Gross pollution seems unlikely in view of low nitrite
concentration and high oxygen values virtually throughout the
estuary. The high rate of turnover of organic substrates by
heterotrophic organisms may be associated with relatively large
amounts of organic matter in Southampton Water. This has to
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some extent been confirmed by direct surveys of particulate and
dissolved organic carbon which also suggest that regional
differences exist. Higher levels of organic matter occur near
the head of the estuary, near Marchwood, the Docks, and the
mouth of the River Itchen. Although thermal changes in
Southampton Water appear to have been slight, some increase in
winter minimal temperatures and in summer maxima have occurred,
especially in the Machwood area. A marked increase in
Mercenaria mercenaria population may be associated with the
small thermal rise and remarkably high population densities are
encountered. Spawning appears to be correlated with summer
temperatures exceeding 18 to 19 C. (abbrev. )
Citation 395
READ, P. A. , T. RENSHAW, K. J. ANDERSON
Napier College of Commerce and Technology, Colinton Road,
Edinburgh EH105DT
Pollution Effects on Intertidal Macrobenthic Communities
J Appl Ecol
1978,15,15-31.
English
(1) Changes in macrobenthic community structure along a
pollution gradient in the Firth of Forth, were observed and
quantified using four different measures of "diversity1: the
Shannon- Weaver index H"; Evenness index E; Fisher index alpha
and the Probability of Interspecific Encounter PIE. (2) The
significance of differences between beaches, between sampling
stations and between seasons were assessed by analysis of
variance. (3) The four diversity indices were found to be
closely correlated one with another; PIE being the one nearest
to the centroid of the four. (4) Similar changes were observed
along the pollution gradient for each of H", alpha and PIE but
the Eveness index E reflected a somewhat different tendency.
(5) Results show that gross pollution diminishes both 'dominance
diversity1 and 'species diversity" whereas more moderate
pollution reduces "species diversity" but is less effective in
regulating "dominance diversity". (6) Differences in diversity
and abundance between traverses and between levels at any one
site can be explained by reference to various environmental
factors. (7) Temporal changes in species numbers and
individuals are apparent at all sites and these are reflected in
the PIE values. The smallest temporal changes in PIE are
associated with a grossly polluted beach (a stressed community)
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whereas the largest relate to a relatively unpolluted beach (an
unstressed community). This conflicts with the view that
temporal change is large under physiological stress conditions
in unstable environments and small under minimal stress
conditions in physically stable environments.
Citation 396
REEBURGH, W. S.
Alaska Univ. , College, Inst. of Marine Science
Processes Affecting Gas Distributions in Estuarine Sediments
In: Environmental Framework of Coastal Plain Estuaries; 18th
Annual Meeting of Southeastern Section of the Geological Society
of America, 10-11(Apr)1969, Columbia, SC
1972, Memoir 133,383-389.
English
Summer and winter depth distributions of Ar, N2, CH4, total
C02, and total H2S were obtained at two stations in Chesapeake
Bay. The data indicate that CH4 escapes the sediments as
bubbles, stripping Ar and N2 from the sediments. Total C02
increases to concentrations greater than 1,000 milliliters per
liter with depth, and pH remains constant at about 7. Low and
uniform total H2S concentrations indicate removal of sulfur as
iron sulfides. The absence of CH4 in the upper 25 centimeters
of these sediments and the presence of Ar and N2 in
concentrations similar to the overlying water indicate mixing to
at least this depth.
Citation 397
REEBURGH, WILLIAM S.
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD, Chesapeake Bay Inst.
Observations of Gases in Chesapeake Bay Sediments
Limnol Oceanogr
1969(May) ,14(3) ,368-375.
English
Seasonal distribution of Ar, nitrogen, methane, and total
carbon dioxide in Chesapeake Bay sediments was investigated on
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the basis of chemical analysis and bore drilling data. The
methane contents increase with depth in the sediment from
undetected quantities at the surface to concentrations of 150
and 85 ml/liter in water depths of 30.4 and 15.2 m,
respectively. Ar and nitrogen are present in the surface
sediments in concentrations near that of the overlying water and
decrease with depth to values of 0.1 to 2 ml/liter. Stripping
by bubbling of methane accounts for the selective removal of
nitrogen and the decrease with depth of both Ar and nitrogen
contents. Total carbon dioxide increases with depth up to 1,500
ml/liter concentrations. Low values of total hydrogen sulfide
and an abundance of acid-labile sulfides in the sediments
indicate the removal of sulfides species by mineral forming
processes.
Citation
398
REGIER, HENRY A.
College of Fisheries, Univ. of Washington
A Balanced Science of Renewable Resources with Particular
Reference to Fisheries
Univ. of Washington Press, Seattle, WA 98195
0-295-95602-X, 108p.
English
This book is a collection of ten lectures presented by Henry A.
Regier at the College of Fisheries, University of Washington in
April 1976. In these lectures, Dr. Regier analyzes the range
of scientific approaches that can be and are brought to bear on
environmental problems. He points out how the differing
approaches fall into philosophical frameworks and thus are
condemned to have specific strengths and weaknesses when applied
to environmental analyses and management. Although the
environmental and management aspects of fisheries are stressed,
the discussions are pertinent to a broad range of environmental
questions. It is significant that a scientist rather than a
philosopher has made the effort to categorize the methodologies
presently employed in environmental science and the techniques
of applying these to resource management and relating them to
philosophical doctrines. This approach allows the scientist
reader to understand and accept more easily the reasons why
scientific investigations progress along certain pathways and
why some efforts succeed while others fail when the results of
the investigations interface with social policies. Dr.
Regier's effort may provide help in seeking the most effective
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route of applying knowledge to the management of natural
systems.
Citation
399
REISH, DONALD J.
California State College, Long Beach, CA
Marine and Estuarine Pollution
Water Pollut Control Fed
1972(June) ,44(6) ,1218-1226.
English
The 1971 literature on marine and estuarine pollution is
reviewed. Monitoring and surveys of physical and biological
characteristics of polluted areas, oil pollution, indicator
organisms, bioassays, malformations, microorganisms, and
water movements are discussed. The effects on organisms of
wastewater effluents and the concentrations and metabolism of
pollutants by various animals and algae were also studied.
Citation
400
REISH, DONALD J.
Department of Biology,
CA
California State College, Long Beach,
Biological Changes in Los Angeles Harbor following Pollution
Abatement
Calif Mar Res Comm
1972, CalCOFI Rep. 16,118-121.
English
Citation
401
RENFRO, W. C.
Bureau of Commercial Fisheries,
Lab.
Galveston, TX, Biological
Gas-Bubble Mortality of Fishes in Galveston Bay, Texas
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254
Trans Am Fish Soc
1963,92,320-322.
English
A kill of mostly spotted sea trout was observed in upper
Galveston Bay. Other dead fish observed were largescale
menhaden, bay anchovies, Atlantic croakers, small eels and
long nose gar. Unusual features of the dead sea trout were
excessive mucus in the body, bright red gills, distended swim
bladders and blisters containing gas in various parts of the
body. Dissolved oxygen saturation in the water reached near 250
percent saturation throughout the day. It was believed that
surplus gas came out of solution in the body of the fish and
obstructed circulation.
Citation 402
RESOURCE PLANNING SECTION, OFFICE OF PLANNING AND RESEARCH,
GEORGIA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES
Atlanta, GA
The Environmental Impact of Freshwater Wetland Alterations on
Coastal Estuaries
GA Dept Nat Resour
1976(June), Technical Planning Seminar, 85p.
English
Freshwater wetlands serve many functions, some are values of
their own unique systems, others help sustain the life and form
of their seaward estuary. Section I of this conference report
summarizes basic knowledge about the natural interactions of
freshwater wetlands and estuaries. In Section II are papers
providing supporting data and case studies.
Citation 403
REVELANTE, NOELIA, MALVERN GILMARTIN
Center for Marine Research, 'Institute Rudjer Boskovic', 52210
Rovinj, Yugoslavia
Characteristics of the Microplankton and Nanoplankton
Communities of an Australian Coastal Plain Estuary
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Aust J Mar Freshwater Res
1978,29,9-18.
English
The relative importance of micro- and nanoplankton was evaluated
in the Parramatta Estuary and Sydney Harbour, a culturally
eutrophicated southern hemisphere estuarial complex, during a
non-upwelling period following an extended drought.
Nanoplankton: microplankton production ratios increased to 4.2
in the inner estuary, where the nanoplankton were dominant
under conditions of increased nutrient supply. Primary
production rates and chorolphyll a standing crops increased
about 40-fold into the estuary, reaching 175 mg C m-3 h-1 and
19 mg chl a m-3 respectively. Outer, middle, and inner
estuarial regions were distinct, and clearly defined by
phytoplankton community characteristics and species
distribution. All dominants and co-dominants were neritic
temperate species ubiquitous in the estuary, but less abundant
microplankton species of tropical origin were the most useful as
indicator species of the extent of oceanic influence.
Citation 404
RILEY, GORDON A.
Bingham Oceanographic Laboratory, Yale University
Organic Aggregates in Seawater and the Dynamics of Their
Formation and Utilization
Limnol Oceanogr
1963,8(4) ,372-381.
English
Much of the nonliving particulate organic matter in seawater
consists of delicate, plate-like aggregates ranging in size
from about 5 u to several mm in diameter. The aggregates are
amorphous matrices containing both organic and inorganic
materials, with inclusions of bacteria and phytoplankton.
Descriptive information herein deals primarily with a two-year
series of observations in Long Island Sound. A consistent
biomodal seasonal cycle has been found, with peaks in winter
and early summer. These aggregates appear to be formed mainly
by adsorption of dissolved organic matter on bubbles and other
naturally occurring surfaces in the sea, a process readily
duplicated under experimental conditions. Naturally occurring
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aggregates provide a substrate for bacterial growth and probably
food for animals. They are present during certain seasons when
phytoplankton is scarce and probably serve an important function
as supplementary food for zooplankton under such circumstances.
The presence of aggregates is an oceanic as well as a coastal
phenomenon and is believed to have general ecological
significance. A concept is developed that the reversible
reaction between dissolved and particulate matter tends to
stabilize the marine association, and there are suggestions of
community adaptation in the development of this system.
Citation 405
ROHATGI, NARESH, KENNETH Y. CHEN
Environmental Engineering Prog. , Univ. of Southern
California, Los Angeles, CA
Transport of Trace Metals by Suspended Particulates on Mixing
with Seawater
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1975(Sept),47(9),2298-2316.
English
Under aerobic conditions with seawater salinity, trace metals
were observed to be released from suspended particulates,
especially in the cases of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb, and Zn. The
release of trace metals was observed to occur in two stages; an
initial rapid release, followed by a slower, long-term
release. Release of trace metals may be attributed to (a) the
oxidation of organic matter or metal sulfides; (b) desorption
forms, which depend mostly on the dilution ratio and pH of
seawater; and (c) the formation of metal chloride as well as
organo-metallic complexes.
Citation 406
ROMAN , M. R.
New Hampshire Univ. , Durham, NH, Dept. of Zoology
Tidal Resuspension in Buzzards Bay, Massachusetts. II.
Seasonal Changes in the Size Distribution of Chlorophyll,
Particle Concentration, Carbon and Nitrogen in Resuspended
Particle Matter
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
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1978(Jan) ,6(1) ,47-53.
English
Seasonal changes in the particle size spectrum of suspended
matter in near bottom water of Buzzards Bay was studied by
fractional filtration. The greatest fraction of the total
particulate organic carbon and particulate organic nitrogen
throughout the year was less than 20 micrometers. The relative
independence of the seasonal size distribution of particulate
carbon to changes in the chlorophyll, as well as high
carbon/nitrogen ratios during winter, suggest that large
amounts of detritus are present in Buzzards Bay. Chlorophyll
distribution was dominated by nanoplankton grazers abundant.
The winter and fall phytoplankton blooms were dominated by
individual and chain-forming diatoms greater than 53
micrometers. The dominance of a nanoplankton and nanodetritus
(less than 20 micrometers) in the suspended matter of Buzzards
Bay suggests that the major source of nutrition for filter
feeding zooplankton are small particles.
Citation
407
ROSENBAUM, ARLENE, A. Y. KUO, BRUCE J. NEILSON
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
23062
A Water Quality Model of the Pagan River
Appl Mar Sci Ocean Eng
1977(0ct), Special Rep. 148,102p.
English
The purpose of
applied to the
verification.
components,
employed is
this report is to describe the model which was
Pagan River and to document its calibration and
A detailed description of the model, its many
internal interactions and the various assumptions
given in Chapter 2. This discussion is of a rather
technical nature, since it is intended to provide a definitive
presentation of the model and its inner workings. A more
general presentation of the model and how it works will be given
in future reports on the results of the modelling studies. In
Chapter 3, the various data sets required for the model are
presented, and the calibration and verification results are
included in Chapter 4. The final chapter is a discussion of
several aspects of water quality which were observed during the
model studies. The model used in this study is a one-
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dimensional, intra-tidal ecosystem model which simulates the
longitudinal distribution of cross-sectional average
concentrations of water quality parameters, including the
temporal variation of these concentration fields in response to
tidal oscillation. The model includes the following water
quality variables: dissolved oxygen, carbonaceous oxygen
demand, organic nitrogen, ammonia nitrogen, nitrite-nitrate
nitrogen, organic phosphorus, inorganic phosphorus,
phytoplankton represented by chlorophyll "a", coliform bacteria
and salinity. Temperature, turbidity, and light intensity are
important parameters for the biochemical interactions taking
place, but they are not modeled directly. Rather they are
assumed constant during model simulations and, therefore, are
included in the input data set.
Citation 408
ROSENBAUM, ARLENE, BRUCE NEILSON
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Point, VA
23062
Water Quality in the Pagan River
Appl Mar Sci Ocean Eng
1977(Oct), Special Rep. 132,62p.
English
The Pagan River is a small coastal plains estuary located on the
south side of the James River Estuary in Isle of Wight County.
The Pagan is tributary to the James, entering it some 25
kilometers (15 miles) upriver of Old Point Comfort (see Figure
1). The drainage basin contains only about 185 square
kilometers (71 square miles) and most of the land uses are rural
in nature. More than half the watershed is forested and
slightly more than a third of the land is used for agriculture,
mostly cropland with only a small portion used as pastures.
There are more than 1000 hectares (2600 acres) of marsh within
the basin and most of this is tidal. Residential, commercial
and industrial land uses account for less than 5% of the total
area. The purpose of this report is to present and summarize
water quality data collected during the summer of 1976 as part
of the Hampton Roads 208 Study. These data also have been used
to calibrate and verify a mathematical model of water quality in
the Pagan River. A description of the model and the calibration
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procedures are given in a separate report. A third report will
present the findings of the model studies.
Citation 409
ROSENBERG, R.
Sweden Water and Air Pollution Research Lab. , Goteborg
Benthic Faunal Dynamics During Succession Following Pollution
Abatement in a Swedish Estuary
Oikos
1976,27(3) ,414-427.
English
Following the closure of a sulphite pulp mill the recovery and
succession of the macrobenthic communities was monitored.
Community composition similar to that recorded forty years
before was achieved within eight years. The sequential changes
of some numerically dominant populations showed a bell-shaped
curve pattern. During the first years after pollution
abatement, when polychaetes dominated, population changes were
drastic but evened out in later serai stages. The role of
larval recruitment in succession is discussed. Three diversity
indices were used to assess the community structure: Shannon's
formula, its measurement of evenness, and Sanders' rarefaction
technique. As tools for assessing pollution or recovery, the
two former had to be used with care, as the highest values were
recorded at the beginning of the recovery process when the
individuals found were few but evenly distributed among the few
species present. The rarefaction technique and the measure of
species richness were more satisfactory for this kind of
assessment.
Citation 410
ROWE, G. T. , C. H. CLIFFORD, K. L. SMITH
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA
Benthic Nutrient Regeneration and its Coupling to Primary
Productivity in Coastal Waters
Nature
1975(May),255,215-217.
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English
The high primary productivity of coastal ocean waters is
attributed to nitrogen regeneration from continental shelf
sediments. In situ measurements in the New York Bight of the
rate at which ammonia and nitrate diffuse into the water column
from sediments were based on the assumption that the breakdown
of organic matter in sediments is proportional to the amount of
oxygen required. Thus for each milliter of oxygen consumed,
0.412 mg organic carbon is oxidized to carbon dioxide. Because
the organic carbon-nitrogen ratio in sediments is about 10:1 or
greater, it was construed that 0.041 mg organic nitrogen would
be remineralized to ammonia for each milliter of oxygen
consumed. Both the sediment oxygen demand and ammonia
production were highly dependent on temperature. Most of the
nitrogen at warmer temperatures was in ammonia form; at lower
temperatures nitrogen may be lost by denitrification to
elemental nitrogen. When the bottom respiration on the
continental shelf is approximately 10-20 ml/sqm/hr 4.12 mg
organic carbon and 0.412 mg organic nitrogen would be oxidized
to carbon dioxide or deaminated to ammonia. If about 80% of the
ammonia were released from the sediment the average feedback
would be about 23.5 microgram atom nitrogen/sqm/hr. The high
ammonia concentrations were not due to advection from offshore
waters or from Hudson River effluent.
Citation 411
RUSSELL, CLIFFORD S.
Resources for the Future, Inc. , Washington, DC
Ecological Modeling in a Resource Management Framework
National Oceanographic and Atmospheric Administration, Marine
Ecosystems Analysis Program, Proceedings of a Symposium
1975 (Jul), Library of Congress Catalog Card No. 75-
15108,400p.
English
The report is a collection of papers concerning both physical
and ecological modeling for a number of specific locations.
Titles of the papers are: Ecological modeling in a resource
management framework: An introduction; CLEANER: The Lake
George model; A discussion of CLEAN, The aquatic model of the
Eastern deciduous forest biome; The Delaware Estuary model;
Application of mathematical models to the study, monitoring and
management of the North Sea; Phytoplankton models and
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eutrophication problems; Fish population models; Potential and
actual links to ecological models; Fisheries and ecological
models in fisheries resource management; Management of large -
scale environmental modeling projects; and Present problems and
Future prospects of ecological modeling.
Citation
412
RYTHER,
HUGUENIN
J.
H.
W. M. DUNSTAN, K. R. TENOR, J. E.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, MA
Controlled Eutrophication-Increasing Food Production from the
Sea by Recycling Human Wastes
BioScience
1972(Mar),22(3),144-152.
English
The essential feature of "controlled eutrophication1 is the
physical separation and compartmentalization of the producer and
consumer levels of a biological community. Following these
guidelines, laboratory experiments were begun in the summer of
1970 on the growth kinetics of marine plankton algae grown in
seawater enriched with effluent from a secondary sewage
treatment plant. In general, diluted sewage was found to be an
excellent culture medium for the marine phytoplankton. At
concentrations of 10 percent sewage, the yield of algae
increased with flow rate through the system up to a 'turnover
rate1 of 50 percent of the culture per day. These algae were
subsequently fed to monitored oyster cultures, thus completing
the producer-consumer food chain. in one such experiment, a
natural population of diatoms grown on 10 percent sewage was
passed through a 3m x 1.5m x 0.5 in. tank containing suspended
strings of oyster spat attached to scallop shells. Over 30
days, at 7-10C, the oysters removed 77 percent of the algae
and converted 22 percent of the cells into new oyster flesh.
These and similar experiments have provided basic data on the
kinetics and bioenergetics of a small scale "controlled
eutrophication program" and revealed the value for developing
applications in advanced sewage treatment and commercial
aquaculture.
Citation
413
RYTHER, JOHN H.
WILLIAM M. DUNSTAN
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Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Eutrophication in the Coastal Marine
Environment
Science
1971(Mar),171(3975),1008-1013.
English
The distribution of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus and
bioassay experiments both show that nitrogen is the critical
limiting factor to algal growth and eutrophication in coastal
marine waters. About twice the amount
used by the algae is normally present.
from the low nitrogen to phosphorus
contributions, including human waste,
phosphorus regenerates more quickly
decomposing organic matter. Removal of phosphate from
detergents is therefore not likely to slow the eutrophication of
coastal marine waters, and its replacement with nitrogen-
containing nitrilotriacetic acid may worsen the situation.
of phosphate as can be
This surplus results
ratio in terrigenous
and from the fact that
than ammonia from
Citation
414
SAKSHAUG, E. , S. MYKLESTAD
Trondheim Univ. (Norway), Biological Station
Studies on the Phytoplankton Ecology of the Trondheimsfjord:
III. Dynamics of Phytoplankton Blooms in Relation to
Environmental Factors, Bioassay Experiments and Parameters for
the Physiological State of the Populations
J exp mar Biol Ecol
1973,11(2),157-188.
English
Quantitative phytoplankton sampling was carried out at weekly
intervals at 1 station in the central part of the Tronheimsfjord
(Norway) and at irregular intervals at one station near
Trondheim Harbor during March-Oct. , 1970 and 1971. Stages of
diatom blooms were related to variations in freshwater
discharge, hydrography, nutrients (nitrate, orthophosphate
and reactive silicate in sea water and river water), light,
the results of bioassay experiments, parameters for the
physiological state of natural phytoplankton populations, and
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data on phytoplankton and hydrography collected during 1963-
1969. Two spring blooms of diatoms are persistent in the area.
The first one starts in March, triggered by an increase in the
incident radiation and culminates in early April. It develops
analogously to a batch culture and is nourished mainly by
nutrients accumulated during the winter. The 2nd takes place in
brackish waters during May-June concomitant with floods in
rivers. The magnitude of its populations corresponds to
discharge maxima unless disturbed by hydrographical
irregularities and heavy grazing by Calanus finmarchicus
(Gunnerus). In autumns of little discharge and with turbulence
in the upper 5-10 m dinoflagellates predominate. In high
salinity waters N seems generally more limiting than P for
phytoplankton growth. The N/P atomic ratio of such waters with
no phytoplankton growth was 10-12 in contrast to 13-18 in the
phytoplankton. Due to the high N/P ratio of 40-50 in river
water, P was more limiting than N in some brackish waters. On
2 occasions trace metals seemed to be the most limiting.
Citation 415
SALES, HENRY J. , R. V. THOMANN
Hydroscience, Westwood, NJ 65807
A Steady-State Phytoplankton Model of Chesapeake Bay
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1978,50,2752-2770.
English
A simplified quasi-linearized model, a set of 5 algebraic
equations for each of 52 segments of the Bay used. Data base
appears to be mid-Bay, deep water stations from Chesapeake Bay
Institute and from the Environmental Protection Agency.
Historic trends from about 1945-1975 are shown for Chlorophyll
a, inorganic nitrogen and inorganic phosphorus; chlorophyll a
increased from about 5 to a range of 20-40 ug/1. Data and model
are for vertically averaged 'well mixed1 samples, not
appropriate for some kinds of reality evaluation but possibly ok
for a bay budget. Michaelis Menton constants (0.005 mg P/l,
0.025 mg N/l, 2/day maximum uptake rate) used for nutrient
uptake. Susquehanna River inflow accounts for 90% of Bay
freshwater input, concentration of N and P vs Susquehanna flow
are given. Data and model both indicate that P limits
phytoplankton growth in MD portion of the Bay. Chlorophyll a
projections are given for various P loadings. Either N or P may
limit below the Potomac. Tropical Storm Agnes effects on
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historic data are discussed. Study was done as part of an
investigation of waste load allocations. Eight citations.
Abstr. by KLW.
Citation 416
SANDERS, JAMES G.
Marine Science Program, University of North Carolina, Chapel
Hill, NC 27514
Enrichment of Estuarine Phytoplankton by the Addition of
Dissolved Manganese
Mar Environ Res
1978,1,59-.
English
The response of natural phytoplankton to additions of excess Mn
in an estuary receiving sewage effluent varied with tidal
amplitude. During periods of low tidal amplitude, when DOC
concentrations were high, carbon uptake by phytoplankton was
stimulated. When tidal amplitudes were relatively high, carbon
uptake was not affected by Mn addition. The link between high
DOC concentrations and stimulation suggests that the Mn addition
either relieves a deficiency in available Mn caused by organic
complexation or complexes organics from the sewage effluent
which are otherwise harmful to phytoplankton productivity.
Sewage effluent entering estuaries can be both beneficial and
detrimental to the phytoplankton population. Productivity is
increased by the addition of inorganic nutrients but may be
depressed by the organics contained in the effluent.
Citation 417
SAYLOR, G. S. , J. D. NELSON, JR. , A. JUSTICE, R.
R. COLWELL
Maryland Univ. , College Park, Dept. of Microbiology
Distribution and Significance of Fecal Indicator Organisms in
the Upper Chesapeake Bay
Appl Microbiol
1975(0ct),30(4) ,625-638.
English
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265
The survey reported upon provides evidence of significant levels
of pollution from human wastes in the water, sediment, and
suspended sediment throughout the Upper Chesapeake Bay. Highest
counts of pollution indicator organisms were found at the
confluence of the Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay.
Organisms were found to be quantitatively distributed
independently of temperature and salinity and were not
correlated with concentration of suspended sediment. However,
53% of total viable bacteria and more than 80% of fecal
indicator organisms were directly associated with suspended
sediments. Correlation coefficients for the indicator organisms
ranged from 0.80 for bottom water to 0.99 for suspended
sediment. Prolonged survival for the fecal streptocci was seen
in most of the sediment samples. Further deterioration in water
quality would seriously affect shellfish harvesting and
recreational uses of the Upper Chesapeake Bay.
Citation 418
SCHMOEGER, DONALD R. , NELSON L. NEMEROW, EMIL J.
GENETELLI
Nestle Company, Marysville, OH 43040
A Batch Algal Bioassay Procedure for Assessing Potential
Eutrophication
In: Proceedings of the 29th Industrial Waste Conference 7-
9(May)1974. Purdue Univ.
1974, Eng. Extension Ser. No. 145,897-904.
English
Anabaena flos-aquae, a blue green alga endorsed by the US EPA
was employed to determine: 1) optimum (maximum) growth
conditions of light, temperature (as per EPA), and aeration in
a defined nutrient medium; 2) sensitivity of assay to minute
nutrient changes; and 3) the effects of various degrees and
concentrations of treated domestic sewage on a given algal
population were analyzed to demonstrate the applicability and
sensitivity of the proposed bioassay. Maximum cellular yields
remained unchanged when the light intensity was varied between
300 and 600 fc's. Under the experimental conditions described,
light was not a limiting factor and 600 fc was chosen
arbitrarily as the standard. Optimum (maximum) growth was
attained in the shortest period of time at a shaking speed of
100 rpm's. Mechanical shaking appears to help in achieving a
level of growth at a faster rate but is otherwise unnecessary as
handswirling will ultimately result in nearly the same yield.
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The level of sensitivity to nutrient changes was computed to be
about +2.5% absorption of 0.07 log 10 cells/ml. Growth yields
were linear for dilutions of AAP medium and AAP medium with
dilutions of phosphorus. Luxury uptake of phosphorus was noted
but not to such an extent that might place limits on the
sensitivity of the bioassay and necessitate the introduction of
phosphorus starved inoculum. Nitrogen fixing was demonstrated
for Anabaena flos-aquae. The use of this organism provides an
effective means for assaying phosphorus limiting environments.
In accordance with other investigators, concentrations of raw,
primary settled, and treated domestic sewage approaching 50%
seem to have an inhibitory or toxic effect on algal growth. The
spectrophotometric monitoring system evaluated in this study
generated statistically significant and reliable data within a
short period.
Citation 419
SCHOFIELD, W. R. , R. G. KRUTCHKOFF
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. , Blacksburg, VA
24061
Deterministic Model of Dynamic Eutrophic Estuary
J Environ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1974(Aug),100(EE4),979-996.
English
A stochastic model for a 1-dimensional estuary was formulated.
With the addition of a single parameter, a stochastic model can
be built from its deterministic counterpart. The derivation was
of sufficient generality to permit any number of components and
any reasonable system configuration can be handled. All systems
parameters, conditions, and forcing functions could be
continuous functions of time(not just tidal phase), position,
and if necessary, other tactors. The Potomac Estuary was
modeled for Jan. -Oct. 1969. Measured and predicted
concentrations were compared in their means and distributions
with good agreement. Use of the model for other estuaries is
reccomended.
Citation 420
SCHOFIELD, WILLIAM A. , RICHARD G. KRUTCHKOFF
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. , Blacksburg, VA
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Stochastic Model for a Dynamic Ecosystem
WRRI Virginia(Blacksburg)
1973 , Bull. No. 60.
English
A study was conducted to develop and verify, with actual data,
a stochastic model of a dynamic ecosystem in a one-dimensional,
eutrophic estuary. A quantitative relationship was established
between causes and effects. The cause-effect relationship
includes a random component that accounts for the stochastic
nature of the process. A one-dimensional model that is more
general and realistic than any previous estuary model has been
developed. Generalizations have been made in the differential
equations that were solved and in the initial and boundary
conditions used. Also included is the way the physical
conditions of cross -sectional areas, light intensities, fresh
water flow rate, land runoff, benthal demand, and water
temperature, depth, and turbidity were handled. The number of
components considered and the use of time- and position-variable
parameters are discussed.
Citation
421
SCHUBEL, J. R.
Director of Marine Sciences Research Center, State University
of New York, Stony Brook, NY 11794
and Water Quality in the Coastal Marine
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Fine Particles
Environment
1976, Annals No. 75CH1004-I 34-2,9p.
English
This report briefly summarizes data on the quantity of suspended
particles in coastal environments and the effect of such
concentrations on species compositions, siltation rates and
patterns, and particle agglomeration. Special reference is
given to anthropogenic particulate matter, regarding poor soil
conservation and nutrient-loading from sewage wastes. Reports
on the Chesapeake Bay are sited throughout the paper, including
a discussion of the effect of Hurricane Agnes on suspended
matter in the Bay. The author concludes with a list of eight
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possible research priorities for coastal waters. 48 references.
Abstr. by JMB.
Citation 422
SCHUBEL, J. R. , C. H. MORROW, W. B. CRONIN
Maryland Fish and Wildlife Administrations, Annapolis, MD
Suspended Sediment Data Summary March 1966-May 1967, Upper
Chesapeake Bay (Tolchester to Havre de Grace)
John Hopkins Univ.
1968(Nov), Chesapeake Bay Inst. Spec. Rep. 14,60p.
English
Twenty-four surveys were carried out measuring suspended
sediment in the upper Chesapeake Bay during the period March
1966 through May 1967. The data collected on these cruises are
summarized. The tables of data for each sampling site include
location, date, time, weather, wind direction, wind speed,
depth of sampling, water temperature, salinity, suspended
sediment, combustible organic matter, and light penetration.
Citation
423
SCHULTZ, D. M.
J. G. QUINN
USGS, National Center MS 973, Reston, VA 22092
Narragansett Bay:
Fatty Acid and
Suspended Material in
Hydrocarbons Composition
Org Chem
1977,1,27-36.
English
Suspended materials were collected from the top 20 cm of the
water surface at 10 stations in Narragansett Bay. Qualitative
and quantitative analyses of fatty acid methyl esters and
hydrocarbons indicated that the influence of sewage and other
pollutants is greatest in river areas. The decreasing
percentages in the suspended material and sediment of 2
unsaturated and 1 monounsaturated acids from the mouths of the
Providence and Taunton Rivers to the Bay, and the increasing
percentage of the 4 polyunsaturated fatty acids along the same 2
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269
transects are due to the influence of sewage effluents
containing large amounts of the unsaturated acids and the
relatively greater abundance of plankton species which contain
polyunsaturated acids. The influence of detritus derived from
terrestrial and marsh plants and resuspended sediments also
tends to lower the wt percent values of the polyunsaturated
acids in the suspended matter. The wt percent of the total 15-C
acids remains fairly constant throughout the Bay and shows no
noticeable seasonal variations. Since the 15-C acids may be the
result of microbial activity, the level of these acids is
possibly indicative of a fairly uniform distribution of this
microbial activity throughout different portions of the Bay.
There is a decreasing trend in hydrocarbon concentration in the
Providence River transect, but not in the Taunton River.
Results indicate a substantial petroleum hydrocarbon input at or
above the 1st stations in the Providence River. There is no
significant linear correlation between chlorophyll and
hydrocarbon data, indicating sources other than phytoplankton
for the hydrocarbons.
Citation
424
SCOTT, B. D.
Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, CSIRO, P. 0. Box 21,
Cronulla, N. S. W. 2230
Phytoplankton Distribution and Light Attenuation in Port Hacking
Estuary
Aust J Mar Freshwater Res
1978,29,31-44.
English
The distribution of phytoplankton in a marine dominated estuary
is described in terms of in vivo chlorophyll fluorescence,
phytoplankton photosynthesis rates at constant irradiance, and
the attenuation of solar irradiance by the water column. The
phytoplankton distribution was consistent with the physiography
and water circulation in the estuary. A method is described for
estimating the proportions of suspended sediments, introduced
with runoff from the land, which are removed from the estuary
by tidal exchange or by sinking. Estimates of the proportions
of phytoplankton and detritus in the water column are derived
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from the relationship of chlorophyll concentration to the
extinction coefficient.
Citation 425
SEABLOOM, R. W.
Washington Univ. , Seattle, WA, Coll. of Engineering
Water Pollution by Sewage from Water Craft
In: Colloque International sur 1'Exploitation des Oceanis,
Bordeaux, France
1971(Mar), Theme I Tome I, 13p.
English
The pollution by water craft waste discharges in Meydenbauer
Bay, an inlet on Lake Washington, Wollochet Bay, a harbor on
Puget Sound and San Diego Bay was investigated. Bacterial
counts were taken and the ecology of the areas studied.
Pollution control devices macerator-disinfectors, self
contained recirculating flush toilets, incinerators, and
holding tanks are some of the possibilities considered to aid in
abatement of this pollution problem. International legislation
and additional research to improve the technology for handling
vessel waters are suggested for improvement of the present
minimally adequate systems.
Citation 426
SEGAR, D. A. , A. Y. CANTILLO
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Miami, FL,
Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Labs
Some Considerations on Monitoring of Trace Metals in Estuaries
and Oceans
In: International Conference on Environmental Sensing and
Assessment. 14-19(Sept), Las Vegas, NV
1975, Vol. 1,6-5-1 - 6-5-5.
English
The trace metal chemistry of the coastal waters of New York and
New Jersey in the vicinity of the Hudson-Raritan river discharge
was studied. Contamination-free samples were obtained using a
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'top drop1 Niskin bottle and a rosette multi-sampler. Analysis
was performed by flameless atomic absorption spectrophotometry.
Large geographical and short-term temporal variations in
dissolved trace metal content were observed. Intensive sampling
in a restricted geographical area also revealed the existence of
coherent cells of water which contained anomalously high metal
concentrations. The geogr'aphical location of these cells
suggested that they were caused by the river discharge influence
and by sewage sludge or dredge spoil dumping. An appreciable
fraction of the metal present in the dissolved phase of the New
York Bight could not be determined by traditional analytical
techniques such as solvent extraction. Continuous real-time
horizontal profiling of trace metal concentrations from a moving
vessel appears to be required for adequately describing the
processes affecting metal introduction, transport, and removal
in the area. Data on the percentage of total dissolved copper
and iron which is determinable by solvent extraction and atomic
absorption are presented along with vertical distributions of
total zinc.
Citation 427
SENQUPTA, SUBRATA, SAMUEL S. LEE, HARVEY P. MILLER
Miami Univ. , Coral Gables, FL, Dept. of Mechanical
Engineering
Three-Dimensional Numerical Investigations of Tide and Wind-
Induced Transport Processes in Biscayne Bay
Miami Univ.
1978(July), SG Technical Bull. 39,137p.
English
A three-dimensional, time-dependent free surface hydrodynamic
model has been developed, which takes account of topographical
and meteorological parameters, for the application to sediment
transport and dissolved chemical transport in the South Biscayne
Bay. Local tidal effects have been introduced into the
mathematical model by applying a so-called primitive numerical
boundary condition at the ocean-bay interface. Agreement with a
statistically averaged tide data base, both at the ocean
exchange area and at several shoreline locations, for a
calibrated model is quite good. Basic sediment transport
processes, with associated boundary conditions, have been
modelled. General features of the suspended particle sediment
transport have been evaluated qualitatively, and the behavior
of the dominant physical mechanisms determined. The model can
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be directly applied to numerical studies of nutrient, and other
biochemical processes, as well as to a variety of contaminant
transport studies. However, further effort is necessary to
ensure quantitative agreement with respect to long-term flushing
and to sediment transport.
Citation 428
SEYB, LES, KAREN RANDOLPH
Corvallis Environmental Research Lab. , OR
North American Project—A Study of U. S. Water Bodies. (A
Report for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and
Development)
US Environmental Protection Agency
1977(July), EPA/600/3-77/086,548p.
English
The Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development, an
independent international organization for promotion of economic
development in member countries, is concerned with both the
qualitative and quantitative aspects of economic growth. The
Environment Committee of OECD is assisted by a number of
delegate groups concerned with policy development in specific
sectors of the overall environmental problem. One of these
groups is the Water Management Sector Group, which in 1971
established a Steering Group on Eutrophication Control to
develop a series of cooperative projects for monitoring
eutrophication in inland waters. The overall objective of these
projects was the achievement of comparability on nutrient
budgets, chemical balances, and biological productivity in
water bodies. In the United States 22 waterbodies were included
in the program. Final reports on the limnology of each have
been compiled by the United States investigators and are
contained in this publication.
Citation 429
SHABMAN, I. A. , P. M. ASHTON
Virginia Polytechnic Inst. and State Univ. , Blacksburg,
Dept. of Agricultural Economics
Citizen Attitudes Toward Management of the Chesapeake Bay
WRRC Virginia (Blacksburg)
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1976(Feb), VWRRC Bull. 96,69p.
English
A survey of Chesapeake Bay Residents was conducted to determine
how a selected group of citizens felt about certain current
issued facing the Bay. Compared with the general population,
the survey respondents earned higher incomes, were more highly
educated, were professionally employed, and seemed heavily
involved in public service activities. They also tended to
display an 'environmentalist1 bias. Even so, respondents did
not feel informed about the ongoing Corps Engineers study of the
Bay or about the Maryland and Virginia Coastal zone management
programs, which are the three major planning efforts now being
conducted on the bay. Respondents expressed some mild
dissatisfaction with current administrative, legal, and
management programs, but expressed little desire for passage of
new laws or creation of a single management agency for the Bay
as a whole. While the respondents felt that the public did have
reasonable access to the decision-making process, they
indicated a fairly strong concern over what they saw as public
apathy toward the problems of the bay. Thirteen specific Bay
problems were ranked in importance by the respondents. In both
states, waste disposal, bilge dumping, wetlands preservation,
offshore oil development, dredge-material disposal, and power-
plant siting were identified as issues of major importance.
Several problems received substantially less emphasis. These
included runoff of pesticides and fertilizers, shoreline
erosion, population growth, and improvement of public access
to the Bay. General implications drawn from these results
include: (1) any organization of citizens probably will tend to
represent only limited aspects of public concern, and (2)
agencies should expect to deal with a less than representative
socio-economic cross section of society in their public-
participation programs.
Citation 430
SHAPIRO, JOSEPH, ROBERTO RIBEIRO
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD, Dept. of Sanitary
Engineering and Water Resources
Algal Growth and Sewage Effluent in the Potomac Estuary
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1965(July),37(7),1034-1042.
English
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Addition of effluents from secondary wastewater treatment plants
to Potomac River greatly increases growth of both green
(chlorophytes) and blue-green algae (cyanophytes) in proportion
to the quantity of effluent added. As little as 5% effluent is
effective, and 40% is not supraoptimal. Since cyanophytes are
able to provide their own nitrogen supply through fixation of
molecular nitrogen, pnospnate is the sole nutrient responsible
for limiting their growth. Chlorophytes require both phosphate
and ammonium-nitrogen for growth. Removal of ammonia from
effluents will control chlorophytes only, but phosphate removal
will limit cyanophytes as well. Partial removal of phosphorus
from effluents will control both algal groups to a degree
commensurate with extent of removal. Normal phosphorus
concentrations of the Potomac River are such that increases in
these concentrations will stimulate further algal growth. The
hypothesis that trace substances are not limiting was verified.
Silt, affecting light penetration and adsorption of phosphates
or ammonia onto silt particles may both lead to reduced algal
growths. Solution of the silt problem, through building dams,
must be tied to programs for nutrient control.
Citation
431
SIMIDU, USIO, EMIKO KANEKO, NOBUO TAGA
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Minamidai,
Nakano-ku, Tokyo, Japan
Microbiological Studies of Tokyo Bay
Microb Ecol
1977,3,173-191.
English
The generic composition of the heterotrophic bacterial
population of Tokyo Bay, which is now highly polluted and
eutrophic, was compared with that of the adjacent, less
polluted .regions of Sagami Bay and Suruga Bay. Members of
Vibrionaceae predominated in the bacterial flora of seawater and
zooplankton samples from Sagami Bay, Suruga Bay, and the mouth
of Tokyo Bay. However, Vibrio spp. formed only a small
proportion of the bacterial population of the water and sediment
samples from the inner Tokyo Bay; there the Gram-negative,
nonmotile, nonpigmented bacteria, which were tentatively
identified as Acinetobacter, were predominant. The result of
experiments, in which seawater samples from Tokyo Bay were
incubated under various experimental conditions, indicated that
two significant factors apparently control the growth of Vibrio
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spp. in seawater; (1) a direct antagonism between Vibrios and
phytoplankton undergoing rapid growth, and (2) a limiting
organic nutrient for Vibrios.
Citation
432
SIMMONDS, M. A.
Consulting Chemical Engineer, 82 Central Avenue, St. Lucia,
Queensland 4067, Australia
Experience with Algal Blooms and the Removal of Phosphorus from
Sewage
Water Res
1973(Feb),7(1/2),255-264.
English
Based upon observations of algal blooms in water treatment
plants during the period 1930-1940 when phosphate occurred
primarily from natural sources, the conclusion is made that the
mechanism which triggers algal blooms may be neither nutrient
concentration nor the concentration of organic matter. Instead
the pH, alkalinity, carbon dioxide equilibrium condition is a
major factor, not only in promoting, but also in maintaining
algal blooms. The mechanism involved is the conversion of
bicarbonates to carbonates at high pH and the consequent release
of carbon dioxide which is utilized by algae. Use of algae for
removing phosphates from sewage sludge is discussed. Algae were
capable of removing large amounts of phosphate, but were
themselves difficult to remove from the sewage.
Citation
433
SIMON, J. L.
W. H. HUANG
University of South Fla. , School of Natural Scienes, 4202 E.
Fowler Ave. , Tampa, FL 33620
Effects of Sewage Pollution Abatement on Hillsborough Bay
research still in progress
English
Objectives: Owing to the construction of a large municipal
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advanced (tertiary) waste treatment plant, a unique opportunity
exists to study the effects of removal of a major source of
pollution on the estuarine environment. The objectives of the
present proposal are to provide pre-advanced treatment data on
(1) water quality; (2) sedimentary parameters and sediment
chemistry; (3) benthic infaunal invertebrate assemblages in
Hillsborough Bay. (4) An attempt to correlate the distribution
of the benthic invertebrates with water quality and sedimentary
parameters will be made, with an eye toward predicting what
effects changes in water or sediment parameters as a result of
tertiary treatment might be.
Citation
434
SINCLAIR, MICHAEL, EDRIC KEIGHAN, JERRY JONES
Section d'Oceanographie, Universite du Quebec a Rimouski,
Rimouski, Que. G5L3A1
ATP as a Measure of Living Phytoplankton Carbon in Estuaries
J Fish Res Board Can
1979,36,180-186.
English
An attempt has been made to evaluate the accuracy of ATP as a
measure of living phytoplankton carbon in estuaries.
Phytoplankton carbon estimated from ATP was compared to
estimates from cell counts. In high biomass samples the
agreement between the two estimates was quite good. In the low
biomass samples the cell count method underestimated
phytoplankton carbon relative to the ATP estimate. This was
interpreted to be due in part to low cell counts in these
samples. Contamination by microzooplankton (essentially only
tintinnids) was, in 14 out of the 18 samples, <3% of the ATP
estimated carbon. However, it was as high as 19% in one case.
In the lowest biomass samples (<0.5 ug chlorophyll a/L)
bacterial populations may contribute as much as 50% of the total
living carbon. It is concluded that, with caution, ATP is a
useful measure of living phytoplankton carbon in estuaries
during periods of moderate to high biomass (>1 ug chlorophyll
a/L for the St. Lawrence). Since carbon to chlorophyll ratios
in the high biomass samples varied considerably, a constant
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ratio appears inapplicable for transforming chlorophyll to
carbon.
Citation 435
SINHA, EVELYN
P. O. Box 989, La Jolla, CA 92037
Coastal/Estuarine Pollution, an Annotated Bibliography
Ocean Engineering Information Series
1970, Vol. 3,87p.
English
This bibliography, intended as a guide in interdisciplinary
studies of pollution in the coastal zone contains 631
informative abstracts of literature providing substantial
scientific and technological information on: the detection,
identification, measurement and analysis of parameters of
pollution and pollutants; sources of pollution; coastal and
estuarine processes; effects of pollution; water quality
management and waste heat utilization. A bibliography of
bibliographies, separate identification of theses, books,
patents, and detailed subject and author indexes are included.
Represented are sources found in 111 journals, some 32 national
and international conferences and symposia, governmental
research and development reports, institutional studies and
industrial contract reports. Coverage includes 1965 to May
1970.
Citation 436
SINHA, EVELYN
Ocean Engineering Information Service, P. 0. Box 989, La
Jolla, CA 92037
Methods, Models & Instruments for Studies of Aquatic Pollution,
An Annotated Bibliography
Ocean Engineering Information Series
1971, Vol. 5,29p.
English
This bibliography contains 204 abstracts of literature providing
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substantial scientific and technical information on methods,
models and instruments used in studies of aquatic pollution and
means of abatement. These deal with the detection,
identification and measurement of the parameters of pollution,
biotic constituents, detergents and nutrients, pesticides,
oil, metals, and non-metallic toxicants. Various aspects of
water quality management are encompassed. Pertinent patents, a
bibliography of bibliographies, a subject outline, a keyterm
index, and an index citing all authors and co-authors are
included. Although intended as a supplement to Vol. 3,
Coastal/Estuarine Pollution and Vol. 4, Lake and River
Pollution of the Ocean Engineering Information Series, it is
independently useful for field and laboratory investigations of
aquatic pollution.
Citation 437
SLOTTA, L. S. , SCOTT M. NOBLE
Oregon State University, Ocean Engineering, Corvallis, OR
97331
Use of Benthic Sediments as Indicators of Marina Flushing
Oregon State Univ.
1977(0ct), ORESU-T-77-007,56p.
English
This report presents the findings of a sediment analysis program
formulated to determine the flushing potential of various shaped
small boat basins. Chemical tests regarding volatile solids,
Kjeldahl nitrogen, grease and oil, and sulfides were performed
with the results compared to established sediment quality
criteria. These results were used in normalizing laboratory
test results into pollution indexes. The marinas were
characterized via dimensionless numbers composed of several
physical parameters indicative of the basin's geometry on which
the flushing ability of estuarine and riverine enclosures might
depend. From a general statistical examination of the benthic
sediment quality data, models were developed representing
sediment quality indexes and flushing phenomena. Comparing the
relative differences in pollution indexes between stations in
one basin provided useful information concerning the confidence
that can be regarded about assumptions made in the problem
solving technique. Five dimensionless basin parameters were
assigned limiting values that were felt optimum to obtain
adequate flushing for marina basins. A nomogram for use in the
design process for marina sitings was developed. Using this
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tool one can predict where adequate flushing of enclosed basins
would be ensured with the effect that existing water quality
would be high.
Citation
438
SMITH, B. N.
Texas Univ. , Austin Dept. of Botany
The Role of Sea Grasses and Benthic Algae in the Geochemistry of
Trace Metals in Texas Estuaries
Texas Univ.
1974(0ct), Completion Rep. OWRT B-175-TEX(1),6p.
English
A model was proposed and evaluated for trace metal accumulation
in marine plants growing under changing environmental
conditions. Monthly collections were made at 22 stations in
estuaries near Corpus Christi. The results revealed significant
fluctuations in the concentration of Cd, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni,
and Zn in sea water and in the accumulation of these trace
metals in benthic plants. A mathematical relationship was
determined between the accumulation of metals in benthic plants
and the concentration of metals in sea water, a relationship
remaining consistent for several metals and all plants tested.
Finally, an interpretation of the above relationship revealed a
better understanding of the significance of the Irving-Williams
order of complex stability to the biogeochemistry of metals.
Citation
SMITH, ERIC M. , CHARLES P. GERBA, JOSEPH L. MELNICK
439
Department of Virology and Epidemiology, Baylor College of
Medicine, Houston, TX 77030
Role of Sediment in the Persistence of Enteroviruses in the
Estuarine Environment
Appl Environ Microbiol
1978(Apr) ,35(4) ,685-689.
English
The survival of four enteroviruses commonly found in sewage
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effluents was examined when the viruses were adsorbed to marine
sediments in estuarine water and compared with virus survival in
estuarine water alone. Echovirus 1, coxsackieviruses B3 and
A9, and poliovirus 1 survived longer when associated with
marine sediment. When the estuarine water was polluted with
secondarily treated sewage effluent, virus survived for
prolonged periods in sediments, but not in the overlaying
estuarine water.
Citation
440
SMITH, K. L. , JR. , GILBERT T. ROWE, JEAN ANN NICHOLS
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 01543
Benthic Community Respiration Near the Woods Hole Sewage Outfall
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1973,10,65-70.
English
Effects of the Woods Hole, Massachusetts sewage outfall on the
surrounding benthic community were examined. In situ oxygen
measurements of the sediment were made before and after
treatment with antibiotics and formalin. Total oxygen
consumption was 67.8 ml O2 m-2h-l of which 15.0 ml O2 m-2h-l was
attributable to the chemical demand of the sediment. Community
respiration was 52.8 ml 02 m-2h-l with bacterial respiration
representing 34% of the biological demand. Total oxygen uptake,
chemical demand and bacterial respiration were significantly
higher than values obtained in the control area in Buzzards Bay.
Macrofaunal and meiofaunal-microfloral-microfaunal respiration
were estimated from structural data and the literature.
Utilization and accumulation of organic enrichment is discussed.
Citation
441
SMITH, R. E.
California State Univ.
Science
San Jose, CA, Dept. of Natural
The Hydrography of Elkhorn Slough, a Shallow California Coastal
Embayment
Moss Landing Marine Laboratories, Moss Landing Harbor, CA
1973, Technical Pub. 73-2,88p.
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English
From October 1970 through February 1972, temperature,
salinity, dissolved oxygen, secchi depth, and five major
nutrients were observed at approximately monthly intervals at
Elkhorn Slough and Moss Landing Harbor. In addition, similar
hourly observations were made during two tidal studies during
the wet and dry seasons. From the salinity measurements during
the summer, a salt balance for Elkhorn Sough was formulated and
mean eddy diffusion coefficients were determined. The diffusion
model applied to longitudinal phosphate distributions yielded a
mean diffusive flux of 12 kg .P04/day (140 micrograms/sq m/day)
for the area above the mean tidal prism. Consistent
differences, apparently due to differing regeneration rates,
were observed in the phosphate and nitrogen distributions.
Bottom sediments were proposed as a source for phosphate and as
a sink for fixed nitrogen. Dairy farms located along central
Elkhorn Slough are apparently a source for reduced nitrogen.
During summer, nitrogen was the limiting nutrient for primary
production in the upper slough. Tidal observations indicated
fresh water of high nutrient concentration consistently entered
the harbor from fresh water sources to the south. This source
water had a probable phosphate concentration of 40 to 60
micrograms/1 and a seasonally varying p: n ratio of 1:16 and
1:5 during the winter and summer, respectively. Net production
and respiration rates were calculated from diurnal variations in
dissolved oxygen levels observed in upper Elkhorn Slough.
Changes in phosphate associated with the variations in oxygen
were close to the accepted ratio of 1:276 by atoms.
Citation 442
SMITH, WILLIAM G. , DAY, JOHN W.
Louisiana State University, Louisiana Water Resources Research
Institute
Enrichment of Marsh Habitats with Organic Wastes
WRRI Louisiana
1973 (Nov), OWRR A-033-LA, 7 p.
English
Municipal and industrial wastewater have created local problems,
including eutrophication, plant nutrient loss, discharge-
induced die-off of algal flora, and changes in chemical and
biological character. Among methods used to solve these
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problems is that of overland runoff, and the project is an
attempt to incorporate this method into an estuarine
environment. A site in the subtropical coastal marsh at Dulac,
Louisiana, home port facility for a menhaden processor, was
selected: an artificially enclosed freshwater marsh, totaling
about two and one-half square miles. Soil chemistry core
samples were taken along the length of the marsh spoil apron
every 75 ft. Measurements on extractable cations reveal the
effects of continuous effluent application. Sampling stations
for aquatic analysis, soil sampling, and microbial sampling
are spaced at intervals from the points of wastewater discharge.
Both general heterotrophic bacteria and proteolytic microbes are
being measured at the same sites. The overall efficiency of
land runoff in reducing the waste load should be reflected in
the chemical oxygen demand and the total organic carbon at the
sampling sites.
SMYTH, J. C.
Citation 443
D. J. CURTIS, I. GIBSON, M. WILKINSON
Department of Biology, Paisley College of Technology, 41B
Mossvale Street, Paisley, Scotland
Intertidal Organisms of an Industrialized Estuary
Mar Poll Bull
1974,5(12),188-191.
English
A study of the intertidal organisms of the Clyde Estuary is
being undertaken to assess the effects of changing levels of
pollution and to relate to these and other changes the
distribution of important winter flocks of waders and ducks.
Citation
444
SOERENSEN, J.
Univ. of Aarhus, Inst. of Ecology and Genetics, Ny
Munkegade, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
Capacity for Denitrification and Reduction of Nitrate to Ammonia
in a Coastal Marine Sediment
Appl Environ Microbiol
1978(Feb),35(2) ,301-305.
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English
The capacity for dissimilatory reduction of NO-1 to N2(N20) and
NH4+ was measured in N15-N03- amended marine sediment. Samples
were taken in the Limfjorden, Denmark. Incubation with
acetylene (7x10-1 atm (normal)) caused accumulation N20 in the
sediment. The rate of N2O production equaled the rate of N2
production in samples without acetylene. Complete inhibition of
the reduction of N20 to N2 suggests that the "acetylene blockage
technique" is applicable to assays for denitrification in marine
sediments. The capacity for reduction of N03- by
denitrification decreased rapidly with depth in the sediment.
The capacity for reduction of N03- to NH4+ was significant also
in deeper layers. The latter process may be equally as
significant as denitrification in the turnover of N03- in marine
sediments.
Citation 445
SOROKIN, YU. I. , I. W. KONOVALOVA
Institute of Biology of Inland Waters, Academy of Sciences
USSR, Borok, Yaroslavl
Production and Decomposition of Organic Matter in a Bay of the
Japan Sea during the Winter Diatom Bloom
Limnol Oceanogr
1973(Nov) ,18(6),962-967.
English
The winter bloom of diatoms studied under the ice of a bay in
the Japan Sea consisted mainly of species of Thalassiosira and
Chaetoceros, having a low temperature optimum (9 C) for
photosynthesis and a low optimum of illumination (2 klux).
Photosynthesis proceeded to 8-15 m in .water under the ice at -
1.8 C. The cause of the bloom is related to optimal
illumination and nutrient supply during this period. Microbial
biomass was sufficiently high to sustain the normal feeding on
zooplankton. Thus, an active process of biological production
takes place there even in winter at subzero temperature.
Citation 446
SOULE, DOROTHY F. , M. OGURI, JOHN D. SOULE
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Inst.
for Marine and Coastal Studies
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Receiving-Water
Urban and Fish-
Bioenhancement
You Can Tailor Effluent BOD to Fit the
Ecosystem. . . and Enhance the Environment.
Processing Wastes in the Marine Environment:
Studies at Terminal Island, California
Bull Calif Water Pollut Contr Assoc
1978(July),15(1),58-63.
English
Coastal marine waters, among the richest ecosystems in
existence, are largely dependent upon nutrients of terrestrial
origin. Where man has reduced or eliminated marshlands and
river flow, urban sewage systems offer virtually the only
nutrient source for sustaining diverse marine life. Studies at
Terminal Island, California indicate that domestic sewage and
fish-processing effluents supplied large organic molecules
(proteins, amino acids, carbohydrates and fats) which enhanced
the environment as they were recycled through the food chain or
web. Methods were being developed for managing the levels of
oxygen demand in the waste load, according to the assimilation
capacity of the receiving waters, rather than destroying the
nutrients by feeding only bacteria in secondary waste-treatment
plants. The residual nutrients in the wastes after secondary
treatment do not support the same diverse ecosystem, and
depletion of biota may result. Rather, emphasis should be
placed on point-source control and removal of toxicants without
depriving the coastal organisms of their historic nutrient
supply. In the future, energy-rich effluents should be used by
developing alternative methods for waste management and new
regulatory concepts, rather than imposing traditional secondary
treatment.
Citation
447
SOULE, DOROTHY F. , MIKIHIKO OGURI
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, Inst. of
Marine and Coastal Studies
Marine Studies of San Pedro, California. Part 12:
Bioenhancement Studies of the Receiving Waters in Outer Los
Angeles Harbor
Sea Grant Program
1976(Dec), Rep. No. USC-SG-5-76,284p.
English
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285
Field studies indicated that the present state of the harbor is
healthy. Rich and diverse biotic elements are supported by the
present environmental regime. Episodes of stress, which
occurred in earlier years, as indicated Dy reduced levels of
dissolved oxygen, have not been noted since the canneries have
instituted improved waste management procedures. Bioenhancement
is occurring in outer Los Angeles Harbor, due at least in part
to the presence of natural waste effluents. Bioenhancement has
been evaluated in terms of numbers of organisms and species
diversity of plankton, benthic organisms, and standing crop of
fish, as well as in biomass and a number of other factors.
Under present conditions, a small zone within approximately 200
feet of the outfalls exists where numbers of species are low.
Adjacent to this zone is a zone of enrichment which extends
through most of the outer harbor. Beyond that, conditions
return to average coastal populations. The regulation of waste
loading and control of pollutants in the past six-year period
has brought the harbor ecosystem from a depauperate biota to a
moderately rich one in the immediate outfalls zone, with a very
rich biota in the adjacent outer harbor area.
Citation 448
SPECHT, D. T.
Eutrophication and Lake Restoration Branch, Corvallis
Environmental Research Center, Corvallis, OR
Seasonal Variation of Algal Biomass Production Potential and
Nutrient Limitation in Yaquina Bay, Oregon
In: Proceedings Biostimulation and Nutrient Assessment
Symposium, Utah State Univ. , Logan, UT
1975(Sept), PRWG168-1,149-174.
English
The use of the MAAP nutrient bioassay has shown that the
potential nutrient limitation and biomass potential in the
Yaquina estuary, Oregon, changes with hydrological and
precipitation changes associated with seasonal cycles. The
maximum sensitivity of the estuary to the addition of nutritive
wastes appears to be in the late spring and summer months. This
is at a time when the light and temperature potential are
highest, permitting the maximum exploitation of the nutrients
by algae. Nutrient bioassays show that the addition of either
phosphorus or nitrogen or both can stimulate algal growth
depending on the point of introduction and time of season or
day. Because of this, serious consideration should be made for
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the removal of both nutrients from sewage effluents or other
pollutant sources before disposal into estuaries or their
tributaries. The utility of Selenastrum capricornutum Printz,
the AAP freshwater test species, is described as an assay
organism for low salinity brackish waters.
Citation 449
SPIKER, E. C.
Carbon Isotope Distribution in Eutrophic Potomac River Estuary
American Geophysical Union, Spring Meeting, Miami Beach, FL
17-21 (Apr) 1978
1978,782 2126.
English
Citation 450
STANLEY, DONALD W. , JOHN E. BOBBIE
North Carolina Water Resour. Res. Inst. , Raleigh, N C
Nitrogen Recycling in the Chowan River
WRRI North Carolina
1977, UNC-WRRI-77-121,142 p.
English
The repeated occurrence of nuisance algal blooms in the Chowan
River during the past few summers may have been caused by
increased nitrogen loading in the river. That possibility
prompted this study of the relationship between nitrogen and
algal growth in the river. The lower Chowan River, located in
northeastern North Carolina, is actually a freshwater tidal
estuary emptying into Albemarle Sound. As is typical for this
region, dissolved inorganic nitrogen concentrations in the
Chowan are high in winter and low in summer. This pattern
results from a combination of high rates of input from land
runoff in the winter and high rates of removal by rapidly
growing algae in the summer. Dissolved organic nitrogen is the
most abundant form of nitrogen in the river, and the
concentrations decrease down-river, suggesting that it is
transformed to other forms within the river. Annual algal
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production in the river was around 100 g C. m-2, over 90% of
which occurred between May and October, a period when blue-
green, dinoflagellate and green algae made up most of the algal
biomass. Annual inorganic nitrogen uptake, measured by 15N
isotope techniques, was 33 g NH4-N m-2 and 12 g N03-N m-2.
Carbon-nitrogen ratios calculated from these data are low,
probably because of nitrogen assimilation by bacteria in the
samples and because of luxury uptake of nitrogen by the
phytoplankton. During winter rapid flushing rates, low light
intensities, and low temperatures are the most important
factors limiting algal photosynthesis and nitrogen uptake in the
river. During summer inorganic nitrogen became limiting as
nitrate and ammonia levels fell below 50 ug N liter-1, the
concentration found necessary for maximum uptake. However,
rapid regeneration of ammonia permitted rapid algal growth
throughout the summer despite the low concentrations.
Citation
451
STAUBLE, JANE F.
DOUGLAS H. WOOD
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Pt. , VA
23062
The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography, Vol. 3, Maryland Waters
VIMS
1975(Jan), Special Sci. Rep. No. 73.
English
This work is the second continuation and enlargement of the
Chesapeake Bay Bibliography. This, the third volume, is
devoted largely to materials focused on the Maryland(upper half)
waters of the Bay, though articles of bay-wide interest are
included. Our primary purpose remains to develop a
comprehensive research and information services program for
those interested in management of and research on the
environments and resources of the Bay region.
Citation
452
STEED, DAVID L.
B. J. COPELAND
The University of Texas Marine Science Institute at Port
Aransas, TX
Metabolic Responses of Some Estuarine Organisms to an Industrial
Effluent
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Texas Insti Mar Sci, Contributions
1967,12,143-159.
English
The oxygen consumption rates of several species of estuarine
organisms were measured in various concentrations of a
petrochemical company effluent. Test solutions used were of
concentrations less than the TLm value, as determined by the
toxicity bioassay method. It was learned that both short-term
and chronic exposure exert stress conditions causing organisms
to experience changes in metabolic requirements. A typical
response was a decreased metabolic rate in low concentrations
and an increased rate upon prolonged exposure or in
concentrations approaching the TLm value. However, responses
may vary with the type effluent used, length of exposure and
with the particular species under study. These data were
interpreted with respect to the ecological requirements of
individual organisms and entire populations. It is apparent
that populations may experience gross deleterious effects,
without apparent "fish kills, " under what may normally be
interpreted to be "safe" pollution levels.
Citation 453
STEELE, J. H. , I. E. BAIRD
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen
Relations between Primary Production, Chlorophyll and
Particulate Carbon
Limnol Oceanogr
1961,6(1),68-78.
English
In two very different areas in the North Sea, Aberdeen Bay (7
m) and the Fladen Ground (140 m) seasonal cycles of C14 uptake,
chlorophyll and particulate organic carbon were observed. The
ratios of C14 uptake to chlorophyll concentration showed marked
variations seasonally. There were no signs of "dead"
chlorophyll or of a decrease in the ratio due to nutrient
deficiency. The ratios of chlorophyll to particulate carbon
suggest that in coastal waters living plants generally form the
most important part of the particulate carbon. At the deeper
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position the ratio was much smaller so that chlorophyll is not a
good index of organic matter in the water.
Citation
454
STEELE, J. H. , I. E. BAIRD
Marine Laboratory, Aberdeen
Further Relations between Primary Production Chlorophyll, and
Particulate Carbon
Limnol Oceanogr
1962,7(1) ,42-47.
English
The productivity of a sea loch, Loch Nevis, on the west of
Scotland, is estimated from nitrate and phosphate data. These
results show that even though the nitrate/phosphate ratio in the
water is never more than 10:1 (by atoms) and is less than 1:1 in
the euphotic zone in summer, the assimilation and regeneration
ratio of these elements is always close to the "normal" ratio of
16:1. Chlorophyll a and particulate organic carbon data are
study the possible carbon/chlorophyll ratios in the
During the summer the ratio is calculated to be 74:1
remaining data suggest lower values for spring and
For a different area, the northern North Sea, carbon
samples during the spring flowering provide an
of 23:1 for the carbon/chlorophyll ratio under
used to
plants.
and the
autumn.
and chlorophyll
estimated value
very favorable conditions for growth. The possible causes of
the differences between the carbon/chlorophyll ratios for Loch
Nevis and the northern North Sea are discussed.
Citation
455
STEVENSON, J. COURT, NEDRA M. CONFER
University of Maryland, Horn Point Environmental Laboratories,
Box 775 Cambridge, MD 21613
Summary of Available Information on Chesapeake Bay Submerged
Vegetation
Univ. of Maryland
1978(Aug), FWS/OBS-78/66.
English
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290
There are approximately eleven species of submerged aquatic
vegetation (SAV) dominant in the waters of the Chesapeake Bay.
Included in this group and discussed in this technical document
are: Potamogeton perfoliatus - redhead grass, Ruppia maritima -
widgeon grass, Myriophyllum spicatum - Eurasian watermilfoil,
Zostera marina - eelgrass, Potamogeton pectinatus - sago
pondweed, Zannichellia palustris - horned pondweed,
Vallisneria americana - wildcelery, Elodea canadensis - common
elodea, Chara spp. - muskgrass, Ceratophyllum demersum -
hornwort or coontail, Najas spp. - naiads. Submerged aquatic
species tend to inhabit the shallow, shoreline areas of the Bay
and its subestuaries, primarily limited to depths of three
meters or less. Species vary as to salinity and temperature
tolerances, morphology, preferred bottom substrate,
susceptibility to chemical pollutants and general distribution.
In order to determine the probable cause or causes for the
changing patterns in submerged vegetation, the various factors
that are known to affect the grasses have been analyzed to the
extent possible given the availability of published and
unpublished literature. Included among these factors are:
agrochemicals, turbidity, salinity, temperature, pH, wave
action, fauna, epiphytes, bicarbonate ion, chlorine,
disease, boat traffic, dredging, nutrient loading, petroleum
and heavy metals. In order to assess these impacts and
correlate them to a Baywide decline in submerged grasses,
environmental factors can be initially separated into short-
term, localized impacts or factors that impact the Bay as a
whole or on an aggregate basis such as the upper, middle or
lower Bay areas. (abbrev. summary)
Citation 456
STEVENSON, L. HAROLD, R. R. COLWELL
Estuarine Microbial Ecology
Belle W. Baruch Symposium in Marine Sciences, 1st. ,
University of South Carolina Press, Columbia, SC
1973,536p.
English
The symposium contains papers given by participants on microbes,
their ecology in estuarine habitats. Contributions were ordered
into nine sections: 1. Introduction, 2. Techniques, 3.
Heterotrophic Activity, 4. Environmental Effect, 5. Applied
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291
Estuarine Microbiology, 6. Phytoplankton, 7. Fungi, 8.
Microbe-Animal Interactions, 9. Summations.
Citation 457
STEWART, R. KEITH, WILLIAM MARCUS INGRAM, KENNETH M.
MACKENTHUM, ET AL.
Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center, Cincinnati, OH
Water Pollution Control, Waste Treatment and Water Treatment,
Selected Biological References on Fresh and Marine Waters
Federal Water Pollution Control Administration
1966, Publication No. WP-23,126p.
English
This bibliography of selected references on water pollution
control, waste treatment and water treatment, revises and
updates earlier publications on various aspects of water
pollution biology (Public Health Service Publications No 214 and
1053, and Technical Report No W-61-4). Most references in the
previous publications have been retained in this book, and
selected references from 1962 through 1965 have been added. The
revisions and additions and the expansion to include the marine
aspects with those of fresh water should be helpful in providing
source material under one cover for those engaged in the study
of pollution as related to aquatic life.
Citation 458
STIRLING, HADRIAN P. , ANN P. WORMALD
Fisheries Research Station, Aberdeen, Hong Kong
Phosphate/Sediment Interaction in Tolo and Long Harbours, Hong
Kong, and its Role in Estuarine Phosphorus Availability
Estuarine Coastal Mar Sci
1977,5,631-642.
English
The phosphate adsorption capacities of estuarine sediments and
sediment derived from reclamation works in Tolo Harbour were
determined in seawater. The influences of temperature and pH
were not important in the field, but large reductions in
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292
salinity following heavy rain enhance phosphate adsorption.
Most sediments exhibited a saturation point with increasing
sediment concentration, beyond which there was little further
adsorption. At these saturation concentrations, estuarine
sediments adsorbed 71-88% of added phosphate up to at least 100
ug P 1-1, while reclamation sediment adsorbed 95%. There was
significantly less adsorption from higher concentrations up to 2
mg P 1-1. Adsorption capacity appeared to be related to the
kaolinite content of the sediments. Laboratory and field
observations showed that adsorption is reversible and the
sediments act as a phosphate buffer, but the steady state value
is 3-9 ug P 1-1 so desorption can occur only into unpolluted
waters. These results contrast with rather higher equilibrium
levels observed elsewhere. In polluted waters the sediments,
especially those from land reclamation, permanently remove a
large proportion of dissolved phosphate so that the danger of
eutrophication should be reduced.
Citation 459
STOCKNER, J. G. , A. C. COSTELLA
Fisheries and Marine Service, West Vancouver (British
Columbia), Pacific Environment Inst.
Marine Phytoplankton Growth in High Concentrations of Pulp Mill
Effluent
J Fish Res Board Can
1976(Dec),33(12) ,2758-2765.
English
Axenic culture studies with the marine phytoplankton Skeletonema
costatum, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and Amphidinium carteri
demonstrated the ability of these species to adapt to and
exhibit normal growth in relatively high concentrations of pulp
mill effluent. Skeletonema costatum and A. carteri required a
preadaptation period prior to commencement of exponential growth
in high concentrations of kraft effluent (20-30%), while D.
tertiolecta exponential growth in 90% kraft effluent with no
requirement for preadaptation. Of six pulp mill effluent types
tested, kraft was considered most inhibitory to growth, while
combined kraft and newsprint effluent passed through an XAD-8
resin column was least inhibitory. The effects of the six
effluent types on lag, exponential, and stationary growth
phases are discussed in relation to in situ concentrations and
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293
relative ecological significance in the coastal marine
environment.
Citation 460
STOCKNER, JOHN G. , DAVID D. CLIFF
Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Pacific Environment
Institute, West Vancouver, BC V7V 1N6
Phytoplankton Ecology of Vancouver Harbor
J Fish Res Board Can
1979(Jan),36(1),1-10.
English
Phytoplankton production and distribution were examined over a 2-
yr period in the Burrard Inlet system, which includes a true
fiord (Indian Arm), a shallow blind inlet (Port Moody Arm),
and a turbulent narrows region that is continuous to the Port of
Vancouver. Greatest annual production occurred in Port Moody
Arm with a mean of 532 g C m-2 yr-1 while the lowest values
were in Indian Arm and the Narrows region, averaging about 260
g C m-2 yr-1. Nitrate and zooplankton grazing were the main
factors limiting phytoplankton production in Indian Arm, while
flushing and poor light conditions influenced phytoplankton
growth in the Narrows and outer Burrard Inlet. Most of the
discharges of domestic and industrial wastes have been diverted
to the Eraser River, and Vancouver Harbor can be considered
relatively clean and pollution-free because of strong tidal
mixing and seaward flushing. The only sign of eutrophication in
the inlet is in Port Moody Arm where sufficient nutrients from
sewage discharges and a relatively stable mixed-layer depth
create near optimal conditions for phytoplankton growth. Daily
production here is among the highest recorded in the literature
for Pacific coastal marine waters.
Citation 461
STOICOVICI, LUCIA
Cent. Rech. Biol. Str. Republicii 48, Cluj-Napoca, Rom.
Interdependency between Species, Phytocenoses and the Substrate
in Oligotrophic and Eutrophic Marshes
Rev Roum Biol
-------
294
1978,23(1) ,11-16.
French
An effort is made to prove the dependence between the chemical
components N, P, K and Ca of plants (Scirpus sylvaticus,
Betula pubescens, Pinus sylvestris, Vaccinium myrtillus,
Equisetum fluviatile, Carex nigra, C. appropinquata, C.
limosa, Menyanthes trifoliata, Salix repens) and the substrate
(peat) in oligotrophic and low marshes. A direct relationship
is found between total N and Ca, but not for P and K when
considered as limiting factors in oligotrophic marshes. In
certain phytocenoses, significant differences were found when
crude N and C ashes of the areal parts were related to a unit of
surface.
Citation 462
STRASKRABA, MILAN
Hydrobiological Laboratory of the Botanical Institute,
Czechoslovac Academy of Sciences, CS-15105 Prague
(Czechoslovakia)
Natural Control Mechanisms in Models of Aquatic Ecosystems
Ecol Model
1979,6,305-321.
English
Based on cybernetic categories of natural control mechanisms,
four generations of ecosystem models are distinguished: feed-
forward, feedback, self-adaptation and self-organization
models. The analysis of the natural control mechanisms in
aquatic ecosystems suggests that different processes are
controlled in different ways, and, although the four
mechanisms were identified in historical sequence, they all
operate simultaneously. The concept of self-organization of an
ecosystem is introduced and specified for a model of an aquatic
pelagic ecosystem. The concept of the ecosystem as a
multilayer, multigoal and multiechelon hierarchical system with
hierarchy of the levels of biological organization is also
introduced.
Citation 463
STUMM, W.
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295
Swiss Federal Inst. of Technology, Leonhardstrasse 33, ; 8006
Zuerich, Switz.
Man's Acceleration of Hydrogeochemical Cycling of Phosphorus:
Eutrophication of Inland and Coastal Waters
Water Pollut Control
1975,74 (2),124-133.
English
Relevant, regulatory factors of nutrient composition and
productivity are discussed, and the civilizatory impact on
terrestrial and oceanographic transformations are reviewed to
establish corrections between a real nutrient loading of lakes
and their enrichment as a function of lake specific variables
(depth, retention time, mixing, etc. ). Such correlations
help quantifying measures for lake restoration. The effects of
the mining of P on the ecological balance of inland waters,
estuaries, and coastal marine waters are examined.
Citation 464
STUMM, W.
Eidgenoessische Anstalt fuer Wasserversorgung,
Abwasserreinigung und Gewaesserschutz, Zurich (Switzerland)
The Acceleration of the Hydrogeochemical Cycling of Phosphorus
Water Res
1973(Feb),7(1/2) ,131-144.
English
By mining phosphorus in progressively increasing quantities,
man disturbs the ecological balance and creates undesirable
conditions in inland waters, estuaries and coastal marine
waters. The civilizatory increase in phosphorus supply to the
oceans although of little consequence to the oxygen reserves of
the deep sea, augments markedly the marine environments with
intermittent or permanent oxygen deficient conditions. Because
most aquatic food resources are produced in estuaries and
coastal areas, the deterioration in water quality of these
regions decreases the potential harvest of marine animal
protein. Present agricultural practice of excessively
fertilizing land needs to be reexamined; present agricultural
technology must not without modification be exported to tropical
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296
areas. Present drainage systems for sewage, industrial wastes
and storm water runoff accelerate the transport of nutrients and
other pollutants to the rivers and the sea; waste plants are
remarkably inefficient in mitigating this civilizatory flux.
Citation
465
SUTCLIFFE, W. H. , JR.
Bedford Inst. , Dartmouth (Nova Scotia), Marine Ecology Lab.
Some Relations of Land Drainage, Nutrients, Particulate
Material, and Fish Catch in Two Eastern Canadian Bays
J Fish Res Board Can
1972,29(4),357-362.
English
In preliminary investigations on primary productivity and
nutrient features of St. Margaret's Bay, Nova Scotia, water
samples were collected from September 1968 through August 1969
at approximately 2-week intervals and filtered through 0.45
micron membrane filters for ATP analysis or through 0.8 micron
silver filters for particulate carbon and nitrogen
determinations. For size fractionation, some samples were
first poured through 10 micron nylon mesh or through a 5 micron
silver filter with 50% retention effective at about 8 microns
and 2 micron, respectively. ATP samples were frozen
immediately; samples for particulate carbon were vacuum
desiccated. Laboratory analysis showed a large portion of
living material less than 8 microns in size; the bacterial
fraction is likely underestimated. The carbon content of living
and nitrogen content of nonliving suspended
material for the year is given. The nitrogen budget
with the carbon-nitrogen ratios and nutrient data
sources. Positive correlations between runoff and
four commercially important species points to
of runoffs. Correlations between the physical
and biological production do not suggest simple
and carbon
particulate
is compared
from other
catch of
importance
parameters
control.
SZYPER,
ZIEMANN
JAMES P.
Citation 466
JED HIROTA, JOHN CAPERON, DAVID A.
University of Hawaii, Department of Oceanography, Honolulu,
HA 96822
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297
Nutrient Regeneration by the Larger Net Zooplankton in the
Southern Basin of Kaneohe Bay, Oahu, Hawaiian Islands
Pac Sci
1976,30(4),363-372.
English
Four experiments were performed during February 1974 with mixed
zooplankton collected with 0.33-mm mesh in the southern basin of
Kaneohe Bay. The mean specific excretion rates multiplied by
the estimated average standing stocks of the animals gave
estimates of addition to the bay waters of ammonia, phosphate,
dissolved organic nitrogen, and dissolved organic phosphorus of
38.6,4.0,23.7, and 3.2 ng-at/liter/day, respectively. The
specific excretion rates were not significantly affected by the
concentrations of animals in experimental vessels, by the
estimated concentrations of food in the environment on the days
of the experiments, nor by incubation periods of up to 4.5
hours. The rates are comparable to those obtained from
zooplankton of this general size in environments that have
rather different temperature and food levels, indicating that
size-dependent metabolic rates are the major determinant of
specific excretion rates, although feeding and temperature can
affect the results of experiments. Two collecting devices, a
conical net and a purse seine made of the same plankton mesh,
were used to assess possible effects of capture on the results.
The animals from the net hauls excreted phosphate more slowly
and dissolved organic nitrogen more rapidly than did those from
the seine catches, possibly as a result of the greater initial
crowding of animals in the cod-end jar of the towed net. There
was no evidence that animals were damaged by collection and no
observable effect of initial shock. Although principally
carnivorous, the animals in these experiments (60 to 70 percent
Sagitta) processed dietary nitrogen and phosphorus in a way
similar to that of the mainly herbivorous Calanus; they
constructed body tissue that was richer in nitrogen relative to
phosphorus than was their food and they excreted solutes that
were relatively poorer in nitrogen than was their food.
Citation
467
TAFT, J. L.
Chesapeake Bay
Baltimore, MD
, A. J. ELLIOTT, W. R. TAYLOR
Institute, The Johns Hopkins University,
Box Model Analysis of Chesapeake Bay Ammonium and Nitrate Fluxes
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298
In: Estuarine Interactions, edited by Martin L. Wiley,
Academic Press
1978,115-130.
English
A kinematic box model using salt as natural tracer is employed
as an analytical tool to estimate longitudinal and vertical
transport of ammonium and nitrate in Chesapeake Bay. Both
conservative behavior and non-conservative nutrient addition and
removal are quantitated for the two layers of each segment in
this partially mixed estuary. Results suggest the lower layer
is an ammonium source year round. North of 35o53'N new nitrogen
input may be significant in supporting phytoplankton
productivity during winter, but south of this latitude nitrogen
regenerated in the upper mixed layer is more significant to
primary production. The most active regions for longitudinal
flux are near the Potomac River mouth and near 39oOO'N.
Citation 468
TAFT, J. L. , MICHAEL E. LOFTUS, W. ROWLAND TAYLOR
Chesapeake Bay Institute, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore,
MD 21218
Phosphate Uptake from Phosphomonoesters by Phytoplankton in the
Chesapeake Bay
Limnol Oceanogr
1977(Nov),22(6),1012-1021.
English
Phosphomonoester concentrations were 0 to 0.09 ug-atom liter-1
in Chesapeake Bay from December 1972 to December 1973. Alkaline
phosphatase activity associated with natural phytoplankton
assemblages indicated the cells' potential to utilize the
monoesters as a phosphorus source. However, ecological
interpretation of alkaline phosphatase activity data is
complicated by the necessity to increase the monoester
concentration in order to measure enzyme activity
fluorometrically. The half-saturation constant (Ks) was 0.31
for 3-0-methyl fluorescein hydrolysis by a natural phytoplankton
assemblage and 0.75 uM for glucose-6-P04 by a nanoplankter in
culture, and maximum velocities (Vm) were 3.2 and 6.4 nm (ug
Chi a h)-l. In one experiment with a natural phytoplankton
assemblage, organisms in the 0.8-5 urn size range comprised 78%
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299
of the plant biomass and were responsible for 70% of the
phosphorus uptake from glucose-6-P04 when size fractionation
preceded experimental incubations. Phosphomonoesters may
contribute to phytoplankton phosphorus nutrition during much of
the year, but are in greatest demand in spring in Chesapeake
Bay.
Citation
469
TAFT, J. L. ,
Chesapeake Bay
Baltimore, MD
W. R. TAYLOR, J. J. MCCARTHY
Institute, The Johns Hopkins University;
Uptake and Release of Phosphorus by Phytoplankton in the
Chesapeake Bay Estuary, USA
Mar Biol
1975,33,21-32.
English
The phytoplankton uptake and release rates for inorganic
phosphate, dissolved organic phosphate and polyphosphate were
estimated during 5 cruises on the Chesapeake Bay over a 9-month
period. Phosphorus in all pools turned over in several minutes
to 100 h, and each soluble pool appeared to contain fractions
which were metabolically useful to the phytoplankton. Maximal
uptake rates (Vm) for orthophosphate ranged from 0.02 to 2.95 ug-
at P (1. h)-l with half saturation constants (Ks) between 0.09
and 1.72 ug-at P 1-1. At low soluble reactive phosphorus
concentrations, the uptake rate of trace 32P orthophosphate was
initially rapid, but declined after 15 to 60 min incubation.
The data suggest that the initial uptake phase was dominated by
exchange of 32P04 for 31P04 in the membrane transport systems
whereas the subsequent phase represented the net incorporation
of orthophosphate into phytoplankton cells.
Citation
470
TAGA, N.
H. KOBORI
Ocean Research Institute, University of Tokyo, Nakano, Tokyo,
Japan
Phosphatase Activity in Eutrophic Tokyo Bay
Mar Biol
-------
300
1978,49,223-229.
English
Alkaline phosphatase activity in seawater samples taken from
Tokyo Bay was measured by both spectrophotometric and
fluorometric methods. A stratified distribution pattern of the
enzyme was observed in August, a vertically mixed pattern in
December. The distribution of phosphatase activity in the
eutrophic seawater was paralleled by variations in other
parameters, such as viable counts of bacteria, chlorophyll a
content, inorganic and total phosphorus concentrations,
amounts of seston, particulate deoxyribonucleic acids (DNA) and
protein. A significant correlation between phosphatase activity
and these measurements indicated that the enzyme was a good
indicator of the degree of eutrophication. The positive
relationship between phosphatase and inorganic phosphorus
indicates that enzyme activity was not inhibited at inorganic
phosphorus levels present in the bay and that production of
phosphatase by microorganisms inhabiting the bay was not
repressed at the inorganic phosphorus levels in the bay.
Culture experiments revealed that the formation of repressible
phosphatase by bacteria isolated from the bay was not affected
by the inorganic phosphorus levels in the bay.
Citation 471
TAMURA, YASUSHI
Agric. Dep. , Nagoya Univ. , Nagoya, Japan
Prevention of Eutrophication in an Estuary
Suiri Kagaku
1977,21(4) ,33-40.
Japan
A review, with 7 refs. , on prevention of eutrophication by
oyster cultivation, salt removal from soil, nutrient removal
from sewage, and a proposed plan for control by city sewer
systems.
Citation 472
TASLAKIAN, M. J. , J. T. HARDY
American Univ. , Beirut, (Lebanon), Dept. of Biology
-------
301
Sewage Nutrient Enrichment and Phytoplankton Ecology Along the
Central Coast of Lebanon
Mar Biol
1976,38,315-325.
English
The abundance and taxonomic diversity of phytoplankton has been
studied in relation to sewage pollution (proximity to outfalls)
south of Beirut, Lebanon. Surface-water samples were collected
from a series of beach stations extending from the American
University of Beirut to 20 km south from June, 1973 to July,
1974. Water samples from the vicinity of two major sewer
outfalls (Carl ton and Khalde sewers) showed very high
concentrations of NH4+, N02-, NO3-, and PO4-3, a greater
total concentration of phytoplankton, and a lower taxonomic
diversity than samples remote from outfalls. A considerable
variation in the occurrence of species and dominance occurred
along the pollution gradient. Blue-green algae and
dinoflagellates were dominant in polluted waters, while diatoms
dominated in cleaner water away from major sewage outflow. From
the dominance and relative distribution of the taxa along the
pollution gradient, certain taxa (Oscillatoria spp. ,
Spirulina spp. , Phormidium spp. , Synochococcus custos and
S. elongatus, Gymnodinium spp. , and Prorocentrum spp. )
emerge as indicator species of pollution. These changes
correspond to a typical degradation of a complex community to a
less mature state by the inflow of nutrient-rich sewage
(eutrophication) along a coastal region about 10 km long.
Citation 473
TAYLOR, W. R.
Johns Hopkins Univ. , Baltimore, MD
The Ecology of the Plankton of the Chesapeake Bay Estuary
NTIS
Sept 1972- June 1973, NTIS Progress Rep. COO 32796,54p.
English
The major nutrient constituents in the Chesapeake Bay Estuary
were studied to establish a bay-wide baseline for chemical
oceanography studies and to determine whether the major
nutrients were at any time of the year possible limiting factors
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302
in primary productivity. Nitrate and nitrite analysis were made
with a Technicon Autoanalyser II system. Ammonium ion
concentrations were determined. The final color was measured on
the autoanalyser using only the sampler pump, colorimeter with
630 nm filter and the recorder. Phosphorus analyses were run on
the autoanalyser. Total dissolved carbon and inorganic carbon
were determined with a Beckman model 915 carbon analyzer.
Dissolved organic carbon was taken as the difference between
these quantities. Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, chlorophyll
c, and phaeophytin analyses were done by the fluorometric
method. In order to obtain both organic and total components,
the ultraviolet irradiation method of Armstrong et al. , was
employed to oxidize aliquots of the samples. Preliminary
results of nutrient analyses from Aesop cruises are tabulated.
Recoveries as nitrite plus nitrate 'of nitrogen after ;jv
irradiation are given. Computation of typical correction
factors for northern Bay stations on Aesop 9 cruise is shown.
Citation
474
TAYSI, I.
N. VAN UDEN
Department of Microbiology, Botanical Institute, University of
Lisbon, Lisbon, Portugal
Occurrence and Population Densities of Yeast Species in an
Estuarine-Marine Area
Limnol Oceanogr
1964,9(1) ,42-45.
English
A survey of two temperature estuaries (Rivers Tagus and Sado,
Portugal) and the adjacent Atlantic Ocean revealed that the
numbers of yeast species decreased with increasing distance from
the estuaries. The species common in both the estuaries and the
adjacent ocean belonged to genera (Debaryomyces and Rhodotorula)
that are widespread in the seas. The species exclusively or
predominantly estuarine were Candida intermedia, C. lambica,
C. silvicol, and Torulopsis Candida. The maximum temperatures
for growth of these species is about IOC lower than those of
intestinal species (Candida albicans, C. krusei, C.
tropicalis, and Torulopsis glabrata) previously found to occur
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303
in subtropical and tropical waters. The apparent role of water
temperature as a selective factor for yeast growth is discussed.
Citation 475
TENNYSON, PAMELA S. , SUSAN O. BARRICK, FRANK W. WOJCIK,
JOHN J. NORCROSS, WILLIAM J. HARGIS, JR.
Virginia Inst. of Marine Science, Gloucester Pt. , VA 23062
The Chesapeake Bay Bibliography, Vol. 2, Virginia Waters
VIMS
1972(June), Special Sci. Rep. No. 63.
English
This work is the promised continuation and enlargement of the
Chesapeake Bay Bibliography. This, the second volume , is
devoted largely to materials focused on the lower half of the
Bay, though articles of bay-wide interest are included. Our
primary purpose remains to develop a comprehensive research and
information services program for those interested in management
of and research on the environments and resources of the Bay
region.
Citation 476
TEXAS WATER DEVELOPMENT BOARD, TEXAS DEPT. OF WATER RESOURCES,
Austin, TX
Techniques for Evaluating the Effects of Water Resources
Development on Estuarine Environments
Texas Dept. of Water Resources
1978, Accession No. 6039,314p.
English
Citation 477
THOMANN, R. V. , D. J. 0'CONNER , D. M. DI TORO
Manhattan Coll. , Bronx, N Y 10471 Environmental Engineering
and Science Program
Modeling of the Nitrogen and Algal Cycles in Estuaries
-------
304
Proceedings,
Conference
5th
International Water Pollution Research
1970(July-Aug), paper 111-9,14p.
English
Two mathematical models
of nitrogen and algal
dimensional
utilization
incorporated
herbivorous
nitrogen.
Estuary
at 20C
A lower
applied
nitrates
applied
described
were constructed
cycles. The
model was used for analyzing
of available nitrogen.
the growth and death
zooplankton and
Application of the
to address the problems
steady-state, multi -
nitrification and algal
The dynamic model
of phytoplankton and
the utilization of inorganic
first model to the Delaware
indicated the rate of ammonia oxidation of about O.I/day
with nitrification inhibition at DO less than 1-2 mg/1.
DO resulted from nitrogen oxidation. The same model
to the Potomac Estuary indicated algal utilization of
at O.I/day at 20C. The dynamic non-linear model,
to Sacramento-San Joaquin Delta, (Calif) adequately
the algal growth and utilization of nutrients. The
net algal
spring.
THOMANN,
O'CONNOR
growth coefficient ranged up to 0.3/day during the
Citation
478
ROBERT V.
DOMINIC M.
DI TORO, DONALD J,
Assoc. Prof. , Environmental Engrg. and Sci. Program,
Manhattan Coll. , Bronx, NY
Preliminary Model of Potomac Estuary Phytoplankton
J Environ Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1974(June),100(EE3),699-715.
English
The upper 40-mile reach of the Potomac Estuary is modeled by a
nonlinear, time variable representation of phytoplankton
dynamics. Nitrogen and phosphorous recycling is included.
Sensitivity analyses indicate that phytoplankton from tidal
embayments can contribute as much as 40 ug/1 to observed
chlorophyll in the main channel. Loss of phosphorous to the
sediments is significant. Flow transport through the estuary
and the nutrients and phytoplankton associated with increasing
river flow are particularly important. Simulations indicate
that under nondrought flows and a 90% reduction of untreated
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305
nutrient loads, chlorophyll concentrations in the main channel
may rise to 50 ug/1 and to 70 ug/1 in tidal embayments. These
concentrations are above an objective of 25 ug/1, but are about
60% less than pesent values.
Citation 479
THOMAS, W. H. , D. L. R. SEIBERT, A. N. DODSON
California Univ. , San Diego, La Jolla, CA, Inst. of
Marine Resources
Phytoplankton Enrichment Experiments and Bioassays in Natural
Coastal Sea Water and in Sewage Outfall Receiving Waters Off
Southern California
Estuarine Coast Mar Sci
1974,2,191-206.
English
Nutrient enrichment experiments using diatoms and a
dinoflagellate with near-shore Southern California surface water
showed that nitrogen was the principal nutrient limiting
phytoplankton growth. Secondary limitations were shown for
phosphate, silicate, iron, trace metals (molybdenum, zinc,
manganese, cobalt, copper) and vitamins (vitamin B12, biotin,
thiamin). Addition of Point Loma sewage was stimulatory and a
complete nutritive additive. Bioassays showed that receiving
waters were sometimes stimulatory and at other times inhibitory
to algal growth. In some cases there was little or no growth,
even on enrichment; this inhibition varied with the test
organism, season, and water sample tested. Red tides were
probably not caused by sewage enrichment but by any process
(advection or upwelling) which enriched surface sea waters.
Water near outfalls was eutrophic with a balance between
inhibition and stimulation of phytoplankton by sewage input.
These studies used in vivo fluorescence to measure algal growth.
A comparison of growth rates obtained by fluorescence with cell
division rates showed that fluorescence was rapid, sensitive,
could be used with all types of phytoplankton, and measured
chlorophyll increase, but may vary with light intensity and
cellular nutritional status.
Citation 480
TILLEY, L. J. , W. A. DAWSON
Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA
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Plant Nutrients and the Estuary Mechanism in the Duwamish River
Estuary, Seattle, Washington
Geological Survey Res
1971, Chapt. C, Paper 750-C, C185-191.
English
The Duwamish River estuary, Washington, traps plant nutrients
in the water of its salt wedge. Analyses of input and output of
nutrient concentrations in the estuary show a nearly twofold
increase in concentrations of nutrients in the salt wedge. The
increase consists of nutrients transferred from the outflowing
river water in amounts which barely affect river-water
concentrations.
Citation 481
TILLEY, L. J. , W. L. HAUSHILD
Geological Survey, Menlo Park, CA
Use of Productivity of Periphyton to Estimate Water Quality
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1975,47(8),2157-2171.
English
In a comprehensive study of the effects of changes in wastewater
disposal practices on the Duwamish River (Wash. ) Estuary, the
amount and rate of change of chlorophyll a was used to determine
the net primary productivity of the Periphyton growing upstream
from the estuary in the Duwamish-Green River. The net primary
productivity varied among three stream environments sampled in
the study during the summer and fall of 1969. Net primary
productivity averaged 3.6 mg/wk/sq m in a mountainous reach,
increased to 6.2 in a lowland reach, and was as much as 17.5 in
an estuarine reach. The productivity of Periphyton was related
to concentration of selected nutrients (nitrate, nitrite,
ammonia, and phosphate) in the stream. The small temperature
changes along the stream probably had a minor influence on the
differences in Periphyton growth rates.
Citation
482
TOMAS, CARMELO R.
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Graduate School of Oceanography, Univ. of Rhode Island,
Kingston, RI
Olisthodiscus luteus (Chrysophyceae). III. Uptake and
Utilization of Nitrogen and Phosphorus
J Phycol
1979,15,5-12.
English
Uptake and assimilation of nitrogen and phosphorus were studied
in Olisthodiscus luteus Carter. A diel periodicity in nitrate
reductase activity was observed in log and stationary phase
cultures; there was a 10-fold difference in magnitude between
maximum and minimum rates, but other cellular features such as
chlorophyll a, carbon, nitrogen, C/N ratio (atoms) cell-1
were less variable. Ks values ( 2 uM) for uptake of nitrate-N
and ammonium-N were observed. Phosphorus assimilated cell-1 day-
1 varied with declining external phosphorus concentrations;
growth rates <0.5 divisions day-1 were common at <0.5 uM P04P.
Phosphate uptake rates (Ks = 1.0-1.98 uM) varied with culture
age and showed multiphasic kinetic features. Alkaline
phosphatase activity was not detected. Comparisons of the
nutrient dynamics of 0. luteus to other phytoplankton species
and the ecological implications as related to the phytoplankton
community of Narragansett Bay (Rhode Island) are discussed.
Citation 483
TRAAEN, T. S.
Norsk Institutt for Vanforskning, Blindern
Biological Effects of Primary, Secondary, and Tertiary Sewage
Treatment in Lotic Analog Recipients
Verh Int Verein Limnol
1975,19,2064-2069.
English
Experiments conducted in an outdoor, twelve-channel system have
shown that experimental channels used as recipient analogs are a
sensitive tool for detecting biological community response to
sewage effluent. Until the connection between chemical water
parameters and biological response are better understood,
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recipient analog systems can be useful and effective for
effluent monitoring.
Citation 484
TRIDENT ENGINEERING ASSOCIATES, INC.
Annapolis, MD
Chesapeake Bay Case Study
Trident Eng Ass Inc
1968(Sept),131p.
English
The policies of the Maryland, Virginia, and U. S.
Governments on the use, development, and pollution control of
the Chesapeake estuary, and the effects of present use and
policies on water quality are surveyed. There is no State
control of water development and pollution abatement, but both
states leave control to individual counties, which have no
integrated, uniform, or consistent policies. State and
Federal matching funds and grants encourage long-range planning,
but do not have provision for certification by state or regional
planning agencies. Some Federal statutes, particularly urban
renewal statutes, even encourage local, municipal, or
neighborhood control. Coordination of local plans is needed,
as well as the establishment at a regional planning agency, if
the quality of the area is to be maintained. A combined Federal-
State-local agency for planning, enforcement, construction,
and regional regulation of development of Chesapeake Bay in
water quality, marine life, erosion control, commerce,
zoning, parks, recreation and fishing is recommended.
Citation 485
TROUP, B. N. , O. P. BRICKER, J. T. BRAY
Case Western Reserve Univ. , Cleveland, OH, Dept. of
Geology
Oxidation Effect on the Analysis of Iron in the Interstitial
Water of Recent Anoxic Sediments
Nature
1974(May),249,237-239.
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English
The importance of oxidation in the studies on the concentration
of trace constituents in the interstitial water of anoxic
sediments in the Chesapeake Bay was evaluated. Nine cores were
taken in rapid succession; a layer of each core, 67-72 cm below
the sediment-water interface, was extruded, homogenized and
loaded into two 2.5 cm squeezers. One of the pair of squeezers
from each core was never exposed to the atmosphere and was
manipulated under nitrogen. The second squeezer of each pair
was removed from the nitrogen glove bag after loading and
exposed to the atmosphere for 15 min with its top removed. An
aliquot was taken simultaneously from each of the squeezers
after 15 ml of interstitial water had been squeezed. It was
concluded that discrete sampling and analysis of the aliquot
directly from the squeezer, under a nitrogen atmosphere, is
the best method of ensuring analytical accuracy, and the rapid
change in Fe(II) concentration observed in the initial period of
squeezing must result from the oxidation of ferrous ion to
ferric hydroxide by the small amount of oxygen trapped in the
squeezer during transfer of sediment from the core to the
squeezer.
Citation 486
TUFFEY, T. J.
Rutgers-The State University, Brunswick, NJ
The Detection and Study of Nitrification in Streams and
Estuaries
Rutgers-The State University
1973(Jan), PhD Dissertation
English
Citation 487
TUFFEY, T. J. , J. V. HUNTER, V. A. MATULEWICH
Rutgers - The State Univ. , New Brunswick, NJ, Water
Resources Research Inst.
Zones of Nitrification
Water Resour Bull
1974(June),10(3),555-564.
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English
The hypothesis is advanced that nitrification exists in shallow
streams as a result of surface activity and in estuaries due to
growth in the water phase. Between these zones no significant
levels of nitrification occur. Field measurements of ammonia,
nitrite and nitrate nitrogen, enumerations of Nitrosomonas and
Nitrobacter, and respirometry on two small streams and two
moderately large rivers are presented. The appropriate
mathematical models to describe nitrification must be based on
the mechanisms involved bacterial growth kinetics for estuaries
and zero kinetics for the surface activity in shallow streams.
Citation 488
UDA, M. , T. NAKAO, A. KISHI
Marine Pollution in Suruga Bay and Associated Environmental
Change in Relation to Fisheries
J Fac Mar Sci Technol, Tokai Univ
1977,10,147-174.
Japan
In order to study the actual state of marine pollution in Suruga
Bay due to the effluents of pulp-mill sludge water and other
complex industrial wastes together with domestic wastes,
surveys were carried out during the years 1971-76 on and around
the coasts of the bay. During the years 1971-76 the condition
of the fisheries, which had been improving with the approach
and intrusion of the Kuroshio branch current together with the
strict control of industrial and domestic wastes. However,
more comprehensive monitoring and management through recycling
of waste resources and wise energy utilization is needed for
complete protection from marine pollution in Suruga Bay in the
future, even when the remote-flowing Kuroshio current shifts to
a different phase.
Citation 489
UEMATSU, MITSUO, MASAO MINAGAWA, HIDEYUKI ARITA, SHIZUO
TSUNOGAI
Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Fisheries,
Hokkaido University
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311
Determination of Dry Weight of Total Suspended Matter in
Seawater
Bull Fac Fish Hokkaido Univ
1978,29(2) ,164-172.
Japan
A practical method has been devised for the determination of
suspended particulate matter in seawater. Improvements have
been done chiefly in the washing solution and the choice of a
filter paper. In a recommended procedure, a seawater sample is
filtered through a membrane filter, Nucleopore filter of 0.4
urn, within 12 hours after sampling. The filter paper is washed
with 3.5% ammonium carbonate solution to remove sea salts after
putting on another filter holder of a larger size. The washed
filter is dried in a vacuum drying oven and weighed by using a
semi-micro or micro balance. The detection limit was as low as
0.01 mg/1.
Citation 490
UNITED NATIONS EDUCATIONAL SCIENTIFIC AND CULTURAL ORG.
Paris, France
A Comprehensive Plan for the Global Investigation of Pollution
in the Marine Environment and Baseline Study Guidelines
UNESCO, Intergov. Oceanogr Comm
1976, Technical Ser. No. 14,42p.
English
This report is an amalgamation of a document entitled 'A
Comprehensive Plan for a Global Investigation of Pollution in
the Marine Environment1, and a document entitled 'Report of the
IOC/ICES Working Group on Baseline Study Guidelines', as
amended by the IOC Executive Council at its seventh session in
Bergen, June 1976. The GIPME Comprehensive Plan provides an
international framework within which national and regional
programs on various aspects of marine pollution may be
coordinated to contribute to an understanding of global
pollution problems. The ultimate objective of a comprehensive
investigation of marine pollution is to provide a sound
scientific basis for the assessment and regulation of the
pollution problem, including sensibly planned and implemented
monitoring programs. Equal priority is given to a number of
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research activities dealing with inputs, pathways, sinks,
effects and dose/response relationships. Baseline studies will
provide valuable data on inputs, distributions and pathways,
and to some degree will help the mass-balance studies.
Citation 491
UNITED NATIONS ENVIRONMENT PROGRAMME
Preliminary Report on the State of Pollution of the
Mediterranean Sea
Intergovernmental Review Meeting of Mediterranean Coastal States
on the Mediterranean Action Plan. Monaco, 9-14(Jan)1978
1978(Jan),208p.
English
The report is a general discussion of N, P, and organic matter
as necessary growth substances for biological systems, and
oxygen-oxidation processes. Eutrophication is the underlying
theme. Specific case research and data is presented for the
Mediterranean Sea system including nutrients, trace metals,
chlorinated and petroleum hydrocarbons, radioactive materials,
and microbiological contaminants.
Citation 492
UPCHURCH, J. B. , J. K. EDZWALD, C. R. O'MOLIA
North Carolina Univ. , Chapel Hill, NC, Dept. of
Environmental Sciences and Engineering
Phosphates in Sediments of Pamlico Estuary
Environ Sci Technol
1974,8(1) ,56-58.
English
Amount of available phosphorus present in bottom sediments of
North Carolina's Pamlico Estuary was plotted as a function of
the distance downstream. The figure includes only those samples
in which the percentage of clay and silt exceeded 85% and
represents the changes from a freshwater to a saline
environment. The term 'available phosphorus1 refers to a
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fraction of the total phosphorus that is extracted using a
procedure devised by Wentz and Lee. The amount of available
phosphorus extracted from sediment samples was observed to
decrease from 1.6 mg P/g sediment in fresh water to 0.3 mg P/g
sediment in water with a salinity 18 ppt. The decrease in the
available P and in the Fe-P correlation along the length of the
estuary is consistent with the suggestion that P is held to
suspended sediments by some type of Fe-inorganic P complex of
limited stability. Suspended materials entering the estuary in
the fresh water inflow could lose phosphorus to solution as they
are transported through waters of increasing salinity to the
mouth of the estuary.
Citation 493
UPCHURCH, JOSEPH B.
North Carolina Univ. , Chapel Hill, NC, Dept. of
Environmental Sciences and Engineering, N C
Sedimentary Phosphorus in the Pamlico Estuary of North Carolina
Sea Grant Publication, N C
1972(May), UNC-SG-72-03,45p.
English
There has been increasing interest and research concerning the
role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of natural aquatic
systems. The study examines the amount of 'available1
phosphorus present in the bottom sediments of the Pamlico
Estuary in North Carolina during transition from a fresh water
to an estuarine environment. The available phosphorus was
measured by a modification of the HCl -H2SO4 (pH 1.1) acid
extraction procedure. A correlation between oxalate-extractable
iron and available phosphorus was found. The decrease in the
available P and in the Fe-P correlation along the length of the
estuary are consistent with the suggestion that P is held to
suspended sediments by some type of Fe-inorganic P complex of
limited stability. Sediments entering the estuary in the
freshwater inflow would lose phosphorus as they are transported
through waters of increasing salinity.
Citation 494
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
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Estuarine Pollution Control and Assessment, Proceedings of a
Conference held at Pensacola, FL, 11-13(Feb)19751975
US EPA
1977(Mar),440/l-77-007A.
English
Citation 495
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Annapolis Field Office, Annapolis, MD
Survey Results of the Chesapeake Bay Input Study 1969-1970
US EPA
1970, Data Rep. No. 31 , 26p.
English
The purpose of this study was to determine the nutrient loadings
into the Chesapeake Bay from the six major drainage areas:
Susquehanna, Potomac, Rappahannock, York, James, Patuxent.
Samples were analysed for nutrients, DO, BOD, carbon, and
chlorophyll a. Complete survey results are tabled according to
station, date and time of sample. No textual results or
conclusions are given. No references. Abstr. by JMB.
Citation
496
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Lab. , Corvallis, OR
Marine Algal Assay Procedure: Bottle Test
U S EPA
1974 (Dec), EPA/660/3-75-008,51p.
English
The report describes protocol for a standardized primary
producer nutrient bioassay for assessment of the effect of
cultural eutrophication in estuarine and coastal marine areas.
It is a companion procedure to the freshwater Algal Assay
Procedure: Bottle Test, EPA, August, 1971. The green
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biflagellate unicellular alga Dunaliella tertiolecta Butcher
(DUN clone) was selected as the bioassay organism because of its
wide salinity tolerance, sensitivity to incremental additions
and natural levels of critical or limiting nutrients, excellent
replication and simple evaluation characteristics. The report
contains numerous references.
Citation 497
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Pacific Northwest Environmental Research Lab, Corvallis, OR
Proceedings: Biostimulation and Nutrient Assessment Workshop
US EPA
1975(June), Ecol. Res. Ser. Rep. No. EPA-660/3-75-
034,325p.
English
Contributions to this workshop discuss algal assay procedures
and their applications in determining the trophic level of lakes
and rivers, as well as algal inhibitors. Research results
presented apply to determination of adenosine triphosphate in
soils, the mass transport effect on algal growth stimulation,
and zinc toxicity to the green alga Selenastrum capricornutum as
a function of phosphorus or ionic strength. The methodology
employed by the national eutrophication survey in algal assays
is described followed by discussions of frequency analysis of
cyclic phenomena in flowing streams, the effect of higher
trophic level components in an aquatic ecosystem model, the
determination of effects of waste discharge in the Spokane River
system (Wash. ) by algal assays, the effects of nitrogen and
phosphorus on the growth of Selenastrum capricornutum, and the
use of in situ algal assays to evaluate the effects of sewage
effluents on the Shagawa Lake (Minn. ) phytoplankton.
Presented also is the development of a standardized marine algal
assay for nutrient assessment in saline waters, the growth
requirements of the marine Entermorpha compressa and Codium
fragile, Great Lakes nutrient assessment, and waste treatment
efficiency assessment by the algal assay test. Two concluding
papers discuss the utilization of energy by primary producers in
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Florida ponds, and the heteroinhibition as a factor in Anabaena
flos-aquae bloom production.
Citation 498
US ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Office of Water Planning and Standards, Washington, DC
Estuarine Pollution and Assessment, Proceedings of a
Conference, Volumes I andll
US EPA
1977(Mar), EPA 400/1-77-007 A, Vol. 1 381p. , Vol. 2 755p.
English
This report is designed to provide information that could be
used to establish a national program for the prevention,
reduction, and elimination of pollution in estuaries. The
Environmental Protection Agency has attempted to identify
important estuarine problems by soliciting state-of-the
knowledge reports from leading scientists working in the field.
The symposium was divided into the following sessions: A.
Estuarine Systems B. Living and Non-Living Resources C.
Fisheries D. Dredging Effects E. Nutrients F. Industrial
Effects G. Power Plant Effects are contained in Vol. 1 ; H.
Other Pollutants I. Research Applications J. Ports K. The
Public's Role L. Legal Aspects M. Estuarine Economics are
contained in Vol. 2. Each section is composed of several
reports on the subject, accompanied by author, abstract and
references.
Citation 499
UYENO, FUKUZO
Dalhousie Univ. , Halifax, Nova Scotia, Inst. of
Oceanography
Nutrient and Energy Cycles in an Estuarine Oyster Area
J Fish Res Board Can
1966,23(11),1635-1652.
English
The nutrient circulation and microbial abundance of oyster-
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producing waters in the Malpeque Bay area, Prince Edward
Island, were followed at 2 stations through an open season,
and the efficiency of carbon assimilation and dissimilation was
estimated. Part of the organic fall-out evidently entered the
water again in the spring as nutrient salts, but a certian
portion was not returned and this represented a net loss from
the ecosystem. The nutrient circulation at a station located in
a salt-water pond was more efficient than at a station located
in a river estuary. At Levi Creek (Station A), high phosphate-
P concentrations in September 1962 (2.10 microgram-atoms per
liter) and in November (1.42 microgram-atoms per liter) might be
derived from commercial fertilizer applied to cultivated fields.
Occasional high values of nitrate-N were possibly due to
particulate seston, and high mean values (about 4.8 microgram-
atoms per liter) from July to the end of the season were
attributed to rains. In the pond mineralization was 31% of
primary production, largely by mud bacteria; in the estuary
(Station C) it was 17%, due about equally to mud and water
organisms.
Citation 500
VACCARO, RALPH F.
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution, Woods Hole, MA 02543
The Response of Natural Microbial Populations in Seawater to
Organic Enrichment
Limnol Oceanogr
1969,14(5) ,726-735.
English
When the heterotrophic potential technique is applied to marine
situations, its analytical value is frequently impaired. In
the open ocean, uptake responses often fail to develop despite
use of a variety of 14C labeled substrates. Elsewhere, the
incidence of uninterpretable kinetic uptake patterns is
excessively high. However, when the period of exposure to
organic enrichment is extended to 24 hr or more, natural
populations from coastal areas develop measurable and
analytically useful uptake patterns. Besides providing an
attractive source of test cells for bioassay purposes, this
shift in uptake behavior can be exploited for studying the
dynamics of heterotrophic behavior. An assessment of the marine
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environment in terms of these and related observations is
provided.
Citation 501
VACELOET, E.
Centre d'Oceanographie, Marseille (France), Station Marine
d1Endoume
Role of Vitamins in Bacterial-Plankton Relationships in Littoral
Seawater and in Supralittoral Pools: II. Annual Evolution of
Organisms which Produce Vitamin Synthesis
Cah Biol Mar
1975,16,383-394.
English
Occurrence of vitamin-synthesizing organisms bacteria, fungi
and yeasts in supralittoral rockpools and inshore waters was
investigated. The seasonal changes of bacteria releasing
vitamins are highly related to the heterotrophic microflora as a
whole and especially to variations in the activity index of
bacteria (ie, to the growth rate of bacterial population). The
annual changes of fungi and yeasts are, in part, opposite of
those of the bacteria, but bacteria, fungi and yeasts seem to
be enhanced by high temperatures and strong concentrations of
organic matter.
Citation 502
VANDERBORGHT, J-P. , R. WOLLAST, G. BILLEN
Brussels Univ. (Belgium), Lab d'Environment
Kinetic Models of Diagenesis in Disturbed Sediments. Part 2.
Nitrogen Diagenesis
Limnol Oceanogr
1977(Sept),22(5),794-803.
English
A two-layer mass transfer model developed to describe the
vertical silica profile in the sediments of a muddy zone of the
North Sea along the Belgian coast was applied to the description
of the microbiological processes involved in nitrogen diagenesis
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in the same sediments. Intense aerobic heterotrophic activity
and nitrification were postulated in the upper layer.
Denitrification and sulfate reduction were assumed to be
preponderant in the lower layer. Vertical profiles of oxygen,
sulfate, nitrate, and ammonium were calculated according to
the model and adjusted to experimental profiles. The fluxes of
nitrate and ammonium across the water-sediment interface and the
rates of ammonification, nitrification, and denitrification in
the 2 layers were calculated from the results of the models. As
in the case of silica, the contribution of the upper layer is
much more important than that of the underlying sediment.
Citation 503
VANDERBORGHT, J-P. , R. WOLLAST, G. BILLEN
Brussels Univ. (Belgium), Lab. d'Environnnement
Kinetic Models of Diagenesis in Disturbed Sediments. Part 1.
Mass Transfer Properties and Silica Diagenesis
Limnol Oceanogr
1977,22(5) ,787-793.
English
The results of chemical analysis of the interstitial water of
several samples of sediments from a large muddy zone along the
Belgian North Sea coast were reported. When special care is
taken to collect the cores without disturbing the water-sediment
interface, the vertical concentration profiles display typical
patterns that cannot be explained by constant diffusivity models
and that suggest the existence of 2 distinct sedimentary layers
with different mass transfer properties. A two-layer model was
proposed to describe the vertical silica profiles. It assumes
that the mass transfer coefficient in the first 3.5 cm of the
sediment upper layer is 100 times higher than in the compacted
lower layer. The large increase is due mainly to turbulent
processes induced by the movement of the overlying water. From
the model, the flux of dissolved silica across the water-
sediment interface was calculated. The contribution of the
upper layer represents 70% of the total flux of silica out of
the sediments. As a consequence, the fluxes may be
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underestimated by a factor of 4 if the layer is discarded during
sampling or handling of cores.
Citation 504
VANDERBORGHT, JEAN-PIERRE, GILLES BILLEN
Institut de Chimie Industrielle (Environment), Universite de
Bruxelles, Laboratorium voor Ekologie en Systematick,
Universiteit te Brussel, Brussels, Belgium
Vertical Distribution of Nitrate Concentration in Interstitial
Water of Marine Sediments with Nitrification and Denitrification
Limnol Oceanogr
1975(Nov),20(6),953-961.
English
Vertical concentration profiles of nitrate and nitrite in
interstitial water of sediment in the Sluice Dock at Ostend
(Belgium) commonly show a maximum in nitrate concentration at a
few centimeters depth where sediments are sandy and poor in
organic matter, while in muddy and organic-rich sediments,
nitrate is lower in interstitial water than in the overlying
water and decreases rapidly with depth. Direct measurements of
the activity of autotrophic nitrifying bacteria in the sediments
show nitrification in the upper few centimeters of sandy
sediments but not in muddy sediments. A mathematical model is
proposed to analyze quantitatively these experimental results,
taking into account nitrification, denitrification, diffusion,
and sedimentation. Seasonal variations of nitrate concentration
in overlying water are slow enough to justify the use of a
stationary (steady state) model. When appropriate values are
used for the parameters (rate of nitrification, depth of the
sedimentary layer in which nitrification occurs, rate of
denitrification, diffusion coefficient), some being
experimentally determined, the model predicts concentration
profiles in good agreement with experimental data.
Citation 505
VAUGHN, J. M.
New Hampshire Univ. , Durham
The Use of Coliphage as an Index of Human Enterovirus Pollution
in an Estuarine Environment
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New Hampshire Univ.
1972, PhD Dissertation, 68p.
English
Parallel examinations of sewage effluents, shellfish and
shellfish growing waters for coliphage and enteric virus
indicated a wide dissemination of coliphage throughout the
estuary, generally occurring in the absence of detectable
enteric virus activity. A majority of the enteric virus
isolations were observed in samples yielding no coliphage
activity. Under controlled conditions, oysters were observed
to accumulate more coliphage than enteric virus. Replication of
coliphage in the estuary during the summer months was shown to
occur when proper host cell was present. Two major coliphage
types were observed in field samples based on their reactivity
with different Escherichia coli strains. Survival times of
coliphage and enteric virus in estuarine waters along with
retention values in oysters were shown to be similar with a
slight advantage shown by coliphage. Inability to correlate
accurately coliphage and enteric virus occurrence in field
samples along with the potential for the presence of more than
one dominant coliphage type indicated the serious shortcomings
of the coliphage indicator system as a method of enteric virus
detection. A secondary characterization study was performed on
one of the two dominant bacteriophage types occurring in field
samples. Nutritional studies revealed an absolute requirement
for copper ions.
Citation 506
VENUGOPALAN, V. K. , A. RAJENDRAN
Centre of Advanced Study in Marine Biology, Porto-Novo-608 502,
S. India
Dissolved and Particulate Nitrogen in Vellar Estuary
Bull Dep Mar Sci Univ Cochin
1975,7(4) ,885-897.
English
Data were collected from water samples taken over a two-year
period (1970-72) at stations in the Vellar estuary. The
distribution, seasonal variation, and interaction between the
dissolved and particulate fractions of both inorganic and
organic nitrogen compounds are described. Factors controlling
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the distribution of nitrogenous nutrients and the importance of
dissolved organic nitrogen in the nutrition of phytoplankton are
discussed.
Citation
507
VERNBERG, F. J. , R. BONNELL, B. COULL, R. DAME, JR.
, P. DECOURSEY, W. KITCHENS, JR. , B. KJERFVE, H.
STEVENSON, W. VERNBERG, R. ZINGMARK
Belle W. Baruch Institute for Marine Biology and Coastal
Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208
The Dynamics of an Estuary as a Natural Ecosystem
US Environmental Protection Laboratory, Office of Research and
Development, Gulf Breeze, PL 32561
1977(Jan), EPA-600/3-77-016.
English
A research program was initiated to understand the dynamics of a
relatively undisturbed estuary-marshland ecosystem, the North
Inlet Estuary near Georgetown, South Carolina. Because of the
relative complexity of this type of study, a five year study
was proposed; this report summarizes results of the first two
years. This study consisted of two substudies: a
macroecosystem substudy and a microecosystem substudy. The
objectives of the macroecosystem study were: 1) to establish
baseline data on an undisturbed estuary to provide a scientific
basis for comparative studies on effects of various stresses of
pollutants on other estuarine environments; and 2) to develop
models of an estuarine ecosystem which would predict probable
effects of environmental perturbation. The principal objective
of the microecosystem study was to develop and test replicate
experimental salt marsh units at the microecosystem level as
diagnostic tools for the assessment of both long- and short-term
pollution effects on the Spartina alterniflora salt marsh
community. A conceptual model of energy flow for the entire
marsh-estuarine ecosystem was developed which consisted of three
sub-models. A simulation of the water column submodel and a
simulation by a linear systems model of an intertidal oyster
community was completed. Much baseline data needed for model
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development is macrofauna, decomposers, and relevant physical
parameters.
Citation 508
VIRGINIA POLYTECHNIC INST. AND STATE UNIV.
Blacksburg, VA, Water Resources Research Center
Annual Report for Fiscal Year 1971
WRRC Virginia(Blacksburg)
1971(Sept), VPI-WRRC-Bull-46,133p.
English
The report gives summaries of annual allotment programs which
include Economic Disposal of Waste Sludges from Water Treatment
Plants, A Pre-Impoundment Ecological Study of the Benthic Fauna
and Water Quality in the North Ana River, Electrochemical
Activation and Regeneration of Carbon Surfaces for Tertiary
Water Treatment, Improving Water Quality by Removal of
Pesticide Pollutants with Aquatic Plants, Seismic Investigation
of Ground Water Reservoirs in the Virginia Coastal Plain
Sediments, Optimal Conditioning Procedures for Waste Activated
Sludge Disposal, Biology and Chemistry of Surface Freshwater
Microlayers, and Techniques for Measuring Public Evaluation of
Recreational and Hydroelectric Water Use. (Author)
Citation 509
VISHNIAC, H. S. , G. A. RILEY
Yale University, New Haven, CT
Cobalamin and Thiamine in Long Island Sound: Patterns of
Distribution and Ecological Significance
Limnol Oceanogr
1961,6(1),36-41.
English
Cobalamin occurs in surface waters of Long Island Sound at high
levels (to 16 uug/ml) during the winter, falling markedly with
the late winter diatom bloom and rising during the summer with
temperature. The pattern of Cobalamin and P04-P concentrations
are similar, both nutrients reflecting but not limiting
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phytoplankton growth. Thiamine is present only in barely
detectable amounts in the main body of the Sound. Data suggest
that thiamine, but not cobalamin, may be mainly derived from
land drainage.
Citation 510
WAGNER, D. D.
US Naval Acad. , Annapolis, MD 21402
An Investigation of the Physical Impact of Sewage Outflow on a
River Estuarine Environment
US Naval Academy, Trident Scholar Project Report
1973(May), USNA-TSPR-50,72p.
English
The impact of the sewage outflow from the Annapolis (Maryland)
treatment plant into the Severn River is explored. A buoyant
plume model of the behavior of the sewage upon introduction to
the receiving water is presented, indicating dilution to a 3%
sewage concentration by the time the waste reaches the surface.
Bottom currents are investigated and compared with surface flows
to assess their affect on dispersion of the contaminants.
Finally, a tidal flushing model is constructed that predicts a
uniform sewage pollution excess over the conditions of the
Chesapeake Bay of approximately 0.05% throughout the Severn
River. The effects of various environmental changes on the
system are discussed as predicted by modification of the
numerical model. Under present circumstances, no detrimental
physical impact on the environment can be shown to exist.
Citation 511
WAITE, THOMAS D. , RALPH MITCHELL
Sch. Eng. Environ. Des. , Univ. Miami, Coral Gables, FL
Role of Benthic Plants in Fertilized Estuary
J Sanit Eng Div Am Soc Civ Eng
1972,98 (SA5),763-70
English
Benthic plants in the littoral zone of an estuary fixed C at
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about 40 times the rate of phytoplankton. The total
productivity of an estuary or coastal area depended on the size
of the littoral zone. In deep waters or highly turbid estuarial
waters light penetration was not sufficient for large macrophyte
growth. Therefore the phytoplankton represented the largest
component of plant production in the system. However, because
of their high rate of productivity, the benthic plants
contributed significantly to the rate of organic mater synthesis
in areas where bottom flora was present. Benthic macrophytes
were also better indicators of aquatic nutrient enrichment,
esp. when tidal movement was sufficient to mix the
phytoplankton out of the fertilized area. It was proposed that
the Baule-Mitschlerlich relation may be used to predict the
contribution to the photosynthetic yield of the bottom flora as
a function of nutrient enrichment. While the Baule equation was
simple and would not account for certain plant functions, it
allowed for interaction of nutrients on plant growth, and
suggested that the concept of a single limiting nutrient might
not be applicable in the natural environment and should not be
used as a criterion in water quality control decisions.
Citation 512
WALDICHUK, M.
Fisheries Research Board of Canada, Nanaimo (British Columbia),
Biological Station
Eutrophication Studies of a Shallow Inlet on Vancouver Island
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1969,41(5) part I, 745-764.
English
While nutrient input into Portage Inlet (British Columbia) is
not large, volume of the system is small and flushing mechanism
so poor that nutrients tend to concentrate. Phosphates and
nitrates are absorbed by plankton and deposited. Provincial
government plans for a canal from Thetis Cove to Portage Inlet
with locks for flushing the system rapidly appears a solution.
Ecology will be modified and summer temperature in Portage Inlet
will be reduced, making it less suitable for bathing—a small
price for cleaner water to be regularly replaced by tidal action
and for navigation improvement. Dredging might restore the
inlet system removing much of the nutrients fixed in the
sediments and rooted vegetation, but can be only a palliative
if nutrients sources from the drainage system are not
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eliminated. Effect on ecology is unknown. It is conceivable
that removal of rooted aquatics would lead to greater availability
of nutrients to plankton resulting in undesirable concentrations
of 'red tide1 type organisms.
Citation 513
WALDICHUK, M.
Fisheries and Marine Service, West Vancouver (British
Columbia), Pacific Environment Inst.
Coastal Marine Pollution and Fish
Ocean Manage
1974 ,2,1-60.
English
An effort is made to explore the various effects of man,
particularly in his disposal of waste into the marine
environment, on various fish stocks the world over. Because
fish are dependent on lower forms in the food chain for
nourishment, and because many of these lower forms constitute a
seafood resource for man, they are considered along with the
fin-fish as sea life affected by pollutants. Since most
pollution originates from continents, the discussion deals
mainly with coastal pollution. It is the coastal zone that the
critical problems of the marine environment exist. Moreover,
it is estimated that over 90% of the world's fish catch comes
from 10% of the world oceans, i. e. , the continental shelf
and upwelling regions where pollution may be most severe. The
remaining 90% of the oceans is a biological desert. Emphasis is
placed on fish species along the coast of North America. While
there is clear-cut evidence of the harmful effect of pollution
on fish stocks in some areas, where some of these fish have
been destroyed by acute poisoning or by unfavorable conditions
created in the aquatic environment, there are too many cause-
effect relationships which must still be speculated upon.
Citation 514
WANG, LAWRENCE K. , M. H. WANG, C. P. C. POON, JON
BERGENTHAL
Associate Professor, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Stevens
Institute of Technology, Hoboken, N J
Chemistry of Nitrification-Denitrification Process
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J Environ Sci
1978,21(6),23-28.
English
The significance of nitrification and denitrification phenomena
in activated sludge process and receiving water is described.
Special emphasis is placed on the description of nitrification -
denitrification reaction, chemistry and respiration using
general stoichiometric equations. Important design criteria of
the nitrification-denitrification process that appear to be
reasonable at this time are also reviewed.
Citation 515
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS, INC.
Walnut Creek, CA
Ecologic Modeling of Puget Sound and Adjacent Waters
Water Resources Engineers, Inc. , Walnut Creek, CA
1975 (Sep), WRE-11930-l,127p.
English
The project was an extension of a previous project entitled,
'Ecologic Simulation of Aquatic Environments', where a basic
ecologic model was conceived (See W73-07164). Conceptually,
the ecologic model was designed to simulate the ecologic
succession from primary producers--algae—through successively
higher trophic levels in the aquatic environment- - zooplankton,
benthic animals and fish—under certain environmental stimuli.
The driving inputs to this model are the primary nutrients,
carbon, nitrogen (in several forms), and phosphorus, and
light energy. In the study the model was modified to simulate
ecologic successions, three-dimensionally in vertically
stratified fjord-like estuaries. The model was applied to Puget
Sound and an initial calibration was performed.
Citation 516
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST.
Oregon State University, OR
The Quality of Oregon's Water Resources
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WRRI Oregon
1971 (Aug), WRRI-9,25p.
English
The report describes the current pollution sources in Oregon and
considers the effect of this pollution on receiving waters. It
discusses the principal abatement methods being used, and
reviews the progress being made in abatement programs in Oregon.
The final pages briefly outline those problems which are
expected to be most troublesome in the future. (Author)
Citation 517
WATER RESOURCES RESEARCH INST.
Raleigh, NC
Annual Report, 1 Jul 1969-30 Jun 1970
WRRI North Carolina
1971, UNC-WRRI-71-00,33p.
English
The Institute's research program for fiscal year 1969-70 was
supported by the annual allotment and seven matching grants from
the Office of Water Resources Research, U. S. Department of
the Interior, non-federal matching and other funds from the
State of North Carolina and private industry, and one grant
from the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. The report contains
description of water resource problems and related research
projects, summary of research findings, and discussion of
program development, education, and public service programs.
(Author)
Citation 518
WEBB, KENNETH L, C. L. D'ELIA
Virginia Institute of Marine Science, Gloucester Pt. , VA
23062
Nutrient and Oxygen Redistribution by Estuarine Spring-Neap
Tidal Cycles in the York River, Virginia
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submitted to Science, (Apr)1979.
English
Spring tidal currents produce a homogeneous water column in an
estuary which is moderately stratified during neap tides. This
mixing redistributes bottom produced ammonia and phosphate as
well as surface produced oxygen and has profound implications
for nutrient cycles, animal distributions in bottom water and
for management of estuaries.
Citation 519
WELCH, EUGENE
Geological Survey, Washington, DC
Factors Initiating Phytoplankton Blooms and Resulting Effects on
Dissolved Oxygen in Duwamish River Estuary, Seattle,
Washington
Geol Surv Water - Supply
1969, Pap 1873-A, 62p.
English
Phytoplankton productivity, standing stock, and related
environmental factors were studied during 1964-66 in the
Duwamish River estuary, at Seattle, Wash. , to ascertain the
factors that affect phytoplankton growth in the estuary.
Phytoplankton blooms, primarily of diatoms, occurred in the
lower estuary during August 1965 and 1966. No bloom occurred
during 1964, but the presence of oxygen-supersaturated surface
water in August 1963 indicates that a bloom did occur then.
Nutrients probably were not the primary factor controlling the
timing of phytoplankton blooms. The consistent coincidence of
blooms with minimum fresh-water discharge and tidal exchange
during August throughout the study period indicates that bloom
timing probably was controlled mostly by hydrographic factors
that determine retention time and stability of the surface-water
layer. This control was demonstrated in part by a highly
significant correlation of gross productivity with retention
time (as indicated by fresh- water dishcarge) and vertical
stability (as indicated by the difference between mean surface
and mean bottom temperatures). The highly significant
correlation of chlorophyll (a) with BOD throughout the summer
indicates that respiration and decomposition of phytoplankton
cells is clearly an important contributor of BOD. A green algal
population in vitro did increase in response to added effluents
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nutrients; however, the available field data suggest that a 46%
increase in effluent discharge between 1965 and 1966 did not
increase the estuary's phytoplankton biomass significantly.
Citation 520
WELCH, EUGENE B.
Geological Survey, Tacoma, WA
Phytoplankton and Related Water-Quality Conditions in an
Enriched Estuary
J Water Pollut Control Fed
1968,40(10) ,1711-1727.
English
Ammonia, soluble phosphate, and total phosphate concentrations
were observed to increase in the Duwamish estuary, Washington,
following initial discharge of effluent from the Renton
Treatment Plant at Seattle. A phytoplankton bloom dominated by
marine species occurred in the lower estuary in August 1965,
about 1.5 months following the nutrient increase. .A bloom did
not occur in 1964, prior to effluent discharge from the
treatment plant, but some evidence shows that algal activity
was great in August 1963. The nutrient increase in 1965
probably was not the sole factor causing the bloom during that
summer because: (a) the pre-effluent nutrient concentrations in
1963 and 1964 were relatively high, (b) a bloom also occurred
at the furthest downstream station where no increase in
nutrients was apparent in 1965 over that of the preceding two
years; (c) a bloom probably occurred in 1963, before the
addition of nutrients from the plant; and (d) the bloom maximum
did not occur in 1965 until about 1.5 months after the nutrient
increase, when discharge and tidal exchange conditions were
minimum. Bloom timing seemed related most closely to
hydrographic conditions.
Citation 521
WELCH, EUGENE B. , RICHARD M. EMERY, ROBERT I. MATSUDA,
WILLIAM A. DAWSON
Department of Civil Engineering, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA, 98195
The Relation of Periphytic and Planktonic Algal Growth in an
Estuary to Hydrographic Factors
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Limnol Oceanogr
1972,17(5),731-737.
English
The seasonal periodicity of periphyton growth in the Duwamish
estuary (Washington) is compared with that of phytoplankton and
lends support to a previous conclusion that hydrographic
conditions determine the timing of phytoplankton blooms despite
high concentrations of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus.
Accumulation of periphyton on substrates increased in June and
July to around 10 ug Chi a cm-2 week-1 and is related to
incident light; conversely, phytoplankton blooms were delayed
until August and September when hydrographic conditions were
optimum for biomass accumulations of from 30-70 ug Chi a/liter.
Maximum growth of periphytic and planktonic algae occurred at
the same location in the estuary. This similarity in spatial
distribution is not directly related to hydrographic conditions
since the periphyton algae are sessile and more resistant to
washout. The water in this section of the estuary presumably
contained a more adequate supply of one or more limiting
nutrients than water from adjacent locations.
Citation 522
WHEELER, WILLIAM NEILSON
University of California, Santa Barbara, CA
Ecophysiological Studies on the Giant Kelp, Macrocystis
Univ. of California
1978, PhD Dissertation Order No. 7819144,193p.
English
The fronds and blades of the Macrocystis plant not only fix
carbon but must take up the inorganic carbon and macronutrients
from the surrounding sea. The uptake process involves mass
transport through the boundary layer to the thallus surface and
also assimilation via enzymatic reactions. It has been shown in
this study that the photosynthetic output of a blade can
increase by a factor of 300% when water speed over its surface
is increased from 0 to 4 cm s-1. This indicates that the
boundary layer next to the blade can limit the uptake of carbon.
The availability of macronutrients, and nitrogen in particular,
influences the growth of Macrocystis plants. The uptake of
nitrate, but not ammonium or phosphate is influenced by
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irradiance. All three uptake processes are affected by water
speed, much in the same way as is inorganic carbon. The uptake
of nitrate and ammonium appears to be controlled by Michaelis-
Menten like processes; Vm for nitrate being 75 while ammonium's
is 275 nmoles cm-2h-l, Km's are 13 and 90 uM respectively. The
growth rates of Macrocystis plants were measured in the sea
during the spring (May) and the late summer (Aug. -Sept. ).
These rates vary between a negative 6% due to frond loss to 4%
per day with no difference between the growth rates of spring
and summer. A carbon budget is calculated by using measured
photosynthetic capacities and respiration rates. From these
calculations, a 6% daily growth rate based on weight is
predicted for whole plants with about 15 stipes over 1 m in
length. This is comparable with values cited in the literature
of about 3% per day. A nitrogen budget for Macrocystis can also
be calculated based on data from this study and from the
literature. An hypothesis is developed to explain the storage
effect found in Laminaria and other brown algae, lack of light
effects on ammonium uptake, and the simultaneous uptake of
nitrate and ammonium. (abbrev. )
Citation 523
WHIPPLE, WILLIAM, JR. , JOSEPH V. HUNTER, ROBERT C.
AHLERT, SHAW L. YU
Rutgers - The State Univ. , New Brunswick, NJ
Estimating Runoff Pollution from Large Urban Areas - The
Delaware Estuary
Water Resources Research Inst
1978(Jul), Rep. No. W78-12111,80p.
English
Research has been conducted on methods of estimating nonpoint
source pollution from large areas, illustrated by the Delaware
Estuary. Analyses of the BOD reaction indicate no serious
inadequacies, in this case, of the usual approaches based on
first order decay estimated from BOD rate determinations.
Existing modeling methodologies were analyzed, and suggestions
made for improved approaches. Subsequent quantitative analysis
was made on the basis of storm event loading determinations,
related statistically to storm characteristics and to land use.
Considerable data obtained in the Trenton and Philadelphia areas
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are compared to experience of other investigators and extended
to the urban areas adjacent to the Delaware Estuary.
Citation
524
WHITE, A. W.
Fisheries and Marine
Biological Station
Service,
St. Andrews (New Brunswick),
Dinoflagellate Toxins and Probable Cause of an Atlantic Herring
(Clupea harengus harengus) Kill, and Pteropods as Apparent
Vector
J Fish Res Board Can
1977,34,2421-2424.
English
Stomachs of Atlantic herring (Clupea harengus harengus) from a
kill that occurred in the Bay of Fundy during a bloom of the
toxic dinof lagellate Gonyaulax. excavata contained pteropods,
algal remains, and paralytic toxins. Experiments show that
comparable amounts of G. excavata toxins can kill herring
rapidly. It is likely that the kill was caused by paralytic
dinoflagellate toxins, and that the pteropod Limacina
retroversa, a planktonic herbivore, acted as a vector of the
toxins.
WHITE, D. C.
Citation 525
J. S. HERRON, J. D. KING
, Dept. of. Biological Science,
Florida State Univ. ,
Tallahassee, FL 32306
Recovery of Poly-B-Hydroxybutyrate from Estuarine Microflora
Appl Environ Microbiol
1978(Feb),35(2),251-257.
English
Poly-B-hydroxybutyrate (PHB) is a uniquely procaryotic
endogenous storage polymer whose metabolism reflects
environmental perturbations in laboratory monocultures. When
hydrolyzed for 45 min in 5% sodium hypochlorite, PHB can be
isolated from estuarine detrital microflora in high yield and
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purified free from non-PHB microbial components. Lyophilization
of frozen estuarine samples shortens the exposure time to NaOCl
necessary for maximal recovery. Lyophilized samples of hardwood
leaves, Vallisneria, and the aerobic upper millimeter of
estuarine muds yielded PHB. The efficiency of incorporation of
sodium (1- 14C)acetate into PHB is very high and is stimulated
by aeration. PHB was not recovered from the anaerobic portions
of sediments unless they were aerated for a short time. Levels
of PHB in the detrital microbial community do not correlate with
the microbial biomass as measured by the extractible lipid
phosphate. PHB- like eucaryotic endogenous storage materials
may more accurately reflect the metabolic status of the
population than its biomass.
Citation 526
WHITFIELD, M.
CSIRO Division of Fisheries and Oceanography, Cronulla, NSW
2230, Australia
Eh as an Operational Parameter in Estuarine Studies
Limnol Oceanogr
1969,14(4) ,547-558.
English
Quantitative interpretation of Eh measurements in natural
aqueous systems is difficult because of problems associated with
the technique of measurement, the performance of the inert
metal electrode, and the thermodynamic behavior of the
environment. However, the parameter is useful as a
semiquantitative indicator of the degree of stagnation of a
particular environment. A compound probe is described that
reduces the technical problems and enables pH, Eh, and pS2-
measurements to be made simultaneously on a single sample. With
this probe, Eh can be used as an operational parameter to map
the distribution of estuarine sediments.
Citation 527
WHITLOCK, C. H. , III
Old Dominion Univ. , Norfolk, VA, Dept. of Civil
Engineering
Fundamental Analysis of the Linear Multiple Regression Technique
for Quantification of Water Quality Parameters from Remote
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Sensing Data
Old Dominion Univ.
1977(May), PhD Dissertation, 176p.
English
Inconsistent results have been obtained from previous
experiments which have applied linear multiple regression
techniques to remote sensing data for quantification of water
quality parameters. The study objective is to define optical
physics and/or environmental conditions under which the linear
multiple regression should be applicable. An investigation of
the signal response equations is conducted and the concept is
tested by application to both analytical test cases and actual
remote sensing data from a laboratory under controlled
conditions. It is found that the exact solution for a number of
optical physics conditions is of the same form as a linearized
multiple regression equation, even if nonlinear contributions
are made by such factors as surface reflections, atmospheric
constituents, or other water pollutants. Limitations on
achieving this type of solution are defined. From analytical
test case results, it is concluded that constituents with
linear radiance gradients with concentration may be quantified
from signals which contain nonlinear atmospheric and surface
reflection effects for both homogeneous and non-homogeneous
water bodies, provided accurate data can be obtained and
nonlinearities are constant with wavelength. The effect of
error in upwelled radiance measurements is to reduce the
accuracy of the least-squares fitting process and to increase
the number of points required to obtain a satisfactory fit.
Citation 528
WILEY, MARTIN
Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, University of Maryland,
Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies, Solomons, MD
Estuarine Processes. Volume I. Uses, Stresses, and
Adaptation to the Estuary
International Estuarine Research Conf. , 3rd, Galveston,
1975, Academic Press, NY
1976,541p.
English
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In this session were examined historical data from a variety of
estuaries in an attempt to determine whether past and present
pollution control measures have been effective in improving
water quality, or whether there has been a continued, slow but
perceptible degradation of the quality of the estuarine
environment.
Citation
529
WILKINSON, MARTIN , ANNE R. HENDERSON , CHRISTINE WILKINSON
Dept. of Brewing and Biological Sciences, Heriot-Watt Univ. ,
Edinburgh, Scotland
Distribution of Attached Algae in Estuaries
Mar Pollut Bull
1976,7(10) ,183-184.
English
Preliminary studies on distributions of attached algae in
British estuaries suggest that the estuaries might be classified
on the basis of the flora in the upper reaches. This could
contribute to biological assessement of water quality in
estuaries.
Citation
530
WILSON, ROBERT E.
AKIRA OKUBO
Marine Sciences Research Center, State University of New York,
Stony Brook, N Y 11794
Longitudinal Dispersion in a Partially Mixed Estuary
J Mar Res
1978 (Aug) ,36(3) ,427-447.
English
Within a partially mixed estuary both the tidal and the nontidal
density-induced circulation exhibits substantial vertical shear.
The interaction of this current shear with turbulent mixing
across the vertical density gradient contributes to the
longitudinal (alongstream) spread of a contaminant introduced
into the estuary. A dye tracer experiment conducted in the
lower York River Estuary provides abundant evidence for the
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importance of this "shear effect" to longitudinal dispersion.
We have documented the vertical movement of dye, the
longitudinal movement of the center of mass, and the
longitudinal spread as represented by the variance of the
distribution following a point source release. We have
presented a shear-diffusion model which describes the vertical
distribution of dye as a function of time, and the asymptotic
behavior of both the first and second moments of the
longitudinal distribution for times very short and very long
compared to the time of vertical mixing within the estuary. The
model includes the effects associated with nontidal upward
advection.
Citation 531
WINDOM, HERBERT L.
Skidaway Inst. of Oceanography, Savannah, GA
Unconfined Dumping of Dredge Spoil Said Better than Dike Method
Work Boat, New Orleans
1972(Oct),29(10) ,36,38,40,42.
English
Citation 532
WISCONSIN UNIVERSITY
Wisconsin University Water Resources Center, Madison, WI
Eutrophication Abstracts
Eutrophication Program, Madison, Abstracts
1970(May)Issue No. 15,1970(Nov)Issue No. 21-1975(Apr)Issue No.
47.
English
Bibliography with abstracts of eutrophication studies and
reports of water systems.
Citation 533
WITHERSPOON, A. M. , CHARLES BALDUCCI, OLIVER C. BOODY,
JIMMIE OVERTON
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338
Department of Botany, North Carolina State University,
Raleigh, NC 27650
Response of Phytoplankton to Water Quality in the Chowan River
System
WRRI North Carolina
1978(June), Project No. B-091-NC.
English
An investigation of seasonal changes in phytoplankton species
diversity and biomass, phosphorus uptake kinetics, in-situ and
in-vitro algal growth potential and phytoplankton-bacteria
interaction in the Chowan River system was conducted from March
1974 through June 1977. The slower-moving water in the lower
river promotes longer residence time for nutrients and algae;
therefore, it is plagued with seasonal algae blooms. There are
five species that may become dominant during the blooms: (1)
Anabaena circinalis, (2) Anabaena aegualis, (3) Anabaena
wisconsinense, (4) Ancystis (Microcystis) firma, and (5)
Aphanizomenon flos-aquae (gracile). The blooms are inversely
correlated with nitrate and phosphate concentrations in the
river. However, substantial levels of biomass are able to
persist after P04, N03, and NH3 concentrations are below
detectable levels. Nutrient recycling by bacteria and fungal
activity, nitrogen fixation, and algal physiological
utilization of organic phosphorus may facilitate this process.
Nitrate was found to be a preferred source of nitrogen by the
bloom algae while other algae seemed to prefer ammonia.
Nutrient concentrations in the river (N03, NH3, P04) were
found to quantitatively support an annual phytoplankton biomass
of 0.01 to 30 mg/liter. The higher biomass was found in the
lower river during the spring-summer season and in the upper
river during the late fall and winter season. Increase in total
biomass did not always represent a negative change in water
quality. However, poor water quality or late-winter/early-
spring increases in nutrient levels subsequently promoted
increased biomass by a few species in the lower Chowan,
accompanied by a reduction in biomass of other species. This
resulted in a rather constant total seasonal biomass even though
there may have been a visible bloom on the river. The minimum
visible bloom had a mean biomass of 1 mg/1 (10exp6 m /I).
(abbrev)
Citation 534
WOHLSCHLAG, DONALD E. , B. J. COPELAND
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339
Texas Univ. , Port Aransas, Inst. of Marine Science
Fragile Estuarine Systems-Ecological Considerations
Water Resour Bull
1970,6(1) ,94-105.
English
Studies of fish species and populations indicate a high degree
of fragility for estuarine ecosystems. Slight stresses tend to
disrupt energy flow systems and lead to lower levels of
biological productivity, shortened food chains and poorer
diversity of species. For individual species low-level stresses
tend to suppress metabolism and growth processes. Minor
stresses can also substantially reduce populations. Stress
processes ae quantifiable and amenable to mathematical modeling.
Citation 535
WOLLAST, R. , F. DEBROEU
Brussels Univ. (Belgium)
Study of the Behavior of Dissolved Silica in the Estuary of the
Scheldt
Geochim Cosmochim Acta
1971(Feb),35(2),613-620.
English
Evolution of the silica dissolved in the Scheldt estuary
(Netherlands and Belgium) shows that the reduction in silica
content is much greater than that predicted by the dilution
curve computed from the mixture of fresh water rich in silica
and surface sea water. The removal of silica from the solution
is not due to a reaction with clay minerals in suspension, but
to biological activity, essentially by diatoms that live
preferentially in saline waters. After death, diatoms that
become part of the sediments return silica to the interstitial
waters, which can then combine with disordered clays of
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continental origin to give rise to new aluminosilicates richer
in silica and in alkaline or alkaline-earth ions.
Citation 536
WONG, GEORGE T. F. , CHESTER E. GROSCH
Institute of Oceanography, Old Dominion University, Norfolk,
VA 23508
A Mathematical Model for the Distribution of Dissolved Silicon
in Interstitial Waters--an Analytical Approach
J Mar Res
1978,36(4),735-
English
A mathematical model for the distribution of dissolved silicon
in interstitial waters is studied. This model includes the
input flux of particulate silicon, bioturbation, the
dissolution of silicon particles, and the diffusion of dissoled
silicon in the interstitial water. It is shown that the model
reduces to a nonlinear eigenvalue problem. This problem is
shown to have only one eigenvalue which is determined by the
solution of a simple algebraic equation. The eigenfunction is
shown to be expressible in closed form in terms of elementary
functions. The solution falls into one of three classes: 1)
all the particles dissolve and the interstitial water at depth
is not saturated; 2) all the particles dissolve and the
interstitial water at depth is saturated; and 3) the
interstitial water at depth is saturated but not all the
particles are dissoled. The equations and solutions are
analyzed and the dependence of concentration profiles on the
parameters of the models is discussed. An exact predictor
equation for the particulate flux in terms of the model
parameters is also derived. The results of a number of sample
calculations and simulations of the concentration profile for
two actual cores are also given.
Citation 537
WOOD, LINDSAY W.
North Carolina State Univ. , Raleigh, NC, Dept. of Zoology
The Role of Estuarian Sediment Microorganisms in the Uptake of
Organic Solutes Under Aerobic Conditions
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North Carolina State Univ.
1970, PhD Dissertation, 75p.
English
A previously used method of measuring uptake of radioisotopes in
the water column to determine activity of bacteria populations
is modified by dilution with substrate free water, thus slowing
reaction, allowing replicate sampling, and produced reasonable
filtration rates. Because uptake can be described by Michaelis-
Menten kinetics, measurement of maximum velocity, turnover
time, and a transport constant is possible on diluted samples.
The true velocity, providing actual uptake rate requires a
determination of natural substrate concentrations in sediment.
Maximum uptake velocity was proportional to microbial biomass in
water column. By doubling biomass, maximum velocity should be
doubled. Consequently, correcting for amount of dilution
produced an estimate of maximum velocity in sediments; however,
bacterial cell aggregations at high densities might influence
results. Turnover time depend not only on uptake velocity, but
also on natural substrate concentration. Loss of labeled carbon
dioxide in sediments was lower than in water column, perhaps
due to fermentative utilization of substrate. Algal blooms and
aquatic vascular plant decay appeared to affect sediment
microbial activity. The method needs testing under conditions
paralleling microbial environments together with determination
of forms involved in uptake of labeled compounds and fate of
substrate fermentation products.
Citation 538
ZABAWA, C. F.
South Carolina Univ. , Columbia, SC, Dept. of Geology
Microstructure of Agglomerated Suspended Sediments in Northern
Chesapeake Bay Estuary
Science
1978(0ct) ,202,49-51.
English
Suspended sediments in the turbidity maximum of Chesapeake Bay
include composite particles which contain platy mineral grains,
arranged both in pellets (attributable to fecal pelletization)
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and in networks of angular configuration (attributable to
electrochemical flocculation and coagulation).
Citation 539
ZEMAITIS, W. L. , GERALDINE V. COX
Raytheon Environmental Research Laboratory, New London, CT
06320
Effects of Organic Enrichment on Benthic Fauna in a Tidal River
Mar Technol Soc
1971(Aug 16-18),7th Annual Conf. , 629-636.
English
The Delaware Estuary receives organic enrichment from many
sources: e. g. overtaxed waste-treatment plants; combined-
sewer overflows; and direct discharges from industrial sources.
Benthic invertebrates of the Delaware, mainly Limnodrilus
cervix, reflect organic enrichment by their distribution and
abundance. Aquatic Oligochaeta are responsible for secondary
pollution in the estuary due to their sediment recycling habits.
The worms release organics trapped in sediment by feeding
activities, and dissolve relatively inert polymers which will
then exert a BOD in the water. This BOD is not estimated in
river water samples or in waste discharge analyses, and
mathematical modeling of estuary systems would neglect
significant real BOD if this benthic community were ignored.
Citation 540
ZIMMERMAN, M. S.
Florida State Univ. , FL
A Comparison of the Benthic Macrophytes of a Polluted Drainage
System (Fenholloway River) with an Unpolluted Drainage System
(Econfina River)
Florida State Univ.
1974, MS Thesis
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English
Citation 541
ZISON, STANLEY W. , KENDALL F. HAVEN, WILLIAM B. MILLS
Tetra Tech, Inc. , Lafayette, CA 94549
Water Quality Assessment: A Screening Method for Nondesignated
208 Areas
US Environmental Protection Agency
1977(Aug), EPA/60 0/9-77/023,1217p.
English
The objective of this study is to develop a methodology for the
preliminary screening of surface water quality applicable for
use by nondesignated 208 planning agencies. Analytical methods
are included for the assessment of rivers, impoundments, and
estuaries. Additionally, methods are provided by which point
and nonpoint sources can be evaluated. The water quality
parameters analyzed for all three water body types are
biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and
sediment accumulation. Other constituents, more pertinent to a
particular water body type, are also addressed. The analyses
are designed to be performed with, at most, the assistance of
a desk top calculator and with a minimal amount of data input.
Citation 542
ZISON, STANLEY W. , WILLIAM B. MILLS, DENNIS DEIMER, CARL
W. CHEN
Tetra Tech, Inc. Lafayette, CA 94549
Rates, Constants, and Kinetics Formulations in Surface Water
Quality Modeling
US Environmental Protection Agency
1978(Dec), EPA-600/3-78-105,335p.
English
Recent studies are reviewed to provide a comprehensive volume on
state-of-the-art formulations used in surface water quality
modeling along with accepted values for rate constants and
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coefficients. Topics covered include system geometric
representation (spatial and temporal), physical processes (mass
transport, heat budgets, ice formation, light extinction),
biological systems (fish, benthic organisms), and chemical
processes (nutrient cycles, carbonate system). A detailed
discussion is also presented on issues that are ordinarily of
primary interest in modeling studies. These include reaeration,
dissolved oxygen saturation, photosynthesis, deoxygenation,
benthic oxygen demand, coliform bacteria, algae, and
zooplankton. These discussions incorporate factors affecting
the specific phenomena and methods of measurement in addition to
data on rate constants.
Citation 543
ZUBCHENKO, I. Z.
USSR, Astrakhan Fisheries Technical Inst.
Biosorption by Marine Fish of Methianine and Urea Dissolved in
Water
J Ichthyol
1977,17(2) ,336-341.
English
The percutaneous absorption of methionine and urea by two marine
fish, Spicara smaris and Trachurus mediterraneus ponticus was
investigated using carbon-14 labelled test compounds. Both
species of fish proved to be capable of absorbing appreciable
amounts of the test compounds, which were widely distributed
throughout the body. The mechanism of absorption and the role
of the cutaneous layers are discussed.
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