I
United States Region 3
Environmental Protection 6th and Walnut Streets EPA-903/9-83-001
Agency Philadelphia, PA 19106 March 1983
Air
Guide to Use of Selected
UNAMAP (Version 4)
Dispersion Models on the
Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania Computer
System
Region III Library
Environmental Protection Agenqr
U.S. En'.rercnentel PreltcSea Agency
R-;jr'3 III Snfomaltofl Resource
8^1 C;jK'.r,ut Strut
PMia^aiphia, PA 19187 •:'
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EPA-903/9-83-001
Prepared for
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
Air and Waste Management Division
Region III
Contract No. 68-02-3510
Work Assignment No. 17
GUIDE TO USE OF SELECTED UNAMAP
(VERSION 4) DISPERSION MODELS ON
THE COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA
COMPUTER SYSTEM
Final Report
U.A Eii;;!ronm»nt»! Prelection Ageoqf
R^sa III Informatian Resourca
Ccdir (?rf«52)
&1 Cs«t5ut Street
March 1983 PfelaJpW^ PA 181% / ~~
Prepared by
Mark E. Connolly
Alan D. Goldman
Frederick M. Sellars
GCA CORPORATION
GCA/TECHNOLOGY DIVISION
Bedford, Massachusetts
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DISCLAIMER
This Final Report was furnished to the Environmental Protection Agency by
the GCA Corporation, GCA/Technology Division, Bedford, Massachusetts 01730, in
fulfillment of Contract No. 68-02-3510, Work Assignment No. 17. The opinions,
findings, and conclusions expressed are those of the authors and not
necessarily those of the Environmental Protection Agency or the cooperating
agencies. Mention of company or product names is not to be considered as an
endorsement by the Environmental Protection Agency.
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PREFACE
This User's Guide has been prepared to serve as a simple and concise
operating manual for performing dispersion modeling analyses using selected
UNAMAP programs on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania computer system. Within
this scope, this document cannot serve as a reference for Burroughs job
control language (WFL) or in the use of CANDE. Operating procedures for the
computer facility are referenced only as necessary to describe program
initiation and the actual use of the models is addressed from an operational
rather than technical point of view.
This manual has been prepared so that a user can set up and run each
model with reference being made only to the appropriate user manual for that
model. For more information the user is referred to the following documents:
• The B6700 WFL Primer1
• The Complete CANDE Primer2
• SYMAP User's Reference Manual-^
User's manuals for most of the UNAMAP dispersion models are available at
the Department of Environmental Resources or may be obtained from the National
Technical Information Service (NTIS), Springfield, Virginia. At this writing,
no user's manual has been published for the revised RAM model. Brief user
information for the RAM model is offered in Appendix A.
ill
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CONTENTS
Preface ill
Figures v
1. Introduction 1
Purpose and use of manual 1
Manual organization 1
Additional guidance 2
Installation of the UNAMAP models 2
2. Model Descriptions 3
Model identification 3
Model descriptions 4
3. Burroughs B6700 Computer Facility 7
General information 7
UNAMAP installation 7
Use of UNAMAP package 8
4. Model Execution 12
Introduction 12
HIWAY2 12
CDMQC 14
CRSTER 17
PAL 20
RAM 22
OZIPP 25
BLP 27
5. References 30
Appendices
A. Brief User's Guide for Revised Ram Version 81352 32
iv
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FIGURES
Number Page
1 Relationships of Model Execution Files 11
2 CRSTER program elements 18
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
PURPOSE AND USE OF MANUAL
This document has been prepared to provide guidance for the application
of selected models in the User's Network for Applied Modeling of Air Pollution
(UNAMAP). It is designed to provide guidance for using these models on the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Burroughs B6700 computer. This document is
intended to serve as a simple and concise operating manual which provides
guidance in the application of the UNAMAP models. The procedures for
developing and formatting input data and interpreting model results are
provided in the appropriate user's manuals and are not covered in this
manual. At the time of preparation of this document, a user's manual had not
been published for the revised RAM model. Brief user information for the RAM
model is offered in Appendix A as an interim measure until the user's manual
is available.
MANUAL ORGANIZATION
This manual has been designed to facilitate model execution by providing
sample execution decks (WFL) and input test cases. Section 2 contains
descriptions of selected models and can be used to select the single model
best suited for the intended application.
Section 3 describes the use of the Burroughs B6700 computer with regard
to the UNAMAP package. It is suggested that modelers who are not familiar
with the Burroughs computer first consult the WFL Primer^- and the CANDE
Primer, for information on the fundamental concepts of using the computer
and text editor. Section 3 can then be used to run the selected batch models.
Section 4 describes in more detail the execution of each model on the
Burroughs computer. Reference to the appropriate user's manual is essential
for successful model application. These sections suppliment the instructions
contained in each of the user's manuals by providing further information on
the basis and limitations of the model, and displaying sample input for the
computer. All references cited in this document are identified in Section 5.
Appendix A provides brief user information for the revised RAM model.
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ADDITIONAL GUIDANCE
If necessary, the user can obtain help in running these models from
several sources, depending on the nature of the problem. Questions concerning
use of the Burroughs computer, including WFL should be directed to Software
Support at (717) 787-1448. Problems in setup and interpretation of model runs
should be coordinated through the Division of Air Resource Management,
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources. The principle contact is
Mr. Fran Gombar at (717) 787-4310.
INSTALLATION OF THE UNAMAP MODELS
Installation of the models covered by this manual was performed under
contract to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, Region III.
This manual has been prepared by GCA/Technology Division in response to the
requirements of that contract. Additional efforts undertaken are described
below.
GCA attempted to modify the input/output features of the LONGZ and SHORTZ
models. Due to significant differences between the Burroughs and IBM
computers this was not possible. Data manipulation by use of large buffers on
multiple tapes is available only on the IBM machine and the LONGZ and SHORTZ
models were written with that capability in mind. Therefore, since the
Burroughs machine does not have the ability to manipulate data in this way,
these models were not modified.
Implementation of the SYMAP package was completed in part by DER's
acquisition of a fully Burroughs compatible version of the programs. GCA
presented a training session to DER personnel in March 1983, based on the
"SYMAP User's Reference Manual."3
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SECTION 2
MODEL DESCRIPTIONS
MODEL IDENTIFICATION
The models included in the UNAMAP package generally calculate the ambient
impact of a pollutant source by applying the Gaussian dispersion algorithms
(see Turner, "Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates").^ The models
differ as to the number and type of sources considered, number and configur-
ation of receptors, time scale, meteorological data used, pollutant type, and
terrain considerations.
Source types are normally defined as point, area, or line. A point
source is an individual stack which emits a given amount of a pollutant; the
amount of pollutant is typically ralated to the process activity rate (e.g.,
fuel burned per hour). Parameters used in defining a point source are
location, emission rate, stack height and diameter, and exit gas velocity and
temperature. Area sources encompass all emissions within a given area, such
as a square kilometer of Philadelphia. All emissions (i.e., residential,
commercial, industrial, transportation, etc) are lumped into a single grid.
An area source is defined by its location, area, and emission rates. Normal
modeling practice when studying regions with many emission sources is to model
the largest sources as points and "lump" the remainder as area sources. Line
sources are used to represent emissions which are spatially linear such as
highways and airport runways. This source type is typically used only in
mobile source models, although some of the more complex models allow for line
sources in addition to point and area sources.
Several of the models indicate applicability in the urban locale. Only
the RAM model actually lets the user make the evaluation using the McElroy-
Pooler urban dispersion curves. All other "urban" models simply make
adjustments to the computed stability class in order to simulate urban
mechanical turbulence. The standard rural dispersion curves are then used to
represent plume spread.
Three types of meteorological data can be used in model applications -
default, hourly, and STAR. When a model uses default meteorology, it is
attempting to determine the hypothetical worst case concentration. No effort
is made in this type of study to relate results to normal meteorological
events. Hourly meteorology indicates that actual hour-by-hour conditions are
represented by the model, thus taking into account natural variability and its
effect on ambient concentrations. The final data type is STAR data. STAR
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data consists of a joint frequency distribution which describes the frequency
of occurrence of a wind direction sector, a wind speed class, and a stability
category. These data are available from the National Climatic Center,
Asheville, North Carolina. STAR type data can also be generated from hourly
meteorological data for use with models such as COM. STAR data are normally
used to represent long-term (monthly, seasonal, annual) concentrations.
MODEL DESCRIPTIONS
Brief descriptions of the applications and level of detail necessary for
selected UNAMAP models are presented below. The user should consult Section 4
for more detailed discussions including input, limitations, and applicability.
CDM and CDMQC
The Climatological Dispersion Model (CDM) calculates long-term pollutant
concentrations from point and area sources. The sources and ground level
receptors are defined by the user on a rectangular grid. Two pollutants may
be considered at once and a half-life may be specified to include pollutant
decay. A list of partial concentrations from each source is available at each
receptor from CDMQC. Maximum concentrations over a given averaging time up to
a day in length may be calculated, making it practical for estimating
short-term results. Statistical methods are included for program
calibration. Histogram-plotting (windrose) data are also available for
concentrations as a function of the wind sector. The meteorological data
necessary include STAR data, a joint frequency function for wind speed and
direction, and the stability class.
CRSTER
The Single Source, or CRSTER Model calculates the short- and long-term
effect of pollutants from a single site. As many as 19 stacks may be
considered at this site. The locale may be urban or rural, flat or uneven.
Receptors are located every 10 degrees on a radial grid at distances from the
site which are chosen by the user. Any of various averaging times may be used
and the highest concentrations for each averaging time used may be
calculated. Thus, this model is useful for long-term studies, including the
maximum expected concentrations, for planning and applications. Hourly
meteorological data is needed for a full year and is handled by a preprocessor
program. Average source characteristics are used.
HIWAY2
HIWAY2 is useful for determining the impact of a roadway on the local
air quality. The pollutant (normally carbon monoxide) concentration is
calculated at specified receptors downwind of the highway. The meteorology is
specified for a single point in time. An "at grade" highway is treated as a
straight line source and a "cut section" is considered as an area source.
Level terrain is assumed. Some difficulty lies with estimating the emission
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rate for each lane since it is a function of traffic rate, average vehicle
speed, and the mix of vehicle models and years. The emission factors implicit
in the program are out of date.
PAL
PAL (the point, area, line source model) is useful for estimating the
contributions from point, area, line, and curved path sources within part of
an urban area for short-term pollutant concentrations. The time scales most
often used are 1 to 24 hours. As well as calculating the hourly concentration
values, the average concentrations for the time period are found. The partial
concentration from each source type is included in the output. Line and
curved path sources may be specified so that their endpoints are at different
heights above the ground. The emission rate may be varied along a line or
curved path source, and source emission data may be varied hourly, along with
the meteorological data. The receptor locations are specified by the user on
a rectangular grid.
RAM
The RAM model will calculate pollutant concentrations from point and area
sources in an urban environment. Either short-term (one to several days)
concentrations or long-term concentrations for a full year are output. Two
pollutants may be handled at once and exponential decay is considered. The
grid system is rectangular. Receptor locations may be chosen by the user,
determined by the model as the locations of maximum concentrations downwind of
the sources, or determined by the model to represent a good coverage of a
specified portion of the modeled area. The model requires a preprocessing of
hourly meteorological data and twice-daily mixing height data. For short-term
application, such information is included with the input.
HLP
The BLP dispersion model was developed specifically for aluminum
reduction plants. Aluminum reduction plants are a complex arrangement of
emission sources, composed of parallel, low-level, buoyant line sources called
potrooms interspersed, typically, by short sources. The major features of the
BLP dispersion model are: UTM or line source oriented coordinate system;
multiple point source and finite buoyuant line source capability; finite
buoyant line source plume rise, plume enhancement due to multiple line
sources; vertical wind shear in plume rise formulations for both point and
line sources; transitional plume rise; incorporation of building downwash in
both dispersion and plume rise calculations for point and line sources;
terrain adjustment plume path coefficients; time-dependent pollutant decay;
source contribution concentrations; flexible post-processing package.
OZ1PP
The Kinetics Model and Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package (OZIPP) is a
computerized model that simulates ozone formation in urban atmospheres. OZIPP
calculates maximum one-hour average ozone concentrations given a set of input
assumptions about initial precursor concentrations, light intensity, dilution,
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diurnal and spatial emission patterns, transported pollutant concentrations,
and reactivity of the precursor mix. The results of multiple simulations are
used to produce an ozone isopleth diagram tailored to particular cities- Such
a diagram relates maximum ozone concentrations to concentrations of
non-methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen, and can be used in the
Empirical Kinetic Modeling Approach (EKMA) to calculate emissions reductions
necessary to achieve air quality standards for photochemical oxidants. The
user's manual describes the technical basis, necessary and optional input
data, computer code and the use of OZIPP.
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SECTION 3
BURROUGHS B6700 COMPUTER FACILITY
GENERAL INFORMATION
The UNAMAP package is installed on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,
Burroughs B6700 computer facility. Use of this machine is limited to
authorized users. Information on becoming user can be obtained from the
Pennsylvania DER.
Access to the computer can be made using two techniques:
• Card Deck (Batch)
• Online Terminal (Interactive)
Access by batch involves the use of computer cards to tell the computer
which programs to execute and to provide input data. Output is received on
line printers. The UNAMAP system can be run from batch; however, the
installation has been oriented primarily towards online terminals.
Online terminal systems involve building and manipulating direct access
disk files using the text editing system called CANDE, and the job execution
language called WFL. With this type of system, a file of input records is
created and stored on a disk pack. This information can then be edited to fit
a particular application and, when correct, submitted to the computer for
processing. Output from a job can be received either at the terminal or can
be routed to a line printer. A typical mode of operation would be to submit a
job from CANDE. After it has executed, route the job to a convenient line
printer to review the results.
In this section of the UNAMAP User's Guide, the basic procedures needed
to run UNAMAP on the Burroughs computer are described. Necessarily, system
security and access codes cannot be published in this document. It is
recommended that the reader be familiar with the Burroughs computer before
trying to use the UNAMAP programs. However, sufficient information is
presented in the remainder of this section to allow routine program execution.
UNAMAP INSTALLATION
UNAMAP has been installed on the Burroughs computer in order to allow
access either by batch or online terminal. When the programs are accessed, a
file of input records is created, either on cards or using the text editing
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system (CANDE), and then these records are submitted to the computer. From
this point, the job waits in a queue until its turn for execution comes.
After execution, the job is returned to the user's terminal or a line
printer. Throughout this process, the user has no contact with the job (other
than status checking and cancellation options).
USE OF UNAMAP PACKAGE
The UNAMAP dispersion modeling package is a series of computer programs,
each of which is applicable to certain source types, terrain, or detail of
input data. Sections 1 and 2 should be used to locate the appropriate model
for the application of interest. The more detailed information contained in
Section 4 plus the model user's manual should also be understood before
proceeding. A set of all user's manuals is kept in the Department of
Environmental Resources offices.
This section describes the log on procedures, model execution, Work Flow
Language (WFL), and general techniques for building a model input stream.
Logon Procedure
The first step in actually working with the computer is to establish
contact. This process is termed "logging on" and involves providing the
computer security system with several keywords in order to identify yourself.
The required information to successfully log on are:
• User Code
• Project Charge Code
After turning on the terminal, type:
HELLO
This will initiate the log on sequence. Wait for the greeting from
CANDE. This message will end with the words:
# ENTER USERCODE PLEASE
Enter your usercode followed by a carriage return (CR).
CANDE will then respond with:
# ENTER CHARGECODE PLEASE
Enter your designated chargecode followed by a carriage return. CANDE
will then respond with "news' items and then the message:
# SESSION (session number)(current time)(date)
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This signifies a success/ul log on and you are ready to proceed.
When ready to end a CANDE session, enter the command:
BYE
CANDE will then terminate the session.
Execution ot a Model
The UNAMAP models generally require significant quantities of CPU time
and a great deal of input information and often require tape drives. The
basic setup of a modeling run requires several items:
• The executable model object code,
• An input data set,
• A Work Flow Language (WFL) control deck.
The object code for each model is located on the library of object files. In-
put data sets are required by each model and must be prepared each time by the
user. WFL decks are required to run each job from CANDE and consist of the
basic card types listed below:
• ? BEGIN JOB (jobname);
• CLASS •= _;
• RUN OIUECT/Object code name;
• FILE FILE5 (TITLE = D/dataset name);
• END JOB
where "job name" is the name of job being run and is used to differentiate
jobs from one another. "Class" is the queue number and is generally equal to
6 for UNAMAP model runs. Different queues allow different amounts of run
time, line output, etc. (see WFL primer^-). The RUN card tells the computer
which program or object code to execute. The FILE card or cards tell the
computer which input/output devices are to be attached to data files, line
printers, terminals, etc. The END JOB card is required in all cases to mark
the end of a WFL deck. Figure 1 shows the relationship of the various files.
To create a disk file, use the command MAKE filename (see CANDE
Primer^). Once the disk file is complete, enter the command SAVE.2 TO
execute a job once the input data disk file and the WFL file are complete and
correct, enter the WFL file (use the command GET^ filename) and then type
the command START. * This will put the WFL job into execution and return the
results to the user's terminal or a line printer.
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Special Concerns
a) When executing any of the models which use a free format, type of
input data (i.e., PAL, HIWAY, etc.) the input data file must be
restructured to have the UNITs option equal to 1 (characters not words).
It is also necessary to include the option UNITS = 1, in the file
declaration statements in the source/object code and in the WFL deck.
b) Any model which uses an unformatted (binary) file of input data,
such as preprocessed meteorological data, must include the option
FILETYPE = 6 as part of the file declaration statements in the
source/object code and in the WFL deck.
c) Care must be exercised when compiling certain programs. Some codes
depend on the compiler being able to carry stored values between separate
calls to a subroutine. The Burroughs default is to not carry these
values over as necessary. When difficulties occur which indicate some
variables in a program need to be included in a COMMON Statement, the
compiler option $ SET OWN should be enabled and the program recompiled.
d) Reading from or writing to magnetic tapes requires special
treatment. First, computer operations must be notified, in advance, of
any job or task requiring the use of tapes. Data may be read from or
written to a tape via WFL commands or a program as easily as disk files.
However, data tapes which are written on must be accessed by including
the SAVEFACTOR option. The WFL deck should include this option on the
file declaration statement, i.e. SAVEFACTOR = 365.
e) Creation of a disk file, as the output of a program can be
accomplished in the WFL deck. However, unless the PROTECTION option is
used in the file declaration statement, the disk file will not remain in
the user's catalog. It will exist only as a scratch file and will
disappear when the job/task is terminated. Therefore, include the option
PROTECTION = SAVE in any file declarations which create new disk files as
program output.
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OBJECT
CODE
MODEL INPUT DATA
FROM DISK
WORK FLOW
LANGUAGE
(WFL) DECK
MODEL
NPUT DATA
FROM TAPE
PROGRAM
OUTPUT TO
LINE PRINTER
PROGRAM
OUTPUT DATA
TO TAPE
Figure 1. Relationships of Model Execution Files,
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SECTION 4
MODEL EXECUTION
INTRODUCTION
Each of the UNAMAP models can be run from an interactive terminal. As
explained in Section 3, this method of program execution involves building a
stream of input records composed of control cards and input data which is
submitted to the computer. The job is placed in a queue and, after execution,
returned to the user's terminal or a line printer. Input of the job stream to
the computer can be via cards or CANDE text-editor built disk files. All
examples in this manual are based on execution by CANDE.
Since the input data for many of the models can be very detailed and
complex, one way to facilitate setting up a model run is to copy an existing
data set and then make appropriate changes to it. This can be accomplished by
issuing the following command:
GET MODEL/TESTDAT AS MODEL/RUNDAT
This will make a copy of the test input data under the user's I.D. The file
then can be edited with CANDE and revised to meet the user's particular
application. Once the input data are complete and correct, the model can be
submitted to the computer by "getting" the WFL deck and issuing the command:
START. As noted in Section 1, this manual does not present specific input
formats for every model, but rather references the user's manual of the model
of interest for details. This section is provided as a summary oE the uses
and limitations of the models and presents an example of the proper input
stream for use on the Burroughs computer. It is imperative that the
individual program user's manuals be consulted for the preparation of input
data and interpretation of results.
HIWAY2
Description
The HIWAY2 model, an update of the HIWAY model, calculates air quality
levels of nonreactive pollutants downwind of a highway. The pollutant
emission rates may be specified for each lane of traffic. A rectangular grid
is used and may be adjusted by the user for distances ranging between tens and
hundreds of meters. The user specifies the highway orientation relative to
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north and also the downwind receptor locations. The width of the median strip
and total roadway width must be known. A single set of meteorological
conditions are considered for each run.
If the user specifies an "at-grade" section, the program treats each lane
of traffic as a finite line source similar to those in Turner's Workbook,^
but it can also consider finite line sources at any angle to the wind.
Usually, the sources and receptors are at ground-level where mixing height has
no effect, but source and receptor height may also be considered and effects
of mixing height included.
Concentration estimates may also be made downwind of a "cut-section."
The top of such a section is considered an area source and simulated by a
series of 10 equal line sources with emissions totaling that of the highway.
A more detailed description of the program calculation may be found in
the "User's Guide for H1WAY."6
Uses
This program is useful for determining the impact of a proposed roadway
(or proposed changes to an existing roadway) on the local air quality.
Limitations
Some of the assumptions implicit in the calculations are:
• A Gaussian plume model is appropriate and numerically integrated
along the line.
• Meteorological conditions are steady-state. Windflow is horizonal
with no shear.
• Dispersion parameters are determined from rural data.
• The terrain is relatively uncomplicated.
• The line-source strength is a function of traffic rate, average
vehicle speed, and traffic type mix.
• The pollutant is nonreactive
The highway orientation is specified by two sets of endpoint coordinates
(km), its height above ground (m), and whether it is an at-grade or cut
section. To determine emissions, the highway width (m), width of the center
strip (m), number of traffic lanes, and the emission rate for each lane
(g/sec-m) are necessary input. To characterize the plume, data on the
windspeed (m/sec) and direction (degrees), height of the mixing level (m), and
the stability class are needed. As many as 50 receptor coordinates (km) and
heights (m) may be specified.
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The data format may be found in the User's Guide for HIWAY.6
Output
The run identification label and input data used for the calculations are
printed first. This is followed by a tabulation of the pollutant concentra-
tion at each receptor. The concentration is printed both in micrograms per
cubic meter, and in parts per million (ppm). However, the parts per million
column is valid only if carbon monoxide is the pollutant being modeled.
Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the HIWAY2 model is presented below. The
sample case input data is located in a file named D/M/HWYIN. The WFL deck
used is as follows:
100 7BEGIN JOB J/RUN/HIWAY2;
200 CLASS=6;
300 RUN OBJECT/OHWY;
400 FILE b=FILE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILES (TITLE=D/M/HWYIN);
600 END JOB
CDMQC
Description
The Climatological Dispersion Model (COM) calculates long-term pollutant
concentration at ground-level receptors from point and area sources in an
urban environment. The sources and receptors are user defined on a
rectangular grid. Two pollutants may be considered at one time, the most
usual combination being sulfur dioxide and particulate matter. The
possibility of pollutant removal by physical or chemical processes is included
in a decay expression. The meteorological data necessary includes the STAR
joint frequency distribution which describes the joint frequency of occurrence
of a wind director sector, a windspeed class and a stability category. The
Day-Night version of STAR program gives the proper form of this data and is
available from the National Climatic Center or can be created from the hourly
meteorological data tape.
For a point source, the plume is modeled with a Gaussian distribution.
The area source algorithm includes an angular numerical integration and may be
used for a receptor either within or outside of the emission grid array.
initial values for the dispersion coefficients may be input to help represent
the vertical dispersion over urban topography. Appropriate values are
described in User's Guide for COM.? The increase of windspeed with height
is accounted for by a power law expression dependent on stability class.
Effective plume rise may be calculated either by Brigg's plume rise methods-*
or as the product of the average windspeed and height of plume rise specified
by the user.
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A calibration option to the program allows the model predictions to be
compared to actual measurements and thus include the background pollutant
concentration. The program does this by a least squares regression to find
the coefficients of a linear equation. If a test of confidence level is
satisfied, the coefficients are used for the concentrations; or the user may
opt to input hia own coefficients. Another option allows the user to list for
any or all of the receptors, the pollutant concentration from each source. An
averaging time transformation is also available by which the user may obtain
the maximum concentration over up to three averaging times of a few hours to a
day at specified receptors. This procedure uses a method designed by Larsen
and is further discribed in the Addendum to User's Guide for CDM.° The user
may also, request histogram concentration data as a function of wind sector to
define a wind rose.
Uses
The Climatological Dispersion Model is useful in estimating long-term
concentrations and maximum short-term concentrations for application studies.
Limitations
Some of the assumptions to be considered when applying the Climatological
Dispersion Model are:
• Gaussian plume dispersion is calculated in a steady-state atmosphere.
• The terrain is flat or gently rolling.
• The Larsen procedure assumes lognormal pollutant concentrations.
• Stability is constant from ground-level to the mixing height.
• The joint frequency distribution is representative of the time
period for which the calculation is done.
The input for COM may be divided into four main categories.
(1) Miscellaneous Operation Data
This section allows the user to specify which options are being
used, input and output specification, grid factor, decay half-life
of each pollutant, integration parameters, pollutant background
values or constants needed, initial vertical dispersion coefficient
(°zo) for each stability class, and meteorological data such as
mean ambient temperatures.
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(2) Meteorological Joint Frequency Data
These data are joint frequency of occurrence of each of 6 windspeed
classes, 6 stability categories, and 16 wind direction sectors. It
is available as STAR data from the National Climatic Center in
Asheville, North Carolina.
(3) Source Emission Inventory
a. Point Sources - may include up to 200 point sources with data
on coordinates (user units), emission rate for each pollutant
(g/sec), stack height (m), exit velocity (m/sec), and stack gas
temperature (°K) or normalized plume rise.
b. Area Sources - up to 2500 area sources may be included with
data on coordinates of southwest corner and square width,
emission rate for each pollutant (g/sec), and stack height (m).
(4) Receptor Data
Coordinates for as many as 200 receptors are entered. The cards for
receptors at which the calibration option is performed are entered
first and require the measured pollutant concentration (pg/nH) and
output control parameters. If the Larsen statistics are requested,
the standard geometric deviation for that pollutant is required.
The receptors may be given four-character identification names.
For more specific format of the input cards, refer to the Addendum to User's
Guide for CDM.8
Output
Standard output begins with the pollutant list and various input infor-
mation. The joint frequency function and emission inventory data may be
printed. If the calibration option was used, the results are printed next.
Finally, the calculated concentration from each receptor in micrograms/cubic
meter is output, as well as calibrated point and area contributions for each
pollutant and background values of input. Additional output may contain point
and area concentration roses, individual source contribution lists, and the
results of the Larsen statistical transformation.
Punched card output is available as standard concentration isopleths or
point and area concentration roses.
CDM.8
Output is described in more detail in the Addendum to User's Guide for
16
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Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the CDMQC model is presented below. The
sample case input data is located in a file named D/M/QCIN. Be sure to
increase the run execution time with the command MAXPROCTIME = 7200 in the
BEGINJOB card. The WFL deck used is as follows:
100 7BEGIN JOB J/RUN/CDMQC;MAXPROCTIME=7200;
200 CLASS=6;
300 RUN OBJECT/OCDMQC;
400 FILE 6=FILE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILES (TITLE=D/M/QCIN);
600 END JOB
CRSTER
Description
The original Single Source (CRSTER) Model from UNAMAP calculates the long
term effect of non-reactive pollutants from a maximum of 19 stacks located at
a common site. The grid is radial with the source site at the center. The
180 receptors are located every 10 degrees at five user designated distances
from the site. The user may specify whether the application is to be for an
urban or rural area. CRSTER is an uneven terrain model and will take into
account changes in terrain elevation up to the height of the shortest stack.
The terrain adjustment made for any one receptor does not affect
concentrations at any other receptor.
The Single Source Model calculates 1-hour averages at each receptor, then
averages these for the 3-hour, daily, and annual averages. Averages for 2-,
4-, 6-, 8-, or 12-hour periods are also possible. Information may be obtained
on the highest concentration calculated at each receptor over each averaging
time, as well as similar annual output. The user also has the option to
display the concentration due to each stack at a maximum of 20 receptor points
over each designated averaging time.
This model performs it's calculations using a Gaussian Plume Model and
Brigg's plume rise methods.-* The change in windspeed with height is modeled
using a power law dependent on stability. A mixing height and the ground
serve as reflective boundaries. The program chooses the hourly mixing height
and the dispersion coefficients with regard for whether an urban or rural
environment is specified.
A preprocessor program is included which prepares a year's hourly surface
data and semidiurnal upper air data for program input. The initial data is
available from the National Climatic Center and should be chosen to represent
the appropriate climatological regime (e.g., coastal, mountainous). The
preprocessor then calculates the hourly stability, interpolates the mixing
heights for hourly use, and reformats the meteorological data to be used for
the CRSTER Model. Figure 2 shows the program flow.
17
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INITIALIZATION
CARD AND TWICE
DAILY MIXING
HEIGHTS
HOURLY
SURFACE
METEOROLOGY
PREPROCESSE
HOURLY
METEOROLOGY
PREPROCESSOR
(CRSMET)
s
DIAGNOSTICS
/ PROGRAM
f OPTIONS,
RECEPTOR AND
SOURCE DATA
«w
SINGLE
SOURCE
MODEL
(CRSTER)
*-
_ — j,
MODELING
RESULTS^ J
HOURLY
CONCENTRATIONS
(OPTIONAL)
Figure 2. CRSTER program elements.
18
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U 8 e a
CRSTER is applicable to single site problems such as stack design studies,
combustion source permit applications, regulatory variance evaluation, monitor-
ing network design, fuel conversion studies, control technology evaluation,
design of supplementary control systems, new source review, and prevention of
deterioration.
Limitations
Some of the limitations associated with the assumptions of the model are:
• Gaussian plume dispersion is modeled in a steady-state atmosphere
with empirical dispersion coefficients.
• The stack plume emissions are hot and buoyant.
• No interference from topography or nearby buildings is assumed.
• Pollutants are not affected by gravitational effects, chemical
reactions, or depletion mechanisms.
• Stacks within the site are not separated significantly.
• Plume flow vectors and dispersion are not adjusted for terrain.
Calm winds produce unreliable dispersion results.
The meteorological data is input to the preprocessor program. These data
are usually obtained from the National Climatic Center on magnetic tape and
consist of a year of hourly observations of wind direction, windspeed, dry
bulb temperature, sky cover, and cloud ceiling height plus a morning and
afternoon mixing height. The preprocessor then generates a magnetic tape with
hourly information on windspeed, flow vector, randomized flow vector,
stability, and temperature in a format usable by CRSTER.
In addition, input is necessary to describe the source emission for each
of a maximum of 19 collocated stacks. Necessary data include source
elevation (ft MSL), average (montly or yearly) emission rates (g/sec), stack
height (m), stack diameter (m), gas exit velocity (m/sec), and stack gas
temperature (°K).
Although the receptor radials are fixed at every 10 degrees, the user
must designate five ring distances to completely specify the 180 receptor
locations. The elevation of each receptor (ft MSL) is necessary to calculate
terrain effects.
Information on input format and program control parameters can be found
in "User's Manual for Single-Source (CRSTER) Model."9
19
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Output
The output generated by CRSTER includes printed input data and calculated
concentration value tables. These tables include for each averaging period,
the two highest concentrations at each receptor point and the 50 highest
concentrations for the entire year. All concentrations are given In grams/
cubic meter. The partial concentration due to each stack is available at
designated receptors for each averaging time. CRSTER is also capable of
producing a magnetic tape of 1-hour, daily and annual average concentrations.
Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the CRSTER model is presented below. The
sample case input data is located in a file named D/M/CRS and the meteoro-
logical data is located in a file named D/DAT/PRE. The WFL deck used is as
follows:
100 7BEGIN JOB J/RUN/CRSTER;
200 CLASS=6;
300 RUN OBJECT/CRSALG;
400 FILE 6=FILE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILE5 (TITLE=D/M/CRS);
600 FILE FILE9 (TITLE=D/DAT/PRE,KIND=DISK,FILETYPE=6)
700 END JOB
PAL
Description
The PAL dispersion model calculates the nonreactive pollutant concentra-
tion from six types of sources that may be summarized as Point, Areas and
Lines. The receptor locations are specified by the user on a rectangular
grid. As many as 30 sources of each of the six types may be described. These
six source types are point sources, area sources, straight line sources, line
sources with the endpoints at different heights, curved path sources, and
curved paths with differing heights at the endpoints. The emission rate may
be varied along a line or curved path source and source emission data may be
varied hourly. The PAL model is most often used for time scales of 1 to
24 hours. As well as calculating hourly concentration values, the average
concentrations are also found. The concentration at receptors due to each
source type is included in the output.
The basic algorithm of PAL uses a Gaussian plume model. Windspeed may
optionally be varied as a function of height and stability for the specified
source types. Although the dispersion parameters used were developed for
rural areas, increased dispersion in urban areas may be accounted for by
altering the stability class. The initial value assigned to the dispersion
coefficients will also help model the initial mixing due to surrounding
buildings. More information on these modifications is found in the "User's
Guide for PAL."^^ The program first determines the effective height of
20
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emission and the upwind and crosswind distances from the source to the
receptor. The Gaussian plume model is then applied. Line and path sources
are represented by a numerical integration of point sources along the line.
Considerations for multiple lanes are included. Area sources are treated as
finite line sources perpendicular to the wind at intervals upwind of the
receptor. The upwind integration is performed numerically by successive
approximations and the crosswind component is analytically integrated.
Uses
PAL is useful in estimating the contributions of part of an urban area on
pollutant concentrations. It is not meant to be an urban-wide model. Its
principle use is in estimating the increase in pollutant concentration over
that due to other sources. As an example, studies could be performed on
industrial complexes, highways, sport stadiums, parking lots, shopping areas,
airports, and so on.
Limitations
Some of the program limitations due to calculation assumptions are:
• A steady-state atmosphere is assumed for the Gaussian plume model.
• Mass is conserved.
• The topography is flat or gently rolling with no consideration for
aerodynamic downwash.
• Pollutants are nonreactive.
• The dispersion parameters are applicable for concentration estimates
with a 3-minute averaging time.
• No pollution buildup over the hour is considered.
• Low windspeeds yield unreliable results.
• Single values for the hourly meteorological data are representative
of the entire area.
The input data for PAL is in free format. Meteorological data necessary
are hourly windspeed (m/sec), wind direction (degrees), mixing height (m),
surface temperature (°K), and the hourly variation of emissions. The horizon-
tal receptor coordinates (km) are entered along with height above ground level
(m). As many as 30 sources of each type may be entered with the following
information for each:
21
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• point sources - coordinates (km), source strength (g/sec), stack
height (m), gas temperature (°K), gas velocity (m/sec) and stack
diameter (m) or volume flow (m^/sec).
* area source - coordinates of the southwest corner (km), north-south
and east-west widths (km), height (m), and source strength
(g/s-m2).
• line sources - endpoint coordinates (km), initial dispersion coeffi-
cients (m), widths (m), median width (m), and emission rates for
each lane (g/s-m).
• curved path sources - same as for line sources except an additional
intermediate point is necessary.
The emission rate along line and curved path sources is varied by specifying
vehicle speed at each of the input points. More complete input information is
given in the User's Guide for PAL.^
Output
Along with the input information, the output of PAL consists of the
pollutant concentration (g/m^) at each receptor for each source type and the
total concentration for all types. Average concentrations for specified
averaging times may also be requested.
Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the PAL model is presented below. The
sample case input data is located in a file named D/M/P. The WFL deck used is
as follows:
100 7BEGIN JOB J/RUN/PAL;
200 CLASS=6;
300 RUN OBJECT/YPAL;
400 FILE 6-FILE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILE5 (TITLE=D/M/P);
600 END JOB
RAM
Description
The RAM model calculates pollutant concentrations from point and area
sources in an urban environment. Either short-term (one to several, days)
concentrations or long-term concentrations for a full year are output. Two
pollutants may be handled at once and exponential decay is considered. The
grid system is rectangular. Receptor locations may be chosen by the user,
determined by the model as the locations of maximum concentrations downwind of
the sources, or determined by the model to represent a good coverage of a
specified portion of the modeled areas. The model requires a preprocessing of
22
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-------
hourly meteorological data and twice-daily mixing height data. For short-terra
application, such information is included with the input. Additional
information on the original RAM models are available in the "User's Guide for
RAM."H Details on the inputs and current uses of the revised RAM model are
presented in Appendix A.
A Gaussian steady-state model is used which assumes complete reflection
from the ground and the mixing level. For a point source, the downwind and
crosswind distances are determined by the program. Plume rise is calculated
according the methods suggested by Briggs-* and takes into account both
buoyant and momentum-induced plume rise. Consideration is given to
retardation effects in the lee of the stack. Gaussian dispersion is then
applied using urban dispersion coefficients which assume the appropriate
roughness factors and stability class. For an area source, calculations are
simplified by using a "narrow plume" assumption at various distances upwind of
the receptor. The total concentration at each receptor is then the sum of all
individual source contributions. A maximum of 250 point sources and 100 area
sources may be considered. As many as 150 receptors may be used.
Uses
RAM can be used for the same purposes as the Single Source (CRSTER) Model
except that it is recommended for urban use only, since it has a true urban
option; that point sources do not have to be sited at a single location; and
that area sources can be represented. Disadvantages are the limited terrain
feature and the inability to locate receptors down wind from significant
sources for each averaging time for long term averages.
Limitations
Some assumptions included in RAM are:
• Narrow Gaussian plume dispersion is simulated for a steadystate
atmosphere.
• The meteorological data is representative of the entire area over
the hour.
• No pollutant buildup occurs.
• The atmosphere is modeled as a single layer with complete reflection
from the ground and mixing level.
• The terrain is level or gently rolling.
• The model is best suited for chemically stable pollutants.
• A single wind vector for each hour represents the flow for the
entire source area.
• Low wind speeds produce unreliable results.
23
-------
Inputs
RAM requires emission information from point and area sources. The
number of each considered is entered along with information on pollutant type,
factors for user units, and internal units. For each point source, data is
entered for the coordinates (user units), emission rate (g/sec) of each
pollutant, stack height (m), stack diameter (m), stack gas temperature (°K),
and exit velocity (m/sec). For each area source, information supplied must
include the coordinates (user units) of the southwest corner and length of a
side (user units), the total emission rate for the entire area (g/sec) of each
pollutant, and the height of emission (m).
Control parameters are needed to specify significant sources, receptor
type, form of output, length of run, averaging time, receptor height above
ground (the same for all receptors), pollutant half-life(s), starting time,
and whether partial concentrations are to be calculated. Meteorological data
may either be the output of a preprocessor program or card input including the
date and time, stability class, temperature (°K), mixing height (m), wind
speed (m/sec) and direction (degrees) for each hour. The user may select
specific receptor coordinates, specify separation distances for a "honeycomb"
coverage over a specified area, and/or allow the program to generate receptors
downwind of significant sources. For input data details see Appendix A and
the "User's Guide for RAM".11
Output
Output from RAM consists of printed output of concentrations ( g/m-') of
each pollutant at each receptor for each averaging period. If specified by
the user, punch cards for contouring and hourly contributions from each source
to each receptor are created.
Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the RAM model is presented below. The
sample case input data is located in a file named D/M/RAM. Meteorological
data can be entered by card as in the test case or by use of a preprocessed
data file (as is done in CRSTER) from filecode 11. The WFL deck used is as
follows:
100 7BEGIN JOB J/RUN/RAM;
200 CLASS=5;
300 RUN OBJECT/ORAMB;
400 FILE 6=FILE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILE5 (TITLE=D/M/RAM);
600 FILE FILE9 (TITLE=TEMPOUT,KIND=DISK,AREAS=100,AREASIZE=1000);
700 END JOB
To use preprocessed meteorological data, insert into the WFL deck above a card
as follows:
24
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850 FILE FILE11 (TITLE=D/DAT/PRE,KIND=DISK,FILETYPE«6)
This assumes the meteorological data is located on a file named D/DAT/PRE.
OZIPP
Description
The Kinetics Model and Ozone Isopleth Plotting Package (OZIPP) is a
computerized model that simulates ozone formation in urban atmospheres. OZIPP
calculates maximum one-hour average ozone concentrations given a set of input
assumptions about initial precursor concentrations, light intensity, dilution,
diurnal and spatial emission patterns, transported pollutant concentrations,
and reactivity of the precursor mix. The results of multiple simulations are
used to produce an ozone isopleth diagram tailored to particular cities. Such
a diagram relates maximum ozone concentrations to concentrations of non-
methane hydrocarbons and oxides of nitrogen, and can be used in the Empirical
Kinetic Modeling Approach (EKMA) to calculate emissions reductions necessary
to achieve air quality standards for photochemical oxidants. The user's
manual 1-2 describes the technical basis, necessary and optional input data,
computer code and the use of OZIPP.
Uses
This program is useful for estimating the emissions controls required in
urban areas as part of a State Implementation Plan (SIP) to meet national
ambient air quality standards.
Limitations
OZIPP is limited in applicability to ozone problems within or immediately
downwind of large urban areas. Thus, this program is not applicable to the
following situations:
• The rural ozone problem.
• Situations in which transported ozone and/or precursors are clearly
dominant (i.e., a rural area downwind of a city).
• Cases in which the maximum ozone concentration occurs at night or in
the early morning.
• Development of control strategies for single or small groups of
emissions sources.
The validity of an ozone isopleth diagram generated by OZIPP for a particular
city may be limited by the following properties:
• The kinetic mechanism used to describe the transformations of NMHC
and NOX.
25
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• The physical assumptions used to formulate the model underlying the
isopleths generated by OZIPP.
• The meteorological data and assumptions for specifying the
parameters required to apply OZIPP.
• The availability and reliability of current NMHC, NOX and ozone
data.
• The mathematical assumptions needed to solve the differential
equations formulated within OZIPP.
• The interpolations necessary to generate isopleths from the results
of a number of computer simulations.
Input
For generation of the standard ozone isopleth diagram, city-specific
values are not necessary. The default values in OZIPP will produce the
standard diagram. (The default values are given in the User's Manual). ^
The more city-specific values the user substitutes for default values, the
more city-specific the ozone isopleth diagram produced by OZIPP will be.
Values of the city-specific parameters that can be input to OZIPP include the
following:
• Latitude
• Longitude
• Time Zone
• Date
• Morning and afternoon inversion heights (also called mixing depths)
• Times at which the inversion starts and stops rising
• Concentrations of NMHC, NOX and ozone in the air above the
inversion layer due to transport aloft
• Concentrations of NMHC, NOX and ozone transported in the surfaced
layer from upwind of the city
• NMHC and NOX emissions after 0800 LOT
• NMHC reactivity
• Initial ratio of aldehydes to NMHC
• NOX reactivity (initial fraction of NOX that is N02).
26
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The sources of values for the parameters in this list and the uses of those
parameters in OZIPP are discussed in the User's Manual. ^
In addition to city-specific values, OZIPP provides the options of
changing several parameters to control its operation. For example, the user
can select the number of simulations performed in each OZIPP run, the error
tolerance in the differential equation integrator and the form of the output.
These input data and options are also described in the User's manual.^
Output
As previously described, the major function of OZIPP is to produce a city-
specific ozone isopleth diagram. The output includes a table summarizing the
simulation conditions, a table summarizing the results of each simulation per-
formed, and a line-printer plot of the isopleth diagram. A diagram produced
by an off-line plotter (such as CALCOMP) is optional list is not currently
available on the Burroughs computer. Under another OZIPP option, a single
simulation is performed and the results of that simulation alone are
presented. The user has the option to obtain detailed information for the
simulation (e.g., concentrations of all species, rates of reactions, etc.).
Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the OZIPP model is presented below. The
sample case input data is located in a file named D/M/EKOZ1. The WFL deck
used is as follows:
100 7BEGIN JOB J/RUN/EKMA; MAXPROCTIME = 7200;
200 CLASS-6;
300 RUN OBJECT/OZIPPB;
400 FILE 6-FlLE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILES (TITLE=D/M/EKOZ1);
600 END JOB
Special Note: This model requires extensive amounts of processing time and
should only be run overnight with the option MAXPROCTIME = 7200 set.
BLP
Description
The BLP dispersion model was developed specifically for aluminum reduc-
tion plants. Aluminum reduction plants are a complex arrangement of emission
sources, composed of parallel, low-level, buoyant line sources called potrooms
interspersed, typically, by short sources. The major features of the BLP
dispersion model are: UTM or line source oriented coordinate system; multiple
point source and finite buoyuant line source capability; finite buoyant line
source plume rise, plume enhancement due to multiple line sources; vertical
27
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wind shear in plume rise formulations for both point and line sources; transi-
tional plume rise; incorporation of building downwash in both dispersion and
plume rise calculations for point and line sources; terrain adjustment plume
path coefficients; time-dependent pollutant decay; source contribution concen-
trations; flexible post-processing package.
Uses
BLP is an air quality dispersion model which simulates the transport and
diffusion of emissions from point and line sources in complex configurations,
especially aluminum reduction plants. It is applicable for permit applica-
tions, stack design studies, monitoring network design, control technology
evaluation and new-source review.
Limitations
Some of the limitations associated with the assumptions of the model are:
• Narrow Gaussian plume dispersion is simulated for a steadystate
atmosphere.
• The meteorological data is representative of the entire area over
the hour.
• No pollutant buildup occurs.
• The atmosphere is modeled as a single layer with complete reflection
from the ground and mixing level.
• The terrain is level or gently rolling.
• The model is best suited for chemically stable pollutants.
• A single wind vector for each hour represents the flow for the
entire source area.
• Low wind speeds produce unreliable results.
Inputs
BLP requires emission information from point and line sources. The
number of each considered is entered along with information on pollutant type,
factors for user units, and internal units. For each point source, the
following data is entered: the coordinates (user units), emission rate
(g/sec) of each pollutant, stack height (m), stack diameter (m), stack gas
temperature (°K), and exit velocity (m/sec). For each line source,
information supplied must include: the coordinates (user units) of the line
ends, the height of the line (in), and the emission rate for the entire line
source (g/sec).
28
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Control parameters are needed which specify which sources are
significant, receptor type, form of output, length of run, averaging time,
receptor height above ground and pollutant half-life(s). Meteorological data
may either be the output of a preprocessor program or card input including the
date and time, stability class, temperature (°K), mixing height (m), wind
speed (m/sec) and direction (degrees) for each hour. The user may choose the
receptor coordinates (user units), or allow the program to generate receptors
in a rectangular grid. For additional input data details, refer to the User's
Manual. *-3
Output
The output generated by the BLP model includes printed input data and
tables of calculated concentrations ( g/m3) of the pollutant at each
receptor for each averaging time.
Model Execution
The procedure used to execute the BLP model is presented below. This is
a two-part program which consists of a basic model and a post-processor
program. It must be executed as described below. The basic model is executed
using the WFL deck presented below:
100 ''BEGIN JOB J/RUN/BLP;
200 CLASS=5;
300 RUN OBJECT/OBLP;
400 FILE 6=FILE6,UNIT=PRINTER;
500 FILE FILE5 (TITLE=D/M/BLP);
600 FILE FILE20 (TITLE=D/TPOTBLP,KIND=DISK,AREAS=100,AREASIZE=1000,
PROTECTION=SAVE)
700 END JOB
The sample case input data is located in a file named D/MC/BLP. The model can
also read meteorological data from a preprocessed data file from filecode 11.
An output file written to filecode 20 must be included and is named D/TPOTBLP
above. This file is read by the postprocessor program POSTBLP, with the WFL
deck as follows:
100 ?BEGIN JOB J/RUN/PSTBLP;
200 CLASS=5;
300 RUN OBJECT/OPSTBLP;
400 FILE 6=FILE6,UNIT*PRINTER;
500 FILE FILES (TITLE=D/M/PSTBLP) ;
600 FILE FILE20 (TITLE=D/TPOTBLP,KIND=DISK,FILETYPE=6)
700 END JOB
For further details on the correct use of the postprocessor program, refer to
the BLP User's Manual.13
29
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SECTION 5
REFERENCES
1. Gregory, D. J. "The B6700 WFL Primer." Gregory Publishing Co. Sonoma,
California. 1980.
2. Gregory, D. J. "The Complete CANDE Primer." Gregory Publishing Co.
Sonoma, California. 1980.
3. Dougenik, J. A. and D. E. Sheehan. "SYMAP User's Reference Manual."
Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis. Graduate School
of Design. Harvard University. 1975.
4. Turner, D. B. "Workbook of Atmospheric Dispersion Estimates," U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, AP-26, Research Triangle Park, N.C.
1970.
5. Briggs, G. A., "Discussion of Chimney Plumes in Neutral and Stable
Surroundings," Atmos. Environ. 6:507-510. July 1972.
6. Zimmerman, J. R., and R. S. Thompson. "User's Guide for HIWAY: A
Highway Air Pollution Model." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. Environmental Monitoring Series, EPA-650/
4-74-008. 1975. (NTIS accession number PB 239-944).
7. Buase, A. D., and J. R. Zimmerman. "User's Guide for the Climatological
Dispersion Model." U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research
Triangle Park, N.C. Environmental Monitoring Series, EPA-R4-73-024.
1973. (NTIS accession number PB-227-346).
8. Brubaker, Kenneth L., Polly Brown and Richard R. Cirillo. "Addendum to
User's Guide for Climatological Dispersion Model." Prepared by Argonne
National Laboratory for the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency,
Research Triangle Park, N.C. EPA-450/3-78-015. 1977. (NTIS accession
number PB-274-040).
9. Monitoring and Data Analysis Division, "User's Manual for Single-Source
(CRSTER) Model". U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle
Park, N.C. EPA-450/2-77-013. 1977. (NTIS accession number PB-271-360).
30
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10. PeCersen, William B. "User's Guide for PAL - A Gaussian-Plume Algorithm
for Point, Area, and Line Sources". U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. Environmental Monitoring Series
EPA-600/4-78-013. 1978. (NTIS accession number PB-281-306).
11. Turner, Bruce D., and Joan Hrenko Novak. "User's Guide for RAM." U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, N.C. EPA-600/
8-78-016. November 1978.
12. Whittier G. Z., and H. Hogo. "User's Manual for Kinetics Model and Ozone
Isopleth Plotting Package." Systems Applications Inc. San Rafael,
California. 1978.
13. Schulman, L. L. and J. S. Scire. "Buoyant Line and Point Source (BLP)
Dispersion Model "User's Guide." Enviromental Research and Technology,
Inc. Concord, MA. 1980.
31
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APPENDIX A
BRIEF USER'S GUIDE FOR REVISED RAM
VERSION 81352
32
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NUCEP NUMBER OF RECEPTORS.
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>:Hl->-> SECTION F - TEMPORARY FILE DESCRIPTIONS
TEM»9RA*V FILE UNIT 9) EMISSION DATA
(ALWAYS WRITTEN; READ IF IOPT o> = D
RECORD 1
MAS
RECORD 2
HPSUJi 1=1,25
Of »OINT S3JRC£S
NJHBER OF AREA S3JRCES
1=1,9
JeltNPT
lMASU>,Iil,10
H1AK
S1IM
HSI2E
ISSIZE
J)
!>!,&
J=1,S
lAIIiJ)
OF POINT SOURCE SlillF.
POINT SOURCE INFO.
ORDE* OF AREA SOURCE SIGSIF.
yEST 30JNDARY OF AREA SOJRCES
EAST 30JtOA*r OF AREA SOJRCES
SDJH aDJMDAU OF AI=i>
ONLf
IDAY« AND
ASSOCIATED DAY AND HOUR, FOR iACH RklCEPIOR«
rO< FI^L DIFFE^iNT AVERAGING TIMES.
33
-------
00006210 C
00006220 C
00006230 C
00006240 C
00006250 C
00006260 C
00006270
00006280
0000b2*0
00006300
00006310
00006320 C
00006330 C
00006310 C
00006350 C
00006360 C
00006370 C
00006380 C
00006390 C
00006400 C
00006410 C
00006420 C
00006490 C
00006440 C
00006450 C
000064t>0 C
00006470 I
00006*110 C
00006490 C
00006500
00006510
00006520
00006530
00006540 C
00006550 C
00006560 C
00006570 C
00006580 C
00006590
OOOOfefaOO
00006610
OOOObbiO
00006630
00006640 C
00006650 C
00006660 C
00006t>ro C
00006680 C
00006690 C
00006100
00006710
00006720
00006730
00006740 C
00006750 C
00006760 C
00006770 v.
00006780 C
00006790 C
OOQ06800 C
16H10 C
>6b20 C
NHSCEP NJH3ER OF RECEPTORS
N'T NJMJER OF PJIMT SOURCES
NAS NUMBER OF *REA SOURCES
4UC,i*i,mcEP EAST COORDINATE or RECEPTOR, JSER UNITS
s*i*i*m;£p NORTH CSJROINATE IF RECEPTOR* USER UNITS
FOR EACH SIMULATION MOOR, mCEP RiCOROS OF TY'£ 3
ARE GENERATED FOLLOWED BY NRECEP RECORDS OF TYȣ 4.
REC3R3 TY>E 3 (ON£ FQH r-l-H R£;£PTO*
FROM ?T >
10 ATE
EACH SIMU.ATEO HOUR*
YEAR AND JULIAN DAY
LH HOUR
K RECEPTOR NU13ER
PART:«J=I,NPT CONCENTRATION AT RECEPTOR K FROM POINT
SOURCE J« S/M**3.
RECOfO TYPE 4 (ONE FOR EACH RECEPTOR FOR
EACH SI1U.ATED HDJR «FRO« JMHARE)
IDATE YEAR AND JULIAN DAY
LH HOUR
KREC RECEPTOR NUMBER
?UT:(J>,J=I«NAS CONCENTRATION AT RECEPTOR KREC FROM AREA
SOURCE J, 3/M**3
OUTPJT FILE (UNIT 12) HOURLY CONCENTRATIONS (USED I; IOPT(41)=1)
RECORD 1
NUMBER OF PERIODS
SJMdER OF HOURS IN AVERAGING PERIOD.
80 ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
80 ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
LINEJU4) 80 ALPHANJMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
RECORD 2
NAVi
LINEK14)
P NJM3ER OF RECEPTORS.
I),I = I,NRE;EP EAST COORDINATE 3s RECEPTOR, JSER UNITS
SRt:
LINE3U4)
HJMJER OF PERIODS
^JM-»ER OF HDJRS IN AV£RA»IN6 PERIOD.
JO ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
80 ALPHANUM-IRIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
80 ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
34
-------
00005590 L
00005600 C
00005610 C
00005620 C
00005630 C
00009640 C
00009690 C
00009660 C
00009670 L
00009680 C
00009690 C
00009700 C
00009710 C
00009720 C
00009730 C
00005740 C
00005750 C
00005760 C
00005770 C
00005780 C
00009790 C
00005800 C
00009810 C
00005820 C
00005830 C
00005840 C
00005850 C
00005860 C
00005870 C
DtYl JULIAN DAY
1 kHBIENT AIR TEMPERATURE* KELVIN
DJMR(24) FLOW VECTOR TO 10 DE6, UEiREES AZIMUTH
afH£TA(24) UNIONIZED FL3H tfECTOl* DEGREES AZIMJTH
HLH(2«24) MIXING HEIGHT* METERS
INPUT FILE(UNIT IS) POINT SOURCE HOURLY EMISSION OAT!
(USED IF IOPT(9>=1>
RECORD FY'E 1 (DNfc FOR EACH HOJR OF SIMJ.ATION)
IOATA DATE-TIME INDICATOR CONSISTING OF YE!R»
JULIAN DAY, AND HOUR: YY33DHH.
SiDURCE(IPOL»I)»l = l»NPT EMISSION RATE FOR THE PO.LUTANT IPOL
FOR EACH SOJRCE, GRAMS >ER SECOND.
INPUT FIifctUNIT 1&) AREA SOURCE HOURLY EMISSION DATA
(USED IF IDPT(IO) = 1)
RECORD TYPE 1 ONE FOR EACH HOJ< OF SIMJ.ATION)
IOATA DATE-TIME INDICATOR CONSISTING OF YEAR,
JULIAN DAY, AND HOURS YYODOHH.
AiORC(IPOk,I),I=l«NAS EMISSION RATE "OR THE POL.JTANT IPOL
FOR EACH SOURCE, SRAMS PER SECOND FOR EACH AREA
00005880 C->->->-> SECTION D - OUTPUT PUNCHED CARD DESCRIPTION
00005890 C
00005900 C
00005910 C
00009920 C
00009930 C
00009940 C
00005950 C
00005960 C
00005970 C
00005960 C
00005990 C
00006000 C
00006010 C
iff 06020 C
11006030 C
400060*0 C
00006050 C
00006060 C
00006070 C
OOOMOSO c-;
00006090 C
00006100 I
00006110 C
00006120 C
00006130 C
00006140 k.
00006150 C
00006160 C
00006170 L
00006180 C
00006190 L
00006200 C
OUTPJT *UNCHED :»RDS (UNIT 1) AVERAGE C3NCENT&AT IONJ
(PUNCHED IF IO?T(43)sl>
CARD TYPE 1 (ONE FOR EACH RECEPTOR FOR EACH AVERAGING TIMEI
C:51-4 JORD'CNTL* 'JNCHED
C::5 3LAMK
CC:i-15 RREC EAST COORDINATE OF UCEPTO^, USER UNITS
c::i»-25 SRE: NORTH COORDINATE OF RECEPTOR. JSER UNITS
C::2&-35 GUU CONCENTRATION FOR AVERAGING THE* MICROG/M**3
:::5&-t5 !CHKK> CON:. ROM AREAS»MicftOG/M**3
:::4b-55 »CHHK> CON:. FROM POINTS. MICKOG/M««S
CC:56-60 < RECEPTOR NJ1BER
CC:bl-65 IDATt(l) YEAR
C::6&-70 IDATE(2) JJL1AN DAY
:::7i-/5 NE ENDINJ HOJR FOR AVJ-PER.
:::;s-8o NAVS NJMSE^ OF HOURS IN AVC-PER.
>->->-> SECTION E - OUTPUT FILE DESCRIPTIONS
OUT'JT =ILE (UNIT 10) >A^TIA. CONCENTRATIONS (USED IF IOPT(40»*1)
RtCDRD TY?t 1
NPE1? NUMBER OF PERIODS
NIV3 NUMBER OF HOURS IN AVERAGING PERIOD.
klNEKll) JO ALPHANUMERIC :-IARA:TE%S FDR TITLE.
LINi2(14) 90 ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
LlNt3C14> 80 ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS FOR TITLE.
RECORD TYPE 2 (FROM RAM ) (UNL FDR LACH AVERAGING 3ERIOD)
35
-------
00004970 C
00004V80 C
00004990
00009000
00009010
00009020
00009030
00009040
00009090
00009060
00009070
00009080
000050*0
00005100
00009110
00009120
00005130
00009140
00009190
00009160
00005170
00005180
00005190
00009200
00009210
00009220
00009230
00005240
00009290
00009260
00009270
00009280
00009290
00009300
00005310
OOOM320
000|fc330
00005340
00009350
00009360
00005,370
0000
0000
00005400
00005410
00009020
0000941
0000544
00009450
00009460
00009470
00005480
000350*0
00009500
00009510
00005t20
00009530
00005540
00009550
00009560
00005570
00005580
RNAME(I)»Isl,2 - 6 DIGIT AL'HANUHERIC STATION I3EMTIF ICATION.
ME; <• EAST COORDINATE 0s RECEPTDR (USIR UNITS)
SUC - NORTH COORDINATE OF RECEPTOR (USER JMITS)
:ARD unn «£NDR* IN COLS i-» is USED TO SIBNIFY THE END OF
THE RECEPTOR CARDS. (NEEDED ONLY IF IOPT ( 14 > =1 . >
CARD TY?£ lb. H3NEYCO«ltt B3.HOAUtS. FOMAT«FRt£)
(USED IF OPTION 17 : 1)
(HONEYCOMB RECEPTORS WILL ONLY tic. GENERATED FOR THE AREA
DEFINED BY THESE BOUNDS)
N3U» IF 30UYDARY VARIABLES ARE INPUT AS ZERO. BOUNDARIES
JILL Bt HL iAMi A3 Trie. AREA SOURCE REGION. H0i£<£ll. IF
NO AREA SOURCES ARt INPJT A^D IF rtONiYCOHB RECEPTORS ARE
TO 3£ GEN£RATEOt THIS CARD 1JST HAVE BOUNDARIES INCLUDED
TJ MOVIOi THE 30UN3S FOR Ri;EPTOR
SRI3SPACE - >RI) SPACINS (DISTANCE BETWEEN) FOR 40NEYCOMB
RECEPTORS (USEH UNITS).
- 1INIMJM EAST COORDINATE (JSER UNITS).
- •>-> SECTION C - INPUT rl.E DESCRIPTIONS.
INPUT FILE (UNIT 11) HETEOROLOS1CAL DATA (USED IF IOPT(8>=0)
RECORD 1
ID
IYEAR
I3M
IYR
REC3RD TY'E 2
UYR
IMO
SFC STATIDK IDLUIFIER. 5 DISITS
rEAR OF SURFACE DATA. 2 DIGITS
MIX HT STATION IDENTIFIER* 5 DIGITS
YEAR OF MIX HT DATA. 2 DIGITS
i FOR EA;H DAY OF YEA.R)
YEAR
MONTH
36
-------
00004350 C
00004360 C
00004370 L
00004360 C
00004390 C
00004400 C
00004410 C
00004420 I
00004430 C
00004440 C
00004450 C
00004460 C
00004470 C
000044BO C
00004490 C
00004500 C
00004MO C
00004520 L
00004*30 C
00004540 C
00004550 C
00004560 C
00004570 C
00004580 C
00004C.SO C
00004600 C
00904610 I
00004620 C
QOOD4b30 C
00004640 C
00004600 C.
00004660 C
00004670 C
00004680 L
00004690 C
00004700 C
00004710 C
00004720 C
00004730 C
0301)4740 (
0 0 0 0 4 /'-> 0 L
OOP04760 L
0QMA77D C
oooo'4/ao c
00004 790 C
00004BOO L
04001810 C
0000 4«2 0 C,
00004HJO L
000041)40 L
00004B50 I
00004860 C
00004B70 L
OOOD4BBO C
00004B90 L
00004900 C
0000491 0 t
00001420 L
00004930 C
00004940 C
00004950 C
00004960 C
MPS(1
CAR) T'
ITHIS
FH
XLIM
NrtTS
HINT
CARD T
(THIS
iPrt
CARD I
(JSED
INAS
MAS
CARD r
(USED
I SFC
lit-';
I1XD
I1XY
CARD TY'E
( JStD
R A 01
CENT
C£>«T
*RNA
CARD T
(J5E)
(RiM£
HPS(I)tI*l«NPT - POINT SOURCE NUMBERS USER WANTS CONSIDERED
SIGNIFICANT.
CAR) TYPE 10. INFO. ASSOCIATES WITH AREA SOURCES. E3RMAT(FREt)
ITHIS CAUD IS RciaUIRtO ONLY IF IOPTC6) = U
- FRACTION OF AREA SOURCE HEIGHT WHICH is PHYSICAL
- DISTANCE LIMIT ON INTEGRATION FDR ARU SOUUi (USER
JNITS). XL 1*1 CA^MDT EXCEED 116 KM.
- INTtS£R NUMBER OF HEIGHTS TO BE USED rUR AREA
SOURCES (MIN=ltMAX=3>.
- HLIGHT(S) (M£T£RS> FOR AREA SOURCE INTEGRATIONS*
THIi IU AN ARUY OF F^OK DNE TD THREi ELEMENTS.
CARD TYPL 11. 3=
ONLY JhEN CARD TYPE 10 IS JSED.)
- NJ^biR 0- JS
( MAIU10) .
- AHEA SOURCE ^JMBE^S JSER KANTS TO CONSIDER SIUNIF.
iPrt -3REAKP01NT HEI3HTS (METERS) BETWEEN AREA SOURCE HEltHTS.
THESE VALUES DEFINE THE SDUNDS OF HEI3HTS CLASSES.
BPH IS AN ARRAY OF TUO ELEMENTS. ONE VALJE WILL BE READ
IF NHTS ON 'REVIDJS :ARO IS 1 OR 2. TWO VALUES HEAD FOR
NHTSi3. IF NrlTs IS 1, THE VA-JE OF 3^H MJiT BE LAR6LR
THAN ANY AREA HEIiHT IN THE DATA SET FOR THE RUN.
CARD IYPE 12. SPECIFY S1GNIF. AREA SOURCES. FORMAT(26I3>
(JSED IF I3HT(l^)=i; NSIiA MJST BE NON-ZERO.)
S'£:ifIEO SIGNIFICANT AREA SOURCES
BERS JSER WANTS TO CON
CARD rrPt. 13. 1ET. DATA IDENTIFIERS. FDRMAT(FREE)
(USED IF OPTIDN 4 = 0)
MET SfAUDN IDENTIFIER (5 DIGITS)
I OF SFC MET DATA (2 DlilTS)
.R-A1R STATION I3ENTlsIc.R (5 DIGITS)
YEAR OF MIXING H£IUHT OATA (2 DIGITS)
CARD TY>E 14. PDLAR COORDINATE RECEPTORS. FDRMAT(5F4 .0.2F8.3tTl.5A4)
(JStD IF OPTION 18 = 1)
1.5 - ONE TO FIVE KO1A. DISTANCES (RtlST OF FIVE
ARE ZEKOS) EACH OF WHICH GENERATES 36
RECEPTORS AROJND 'DINT CENTX, CLNTY ON
AZIMUTHS ID TO 36B DEGREES. (JSER UNITS)
EAST COORDINATE A30UT WHICH RADIALS ARE CENTERED.
(USER UNITS)
NDHTH CDORDINATE ABOUT JHICH RADIALS ARE CENTERED.
1) t 1 = 1» 5 - SAME i\S RADIL(I)
CARD TYPE 15. KLCEPTOR. FORMAT(2A4»2F10.3»F10.0)
(J5E) IF D3T1DN 14 - 1)
1BO Ii TOTAL NU1BE* Of RECEPTORS ALLOWED IN RAH)
37
-------
00003730
00003740
00003750
00003760
00003770
00003700
00003790
00003600
00003B10
00003020
00003630
00003840
000036SO
0000364,0
00003670
00003660
00003690
00003900
00003910
00003920
00003930
00003940
00003950
00003960
00003970
00003980
00003990
00004000
00004010
00004020
00004030
00004040
00004090
00004060
00004070
00004060
00004090
00004100
09004110
00004120
00004130
00004140
00004190
00004160
00004170
00004160
9 MM. 190
oooT*2oo
00004210
00004220
OOOOA230
00004*240
00004290
00004260
00004270
00004260
00004290
00004300
00004310
00004320
00004330
00004340
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
I****************************
I1PO*TANT NESS4BE NO. 3 ||| «
CALCULATIONS SUJHITTE3 TO SATISFY REGULATORY *
HAY REQJUE T-UT CERTAIN PARAMETER VALUES *
9E USED FOR THE VARIABLES OM CARD 6 . CHECK rflTH THE •
APMOPMATE EPA RES13NAL OrFICE TO INSURE THAT •
ACCEPTABLE PARAMETER VALUES ARE USED IN YOUR Rt)N| •
*********••***••**
CA4.D 6. rilND. F3RNAT(FR££:)
(THIS CARD IS REQJIUD)
HANE - ANEMOMETER HEIGHT (METERS)
PL(l)tl*lt6 - 4IND SPEED POJER LAM PROFILE EXPONENTS FOR EACH
STA3IL1TY.
CARD TYPE 7. POINT SOURCE CARD. FORMAT(3A4i8F6 .2)
(USLO IF OPTION 5 s 1 AND OP.TIDN 7 s 0)
(U» TO 250 POINT SOURCE CAROS ARE ALLOWED.)
PNANE(I»NPT)Iilt3 - 12 CHARACTER POINT SOURCE IDENTIFICATION.
S3URCE(1«NPT)
S3URCE(2»NPT)
SDU*C£(3,NPT>
SOURCEO»NPT>
SOURC£(i«NPTI
SOURC£(7»NPT)
S3URC£(9iNPT»
EAST COORDINATE OF POINT SOURCE (USER UNITS)
NORTH COORDINATE OF POINT SOURCE (USER UNITS)
SJLFjt DIDt J=l«3 • 12 C4A*. A*EA S3JRCE INDENT.
ASORC(liNAS) - tAST COO^U. 3F SJ CORNER OF AREA SOURCE
(USER UNITS).
ASORC(2«NAS> - NORTH COORD. OF SU CORNER OF AREA SOURCE
(JSER UNITS).
ASOiC(5iNAS) - »IOE tENJT-t D: AREA SDJRCE (USER JINITS).
ASORC(3»NAS) - SULFUR DIOXIDE EMISSION RATE FOR ENTIRE
AREA U/SEC1.
ASORC(4iNAS) - PART1CULATC EMISSION RATE FOR ENTIRE
AREA ( &/SEC).
ASOR:(biNAS> - AREA SDlHC£ HiliHT (METERS).
(NDTi THAT ASORC(3tNAS) - SIDE LENGTH IS READ OUT OF ORDER
TO CONFORM yiTH THE EXISTING ORDER OF 1PP EMISSIONS DATA.)
;AO rilTH *ENDA* IN ;OwS 1 -4 IS JSED
TO SISNISY THE END DF THt AREA SDJRCES.
CARD TYPE 9. SPLCIFiED SIGNIFICANT PT. SOURCES. -JRMAT(2613)
(JiED IF Oi'TID'i 11 = II YS13? MUST BE NON-ZEKO.)
1NPT - NJM3EVOF JSER SPECIFIED SI6NI-ICANT SOUftCES.
38
-------
00003110 C
00003120 C
00003150 C
00003140 C
00003150 C
00003140 C
00003170 C
00003180 C
00003190 C
00003200 C
00003210 C
00003220 C
00003230 C
00003240 C
00003230 C
M A HA « n< ft r *
OvOBjcoU (, •
00003270 C
ft n A A % 9ft n r *
ODOU JiJB U U *
00003290 C
n AOA ** x ftf* r •
UwUWJwUU V *
00003310 C
00003320 C
00003330 C
00003310 C
00003550 C
00003360 C
00003370 C
00003380 C
00003390 C
00003400 C
00003420 C
00003430 C
00003440 C
00003450 C
00003460 C
00003470 C
00003480 C
00003490 C
00003500 C
00003510 C
00003920 C
00003530 C
000035*0 C
00003550 C
00003560 C
00003570 C
00003560 C
00003590 C
00003600 C
00003610 C*
00003620 C
00003630 C
00003640 C
00003650 C
09003660 C
00003670 C
00003680 C
00003690 C
00003700 C
00003710 C
00003720 C
•«R. PT. comia.
I3PH26) - DELETE HOJRLY AREA CONTRHUT IONS
IOPT(29) - HLETt NET. OATA ON HR. AREA C3NTRIB.
IOPTC30) - OELETt HOURLY SUMMARY.
I3PT<31> - DELETE HET. OATA ON HOURLY SUMMARY.
I3PT(32> • DELETE ALL AV3-»ERI3D OUT'UT
13PH33) - DJLETE POINT AV3-PERIOD :3NTRI8UMONS.
1 OPT (34) - DELETE AREA AVG-?ERI03 CONTRIBUTIONS.
IOPTO5) - DELETE AVG-PERIOD SUMMARY.
IDPHJb) • )£L£TE AVERAGE CONCENTRATIONS i HI-flrfE TABLE.
I3PU37) - N3T USED THIS V£%SI3N.
IOPT<38> - NOT USED THIS VERSION.
OTHER CONTROL AND OUTPUT OPTIONS'.
IDPTI39) - RJN IS »AftT OF A SEGMENTED RJN.
I3PT - mre AVG-PERIOD CONC. TO DISK OR TAȣ>
IOPTC43) - PUNCH AVG- PERIOD CONCENTRATIONS JN CARDS. (UNIT 1)
IOPTC44) - NOT USED THIS VERSION.
IJPT(»5) - ^OT USED THIS VERSION.
IDPTOb) • NOT JSED THIS VERSION.
I3PT(47) - M5T USEJ THIS VISION.
I3PT(4B) - SOT USED THIS V£*SI3U.
IOPT<49) - NOT USED THIS VERSION.
I3PT(30> - SOT USED THIS VERSION.
A TREMENDOUS FILE OF MANY RECORDS CAN
ZAN JE (iLSERATEO BY £N>L01TIN& OPTI3N 40.
T-4E JSER JILL NEED TD rfRlTE THE S3eTUARE
T3 PROCLSS THIS FILE ALSO. BE SURi YOU
•PLAN AHEAD BEFORE JSINS THIS OPTI3N.
AuTHOJSH THE AUTHORS FEEL IT IS JMLIKELY
n LlP.OY OPTIONS 39 ASD * 3 ON THE SAMc. RUN,
IT li POSSIBLE TO DO SO. HOWEVER. F40TE THAT
THL SECOND A^J SUBSEQUENT SEiMENTS WILL NOT
SKIP OVLR PREVIOJSLY GENERATED PARTIAL CONC.
JILES. THEREFORE UNLESS THE EXECJTIVE CONTROL
.AN»A&E HAS *E£N CHANiEO SO THAT JMIT 10
^CESiES A DIFFERENT FILE ON EACH SEGMENT*
AtY PREVIOUSLY GENERATED 3ARTIAL CONCLNTR AT IOM
FILES JILL BE DESTROYED 3Y WRITING OVER THESE
FILLS.
ME AUTHORS FEEL THAT THE OUTPUT FILES
GENERATED 3Y OPTIONS 41 4 "O 42 ARE USEFUL
DSLY WHEN THE RECEPTORS A
-------
00002*90 C
Aflftft9
00002510 C
00002520 C
00002530 C
00002940 C
00002550 C
00002560 C
00002570 C
00002580 C
00002590 C
00002600 C
00002610 C
00002620 C
00002630 C
00002640 C
00002650 C
00002660 C
00002670 (.
00002680 C
00002690 C
00002700 C
00002710 C
00002720 C
00002730 C
00002740 C
00002750 C
00002760 C
00002770 C
00002780 C
00002790 C
00002800 C
00002610 C
00002820 C
00002830 C
00002640 C
00002850 C
00002660 C
00002670 C
00002*80 C
00002090 C
00002900 C
00002910 C
00002920 C
00002930 C
00002940 C
00002950 C
00002960 L
00002*70 C
towiavfto c
MMUft? c
oWwWPo c
00003010 C
00003020 C
OQM1030 C
OOW3040 C
00003050 C
00003060 C
00003070 C
00003060 C
00003090 C
00003100 C
IMPORTANT KESSASt HO. 2 |||
CALCULATIONS SUBMITTED TO SATISFY REBULATORY
U9JIREHENTS MAY RE3JIRE THAT CERTAIN OPTIONS 3£ USED |
:H£C< JITH HE APPROPRIATE £?A RSGIJYAL OFFICE fO
INSURE THAT ACCEPTABLE OPTIONS ARE JSEO IN YOUR RUN.
*••»•»*»••*•*••»**»»••«»*•••*»»•»•••**»»*•»*•«•»*»»»*••»»»*•
•••ft************************************************
RAM IS CA'ABL;! 3F »£N£UTIN5 A •
LARGE QUANTITY OF POINTED INFORMATION UNLESS JOME *
OF THESE OPTIONS TO DELETE OUTPUT ARE USEO *
LIBERALLY. *
•A***************************************************
CAR) 5. OPTIONS. FORMAT<50I1)
(THIS CARO IS REQUIRED)
1 = EMPLOY OPTION (OR Y£S)i 0 - DON*T JSE 0>TIO« (OK NO).
U;HNIC*L OPTIONS:
lOHTIl) - ^0 STACK DO^NMASH.
I3PT(2) - VO 5RAOJAL PLUME. RISE.
UPT(J) • JSE 9JOrA«Cf INDJCtD DIS'iRSION.
IOPT<4) - NOT US£3 THIS VISION.
IN>UT OPTIONS:
I3PT<5) - WILL YOU INPUT POINT SOURCES?
I3PTU) - rflL.. YOJ IN'JT 4UA SOUR:£S?
IOPT<7) - dILL YOU US£ EMISSIONS F*OM PREVIOUS RUNT (UNIT 9)
IDPT(8) - 1ET. DATA 0* CAR1S? (7ROn UNIT 11 OTHERWISE)
IOPT(9) - READ HOURLY PT. SOURCE EMISSIONS. (UVIT 15)
IOPT(10) - UAD HOJRLY AREA SOURCE EMISSIONS. (JMIT 16)
IOPT<11) - SPECIFY SISSIr. => r . SOJRCiS.
I3PT(12> - SPECIFY SI5NI-. AREA SOURCES.
IJPTllJ) - *OT USED THIS VERSION.
RECEPTOR OPTIONS
I3PT(14) • JILL YOJ ENTER UCt'TORS 3Y SPECIFYK6 COOROINATEST
I3PT(15) - DO YOU riANT HAM TO GENERATE RECEPTORS OOlMtflMD OP
SISN1F. PT. SOURCES? (MI.L 00 SO BY AV»-PERIOO)
IOPTI16) • DO YOU klANT RAM TO GENERATE RECEPTORS IDOUNUINO 9f
SUNP. A^E& SOURCES? liILL 00 SO 3f AV6 -PERIOD)
I3PTI17) * 3D YOJ dANT RAM TO &£^ERATE A HOMEYC9M8 ARRAY OF
*E:EPTDRS ro COVER A SPI:IFIC AREA?
lOPT(ie) - UILL YOJ INPUT RADIAL DISTANCES (UP TO 5) TO
GENERATE A »OLM COORDINATE RECEPTOR ARRAY
13s RECEPTORS FOR EACH DISTANCE)
I3PT419) - MOT USED THIS VERSION
PRINTED OUTPUT OPTIONS
I3PT(20) - J£LiTE >OINT SOJ^L LIST
I3PTI21) • DELiTE AREA SOUUE LIST AMD MA'
I3PT(22) » OtLiTt EMISSIONS JITH HEIiHT TABLE
I3PT(23) - DtLtTE RESULTANT MET. DATA SUMMARY F3R
AV£RAGIN8 PERIOD.
I3PT(24) • }£L£TE ALL -lOJRLr DJTPUT (PT.i AREA, I SUMMARIES)
I3PU25) - DiLiTC HOJR.Y fOINT CONTRIBUTIONS
IOPTC26) - OELiTt 1ET. OATA 3N rift. ?T. CONTRIB.
10PT(27) - DELETE PLUME .HT. AND DIST. TO FINAL RISE ON
40
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00001900
00001910
00001920
00001930
00001940
00001950
00001960
00001970
00001980
00001990
00002000
00002010
00002020
00002030
00002040
00002090
00002060
00002070
00002080
00002090
00002100
00002110
00002120
00002130
000021*0
00002150
00002160
00002170
00002180
00002190
00002200
00002210
00002220
00002230
00002240
00002230
00002260
00002270
00002280
00002290
00002300
00002310
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00002340
00002350
00002360
00002370
00002360
00002390
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00002410
00002420
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00092430
00002460
00002470
00002480
NORMALLY JSE THE COORDINATE SYSTEM OF THE EMISSION INVENTORY.
ALL LOCATIONS IV?UT BY THE USER( SUCH AS SOJRCES AND RECEPTORS)
ARE IN THIS SYSTEM. ALSO AS A CONVENIENCE TO THE USER ALL
LOCATIONS JN OUTPUT ARC ALSO IN THIS SYSTEM.
THE SiCOVD SYSTEK, INTERNAL UNITS, IS USE3 INTERNALLY IN RAM
FOR COORDINATE LOCATIONS AND DISTANCES. ONE INTERNA. UNIT IS THE
SIDE LENGTH OF Trie SMA.wEST AREA SOURCE SQUARE. THIS LENGTH MUST
BE IDENTIFIED AND SPECIFIED BY THE USER. THE PURPOSE OF JS1N6
INTERNAL UNITS IS TO HAVE A CORRESPONDENCE. BETWEEN LOCATI ON(GRID
COORDINATES) AND PARTICULAR AREA SOJRCE »OSITIONS. frllS IS
ACCOMPLISHED THROUGH THE USE OF THE ARtA SOURCE MAP ARRAY (IA
ARRAY). THIS ALLOWS DETERMINATION AS TO WITHIN WHICH AREA SOURCE
ANY COJRJmTE. >OW RESIDES.
THE THIRD SYSTEM, X, Y, IS AN UPWIND, CROSSWIND COORDINATE SYSTEM
WITH REFERENCE TO EACH RECEPTOR. THE X-AXIS IS DIRECTED UPWIND
(SA1£ AS WIND DIRECTION eOR THE »ERIOD). IN ORDER TO DETERMINE
DISPERSION PARAMETER VALUES AND EVALUATE EQUATIONS -OR
CONCENTRATIONS, DISTANCES IN THIS SYSTE* MUST BE IN KILOMETERS.
»->->-> SECTION B - DATA INPUT LISTS.
CARD VARIABLES AND FORMAT.
THi REQUIRED AND OPTIONAL CARD TYPES USED AS INPJT TO
RA<4 ARE DESCRIBED BELOW:
CARDS 1 - 3 Ak'HANUMERIC DATA FOR TITLES. FDRMAT120A4)
(THLStl THRLE CARDS ARE UiJIKED)
LINE1 - 80 ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS.
LINE2 - bo ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS.
LlN£3 - BO ALPHANUMERIC CHARACTERS.
CARD 4 CONTROL A^D CONSTANTS. FORMAT(FREE)
(THIS CARD IS REQUIRED)
IDATE(l) - 2-DIGIT YEAR FOR THIS RUN.
IDAT£(2> - STARTIU3 JULIAN DAY FOR THIS RJM.
HSTRT - STAKTIN5 HOJR FOR THIS RJN.
- MJM3ER OF AVtRASINi PERIODS TO Be. RU^.
- NJM3ER OF HOURS IM AN AVERAGING PERIOD.
- >OLLJTAST INDICATOR; is 3 FOR so2, 4 FOR SUSPENDED
JARTICJLATi.
MJOR - IJOEL INDICATOR; is i FO* URBAN* 2 ;OR RURAL.
NSUP - NUM3ER OF POINT SOURCES FROM WHICH C3MC. CONTR1B.
ARE DESIRED (MAX = 25).
NS1SA - NJM3ER OF AREA SOURCES FROM WHICH COMC. CONTRIB.
AR£ DESIRED (MA<=10>.
NAV5 - ADDITIONAL AV£RASIN3 TIME FOR HIGH-FIVE TABLE!
HOST LIKELY EQJAL TO 2, 4* 6, OR 12.
CONQNE - MULTIPLIER TO CONVERT USER UNITS TO KILOMETERS.
£XAM»LE HJLTI'LIERS:
FLiT TD
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00001280
000012*0
00001300
00001310
00001320
00001330
00001340
00001390
00001360
00101370
00001360
00001390
00001400
00001410
00001420
00001430
00001440
00001450
00001460
00001470
00001400
00001490
00001500
00001510
00001520
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00001540
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00001560
00001570
00001580
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OOOOUOO
00001610
00001620
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001670
OOOOlfelO
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00001700
00001710
00001720
00001730
00001740
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00001760
00001770
00001700
00001790
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00001620
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00001640
00001690
00001660
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ALTHOUGH THE ORIGINAL VERSION OF RAN CONTAINED
SUBROUTINES TO LOCATE RECEPTORS DOWNWIND FROM SIGNIFICANT
SOURCES FOR EACH AVERAGING 'ERI30, THIS OPTION WAS DELETED
FROM THE LONS-TtRN VERSION (THE VERY SITUATION WHERE IT
WOULO HAVE BEEN HOST USEFUL). THIS ACTION WAS TA<£N
BECAUSE IT UAS PELT IT WOULO CREATE CONFUSION FOR THE
JSEt TO OENEUTi RECEPTORS WITH GIVEN RECEPTOR NJNbEKS
WHOJi LDCATlDNS SHIFT W1H £»Crt NEW AVERAGING, PEUOD.
DETERMINATION OF MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS FROM
MULTIPLE SOURCES IS A OIFF1CUT AND TIME CONSUMING TASK.
WITH THIS VERSION OF RAM THE FOLLOWING PROCEDURES CAN BE
A'P.IED TD AJSIST LOCATING 1AXIHUM CDNCENTRATIONS THAT
CAN iE COMPARED WITH AH JUAulTV STANDARDS:
1. EXECUTE FOR A LONi PERIOD OF RECORD (FOR t< AMPLE, A YEAR)
FOR EXISTING MONITOR LOCATIONS AND EMPLOYING THE OPTION
TO JENERATE RECEPTORS OOUNWIND OF SISHIFIXMT SOURCES
(DIFFERENT RECEPTOR LOCATIONS ARE GENERATE) FOR EACH
AVERAGING PERIOD). YOU MAY WANT TO ADO SPECIFIED OR
GtNERATEO RECEPTORS TO SET REASONABLE ARU COVER Aftt.
(MOST OJT»UT KOJLO 3E SJPPRESSE3 BY USE OF 3PTIONS
TO Avon EXCESS ?U^TEO OJT>UT.> THE HI>FIVE TAJLE
UOULD 3E MEEDED
2. USING THE HI -FIV£ TA3LE SELECT DATES AND TINES
(AND NOTE RECEPTOR NUMBERS) PRODUCING HI6H
VALJEik ( HISHiST. SECO^O HIGHEST, frNO POS&DUV ,
THIRO HISHEST).
3. MAKE SHORT-TERM RJNS FOR THE A30VE IDENTIFIED PERIODS
USING THE SAME RECEPTORS, RECEPTOR OPTIONS AND AVERAGING
PERIOD AS IN THE HITIA. RUN. BE SURE T3 GET PRINTOUT
FOR THE AVERAGING ^CRIOO. THIS ALLOWS DETERMINATION OF THE
COORDINATES OF EACn RECLPTOR IDENTIFIED IN STEP 2 ABOVC*
4. MAKE A -ONJ TERM RJN USING INPUT RECEPTORS 3NLY (SO GIVEN
SOJRCE ^JM3ER JUL 3£ AT SAME L3CATIOM THROJ2HOUT RUN).
ALL RECEPTORS IDENTIFIEO AS PR03JCING HIGH CONCENTRATION!
IN STtPS 2 AND 3 SHOULD BE USED. THIS RUM IS PROBAiLT
FOR A ONE-YEAR PERIOD AND THE ONLY OUTPUT NEEDED IS THE
HI8H-FIKL TAiLE ' 0* OETERMINATION OF ANNUJO. CONCENTRATIONS
ANO HIOHEST AND SECOND HIGHEST CONCENTRATIONS FOR EACH
AVERAGING TIME. (THESE WILL BE AVAILABLE FOR EACH RECEPTOR)
ALTHOUGH THIS M£TH03 JILL STILL 3£ RE.ATIVELY £.K»ENSIVE
(£8P£CIALLY IF MANT RECEPTORS ARE USEO), IT PROVIDES A
SYSTEMATIC METHODOLOGY FOR .OOKING FOR MAXIMUM CONCENTRATIONS.
IMPORTANT MESSAGE NO. 1 III
CALCULATIONS SUBMITTED TU SATISFY REGULATORY
RE3UIKEMENTS HAY REQUIRE CERTAIN PARAMETER VALUES
'OR WIND PROFILE POWER-LAW EXPONENTS
IND US£ OF CEHTAIN OPTIONS. CHECK
WITH THE AP»RO»RIATE E3A REJIONAL 0.erIC£ TO IWSJR'E THAT
ACCEPTABLE »ARAMET£R VALUES ARE USED IN YOUR RUM.
THREE SYSTEMS OF LEN3TH AND COOROINATES ARE USED IN RAM:
THt FIRST SYSTEM, USER UNITS., IS SELECTED bY THE USE* AND
42
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00000090. C
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00000140 C
00000190 C
00000160 C
00000170 C
00000180 C
?
•••*• EPA DISPERSION NOOEw • PROGRAM RAN *•»••
» DOE; JNAHAP»» UPDATE i« OE:. mi •
» PREPARED BY SCA COHPOWIDN SE'T. 1902 *
*•••»«••*»»»»»*»••*»••*»•*»**»•»***»*»•*•••»*••*•«•
RAH (VERSION 81J52)
A* AIR QUALITY DISPERSION MODEL 114
SECTION 2. GUIDELINE HOO£LS
IN UNAMAP (VERSION 4> DEC SO
SOJRCE: *ILE s ON UNAMAP MAGNETIC TAP: FROM NTI*.
THIS HAIN PROIHAM IS REFERRED TO AS A IN COMMMOH STATEMENTS
00000190 C-> ->->-> OUTLINE OF M03RAM SECTIONS
00000200 C
00000210 C
00000220 C
00000230 C
000002*0 C
00000250 C
00000260 t
00000270 C
000002SO C
000002*0 C
00000300 C
00000310 C
00000320 C
00000330 C
00000340 C
00000350 C
00000360 C
00000370 C
00000360 C
00000390 C
00003400 C
00000410 C
00000420 C
00000430 C
00000440 C
00000490 C
00000460 C
00000470 C
00000180 C
00000490 C->
00000500 C
0000 Oil 0 O •
00000520 (.
00030530 C
00000540 C**
00000550 C
00000560 C
00000570 C
000005ttO C
00090590 C
00000600 C
00000610 C
00000620 C
SECTION A - JENERAL REMARKS
SECTION B - OATA IN?UT LISTS.
SECTION C - INPUT FILE DESCRIPTIONS
SECTION 0 - OUT'JT PUNCHED CARD DESCRIPTION
SECTION i - OUTPUT FILE DESCRIPTIONS
SECTION F - TEMPORARY FILE DESCRIPTION
SECTION G - COMMON. DIMENSION. ANO OATA STATEMLNTS .
SECTION H - FLOJ DIAGRAM.
SECTION I - UN SET-U? AND *EA3 FIRST 6 INPUT CAOS.
SECTION J - INPJT AND PROCESS EMISSI3M nFDRIATDN.
SECTION K - EKE:UTt FOR INPUT OF SIGNIFICANT SUMCE NUMBERS.
SECTUN L - :HL:K MET. OATA IF FROM FILE OF ONE r£ARs*s DATA.
SECTION n - GENERATE POLAR COORDINATE RECtPTORS.
SECTION N - UAD AN) PROCESS UCE?T^ INFORMATION.
SECTION 0 - >Oi»lT10N FILES AS REQUIRED.
SECTION P • STAU L30PS FOR DAY AND AVERAGING TIlEt READ
MET. OATA.
SECTION Q - :ALCJLATE AMD MUTE MET. SUMMARY INFORMATION.
SECTION R - DiTiRMIS;. AOOITIDNAL HtCE»TORS FOR THIS AVG-PER
(OPTIONAL)
SECTION & - INITIALIZE ' OR HOURLY LOOP.
SECTION T - BEGIN HOUftLY LOOP.
SECTION J - CALCULATE AMD ST3U FOR HIGH-FIVE TA3LE.
SECTION V - EVO riOU^LYt AtfEUSlMi TMit ANO DAILY LOOPS.
SECTION W - riRITE AVERAGE CO^C. ANO HIGH-FIVE TAJLES.
SECTION X - CLOSE OUT FILES.
SECTION Y - FORMAT STATEMENTS.
->->-> SECTION A - GlNc-ML REHAR> DIFFERS FROM
PUVIOJS VERSIONS.
• ••*••*»•»»•*»»»*•»»*»»**»»»•»•.*»*»*»»****»**»»**»* *•»*•••*••••*••*•
RAM PROGRAM AttSTRACT.
RAM IS AN EFFICIENT iAUSS IAN-PLUME MULTIPLE-SOURCE
AM iJALITY ALGORITHM. RAM IS D£S:RI3EO IN: NOVAK, J.H.. AND
TU*N^i0.3.» 1976: AH ^DwuUTION CONTROL ASSOC. J.« VOt. 2S * NO. 6*
PAGti 573-575(UUN£ 1976). UM*S 3RINCI?AL JSE IS TO DETERMINE
SHORT TERM (ONE-HOUR TO UNE-OAY) CONCENTRATIONS FROM POINT ANO
AREA SOURCES IN URBAN AREAS. .
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OOOOOSOO
oooooaio
00000820
00000030
00000640
00000850
00000660
00000870
00000*80
00000090
00000900
00000910
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00000930
00000940
00000950
00000960
00000970
000009UO
00000990
00001000
00001010
00001020
00001030
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00001060
00001070
ooooiouo
00001090
00001100
00001110
00001120
00001130
00001140
00001150
01160
Fiso
00001190
0000
00001'
00001220
00041230
00001^40
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EHECJT13N OF AA1 IS LIMITED T3 A MAXIMUM 3F 250 POUT
SOURCES, 100 AREA SOURCES tM3 180 RECEPTORS. SIMULATION
IS DONE MOUR-BY-HOUiR AND HOURLY HETEO*OL081CAL DATA
ARE REQUIRED AS INPUT. LEN6TH OF SIMULATED TIME CAM
VARY FROM 1 HOUR TO 1 YEAR.
RAM AUTHORS:
3. 3RUCi TURNER* AN) JOAN HRENKO KOVA<*
METEOROLOGY AND ASSESSMENT DISISION, ESRL
ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
* UN ASSIGNMENT FRO* NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC AOMIN.,
DEPARTMENT 3F COMMERCE.
SJP»ORTE3 BY:
£NVIR3iN*ENTA. 0»ERAT13NS 3RMCH
MAIL DROP 80, E'A
RESRCH TRI PK« NC 27711
PHONE: (919) 541-4564% FTS 629-4564.
BA:K;ROUND«-
1. THE ORIGINAL RAM 8Y JOAN HRENKO NOVAK AND O.B^JCE TURNER
y*S HADE AVAILABLE IN FOUR VERSIONS:
SHORT TE^M IHSM
SH3RT f£OINT SOURCE POUI3NS OF RAMR AS A BASIS*
THOMAS i. PIERCE AND 3.3RUCE TURNER DEVtLOPiD THE MODEL
MPTER.TNIS MODEL CONTAINS MANY 0»TIONS SO T-IAT IT IS
QUITE VERSATILE PRIMARILY QUE TO ITS MANY USER SELECTED
OPTIONS.
3. IN BEGINNING THE TASK OF REVISING RAM FOR GUIDELINE
MODEL CONSISTENCY* 11 WAS FELT THAT ADDITIONAL OPTIONS
COULD BE EMPLOYED* SIMILAR TO MPTER* IN ORDER TO MAKE
HE MODEL- MDRt. VE*SATIL£. THE APPROACH USED HERE MAS
TO BEGIN rflfH M>T£R« U13VE ITS 3>TI3MAL TERRAIN
FEATURES AN) ADD BACK IN THE AREA SOJRC- COMMUTATIONS
AND RECEPTOR LOCATION FEATURES.
CURRENT MODiL - USERS UILL ?IN3 THAT THERE ARE NO LONGER FOUR
VERSIONS OF RAM BUT ONLY ONE. USE OF UR3AN OR RURAL
DISPiRSION PARA1ETERS ARE C3VTROLLED JY THE INPUT
VALUE FOR THE VARIABLE MUOR < "1" FOR URBAN»"2" r OR
RURAL). THt LEN3TH OF THE MOOEL RUN IS DETERMINES BY
HE. NUMBER Oe AVERAGING P£RI3DS* NPER* TJ BL RUN «ND
HL .£NSTH On THE AVERA3ING PERIOD*NAVG. FOR LON3-
T£R1 RUNS (SUCH AS USINS A Y£AR*S DATA)* THE OPTION TO
CALCULATE AN3 PRINT THE HI -FIVE TABLE IS NORMALLY EMPLOYED
S3 T-IAT THt -IIGHEST AND SiCOND HISHEST CONCENTRATION FOR
EACH AVERAGES-TIME CAN B£ EASILY OETtRMINED.
THIS VERSION OF RAM WAS ASSEMBLED BY CURTIS A. S1ITH
(JUN -AUG 1980)ANO ALFRE1DA D. RANKINS (AUS 1960 -PRESENT)
J^D£R THE GUIDANCE OF D. 3RUCE TURNER.
NOTE TO USERS:
44
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TECHNICAL REPORT DATA
(Pleaie read Instructions on the reverse before completing)
1. R6PORT NO.
EPA-90379-83-001
. flTLs"ANO SUBTITLE
Guide to Use of Selected UNAMAP (Version 4) Dispersion
Models on the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Computer
_System
7. AUTHORIS)
3. RECIPIENT'S ACCESSION NO.
6. REPORT DATE
March 1983
6. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION CODE
Mark E. Connolly, Alan D. Goldman, Frederick M. Sellars
8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION REPORT NO.
GCA-TR-83-11-G
0. PtRKORMINC) ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
GCA/Technology Division
213 Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
12. SPONSORING AGhNCY NAME ANO ADDRESS
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Air and Waste Management Division
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
10. PROGRAM ELEMENT NO.
11. CONTRACT/GRANT NO.
13. TYPE OF REPORT AND PERIOD COVERED
14. SPONSORING AGENCY CODE
IB. SUPPl.* MCN tARY NOTES
EPA Project Officer: Francis J. Dougherty
16. ABSTRACT
This report is intended to serve as a simple and concise operating manual for
performing dispersion modeling analyses using selected UNAMAP programs on the
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Computer system. Operating procedures for the computer
system are referenced as necessary to describe program initiation. This manual
is intended to supplement User's Manuals for the UNAMAP dispersion models available
at the Department of Environmental Resources. Therefore, actual use of the models
is addressed from an operational rather than technical point of view.
17
KEY WORDS AND DOCUMENT ANALYSIS
DESCRIPTORS
Air Pollution
Atmospheric Models
Atmospheric Diffusion
Meteorology
Air Pollution Abatement
b.lDENTIFIERS/OPEN ENDED TERMS
Diffusion Modeling
Gaussian Plume Models
c. COSATI Held/Group
18. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT
Release Unlimited
19. SECURITY CLASS (ThisReport)
None
21. NO. OF PAGES
49
2O. SECURITY CLASS (This page)
None
22. PRICE
(PA Perm 7220-1 (R«», 4-77) PREVIOUS EDITION is OBSOLE TE
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