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B-76
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APPENDIX C
EXAMPLE EXECUTION OF THE SHORT-TERM
MODEL (SHORTZ) COMPUTER PROGRAM
C.I INTRODUCTION
The following example problem run uses the short-term (SHORTZ)
program to model the Logans Ferry air pollution episode described in Section
2.6.1. This example run calculates hourly, 3-hour and 24-hour average ground-
level concentrations using Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania meteorological data for
4 January 1973. This appendix assumes the user is familiar with the example
as discussed in Section 2.6.1 of the main body of the text. Also, this
appendix assumes the user is familiar with the User's Instructions for the
short-term program outlined in Section 3.
C.2 EXAMPLE CONCENTRATION RUN
This program example run calculates the hourly, 3-hour and 24-
hour average ground-level concentrations produced by emissions from the
three stacks described in Section 2.6.1 and shown in Figure 2-5. The Ches-
wick and West Penn Power Plants are modeled as 1 and 2 stacks, respectively.
The meteorological inputs as well as required control data, run time estimate,
and page output estimate are explained in Sections C.2.1 through C.2.3 below.
C.2.1 Input Data Set-Up Procedure
This example run requires the input data shown in the example coding
forms in Figure C-l. An explanation of each card group in Figure C-l is given
in Sections C.2.1.a through C.2.1.q below.
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a. Card Group 1 - Card Group 1 gives the tape use flag KSW
and the user selected title for the program run. The flag KSW is not punched
(blank) because we are not using an input or output tape for this example
run. Also, the program interprets blanks as zero, when read in a numeric
field. The title shown in Card Group 1 of Figure C-l is printed at the top
of each output page as shown in Figure C-2.
b. Card Group la - Card Group la gives the output concentration
units, the input source emission units and the parameters used to define the
input/output logical tape unit numbers. This card has been left blank
because we wish to use the program default values and there is no tape I/O.
This card must still be included in the input deck even though it is blank.
c. Card Group 2 - This card group shows we are using a "17"
by "15" point grid system with one discrete point. The discrete point
corresponds to the location of the S0_ monitor mentioned in Seciton 2.6.1.
Also, this card shows we are using "3" sources, the meteorological data
covers a "24" hour period and we require concentration tables from "5"
different combinations of the sources. As we have only one meteorological
data case, the parameter NDAYS is left blank (defaults to "1").
d. Card Group 3 - This card group provides the program options
desired. The parameter ISW(l) defaults to "1", indicating hourly input
meteorological data. ISW(2) directs the program to print hourly concentra-
tions for each hour, for each source combination desired. ISW(3) specifies
that 3-hour average concentrations are to be printed for each consecutive
3-hour period, for each source combination desired. ISW(4) specifies
that 24-hour average concentrations are to be printed for each source combina-
tion desired. ISW(5) is not used in this run. ISW(6) specifies all input
control and source data are to be printed. ISW(7) specifies terrain elevation
data are included in the input deck. ISW(S) directs the program to print
the input meteorological data. The program uses the default values provided
for the options ISW(9) through ISW(20).
C-13
-------
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C-40
-------
e. Card Group 4 - This card group shows three cards defining
the X (east-west) axis of the receptor grid system in UTM coordinates.
The remaining cards of this group in Figure C-l are omitted from the input
deck.
f. Card Group 4a - This card group shows the UTM X (east-west)
j of the SO monitor located to the east-northeast of
Power Plant. Only one data card is used from this card group.
coordinate of the SO monitor located to the east-northeast of the West Penn
g. Card Group 5 - This card group shows three cards defining
the Y (north-south) axis of the receptor grid system in UTM coordinates.
Only three cards from this group are included in the input deck.
h. Card Group 5a - This card group shows the UTM Y (north-
south) coordinate of the S0~ monitor site. Only one card from this group
is used.
i. Card Group 5b - This card group shows the elevation in
meters of each intersection of the X and Y axes of the grid system. There
are a total of 45 cards included in this card group.
j. Card Group 5c - This card group shows one data card with the
elevation of the SO- monitor site. The remaining cards shown in this
group should be ignored.
k. Card Group 6 - Card Group 6 gives special model and
control parameters. The value of TK is not punched because we are using
the default concentration and source emission units. The parameters
UTMX and UTMY default to 0, G defaults to 9.8, ZR defaults to 6.096, while
GAMMA1, GAMMA2, DECAY and XRY default to .6, .66, 0 and 50, respectively.
1. Card Group 7 - Card Group 7 defines the number of source
identification numbers used to define each source combination. Because
C-41
-------
NGROUP equals "5", five values are punched in this card group and each value
punched for this example uses only "1" source to identify the combination
desired.
m. Card Group 8 - This card group gives the source identifica-
tion numbers used to form each combined source output. The card shows
Sources 116, 117 and 118 are to be printed individually, 116 and 117 are to
be combined and 116 through 118 are to be combined. Only one data card is
used from this group.
n. Card Group 9 - Card Group 9 is omitted from the input deck,
because ISW(12) equals "0".
o. Card Group 9a - This card group shows the primary source
input data and consists of three data cards for Card Group 9a. Alsio, Card
Group 10 is omitted from the input deck because NS on all cards in Card
Group 9a is "0". However, if Card Group 10 is input, each card(s) should
immediately follow its respective source card (9a) in the input deck.
p. Card Group 11 - Card Group 11 shows the 24 hours of meteoro-
logical data input to the program. The value for DPDZ for each hour is
"0" and the value of ALPHA for each hour defaults to "0.9".
q. Card Group 12 - This card group (not shown in Figure C-l)
is omitted from the input deck because JFLG on each input source card is
"0" (blank).
C-42
-------
C.2.2 Run Time Required Data Storage and Page Output Estimate
The run time and page output estimate calculated for the short-time
concentration run are given in the following paragraphs.
a. Run Time - The run time estimate is calculated using
Equation (3-3) in Section 3.2.5 and is approximated by
Time (Seconds) =
|~N '(NXPNTS-NYPNTS + NXWYPT)- NHOURS
•NDAYS | • 3.1 x 10 J + (I + J + K)
_l_ 1 / I _t- I -4-. 1C 1
(C-l)
•(NXPNTS-NYPNTS + NXWYPT)- NHOURS • NDAYS
•2.2 x 10~3f
Substituting values from Figure C-l,
Time (Seconds) s 5 fa '(17-15 + 1) •24'll » 3.1 x 10~3 +
[(0 + 0 +8) • (17-15 + 1) • 24-lJ •
-3 /
2.2 x 10 V (C-2)
£ 57.1 + 108.1
s 165.1
O
The actual run time was 120 seconds. The values of f (3.1 x 10 ) and g
_3
(2.2 x 10 ) are taken from worst case short-term runs and may often over-
estimate the actual run time-
fa . Required Data Storage - The required data storage must
be calculated to determine whether or not the desired run will fit in the
SHORTZ program. The amount of data storage required by a particular run is
determined by Equation (3-1) in Section 3.1.2. Taking values from Figure
C- 43
-------
C-l and substituting in Equation (3-1) we calculate
12000 > (17 + 15 + 2-1) + 6 • (17-15 + 1)
> 1570
We see from the calculated inequality that we are well within the program
storage limitation.
c. Page Output - The page output estimate is calculated
using Equation (3-4) in Section 3.2.5 and is approximated by
Pages S A + .B + CI (C-3)
where A_ from Equation (3-5) is given by
A*= 1 +
.-]•
r24_j_i
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CC-4)
and B^ from Equation (3-6) is given by
J5 = (24 + 8 + 1 + 0) • 5
33-5'3
495
*The [ J symbols indicate to round up to the next larger integer if there
is any fractional part.
(C-5)
C-44
-------
and C_ from Equation (3-6) is given by
C = 4
giving a total of
Pages s 504
This estimate assumes the maximum number of output pages possible. The
actual number of pages output for this example problem was 339 pages.
C.2.3 Example Print Output
Figure C-2 illustrates the printed concentration output for the
short-term example problem. The listing begins by printing the input data
under the heading "-GENERAL INPUT DATA-". This part of the output listing
includes all punched data and default values, except source and meteorological
data. Next, the source data are listed under the heading "-SOURCE INPUT
DATA-". The meteorological data are then printed under the heading
"-METEOROLOGICAL INPUT DATA-". The rest of the output listing consists of
selected concentration tables. The entire output listing is not shown
here due to it's size (339 pages). The page number shown in the upper
right-hand corner of each page in Figure C-2 gives the position in the
output listing of the illustrated table. For example, pages 6 and 7
(upper right-hand corner) show the hourly ground-level S0~ concentrations due
to Source 116 at 0100 hours. Pages 12 and 13 show the average 3-hour ground-
level S02 concentrations due to Source 116 for the period 0100 to 0300
hours and pages 70 and 71 show the average 24-hour ground-level S0_ concen-
trations due to Source 116.
C-45
-------
(This Page Intentionally Blank)
C-46
-------
APPENDIX D
EXAMPLE EXECUTION OF THE LONG-TERM
MODEL (LONGZ) COMPUTER PROGRAM
D.I INTRODUCTION
The following example problem uses the long-term (LONGZ) program
to model the hypothetical aluminum reduction plant described in Section
2.6.2. The example problem calculates seasonal and annual average ground-
level particulate concentrations. This appendix assumes the user is
familiar with the example hypothetical aluminum reduction plant discussed
in Section 2.6.2 of the main body of the text.
D.2 EXAMPLE CONCENTRATION RUN
This program example run calculates seasonal and annual
average ground-level particulate concentrations produced by emissions from
the hypothetical aluminum reduction plant described in Section 2.6.2 and
shown in Figure 2-6. The hypothetical plant is modeled as six sources,
three stack sources and three building sources. The meteorological inputs,
as well as required program control data, run time estimate, and page out-
put estimate are explained in Sections D.2.1 through D.2.3 below.
D.2.1 Input Data Set-Up Procedure
This example run requires the input data shown in the example
coding forms in Figure D-l. An explanation of each card group in Figure
D-l is given in Sections D.2.1.a through D.2.1.r below.
a. Card Group 1. Card Group 1 gives the user selected title
for the program run. This title is printed at the top of each output
page as shown in Figure D-2.
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b. Card Group 2. Card Group 2 specifies the number of cate-
gories of meteorological data and the number of sources and receptors in
the grid system. The parameter NSOURC is set equal to "6" for the six
sources used to model the hypothetical aluminum plant. The parameter
NGROUP equals "5" because we wish to print the output for five different
source groupings. The parameters NXPNTS and NYPNTS are both set equal to
"19" for the 19-X by 19-Y receptor grid system. The parameter NXWYPT is
set to "28" and specifies 28 discrete points that are used in this example.
The parameter NSEASN is set equal to "4" as we are using seasonal input
meteorological data. Also, the number of Pasquill stability categories,
NSTBLE, is set equal to "5" (E and F combined). The remaining parameters
on this card will assume their respective default values (NSORX="0",
NSPEED="6", NSCTOR="16", NSTOP="999999", LUNT="MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER"
and LKNT="GRAMS/SEC").
c. Card Group 3. Card Group 3 selects the program control
options desired. This card shows: ISW(l) and ISW(2) both blank (zero)
because tape input/output is not being used, 1SW(3) and ISW(4) equal to
"1" for seasonal and annual concentration tables, ISW(5) equal to "1" to
print the input control and meteorological data and ISW(6) equal to "1"
for a print output of the sources. The remaining options on this card
are left blank, as well as the tape input/output parameters.
d. Card Group 4 & 5. Card Groups 4 and 5 define the source
combinations for which concentration output is to be produced. The
parameter NGROUP on Card Group 2 specifies five source combinations. Card
Group 4 (NSOGRP) gives the number of source ID-numbers the program is to
use to define each source combination. The first three output combinations
have one defining source, the fourth uses two defining sources and the
fifth uses only one. Card Group 5 shows the actual source ID-numbers the
program is to use in each source combination. The program is to output
seasonal and annual concentrations for Source 1, Source 2, Source 3,
Sources 4 through 6 combined and all sources (1-6) combined.
D-28
-------
e. Card Groups 6, 6a, 7 and 7a. Card Groups 6, 6a, 7 and 7a
define the locations of the receptors of the regular (non-discrete) grid
system and the discrete points. Both the regular grid system (Card Groups
6 and 7) and the discrete receptors (Card Groups 6a and 7a) are in Cart-
esian coordinates. Note that only those cards punched from these groups
are included in the input deck, not the blank images on the coding forms.
f. Card Groups 7b and 7c. Card Groups 7b and 7c are not shown
in Figure D-l because we are assuming flat terrain (ISW(8) equal to "0").
Thus, the terrain elevation cards are omitted from the input deck.
g. Card Group 8. Card Group 8 is used to specify an optional
format the program uses to read Card Group 8a. Because ISW(ll) is left
blank (zero), this card group is not used by the program and is omitted
from the input deck. The program will use the default Fortran format of
(6F10.0) to read the data shown in Card Group 8a. This default format
requires the user to punch the frequency of occurrence data in Card Group
8a using 10 columns per value including the decimal point (period). Only
NSPEED values are read per data card in Card Group 8a.
h. Card Group 8a. Card Group 8a gives the joint frequency of
occurrence of wind speed and direction by stability category and season.
As the example run is using seasonal data, all four seasons (winter, spring,
summer, fall) are punched. Within each season, there are five stability
categories (A through E) and within each stability category there are
sixteen cards, one for each wind direction category clockwise from north to
north-northwest. Each data card contains the frequency of occurrence for
the six wind-speed categories. Values that are zero have been left blank
because the LONGZ program interprets blanks as zeros.
i. Card Group 9. Card Group 9 gives the seasonal ambient air
temperatures in degrees Kelvin for stability categories A through E (E and
F have been combined into E).
D-29
-------
j. Card Group 10. Card Group 10 gives the seasonal median mix-
ing layer depths in meters. The mixing layer depths are punched, six
values per card, for wind-speed categories 1 through 6, and there are five
cards for stability categories A through E and four groups of these cards,
one for each season. Some values have been left blank in this card group
in Figure D-l because the joint frequency of occurrence of these wind-speed
and stability categories is zero (and no calculations will take place). Note
also that the decimal point is not punched. The decimal point can be elimina-
ted in real variables only when the values are whole numbers and right justi-
fied in the respective punch columns. The values of Hm given here are taken
from Table 2-16 in Section 2.6.2.
k. Card Group 11. Card Group 11 gives the vertical potential
temperature gradients for each wind speed category (across the cards) and
each stability category. Values not punched (blank) are assumed zero or
are not used because the joint frequency of occurrence of the speed and
stability category is zero. These values are taken from Table 2-18 in
Section 2.6.2.
1. Card Group 12. Card Group 12 is left blank and all param-
eters assume their respective default values (ROTATE="0", TK="1.0xlO ", HA=
"0", UTMX="0", UTMY="0", G="9.8", ZR="6.096", GAMMA1=".6", GAMMA2=".66"
and DECAY="0").
m. Card Group 13 and 14, Card Groups 13 and 14 give the vertical
turbulent intensities for the stack and building sources. These values are
taken from Table 2-15 in Section 2.6.2. Note that, because ISW(16) is "0",
Card Group 14 is omitted from the input deck and all turbulent intensities are
taken from Card Group 13.
n. Card Group 15. Card Group 15 gives the median wind speed
for each speed category and is left blank so the program will assume the
default wind speed category values.
D-30
-------
o. Card Group 16. Card Group 16 gives the wind-profile power
law exponents by wind speed and stability category. These values are
taken from Table 2-19 in Section 2.6.2.
p. Card Group 17. Card Group 17 consists of two data cards
and gives the median value of each wind direction category. As we wish
to use the program default values, these cards are left blank.
q. Card Group 18. Card Group 18 gives the format of the source
data in Card Group 18a and is omitted from the input deck because ISW(12)
equals "0" and we are using the default format for the source data.
r. Card Groups 18a, 18b and 18c. Card Groups 18a through 18c
provide all of the source information. Figure D-l shows only Card Group
18a, but Figure F-l (example coding form) shows each of these card groups
on a separate page. The coding forms are ordered in the manner shown
to facilitate key punching. However, this is not the correct order
for input to the program. These data cards must be reordered, when used,
prior to input to the program. Card Group 18a in Figure D-l shows Sources
1 through 6. The parameter DISP is blank (="0") for each source as this
run is the initial entry of these sources and there is no input tape. The
parameter TYPE1 identifies the type of source ("0"=stack, "l"=building).
The emissions from each source vary with season only and are shown as Ql(l)
through Ql(4). Card Group 18a also gives the location, height, elevation,
exit temperature, and the volumetric emission rate or source dimensions
(depending on TYPE1) and the inner radius of the stack (TYPE1="0" only).
Because the emission rates vary only with season (DISP^"3"),Card Group
18b is omitted from the input deck. Also, Card Group 18c is omitted from
the input deck because the parameter NVS1 for each source is left blank.
The parameter NVS1 is not punched because the particulate emissions are
assumed to have negligible gravitational settling velocities and are
treated as gaseous emissions.
D-31
-------
D.2.2 Run Time, Required Data Storage and Page Output Esti-
mates
The run time, data storage and page output estimate calculated
for the example concentration run are given in the following paragraphs.
a. Run Time. The run time estimate is calculated using Equa-
tion (4-2) in Section 4.2.5 and is approximated by
Time (seconds) = ' (NXPNTS-NYPNTS + NXWYPT) -NSEASN«
NSTBLE'NSPEEDJ -1.5 x 1Q~3 + [(I + J + K) • (D-l)
(NXPNTS-NYPNTS + NXWYPT) 'NSEASNj'2.2 x 10" 3|
Substituting values from Figure D-l,
Time (seconds) = |[6«(19-19 + 28)'4'5'6j 1.5 x 10~3 +
[(0 + 0 + 12)- (19' 19 + 28)'4j -2.2 x 10~3f
L '
(D-2)
s 420.12 + 41.08
£ 461.2
_3
The actual run time was 130 seconds. The values of f (1.5 x 10 ) and g
_3
(2.2 x 10 ) are taken from worst case long-term runs and may often over
predict the actual run time.
b. Required Data Storage. The required data storage must be
calculated to determine whether or not the desired run will fit in the
LONGZ program. The amount of data storage required by a particular run
is determined by Equation (4-1) in Section 4.1.2.
D-32
-------
Taking values from Figure D-l and substituting in Equation (4-1)
we calculate
12000 >_ [l9 + 19 + 2'28] + 6 • (19'19 + 28)
> 2428
(P-3)
c. Page Output. The page output estimate is calculated using
equation (4-3) in Section 4.2.5 giving the output pages as
Pages = A + B + C
(D-4)
The value of A from Equation (4-4) is
A* - 15.1 + JT •! + TT
+ 0«
= 16
The value of B, obtained from Equation (4-5), is given by
B = 4-5
rn-m
28
129
(D-5)
(D-6)
*The L J symbols indicate to round up to the next larger integer if there
is any fractional part.
D-33
-------
(Equation (D-6) continued,)
= 20*(3vl + 1}
(D-6)
- 140
The variable I in Equation (4-5) is set to "5" because we are printing
both seasonal and annual tables. The variable N is set to "5" because
c
NGROUP is input as "5". The variables N , N and N have been set to
x y xy
"19", "19" and "28", respectively, defining the total number of receptor
points. The total estimated output pages is then given by
Pages - 16 + 140 + 5
(D-7)
- 161
The actual number of pages output was 87 produced by the example concentra-
tion run.
D.2.3 Example Print Output.
Figure D-2 illustrates the printed concentration output for the
example hypothetical aluminum plant. The listing begins by printing the
input data under the heading "PROGRAM INPUT CONTROL AND METEOROLOGICAL
PARAMETERS". This part of the output listing includes all punched data
and default values, except source data. Next, the source data are listed
under the heading "INPUT SOURCE DATA". The remainder of the output list-
ing in Figure D-2 shows the annual ground-level particulate concentrations
due to selected sources, but does not show the complete output listing.
The page number of each table in the output listing is shown in the upper
right hand corner. For example, pages 28 and 29 (upper right hand cor-
D-34
-------
ner) show the complete annual output for Source 1. The heading given is
"ANNUAL GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATION (MICROGRAMS PER CUBIC METER) DUE TO
SOURCE 1". The particulate concentrations calculated for the receptor
grid system follow the page heading on page 28 and end at the middle of
page 29. The concentrations at the discrete receptors are then printed.
Other concetration tables illustrated are from pages 70 and 71 of the
output listing. These pages show the combined annual particulate con-
centrations from Sources 4 through 6. The last table shown is from pages
84 and 85 of the output listing and shows the annual particulate concentra-
tions from all (1 through 6) sources. Selected seasonal tables from this
example run are shown in Section 4.2.4 of the main body of the text.
D-35
-------
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APPENDIX E
CODING FORMS FOR CARD INPUT TO THE SHORT-TERM
MODEL (SHORTZ) COMPUTER PROGRAM
This appendix contains blank coding forms for the card input data
for the short-term (SHORTZ) program. The card group numbers and input data
parameter names correspond to those used in Section 3.2.3.a. The solid
vertical lines on the coding forms define the column fields for the various
input parameters and the "x-ed" areas show where data are ignored by the
program. With the exception of the source data coding forms (Card Groups
9a and 10) and Card Groups 11 and lla, the coding forms are presented in
the same order that the program expects for the input data. The coding
forms for Card Groups 9a, 10, 11 and lla are ordered as shown to facilitate
key punching of the data. These cards must be rearranged prior to input
to the program. If the parameter NS is greater than zero for a given source.
Card Group 10 must follow Card Group 9a for the sourae. Additionally3 each
occurrence of Card Group 11 must be followed by n occurrences of Card Group
Ila3 where n is the total number of sources from Card Group 9a with the
parameter JFLG greater than zero. An example use of the SHORTZ coding
forms is shown in Appendix C for the SHORTZ example problem.
E-l
-------
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bifurcated during several trials, and the model would be expected to over-
predict axial concentrations within several kilometers of the stack under
these conditions. At Downwind Distance 2, the calculated axial concentrations
are all less than the observed concentrations. The fact that no SCL back-
ground is included in the calculated values partially accounts for this
result. However, because the lateral diffusion coefficient a in Equation
(2-18) was set equal to 1.0 rather than to 0.9, it is also possible that
lateral plume spread was overestimated at Downwind Distance 2.
Two trials of particular interest were the two trials when the
Kammer plumes were observed to be impacting on nearby elevated terrain. On
both occasions, the EMSL helicopter made a number of passes through the plumes
at a height of 15 to 30 meters above ground level. Table H-5 lists the
observed maximum SO concentrations and the maximum 10-minute ground-level
S0~ concentrations calculated with and without the terrain-adjustment proce-
dures contained in the SHORTZ and LONGZ programs. If it is assumed that the
plume axes are terrain following under neutral or unstable conditions
(i.e., no terrain adjustments are required), the calculated concentrations
are substantially lower than the observed concentrations. However, the 10-
minute concentrations calculated by including terrain effects are in good
agreement with the observed concentrations.
The Port Angeles, Washington S00 Study
'"' * " "" ~ """ «-"-•--'•-•-•-•-i• • ^r —L „.
The major SO- sources in the Port Angeles, Washington area are
the Crown Zellerbach and ITT Rayonier Pulp Mills, both of which are located
along the shoreline of Port Angeles Harbor. In general, the terrain in the
Port Angeles area rises abruptly near the shoreline from sea level to about
50 meters above mean sea level (MSL). The highest observed SO concentra-
tions in the area occur east-southeast of the ITT Mill at the Third & Chestnut
and Fourth & Baker monitoring sites. The Third & Chestnut site is about
800 meters from the center of the ITT Mill, while the Fourth & Baker site
is about 1,200 meters from the center of the mill. The terrain elevations
H-13
-------
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at the two monitoring sites are greater than or approximately equal to the
stack-top elevations of all of the SO sources except for a relatively
minor SO source at the ITT Mill. The principal source of the meteorolog-
ical inputs used in our dispersion model calculations was a 10-meter tower
located on the tip of Ediz Hook, a spit that protrudes into the Strait of
Juan de Fuca and forms Port Angeles Harbor. The location of the 10-meter
tower is about 2.5 kilometers north of the ITT Mill. We selected 20 hours
for model testing using the following criteria:
• An observed 1-hour SO concentration at one of the two moni-
tors greater than or equal to 0.20 ppm and a concurrent
observed concentration at the second monitor greater than or
equal to 0.05 ppm
• Availability of complete meteorological data for the Ediz
Hook tower
Operation of a minimum of three of the six ITT S0_ sources
for which emissions data were available
We added the third selection criterion because all of the ITT S0? sources
were to be considered in our analysis of the attainment status of the exist-
ing sources with the National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) and we
wished to test the performance of SHORTZ under conditions approximating the
operating conditions for the attainment status calculations.
After the selection of the 20 hours for model testing, we learned
from the Washington Department of Ecology (DOE) that the black liquor hold-
ing pond at the ITT Mill is a continuous and highly variable source of SO
emissions that can have a significant impact on ambient air quality. The
wind directions required for the straight-line transport of the stack emis-
sions from the ITT Mill to Fourth & Baker are identical to the directions
required for the straight-line transport of emissions from the holding pond
to Fourth & Baker. However, it is possible for emissions from the ITT
H-15
-------
stacks to be directly transported to Third & Chestnut without the emissions
from the holding pond having any significant effect on ambient air quality
at Third & Chestnut. Our inspection of the Ediz Hook wind directions dur-
ing the hours selected for model testing indicated that the concentrations
measured at Third & Chestnut during these hours probably were almost
entirely determined by emissions from the ITT stacks, while the concurrent
concentrations at Fourth & Baker were determined by the combined emissions
from the ITT stacks and the holding pond. Because the emissions from the
holding pond were unquantified, we used the centerline concentrations cal-
culated by SHORTZ at the Third & Chestnut monitor to test the model's per-
formance. That is, we assumed that the wind transported the merged ITT
plume in a straight line to the Third & Chestnut monitor during each of the
20 hours. Assuming a "perfect model" and representative model inputs as
well as air quality observations, the calculated centerline concentrations
at Third & Chestnut should be greater than or equal to the corresponding
observed concentrations for every hour. Also, as shown below, the ratio of
the average centerline concentration calculated at Third & Chestnut to the
average observed concentration should be about 1.75.
The neutral Pasquill D stability category existed during 19 of
the hours selected for model testing, while the slightly unstable C cate-
gory existed during the remaining hour. Additionally, moderate or strong
wind speeds occurred during all of the hours. Thus, the general meteoro-
logical conditions during all of the hours selected for model testing were
very similar. Consequently, the lateral dispersion coefficient a of the
merged ITT plume at Third & Chestnut should have been about the same during
each of the hours. Because of the occurrence of relatively high hourly SO-
concentrations at Third & Chestnut during the 20 hours, we assumed that the
monitor was within ±2.15 a of the plume centerline during each hour.
H-16
-------
The Mean Ratio (MR) of calculated centerline to observed concen-
trations is defined as
MR
N
N
_i
(H-l)
-1
where Y is the i calculated centerline concentration and Y . is the
th i
i observed concentration. As illustrated by Figure H-l, the width of the
wind-direction sector required for the Third & Chestnut monitor to be within
±2.15 a of the centerline of the merged plume from the ITT Mill is 4.3 a .
y y
If it is assumed that all wind directions within this sector are equally
probable, the sum of a large sample of the hourly concentrations produced
by the ITT plume at Third & Chestnut, divided by the number of observa-
tions, yields a sector-averaged concentration. If a Gaussian plume is
averaged over the sector ±2.15 a , the ratio of the sector-averaged concen-
tration X to the centerline concentration Xc is given by
2.15 a
X. =
X,,
4.3 a
exp
-2.15 a
21 a
dy'
(H-2)
4.3
. . __
- = °-57
H-17
-------
MONITOR
(a) Plume South Edge Affects Monitor
MONITOR
(b) Plume North Edge Affects Monitor
(c) Wind-Direction Sector for Plume Affecting Monitor
FIGURE H-l. Schematic illustration that the width of the sector of
wind directions required for a plume to affect the
concentration at a monitor is equal to the plume width
(4.3 a ) at the monitor.
H-18
-------
Thus, x in Equation (H-l) is approximately given by
Xo = 0.57 xoc (H-3)
where x is the average of the actual centerline concentrations at the
distance and elevation of Third & Chestnut. It follows from Equations
(H-l) and H-3) that the expected value of the MR is
= |xl I 0.57 x 1 = 1-75 x
L ccj L °cj Ac
MR = |X_ ||0.57 X_| = 1-75 XCC/XQC (H-4)
In the absence of any systematic errors in the model, the model inputs or
the observed concentrations, 1
an expected MR of about 1.75.
the observed concentrations, the ratio x /X should be unity, leading to
Table H-6 compares the calculated centerline and corresponding
observed hourly SO concentrations at the Third & Chestnut monitor for
the 20 hours. The calculated concentrations include background concentra-
tions estimated from the concurrent hourly concentrations measured at the
Olympic National Park Visitors Center, an inland site unlikely to be
directly affected by emissions from the two pulp mills during periods when
emissions from the ITT Mill cause relatively high concentrations at Third
& Chestnut. (The background concentration for Case 3 is 0.01 ppm, the
background concentration for Case 14 is 0.03 ppm and the background concen-
tration for each of the remaining cases is zero.) With the exception of
Cases 10, 11 and 15, all of the calculated centerline concentrations are
greater than or equal to the corresponding observed concentrations. The
underpredictions for these three cases are small if allowance is made for
the uncertainties in the model inputs. For example, the actual S0_ emis-
sion rates may have been higher than the emission rates assumed in the
model calculations because the pollution control system used by the ITT
Mill during the hours selected for model testing was not very reliable.
The MR of 1.85 is in close agreement with the expected value of 1.75 and
indicates that, on the average, the model is accurate to within about 10
percent.
H-19
-------
TABLE H-6
COMPARISON OF CALCULATED CENTERLINE AND CORRESPONDING OBSERVED
1-HOUR SO CONCENTRATION AT THIRD & CHESTNUT
{FROM BOWERS, ET AL., i960)
Case
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
Concentration (ppm)
Observed
0.11
0.27
0.23
0.13
0.13
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.13
0.33
0.19
0.20
0.19
0.30
0.47
0.17
0.12
0.06
0.15
0.13
Calculated
Centerline*
0.32
0.32
0.30
0.22
0.18
0.35
0.37
0.37
0.56
0.23
0.17
0.36
0.43
0.30
0.44
0.37
0.37
0.36
0,32
0.24
Mean Ratio (MR)
Ratio of Calculated
and Observed Concentrations
2.91
1.19
1.30
1.69
1.38
3.89
4.63
5.29
4.31
0.70
0.89
1.80
2.26
1.00
0.94
2.18
3.08
6.00
2.13
1.85
1.85
The calculated concentrations include background (the concurrent SO,
concentrations measured at the Visitor Center).
H-20
-------
The Mitchell Power Plant Study (U. S. versus West Penn Power Company)
The four modeling studies described above involved the use of
historical emissions, meteorological and air quality data to test the terrain-
adjustment procedures contained in the SHORTZ and LONGZ programs. However,
there is one case in which the SHORTZ program was used with historical
meteorological data to predict in advance the magnitude and location of the
maximum 24-hour average SO- concentration. The Mitchell Power Plant of
West Penn Power Company is located on the west bank of the Monongahela
River, south of Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. Terrain elevations on
either side of the river equal or exceed the heights of the Mitchell
stacks. In support of the Pennsylvania Department of Environmental
Resources (DER) and EPA Region III, we used 1964 surface and upper-air
meteorological data from the Greater Pittsburgh Airport to predict the
magnitude and location of the maximum 24-hour average ground-level S09
concentration attributable to Mitchell emissions. According to the results
of our calculations, a maximum 24-hour average concentration of about 2,100
micrograms per cubic meter should occur on a hill about 1 kilometer
east-northeast of the plant during periods of persistent moderate-to-strong
west-southwest winds in combination with neutral stability. On the basis
of the results of our calculations, the Pennsylvania DER placed one S0_
monitor on the hill east-northeast of the plant, which is at about the same
elevation as the tops of the Mitchell stacks, and one monitor upwind (west)
of the plant during periods of west-southwest winds.
The Pennsylvania DER S0? monitoring program covered the approximate
period October 1976 through January 1977. Considering the short period of
record and the amount of missing data, a large number of violations of the
24-hour NAAQS of 365 micrograms per cubic meter were observed during this
period. The maximum observed 24-hour average SO concentration of about
1,800 micrograms per cubic meter occurred on 1 January 1977. Although this
measured 24-hour average concentration is only about 86 percent of the
predicted maximum concentration, the actual 24-hour average concentration
exceeded 1,800 microprams per cubic meter because the hourly SO concentra-
H-21
-------
tions exceeded the monitor full-scale setting of about 2,500 micrograms per
cubic meter for three consecutive hours on 1 January 1977. The hourly SO-
concentrations measured at the upwind monitor were all below the monitor
threshold of about 25 micrograms per cubic meter on 1 January 1977, a day
of persistent moderate-to-strong west-southwest winds. The close correspond-
ence between predicted and observed 24-hour average S0» concentrations was
cited by the U. S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania
(1978) as one of the factors supporting the Court's ruling against West
Penn Power Company. A discussion of the legal aspects of this case is
given by Morse (1979).
H.4 SUMMARY
The complex terrain dispersion models first suggested by Cramer,
ett. al. (1975) and implemented by the SHORTZ and LONGZ computer programs
represent a very simple approximation of complex plume-terrain interactions.
Although objections can be raised about some or all of the model
assumptions, our testing of the models in a wide variety of situations
indicates that the combination of the various model assumptions yields
calculated ground-level concentrations that are in accord with the
available air quality data without recourse to calibration constants. We
recognize that our models may not be applicable to all situations.
However, we have found no inconsistencies between the data available to us
and our basic model concepts.
The Cramer, et al. (1975) complex terrain dispersion models are
occasionally identified by courts, consulting firms and regulatory agencies
as the "Cramer Model." We point out that the "Cramer Model" includes our
dispersion coefficients, our versions of the Briggs plume rise equations,
the terrain-adjustment procedures discussed in this appendix, and the
general modeling approach (including the Turner (1964) stability
classification scheme in the absence of direct turbulence measurements)
outlined in Section 2. We do not consider any model that does not contain
H-22
-------
all of the components of the Cramer, et al. (1975) models to be representa-
tive of the "Cramer Model." For example, a model that uses our dispersion
coefficients and terrain-adjustment procedures, but does not use our plume
rise equations or the Turner (1964) stability classification scheme, should
not be considered to be representative of the "Cramer Model." Similarly,
the use of SHORTZ with mixing depths that are not consistent with the concept
of the mixing depth defined in Section 2.1.1 is an erroneous application
and should not be considered to be representative of the "Cramer Model."
H-23
-------
REFERENCES
Bowers, J. F. and H. E. Cramer 1976: Comparison of calculated and observed
characteristics of plumes from two coal-fired power plants
located in complex terrain. Preprint Volume for the Third
Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Quality,
American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
Bowers, J. F., A. J. Anderson, H. E. Cramer and J. R. Bjorklund, 1980:
Attainment status and PSD Increment analyses for Port Angeles,
Washington. EPA Report No. EPA-919/9-80-075 (NTIS Accession No.
PB81-161945), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region 10,
Seattle, Washington.
Cramer, H. E, H. V. Geary and J. F. Bowers, 1975: Diffusion-model
calculations of long-term and short-term ground-level SO
concentrations in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania. EPA Report
903/9-75-018 (NTIS Accession No. PB-245262/AS). U. S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Region III, Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.
Cramer, H. E., and J. F. Bowers 1976: West Virginia power plant
evaluation. EPA Report No. EPA 903/9-75-022 (NTIS Accession No.
PB-255-466/8WP), U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region
III, Seattle, Washington.
Cramer, H. E. J. F. Bowers and H. V. Geary, 1975a: Assessment of the air
quality impact of S0_ emissions from the ASARCO-Tacoma smelter.
EPA Report No. EPA 910/9-76-028, U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Region X, Seattle, Washington.
Cramer, H. E., J. F. Bowers and H. V. Geary, 1976b: Diffusion-model
calculations of long- and short-term ground-level concentrations
produced by the major SO stationary sources in Allegheny County,
Pennsylvania. APCA Paper No. 76-26.5, presented at the 69th
Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control Association,
Portland, Oregon, June 27-July 1, 1976.
Cramer H. E., J. F. Bowers and H. V. Geary, 1977: Comparison of calculated
and observed hourly ground-level SO concentrations for the
ASARCO-Tacoma Copper Smelter. APCA Paper No. 77-58.3, presented
at the 70th Annual Meeting of the Air Pollution Control
Association, Toronto, Ontario, Canada, June 20-24, 1977.
Finkelstein, P. L., 1976: Wind tunnel versus Gaussian modeling techniques
for air resources management. Preprint Volume for the Third
Symposium on Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Quality,
American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
H-24
-------
Fox, D. G. , 1981: Judging air quality model performance: A summary of the
AMS Workshop on Dispersion Model Performance. Bulletin American
Meteorological Society, 62/9), 599-609.
Hewson, E. W. and G. C. Gill, 1944: Meteorological investigation in
Columbia River Valley near Trail, B.C., Part II. Report
submitted to the Trail Smelter Arbitral Tribunal, Bulletin 453,
U. S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Mines.
Morse, H. N. , 1979: Legal briefs: Flue gas desulfurization program.
J. Air Pollution Control Assoc. . 2jK7) , 786.
Roffman, A. and R. Grimble, 1974: A time-dependent air quality model with
terrain corrections. Preprint Volume for the Symposium on
Atmospheric Diffusion and Air Pollution, American Meteorological
Society , Boston, Mass.
Start, G. E. , C. R. Dickson and N. R. Ricks, 1974: Effluent dilutions over
mountainous terrain and within mountain canyons. Preprint Volume
for the Symposium on Atmospehric Diffusion and Air Pollution,
American Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
Start, G. E. , N. R. Ricks and C. R. Dickson, 1976: Effluent dilutions over
mountainous terrain. Preprint Volume for the Third Symposium on
Atmospheric Turbulence, Diffusion and Air Quality, American
Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
Turner, D. B., 1964: A diffusion model for an urban area. J. Applied
Meteor. . MO , 83-91.
United States v. West Penn Power Company, 460 F. Supp. 1305 (W. D. Pa.,
1978).
Wilson, DA., H. E. Cramer, J. F. Bowers and H. V. Geary, 1977: Detailed
diffusion modeling as a method for interpreting and supplementing
air quality data. Preprint Volume for the Joint Conference on
Applications of Air Pollution Meteorology, American
Meteorological Society, Boston, Mass.
H-25
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(This Page Intentionally Blank)
H-26
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APPENDIX I.
THE SHORTZ METEOROLOGICAL PREPROCESSOR PROGRAM
I.I DESCRIPTION OF THE SHORTZ PREPROCESSOR PROGRAM METZ
The METZ meteorological preprocessor program is designed to use
National Weather Service (NWS) hourly surface weather observations and twice-
daily nixing height estimates to generate a magnetic tape of the hourly
values of the meteorological input parameters required by the SHORTZ pro-
gram. The inputs required by METZ are: (1) hourly NWS observations of sur-
face wind speed, wind direction, cloud cover and ceiling height in magnetic
tape format; and (2) daily minimum and maximum mixing heights in punched
card format, as determined from NWS 1200 GMT upper-air temperature sound-
ings using the methods of Holzworth (1972). With the exception of program
control parameters, the METZ input requirements and formats are the same as
for the meteorological preprocessor program for the U. S. Environmental
Protection Agency's short-term dispersion models such as the Single Source
(CRSTER) Model (EPA, 1977).
METZ converts the NWS surface wind speeds from knots to meters
per second. If the wind speed is calm or less than 1.0 meter per second,
the wind speed is set equal to 1.0 meter per second. The NWS surface wind
directions, which are reported to the nearest 10-degree sector, are random-
ized to the nearest degree within the sector in an attempt to account for
the actual variability of the wind within the sector. The METZ randomiza-
tion procedure differs from that used by the EPA meteorological preproces-
sor program in two ways. First, METZ does not convert the observed wind
directions to directions toward which the wind is blowing because SHORTZ is
designed to use conventional wind directions (directions from which the
wind is blowing). Second, the random number generator used by METZ is the
H. E. Cramer Company's UNRAN subroutine rather than the UNIVAC system RANDU
subroutine. If the wind is calm, the wind direction before randomization
1-1
-------
is set equal to the wind direction during the last non-calm hour. (Hours
of calm winds are flagged in the METZ listings of hourly meteorological
inputs.) METZ converts the surface temperature from degrees Fahrenheit to
degrees Kelvin for use in the SHORTZ calculations. Urban or rural mixing
depths are interpolated following the procedures discussed in Secton 2.1.1
(see Figure 2-1). The Turner (1964) approach is used to calculate the
Pasquill stability category during each hour. As a user option, METZ will
not allow the stability to change by more than one category from one hour
to the next. Wind-profile exponents are automatically assigned by SHORTZ
on the basis of wind speed and stability (see Table 2-2 in Section 2.1.1),
while the lateral and vertical turbulent intensities are automatically
assigned on the basis of stability (see Table 2-3 in Section 2.1.1). SHORTZ
program control parameter ISW(17) determines whether urban or rural turbu-
lent intensities are used in the model calculations (see Section 3.1.2).
METZ assigns the vertical potential temperature gradients listed in Table
2-4 in Section 2.1.1 on the basis of stability and wind speed; the user
must specify whether the values for humid or arid regions are to be used.
It is important to note that concentrations calculated using
Gaussian dispersion models such as SHORTZ are inversely proportional to the
mean wind speed. Thus, the calculated concentrations approach infinity as
the mean wind speed approaches zero (calm). Also, NWS surface wind speeds
and wind directions are short-term averages that often will not be repre-
sentative of hourly average wind speeds and wind directions under light
wind conditions. The procedures used by METZ to account for hours with
light or calm winds are based on the arbitrary procedures used by the EPA
meteorological preprocessor program. It has been the experience of the H.
E. Cramer Company that the hourly concentration patterns calculated by
SHORTZ during hours with NWS surface wind speeds less than about 3 knots
(1.54 meters per second) are often unreliable because of the deficiencies
for modeling purposes of the NWS surface wind data. The user is therefore
strongly urged to examine the meteorological conditions associated with the
highest calculated short-term concentrations. If hours with wind speeds
less than about 1.5 meters per second account for the highest calculated
1-2
-------
short-term concentrations, the accuracy of these calculated concentrations
may be questionable.
1.2
DATA INPUT DESCRIPTION
This section describes all card and tape input required by the
SHORTZ preprocessor program METZ.
1.2.1 Program Control Parameter Data
These card input data contain parameters which provide user
control of all program options and user input constants.
Parameter
Name
Description
ITITLE
Heading Label - This parameter allows the user to enter up
to 80 characters of run identification information. The
information entered in this parameter is printed at the top
of each page of print output.
ISW(l)
Stability Option - This option allows the user to specify
one of two Pasquill stability category output modes. A value
of "0" or blank directs the program to output the actual
Pasquill stability category computed for each hour regardless
of the stability during the previous hour. A value of "1"
directs the program to output a modified Pasquill stability
category that does not vary by more than one category from
one hour to the next.
ISW(2)
Potential Temperature Gradient (DLTH/DZ) Option - This
option allows the user to use vertical potential temperature
gradients for either humid or arid regions. The values
1-3
-------
assigned on the basis of wind speed and stability are listed
in Table 2.4 in Section 2.1.1. A value of "0" or blank dir-
ects the program to use humid values. A value of "1" directs
the program to use arid values.
ISW(3)
Mixing Depth Option - This option allows the user to compute
either rural or urban mixing depths. The procedure used to
determine mixing depths is described in Section 2.1.1. A
value of "0" or blank directs the program to compute rural
mixing depths. A value of "1" directs the program to com-
pute urban mixing depths.
ISU(4)
Day Option - This option allows the user to process selected
days of the year. If ISW(4) equals "0" or blank, SHORTZ
hourly meteorological inputs will be output for all 365 or
366 days of the year. A value of "1" for ISW(4) directs the
program to read the IDAYS array from input cards 4 through 8
and to output SHORTZ hourly meteorological inputs only for
the days with the corresponding value of IDAYS set equal to
it 1 ii
ISW(5)
Punch Option - This option allows the user to output the
SHORTZ hourly meteorological inputs to either punched cards
or a disk file. If ISW(5) equals "0" or blank, the output
is punched on cards. If ISW(5) equals "1", the output is
written to a disk file referenced by unit number 9.
1ST
The NWS surface station WBAN number. The station number
read from the CD 144 surface data input from unit number 8
is checked against 1ST to insure that correct data are used.
IYR
Year of surface data. IYR is used to check the CD 144 sur-
face data.
1-4
-------
ALAT
Latitude of surface station.
ALONG
Longitude of surface station.
ZONE
The time zone in which the surface station is located. For
the continental United States time zones, inputs are:
Eastern=5, Central=6, Mountain=7, Pacific=8.
Lateral diffusion coefficient. The default value equals
0.90.
CON
Rural mixing depth constant. The default value equals 100.0.
CON is multiplied by average wind speed to calculate rural
nighttime mixing depths.
ID AYS
Select Day Indicator - This parameter is omitted if ISW(4)
equals "0" or blank. The variable IDAYS, a 366-word array,
directs the METZ program to process a user-specified subset
of days from the full year of surface and upper-air input
data. If an array element of IDAYS has a value of "0", the
corresponding Julian Day of data is skipped and SHORTZ
hourly meteorological inputs are not output for that Julian
Day. If the array element of IDAYS has a value of "1", the
corresponding Julian Day of data is processed and SHORTZ
hourly meteorological inputs are output to either punched
cards or a disk file. For example, if IDAYS(165) equals
"1", SHORTZ meteorological inputs are output for each hour
of Julian Day 165.
1.2.2
Surface Data
METZ requires hourly NWS surface weather observations. Magnetic
tapes containing the hourly surface data in "Card Deck 144 (CD 144) format"
are available from the National Climatic Center (NCC) in Asheville, North
1-5
-------
Carolina. The format of these tapes is described in the Card Deck 144 WBAN
Hourly Surface Observations Reference Manual (NCC, 1970). CD 144 data used
by METZ include the station number, year, month, day, hour, cloud ceiling
height, wind direction, wind speed, dry bulb temperature and total opaque
sky cover. The other data available on the CD 144 tape are not used by
METZ. Table 1-1 describes the data parameters and format required by METZ.
Note that these data parameters and format are the same as required by the
EPA CRSTER preprocessor program. Each record of the surface data file must
contain only 1 hour of card image data. METZ references the surface data
file via unit number 8.
1.2.3 Mixing Depth Data
METZ requires daily minimum and maximum mixing depths in punched
card format, as determined from NWS 1200 GMT upper air temperature soundings
using the methods of Holzworth (1972). The methodology for calculating
hourly mixing depths from the twice daily mixing depths involves interpola-
tion using the morning and afternoon values from the current day and the
morning values from the following day. This methodology differs from that
used by the EPA CRSTER preprocessor program. The mixing depths for the
last day of the year preceeding the year of record should not be included
in the METZ mixing depth data inputs. METZ mixing depth data inputs must
begin with mixing depth for the first day of the year the user is processing.
However, as with the EPA CRSTER preprocessor program, the morning mixing
depth for the first day of the year following the year of record must be
included.
Each mixing depth data card contains the NWS upper air station
number, the date and the values for morning and afternoon mixing depths.
Table 1-2 is a description of the mixing depth card input format. Mixing
depth data on tape are available from the NCC. METZ mixing depth card in-
puts must be punched from either the NCC magnetic tape data or from printed
tabular data for the year and NUS upper-air station of record. Table 1-3
describes the NCC mixing height (depth) magnetic tape format. Note that
1-6
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TABLE 1-1
DATA RECORD FORMAT FOR NCC MAGNETIC TAPES OF CD 144 SURFACE
DATA - PREPROCESSOR REQUIRED DATA ONLY
Record
Positions
1-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12-13
14-16
17-38
39-40
41-42
43-46
47-49
50-78
79
80
Format
15
12
12
12
12
3A1
22X
12
12
4X
13
29X
Al
IX
i
Description
NWS Surface Station WBAN Number
Year of Record (last two digits)
Month
Day
Hour
Ceiling Height
Blank
Wind direction (Tens of degrees)
Wind speed (Knots)
Blank
Temperature
Blank
Opaque
Blank
1-7
-------
TABLE 1-2
METZ MIXING DEPTH DATA CARD FORMAT
Card
Columns
1-5
6-7
8-9
10-11
12
13-17
18-30
31-35
Format
15
12
12
12
IX
F5.0
13X
F5.0
Description
NWS Upper Air Station WBAN
Number
Year of record (last two digits)
Month
Day
Blank
Morning Mixing Depth (m)
Blank
Afternoon Mixing Depth (m)
I-l
-------
TABLE 1-3
DATA RECORD FORMAT FOR NCC MAGNETIC TAPES OF MORNING
AND AFTERNOON MIXING HEIGHTS (DEPTHS)
Record
Positions
1-5
6-7
8-9
10
11-12
13
14-17
18-20
21-23
24
25-28
29-31
32-34
Format
15
12
12
11
12
Al
14
13
13
Al
14
13
13
Description
NWS Upper Air Station WBAN Number
Year of record (last two digits)
Month
Season (1 = Dec. -Feb., 2 = Mar. -May,
3 = June-Aug., 4 = Sept. -Nov.)
Day
Type Code (P = precipitation,
C = morning average temperature
plus 5°C is less than 1200 GMT
surface temperature, M = missing)
Morning Mixing Height (m)
— 1
Morning* Surface Wind Speed (m s )
Morning Wind Speed Averaged from
Surface through Mixing Layer (m s )
Type Code (P = precipitation,
C = afternoon average temperature
is less than 1200 GMT surface tem-
perature, M = missing)
Afternoon Mixing Height (m)
Afternoon** Surface Wind Speed
(m s )
Afternoon Wind Speed Averaged from
Surface through Mixing Layer (m s )
* 0200-0600 LST
** 1200-1600 LST
1-9
-------
the NCC tape format is not the same as the format required by METZ for the
mixing depth data card input.
METZ references the mixing depth data via unit number 5. There-
fore, the mixing depth data can be punched on cards and inserted immediately
after the METZ program control input cards or, if card image data exists on
a disk file, this file can be "@ADD'ed" to the runstream after the program
control input cards.
1.3 OUTPUT DESCRIPTION
The METZ preprocessor program produces both print output and
either disk file or punched card output. The first page of the print out-
put lists the program control card input data as well as the station number
and year of the mixing depth data. The remainder of the print output lists
the SHORTZ hourly meteorological inputs with 3.5 days of inputs listed per
page. Tables 1-4 and 1-5 show respectively an example of the first page of
METZ print output and an example page of the METZ listing of SHORTZ hourly
meteorological inputs. As shown by Table 1-5, the SHORTZ meteorological
inputs printed include wind direction (degrees), wind speed (meters per
second), rural/urban mixing depth (meters), temperature (degrees Kelvin),
arid/humid vertical potential temperature gradient (degrees Kelvin per
meter) and actual/modified stability category. Other parameters listed
include year, month, day, hour, Julian Day and time of sunrise and sunset.
If ISW(4) equals "0", hourly meteorological inputs are printed for all days
of the year. If ISW(4) equals "1", only the hourly meteorological inputs
for the days specified by parameter IDAYS are printed.
Both the punched card and disk file output consists of the hour,
wind direction, wind speed, mixing depth, temperature, vertical potential
temperature gradient, stability category and lateral diffusion coefficient.
The format of both the punched cards and the card image disk file is that
required by SHORTZ and described in Section 3.2.3. Note that the Pasquill
1-10
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G category (category 7) is converted to the Pasquill F category (category
6) for output to cards or disk.
Use of the preprocessor output is best explained by referencing
Section 3.2.2 in the main body of the report. If output is in the form of
punched cards (METZ control parameter ISW(5) equals "0"), simply insert the
cards as Card Group 11 in the SHORTZ input deck (see Table 3-5). The correct
card input order is shown in Figure 3-1. If METZ output is written to a
disk file (METZ control parameter ISW(5) equals "1"), replace SHORTZ input
Card Group 11 with the following UNIVAC ECL control statement:
@ADD out-file
where
out-file = METZ output disk file as described in Section I.A.I
Also, check to insure that SHORTZ input parameter NDAYS is equal to the
total number of days of proprocessed meteorological inputs inserted in the
SHORTZ input deck.
1.4 CONTROL LANGUAGE AND DATA DECK SETUP
1.4.1 Control Language Requirements
The following illustrates the required ECL control statement run-
stream for a typical run on a UNIVAC 1100/60 Operating System:
@RUN, priority jobid,account.userid, time, pages
(?ASG,A prog-file.
PASG.A cd!44-file.
1-13
-------
(§USE
8.,cdU4-file.
@ASG,A
@ASG,UP
@USE
@XQT
card-input-data
mix-depth-cards
or
@ADD mix-file
@FIN
mix-file.
out-file.
9.,out-file.
prog-file.METZ
Optional, required only when the
mixing depth card image data are in
a disk file. The file is "@ADD'ed"
to the runstream later.
Optional, required only when SHORTZ
hourly meteorological inputs are
written to a disk file (ISW(5)="1")
Required if the mixing depth data
cards have been placed in a disk
file.
where,
priority = job run priority
jobid = six-character user supplied job identification or
terminal site identification name.
account = account number
userid = 12 character user supplied project number or user
number
1-14
-------
time = execution time required in minutes
pages = output pages required
prog-file = the name of the program file. This example assumes
the user has assembled and collected the METZ pre-
processor program into prog-file and called the
absolute program METZ.
cd!44-file = the name of the file containing the CD 144 surface
data inputs. Each record of cd!44-file must con-
tain only 1 hour of surface data. METZ references
cd!44-file via unit number 8.
mix-file = the name of the file containing card image mixing
depth data. This file is not required if mixing
depth data are to be read directly from punched
cards which follow the METZ program control input
cards.
out-file = the name of the disk file which will receive the
SHORTZ meteorological data inputs. This file is
used only if ISW(5) equals "1". METZ references
out-file by unit number 9.
card-input-data = METZ preprocesser program control input cards as
described in Section 1.4.2.
mix-depth-cards = Twice daily mixing depth card data. These mixing
depth data cards should be placed immediately after
the program control input cards. If the mixing
depth data cards have been stored on a disk file,
use the statement "@ADD mix-file" to insert the
data into the runstream after the program control
input cards.
1-15
-------
1.4.2 Control Input Data Deck Setup
The brief control input data deck outlined below is followed in
Table 1-6 by a more detailed description of METZ control card input
requirements. The control input data cards follow the @XQT statement in
the following order:
• Card No. 1 - Title card
• Card No. 2 - Program control options
• Card No. 3 - Surface station information and user
input program constants
• Cards No. 4
through No. 8 - Day selection information. These 5
cards are omitted if ISW(4) equals "0".
1.5 PROGRAM RUN TIME, PAGE AND CARD OUTPUT
Run Time
The run time required to process and output a full year of data
is approximately 3 minutes on an UNIVAC 1100/60-H2 Computer. Processing
only selected days will decrease run time, but not in direct proportion to
the number of days processed. Consequently, the user should allow up to 3
minutes of run time for each run.
Page Output
Print output consists of one program control data output page and
one page for every 3.5 days processed. Therefore the total number of pages
printed will be:
1-16
-------
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No. of Pages = 1 + NDAYS/3.5
(I-D
where,
NDAYS = the total number of days processed. If ISW(4)
equals "0", NDAYS equals either "365" or "366" for
leap years. If ISW(4) equals "1", NDAYS equals
the number of days selected through the IDAYS
parameter to be processed.
Card Output
One card is punched for each hour of data processed. Similarly,
one record is written to the disk file (unit number 9) for each hour pro-
cessed. Therefore, the total number of cards punched or of records written
to file is 24'NDAYS.
1.6
PROGRAM DIAGNOSTIC MESSAGES
METZ performs several checks on the surface data and mixing depth
data to insure dates and station numbers agree with user input and to guar-
antee data inputs are not out of order. All error messages terminate pro-
gram execution so that the user can correct data input errors before con-
tinuing. A list of diagnostic messages with explanations is given in Table
1-7.
Diagnostic Messages 1,3 and 4 also list (in addition to the mes-
sages described in Table 1-7) the surface data for the day being processed
by the preprocessor program when the error occurred. This feature enables
quick identification and correction of most data check errors encountered.
The surface data are listed in the following format:
1-19
-------
TABLE 1-7
1. *** JULIAN DAY OF SURFACE MET DATA IS IN ERROR ***
JULIAN DAY SHOULD BE xxx BUT IS xxx MONTH AND DAY ARE RESPECTIVELY xx xx
The CD 144 surface data month and day are checked to insure proper
sequence of data. If this message appears, the surface data are not in
sequential order. Locate the month and day of data as indicated in the
message and correct.
2. *** DATES OF MIXING DEPTH DATA AND SURFACE DATA DO NOT AGREE ***
MIXING DEPTH DATA YEAR, MONTH, DAY = xx xx xx
SURFACE DATA YEAR, MONTH, DAY = xx xx xx
Dates of surface data and mixing depth data must agree. Check both
days indicated in the error message and correct appropriately.
3. *** STATION NUMBER OR YEAR OF SURFACE MET DATA IS IN ERROR ***
CONTROL CARD WBAN NO. = xxx SURFACE STATION WBAN NO. = xxx
CONTROL CARD YEAR = xx SURFACE STATION YEAR = xx
CD 144 surface data station WBAN number and year of data are checked
with user input station WBAN number 1ST and year of surface data IYR.
Check program control input Card No. 3 to eliminate possible key punch
errors. Also check CD 144 surface data for an incorrect station WBAN
number or year.
4. *** HOUR OF SURFACE DATA IS IN ERROR ***
HOUR SHOULD BE xx BUT IS xx
Each hour of CD 144 surface data is checked for proper sequence.
Determine which hour of data is out of sequence and correct.
1-20
-------
SURFACE DATA FOR THE DAY CURRENTLY BEING PROCESSED ARE:
STA MO YR MO DY HR CEILING WIND DIR WIND SPD TEMP SKY
XXXXX XX XX XX 01 XXX XXX XXX XXX X
XXXXX XX XX XX 02 XXX XXX XXX XXX X
XXXXX XX XX XX 24 XXX XXX XXX XXX
1-21
-------
REFERENCES
Environmental Protection Agency, 1977: User's manual for Single Source
(CRSTER) Model. EPA Report No. EPA-450/2-77-013. U. S. Environ-
mental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
Holzworth, G. C., 1972: Mixing heights, wind speeds and potential for urban
air pollution throughout the contiguous United States. Publica-
tion No. AP-101, U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, North Carolina.
National Climatic Center, 1977: Card Deck 144 WBAN Hourly Surface Observa-
tions Reference Manual, National Climatic Center, Asheville, North
Carolina.
Turner, D. B., 1964: A diffusion model for an urban area. Journal of Applied
Meteorology, 3(1), 83-91.
1-22
-------
COMPLETE FORTRAN LISTING OF THE SHORTZ METEOROLOGICAL
PREPROCESSOR (METZ) COMPUTER PROGRAM
1-23
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(This Page Intentionally Blank)
1-40
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Please read fiiuriicnons on llic reverse bctore completing)
1 REPORT NO
EPA-903/9-82-004b
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE
User's Instructions for the SHORTZ and LONGZ
Computer Programs—Volume II
5. REPORT DATE
March 1982
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
7. AUTHORiS)
Jay R. Bjorklund and James F. Bowers
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
TR-82-131-01
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
H. E. Cramer Company, Inc.
P. 0. Box 8049
Salt Lake City, Utah 84108
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
Contract No. 68-02-2547
Task Order No. 1
12. SPONSORING AGENCY NAME AND ADDRESS
U. S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region III
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
Final
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
15. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
16. ABSTRACT
The SHORTZ and LONGZ computer programs are designed to calculate the short-
term and long-term ground-level pollutant concentrations produced at a large
number of receptors by emissions from multiple stack, building and area sources.
SHORTZ and LONGZ are applicable in either rural or urban areas of both flat and
complex terrain. SHORTZ and LONGZ are written in FORTRAN and are specifically
designed for use on a UNIVAC 1110 (or other UNIVAC 1100 series) computer. Both
programs require a random-access mass storage device. SHORTZ requires approxi-
mately 55K words of core and LONGZ requires approximately 50K words of core.
Volume I of the User's Instructions contains a detailed technical discussion of
the dispersion-model equations implemented by SHORTZ and LONGZ and detailed user's
instructions for the two programs. Volume II contains appendices which include:
(1) complete listings of the SHORTZ and LONGZ programs, (2) example SHORTZ and
LONGZ problems, (3) coding forms for card input to SHORTZ and LONGZ, (4) discus-
sions of the development and testing of the stack-tip downwash and complex
terrain algorithms used by SHORTZ and LONGZ, and (5) a SHORTZ meteorological
preprocessor program for use with National Weather Service (NWS) surface and
upper-air meteorological data.
17.
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
b.IDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS C. COSATI Field/Group
DESCRIPTORS
Air pollution
Turbulent diffusion
Meteorology
Mathematical models
Computer models
Dispersion
Complex terrain
Downwash
13. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
1S. SECURITY CLASS f This Report)
Unclassified
21. NO. OF PAGES
20 SECURITY CLASS (This page)
Unclassified
22. PRICE
EPA Form 2220-1 (9-73)
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