I EPA 903/B-97-006
I
I -
in
Hazard
Evaluation
Handbook
A Guide to Removal Actions
Fourth Edition
Prepared by the Roy F. Weston ~ »?
Site Assessment Technical Assistance Team 1! -; ; * 1
for the *!
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency < y' *i
Region III Superfund Removal Branch .^ ; ,: i 4?
Under Contract #68-S5-3002 _!''
^tf Street, "<&
. :-'-: 1Q-- 7-
EPA Report Collection
formation Resource Center
US EPA Region 3
Philadelphia, PA 19107
October 1991
-------
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Introduction 1
Safety 5
t Sources of Information 7
Conducting a Removal Assessment 11
i
General Hazard Recognition 19
Fire/Explosion Checklist 22
Drum Site Checklist 24
Lagoon Checklist 27
Landfill Checklist 29
Chemical Storage Checklist 32
Laboratory Checklist 34
Industrial Facility Checklist 37
What's Wrong With This Picture? 40
Emergency Removal Guidelines 49
Emergency Removal Guideline Concentrations 52
Removal Numeric Action Levels for Drinking Water 71
Appendices
1. Toxicology A93
2. Environmental Media A113
3. Sampling and Basic Data Interpretation A121
4. Container Silhouettes ADS
5. Guide to DOT and NFPA Placards A151
6. Integrating Removal and Remedial Site
Assessment Investigations A167
Index
-------
-------
Introduction
This book is the fourth edition of a guidebook for U.S. EPA
project managers, inspectors, and others to help them view a project
site from a multimedia perspective and to recognize potential
emergency or removal conditions that may not be obvious. It is
essential that the project manager or inspector question everything at a
project site in terms of the imminent threat posed to human health and
the environment.
According to the National Oil and Hazardous Substances
Pollution Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Part 300.420 (b) and (c), among
the goals of a remedial preliminary assessment and of a site
investigation are to determine if there is any potential need for removal
action, and, if the assessment or investigation indicates that a removal
action is warranted, to initiate a removal site evaluation pursuant to 40
CFR Part 300.410. Removal actions are warranted in unstable or
potentially unstable situations that pose immediate threats to public
health and the environment. Examples of such threats are weathered,
leaking drums; potentially explosive substances; damaged buildings or
other structures with a high potential for causing hazardous substances'
to be released from containment; and so forth. The purpose of this
book is to help Remedial Project Managers understand the processes
involved in a removal site evaluation and recognize the potential
sources of immediate hazards at various types of sites. Such
recognition is important not only to fulfill the mandates of the NCP,
-------
INTRODUCTION
but also to maintain maximum site safety and security during remedial
actions.
Many sites, such as those being evaluated for the National
Priorities List (NPL), are examined first by the Site Assessment
Program, not by the Removal Program, so it is important that these
sites be examined in light of their potential for causing imminent
threats. Other sites undergo emergency removal actions by the
Removal Branch first and then are transferred to other programs for
additional action. During the subsequent transition period, conditions
that were stable at the end of the removal response may have
deteriorated so that an imminent threat is posed to the public or to the
environment. Remedial sites are of concern because the remedial
process can take years, during which weathering and wearing of storage
and containment facilities can occur. The NPL Site Certification
process requires the periodic evaluation of remedial sites. These
evaluations should include an assessment of the need for a removal
action.
A companion to this guide is the Disposal Handbook: A Guide
to Evaluating Hazardous Waste at a Superfund Site for Disposal, which
is designed for use once a removal action has been determined to be
necessary. The Disposal Handbook takes a quantitative approach to
evaluating known threats at a hazardous waste site, whereas the Hazard
Evaluation Handbook takes a qualitative approach to determining
whether a threat exists and, if so, the nature of the threat.
This book is meant only as a guide to the possible sources of
harm presented by various types of sites; it is not an exhaustive study.
Instead, the purpose of the book is to encourage project managers and
others to examine a site from several different perspectives hi
evaluating potential hazards.
-------
INTRODUCTION
Acknowledgments
This book was prepared by the Region III Site Assessment Technical
Assistance (SATA) Team under the coordination of the Superfund
Removal Branch, U.S. EPA Region III. Many EPA personnel and
SATA members made direct and indirect contributions to this project.
The project could not have been successfully completed without the
assistance of the EPA and SATA personnel involved.
-------
-------
Safety
Certain safety precautions should be considered before entering
any area that is suspected to be contaminated with hazardous
substances. EPA's Standard Operating Safety Guides, November 1984,
as well as the specific site health and safety plan should be followed to
prevent short-term exposure and injury and the long-term effects of
multiple short-term exposures.
Review background information about the facility prior to
making a site visit. A background search may provide such
useful information as the names of any process chemicals used
at the facility, contact names, and site-specific hazards and
may assist field personnel conducting the assessment.
Draft a site health and safety plan to address all chemical,
physical, biological, and radioactive hazards associated with
the site. Modifications to the safety plan can be made as
additional information is collected.
Conduct an initial survey of the site from a safe distance away
to determine if there are any visible hazards that should be
addressed or avoided when entering the site. If the
contaminants are known, it is possible to gather information
from the numerous reference sources available, prior to going
on the site.
-------
SAFETY
When making an entry into a site where the materials are
unknown, high levels of protection (Level B or higher) are
recommended until sufficient data has been collected to
determine that lower levels of protection are sufficient. During
the assessment, the entry team will use direct air monitoring
equipment to check for radiation, combustible gases, and
volatile organic and inorganic vapors. Multimedia (air, water,
and soil) samples should also be collected to determine actual
concentrations of the contaminants on site.
Based on the initial survey, select the proper type of personal
protective equipment to safely perform tasks required for further
site assessment. Personal protection may include a self-
contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or air-purifying respirator
(APR), chemical protective coveralls, chemical-resistant gloves
and boots, a hard hat, and safety goggles. The purpose of the
protective equipment is to minimize the risk of exposure to
hazardous substances through inhalation, ingestion, or skin
contact.
Personnel working on site must have completed a minimum
level of OSHA-required training per 29 CFR 1910.120.
Ensure that all persons entering the site read and understand the
site health and safety plan in order to limit the number of
injuries. As new threats are encountered and the site work plan
is revised, the safety plan must be amended to reflect these
changes.
Determine if a confined space permit is required.
-------
Sources of Information
Questions about the hazards posed by a site and whether a
removal response is appropriate can be answered by the EPA Region
III Superfund Removal Branch. Call the following people for
information:
Regional Response Center - (215) 566-3255
An On-Scene Coordinator from the Superfund Removal Branch is on
duty outside of normal working hours and can be reached through the
Regional Response Center to answer questions.
Charles Kleeman, Section Chief - (215) 566-3257
Removal Response Section (3HW31)
Superfund Removal Branch
Karen Melvin, Section Chief - (215) 566-3275
Removal Enforcement and Oil Section (3HW32)
Superfund Removal Branch
David Wright, Section Chief - (215) 566-3293
Site Assessment and CEPP Section (3HW33)
Superfund Removal Branch
-------
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
Questions about the degree of toxicity posed by a substance and
its possible effects should be referred to the EPA Region III Superfund
Technical Support Section (3HW41). Call the following people for
information:
Bill Belanger, Regional Radiation Representative (3AT32) -
(215) 566-2082
Eric Johnson, Section Chief (3HW41) - (215) 566-3313
lexicological information may also be obtained from:
Samuel Rotenberg, Toxicologist - (215) 566-3396
RCRA Integrated Management and Support Section (3HW70)
Additional information can be obtained from:
American Association of Railroads - (202) 639-2100
The association provides assistance at sites involving rail shipments of
hazardous materials.
Centers for Disease Control - (404) 633-5313 (24 hours)
The CDC provides assistance in emergencies involving bacterial agents
or infectious diseases.
Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program - (800) 535-0202
This hotline provides information on reporting of hazardous substances
for community planning purposes.
CHEMTREC - (800) 424-9300 (24 hours)
CHEMTREC provides information concerning materials involved in
hazardous materials incidents. CHEMTREC can also contact
manufacturers, shippers, or other parties who may be able to provide
additional assistance. A supplement to CHEMTREC is the HIT
(Hazard Information Transmission) program, which provides a hard
copy of hazard data. Non-emergency service can be obtained from
CHEMTREC by calling (800) 262-8200, between 8 a.m. and 9 p.m.
-------
SOURCES OF INFORMATION
EST. CHEMTREC is operated by the Chemical Manufacturers
Association.
National Animal Poison Control Center - (217) 333-3611
(24 hours)
The center is operated by the University of Illinois and provides
assistance at sites involving suspected animal poisonings or chemical
contamination.
National Pesticide Telecommunications Network -
(800) 858-7378
The network provides information about spill handling, disposal clean-
up, and health effects of pesticides.
Nuclear Regulatory Commission, King of Prussia, PA - (610) 337-
5000
HQ National Operation Center (301) 816-5100
These numbers provide information about radiation concerns.
Safe Drinking Water Hotline - (800) 426-4791
This hotline provides information about the public water supply
program, policy, and technical and regulatory items.
Solid Waste and Hazardous Waste (RCRA) and Superfund -
(800) 424-9346
This hotline provides information about the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act and Superfund. It is operated by EPA.
Texas Tech University Pesticide Hotline - (800) 858-7378
The hotline provides emergency information in pesticide-related
incidents.
TSCA and Asbestos Technical Information and Referral -
(202) 554-1404
This hotline provides information on the Toxic Substances Control Act
and on asbestos.
-------
10 SOURCES OF INFORMATION 10
US Department of Transportation Hotline - (800) 467-4922
The hotline provides information and assistance concerning the
hazardous materials regulations found in the Code of Federal
Regulations Title 49.
Computer Resources
TOXNET
TOXNET, managed by the National Library of Medicine, provides
access to data bases on toxicology and related issues. Five integrated
data base module? are accessible: the Hazardous Substances Data Bank
(HSDB), Registry of Toxic Effects of Chemical Substances (RTECS),
Chemical Carcinogenesis Research Information System (CCRIS),
Directory of Biotechnology Information Resources (DBIR), and
Environmental Teratology Information Center Backfile (ETICBACK).
Call (301) 496-6531 for account information.
CHEMICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS INC
CIS provides access to about nine different data bases. Among the data
bases are the Oil and Hazardous Material/Technical Assistance Data
System (OHMTADS), the Chemical Hazard Response Information
System (CHRIS), and the MERCK index. CIS also provides access to
the SPHERE family of components sponsored by the U.S. EPA Office
of Toxic Substances, including DERMAL, ENVIROFATE, and
ISHOW. Call (800) CIS-USER for account information.
CAMEO - RIDS
The Computer-Aided Management of Emergency Operations (CAMEO)
program provides response information and recommendations for over
4000 commonly transported chemicals, an air dispersion model, and
components for emergency response planning. Call (800) 99CAMEO
for account information.
Internet Resources
For information on numerous topics including pollution control and
remediation technologies relating to air, water, and hazardous waste
start at EPA's web site at the following address: http://www.epa.gov/
-------
Conducting a Removal
Assessment
Certain safety precautions should be considered before entering an
area of any description that is suspected to be contaminated with
hazardous substances. The National Contingency Plan, 40 CFR Section
300.410, gives the minimal procedures for conducting a removal site
evaluation, which "includes a removal preliminary assessment and, if
warranted, a removal site inspection." According to the NCP:
300.410(c)(l) The lead agency shall, as appropriate, base the
removal preliminary assessment on readily available information.
A removal preliminary assessment may include, but is not limited
to:
(i) Identification of the source and nature of the release or
threat of release;
This may be as easy as reading the U.S. Department of
Transportation (DOT) placard on a tank truck. In the case of a
hazardous waste site with hundreds of possibly unlabeled drums
of different chemicals, recognition of the source and nature of
the threat posed requires use of all information available; e.g.,
historical data, visual observation, monitoring data, sample data,
package labels, shipping manifests, and witnesses.
-------
12 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 12
(ii) Evaluation by ATSDR or by other sources, such as state
public health agencies, of the threat to public health;
In order to evaluate the level of threat that a site poses to
public health, ATSDR (Agency for Toxic Substances and
Disease Registry) requires a report that describes the site and its
history; lists the substances present on site and the quantity of
contaminated material in different media (soil, water, air);
describes the relationship between the site and such
environmental pathways as groundwater, surface water, soil,
sediment, and air; and provides documentation of quality
control/quality assurance for supporting sample data. Similar
reports can be prepared for EPA lexicologists and other public
health officials so they can evaluate the degree of threat posed by
a site.
(iii) Evaluation of the magnitude of the threat;
Evaluation is determining the actual or potential impact of
a threat to public health and welfare and to the environment. To
evaluate the magnitude of a hazardous materials site, all
substances must be identified, their concentrations determined,
and their dispersion pathways established. Then, risk can be
assessed on the basis of exposure or the threat of exposure to the
public and the environment.
(iv) Evaluation of factors necessary to make the determination of
whether a removal is necessary; and
The eight criteria for a removal are set forth in Section
300.415 of the NCP. These criteria are qualitative in nature,
and it is not necessary that all of them be satisfied for a removal
to be initiated. The criteria are discussed below.
(v) Determination of whether a nonfederal party is undertaking
proper response.
Research whether state and/or local agencies or the
potentially responsible party (PRP) have taken action to mitigate
conditions at the site.
-------
13 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 13
300.410(c)(2) A removal preliminary assessment of releases from
hazardous waste management facilities may include collection or
review of data such as site management practices, information from
generators, photographs, literature searches, and personal
interviews conducted, as appropriate.
300.410(d) A removal site inspection may be performed if more
information is needed. Such inspection may include a perimeter
(i.e., off-site) or on-site inspection, taking into consideration
whether such inspection can be performed safely.
Initial entry personnel should determine the presence of any
hazards that may affect response personnel, the public, and the
environment; verify existing information and obtain additional
information about the site; evaluate the need for prompt action to
mitigate any situation on-site; and collect information to establish safety
requirements for additional personnel entering the site.
NCP Criteria For Initiating A Removal Action
Section 300.415 of the NCP sets forth the criteria for
determining whether a removal action is warranted. If the site meets
one or more of the criteria, a removal action may be necessary.
300.41S(b)(2) The following factors shall be considered in
determining the appropriateness of a removal action pursuant to
this section:
(i) Actual or potential exposure to nearby human populations,
animals, or the food chain from hazardous substances or
pollutants or contaminants;
Determine whether the site poses a direct exposure threat.
Look for evidence of children playing in or near the site. Look
for evidence of people walking or riding through the area,
possibly stirring up contaminated dust. Check for schools,
retirement communities, hospitals or other institutions nearby
with sensitive populations that may be affected by site
-------
14 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 14
Explore whether contaminated runoff from the site enters nearby
streams or impoundments. Look for wells in the vicinity of the
site that are affected by groundwater contaminants. Determine
whether the contaminants are likely to enter the food chain
through biouptake.
(ii) Actual or potential contamination of drinking water supplies
or sensitive ecosystems;
Determine whether the release affects, or has the potential
to affect, a groundwater aquifer or surface waterway used for
drinking water. Check for any fragile natural areas (e.g., the
habitat of an endangered species; wetlands) that may be affected
by contaminants from the site.
(iii) Hazardous substances or pollutants or contaminants in
drums, barrels, tanks, or other bulk storage containers, that
may pose a threat of release;
Determine how structurally secure containers are. Look for
any signs of weathering or structural instability. Based on the
condition of any containers and the quantity of material present,
determine whether an uncontrolled release is an imminent threat.
(iv) High levels of hazardous substances or pollutants or
contaminants iin soils largely at or near the surface, that may
migrate;
Look for visible discoloration of the soil and for standing
pools of discolored liquid. Look for any dead or dying
vegetation; it may imply the presence of soil contamination that
is not visible. Determine the direction of runoff.
(v) Weather conditions that may cause hazardous substances or
pollutants or contaminants to migrate or be released;
Determine whether precipitation can initiate a release (e.g.,
a lagoon overflow) or cause contaminants already released to
migrate. Check for any containers that are exposed to the
weather, which facilitates structural deterioration.
-------
15 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 15
(vi) Threat of fire or explosion;
Check for any flammable/explosive substances that may be
present, including any initially stable substances that may have
deteriorated to the point of being explosively unstable. Check
for the presence of strong oxidizers. Determine whether any
incompatible substances are stored together. Examine the
history of the site for incidences of accidental fire, explosion, or
arson.
(vii) The availability of other appropriate federal or state
response mechanisms to respond to the release;
Ascertain whether other federal or state agencies can
provide resources to mitigate the release or threat of release.
(viii) Other situations or factors that may pose threats to public
health or welfare or the environment.
Be alert for any other condition, in addition to the ones
specifically given in the NCP criteria, that may pose an
imminent threat.
Conducting a Removal Preliminary Assessment and Site
Inspection
PRELIMINARY ASSESSMENT
Before site entry, the investigation team should gather and
review information about site activities and the chemicals used and/or
generated so that hazards can be evaluated to the extent possible and
preliminary controls established to protect initial entry personnel. This
preliminary evaluation should provide the following information:
The location and approximate size of the site.
The site history, especially waste disposal history.
A description of the topography of the site, the number and types
of structures present, and routes of accessibilty. Natural wind
barriers such as buildings, hills, and storage tanks should also be
identified, as well as how land surrounding the site is used.
-------
16 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 16
Descriptions of the hazardous substances known or suspected to be
on site, their chemical and physical properties and associated risks.
An estimation of the types of changes that may have
occurred on site as the result of aging, weathering, fire/explosion,
and so forth. Changes include structural damage to buildings and
containers, as well as chemical alteration of hazardous substances
present. Any such changes may increase the risk to personnel
entering the site.
Pathways for dispersion of hazardous substances from the site.
Potential pathways include the air, such biologic routes as the food
chain, groundwater, surface water, and direct contact. Adjacent
properties and the sensitivity of the surrounding environment
should be considered.
A description of the response activities or other tasks to be
performed on site and an estimate of their duration.
Information can tie obtained through a search of state and federal
regulatory and enforcement records (including previously gathered U.S.
EPA removal and remedial data and information from other EPA
programs such as the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination
(NPDES) System for water), local government records, the potentially
responsible party's records (logbooks, shipping manifests, ledgers,
etc.), interviews with adjacent property owners and previous site
workers, and perimeter reconnaissance. If the preliminary off-site
evaluation does not produce sufficient information to identify and
quantify the suspected hazards, an initial site entry and characterization
are performed.
SITE INVESTIGATION
During the site investigation, entry personnel should monitor the
air for conditions that are immediately dangerous to life and health
(IDLH) or that may cause serious harm. Such conditions include
combustible or explosive atmospheres, oxygen deficiency, and the
presence of airborne toxic substances that pose a high threat through
skin absorption and/or inhalation. To supplement air monitoring,
personnel should look on site for indicators of IDLH conditions.
Indicators include dead animals, stressed vegetation, and bulging,
fuming, hissing, or otherwise stressed containers. Be alert for the
-------
17 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 17
fuming, hissing, or otherwise stressed containers. Be alert for the
presence of something on site that may imply the presence of a hidden
hazard; for example, the edge of one rusty drum protruding through a
tangle of vines could indicate that the vines are covering a pile of
drums. Personnel should also monitor for ionizing radiation and note
any slip, trip, and/or fall hazards. Once the hazards on site have been
evaluated and the initial safety plan revised accordingly, periodic
monitoring should occur to ensure the safety of site workers during the
remainder of the investigation.
It is critical that the hazardous materials on site be identified
exactly to assure safe and effective field operations. Several basic clues
to identification of hazardous materials include:
Container shape and size. Distinctive container shapes are used
for certain types of substances, so basic clues to the identity of a
hazardous material can be gathered from the container in which it
is stored. Refer to Appendix 4 for silhouettes of some containers
used in the transportation, storage, and use of hazardous materials.
Markings, placards, and labels. Identifying markings, placards,
and labels, along with container shape and size, are the safest and
easiest methods for determining the presence of hazardous
materials. The DOT requires placards on containers used to
transport 1000 pounds or more of most hazardous substances
across state lines; the DOT requires placards for any amount of
some particularly hazardous substances. The DOT Code of
Federal Regulation, 49.CFR, gives the requirements for labeling
and placarding hazardous materials within the United States.
There is also a marking system administered by the National Fire
Protection Association (NFPA) for fixed facility storage tanks.
Refer to Appendix 5 for additional information on U.S. DOT and
NFPA placards and labels.
NOTE: Remember that containers may be unlabeled or even
mislabeled, either intentionally or through error. Exercise
extreme caution until the presence or absence of a
hazardous substance has been confirmed.
-------
18 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 18
Senses. The senses of sight, hearing, and smell can aid in the
identification of hazardous materials. Sight and hearing are the
safest senses to employ and are very valuable resources in
determining the presence of hazardous materials. The sense of smell
is potentially dangerous. Some materials are toxic at concentrations
too low to be detected by smell, and other materials induce
olefactory fatigue, so workers cannot distinguish increased
concentrations. Generally, standard operating procedures state that
if a worker is close enough to smell a substance, the worker is too
close.
Qualitative Hazard Recognition
Qualitative hazard recognition, the realization that a hazard actually
exists on site, is the most crucial part of a removal site investigation.
This section contains a general checklist of questions, pertinent to every
site, to provide guidance in qualitative hazard recognition. Following
the general checklist is a series of drawings of specific conditions that
may not occur at every site. When they do occur, these conditions
require a thorough evaluation, so a detailed checklist follows each
drawing. This section concludes with a modified map of an actual site.
A checklist follows the site map.
Use of the generaJ checklist should give each project manager or
inspector an idea of whether a removal may be warranted and provide
background information about the site. The checklists associated with
the drawings should be used in making a more detailed assessment of
specific hazards.
The purpose of each checklist is to direct the thinking of site
investigators; the checklists are guides, not all encompassing Held
lists that address every condition that may be encountered.
-------
J9 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 19_
General Hazard Recognition Checklist for Each Site
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Note any indicators of potential exposure to hazardous
substances:
Dead fish, animals or vegetation.
Dust or spray in the air.
Fissures or cracks in solid surfaces that expose deep waste
layers.
Pools of liquid.
Foams or oils on liquid surfaces.
Gas generation or effervescence.
Deteriorating containers.
Cleared land areas or possible landfilled areas. See detailed
checklist on page 29.
Anything that appears unusual, out of the ordinary, for whatever
reason.
2. Note the types of containers, impoundments, or other storage
systems:
Paper or wooden packages.
Metal (stainless steel, lead, etc.) or plastic barrels or drums,
concrete storage containers. The composition of the container
can be a clue to the contents.
Underground tanks.
Aboveground tanks.
Compressed gas cylinders.
Pits, ponds, or lagoons.
Other.
See detailed checklist on page 24, 27, 32, and 34.
3. Note the condition of waste containers and storage systems:
Structural soundness.
Visibly rusted or corroded.
Leaking or bulging.
-------
20 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 20
Container labels indicating corrosive, explosive, flammable,
radioactive, toxic, or biologically pathogenic material.
Presence or absence of secondary containment, such as a berm.
4. Note the physical condition of materials on site:
Physical state: gas, liquid, or solid.
Color and turbidity.
Behavior, e.g., corroding, foaming, or vaporizing.
Conditions conducive to splash or contact.
5. Identify feature!! of the land and natural wind barriers:
Buildings, large aboveground storage tanks.
Hills.
Rows of trees.
6. Determine the potential pathways of dispersion:
Air.
Surface water.
Groundwater.
Land surface (direct contact).
Biologic routes such as plants and animals affecting the food
chain.
7. Note any safety hazards. Consider:
Condition of site structures.
Obstacles to entry and exit.
Homogeneity of the terrain.
Stability of the terrain.
Stability of stacked material.
8. Identify any reactive, incompatible, flammable, or highly
corrosive wastes. How are they stored?
-------
21
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
21
9. Note the presence of any naturally occurring potential skin
irritants or dermatitis-inducing agents or of any potentially
hazardous animals. For example:
Poison ivy, poison oak, and/or poison sumac.
Poisonous snakes.
Stray dogs.
10. Note any tags, labels, markings, or other identifying indicators.
11. If warranted, use one or more of the following investigative
techniques to locate buried wastes or contaminant plumes:
Electromagnetic resistivity.
Seismic refraction.
Magnetometry.
Metal detection.
Ground-penetrating radar.
12. Collect samples from:
Air.
Drainage ditches.
Soil (surface and subsurface).
Standing pools of liquids.
Storage containers.
Streams and ponds (upgradient, at suspected source, and
downgradient).
Groundwater (upgradient, beneath site, downgradient).
13. Sample for or otherwise identify:
Biologic or pathologic hazards.
Radiologic hazards.
-------
22
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
22
Hazard Recognition: Fire and Explosion
Fire/Explosion Scene Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Damaged Structure
Unstable structures may pose physical hazards.
Debris increases the risk of slip, trip, fall hazards.
Fire often causes friable asbestos to become airborne.
Smoke from even simple structure fires may contain many toxic
chemicals.
2. Contaminated Runoff
Runoff of water used to treat a fire will often be contaminated
with chemicals released during the incident.
The water may cause adverse reactions with reactive or unstable
chemicals.
The water may also be contaminated with combustion
byproducts of chemicals stored or used at the facility.
-------
23 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 23
3. Drum Storage
Determine whether the drums have been impacted by either the
fire, water, or chemical foam.
Do the drums seem stable or stressed by heat or pressure?
Can any special hazards be noted from visible label
information?
Note any physical damage caused by heavy equipment.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
expected to be present.
4. Bulk Storage
Determine whether the containers have been affected by either
the fire, water, or chemical foam.
Do the containers seem stable or stressed by heat or pressure?
Are the pressure relief systems intact and actively venting?
Are primary and secondary containment structures available and
stable?
Research the toxic and physical properties of chemicals expected
to be present.
5. Drains
Look for storm, sanitary sewer, and process water drains in the
area.
Are drain outfalls directed to a stream, river, or other sensitive
area?
Are drains connected to sump pits or other potential containment
areas?
Can drains be utilized for containment or blocked for protection
if necessary?
-------
24
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
24
Hazard Recognition- Drum Site
8 U'i«
Drum Site Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Unknown Drums
Do not make assumptions regarding the safety of drum contents
until positive identification can be made; labels may not reflect
the actual drum contents.
Shaking drums to determine whether empty or not can initiate
adverse reaction.
Seemingly empty drums can still contain toxic residues.
Determine materials drums are made of, e.g., fiber, stainless
steel, aluminum, poly, lead. These materials may give clues to
the nature of the contents and the associated hazards.
Drums containing incompatible substances may be found
together. If the drums are leaking, they may pose a
fire/explosion threat.
-------
25 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 25
2. Vapor Release
Not all vapors are visible. Look near bung holes for air
movement similar to heat waves.
Respiratory protection is critical to cover inhalation and
ingestion exposure routes.
Determine if vapors can be confined and concentrated due to the
nature of the surrounding area or structures.
3. Bulging Drum
Determine if bulging is caused by pressure buildup or thermal
expansion/contraction.
Bulging drums should never be opened by hand. A remote
drum punch can open the drum and relieve the pressure.
4. Leaking Drum
Contain leakage in place or block off any drains.
Use pH paper to determine if the leaking material is corrosive.
Any visibly stressed vegetation may indicate toxicity.
If a smoking, fuming, or bubbling reaction is evident, it may
indicate reactivity.
5. Drum Tiers
Uneven stacking or corroded pallets/drums can present a
physical hazard.
Leaking drums on an upper tier can present a chemical hazard
above the worker's head.
Wooden pallets do not constitute a chemical barrier to prevent
leaks from mixing and can pose a fire hazard in the presence of
oxidizers.
6. Tipped Drum
If a tipped drum is leaking from the bung, setting the drum
upright or rolling it so the bung is upright can eliminate the
problem.
A leak underneath the drum may not be visible; look for clues
such as discolored soil and stressed vegetation.
-------
26 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 26
7. Buried Drums
An uneven or disturbed soil surface may indicate buried objects.
Drum heads often rise and break through the soil surface after
burial.
Caution should be exercised when using heavy equipment in
areas that have or are suspected to have buried drums.
An excavated drum may not be structurally sound due to
container deterioration.
Data obtained from soil gas testing, magnetometer surveys, and
x-ray fluorescence may indicate the presence of buried drums.
8. Packed Drums
Do not assume that inner drums in a tightly packed area of
drums contain the same chemical as the accessible drums, or
that the contents are compatible.
Large amounts of chemicals can pool beneath and between the
packed drums.
It can be extremely difficult to identify and handle, or even to
reach, a leaking or fuming drum within the pack.
-------
27
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
27
Hazard Recognition- Lagoon
Bedrock
Lagoon Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Lagoon
Document whether the lagoon is permitted or unpermitted.
Determine the toxic and physical properties of the chemicals
present in the lagoon.
Note any stained soil or dead/dying vegetation in the area of the
lagoon.
Monitor for any air emissions in the vicinity of the lagoon.
Characterize all layers of the lagoon - both liquid and solid
layers.
Check records for previous monitoring analysis of the lagoon
contents.
Research the hydrogeology of the area and the location of the
water table with respect to the lagoon.
-------
28 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 28
2. Containment Structure
Note the stability of the berm construction.
Document whether secondary containment is available in the
event of failure.
Document any seepage through the berm.
Check whether the containment structure is adequately
engineered to withstand normal stresses and strains.
3. Liner
Check for a lagoon liner.
Determine whether the construction materials of the liner are
compatible wilh the contents of the lagoon.
If possible, determine whether the liner was installed by
professionals.
4. Leachate
Determine what types of chemicals can be expected to leach
from the lagoon. Determine whether direct contact is a threat
with any surface leachate seeps.
Determine whether surface seeps affect any surface waters, and
whether a leachate pathway to a local aquifer is available.
5. Drainage
Identify all sources of drainage into the lagoon.
Identify all sources of drainage -out of the lagoon.
Determine whether the lagoon liquid level rises or falls at
unexpected times.
Determine whether sufficient freeboard is available to prevent
overflow of the lagoon under heavy precipitation.
6. Access Control
Access should be restricted by a fence or other barrier.
Look for any evidence of trespassers around the lagoon.
Look for evidence of children playing in the vicinity of the
lagoon.
-------
29
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
29
Hazard Recognition- Landfill
Landfill Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Landfill
Document whether the landfill is permitted or unpermitted.
If permitted, document materials that are allowed.
Document the history of disposal practices.
Determine whether the landfill is lined or unlined.
Look for evidence of illegal dumping or of dumping that is
inconsistent with accepted practices.
Research the hydrogeology of the area and the location of the
water table with respect to the landfill.
Research the toxic and physical properties of the chemicals
present.
-------
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 30
2. Staging Area
Check for the presence of hazardous materials that are staged
for disposal.
Look for such surface contamination as stained soil or
dead/dying vegetation in the staging area.
Document whether access to the staging area is restricted by
fencing or other barriers.
3. Leachate
Determine the types of chemicals that can be expected to leach
out of the landfill.
Identify any pathways for leachate to local aquifers.
Determine whether any surface leachate seeps pose a direct
contact threat.
Look for surface seeps that may affect surface waters.
4. Wells
Document any monitoring wells in the area.
Note any drinking water wells in the area.
Research any sample information (both past and present) that
may be available for nearby wells.
Determine whether the state has more stringent or less stringent
water quality criteria than does EPA.
5. Community Access
Look for evidence of trespassers onto the landfill.
Look for children's play areas in the migration pathways of
leachate.
Find out if the community is aware of any actual or potential
hazards posed by the landfill.
Determine whether access to the landfill can be sufficiently
restricted using signs or barriers.
-------
31 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 31
6. Air Emissions
Determine whether air emissions are controlled at the landfill.
Check for emissions that can be detected with monitoring
instruments.
Determine whether prevailing winds carry contaminants into
sensitive populations or environments.
-------
32
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
32
Hazard Recognition: Chemical Storage
1
Chemical Storage Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Transfer Points
Determine whether bulk chemical transfer was performed on a
concrete pad or over soil/gravel.
Look for any stained soil and stressed vegetation.
Was vehicle decontamination performed? How were
decontamination agents disposed of?
Note the condition of pipes/hoses, fittings, valves, and joints.
2. Containers
Determine whether containers are filled or empty.
Is the container structure compatible with the stored chemical,
if the contents are known?
If the contents are unknown, do the composition and structure
of each container give clues to the contents and their associated
hazards?
-------
33 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 33
Look for such indicators of structural instability as weak welds,
bulging panels, missing rivets, and so forth.
Are access portals intact; can any leakage be observed?
Can the containers be expected to remain intact until remedition
is complete?
3. Chemical Types
Research the toxic and physical properties of the stored
chemicals.
Do signs or markings on the containers provide clues to
potential dangers?
Are incompatible chemicals stored adjacent to one another?
Do the stored chemicals have the potential to degrade into a
more hazardous form?
4. Secondary Containment
Calculate whether the containment volume is sufficient to hold
the contents of the largest primary container plus freeboard.
Determine whether the containment structure is compatible with
the chemicals present.
Is the containment structure totally enclosing, with four walls
and a floor?
Look for any breaches, whether intentional or otherwise,
present in the secondary containment structure.
Look for any drains present in the structure.
5. Spill History
Determine whether spills were frequent during past operations.
Do past spills have the continuing potential to migrate off site?
Have spills compromised the structures of either the primary
containers or the secondary containment structure?
6. Drainage
Determine whether the secondary containment structure is
designed to allow for drainage of rainwater.
Are drainage areas directed to sumps, to a treatment plant, or
to the environment?
Can the drains be blocked or otherwise closed?
-------
34
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
34
Hazard Recognition- Laboratory
A Ar,
A A
Laboratory Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Unknown Chemicals
Over time, chemicals can degrade into different, more
hazardous forms.
Older labs may have used obsolete nomenclature, so labels and
papers may be confusing.
Often, handwritten labels may be incorrect.
Packages may become unstable over time.
Incompatible chemicals may be stored in close proximity.
Instruments and tubing may still contain chemicals and chemical
residues.
2. Shock Sensitive Chemicals
Many chemicals, such as ethers, are peroxidizable and so can
become explosively shock sensitive over time.
-------
35 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 35
Shock sensitive chemicals can be detonated by falling off a shelf
or by the shear force generated by turning the cap. Some
chemicals can violently decompose spontaneously.
Many common lab chemicals such as picric acid can, over time,
become shock sensitive.
3. Cylinders
Cylinders can contain either liquids or gases.
They can be constructed for high pressure or low pressure use.
Color coding is manufacturer specific and is not common to the
industry.
Cylinders can hold extremely toxic or corrosive materials.
They should only be examined and moved by experts.
Structural instability is not always visible from the exterior.
4. Unknown Packages
Chemicals can be present in a variety of packaging, apart from
the common flasks and glass bottles.
Acid carboys are sometimes shipped in cardboard boxes or
wooden crates.
Radioactive materials can be shipped in metal flasks or small
boxes.
5. Drums
Laboratories occasionally maintain chemicals in larger
containers, such as 55-gallon drums.
Larger volume chemicals would typically be caustic cleaners or
solvents.
These drums commonly rest on their sides, incorporate spigots,
and have a high potential for leakage.
Note the condition of the floor under any drums.
6. Drains
Often, chemicals have been washed into floor drains.
Determine whether drains are connected to sump pits or other
potential containment areas.
Pools of chemicals may accumulate in sumps.
-------
36 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 36
Incompatible chemicals may generate toxic gases in drains,
sumps, or drain lines.
Outfalls for these drains should be examined for signs of
contamination.
Are drain outfalls directed to a stream, river, or other sensitive
area?
-------
37
REMOVAL ASSESSMENT
37
Hazard Recognition: Industrial Facility
Industrial Facility Checklist
- Key Points and Potential Hazards -
1. Facility
Evaluate the structural stability of the building(s).
Document whether asbestos or nonasbestos insulation was used.
Document whether PCB or non-PCB transformers were used.
Document whether process units are filled or empty, pressurized
or nonpressurized.
Note the presence of raw materials, byproducts, and wastes in
addition to chemical products.
Obtain the history of operations, past disposal practices, and
chemical spills.
-------
38 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 38
2. Pipelines
Note the structural stability of interior pipe racks and exterior
feed pipes.
Document whether asbestos or nonasbestos insulation was used.
Note the compatibility of chemicals and pipe construction
materials.
Document whether pipelines or other types of tubing are filled
or empty.
Note the condition of valves, fittings, joints and so forth.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
known to be used at the facility.
3. Bulk Storage Tanks
Evaluate the structural stability of the outer skin and document
any signs of physical or chemical deterioration.
Document whether tanks are connected or disconnected to feed
pipes.
Document whether tanks are pressurized or nonpressurized,
insulated or noninsulated.
Note the condition of valves and fittings.
Note the presence of additional heating or cooling systems to
keep contents at a steady state.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of stored
chemicals.
4. Drum Storage
Note the age of drums.
Document whether drums are sheltered or exposed to the
elements.
Look for any signs of deterioration or stress.
Look for any visible label or placard information.
Look for any visible stencilled or handwritten information.
The drum shape may potentially indicate the contents (i.e., acid
carboy for corrosives or fiber drum for solids).
If drum is bulging, determine whether bulging is due to built-up
pressure or to thermal expansion/contraction.
Document whether drums contain pure chemicals or waste
materials.
-------
39 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 39
Look for any standing discolored water, stained soil, or stressed
vegetation, any one of which may indicate spillage.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of stored
chemicals.
5. Landfill
Determine whether the landfill is permitted or unpermitted.
If permitted, document the materials known to be present.
Research the past history of disposal practices.
Determine whether the landfill is lined or unlined.
Research the hydrogeology of the area and where the water
table lies with respect to the landfill.
Are there any monitoring or drinking water wells in the area?
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
present.
6. Underground Storage Tank
Note the age of tank.
Obtain the maintenance history.
Research the hydrogeology of the area; note the location of the
water table.
Note the condition of exterior fittings.
Note any seepage hi the surrounding area.
Research the toxicity and physical properties of stored
chemicals.
Document whether the tank is double lined or has cathodic
corrosion protection.
Look for evidence of frequent overflows.
7. Lagoon
Note the stability of berm construction.
Determine whether there is sufficient freeboard to avoid
overflow.
Is the lagoon lined or unlined?
Research the toxicity and physical properties of chemicals
present.
Research the hydrogeology of the area; where does the water
table lie with respect to the lagoon.
-------
40 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 40
Is secondary containment available?
Note any standing discolored water, stained soil, or stressed
vegetation in the area.
Note any seepage through the berm.
What's Wrong With This Picture?
The map on page 42 is a modified version of a map of an actual
removal site. Look at the map in terms of the hazard recognition
checklists, pick out the hazards, then rank them according to degree of
threat to the site investigation team. What immediate threats does the
site pose to the environment and to the health and welfare of any
residents nearby? What long-term hazards are at the site? What clues
to the level of threat should the investigation team look for on site?
BACKGROUND
The All Cracked Up Battery Corp. smelted and refined lead
extruded from used batteries to produce lead ingots. The facility
operated for 10 years until it went bankrupt and was abandoned two
years ago.
All Cracked Up received spent batteries of all sizes and had them
dumped on a concrete pad to drain the acid. Battery acid and
contaminated runoff from the pad were collected in a sump and then
directed into a hazardous waste lagoon. After the acid was drained, the
batteries were transported from the dumping area to a hammermill,
where they were cmshed for materials separation and cleaning.
Wastewater from the cleaning process was collected in a sump and
directed to the lagoon. After separation of plastics and other
unrecyclable materials, the metal component of the batteries was
smelted then refined. Emissions from smelters were scrubbed using a
lime slurry and liquid from the lagoon. Residue from the scrubbing
process was placed hi a landfill on site. Emissions from the smelters
and refinery were also fed through a bag house. The fly ash generated
from this process was stored in a building on site. The fly ash
contained heavy metals in the three percent concentration range.
-------
41 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 41
Crushed battery casings from the hammermill were left in piles
throughout the portion of the site north of the operations building and
in the hazardous waste landfill along the east boundary fence. Surface
runoff from the piles of battery casings was collected in a sump and
directed to the lagoon, resulting in the migration of small battery casing
chips into the sumps, drainage lines, and the lagoon itself.
The lagoon was treated with lime to neutralize its contents. Liquid
from the lagoon passed into the water treatment plant, where it was
treated with flocculants to remove heavy metals. The precipitates were
disposed of in the landfill. The treated water was discharged into a
nearby creek.
A site inspection by state officials revealed the presence of a trench
between the collection sump and a drainage ditch, which facilitated the
bypassing of the lagoon during periods of heavy surface runoff.
Battery casing chips were found throughout the course of the drainage
ditch and the creek downstream of the site.
-------
TTT
QJ
in
o
rt
. n)
X
01
4->
in
(0
>
H
H
H
t)
(d
-------
43 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 43
Piles of battery casing chips
What types of residues can you expect to be on the chips?
Relate these residues to past industrial activities.
How hazardous are these residues?
Is there any evidence that residues on these chips are migrating
from the piles, into the sumps, or off site?
How will extensive rainfall affect these piles?
Is there vegetation around the piles; if so, in what condition is it?
Is there any means by which persons could gain access to these
piles, especially children?
Drainage sumps and underground drainpipes
Runoff from the piles of battery casing chips flows to several
drainage sumps and then into an underground drainpipe system.
Is there standing water around the sumps?
If so, is the water discolored and/or cloudy? Perform a pH test
using pH paper.
Are the drainpipes clogged?
Where can surface runoff be expected to pool?
Do winds generate excessive dusts in areas where water can
collect? Dusts are most likely contaminated.
Liquid waste storage tank
This container holds unknown waste material.
Is there secondary containment around the tank? If so, is it
sufficient to hold the contents of the tank?
In what condition is the tank; is it corroded; does there appear to
be structural instability?
Is there evidence that the tank leaks?
Is there stressed vegetation or discolored soil around the tank?
If there is standing water near the tank, test it with a strip of litmus
paper.
Are there process lines to and from the tank? Perhaps they are
underground. The lines may contain chemicals and chemical
residues.
Apply the checklist beginning on page 32 to help determine the
hazards posed by the storage tank.
-------
44 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 44
Hazardous waste landfill
Is the landfill lined or unlined?
Is there evidence of leachate seepage?
If so, what color is the seepage; is it cloudy?
How does the seepage test with pH paper?
Is there access for liquids (precipitation) into the landfill?
Did the company dispose of hazardous liquids in the landfill?
Evaluate company records; remember that these may be
deliberately incorrect.
Is the landfill secure? Be sure that curious persons,
particularly children, can not gain access.
Use the checklist beginning on page 29 to help determine the
hazards posed by the landfill.
Drainage basin and hazardous waste lagoon
Are the drainage basin and lagoon each lined or unlined?
How much freeboard does each one have?
Are die process lines into each free of debris?
Is there evidence that one or both impoundments has overflowed
in the past?
Is there standing water in die overflow trench?
If so, what does the water look like; how does it test with pH
paper?
Are there battery casings in the overflow trench?
Apply the checklist on page 27 to the drainage basin and lagoon.
Underground storage tank
Note the presence of seepage along the banks of the creek, which
may be indicative of a release from the storage tanks.
Review company records. What type of fuel did the facility
use? Where and how was it stored, transported and burned?
Refer to the discussion on page 37 about chemical production
facilities for additional hazards posed by USTs.
-------
45 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 45
Air scrubbers and flyash storage
Ensure that access to flyash storage is secure, particularly from
curious children.
Evaluate all piping, process lines and machinery for residual
materials.
Note the locations of drainage sumps and treatment tanks.
Do winds generate excessive dusts? Dusts are most likely
contaminated.
Abandoned tank cars
These should be treated like storage tanks containing unknown
chemicals.
Look for any markings or placards on the outside of the cars that
may indicate what they contain.
Refer to Appendix 1 for silhouettes of railcars in order to
determine what they may contain, e.g., pressurized gas, corrosive
materials, etc.
After identification, are incompatibles next to each other?
Are the cars structurally sound and uncorroded?
Do they appear to be leaking? Check ditches, puddles and culverts
adjacent to tanks. Do they contain free-standing liquid? Test with
pH paper.
Apply the checklist beginning on page 32 to the tank cars.
Warehouse
Locate drainage sumps, process lines, and utilities.
Be aware of contaminated surfaces.
Spent/old machinery poses additional hazards, e.g., laceration.
Is the building properly ventilated? Be aware of confined
space entry hazards.
Are materials stored in the warehouse? Identify materials if
possible.
Are incompatibles stored next to each other?
Ensure that the building is structurally sound and that adequate
lighting is available.
Watch for slip, trip, and fall hazards.
-------
40 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 46
Refinery/Smelter
Ensure that the building and large equipment (kettles, cranes,
hammermill) are structurally sound.
Locate process lines and utilities.
Most surfaces in this area will be contaminated.
It is likely that the atmosphere in this area is also contaminated.
Watch for confined space entry hazards.
Watch for slip, trip and fall hazards.
Service Building/Maintenance Area
Look for chemical hazards, e.g., cleaning agents, degreasers and
associated solvents, stripping agents, lubricants, etc.
Check for storage of incompatible materials.
Old machinery is a potential source of injury.
Most surfaces in this area will be contaminated.
Note the presence of gas cyclinders.
There may be a fire and explosion threat, particularly in areas with
low ceilings and confined spaces.
Facility
Thoroughly evaluate company records to be sure of industrial
processes and all materials involved.
Because this facility was involved in metals analysis and recycling,
it is possible that industrial radiography may have been used.
Look for radiation symbols; scan with rad meter if possible.
How structurally sound is the building?
What is the condition of the transformer room? Is there evidence
of spilled oil which could contain PCBs?
What is the condition of the lab? Apply the checklist beginning on
page 34 to the lab.
How secure is the facility? Is there any evidence of entrance to the
facility, e.g., vandalism, children playing?
Topographies .
Is the site upgradient or downgradient to established surface
water flow patterns?
Does surface water flow through the site?
-------
47 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 47
Consult a hydrologist for groundwater concerns.
Are there waterways nearby which may be affected?
Demographics
What is the prinicipal use of the land immediately adjacent to the
site?
How close is the nearest residence?
Is there a possibility for off-site migration of contaminants to
residential property?
Are there any sensitive populations nearby, particularly children
and the elderly?
Does this site have the potential to affect the water supply of
nearby residents?
Are there any heavy use areas nearby, e.g., schools, industry,
hospitals, shopping centers, farming, recreational areas,
convalescent homes?
Is there any other local industry which may have contributed to
problems with this site?
After thoroughly evaluating all known aspects of the site, it is
necessary to make a preliminary judgment about the degree of
threat posed by this facility. At many sites, the conclusion will
often be that the facility does pose a threat, but the threat should
be thoroughly characterized to determine whether the site qualifies
as a candidate for an immediate action, or if the site is secure
enough to wait for a long-term cleanup. Assistance in these
decisions can be provided by review of the NCP. If the AH
Cracked Up Battery Site, or another site, meets any of the criteria
in the NCP for a removal action, then site conditions may be
considered an emergency situation. Emergency situations do not
always involve the classic fire and explosion, or oil spill.
Frequently, emergency actions involve the stabilization of time
critical threats until the non-time critical threats associated with the
site can be addressed. Further assistance in emergency
determination for a facility such as the one pictured here can be
obtained through consultation with any of the Section Chiefs and
On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) in the Removal Branch.
-------
48 REMOVAL ASSESSMENT 48
Additional Guidance Documents
EPA (U.S. ^Environmental Protection Agency). 1990. "Superfund
Removal Procedures Manual," OSWER Directive 9360.3-01. Office
of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.
December.
EPA. 1992. "Guidance for Performing Site Inspections Under
CERCLA." Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
Washington, DC. September.
EPA. 1991. "Removal Program Representative Sampling Guidance,"
Volume 1-Soil, PB892-963408. Office of Emergency and Remedial
Response. Washington, DC. November.
-------
Emergency Removal
Guidelines
To help resolve incongruities in the screening process for
determination of the necessity for removal actions, the EPA Region III
Technical Support Section has developed the following list of
emergency removal trigger guidelines. This list was designed for use
only as a screening tool to aid RPMs and OSCs in the characterization
of emergency threats associated with uncontrolled hazardous waste
sites. This list is by no means intended to be the sole foundation for
cleanup decisions. Rather, it is meant to function as just one of many
sources of information that the decision maker should rely upon. Users
of earlier editions of this handbook will note that the guidelines have
been considerably revised, due to changes in the model used to generate
the numeric values.
Toxicological values are listed in this table as absolute
concentrations. That is, no calculations or manipulations of these
values are necessary to use this list. To use this list, simply compare
data from sampling analyses to concentrations on the list. If the results
of an analysis are slightly below, equal to, or above the values listed
in the table, then there is a possibility that an emergency health threat
may be present at that particular site. In any situation involving the
possibility of an emergency health threat, an EPA lexicologist should
be consulted.
-------
50 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES 50
The lexicological values on this list were obtained through
extensive research and evaluation of lexicological data bases, compiled
through toxicity testing of the compounds, epidemiological studies,
actual exposure incidences (i.e., workplace exposure, suicide attempts,
accidental poisonings), and past experiences of the agency. Values
derived from this broad range of investigative methods undergo review
and verification before they are permitted to be published. This list,
therefore, represents the most recent advances in lexicological
determination and risk assessment.
We must emphasize, however, that this list has not
undergone extensive peer review. It is intended for internal use
only and should not be considered as EPA policy. Field personnel
should use caution when referring to this list in any way that may
imply EPA's endorsement of these values.
Assumptions Used in Calculating the Reference Levels
As the toxicology section of this guide explains, there is
biological variation in all human populations, causing variation in the
individual response to a particular dose of a toxin. Therefore, even
though the response of the total population is predictable, the response
of any one person within the exposed population is unpredictable.
Certain assumptions about biological variation must be made to develop
response models to assess risk and to predict response. The following
assumptions are the basis of the model used to develop the reference
values that begin on page 54:
Carcinogen levels correspond to an upper bound lifetime risk of 1 x
10A. Noncarcinogen levels correspond to a hazard quotient of 10.
The hazard quotient for drinking water is 1.
Exposure comes from a single medium, except in the case of
drinking water. In this case, concentrations are based on both intake
of drinking water and inhalation of vapors, where appropriate.
Exposure to residents continues for 30 years, but toxic effects from
noncarcinogens may occur in as little as one year.
-------
51 EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES 51
For calculation purposes, adults weigh 70 kilograms and children
weigh 15 kilograms; the life span is 70 years.
Soil levels include only ingestion exposure; they omit inhalation and
dermal contact.
The amount of drinking water ingested is 2 liters per day. Com-
pounds with Henry's Law constants greater than 10^ atm mVmol are
substantially volatilized during household tap water use. Each ug/1
in water produces an indoor air concentration of 0.5 ug/m3.
Residential soil exposure for adults is based on consumption of 100
milligrams of soil per day, for 30 years. Consumption by children
is 200 milligrams per day for 6 years.
Industrial soil exposure is based on consumption of 100 milligrams
of soil per day, 250 days per year, for 25 years.
Adults inhale 20 cubic meters of air per day.
Fish ingestion is 54 grams per day.
These criteria are based on long-term exposure periods. Exposure
to higher doses of toxic materials may produce adverse effects within
a much shorter time frame, i.e., within days or weeks.
NOTE: When the numerical values were generated from the model,
no attempt was made to stop a calculation greater than the total
concentration. This means, for example, that if a compound has a
worker soil ingestion value over 1 million mg/kg (1 million parts per
million), then from an emergency perspective the compound does not
pose a toxic threat to workers via soil ingestion. Values over the total
concentration are useful in comparing the relative toxicity of several
compounds, so they were kept in place.
NOTE: The Risk-Based Concentration (RBC) Table is updated
annually. Use the latest version of the RBC Table in calculating
emergency removal guidelines.
-------
52
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
52
Following the list of emergency removal trigger guidelines is
the list of removal numeric action levels for contaminated drinking
water sites. This list was prepared by the U.S. EPA Office of Solid
Waste and Emergency Response, Emergency Response Division and
released in March 1995. The list reflects EPA and oral toxicity data
and associated health criteria available for the listed chemicals. The
toxicity data has been obtained from EPA's Integrated Risk Information
System (IRIS), and EPA's Health Effects Assessment Summary Tables
(HEAST).
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
1997
Technical Support Section
Region III (3HW41)
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
Exposure Variables
Value
1 - General:
Carcinogenic potency slope oral (kg-d/mg):
Carcinogenic potency slope inhaled (kg-d/mg):
Reference dose oral (mg/kg/d):
Reference dose inhaled (mg/kg/d):
Target cancer risk:
Target hazard quotient:
Body weight, adult (kg):
Body weight, age 1-6 (kg):
Averaging time carcinogens (d):
Averaging time non-carcinogens (d):
Air inhaled, adult (mVd)
Air inhaled, age 1-6 (m'/d):
*
*
*
*
1E-04
10
70
15
25550
ED*365
20
12
-------
53
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
53
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
1997
Technical Support Section
Region HI (3HW41)
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19107
Exposure Variables
Inhalation factor, age adjusted (m3-y/kg-d):
Tap water ingested, adult (L/d):
Tap water ingested, age 1-6 (L/d):
Tap water ingestion factor, age adjusted (L-y/kg-d):
Fish ingested (g/d):
Soil ingested, adult (mg/d):
Soil ingested, age 1 - 6 (md/d):
Soil ingestion factor, age adjusted (mg-y/kg-d):
Value
11.66
2
1
1.09
54
100
200
114.29
2 - Residential:
Exposure frequency (d/y):
Exposure duration, (total)(y):
Exposure duration, age 1 - 6 (y):
Volatilization factor (L/m3):
350
30
6
0.5
3 - Occupational:
Exposure frequency (d/y):
Exposure duration (y):
Fraction of contaminated soil ingested (unitless):
250
25
0.5
* = Contaminant-specific toxlcity parameters
-------
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
54
Contaminant
Acephate
Acetaldehyde
AcetocNor
Acetone
Acetone cyanohydrin
Acetonftrite
Acetophonone
Acifluorfon
Acrolein
Actylamide
Acrylic acid
ActylonitrilB
Alachlof
Alar
Aldicarb
AldicartisuHone
Aldrin
Ally
Ally! alcohol
AllylcMorida
Aluminum
Aluminum phosphida
Amdro
Amatiyn
m-Aminophenol
4-AmJnopyriora
Amitrai
Ammonia
Ammonium suffamate
Anilina
Antimony and compound!
Antimony pentoiide
Antimony potassium tartrata
Antimony tatroiida
Antimony triorida
ApoBo
Aramita
Tap
Water
ug/L
770 C
94 N
730 N
3700 N
2600 N
220 N
0.042 N
470 N
730 N
1.5 C
18000 N
12 C
84 C
5500 N
37 N
37 N
0.4 C
9100 N
180 N
1800 N
37000 N
15 N
11 N
330 N
2600 N
0.73 N
91 N
1000 N
7300 N
ION
15 N
18 N
33 N
15 N
15 N
470 N
270 C
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
72 C
81 C
730 N
3700 N
1500 N
520 N
0.21 N
470 N
0.21 N
0.14 C
ION
2.6 C
7.8 C
5500 N
37 N
37 N
0.037 C
9100 N
180 N
ION
37000 N
15 N
11 N
330 N
2600 N
0.73 N
91 N
1000 N
7300 N
ION
15 N
18 N
33 N
15 N
15 N
470 N
25 C
N-noncarcmogen
Fish
mgftg
36 C
P
270 N
1400 N
950 N
81 N
1400 N
180 N
270 N
0.07 C
6800 N
0.58 C
3.9 C
2000 N
14 N
14 N
0.019 C
3400 N
68 N
680 N
14000 N
5.4 N
4.1 N
120 N
950 N
0.27 N
34N
0
2700 N
55 C
5.4 N
6.8 N
12 N
5.4 N
5.4 N
180 N
13 C
So9
Industrial;
Commoncal
mg/kg
66000 C
0
410000 N
2000000 N
1400000 N
120000 N
1000000 N
270000 N
410000 N
130 C
1000000 N
1100 C
7200 C
1000000 N
20000 N
20000 N
34C
1000000 N
100000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
8200 N
6100 N
180000 N
1000000 N
410 N
51000 N
0
1000000 N
100000 C
8200 N
10000 N
18000 N
8200 N
8200 N
270000 N
23000 C
Residential
mg/kg
7300 C
0
16000M
78000 N
55000 .N
4700 U
78000 N
10000 N
16000 N
14 C
390000 N
120 C
800 C
120000 N
780 N
780 N
3.8 C
200000 N
3900 N
39000 N
780000 N
310 N
230 N
7000 N
55000 N
16 N
2000 N
0 '
160000 N
11000 S
310 ;,:
390 N
700 N
310 N
310 N
10000 N
2600 C
-------
55
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
55
Contaminant
Arsenic
Arsenic (as carcinogen)
Arsine
Assure
Asulam
Atrazine
Avermectin B1
Azobenzene
Barium and compounds
BayQon
Bayfeton
Baythroid
Benefin
Benomyl
Bentazon
Benzaldehyde
Benzene
Benzenethiol
Benzidine
Benzole acid
BenzotricNoride
Benzyl alcohol
Benzyl chloride
Beryllium and compounds
Bidrin
Biphenthrin (Talstar)
1,1-Biphenyl
Bis(2-cMoroethyl)ether
Bis|2-cMoroisopropyl)ether
3is(chloromethyl)ether
Bis|2-cMoro-1-rnethylethyl)ether
BislZ ethylheiyllphthalate (DEHP)
BisphenolA
Boron (and borates)
Boron trifluoride
Sromodichloromethane
Bromoethene
Tap
Water
ug/L
11 N
4.5 C
0.52 N
330 N
1800 N
30 C
15 N
61 C
2600 N
ISDN
1100 N
910 N
11000 N
1800 N
91 N
610 N
36 C
0.37 N
0.029 C
150000 N
0.52 C
11300N
6.2 C
1.6 C
3.7 N
550 N
1800 N
0.92 C
26 C
0.0049 C
96 C
480 C
1800 N
3300 N
7.3 N
17 C
9.6 C
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
uglm3
11 N
0.041 C
0.52 N
330 N
1800 N
2.8 C
15 N
5.8 C
5.2 N
150 N
1100 N
910 N
11000N
1800 N
91 N
3700 N
22 C
0.37 N
0.0027 C
1SOOOO N
0.048 C
11000N
3.7 C
0.075 C
3.7 N
550 N
1800 N
0.54 C
18 C
0.0029 C
8.9 C
45 C
1800 N
210 N
7.3 N
IOC
5.7 C
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mglkg
4.1 N
0.21 C
0
120 N
680 N
1.4 C
5.4 N
2.9 C
950 N
54 N
410 N
340 N
4100 N
680 N
34 N
1400 N
11 C
0.14 N
0.0014 C
54000 N
0.024 C
4100 N
1.9 C
0.073 C
1.4 N
200 N
680 N
0.29 C
4.5 C
0.0014 C
4.5 C
23 C
680 N
1200 N
0
5.1 C
0
Soil
Industrial!
Commericd
mg/lcg
6100 N
380 C
0
180000 N
1000000 N
2600 C
8200 N
5200 C
1000000 N
82000 N
610000 N
510000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
51000 N
1000000 N
20000 C
200 N
2.5 C
10000DO N
44C
1000000 N
3400 C
130 C
2000 N
310000 N
1000000 N
520 C
8200 C
2.6 C
8200 C
41000 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
0
f)9r-
0
Residential
mg/kg
230 N
43 C
0
7000 N
39000 N
290 C
310 N
580 C
55000 N
3100 N
23000 N
20000 N
230000 N
39000 N
2000 N
78000 N
2200 C
7.8 N
0.28 C
1000000 N
4.9 C
230000 N
380 C
15 C
78 N
12000 N
39000 N
58 C
910 C
0.29 C
910 C
4600 C
39000 N
70000 N
0
> c
0
-------
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
56
Contaminant
Bromofwm (tribrornomethane)
Sromomethane
4 Bromophenyl phenyl ether
Bromophoi
Bromoxyral
Bromoiynfl octanoate
1,3-ButadJene
1-Butanol
Butyl benzyl phthalate
Butylate
sec Butylberuene
tert-Butylbenzene
Butylphtharylbutylgjycolate
Cacodylicatid
Cadmium and compound!
Caprolactam
Captafol
Captan
Carbaryl
Carbofuran
Carbon ouuffide
Carbon tetracHoride
Carbosulfan
Carboiin
Chloral
CMorambm
Chloraril
Chlordane
Chlorimuron-ethyl
Chlorine
Chlorine (Soxide
ChloroacetaUenyde
CNoroaceticacid
2-CNoroacatophenone
4-ChloroaniSne
CNorobeniene
CNorobendatB
Tap
Water
ug/L
240 C
8.7 N
2100 N
180 N
730 N
730 N
1.1 C
3700 N
7300 N
1800 N
61 N
61 N
37000 N
110 N
18 N
18000 N
780 C
1900 C
3700 N
180 N
1000 N
16 C
370 N
3700 N
73 N
S50N
17 C
5.2 C
730 N
3700 N
2.1 N
250 N
73 N
0.31 N
ISDN
39 N
25 C
C-carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
160 C
52 N
2100 N
180 N
730 N
730 N
0.64 C
3700 N
7300 N
1800 N
370 N
370 N
37000 N
110 N
0.099 C
18000 N
73 C
180 C
3700 N
180 N
7300 N
12 C
370 N
3700 N
73 N
550 N
1.6 C
0.49 C
730 N
3700 N
2.1 N
250 N
73 N
0.31 N
ISDN
210 N
2.3 C
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
rng/kg
40 C
19 N
780 N
68 N
270 N
270 N
0
1400 N
2700 N
680 N
140 N
140 N
14000 N
41 N
6.8 N
6800 N
37 C
90 C
1400 N
68N
1400 N
2.4 C
140 N
1400 N
27 N
200 N
0.78 C
0.24 C
270 N
1400 N
0
93 N
27 N
0
54N
270 N
1.2 C
Sol
Industrial/
Commerical
mo/kg
72000 C
29000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
410000 N
410000 N
0
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
200000 N
200000 N
1000000 N
61000 N
10000 N
1000000 N
67000 C
160000 C
1000000 N
100000 N
1000000 N
4400 C
200000 N
1000000 N
41000 N
310000 N
1400 C
440 C
410000 N
1000000 N
0
140000 N
41000 N
0
82000 N
410000 N
2100 C
Residential
mg/kg
8100 C
1100 M
4500041
3900 N
16000 .N
160003)
0
78000 N
160000 N
39000 N
7800 N
7800 N
780000 N
2300 N
390 N
390000 N
74 C
18000 C
78000 N
3900 N
78000 N
490 C
7800 N
78000 N
1600 N
12000 N
160 C
49 C
16000 N
78000 N.
0
5400 N
1600 N
0
3100 N
16000 N
240 C
-------
57
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
57
Contaminant
p-CNorobenzoic acid
4-Chlorobenzotrifluoride
2-CMoro-U-butadiene
Uhlorobutane
Chlorodibromomethane
l-Chloro-1,1 difluoroethane
Chlorodifluoromethane
CNoroethane
2-Chloroethyl vinyl ether
Chloroform
Chloromethane
4-Chloro-2,2-methylaniline hydrocMoride
4-Chloro-2-methylaniline
beta-Chloronaphthalene
o-Chloronitrobenzene
p-CNoromtrobenzene
2-Chlorophenol
2 Chloropropane
Chlorothalonil
o-Chlorotoluene
Chlorpropham
Chlorpyrifos
Chlorpyrifos-msthyl
Chlorsulfuron
Chlorthiophos
Chromium III and compounds
Chromium VI and compounds
Coal tar
Cobalt
Coke Oven Emissions
Copper and compounds
Crotonaldehyde
Cumene
Cyanides:
Barium cyanide
Calcium cyanide
"Chlorine cyanide
Tap
Water
Ug/L
7300 N
730 N
14 N
2400 N
13 C
87000 N
87000 N
8600 N
ISDN
15 C
140 C
15 C
12 C
2900 N
42 C
59 C
180 N
170 N
610 C
120 N
7300 N
110 N
370 N
1800 N
29 N
37000 N
180 N
0
2200 N
0
1500 N
3.5 C
1500 N
0
3700 N
1500 N
1800 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
7300 N
730 N
73 N
15000 N
7.5 C
520000 N
520000 N
100000 N
910 N
7.8 C
99 C
1.4 C
1.1 C
2900 N
25 C
35 C
180 N
1000 N
57 C
730 N
7300 N
110 N
370 N
1800 N
29 N
0.021 N
0.015 C
0.28 C
2200 N
0.29 C
1500 N
0.33 C
94 N
0
3700 N
1500 N
1800 N
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mg/kg
2700 N
270 N
270 N
5400 N
3.8 C
0
0
5400 N
340 N
52 C
24 C
0.69 C
0.54 C
1100 N
13 C
18 C
68 N
0
29 C
270 N
2700 N
41 N
140 N
680 N
11 N
14000 N
68 N
0
810 N
0
540 N
0.17 C
540 N
0
140n N
540 N
680 N
Soil
Industrial!
Commerical
mg/kg
1000000 N
410000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
6800 C
0
0
1000000 N
510000 N
94000 C
44000 C
1200 C
990 C
1000000 N
23000 C
32000 C
100000 N
0
52000 C
410000 N
1000000 N
61000 N
200000 N
1000000 N
16000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
0
1000000 N
0
820000 N
300 C
820000 N
0
1000000 N
820000 N
100000C ,
Residential
mg/kg
160000 N
16000 N
16000 N
310000 N
760 C
0
0
310000 N
20000 N
7800 N
4900 C
140 C
110 C
63000 N
2600 C
3500 C
3900 N
0
5800 C
16000 N
160000 N
2300 N
7800 N
39000 N
630 N
780000 N
3900 N
0
47000 N
0
31000 N
34 C
31000 N
0
78000 N
31000 N
:no N
-------
MERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
58
Contaminant
Copper cyanide
Cyanuine
Cyanogen
Cyanogen bromide
Cyanogen chloride
Free cyanide
Hydrogen cyanide
PoUuium cyanide
Potassium silver cyanide
Silver cyanide
Sodium cyanide
Thiocyanate
Zinc cyanide
CycloheianOne
Cycloheilamine
Cyhalothrin/Karate
Cypermethrin
Cyromaiint
Oaclhal
Dalapon
Danitol
ODD
DDE
DDT
Decabrorrarfphenyl ether
Demeton
DiaHate
Diazinon
Diberuofuran
1,4-Dibromobenzene
1,2-Dibnmo-3-chloropropane
1,2 Dihrornoethane
Djbutylphthalate
Dtcamba
1,2-Dichlorobenzene
1,3 Dichlwooenzene
1,4-DichlorobiHuene
Tap
Water
ug/L
180 N
8C
1500 N
3300 N
1800 N
730 N
730 N
1800 N
7300 N
3700 N
1500 N
730 N
1800 N
30000 N
7300 N
180 N
370 N
270 N
370 N
1100 N
910 N
28 C
20 C
20 C
61 N
1.5 N
17 C
33 N
150 N
61 N
4.8 C
0.075 C
3700 N
1100 N
270 N
540 N
44C
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
180 N
0.75 C
1500 N
3300 N
1800 N
730 N
31 N
- 1800 N
/300 N
3700 N
1500 N
730 N
1800 N
180000 N
7300 N
180 N
370 N
270 N
370 N
1100 N
910 N
2.6 C
1.8 C
1.8 C
370 N
1.5 N
IOC
33 N
150 N
370 N
2.1 N
0.81 C
3700 N
1100 N
1500 N
3200 N
26 C
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mgfkg
68 N
0.38 C
540 N
1200 N
680 N
270 N
270 N
680 N
2700 N
1400 N
540 N
270 N
680 N
68000 N
2700 N
68 N
140 N
100 N
140 N
410 N
340 N
1.3 C
0.93 C
0.93 C
140 N
0.54 N
5.2 C
12 N
54N
140 N
0.23 C
0.0037 C
1400 N
410 N
1200 N
1200 N
13 C
Soil
Industrial/
Commencal
mgfkg
100000 N
680 C
820000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
410000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
820000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
200000 N
150000 N
200000 N
610000 N
510000 N
2400 C
1700 C
1700 C
200000 N
820 N
9400 C
18000 N
82000 N
200000 N
410 C
6.7 C
1000000 N
610000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
24000 C
Residential
mg/kg
3900 N
76 C
31000 "N
70000 N
39000 fl
16000N
16000 N
39000 N
160000 N
78000 N
31000 N
16000 N
39000 N
1000000 N
160000 N
3900 N
7800 N
5900 N
7800 N
23000 N
20000 N
270 C
190 C
190 C
7800 N
31 N
1000 C.
700 N
3100 N
7800 N'
46 C
0.75 C
78000 N
23000 N
70000 N
70000 N
2700 C
-------
59
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
59
Contaminant
3,3'.DicNorobenzidine
1,4-DicNofo-2 butene
Dichlofodifluoromethane
1,1-DicNoroethane
1,2-Dichtoroethane(EDC|
1,1-DicMoroethylene
1,2-DicNoroethylenelcis)
1,2-Dichloroethylene (trans)
1,2-Dichloroethylene (mixture)
2.4-OicNorophenol
2,4-Dichlorophenoiyacetic Acid (2,4-0)
4-|2,4-Dichlorophenoiy)butYric Acid
1,2-Dichlwopropane
2.3-Dichloropropanol
1,3-OicNoropropene
OicMorvos
Dicofol
Dicyclopentadiene
Dieldrin
Diesel emissions
Diethyl phthalate
Diethylene glycol, monobutyl ether
Diethytene glycol. monoethyl ether
Diethylforamide
Di(2-ethylhexyl)adipate
Diethylstilbestrol
Difemoquat (Avenge)
Diflubenzuron
1,1-Difluoroethane
Oiisopropyl methylphosphonate (DIMP)
Dhnethipin
Dimethoate
3.3'-Dimethoxybenzidine
Dimethylamine
2,4-DinwthylanilimhydrocMoride
2,4-Dimethylaniline
N-N-Dimethylaniline
Tap
Water
ug/L
15 C
0.11 C
390 N
810 N
12 C
4.4 C
61 N
120 N
55 N
110 N
61 N
290 N
16 C
110 N
7.7 C
23 C
15 C
0.42 N
0.42 C
52 N
29000 N
210 N
73000 N
400 N
5600 C
0.0014 C
2900 N
730 N
69000 N
2900 N
730 N
7.3 N
480 C
0.21 N
12 C
9C
73 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
1.4 C
0.067 C
2100 N
5200 N
6.9 C
3.6 C
370 N
730 N
330 N
110 N
370 N
290 N
9.2 C
110 N
4.8 C
2.2 C
1.4 C
2.1 N
0.039 C
52 N
29000 N
210 N
73000 N
400 N
520 C
0.00013 C
2900 N
730 N
420000 N
2900 N
730 N
7.3 N
45 C
0.21 N
1.1 C
0.83 C
73 N
N-noncarcinogen
Rsh
mg/kg
0.7 C
0
2700 N
1400 N
3.5 C
0.53 C
140 N
270 N
120 N
41 N
140 N
110 N
4.6 C
41 N
1.8 C
1.1 C
0.72 C
410 N
0.02 C
0
11000 N
0
27000 N
150 N
260 C
0.000067 C
1100 N
270 N
0
1100 N
270 N
2.7 N
23 C
0
0.54 C
0.42 C
27 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commerical
mgfkg
1300 C
0
1000000 N
1000000 N
6300 C
950 C
200000 N
410000 N
180000 N
61000 N
200000 N
160000 N
8400 C
61000 N
3300 C
2000 C
1300 C
610000 N
36 C
0
1000000 N
0
1000000 N
220000 N
480000 C
0.12 C
1000000 N
410000 N
0
1000000 N
410000 N
4100 N
41000 C
0
990 C
41000 W
Residential
mg/kg
140 C
0
160000 N
78000 N
700 C
110 C
7800 N
16000 N
7000 N
2300 N
7800 N
6300 N
940 C
2300 N
230 N
220 C
150 C
23000 N
4C
0
630000 N
0
1000000 N
8600 N
53000 C
0.014 C
63000 N
16000 N
0
63000 N
16000 N
160 N
4600 C
0
HOC
*5C
1600 N
-------
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
60
Contaminant
3,3'-Dimethy1beimdine
N.N-Dimethylformarnide
1.1-OJmethYfhvdraiina
U-DmethylhYdrarine
2,4-Dinwthylphenol
2,6Dimetliylphenol
3,4 Dimelhylphenol
Dimethyl phthalate
Dimethyl terephthalate
1,2-Dinitrobenzene
1,3 Dinitrobemene
1,4-Dintrobenzene
4,6-OmJtro-o-CYdaheiyl phenol
2.4Dinitrophenol
Oinitrotoluene nurture
2,4-Diritrotoluene
2,6 Dinitrotoluene
Dmoieb
if n-Octyl phthalate
1.4-Dioiane
Diphenamid
Diphenylamim
1.2-Diphenyfliydrazine
Diquat
Direct black 38
Direct blue 6
Direct brown 95
Duulfoton
1.4-DHhim
Diuron
Doom
Endosuttan
EndothaS
Endrin
Eptchtorohydrin
1,2 Epoxybutane
Ethephon (2-cHoroethyl phojphonic acid)
Tap
Water
ug/l
0.73 C
3700 N
2.6 C
0.18 C
730 N
22 N
37 N
370000 N
3700 N
15 N
3.7 N
15 N
73 N
73 N
9.9 C
73 N
37 N
37 N
730 N
610 C
1100 N
910 N
8.4 C
80 N
0.78 C
0.83 C
0.72 C
1.5 N
370 N
73 N
ISDN
220 N
730 N
11 N
680 C
210 N
180 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Anwiont
Air
ugtm3
0.068 C
310 N
0.18 C
0.017 C
730 N
22 N
37 N
370000 N
3700 N
15 N
3.7 N
15 N
73 N
73 N
0.92 C
73 N
37 N
37 N
730 N
57 C
1100 N
910 N
0.81 C
SON
0.073 C
0.077 C
0.067 C
1.5 N
370 N
73 N
150 N
220 N
730 N
11 N
ION
210 N
180 N
N-noncarctnogen
Fish
mg/ko.
0.034 C
1400 N
0.12 C
0.0085 C
270 N
8.1 N
14 N
140000 N
1400 N
5.4 N
1.4 N
5.4 N
27 N
27 N
0.46 C
27 N
14 N
UN
270 N
29 C
410 N
340 N
0.39 C
30 N
0.037 C
0.039 C
0.034 C
0.54 N
140 N
27 N
54N
81 N
270 N
4.1 N
32 C
0
68N
Soil
Industrial/
Commerical
mgftg
62 C
1000000 N
220 C
15 C
410000 N
12000 N
20000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
8200 N
2000 N
8200 N
41000 N
41000 N
840 C
41000 N
20000 N
20000 N
410000 N
52000 C
610000 N
510000 N
720 C
45000 N
67 C
71 C
62 C
820 N
200000 N
41000 N
82000 N
120000 N
410000 N
6100 N
58000 C
0
100000 N
Residential
mg/ka.
6.9 C
78000 N
25 -C
1.7 C
16000 N
470fi
780 N
1000000 N
78000 N
310 N
78 N
310 N
1600 N
1600 N
94C
1600 N
780 N
780 N
16000 N
5800 C
23000 N
20000 N
80 C
1700 N
7.4 C
7.9 C
6.9 S
31 N
7800 N
1600 N-
3100 N
4700 N
16000 N
230 N
6500 C
0
3900 N
-------
61
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
61
Contaminant
Ethion
2 Etlwnyethanol acetate
2-Ethoiyethanot
Ethyl acrylate
EPTC IS-Ethyl (fipropyltniocariiamate)
Ethyl acetate
Ethylbenzene
Ethykwe cyanohydrin
Ethylene diamine
Ethylene glycol
Ethylene glycol, monoburyl ether
Ethylene oxide
Ethylene thiourea (ETU)
Ethyl ether
Ethyl methacrylate
Ethyl p-nitrophenyl phenylphosphorolNoale
Ethylnitrosourea
Elhylphthaly) ethyl glycolate
Express
:enamiphos
:luometuron
Fluoride
Fluoridone
Flurprimidol
Flutolanil
Fluvalinate
Mpet
:omesafen
:onofoi
Formaldehyde
:ormic Acid
Fosetylal
Furan
:urazolidone
Furfural
:urium
:urmecycloi
Tap
Water
ug/l
18 N
11000 N
15000 N
140 C
910 N
33000 N
1300 N
11000N
730 N
73000 N
210 N
6.6 C
57 C
1200 N
3300 N
0.37 N
0.048 C
110000 N
290 N
9.1 N
470 N
2200 N
2900 N
730 N
2200 N
370 N
1900 C
35 C
73 N
7300 N
73000 N
110000 N
37 N
1.8 C
110 N
0.13 C
220 C
C 'carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ugfm3
18 N
11000 N
2100 N
13 C
910 N
33000 N
10000 N
11000 N
730 N
73000 N
210 N
1.8 C
5.3 C
7300 N
3300 N
0.37 N
0.0045 C
110000 N
290 N
9.1 N
470 N
2200 N
2900 N
730 N
2200 N
370 N
180 C
3.3 C
73 N
14 C
73000 N
110000 N
37 N
0.16 C
520 N
0.013 C
21 C
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mg/kg
6.8 N
4100 N
5400 N
6.6 C
340 N
12000 N
1400 N
4100 N
270 N
27000 N
0
0.31 C
2.7 C
2700 N
1200 N
0.14 N
0.0023 C
41000 N
110 N
3.4 N
180 N
810 N
1100 N
270 N
810 N
140 N
90 C
1.7 C
27 N
2700 N
27000 N
41000 N
14 N
0.083 C
41 N
0.0063 C
11 C
Soil
Industrial/
C numerical
mg/kg
10000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
12000 C
510000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
0
560 C
4800 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
200 N
4.1 C
1000000 N
160000 N
5100 N
270000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
200000 N
160000 C
3000 C
41000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
20000 N
150 C
61000 N
11 C
19000 C
Residential
mg/kg
390 N
230000 N
310000 N
1300 C
20000 N
700000 N
78000 N
230000 N
16000 N
1000000 N
0
63 C
540 C
160000 N
70000 N
7.8 N
0.46 C
1000000 N
6300 N
200 N
10000 N
47000 N
63000 N
16000 N
47000 N
7800 N
18000 C
340 C
1600 N
160000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
780 N
17 C
2300 N
1.3 C
2100 C
-------
62
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
62
Contaminant
jlufosinate ammonium
Qtycidaldehyila
Glyphosate
Haloiyf op methyl
Harmony
HCH (alpha)
HCH (beta)
HCH (gamma) Lindane
HCH technical
Ujuttaitlilnr
nepiacnior
HeptacMor epoiide
Heiabromobeniene
Heiachlorobenzene
HaxacMorobutadiene
Heiachlorocydopentadiem
Heiachlorodibenzo p dioKin miitur*
HeiwMoroethane
Hesachlwophera
HeiahY*o-1,3,5-trinttro-U5triizine
n-Heiane
Heiazinone
Hydrazine,hydrazimsulfita
Hydrogen chloride
Hydrogen mhlde
Hydroquinona
Imazatil
Imazaquin
IprodloM
Iron
Isobutanol
liophorone
liopropalin
Isopropyl methyl phosphonic acid
Isouben
Kepone
Lactofan
Tap
Water
ug/L
15 N
15 N
3700 N
1.8 N
470 N
1.1 C
3.7 C
5.2 C
3.7 C
0.23 C
0.12 C
12 N
0.66 C
14 C
0.15 N
0.0011 C
75 C
11 N
61 C
0 1 N
350 N
1200 N
2.2 C
210 N
110 N
1500 N
470 N
9100 N
1500 N
11000 N
1600 N
7100 C
550 N
3700 N
1800 N
0.37 C
73 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
15 N
ION
3700 N
1.8 N
470 N
0.099 C
0.35 C
0.48 C
0.35 C
0.14 C
0.069 C
73 N
0.39 C
8.1 C
0.73 N
0.00014 C
45 C
11 N
5.7 C
01 N
2100 N
1200 N
0.037 C
210 N
ION
1500 N
470 N
9100 N
1500 N
11000 N
11000 N
660 C
550 N
3700 N
1800 N
0.035 C
73 N
N-noncarcinogen
Rsh
mgfkg
5.4 N
5.4 N
1400 N
0.68 N
180 N
0.05 C
0.18 C
0.24 C
0.18 C
0.07 C
0.035 C
27 N
0.2 C
4.0 C
95 N
0.000051 C
23 C
4.1 N
2.9 C
g
810 N
450 N
0.11 C
0
41 N
540 N
180 N
3400 N
540 N
4100 N
4100 N
330 C
200 N
1400 N
680 N
0.018 C
27 N
Soil
Industrial/
Convnerical
mg/kg
8200 N
8200 N
1000000 N
1000 N
270000 N
91 C
320 C
440 C
320 C
130 C
63 C
41000 N
360 C
7300 C
140000 N
0.092 C
410000 C
6100 N
5200 C
o
1000000 N
670000 N
190 C
0
61000 N
820000 N
270000 N
1000000 N
820000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
600000 C
310000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
32 C
41000 N
Residential
mglkg
310 N
310 N
78000*N
39 N
10000 II
10 C
35 C
49 C
35 C
14 C
7 C
1600 N
40 C
820 C
5500 N
0.01 C
4600 C
230 N
580 C
o
47000 N
26000 N
21 C
0
2300 N
31000 N
10000 \
200000 N
31000 N
230000 N"
230000 N
67000 C
12000 N
78000 N
39000 N
3.5 C
1600 N
-------
63
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
63
Contaminant
Linuron
Lithium
Londai
MalatNon
Maleic anhydride
Maleichydrezide
Malononitrite
Mancozeb
Maneb
' 'Manganese and compounds
Mephosfolan
Mepiquat chloride
Mercuric chloride
Mercury (inorganic)
Mercury (methyl)
Merphos
Merphos oxide
Metalaiyl
Methacrylonilrile
Methamidophos
Methanol
Methidathion
Melhomyl
Methoxychlor
2 Methoiyethanol acetate
2 Methoxyethanol
2-Methoiy-5-nitroaniline
Methyl acetate
Methyl acrylate
2-Methylanilinehydrochloride
2-Methylaniline
Methyl cMorocarbonate
4-(2-Methyl-4-chlDrophenoiy) butyric acid
2-Methyl-4-cMorophenoxyacetic acid
2'(2-Methyl-14-chlorophenoiy)prepionic acid
Methylcycloheiane
Methylene bromide
Tap
Water
uglL
73 N
730 N
7300 N
730 N
3700 N
18000 N
0.73 N
1100 N
180 N
8?0 N
3.3 N
1100N
11 N
11 N
3.7 N
1.1 N
1.1 N
2200 N
3.7 N
1.8 N
18000 N
37 N
910 N
180 N
73 N
37 N
150 C
37000 N
1100 N
37 C
28 C
37000 N
370 N
18 N
37 N
31000 N
61 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ugfm3
73 N
730 N
7300 N
730 N
3700 N
18000 N
0.73 N
1100 N
180 N
O.S2 N
3.3 N
1100 N
11 N
3.1 N
3.7 N
1.1 N
1.1 N
2200 N
7.3 N
1.8 N
18000 N
37 N
910 N
180 N
73 N
210 N
14 C
37000 N
1100 N
3.5 C
2.6 C
37000 N
370 N
18 N
37 N
31000 N
370 N
N-noncarcinogan
Fish
mg/kg
27 N
270 N
2700 N
270 N
1400 N
6800 N
0.27 N
410 N
68 N
310 N
1.2 N
410 N
4.1 N
4.1 N
1.4 N
0.41 N
0.41 N
810 N
1.4 N
0.68 N
6800 N
14 N
340 N
68 N
27 N
14 N
6.9 C
14000 N
410 N
1.8 C
1.3 C
14000 N
140 N
6.8 N
14 N
0
140 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commerical
mg/kg
41000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
410000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
410 N
610000 N
100000 N
470000 N
1800 N
610000 N
6100 N
6100 N
2000 N
610 N
610 N
1000000 N
2000 N
1000 N
1000000 N
20000 N
510000 N
100000 N
41000 N
20000 N
12000 C
1000000 N
610000 N
3200 C
2400 C
1000000 N
200000 N
10000 N
20000 N
0
200000 N
Residential
mg/kg
1600 N
16000 N
160000 N
16000 N
78000 N
390000 N
16 N
23000 N
3900 N
18000 N
70 N
23000 N
230 N
230 N
78 N
23 N
23 N
47000 N
78 N
39 N
390000 N
780 N
20000 N
3900 N
1600 N
780 N
1400 C
780000 N
23000 N
350 C
270 C
780000 N
7800 N
390 N
780 N
0
7800 N
-------
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
64
Contaminant
Methykma chloride
4,4' Methylene bis(2-cHoroaniline)
4,4'-Methytenebobemeneamine
4.4'-Methylene bis(N.N'-o1methyl)aniline
4,4'-Methylenediphenyl isocyanate
Methyl ethyl ketone
Methyl hydrazine
Methyl isobutyl ketone
Methyl methacrylate
2-Methyl5-nitroaniline
Methyl parathion
2Methylphenol(o-ctesol|
3-Methylphenol(m-cresol)
4-MethylphenoKp-CTejoll
Methyl styrene (mixture)
Methyl styrene (alpha)
Methyl tertbutyl ether IMTBE)
Mttolador(Dual)
Metrifauzin
Mirei
Mofinate
Molybdenum
Monochloramine
Nabd
2-Naphthylamine
Naproparmde
Nickel refinery dust
Nickel and compounds
Nickel subsuHide
Nrtrapyrin
Nitrate
Nitric oiide
Nitrite
2-Nhroaniline
3Ktroaniline
4-Nitroanifine
Nitrobenzene
C-carcmogen N-Mmcarcmgen
Tap
Water
ugfl
410 C
52 C
27 C
150 C
0.035 N
1900 N
6.1 C
2900 N
2900 N
200 C
9.1 N
1800 N
1800 N
180 N
60 N
430 N
180 N
5500 N
910 N
3.7 C
73 N
180 N
3700 N
73 N
0.052 C
3700 N
0
730 N
0
55 N
58000 N
3700 N
3700 N
2.2 N
110 N
110 N
3.4 N
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ugfm3
380 C
4.8 C
2.5 C
14 C
0.21 N
10000 N
0.57 C
840 N
2900 N
19 C
9.1 N
1800 N
1800 N
180 N
420 N
2600 N
31000 N
5500 N
910 N
0.35 C
73 N
180 N
3700 N
73 N
0.0048 C
3700 N
0.75 C
730 N
0.37 C
55 N
58000 N
3700 N
3700 N
2.1 N
110 N
110 N
21 N
fish
mgfkg
42 C
2.4 C
1.3 C
6.9 C
0
8100 N
0.29 C
1100 N
1100 N
9.6 C
3.4 N
680 N
680 N
68N
81 N
950 N
68 N
2000 N
340 N
0.18 C
27 N
68 N
1400 N
27 N
0.0024 C
1400 N
0
270 N
0
20 N
22000 N
1400 N
1400 N
0.81 N
41 N
41 N
6.8 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commerical
mgfkg
76000 C
4400 C
2300 C
12000 C
0
1000000 N
520 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
17000 C
5100 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
120000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
1000000 N
510000 N
320 C
41000 N
100000 N
1000000 N
41000 N
4.4 C
1000000 N
0
410000 N
0
31000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1200 N
61000 N
61000 N
10000 N
Residential
mgfkg
8500 C
490 -C
260 C
1400 C
°:
470000 N
58 C
63000 N
63000 N
1900 C
200 N
39000 N
39000 N
3900 N
4700 N
55000 N
3900 N
120000 N
20000 N
35 C
1600 N
3900 N
78000 N
1600 N
0.49 C
78000 N
o-
16000 N
0
1200,i
1000000 N
78000 N
78000 N
47 N
2300 N
2300 N
390 N
-------
65
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
65
Contaminant
Nitrofurantoin
Nitrofurazone
Nitrogen dioxide
Nitroguanidine
4-Nitrophenol
2 Nitropropane
N-Nitrosodi-n-butylamine
N-Nitrosodiethanolamine
N-Nitrosodiethylamine
N Nitrosodimethylamine
N-Nitrosodiphenylamine
N-Nitroso di n-propylamine
N-Nitroso-N-mettyletliylarnine
N Nitrosopyrrolidine
m Nitrotoluene
o-Nitrotoluene
p-Nitrotoluene
Norflurazon
NuStar
Octataromodiphenyl ether
Octahydro-1357-tetranitro-1357-tetrazocine
Octamethylpyrophospbof amide
Oryzalin
Oxadiazon
Oxamyl
Oxyfluorfen
Paclobutrazol
Paraquat
VaratMon
Pebdate
Pendimethalin
'entabfomo 6-chlofo cydoheiane
Pentabromodiphenyl ether
PentacMorobenzene
'entacMoronitroberuene
Pentachlorophenol
Permethrin
Tap
Water
ug'l
2600 N
4.5 C
37000 N
3700 N
2300 N
210 N
1.2 C
2.4 C
0.045 C
0.13 C
1400 C
0.96 C
0.31 C
3.2 C
61 N
61 N
61 N
1500 N
26 N
110 N
1800 N
73 N
1800 N
180 N
910 N
110 N
470 N
160 N
220 N
1800 N
1500 N
290 C
73 N
4.9 N
4.1 C
56 C
1800 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ugfm3
2600 N
0.067 C
37000 N
3700 N
2300 N
0.067 C
0.11 C
0.22 C
0.0041 C
0.013 C
130 C
0.089 C
0.028 C
0.29 C
370 N
370 N
370 N
1500 N
26 N
110 N
1800 N
73 N
1800 N
180 N
910 N
110 N
470 N
160 N
220 N
1800 N
1500 N
27 C
73 N
29 N
2.4 C
5.2 C
1800 N
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mg/kg
950 N
0.21 C
14000 N
1400 N
840 N
0
0.058 C
0.11 C
0.0021 C
0.0062 C
64C
0.045 C
0.014 C
0.15 C
140 N
140 N
140 N
540 N
9.5 N
41 N
680 N
27 N
680 N
68 N
340 N
41 N
180 N
61 N
81 N
680 N
540 N
14 C
27 N
11 N
1.2 C
2.6 C
680 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commerical
mg/kg
1000000 N
380 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
0
110 C
200 C
3.8 C
11 C
120000 C
82 C
26 C
270 C
200000 N
200000 N
200000 N
820000 N
14000 N
61000 N
1000000 N
41000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
510000 N
61000 N
270000 N
92000 N
120000 N
1000000 N
820000 N
25000 C
41000 N
16000 N
2200 C
4800 C
1000000 N
Residential
mg/kg
55000 N
43 C
780000 N
78000 N
48000 N
0
12 C
23 C
0.43 C
1.3 C
13000 C
9.1 C
2.9 C
30 C
7800 N
7800 N
7800 N
31000 N
550 N
2300 N
39000 N
1600 N
39000 N
3900 N
20000 N
2300 N
10000 N
3500 N
4700 N
39000 N
31000 N
2800 C
1600 N
630 N
250 C
530 C
39000 N
-------
66
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
66
Contaminant
Phenmedipriam
Phenol
m-Phenytemdwnine
p-PhenytenedJamina
Phenybnercuric ecetate
2-Phenylphenol
Phorate
Phosmel
PhospNne
Phosphoric wid
Phosphorus Mitel
p-Phthalicacid
Phthalic anhydride
Picloram
Pmrraphos-mothyl
Potybronwiatedbiphenytj
PotycNorinated bjphenyb (PCBs)
Arodor 1016
Arodor1254
Pah/chlorinated terpnenyb (PCTs)
Porynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons
Acenaphthena
Anthracene
Bendelanthracene
BenzoOdfhioranthene
Beraofldfluoranthene
Benzolalpyrene
Carbazofe
Chrysene
Dibenrfahlanthracene
Fknranthene
Fluorene
lndBflo(1.2.3-cdlpyrm
Naphthalene
Pmn-m
ryrene
Prochlorez
ProfluraHn
Tap
Water
ug/l
9100 N
22000 N
220 N
6900 N
2.9 N
3500 C
7.3 N
730 N
11 N
100 N
0.73 N
37000 N
73000 N
2600 N
370 N
0.76 C
3.35 C
2.6 N
0.73 N
1.5 C
0
2200 N
11000 N
9.2 C
9.2 C
92 C
0.92 C
340 C
920 C
0.92 C
1500 N
1500 N
9.2 C
1500 N
1100 N
45 C
220 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ugfm3
9100 N
22000 N
220 N
6900 N
2.9 N
320 C
7.3 N
730 N
3.1 N
100 N
0.73 N
37000 N
1300 N
2600 N
370 N
0.07 C
0.313 C
2.6 N
0.73 N
0.14 C
0
2200 N
11000 N
1 C
1 C
IOC
0.1 C
31 C
100 C
0.1 C
1.500 N
1500 N
1C
1500 N
1100 N
4.2 C
220 N
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mgftg
3400 N
8100 N
81 N
2600 N
1.1 N
160 C
2.7 N
270 N
4.1 N
0
0.27 N
14000 N
27000 N
950 N
140 N
0.035 C
0.160 C
0.95 N
0.27 N
0.07 C
0
810 N
4100 N
0.43 C
0.43 C
4.3 C
0.043 C
16 C
43 C
0.043 C
540 N
540 N
0.43 C
540 N
410 N
2.1 C
81 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commence
mglkg
1000000 N
1000000 N
120000 N
1000000 N
1600 N
300000 C
4100 N
410000 N
6100 N
0
410 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
200000 N
64C
286 C
1400 N
410 N
130 C
0
1000000 N
1000000 N
780 C
780 C
7800 C
78 C
29000 C
78000 C
78 C
820000 N
820000 N
780 C
820000 N
610000 N
3800 C
120000 N
Residential
mglkg
200000 N
470000 N
4700 JY
150000 N
63 N
33000 -:
160 N
16000 N
230 N
0
16 N
780000 N
1000000 N
55000 N
7800 N
5.5 N
31.9 C
55 N
16 N
14 C
0
47000 N
230000 N
88 C
88 C
870 C
8.8 C
3200 C
8700 C
8.8 U
31000 N*
31000 N
88 C
31000 N
23000 N
430 C
4700 N
-------
67
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
67
Contaminant
Prometon
Prwnetryn
Pronamide
Propachlor
Propanil
Propargite
Propargyl alcohol
Propazine
'ropham
'ropiconazole
Propyteneglycol
'ropylene glycol, monoethyl other
'ropylene glycol, monomethyl other
Propylene oxide
Pursuit
Pydrin
Pyridino
Quinalphos
Quinoline
Resmethrin
Ronnel
lotenone
Savoy
Selonious Acid
SelenJum
Selenourea
Sethoxydim
Silver and compounds
Simazine
Sodium azide
Sodium diethyldithiocarbamate
Sodium fluoroacetato
Sodium metavanadate
Strontium, stable
Strychnine
Styrone
Systhane
Tap
Water
ug)L
550 N
ISDN
2700 N
470 N
180 N
730 N
73 N
730 N
730 N
470 N
730000 N
26000 N
26000 N
28 C
9100 N
910 N
37 N
18 N
0.56 C
1100 N
1800 N
ISO N
910 N
180 N
180 N
180 N
3300 N
180 N
56 C
150 N
25 C
0.73 N
37 N
22000 N
11 N
1600 N
910 N
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
uQjm3
550 N
150 N
2700 N
470 N
180 N
730 N
73 N
730 N
730 N
470 N
730000 N
26000 N
21000 N
49 C
9100 N
910 N
37 N
18 N
0.052 C
1100 N
1800 N
150 N
910 N
180 N
180 N
180 N
3300 N
180 N
5.2 C
150 N
2.3 C
0.73 N
37 N
22000 N
11 N
10000 N
910 N
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mgfkg
200 N
54N
1000 N
180 N
68 N
270 N
27 N
270 N
270 N
180 N
270000 N
9500 N
9500 N
1.3 C
3400 N
340 N
UN
6.8 N
0.026 C
410 N
680 N
54N
340 N
68 N
68 N
68 N
1200 N
68 N
2.6 C
54N
1.2 C
0.27 N
14 N
8100 N
4.1 N
2700 N
340 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commerical
mgfkg
310000 N
82000 N
1000000 N
. 270000 N
100000 N
410000 N
41000 N
410000 N
410000 N
270000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
2400 C
1000000 N
510000 N
20000 N
10000 N
48 C
610000 N
1000000 N
82000 N
510000 N
100000 N
100000 N
100000 N
1000000 N
100000 N
4800 C
82000 N
2100 C
410 N
20000 N
1000000 N
6100 H
lOOOOOf *
SlUUUu H
Residential
mgfkg
12000 N
3100 N
59000 N
10000 N
3900 N
16000 N
1600 N
16000 N
16000 N
10000 N
1000000 N
550000 N
550000 N
270 C
200000 N
20000 N
780 N
390 N
5.3 C
23000 N
39000 N
3100 N
20000 N
3900 N
3900 N
3900 N
70000 N
3900 N
530 C
3100 N
240 C
16 N
780 N
470000 N
230 N
""100N
2L-Uo N
-------
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
68
Contaminant
2,3,7.8-TCDD (drain)
Tebuthiuron
Ternephos
Terbadl
Terbufos
Terbutryn
1,2.4,5-TetracMorobenzene
1,1,1,2-Tetrachloroethane
1,1,2.2-Tetrachloroethane
TetracMoroethylenelPCE}
2,3,4,6-TetracMorophenol
p,a,a,a-TetracNorotoluene
Tetrachlorovinphos
TetraethyUithiopyrophosphate
Tetraethyllead
1.1.1,2-TetrafluonMthana
Traffic oiide
Thallium
Thallium acetate
ThaHium carbonate
Thallium chloride
Thallium nitrate
Thatfiumselenite
Thallium suKate
Thiobencarb
2.(Tr^anomettiyrthio)-beiuothiazole
Thiefanoi
Thraph8nBt6*m0thvl
Thiram
Tin and compounds
Toluene
ToHM»2,44an*ie
Tota»2.5-damine
Toluar»2,6-dMnha
p-Tokadlne
Toiaphene
Trakmethrin
C-carcimgen N-noncarciMgm
Tap
Water
ug/L
0.000043 C
2600 N
730 N
470 N
0.91 N
37 N
1.8 N
41 C
5.2 C
HOC
1100 N
0.053 C
280 C
18 N
0.0037 N
140000 N
2.6 N
0
3.3 N
2.9 N
2.9 N
3.3 N
3.3 N
2.9 N
370 N
1100 N
11 N
2900 N
180 N
22000 N
750 N
2.1 C
22000 N
7300 N
35 C
6.1 C
270 N
Mmliuut*
WnOMfll
Ambient
Air
uglm3
0.0000054 C
2600 N
730 N
470 N
0.91 N
37 N
11 N
24 C
3.1 C
310 C
1100 N
0.031 C
26 C
18 N
0.0037 N
840000 N
2.6 N
0
3.3 N
2.9 N
2.9 N
3.3 N
3.3 N
2.9 N
370 N
1100 N
11 N
2900 N
160 N
22000 N
4200 N
0.2 C
22000 N
7300 N
3.3 C
0.56 C
270 N
Rsh
mglkg
0.000002 C
950 N
270 N
180 N
0.34 N
14 N
4.1 N
12 C
1.6 C
6.1 C
410 N
0.016 C
13 C
6.8 N
0.0014 N
0
0.95 N
0
1.2 N
1.1 N
1.1 N
1.2 N
1.2 N
1.1 N
140 N
410 N
4.1 N
1100 N
68N
8100 N
2700 N
0.099 C
8100 N
2700 N
1.7 C
0.29 C
100 N
Soil
Industrial/
Commence!
mg/kg
0.0037 C
1000000 N
410000 N
270000 N
510 N
20000 N
6100 N
22000 C
2900 C
11000 C
610000 N
29 C
24000 C
10000 N
2 N
0
1400 N
0
1800 N
1600 N
1600 N
1800 N
1800 N
1600 N
200000 N
610000 N
6100 N
1000000 N
100000 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
180 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
3000 C
520 C
150000 N
Residential
mgjkg
0.00041 C
55000 N
16000 "id
10000 N
2091
780 N
230 N
2500 C
320 C
1200 C
23000 N
3.2 C
2700 C
390 N
0.078 N
0
55 N
0
70 N
63N
63N
70 N
70 N
63N
7800 N
23000 N
230*.
63000 N
3900 N
470000 N.
160000 N
20 C
470000 N
160000 N
340 C
58C
5900 N
-------
69
EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
69
Contaminant
Triallate
Triasulfuron
1,2,4-Tribromobenzene
Tributyttin oxide (TBTO)
2,4,6 TricMofoaniline hydrochloride
2,4,6-Trichloroaniline
1.2,4-Trichlorobenzene
1,1.1-Trichloraethan
1.1,2-TrichlorMtham
Trichlof oethylene ITCE)
Trichlofoflooromethane
2,4,5 Trichlofophenol
2,4,6-Tfichlorophenol
2,4,5-Trichlofophenoxyacetic acid
2-(2,4,5-TrichlofOphenoxy)propionic acid
1,1,2-Trichloropropane
1,2,3-Tricnloropropane
1,2,3-Trichloropropene
1.1,2-Trichloro-1,2,2- trifluoroethane
Tridiphane
Triethylamine
Trifluralin
1 ,2,4-Trimethylbeniena
USJrimethylbenzene
Trimethyl phosphate
1,3,5-Trira'trobenzene
Trinitrophenylmetriylnitramine
2,4,6-Trinitrotoluene
Uranium (soluble salts)
Vanadium
Vanadium pentoiide
Vanadium sultate
Vernam
Vinclozolin
Vinyl acetate
Vinyl bromide
Vinyl chloride
Tap
Water
ug/L
470 N
370 N
- 30 N
1.1 N
230 C
200 C
190 N
790 N
19 C
160 C
1300 N
3700 N
610 C
370 N
290 N
30 N
0.15 C
30 N
59000 N
110 N
73 N
870 C
300 N
300 N
180 C
1.8 N
370 N
18 N
110 N
260 N
330 N
730 N
37 N
910 N
37000 N
5.2 N
1.9 C
C- carcinogen
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug|m3
470 N
370 N
180 N
1.1 N
22 C
18 C
2100 N
10000 N
11 C
100 C
7300 N
3700 N
57 C
370 N
290 N
180 N
0.089 C
180 N
310000 N
110 N
73 N
81 C
1800 N
1800 N
17 C
1.8 N
370 N
18 N
110 N
260 N
330 N
730 N
37 N
910 N
2100 N
31 N
2.1 C
N-noncarcinogen
Fish
mg/kg
180 N
140 N
68 N
0.41 N
11 C
9.3 C
140 N
470 N
5.5 C
29 C
4100 N
1400 N
29 C
140 N
110 N
68 N
0.045 C
68 N
410000 N
41 N
0
41 C
680 N
680 N
8.5 C
0.68 N
140 N
6.8 N
41 N
95 N
120 N
270 N
14 N
340 N
14000 N
0
0.17 C
Soil
Industrial;
Commerical
mg/kg
270000 N
200000 N
100000 N
610 N
20000 C
17000 C
200000 N
720000 N
10000 C
52000 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
52000 C
200000 N
160000 N
100000 N
82 C
100000 N
1000000 N
61000 N
0
74000 C
1000000 N
1000000 N
15000 C
1000 N
200000 N
10000 N
61000 N
140000 N
180000 N
410000 N
20000 N
510000 N
1000000 N
0
300 C
Residential
mg/kg
10000 N
7800 N
3900 N
23 N
2200 C
1900 C
7800 N
27000 N
1100 C
4700 N
230000 N
78000 N
5800 C
7800 N
6300 N
3900 N
9.1 C
3900 N
1000000 N
2300 N
0
5900 N
39000 N
39000 N
1700 C
39 N
7800 N
390 N
2300 N
5500 N
7000 N
16000 N
780 N
20000 N
780000 K
0
34C
-------
T EMERGENCY REMOVAL GUIDELINES
70
Contaminant
Warfarin
m-Xytena
o-Xylene
p-Xylene
Xylenelmiied)
Zinc
Zinc phosphide
Zineh
Tap
Water
ug/L
11 N
1400 N
1400 N
520 N
12000 N
11000 N
11 N
1600 N
C«i«jiiLnmim
circinogvn
Ambient
Ambient
Air
ug/m3
11 N
7300 N
7300 N
3100 N
73000 N
11000 N
11 N
1800 N
N noncardnogen
Full
mg/kg
4.1 N
27000 N
27000 N
0
27000 N
4100 N
4.1 N
680 N
Sol
Industrial/
Commerical
mg/kg
6100 N
1000000 N
1000000 N
0
1000000 N
1000000 N
6100 N
1000000 N
Residential
mglkg
230 N
1000000 Jl
1000000 N
0
100000031
230000 N
230 N
39000 N
-------
5!
I
5 r
8
i
5
S-
3
21
sr
03
B-
-------
>
s
9
£
8
t
&
i.
5
£
O
g
S
a
g
00
CO
B
D
8
to
8
S
g
8
^
-L.
fi 5
O
I
O
2
o
S
O
I
D
2
z
O
I
On
GO
8
8
-------
a
9
B
B
1
I
3
8
8
D
!
r
I
S
*
s
B
3
z
C
I
n
n
§
n
S
n
o
r
m
m
8
o
k)
r ;:
H- Q
g
H
S
O
I
O
iis
on
H
p
o
-J
U)
-------
o
I
£>
!
to
CD
03
*l
I
I
S-
a
f
3
f
I
I
S
n
3
m
8
g
g
8
i
-
s
K
g
8
8
o
J5
O
1
5
-
I
" r* ^ S
lgl
O
r -
n
5
i
i
i
o
H
04
00
-------
n
O
hlo
o
n
i
n
E
o
IF
g
O
n
H:
o
I
I
I
o
5
LA
&
g
i
K>
I
£
8
i
g
B
o
B
n
tx)
8
8
8
B
- « H
8 §
I
33
8
g
22
in
-------
I
o o
S1
S
3
10
>
I
O
§
09
E
^
t -
I
I
S
n
o
o
I
00
n
u
w
n
W
O
S
s
o
I
p
W
s
z
o
i
8
zn\
8
t** K
-------
3
f
£3
>
?
o
8'
g
₯'
I
n
3
g
3
E
o
3
3
^
B
n
fe
<5
pi JJ 4,
g*
rjq
8
fe
ll
-------
I
a
g:
I
?
I
!
*
c
II
s
ft
B
s
I
I
£
I
£
S
o
»
|
r
z
G
ffl
g
s
to
a
O
S
CO
n
r
m
m
ES
-
4 S *
n
g
8
?
g
g
m
o
O
H
s
oo
H
S
If
H
00
-------
tn
I
m
dichlo
thane
S
v>
8
&
p
p
p
8
2.
§
5
8
w
i
en
I
B
I
I
KJ
Ul
n
n
tl
&
I
&3
ill
O
^
25
2
o
r
- Q
II
-------
8
m
8
o
i O
i*
%
'a
I
O
O
z
I
i
i
i
o
CD
o
-------
Si
*:
O.
g
I
II
Ul
Vj
B
a
g
!
5
Ul
8
g
iyi
to
410
I
o
o
23
g
3
Dd
£
z
a
2
§
o
i
r
o
O
s
g
O
2
p
I
P
k>
o
P
bo
iSS
.'S$a
§
-------
I
oarath
O
E
o
n
|
o"
3
.. 2
g
o
9
t
I
i
ff
B
3
f
I
t
I f
G
8
i
I
$
01
.
8
§
s
o
2?.
§
O
O
z
r
m
M
H- Q
i
§
i
co
00
-------
r
S
I
V)
7
I
o
3
X
Z
n
3.
f
8
R-
8
s
a1
i
s
1
n
8
3
I
|
8
s ge
n
-------
* O
*o
3
3»
a
I
o
I
O
P
n
o\
o
O
a
5
O D
tn
2
n
n
H
i
m
P
in
O
n
8
S
8
8
8
I
S
a
p
In
S
o
8
8
8
8
p
In
on
00
-------
I
f
w
10
X
s:
i?
ff
3
N
1
8.
§
S
tn
(g
Ig
'
f?
rds
Ad
oo
in
-------
B
M E
''I
PI
ropio
acic
n
O
8
8
hyde
rate)
de)
hloral)
drated
O !
00
-------
o
a
I
5.
g
8
0207
g
n
n
.6
op
to
S
JC
-------
o
i.
to
a
o
i
s?
V
O
§ 9
:s
5
Ov
rt
s
O
>
O
O
o
I
00
00
-------
I
&
o
o
I
o
8
n
o
I
s
B
n
8
/\
I
r
1
00
VD
-------
IP
z
S'
z
R
o
I
5
§
o
M
!
S
Ov
i
-j
6
5
n
5
z
I
0
K
S
D
2
g
8
S
5
o
n to
* g
«g
on
vo
0
-------
"I
l!
ti
si
!S
i. 3-
' B I
§H!
18 5 I
I J5
5" B'
i g-
1
C
on
>
a
^
|
!
2
i
8
HH
I
:gl
§
'$!
51
5
n
§
1
£
r C;
- S
so O
vO ^
s-^ H
-------
-------
APPENDIX 1
Toxicology
Exposure to hazardous chemicals may produce a wide range of
adverse health effects. The likelihood of an adverse health effect
occurring, and the severity of the effect, are dependent on the toxicity
of the chemical, route of exposure, and the nature and extent of
exposure to dose from that substance. In order to better understand
potential health effects, emergency personnel should have an
understanding of the basic principles and terminology of toxicology.
Toxicology is the study of the adverse effects of chemicals on living
organisms.
Types of Toxic Hazards
1. Systemic poisons - Systemic poisons are chemical agents which
act on specific target organs or organ systems. Systemic poisons
are divided into the following categories:
Anesthetics/narcotics (e.g. ethyl ether).
Compounds damaging liver function (e.g. carbon
tetrachloride and tetrachloroethane).
Compounds damaging kidney function (e.g. halogenated
hydrocarbons such as chloroform).
-------
TOXICOLOGY A94
Compounds damaging the nervous system (e.g. ethanol,
carbon disulfide, and organophosphates).
Compounds damaging blood/circulatory system (e.g.
benzene and phenols).
2. Asphyxiants - Asphyxiants are agents which deprive the tissues
of oxygen. This group is divided into simple or chemical
asphyxiants and both simple and chemical asphyxiants.
The simple asphyxiants act by diluting or displacing
atmospheric oxygen, which lowers the concentration of
oxygen in air. Breathing air with a low oxygen
concentration causes insufficient oxygen in the blood and
tissues. This can cause headache, loss of consciousness,
and eventually death. Examples of simple asphyxiants are
aliphatic hydrocarbons, nitrogen, hydrogen, and methane.
Chemical asphyxiants act in one of two ways:
The first type of chemical asphyxiant prevents the
uptake of oxygen hi the blood. For example, carbon
monoxide interferes with the transport of oxygen to the
tissues by strongly binding with hemoglobin to form
carbony hemoglobin which leaves inadequate
hemoglobin available for oxygen transport.
The second type of chemical asphyxiant does not
permit normal oxygen transfer from the blood to the
tissues or within the cell itself. Hydrogen cyanide is
oa example of this type.
Some compounds can act as both simple and chemical
asphyxiants. Hydrogen sulfide, which is extremely toxic,
is an example.
An important aspect of asphyxia and respiratory toxicants
is the effect of oxygen-deficient atmospheres. Normal
-------
A95
TOXICOLOGY
A95
content in air ranges from 19.5 percent to 23.5 percent.
Some atmospheres, such as those generated during a fire or
hazardous material release, contain less oxygen. For this
reason, it is imperative that the oxygen content of any
atmosphere be determined before the selection of respiratory
protective equipment. Confined space entries represent an
especially hazardous exposure situation. Particular attention
should be paid to the presence of combustible or explosive
atmospheres, as volatile organic vapors can collect rapidly
within a confined space. Attention should also be paid to
low-lying areas, where vapors heavier than air can collect.
EFFECTS OF OXYGEN CONCENTRATION ON HUMANS
PERCENT
OXYGEN
>23.5
21-16
16-12
12-10
10-6
Less than 6
EFFECTS
Explosive atmosphere, keep out!
Nothing abnormal
Loss of peripheral vision
Rapid breathing and heart rate
Impaired coordination
Poor judgement and coordination
Excessive fatigue
Permanent heart damage
Sparse breathing
Nausea
Loss of movement
Unconsciousness followed by death
Spasmodic breathing
Convulsive movements
Death
-------
A96 TOXICOLOGY A96
3. Irritants - Irritants are materials that cause inflammation of
tissues. The mechanism of irritation is by either corrosive or
drying action and may affect the eyes, skin, respiratory
membranes or gastrointestinal tract. The irritant must come in
direct contact with tissue to cause an inflammation reaction.
Consequently, skin, eye, and respiratory irritants are the greatest
concern for response personnel.
Examples of skin irritants are acids, alkalies, solvents, and
detergents.
Examples of respiratory irritants are ozone, ammonia,
hydrogen chloride, and nitrogen dioxide.
4. Pneumoconiosis - Pneumoconiosis is the reaction of the tissues
due to accumulation of dust in the lungs. Chronic inhalation of
mineral dust such as silica and asbestos can result in
pneumoconiosis.
5. Allergic sensitizers - Sensitizers affect the immune system of
the exposed person, causing a delayed hypersensitivity to the
sensitizing agent The allergic reaction shows one or more
symptoms, which can range from discomfort from poison ivy to
a fatal reaction from isocyanates.
Examples of skin sensitizers are poison ivy and formaldehyde.
Examples of respiratory sensitizers are sulfur dioxide and
isocyanate.
6. Mutaeens - A mutagen is any substance that affects genetic
material in the lab or in a live animal. Thousands of mutagens
have been identified through the use of tests like the Ames
Salmonella Assay. Mutagenesis is not a symptom or a disease,
but a mechanism by which diseases may develop.
Examples of mutagens are ionizing radiation, benzene and
hydrogen peroxide.
-------
A97 TOXICOLOGY A97
7. Carcinogens - Carcinogens cause cancer in lab animals or in
humans.
Examples of carcinogens are poly bis-chloromethyl ether,
polynuclear aromatics, and 13-napthtylamine.
8. Teratogens - Teratogens cause damage to the unborn children
of the exposed person by a number of mechanisms. Maternal
alcohol abuse throughout pregnancy is the most important single
cause of drug-induced teratogenesis. Another example of a
teratogen is thalidomide.
9. Biological agents - Categories of biological agents include:
viruses, such as HIV (which causes AIDS)
bacteria, such as Streptococcus
fungi, such as yeasts and ringworm
parasites, such as Entamoeba histolytica
rickettsia, such as Rickettsia rickettsi
Routes of Exposure
The route by which personnel are exposed to a compound plays a
role in determining the total amount of the compound taken up by the
body because a compound may be absorbed following exposure by one
route more readily than by another. In addition to the route of
exposure, the amount of the compound absorbed by the body depends
on the duration of exposure to the compound and the concentration of
the compound to which one is exposed. Therefore, a complex
relationship exists between the total amount of the compound absorbed
by the body (dose) and the concentration of that compound in the
environment. This relationship is important for emergency response
personnel to understand because the adverse effects produced by a toxic
compound are often related to the dose of that compound received by
the person. However, because we usually only monitor the
concentration of the toxic substance in the environment (e.g., parts per
million (ppm) of a compound in air), the actual dose of the compound
received by the person is seldom known. Factors specific to the
-------
A98 TOXICOLOGY A98
exposed person, such as size of the skin surface area exposed, presence
of an open wound or breaks in the skin, and rate and depth of
respiration, are important in estimating the dose of the compound
received by the person.
There are only four pathways for substances to enter the body:
contact with skin, eye, and hair
inhalation
ingestion
injection
Inhalation
Inhalation of toxic agents generally results in a rapid and effective
absorption of the compounds .into the blood stream because of the large
surface area of the lung tissue and number of blood vessels in the
lungs.
The toxic effects of participates depend on the physical and
chemical properties of the particles in question and on the particle size.
Larger particles settle in the upper portions of the system to be
removed by ciliary action. The smaller the particle, however, the
greater ability it has to travel deep into the small spaces of the lung,
thus potentially causing greater harm. Once small particles are
deposited in the lower portions of the lungs, their fate includes:
Absorption into the bloodstream (particles of greater than S.O
micrometers do not normally diffuse through cell walls).
Removal through phagocytosis, a process in which immune cells
attempt to remove the particles by incorporating them into their
cell structure.
Cell toxicity resulting in fibrotic (scar-like) tissue formation and
decreased gas exchange area.
Certain types of particulates, such as asbestos and silica, can not
be effectively eliminated by the body. Incomplete removal results in
-------
A99 TOXICOLOGY A99
irritation and death of the cell, causing further immune response.
Irritation may be severe enough to cause fibrosis of portions of the lung
or a cancerous growth.
Absorption
Absorption of toxic agents as a route of exposure refers to the
passage of toxicants through either the skin, eyes, or other openings in
the body. Absorption is the second most common route of exposure to
hazardous materials, and frequently occurs through direct contact
between the chemical and the skin of the exposed person.
The skin serves as a barrier to prevent most foreign substances
from entering the body. It also functions to preserve the components
of the body. The skin has three layers: 1) the epidermis, the
outermost layer, is composed of mostly dead cells that adhere to the
living tissue underneath and is responsible for the skin's effectiveness
as a barrier; 2) the dermis, a layer of loose connective tissue, contains
the blood vessels closest to the skin surface and is actively involved in
wound repair; and 3) the hypodermis, the innermost layer, contains
connective and adipose (fat) tissue.
The absorption of chemicals through the skin is called percutaneous
absorption. It depends upon:
The integrity of the skin.
The vehicle through which the toxicant is administered.
The type of toxicant.
Factors that facilitate percutaneous absorption include:
Reduced integrity of the outer skin layer.
Increased hydration of the skin.
Increased temperature of the skin.
Altered skin pH.
Increased blood flow to the skin.
Increased concentration of the toxicant.
Decreased particle size of the toxicant.
Electrically induced movement of the toxicant.
The addition of agents that react with the skin surface.
-------
TOXICOLOGY A100
Skin contact does not typically result in as rapid of a systemic
dosage as inhalation, although some chemicals are readily absorbed
through the skin. Many organic compounds are lipid (fat) soluble and
can therefore be rapidly absorbed through the skin.
The same chemicals that can damage the skin can damage the eye.
The eyes are actually more sensitive to exposure than the skin due to
their high fluid content and lack of a barrier. The primary concerns
with exposure to ocular toxicants are:
Local effects - direct effects caused by the application of a chemical
to the cornea.
Systemic effects - effects to other organs or organ systems in the
body, caused by the application of a chemical to the eye.
Ocular side effects - effects which occur in the eye from exposure
to toxicants through other routes of exposure such as inhalation and
ingestion.
The types of chemicals noted for their ocular toxicity are acids,
bases, organic solvents, detergents, and lacrimators. Acids affect the
eye by react'ng with protein in the tissues and by dehydrating the
tissues. Treatment involves flushing the eye with large amounts of
water. Generally, the greater the concentration of the acid, the greater
ability it has to induce harm.
Alkaline substances (bases) act on the eye in a very different
manner than acidic ones. Bases produce the same initial effects as
acids, due to the pH of the base and the heat produced during reaction.
However, contrary to add burns, the effects observed immediately after
exposure to an alkaline substance are not a good indication of the total
effects of exposure because latent effects may continue to occur up to
two weeks after exposure. An example of the impact of an alkaline
substance on the eye is exposure to sodium hydroxide (NaOH);
irrigation of the eye with a concentrated solution of NaOH for more
than three minutes could cause catastrophic changes in the cornea
leading to complete opacification (clouding) within a week to ten days
after exposure. Other alkaline substances that are potent ocular
toxicants include potassium hydroxide and ammonia.
-------
A101 TOXICOLOGY A101
Organic solvents react with the proteins and fats in the eye, causing
severe pain. Damage is usually not extensive and can be reversed. In
the case of heated solvents, there is the threat of burning, resulting in
damage that is often severe and unpredictable. Examples of organic
solvents include ethanol, toluene, and acetone.
Detergents react to lower the surface tension ot the liquids in the
eye, causing pronounced irritation followed by extensive tearing.
Concentrated doses can cause severe burns with permanent fogging of
the cornea. Examples of detergents include household cleaning agents,
emulsifying agents, wetting agents, and antifoaming agents.
Lacrimators are chemical compounds or mixtures which have the
ability to induce instant tearing at very low concentrations without
reacting with the tissues of the eye. High concentrations can cause
tissue damage. Examples include mace (tear gas) and smog.
Ingestion
The ingestion of hazardous substances is the third most frequent
route of exposure in humans. Ingestion of hazardous substances occurs
through the consumption of:
Contaminated waters.
Fish from contaminated waters.
Contaminated plants and animals.
Incidental ingestion of soils and dusts.
Exposure to toxicants through ingestion is of most concern with
young children who can ingest large amounts of soil every day in the
course of normal play activities. Young children are also particularly
susceptible to the adverse effects of some contaminants (lead, for
example) that may be ingested.
Once a toxicant is ingested, it enters the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
The GI tract is essentially a long tube beginning at the lips and ending
at the anus, and includes the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and
large intestine. Throughout the course of the GI tract, ingested
toxicants can be absorbed into the bloodstream. Absorption primarily
occurs in three main areas of the GI tract: the stomach, the small
intestine, and the large intestine.
-------
AiJ2 TOXICOLOGY A102
The human liver has sophisticated mechanisms for the detoxification
of foreign substances. These mechanisms include enzymatic reactions
and excretion to the bile and urine. Liver functions can, however,
convert a substance into an even more toxic form. In addition,
detoxification mechanisms are easily overridden, particularly in cases
of exposure to multiple agents or to large doses of a single agent.
Exposure to toxic chemicals through the GI tract can result in both
local and systemic effects. Local effects include the reaction of the
chemical with the exposed internal surface of the GI tract, as in the
case of burns from acid ingestion. Systemic effects result from
absorption of the chemical into the bloodstream and transport to critical
organs.
Ingestion is a less common route of exposure for emergency
personnel at hazardous material incidents, although incidental hand to
mouth contact, smoking and swallowing saliva and mucus containing
trapped airborne contaminants can cause exposure by this route. Even
so, toxicity by mouth is of a lower order because the gastrointestinal
lining resists the transport of most toxic agents.
Injection
Injection refers to the combination of toxic exposure with a physical
trauma, such as a laceration. This route of exposure, although less
common than the others, should be considered very dangerous, since
the toxicant is being directly injected into the bloodstream of the
exposed person. Proper site safety practices (e.g., the buddy system)
can be effective in preventing injection exposures.
Some significant exposures have occurred by injection. Animal
bites fall into this category.
Biological Variation
Biological variation is the term used for the occurrence of differing
susceptibilities in a population exposed to a toxic chemical. Factors
that contribute to biological variation include sex, age, nutritional
status, weight, metabolic type, and state of health. Biological variation
is accounted for in all models of lexicological testing.
-------
A103 TOXICOLOGY A103
Dose-Response Relationship
The effect produced by a toxic compound is a function of the dose
of the compound received by the organism. This principle, termed the
dose-response relationship, is a key concept in toxicology. Typically,
as the dose increases, the severity of the toxic response increases.
1. The carcinogens - Carcinogenesis does no; nave a threshold.
Thus, there can never be a zero response (or risk); even the
smallest dose will result in some finite risk. It should be noted that
the most conservative model is the linear (or one-hit) model. This
is the most conservative, because the model predicts a given
response (or risk) at the lowest allowable level of exposure.
-------
A104
TOXICOLOGY
A104
Results of alternative extrapolation models for
the same experimental data. NOTE: Dose-
response functions were developed (Crump, in
press) for data from a benzopyrene
carcinogenesis experiment with mice conducted
by Lee and O'Neill (1971).
2. Non-carcinogens - A dose response curve is sought from the
literature for the most sensitive biological system in an experimental
animal model.
-------
A105
TOXICOLOGY
A105
No effect level (NEL): NEL is the dose which will produce no effect
in the most sensitive biological system for which data can be found.
To add an additional measure of safety for extrapolation to humans,
this NEL is further divided by a safety factor of 100 to yield an
allowable level of exposure for humans. If other data, either animal or
human epidemiologic, suggest a lower level of concern for the
compound under review, then the NEL may be divided by 10.
Conversely, if other data suggests a higher level of concern, then the
NEL may be divided by 1,000. This approach of a threshold "no
effect level," coupled with the use of a safety factor ranging from 10
to 1,000 has served the FDA, the food industry and the American
public.
Exposure to Chemical Mixture
Emergency health threat determinations involving mixtures are
complex and difficult to make because little is known about the toxic
properties of a mixture of compounds. Chemicals in a mixture can
interact with each other and with the body to produce any one of the
four following effects:
-------
A106 TOXICOLOGY A106
Additive Effects (e.g., 2+3+4=9). These effects are produced
when the combined effect of the chemicals is equal to the sum of
the individual effects of all the chemicals hi the mixture. Examples
of a mixture that produces additive effects are organophosphate
pesticides such as parathion and malathion.
Synergistic Effects (e.g., 2+3+4=27). Effects that are greater
than the sum of the component chemicals in the mixture are said to
be synergisiic effects. An example of a synergistic effect is the
combined effects of cigarette smoke and asbestos; smokers show a
strikingly higher cancer rate from asbestos exposure than do
nonsmokers.
Potentiation Effects (e.g., 0+2=10). One of the chemicals in a
mixture may not itself be particularly toxic, but it reacts to increase
the toxicity of another chemical in the mixture, producing
potentiation effects. An example of a potentiation effect is the
increased toxicity observed with carbon tetrachloride (CC14)
exposure accompanied by isopropanol. Isopropanol is considered
to be relatively nontoxic when administered by itself. However,
when administered with CC14> it excerbates the toxicity of CC14 by
preventing detoxification mechanisms in the liver from reacting
with CC14 molecules.
Antagonistic Effects (e.g., 4+(-4)=0). A mixture in which one or
more of the chemicals present inhibits the toxicity of other
compounds in the mixture is said to produce antagonistic effects.
Antagonistic actions between chemicals serve as the basis for
antidotal therapy.
NOTE: Exposure criteria for chemical mixtures do not exist and
other information can be very difficult to gather. In
situations involving exposure to a mixture of chemicals, it
is advisable to assemble a team of experts, including
chemists and toxicologists, to characterize the situation
completely.
-------
A107
TOXICOLOGY
A107
Toxicity Information
Toxicity information is often expressed as the dose of the compound
that causes an effect in a percentage of the exposed subjects, which are
mostly experimental animals. These dose-response terms are often
found in Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS) and other sources of
health information. One dose-response term that is commonly used is
the lethal dose 50 (LDSO), the dose which is lethal to 50 percent of an
animal population from exposure by any route other than inhalation
when given all in one dose. Another similar term is the lethal
concentration 50 (LC^), which is the concentration of a material in air
that on the basis of respiratory exposure in laboratory tests is expected
to kill 50 percent of a group of test animals when administered as a
single exposure (usually 1 hour).
ACUTE LDj, VALUES FOR
REPRESENTATIVE CHEMICALS
WHEN ADMINISTERED ORALLY TO
RATS
Chemical
Sodium cyanide
Pentachlorophenol
Chlordane
Lindane
Toluene
Tetrachloroethylene
Acute Oral LD^
(mg/kg)*
6.4 - 10
50 - 230
83 - 560
88-91
2600-7000
3000 - 3800
* Milligrams of the compound administered
per kilogram body weight of the
experimental animal.
-------
A108 TOXICOLOGY A108
From the above table it can be seen that a dose of 3000 to 3800
mg/kg tetrachloroethylene is lethal to 50 percent of rats that received
the compound orally; however, only 6.4 to 10 mg/kg of sodium
cyanide is required to produce the same effect. Therefore, compounds
with lower LD^ values are more acutely toxic than substances with
higher LD^ values.
The LDjo values that appear in an MSDS or in literature must be
used with caution by emergency medical personnel. These values are
an index of only one type of response and give no indication of the
ability of the compound to cause non-lethal, adverse or chronic effects.
Furthermore, LD^ values typically come from experimental animal
studies.
-------
A109
TOXICOLOGY
A109
FACTORS INFLUENCING TOXICITY
TYPE
Factors related to the
chemical.
Factors related to
exposure.
Factors related to
person exposed.
Factors related to
environment.
EXAMPLES
Composition (salt, freebase,
etc.); physical characteristics
(size, liquid, solid, etc.);
physical properties
(volatility, solubility, etc.);
presence of impurities;
breakdown products;
carriers.
Dose; concentration; route of
exposure (inhalation,
ingestion, etc.); duration.
Heredity; immunology;
nutrition; hormones; age;
sex; health status: pre-
existing diseases.
Media (air, water, soil, etc.);
additional chemicals present;
temperature; air pressure.
Exposure Limits
The concept of the various occupational exposure limits which are
found in literature or in an MSDS, are based primarily on time-
weighted average limits, ceiling values or ceiling concentration limits
to which the worker can be exposed without adverse effects.
-------
A110
TOXICOLOGY
A110
EXAMPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
Value
Threshold
Limit Value
3 types
(ACGIH)*
1)
Threshold
Limit Value
- Time-
Weighted
Average
(ACGIH)*
2)
Threshold
Limit Value
- Short-
Term
Exposure
Limit
(ACGIH)*
3)
Threshold
Limit Value
- Ceiling
(ACGIH)*
Abbreviation
TLV
TLV-TWA
TLV-STEL
TLV-C
Definition
Refers to airborne
concentrations of substances
and represents conditions under
which it is believed that nearly
all workers may be repeatedly
exposed day after day without
adverse effect.
The time-weighted average
concentration for a normal 8-
hour workday and a 40-hour
workweek, to which nearly all
workers may be repeatedly
exposed, day after day, without
adverse effect.
The concentration to which
workers can be exposed
continuously for a short period
of time without suffering from:
1) irritation, 2) chronic or
irreversible tissue damage, or
3) narcosis of sufficient degree
to increase the likelihood of
accidental injury, impair self-
rescue, or materially reduce
work efficiency, and provided
that the daily TLV-TWA is not
exceeded.
The concentration that should
not be exceeded during any
part of the working exposure.
-------
Alll
TOXICOLOGY
Alll
EXAMPLES OF OCCUPATIONAL EXPOSURE LIMITS
Value
Permissible
Exposure
Limit
(OSHA)**
Immediately
Dangerous
to Life and
Health
(OSHA)**
Recommend
ed Exposure
Limit
(NIOSH)***
Abbreviation
PEL
IDLH
REL
Definition
Same as TLV-TWA.
A maximum concentration (in
air) from which one could
escape within 30-minutes
without any escape-impairing
symptoms or any irreversible
health effects.
Highest allowable airborne
concentration that is not
expected to injure a worker;
expressed as a ceiling limit or
time-weighted average for an 8
or 10 hour work day.
* American Conference of Governmental Industrial
Hygiefaists
** Occupational Safety and Health Administration
*** National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
The values listed in the above table were established to provide
worker protection in occupational settings. Because the settings in
which those values are appropriate are quite different from an
uncontrolled spill site, it is difficult to interpret how these values should
be used by emergency personnel dealing with a hazardous materials
incident. At best, TLV, PEL, IDLH, and REL values can be used as
benchmarks for determining relative toxicity, and perhaps to assist in
selecting appropriate levels of personal protective equipment (PPE).
Furthermore, these occupational exposure limits are only useful if the
-------
A112 TOXICOLOGY A112
appropriate instrumentation is available for measuring the levels of
toxic chemicals in the air at the chemical spill site. It should be noted
that with the above Occupational Exposure Limit values, only the
OSHA values are regulatory limits. The ACGIH values are for
guidance only and are not regulatory limits.
MCL
MCL (Maximum Contaminant Level). MCLs are mandated by the
Safe Drinking Water Act (SWDA) of 1972 and are established by the
National Academy of Sciences and EPA to regulate contaminants in
public drinking water supplies. MCL values are changed regularly to
reflect improvements in treatment technologies.
Frequently, one chemical will have several exposure values
associated with it. The field investigator should evaluate these numbers
on the basis of the tasks to be performed on site and the personal
protection equipment to be used to ensure exposure limits are not
exceeded. Within this context, the most conservative exposure value
(i.e., the lowest value) should be chosen to provide for the greatest site
security.
Practical Considerations
The answers to the following questions will dictate how response
personnel are protected (type of respiratory and protective gear
employed):
What toxic agent is present?
How much of the agent is present?
How will it enter the body?
How will it affect the body?
-------
APPENDIX 2
Environmental Media
Air, soil, and water are the environmental media through which
exposure to toxic substances occurs. Awareness of the properties of
each medium aids in evaluating routes of exposure and in determining
sample locations. In making these determinations, it is also important
to consider the impact the prevailing weather conditions in an area have
on the air, soil, and water on site.
Air
Air contaminants may pose an inhalation, ingestion, and direct
contact threat to the public over very large areas downwind of the site.
Sudden, unexpected shifts in wind direction are of particular concern
because they can cause exposure to site workers and the public in areas
previously considered to be safe. Wind direction and speed are the
primary factors governing transport of air contaminants ~ both gases
and participates. Winds arise from horizontal pressure gradients in the
atmosphere and can change rapidly in direction and speed in the
vicinity of fronts. Some locations, such as mountainous areas and areas
along large lakes, experience diurnal fluctuations in wind direction
caused by daily temperature changes. These daily changes also
enhance contaminant dispersion.
-------
A114 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A114
Air releases include volatilization from contaminated soils, covered
landfills (with and without internal gas generation), spills and leaks
from containment facilities, and lagoons. Contaminant releases into the
atmosphere may also consist of fugitive dusts resulting from wind
erosion of contaminated soils and from traffic over contaminated,
unpaved roadways. When a stable suspension of dust or other solid
particles or of liquid droplets in air occurs, it is called an aerosol.
Temperature and atmospheric pressure influence the rate of air
releases. With increasing temperature, the rate of volatilization of
compounds tends to increase. Volatiles may be released from liquids
even on cold days because solar radiation can increase the temperature
of a liquid more rapidly than the temperature of air. Temperature also
governs atmospheric stability, which is the degree to which the
atmosphere dampens vertical motion. In an unstable atmosphere, the
temperature decreases rapidly with increasing elevation, resulting in
turbulence (wind). In a stable atmosphere, the temperature may remain
constant throughout the column of air or, in the case of an inversion,
even increase with elevation. Stable conditions typically occur in late
afternoon through early morning under clear skies with light winds.
Atmospheric pressure tends to affect the migration of landfill gases,
causing a landfill to offgas at a higher rate following low atmospheric
pressures. When the atmospheric pressure is high, the landfill may
cease offgassing entirely.
Humidity is not a factor in the generation and transport of air
contaminants. It can influence the hazards of a release, however. In
the case of a release of hydrogen chloride gas, for example, the hazards
posed by hydrochloric acid should be considered, especially on an
extremely humid day.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
The relative directional frequencies of wind over a site determine
the primary direction of movement of airborne contaminants - both
gases and particulates. Wind speed and direction are influenced not
only by meteorological conditions, but also by the topography of an
area. Even tall buildings and other large structures can influence wind
speed and direction hi small, localized areas.
-------
A115 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A115
Atmospheric stability and wind speeds determine the off-site
areas to be affected by ambient concentrations of gases. In general,
high stability and low wind speeds result in higher atmospheric
concentrations of contaminant gases close to the site. High stability and
moderate wind speeds result in moderate concentrations over a large
area downwind of the site. Low stability or high wind speeds cause
greater dispersion and dilution of contaminants, resulting in lower
concentrations over larger areas.
Wind speed is a critical factor in generating airborne
contaminated paniculate material. At higher speeds, the turbulence of
the air and its forward motion lifts particles into the windstream for
transport. Under windy conditions, transport of contaminated
particulates, especially of metals, dioxin, and PCB contamination, can
pose significant health threats downwind of the site. Transport of
contaminated particulates is generally not a concern when the soil is
wet because of the increased threshold wind speed required to make the
particles airborne.
Ambient concentrations of paniculate contaminants are
controlled by particle size distribution as well as by windspeed and
stability. Large particles settle out rapidly, resulting in decreased
atmospheric concentrations with distance from the site. Smaller
panicles remain airborne longer and approximate the behavior of
gaseous contaminants.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Settleout and rainout are mechanisms of contaminant transfer
from the atmosphere to surface soils and waters. Contaminants
dissolved in rainwater may percolate to groundwater, run off or fall
directly into surface waters, and adsorb to uncontaminated soils.
Contaminants can enter the food chain through direct intake of the
atmosphere by plants and animals and through intake of secondarily
contaminated soils and water.
-------
A116 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A116
Soils
Soil represents a medium of direct contact and ingestion threats and
may be the main source of contaminants released into other media (air,
water). Direct soil contamination occurs from leaks or spills from
containers and containment facilities. The spilled liquids and solids
may be transported through soil or may be partially or fully retained
within the soil to provide a continuous environmental and/or public
health threat. At the site of a release and along the release pathway,
discolored soils, stressed or dead vegetation, and uncharacteristic odors
may be preliminary indicators of soil contamination.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
To predict the fate and transport of a hazardous substance released
onto the soil surface, the properties of both the substance spilled and
the soil must be considered. The mobility of a material in soil is
influenced by many factors, such as soil type, temperature, porosity,
and biological and chemical activity, along with the water solubility,
vapor pressure, and physical state of the substance released. Liquid
movement is the most significant dispersion mechanism hi soils.
Liquid contaminants percolate directly into soils, and contaminants of
lower viscosity and/or higher density than water can have percolation
rates much greater than that of water. Dry, soluble contaminants
dissolved in precipitation, or hi runon or irrigation water can also
migrate through percolation into the soil and through runoff. The rate
of movement of solid contaminants through soil is a function of net
groundwater recharge rates and of contaminant solubility.
Contaminants with high soil adsorption coefficients (e.g., benzo-a-
pyrene) may bind (adsorb) to the surface of soil particles through ion
exchange and become relatively immobile under certain conditions.
However, adsorbed contaminants may later be desorbed by percolating
waters, causing the contaminants to become mobile again. Movement
of airborne or waterborne soil particles with hazardous substances
adsorbed to the surface also contributes to spread of contamination.
To determine hi detail how a release may behave, it is necessary
to establish the predominant nature of the soils on site. It is also
-------
A117 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A117
important to establish whether such underground features as clay layers,
sink holes, and fractures are present. These and other subsurface
features can greatly facilitate or retard the spread of contamination and
influence the direction of movement.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
Releases which occur on soils with low runoff potential, such as
well-drained sandy or gravely soils, have a high infiltration rate. Spills
on these types of soils will migrate off site rapidly and may present a
threat to groundwater. Loamy and clay soils with a moderate to high
runoff potential provide a low infiltration rate and a surface conducive
to overland flow. Releases occurring on these types of soils may create
a hazard at some distance to the site as the spilled substance travels
overland to surface waterways, or as vapors from the substance
volatilize into the atmosphere or collect in such confined spaces as
culverts and sewers. Biouptake by plants and soil organisms is another
transfer mechanism of soil contaminants and one which introduces the
contaminants to the food chain.
Water
Water contamination poses ingestion and direct contact threats.
Water also transports contaminants through soil and acts as a vehicle
for intermedia transfer of contaminants to air and soil. Water has two
important characteristics, its strongly dipolar nature and the ability of
water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with the oxygen ends of
adjacent water molecules. The dipolar nature of water is the reason for
its solvent properties; the force of attraction between the dipole and
ions on the surface of a contaminant or other substance can cause the
contaminant to form a solution with water.
The ability of water molecules to form hydrogen bonds with
each other accounts for the high dynamic viscosity and high surface
tension of water, as well as its melting and boiling points. Both the
viscosity and surface tension of water affect transport of paniculate
-------
A118 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A118
the movement of groundwater. Viscosity and surface tension each
decrease as temperature increases.
The properties of the contaminant are important to consider when
assessing the threat posed by water contamination. Such characteristics
as solubility, vapor pressure, specific gravity, and dispersability affect
the behavior of the contaminant in water and influence cleanup
techniques.
DISPERSION MECHANISMS
Direct surface water contamination occurs from releases into a
body of water or from contaminated runoff. Dispersion of
contaminants through surface waterways is affected by currents and
eddies in rivers, streams, lakes, and estuaries, and also by thermal
stratification, tidal pumping, and flushing. Contaminant concentrations
in rivers or streams can be estimated on the basis of rate of
contaminant introduction and dilution volumes. Estimates of
contaminant concentrations in estuaries and impoundments are more
difficult to make because of the variety of transport mechanisms that
may be involved, causing contaminants to remain concentrated in local
areas or to disperse rapidly.
Direct groundwater contamination can occur from liquids and solids
in lined or unlined landfills, lined or unlined lagoons, underground
storage tanks, injection wells, or long-term surface dumping.
Dispersion of contaminants through groundwater is influenced by a
variety of factors such as the hydraulic conductivity of soils; the
hydraulic gradient; trie presence of impermeable subsurface barriers;
the presence of discharge areas (e.g., streams that intercept ground
water flow), and the presence of fissures, cavities, or large pores in the
bedrock.
INTERMEDIA TRANSFER MECHANISMS
An important intermedia transfer mechanism in surface water is
contaminant transfer to bed sediments, especially in cases where
-------
A119 ENVIRONMENTAL MEDIA A119
contaminants are in the form of suspended solids or are dissolved,
hydrophobic substances that can be adsorbed by organic matter in bed
sediments. Transfer between surface water and bed sediments is
reversible, and the sediments can act as temporary repositories for
contaminants, gradually releasing contaminants to surface water. In
addition, adsorbed or settled contaminants can be transported through
migration of bed sediments.
Transfer of contamination between surface water and
groundwater occurs in areas of substantial surface-groundwater
exchange, such as in swamps and marshes. Surface water
contamination enters the food chain through biouptake by plants and
animals. Transfer to the atmosphere occurs where the surface water is
contaminated with volatile substances. Such transfer can pose a threat
of explosion as vapors collect in sewers and other enclosed spaces.
High temperatures, high surface area-to-volume ratios, high wind
conditions, and turbulent stream flow increase volatilization rates.
Volatiles in groundwater can be transferred to the atmosphere at
household taps. Inhalation of volatiles while bathing may be a
potentially significant route of exposure for residents whose potable
water is contaminated with volatile organic compounds.
-------
-------
APPENDIX 3
Sampling and Basic
Data Interpretation
Together, sampling, sample analysis, and basic interpretation of
analytical results form the most effective mechanism for obtaining
definitive information to characterize site conditions, evaluate the
threats to human health and the environment, support compliance and
enforcement activities, justify site cleanup activities, and determine
cleanup effectiveness.
The type and number of samples collected, the manner in which
the samples are collected, and the analyses chosen depend on what the
EPA investigator wants to ascertain. The sampling plan is the vehicle
for securing a set of quality-controlled samples that reflect site
conditions accurately and provide the information desired. The
sampling plan outlines all sample locations, collection procedures, and
analytical methods to be used in a sampling episode.
Once the samples have been analyzed by a laboratory, basic
interpretation of the results can be confusing because of the different
formats used by various laboratories to report analytical results.
Nevertheless, there are a few standard terms used by laboratories to
report the concentrations of the analytes. In addition, quality assurance
parameters have been established through common laboratory practices
to provide a means of measuring both the accuracy and precision of
analysis and of ensuring that no external contamination was introduced
by sample collection and analysis procedures.
-------
A122 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A122
This appendix is divided into four sections. The first section
covers the topics addressed in the sampling plan. The second defines
the types of quality assurance samples and a few additional sampling
terms. The third section covers basic data interpretation, including
qualifier codes used in sample analysis reports produced by laboratories
in EPA's Contract Laboratory Program (CLP). The fourth section
deals with data validcition procedures.
Sampling Plans
Complete site sampling plans should address each of the following
topics to ensure that the appropriate protocols are observed during the
sample collection and analysis processes and to enable the sampling
procedures to be duplicated, if necessary. Samples are not only used
as a source of information for making site decisions, they may also be
used for legal purposes, so complete documentation of the actual
sampling event is important.
Representative Sample Locations. Representative sampling
locations depend on the purpose of the sampling activity. The
intended data use will guide determination of the sampling
locations and pattern and total number of samples. Contamination
verification requires fewer samples biased toward suspected areas
of contamination; such samples may not give an accurate
presentation of the overall site characterization, however. A better
overall characterization may be achieved using a grid pattern to
determine sample locations. Use of a grid system generally
increases the number of samples collected, thus increasing
analytical costs. For further information, consult guidance
documents published by the EPA Office of Solid Waste and
Emergency Response on representative sampling of soil, water,
and hazardous wastes and on sample collection and handling
techniques.
Analysis Selection. Specific parameters for analysis must be
established while assembling the sampling plan. The laboratory
should be notified and given the EPA-approved method number
-------
A123 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A123
and the desired QA/QC information. The analysis selected
influences the choice of sample equipment, volume, preservation,
and holding time. A summary of sample container types,
preservatives, holding times, and analytical methods is included at
the end of this section. The EPA publication Solid Waste 846
(SW-846), "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste," gives
information on analysis methods for hazardous wastes, soils, and
non-aqueous phase liquids. EPA 500 and 600 publications cover
test methods for water.
Quality Assurance Level. The level of quality assurance (QA) that
the sampling event must meet should be established at the outset,
as the level selected affects the sample handling, documentation,
and analysis procedures used. QA Level 1, the least stringent
level, requires sample documentation and instrument calibration/
performance checks; samples are field screened.
QA 1 applies when a large amount of data is needed
, quickly and relatively inexpensively, or when preliminary
screening data does not need to be analyte or concentration
specific. Examples of activities where QA 1 is appropriate include
assessing preliminary on-site health and safety, assessing waste
compatibility, characterizing hazardous waste, and determining
extent of contamination.
QA 2, which verifies analytical results, requires external
laboratory analysis of at least 10 percent of field-screened samples,
sample documentation, chain-of-custody documentation,
documentation of sample holding times, and raw instrument data.
To meet the QA 2 objective, samples are analyzed using rigorous
methods that provide quantitation and analyte-specific information.
Examples of activities where QA 2 is appropriate include verifying
preliminary screening, defining extent and degree of
contamination, and verifying site cleanup.
QA 3, the most stringent level, assesses the identity of the
analyte of interest and the analytical error of the concentration
level. QA 3 incorporates the specifications for QA 2 and also
requires the analysis of eight replicate samples to determine
analytical error and analysis of a performance evaluation sample.
This level of quality assurance is used when determination of
-------
A124 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A124
analytical precision in a certain concentration range is crucial for
decision making. Examples of activities where QA 3 is
appropriate include evaluating health risk or environmental impact,
identifying the source of pollution, and verifying cleanup.
Sampling Equipment Selection. The type of sampling equipment
is dictated by the analysis selection, required sample volume,
ability of decontamination, equipment composition, and cost. The
sampling equipment should not introduce contamination into the
sampling procedure. To avoid this, sampling equipment should be
disposable or easily decontaminated. Disposable equipment must
be economical or used when extensive decontamination would be
required for durable sampling equipment. The equipment must
also be functional, allowing a sampling team to collect samples
quickly and efficiently. The composition or construction materials
of sampling equipment may affect the samples collected and so
must be considered when selecting equipment.
Sampling Volumes. Sampling volumes are directly related to the
types of chemical analyses that are requested. The laboratory
requires a precise amount of a sample unique to the specified EPA-
approved analysis or method. Providing the laboratory with an
excess of sample volume increases the eventual disposal costs to
the laboratory and in turn to the samplers. Providing the
laboratory with insufficient volume can lead to increased field
sampling costs and to delays.
Sampling Containers. The type, size, and composition of sampling
containers are directly related to the chemical analysis which is
requested. The size of the container must conform to volume
requirements specified in the EPA-approved method. The
container must not release contaminants into the sample or absorb
material from the sample. The container must ensure that ambient
air cannot enter into the sample, and conversely, that gas from the
sample cannot escape to the ambient air.
Sample Preservation. Samples are preserved by means .of
environmental controls (e.g., cold storage) or chemical additives
-------
A125 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A125
(e.g., nitric acid or sodium hydroxide). The preservation method
is directly related to the chemical analysis requested. The purpose
of preservation is to keep the chemical constituents of the samples
static during handling, packing, and shipment to the laboratory.
Highly concentrated samples do not usually require preservation.
Sample Holding Times. The elapsed time between sample
collection and laboratory analysis must be within a predetermined
time frame known as the sample holding time. Each sample
parameter has a prescribed holding time. Samples analyzed
beyond the holding time are not truly representative of the sampled
material.
Sample Identification. Each sample must be identified and
documented to ensure sample tracking is performed. A label is
made for each sample, reflecting the site name, site location,
sample number, date and time of sampling, sampler identification,
preservative used, required analysis, and sampling location
description.
Sample Custody. Chain-of-custody forms are used to track the
handling of samples once the samples are collected. The samples
are documented as they are transferred from each handler or to the
laboratory. The procedure is used to prevent sample tampering
and to trace the path of a sample in the event of contamination off
site. Chain-of-custody seals are applied as directed by protocol.
Sample Transportation. Samples may be hand delivered to the
laboratory using government vehicles or they may be shipped by
a common carrier. Regulations for packaging, marking, labeling,
and shipping of hazardous materials and wastes are promulgated by
the U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT). Air carriers which
transport hazardous materials, in particular, Federal Express,
require compliance with the current International Air Transport
Association (IATA) Regulations, which applies to the shipment and
transport of hazardous materials by air carrier. Hazardous waste
site samples should not be transported in personal vehicles.
-------
A126 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A126
One
Bottle
Per
Medium
to lest
Pes/
PCBs
Together
Analytical
Parameter
VOA
VOA
BNA
BNA
Pesticide
Pesticide
PCB
PCB
P.P.
Metals
P.P.
Metals
Cyanide
Cyanide
Matrix
S
W
S
W
S
W
S
W
S
W
S
W
Container
Type and
Volume (#
containers
req'd)
40 ml Vial
(2)
40 ml Vial
(3)
8 oz Glass
(1)
32 oz
Amber
Glass
(1)
8 oz Glass
(1)
32 oz
Amber
glass
(1)
8 oz Glass
32 oz
Amber
Glass
(1)
8 oz Glass
1 liter Glass
or poly-
ethylene
(1)
8 oz Glass
(1)
1 liter
Poly-
ethylene
(1)
Preser-
vative
degrees
Celsius
4
4»
4
4
4
4*
4
4»
4
HNO,
pH<2
4
4
NaOH
topH
> 12
4
Holding
Tunes
14 Days
14 Days
7-40
Days
7-40 '
Days
7-40
Days
7-40
Days
7-40
Days
7-40
Days
6"*
Months
***
6
Months
14 Days
14 Days
Trip
Blanks
(VOAs)
Yes
Yes
Analytical
Method
Ref.
8240 or
8260/
SW846
624/CLP
8250 or
8270 SW-
846
625/CLP
8080/SW-
846
608
8080/SW-
846
608
SW-846
EPA-600/
CFR40
SW-846
SW-846
* If residual chlorine is present, preserve with 0.008% N2S2O].
** Only 'required if dedicated sampling tools are not used.
*** Exceptions - mercury (28 days) and hexavalent chromium (24 hours - water).
NOTE: Nitric acid (HNO3), Sodium thiosulfate (NjSA); Hydrochloric Acid (HC1)
-------
A127 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A127
Terminology
Accuracy. Accuracy may be defined as the measure of the
closeness to a true or accepted value.
Background sample. A background sample is a sample collected
upgradient of the area of contamination (either on or off site)
where there is little chance of migration of contaminants. Properly
collected background samples indicate the natural composition of
the matrix and should be considered clean samples.
Collocated Sample. A sample collected adjacent to the basic field
sample, typically one-half to three feet away from the sample
location. Collocated samples are used to assess variation in the
immediate area of the basic sample.
Field Blank. A field blank is a sample of laboratory pure water
or certified clean soil which is prepared in the field prior to any
sampling activities. Analysis of the sample will indicate whether
contamination was introduced into the samples during the collection
process.
Field Duplicate. A field duplicate (or replicate) is a second sample
(or set of samples) collected from one sample location and labeled
for the laboratory as if it were a unique sample. Field duplicates
are primarily used to check the precision and consistency of the
sampling procedures used. The field duplicate can also act as a
check on the analytical procedures.
Holding Times. Holding times are the time frame within which
the sample must be analyzed to ensure accurate measurement of the
analytes. Holding times vary depending on the type of analysis to
be performed.
Laboratory Duplicate. Laboratory duplicates are samples prepared
by the laboratory and analyzed in duplicate to measure analytical
reproducibility.
-------
A128 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A128
Matrix Spike/Matrix Spike Duplicate. A matrix spike sample is
a sample to which a target compound at a known concentration is
added during laboratory preparation to measure the accuracy of the
analysis procedure. A matrix spike duplicate is a second run to
determine the precision of analysis. Such samples are primarily
used to check sample matrix interferences, but can be used to
monitor laboratory performance.
Method Blank. A method blank is a sample which is prepared by
the laboratory to determine if any contamination is being
introduced during the extraction or analysis procedures.
Method Detection Limit. The method detection limit (MDL) is
the lowest concentration that can be measured if a sample is
, analyzed according to the method procedures.
Performance Evaluation Samples. Performance evaluation (PE)
samples are samples of known concentrations that are available
from either the EPA or the U.S. Bureau of Standards for
submission with the field samples to the laboratory. PE samples
should be of the same or similar matrix as the field samples. PE
samples are used to check the overall bias of the laboratory and to
detect any error in the analytical method used.
Precision. Precision may be defined as the agreement between the
numerical values of two or more measurements made in an
identical fashion.
Relative Percent Difference. The relative percent difference
(RPD) is used to .assess the variability of a measurement process.
Typically, the value represents the difference between the matrix
spike and the matrix spike duplicate. It can also represent the
difference between two analysis runs.
Rinsate Blank. A rinsate blank is a sample of laboratory pure
water run over sampling equipment following decontamination.
Rinsate blanks are used to check decontamination effectiveness.
-------
A129 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A129
Split Samples. Split samples are derived from one large volume
sample obtained from one location, then thoroughly homogenized,
and divided into separate portions. Each portion, or split, is
placed into a separate container and treated as a separate sample.
Samples can be split two or more ways, and the total sample
volume depends on the number of splits and the analytic method
to be used. Split samples are usually collected when a responsible
party and EPA Enforcement Section or several government
agencies are involved. Split samples, which typically are sent to
different laboratories for analysis, act as a check on the laboratory.
Surrogate Spike. A surrogate spike refers to a procedure in which
a non-target compound is added to the sample during laboratory
preparation to determine the extraction efficiency. Surrogate
spikes are usually used only with organics.
Trip Blank. A trip blank is a sample which is prepared prior to
the sampling trip using laboratory pure water or certified clean
soil. This sample travels to the assessment and is kept with the
other samples but is not opened in the field. Analysis of the trip
blank will indicate whether the sample containers were
contaminated prior to the assessment.
-------
A130 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A130
Basic Data Interpretation
CONCENTRATION UNITS FOR ANALYSIS
Water (Aqueous) ppm = ug/mL or mg/L
ppb = ng/mL or ug/L
ppt = ng/L
Soil or Sediment ppm = ug/g or mg/kg
ppb = ng/g or ug/kg
ppt = ng/kg
Air mg/m3, ng/m3 (temperature and pressure
dependent)
ppm or ppb (unitless measurement)
Oils or Organics The concentrations of oils or organics
should be expressed using the soil units
listed above. Laboratory results that
report concentrations for oils or
organics using water units should be
questioned.
GLOSSARY OF SOME COMMON DATA QUALIFIER CODES
AND TERMINOLOGY USED IN THE EPA CONTRACT
LABORATORY PROGRAM (CLP)
CODES RELATING TO IDENTIFICATION
(indicate confidence concerning presence or absence of compounds)
U = Not detected. The associated number indicates the
approximate sample concentration necessary to be
detected.
B = Not detected substantially above the level reported in
laboratory or field blanks.
-------
A131 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A131
R = Unreliable result. Analyte may or may not be present in
the sample. Supporting data is necessary to confirm
result.
N = Tentative identification. Consider analyte present.
Additional sampling and special methods may be needed
to confirm its presence or absence.
(NO CODE) = Confirmed identification
CODES RELATED TO OUANTITATION
(indicate positive results and sample quantitation limits)
J = Analyte present; reported value may not be accurate or
precise.
K = Analyte present; reported value may be biased high.
Actual value is expected to be lower.
L = Analyte present; reported value may be biased low.
Actual value is expected to be higher.
UJ = Not detected; quantitation limit may be inaccurate or
imprecise.
UL = Not detected; quantitation limit is probably higher.
OTHER CODES
Q = No analytical result.
-------
A132 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A132
Data Validation Procedures
Data validation is the process by which a qualified data reviewer
ensures the quality of the laboratory analysis and the reported results.
The procedures used to validate a data package vary slightly according
to the type of analysis performed and the instrumentation used. Many
times, data validation requires the reviewer to draw upon his or her
analytical experience and expertise to make subjective decisions about
the quality of a set of results. For this reason, data validation should
be completed only by qualified persons.
Data validation procedures vary, depending on the type of
instrumentation and methods used for analysis. For the sake of
simplicity, the example below outlines the validation procedures for
analytical results from a Gas Chromatograph/Mass Spectrometer
(GC/MS). While validation of analyses performed on other types of
instruments would not be an identical process, it would be similar.
EXAMPLE DATA VALIDATION PROCEDURES FOR GC/MS
1. Did the laboratory meet the holding times outlined by the
sampling protocol?
If yes, accept data.
If no, data should be accepted as estimates only.
2. Was the GC/MS properly tuned?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, reject all GC/MS data because compounds may be
misidentified.
3. Was the instrument properly calibrated?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, data should be accepted as estimates only.
4. Were method blanks free of contamination?
If yes, accept the data; further action is not required.
If no, determine if the contamination was the result of a
common laboratory chemical. Sample data should only be
rejected if the analyte concentration is less than three times the
contaminant concentration in the blank.
-------
A133 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A133
5. Were field blanks free of contamination?
If yes, accept the data; further action is not required.
If no, determine if the contamination was the result of a
common laboratory chemical. Sample data should only be
rejected if the analyte concentration is less than three
times the contaminant concentration in the blank.
6. Were the surrogate spike recoveries for all organics acceptable?
If yes, accept the data.
If no, evaluate each sample on an individual basis and
accept or reject the data as necessary.
7. Were the matrix spike recoveries and the relative percent
differences values acceptable?
If yes, the laboratory has demonstrated good precision and
accuracy; accept the data.
If no, evaluate on per compound basis.
Additional Guidance Documents
1986. EPA. "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste," SW-846.
Office of Solid Waste and Emergency Response. Washington, DC.
November.
1990. EPA (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency). "Quality
Assurance/Quality Control Guidance for Removal Activities: Sampling
QA/QC Plan and Data Validation Procedures." Interim Final.
EPA/540/G-90/004. Office of Emergency and Remedial Response.
Washington, DC. April.
1993. EPA. "Region III Modifications to the Laboratory Data
Validation Functional Guidelines for Evaluating Inorganic Analyses."
EPA Region III Office of Analytical Services and Quality Assurance.
Annapolis, MD. April.
1994. EPA. "Region III Modifications to National Functional
Guidelines for Organic Data Review, Multi-Media, Multi-Concentration
(OLM01.0-OLM01.9). EPA Region III Office of Analytical Services
and Quality Assurance. Annapolis, MD. September.
-------
A134 SAMPLING AND BASIC DATA INTERPRETATION A134
U.S. Office of Federal Register. "Code of Federal Regulations," 40
CFR, Part 136. Office of Federal Register National Archives and
Records Administration. Washington, DC.
-------
APPENDIX 4
Container Silhouettes
By using common sense, looking at what a container is made of and how
it is constructed, responders can get some quick clues and general ideas
about the material inside. Look for things like the construction material
of the container (steel, stainless steel, plastic, fiberboard, glass, etc.) to
make a rough determination as to its contents. Steel containers usually do
not contain corrosive materials or oxidizing materials because these
materials corrode steel. Plastic containers usually do not contain solvents
or flammable materials because these materials usually dissolve plastics.
Stainless steel containers are expensive to construct and are usually
reserved for very corrosive materials or very strong oxidizers (materials
which may destroy other types of steel and plastics). Fiberboard
containers usually contain solid materials. Glass containers are used for a
wide variety of materials. Look for other container clues as well, such as
rounded or spherical shape (usually associated with pressurized
materials), color (amber glass may contain light-sensitive materials), and
types of openings (bungs, valves, ring-tops, etc.). All of these clues may
help to identify the type of hazardous material involved.
Over-the-Road Transport, Non-Pressurized
Of all the containers encountered, these are probably the most common.
They can contain almost anything, and are all regulated by DOT with
regards to construction and specification. The listing that follows
specifies the DOT designation and provides a general description of the
types of materials carried and a generic outline of the tank in question.
-------
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES A136
OO I
Side View i ,
o
DD DD
Rear View
Specifications:
Non-Pressurized (3-7 psig), 9,000-gallon
maximum capacity, normally single-shell
aluminum construction. May have up to 8
compartments.
Transports:
Liquids, normally with a specific gravity less
than 1, such as: petroleum products, solvents,
and poisons 6.1 (Packing Group II and PG III).
-------
A137
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A137
-I I-
OO
Side View
DD DD
Rear View
Specifications:
Non-Pressurized (3-25 psig), 7,000-gallon
maximum capacity, normally double shell
carbon steel or stainless steel construction. May
have 2 compartments, and usually has an
insulating jacket.
Transports:
Liquids, normally with a specific gravity greater
than 1, including general chemicals and mild
corrosives.
-------
A138
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A138
oo
Side View
DD OD
Rear View
Specifications:
Non-Pressurized (3-25 psig), 6,000-gaIlon
maximum capacity, single or double shell
carbon steel, stainless steel, or poly-lined steel
construction. May have up to 4 compartments.
May be insulated.
Transports:
Very strong corrosive liquids, normally with a
specific gravity much greater than 1, including
spent sulfuric acid, hydrochloric acid, and
sodium hydroxide.
-------
A139
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A139
_A A
00
\_/\_/w
Side View
DDMD
Rear View
Specifications:
Non-Pressurized (3-25 psig), 1,500-cubic feet
maximum capacity, usually single-shell
aluminum or steel construction. May have up
to 4 compartments.
Transports:
Solids in powder form such as fertilizers,
cement, and dry caustic soda.
-------
A1 * n CONTAINER SILHOUETTES A140
Over-the-Road Transport, Pressurized
These containers are also regulated by DOT, however they pose some
slightly different hazards to responders than the non-pressurized
containers. Pressurized containers may contain gases, liquified gases, or
cryogenic materials, dependant upon the specific tank involved. In
almost all cases, the materials these containers hold will be gases when
released into the environment. This creates some significant hazards for
responders, since gases usually have the greatest potential for migration,
and therefore the greatest potential to impact a large area and a large
number of people. Unfortunately, gases are also probably the most
difficult state of matter to contain and control.
-------
A141
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A141
OO
Side View
Rear View
Specifications:
Pressurized (100-500 psig), 11,500-galIon
maximum capacity, normally single-shell steel
construction, uninsulated, upper 2/3 painted
white. May be compartmented.
Transports:
Liquified gases, such as LPG, propane, and
anhydrous ammonia.
-------
A142
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A142
^
Side View
DD DD
Rear View
Specifications:
Pressurized (25-500 psig), 14,000-gallon
maximum capacity, normally double-shell steel.
Single compartments with relief valves
(normally venting during operations).
Transports:
Liquified, cryogenic (-150°F or less) gases such
as liquid nitrogen, liquid oxygen, and liquid carbon
dioxide.
-------
A143
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A143
OO
Side View
mum
DD DD
Rear View
Specifications:
High pressure (3,000-5,000 psig), 2-20 steel
cylinders, all containing the same material and
manifolded together at the rear.
Transports:
Gases under high pressure, such as argon,
helium, oxygen, and nitrogen.
-------
A144
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A144
Rail Transport Containers
In general, rail cars pose significant problems to responders as a result of
the quantity of material involved. Mitigation of an incident involving a
rail car can tax resources, because in many instances local response
organizations may not have the type or amount of mitigation resources
required. In addition, rail cars involved in accidents can be damaged
severely. These types of accidents can last for several days, pose
substantial threats to the public and responders, and result in the release
of large amounts of materials.
Rail, Non-Pressurized
Unlike over-the-road containers, it is not possible to determine whether a
rail car is non-pressurized by the shape of the tank. Rail cars almost
always have some type of an insulating jacket. This makes it impossible
to see the tank and determine its shape. For rail cars, the best method of
determining non-pressurized cars from pressurized cars is to look at the
manway area on top of the car. Non-pressurized cars have a large, bolted
manway with several fittings (relief valves, gauging rods, etc.) around it
which are relatively unprotected. They will usually also have off-loading
valves on the sides or bottom of the car.
fl
00
]>
00
-------
A145
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A145
Rail, Pressurized
Pressurized rail cars will have a well-protected dome covering the
valving assembly on top of the car. This dome is normally locked closed,
and protects all of the off-loading valves and relief valves on the car.
There will be no other valving visible on the car.
00
oo
Fixed Facility, Non-Pressurized
Fixed facility containers can contain almost anything. These containers
are normally fixed in place, and may be extremely large (containing
millions of gallons of material, in some cases). Non-pressurized fixed
facility containers, more correctly termed "atmospheric" tanks since they
are generally at ambient atmospheric pressures, can normally be
identified by reviewing the construction. These tanks may have dome
roofs, geodesic dome roofs, floating roofs, or simply flat roofs. They are
normally not constructed with rounded ends or edges.
-------
A146
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A146
f*^+
m
A
0
MMM^M
f
Dome Roof Tank
STORES: flammable and combustible
liquids, chemical solvents, etc.
Cone Roof Tank
STORES: flammable, combustible,
and corrosive liquids
Open Floating Roof Tank
STORES: flammable and combustible
liquids
^cm^'Ztf.
Open Floating Roof Tank with
Geodesic Dome
STORES: flammable liquids
-------
A147
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A147
Covered Floating
Roof Tank
STORES: flammable and
combustible liquids
Horizontal Tanks
STORES: flammable and
combustible liquids,
corrosive liquids, poisons, etc.
-------
A148
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A148
Fixed Facility, Pressurized
As with any tank, pressurized fixed facility tanks will have rounded
edges, and may even be perfectly spherical. They can be under very high
pressure and usually contain relatively large quantities of gases, liquified
gases, or cryogenic materials.
High Pressure Horizontal Tank
STORES: liquid propane gases,
anhydrous ammonia, flammable
liquids with high vapor pressures
High Pressure Spherical Tank
STORES: liquid propane gases
Cryogenic Liquid Tank
STORES: liquid oxygen (LOX),
liquid nitrogen, and other liquified
gases
-------
A149
CONTAINER SILHOUETTES
A149
Fixed Facility, Underground Storage
Underground storage is very common at fixed facilities. Underground
storage tanks can usually be identified by manways, fill pipes, vent pipes,
concrete pads with covered fill holes, or electrical cables entering or
exiting the ground. These tanks primarily contain petroleum products,
and may be extremely large.
Underground Storage Tank
STORES: primarily petroleum
products
-------
-------
APPENDIX 5
Guide to DOT
and NFPA PLACARDS
The United States Department of Transportation (DOT) requires
transporters to display diamond-shaped placards on the exterior of their
vehicles when carrying hazardous materials above certain weight limits.
These placards represent the type of hazards presented by the materials
being carried, according to the hazard class they fall under. There are
nine hazard classes specified by DOT, several of which are subdivided
into divisions. These divisions segregate special types of material
hazards within a hazard class.
Placards are diamond-shaped markers, 10-3/4 inches on each side,
which consist of four major components; the hazard class symbol, the
hazard class number, the background color, and (to a lesser degree) the
United Nations ID number or the hazard class name. These four
components can be used to determine the hazards presented by a
material in transport, usually from a safe distance away.
The hazard class symbol is located in the top corner of the diamond and
is specific to the hazard presented by the material.
The hazard class number (and the division number for Class 1 and Class
5 materials) is located in the bottom corner of the diamond, and is
specific to its hazard class or division.
The background color provides the background for the placard and
corresponds to a specific hazard presented by the material.
-------
A152
Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS
A152
The hazard class name, as well as the United Nations (UN) ID number,
may or may not be present. If the hazard class name is present, it will
be located in the center of the placard between the hazard class symbol
and the hazard class number. If the UN ID number is present, it will
either be located in the center of the placard between the hazard class
symbol and the hazard class number, or immediately adjacent to the
placard itself. UN ID numbers will be four digits long, and will be
black on a white background (if located in the center of the placard) or
black on an orange background (if located adjacent to the placard).
Keep in mind that neither of these markings may be present. It is
therefore important to be familiar with the other placard components.
White
Background
Orange
Background
4-Digit UN ID
Number
Background
Color
Hazard Class
Name
Hazard Class
Number
Hazard Class
Symbol
The following list provides DOT definitions for the specified hazard
classes and divisions, as well as examples of the specific placards
utilized. Any material which falls into any of these DOT classes will
require placarding in transport if it exceeds certain weight limits.
-------
A153 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A153
Class 1 (explosives)
Explosive means any substance or article, including a device,
that is designed to function by explosion (i.e., an extremely
rapid release of gas and heat) or that, by chemical reaction
within itself, is able to function in a similar manner even if not
designed to function by explosion. Explosives in Class 1 are
divided into six divisions. Each division will have a letter
designation (located where the * is on the placards). All of
these placards have orange backgrounds.
Division 1.1 consists of
explosives that have a mass
explosion hazard. A mass
explosion is one that affects
almost the entire load
instantaneously. Examples: black
powder, dynamite, and TNT.
Division 1.2 consists of explosives that have a projectile hazard
but not a mass explosion hazard. Examples: aerial flares,
detonating cord, and power device cartridges.
Division 1.3 consists of explosives that have a fire hazard and
either a minor blast or a minor projectile hazard, or both, but
not a mass explosion hazard. Examples: liquid-fueled rocket
motors and propellant explosives.
Division 1.4 consists of
explosive devices that present a
minor explosion hazard. No
device in the division may
contain more than 25 g (0.9 oz)
of a detonating material. The
explosive effects are largely confined to the package and no
projection of fragments of appreciable size or range are
expected. An external fire must not cause instantaneous
-------
A154
Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS
A154
explosion of the entire contents of the package. Examples:
line-throwing rockets, practice ammunition, and signal
cartridges.
Division 1.5 consists of
very insensitive
explosives. This division
comprises substances that
have a mass explosion
hazard but are so
insensitive that there is
very little probability of initiation or of transition from burning
to detonation under normal conditions of transport. Examples:
prilled ammonium nitrate fertilizer-fuel oil mixtures (blasting
agents).
Division 1.6 consists of
extremely insensitive
articles that do not have a
mass explosive hazard.
This division comprises
articles that contain only
extremely insensitive
detonating substances and that demonstrate a negligible
probability of accidental initiation or propagation.
Class 2 (compressed gases)
Division 2.1 (flammable
gas) RED
BACKGROUND COLOR.
Any material that is a gas
at 20°C (68°F) or less and
101.3kPa(14.7psi)of
pressure; a material that
has a boiling point of 20°C (68°F) or less at 101.3 kPa (14.7
psi) and that (a) is ignitable at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) when in a
-------
A155
Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS
A155
mixture of 13% or less by volume with air; or (b) has a
flammable range at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi) with air of at least
12% regardless of the lower limit. Examples: inhibited
butadienes, methyl chloride and propane.
Division 2.2
(nonflammable,
nonpoisonous compressed
gas, including compressed
gas, liquified gas,
pressurized cryogenic gas,
and compressed gas in
solution) GREEN BACKGROUND COLOR. Any material
(or mixture) that exerts, in the packaging, an absolute pressure
of 280 kPa (41 psia) at 20°C (69°F).
A cryogenic liquid is defined as a refrigerated liquified gas
having a boiling point colder than -90°C (-130°F) at 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psi) absolute. Examples: anhydrous ammonia, cryogenic
argon, carbon dioxide, and compressed nitrogen.
Division 2.3 (poisonous gas)
WHITE BACKGROUND
COLOR. A material that is
a gas at 20°C (68°F) or less
and a pressure of 101.3 kPa
(14.7 psi or 1 atm), a
material that has a boiling
point of 20°C (68°F) or less at 101.3 kPa (14.7 psi), and that
(a) is known to be so toxic to humans as to pose a hazard to
health during transportation; or (b) in the absence of adequate
data on human toxicity, is presumed to be toxic to humans
because, when tested on laboratory animals, it has an LCW
value of not more than 5,000 ppm. Examples: anhydrous
hydrogen fluoride, arsine, chlorine, and methyl bromide.
Hazard zones associated with Division 2.3 materials:
Hazard zone A: LCjo less than or equal to 200 ppm.
-------
A156
Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS
A156
Hazard zone B: LCm greater than 200 ppm and less than or
equal to 1,000 ppm.
Hazard zone C: LCX greater than 1,000 ppm and less than or
equal to 3,000 ppm.
Hazard zone D: LCX greater than 3,000 ppm and less than or
equal to 5,000 ppm.
Class 3 (flammable liquid)
(Flammable liquid) RED
BACKGROUND COLOR
Any liquid having a flash
point of not more than
60.5°C (141°F).
Examples: acetone, amyl
acetate, gasoline, methyl
alcohol, and toluene.
Hazard zones associated with Class 3 materials:
Hazard zone A: LCjo less than or equal to 200 ppm.
Hazard zone B: LQo greater than 200 ppm and less than or
equal to 1,000 ppm.
A combustible liquid (RED BACKGROUND COLOR) is
defined as any liquid that does not meet the definition of any
other hazard class and has a flash point above 60°C (140°F)
and below 93°C (200°F). Flammable liquids with a flash point
above 38°C (100°F) may be reclassified as a combustible
liquid.
Examples: mineral oil, peanut oil, and No. 6 fuel oil.
-------
A157 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A157
Class 4 (flammable/reactive materials)
Division 4.1 (flammable
solid) RED AND WHITE
STRIPED BACKGROUND
COLOR. Any of the
following three types of
materials:
(a) Wetted explosives - explosives wetted with sufficient water,
alcohol, or plasticizers to suppress explosive properties.
(b) Self-reactive materials - materials that are liable to
undergo, at normal or elevated temperatures, a strongly
exothermic decomposition caused by excessively high transport
temperatures or by contamination.
(c) Readily combustible solids - solids that may cause a fire
through friction and any metal powders that can be ignited.
Examples: magnesium (pellets, turnings, or ribbons) and
nitrocellulose.
Division 4.2 (spontaneously
combustible material)
WHITE TOP HALF AND
RED BOTTOM HALF
BACKGROUND COLOR.
Any of the following
materials:
(a) Pyrophoric material - a liquid or solid that, even in small
quantities and without an external ignition source, can ignite
within 5 minutes after coming in contact with air.
(b) Self-heating material - a material that, when in contact with
air and without an energy supply, is liable to self heat.
Examples: aluminum alky Is, charcoal briquettes, magnesium
alky Is, and phosphorus.
-------
A158
Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS
A158
Division 4.3 (dangerous
when wet material) BLUE
BACKGROUND
COLOR. A material that,
by contact with water, is
liable to become
spontaneously flammable
or to give off flammable or toxic gas at a rate greater than 1 L
per kg of the material per hour. Examples: calcium carbide,
magnesium powder, potassium metal alloys, and sodium
hydride.
Class 5 (oxidizers)
Division 5.1 (oxidizer)
YELLOW
BACKGROUND COLOR.
A material that may,
generally by yielding
oxygen, cause or enhance
the combustion of other
materials. Examples: ammonium nitrate, bromine trifluoride,
and calcium hypochlorite.
Division 5.2 (organic
peroxide) YELLOW
BACKGROUND COLOR.
Any organic compound
containing oxygen (O) in the
bivalent -O-O- structure that
may be considered a
derivative of hydrogen peroxide, where one or more of the
hydrogen atoms have been replaced by organic radicals.
Division 5.2 materials are assigned to one of seven types:
-------
A159 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A159
Type A - organic peroxide that can detonate or deflagrate
rapidly as packaged for transport. Transportation of type A
organic peroxides is forbidden.
Type B - organic peroxide that neither detonates nor deflagrates
rapidly, but that can undergo a thermal explosion.
Type C - organic peroxide that neither detonates nor deflagrates
rapidly, and cannot undergo a thermal explosion.
Type D - organic peroxide that detonates only partially or
deflagrates slowly, with medium to no effect when heated
under confinement.
Type E - organic peroxide that neither detonates nor
deflagrates, and shows low or no effect when heated under
confinement.
Type F - organic peroxide that will not detonate, does not
deflagrate, shows only a low, or no, effect if heated when
confined, and has low or no explosive power.
Type G - organic peroxide that will not detonate, does not
deflagrate, shows no effect if heated when confined, has no
explosive power, is thermally stable, and is desensitized.
Examples: dibenzoyl peroxide, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide,
and peroxyacetic acid.
Class 6 (poisons)
Division 6.1 (poisonous
material) WHITE
BACKGROUND COLOR.
A material, other than a gas,
that is either known to be so
toxic to humans as to afford a
hazard to health during
transportation, or in the absence of adequate data on human
toxicity, is presumed to be toxic to humans, including materials
-------
A160
Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS
A160
materials that cause irritation. Examples: aniline, arsenic
compounds, carbon tetrachloride, hydrocyanic acid, and tear
gas.
Division 6.2 (infectious substances) WHITE BACKGROUND
COLOR. A viable microorganism, or its toxin, that causes or
may cause disease in humans or animals. Infectious substance
and etiologic agent are synonymous with each other.
Examples: anthrax, botulism, rabies, and tetanus.
Class 7 (radioactives)
(radioactive materials)
YELLOW TOP HALF,
WHITE BOTTOM HALF
BACKGROUND COLOR.
A radioactive material is
defined as any material
having a specific activity
greater than 0 002 microcuries per gram (uCi/g). Examples:
cobalt, uranium hexafluoride, and "yellow cake."
Class 8 (corrosive)
(corrosive materials)
WHITE TOP HALF AND
BLACK BOTTOM HALF
BACKGROUND COLOR.
A corrosive material is
defined as a liquid or solid
that causes visible
destruction or irreversible alterations in human skin tissue at
the site of contact, or a liquid that has a severe corrosion rate
on steel or aluminum.
Corrosivity is measured by pH, which ranges from 0 (highly
acidic) through 7 (water, neutral) to 14 (highly basic). Acids
attack tissues aggressively. Bases (also referred to as alkaline
and caustic) attack tissues less aggressively in general;
-------
A161 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A161
however, they are fat soluble and therefore have a greater
potential to affect subcutaneous layers.
Examples: nitric acid, phosphorus trichloride, sodium
hydroxide, and sulfuric acid.
Class 9 (miscellaneous)
BLACK AND WHITE
STRIPED TOP HALF,
AND WHTTE BOTTOM
HALp BACKGROUND
COLOR. A miscellaneous
hazardous material is
defined as a material that
presents a hazard during transport, but that is not included in
another hazard class, including (a) any material that has an
anesthetic, noxious, or similar property that could cause
extreme annoyance or discomfort to a flight crew member so
as to prevent the correct performance of assigned duties; and
(b) any material that is not included in any other hazard class,
but is subject to the DOT requirement (a hazardous substance
or a hazardous waste).
Examples: adipic acid, hazardous substances (e.g., PCBs),
and molten sulfur.
In summary:
Class 1: Explosives
Orange background, bursting ball symbol
Class 2: Compressed Gases
2.1 Flammable Gas
Red background, flame symbol
2.2Non-Flammable Gas
Green background, cylinder symbol
2.3 Poison Gas
White background, skull and crossbones symbol
Class 3: Flammable Liquids
-------
A162 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A162
Red background, flame symbol
Class 4: Flammable Materials
4.1 Flammable Solids
Red and white striped background, flame symbol
4.2 Spontaneously Combustible
White top half and red bottom half background, flame symbol
4.3 Dangerous When Wet
Blue background, flame symbol
Class 5: Oxidizing Materials
5.1 Oxidizers
Yellow background, burning "O" symbol
5.2 Organic Peroxides
Yellow background, burning "O" symbol
Class 6: Poisonous Materials (other than gases)
6.1 Poisons
White background, skull and crossbones symbol (or corn stalk
symbol)
6.2 Infectious Substances
White background, biohazard symbol
Class 7: Radioactive Materials
Yellow top half and white bottom half background, propeller
symbol
Class 8: Corrosives
White top half and black bottom half background, test tube
pouring liquid on steel rod and hand symbol
Class 9: Miscellaneous
Black and white stripe top half and white bottom half
background, no symbol
DOT exempts certain materials from placarding requirements
when in transport. These materials are designated "Otherwise
Regulated Malerials," abbreviated "ORM". Prior to the HM-
181 standards, these materials were designated ORM-A,
ORM-B, ORM-C, ORM-D, and ORM-E. Today, only the
ORM-D materials remain.
ORM-D Material
An ORM-D material is a material that presents a limited
hazard during 'transportation due to its form, quantity, and
packaging.
-------
A163 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A163
Examples of ORM-D materials include consumer commodities
and small arms ammunition.
The National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) has developed a
standardized marking system (704M) designed to be utilized at fixed
facilities storing hazardous or flammable materials. This system has been
adopted by many industries, and may now be found on small containers
as well as large fixed facility containers. The system was originally
designed to provide firefighters critical information on the hazards posed
by stored materials during firefighting operations. As such, it needed to
be large enough to see and concise enough to be quickly discernible in
emergency situations.
The NFPA 704 system uses a diamond divided into four different color
quadrants. Each quadrant is colored differently, representing a specific
hazard. The red quadrant (top) represents a flammability hazard, the blue
quadrant (left) represents a health (or toxicity) hazard, the yellow
quadrant (right) represents a reactivity (explosion) hazard, and the white
quadrant (bottom) is reserved for special hazards. The diamond looks
like this:
_, _ ^ Red Quadrant
Blue Quadrant .^^. ^-,*. ,.,.. ,.
(Health)^ ^^ (Flamabihty)
White Quadrant J\^// Yellow Quadrant
' (Special) ^\/ (Reactivity)
NFPA 704 Marking System
The numbers in each quadrant of the NFPA 704 system indicate the
degree of hazard posed to a firefighter (wearing turn-out bunker gear and
-------
A164 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A164
an SCBA) for that particular quadrant. A "0" indicates minimal risk, and
a "4" indicates high risk. More specifically, the NFPA designations for
the numbers assigned to these quadrants are as follows:
Blue - Health Hazard
In general, the health hazard in fire fighting is that of a single exposure,
the duration of which may vary from a few seconds up to an hour. The
physical exertion demanded in fire fighting or other emergencies may be
expected to intensify the effects of an exposure. In assigning degrees of
danger, local conditions must be considered. The following explanation
is based on use of the protective equipment normally worn by fire
fighters.
4 - These materials are too dangerous to health for a firefighter to
be exposed. Turn-out bunker gear and an SCBA are not
adequate protection from inhalation and skin exposure to
this material. Skin contact with the vapor or liquid of this
material may be fatal. Inhalation of the vapors of this material
may be fatal.
3 - These materials are extremely hazardous to health, but fire areas
may be entered with extreme care. Turn-out bunker gear and an
SCBA may not be adequate protection from inhalation and skin
exposure to this material. No skin surface should be exposed
and additional protective clothing may be needed.
2 - These materials are hazardous to health, but fire areas may be
entered freely with turn-out bunker gear and an SCBA. Turn-
out bunker gear and an SCBA are adequate protection from
inhalation and skin exposure to this material.
1 - These material.'; are only slightly hazardous to health. Turn-out
bunker gear and an SCBA are adequate protection from
inhalation and skin exposure to this material.
0 - These materials, even under fire conditions, pose no additional
health hazards over those of ordinary combustible materials.
Turn-out bunker gear and an SCBA are adequate protection
from inhalation and skin exposure to this material.
-------
A165 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A165
Red - Flammability Hazard
Susceptibility to burning is the basis for assigning degrees within this
category. The method of attacking the fire is influenced by this
susceptibility factor.
4 - These materials are extremely flammable gases or extremely
volatile flammable liquids. If possible, stop the flow and keep
exposed tanks cool. Withdrawal may be necessary.
3 - These materials can be ignited under almost all normal
temperature conditions. Water may be an ineffective means of
extinguishing these materials because of the very low flash
point.
2 - These materials must be heated slightly before they will ignite.
Water may be an effective means of extinguishing these
materials because they can be cooled below their flash points.
1 - These materials must be preheated before they will ignite. A
water fog may be sufficient to extinguish these materials when
burning.
0 - These materials will not burn.
Yellow - Reactivity (Stability) Hazard
The assignment of degrees in the reactivity category is based upon the
susceptibility of materials to release energy either by themselves or in
combination with water. Fire exposure was one of the factors considered
along with conditions of shock and pressure.
4 - These materials are readily capable of detonation or explosive
decomposition at normal temperatures and pressures. If they are
involved in a massive fire, vacate the area immediately.
3 - These materials, when heated or under confinement, are capable
of detonation or explosive decomposition and they may react
violently with water. Fire fighting should be conducted from
behind explosion resistant barriers.
-------
A166 Guide to DOT and NFPA PLACARDS A166
2 - These materials will undergo violent chemical change at
elevated temperatures or pressures but do not detonate.
Firefighting should be conducted from a distance or with
portable monitors if possible. Tanks containing these materials
should be kept cool. Use caution.
1 - These materials are normally stable, but may become unstable
in combination with other materials or at elevated temperatures
or pressures. Fire fighting can be conducted utilizing
precautions normal to any fire.
0 - These materials are normally stable and do not present any
reactivity hazards to firefighters.
White - Special Hazard
Under the 704 system, a "W" with a slash through it indicates that no
water should be used. An "OX" indicates that the material is an oxidizer,
and may increase the flammability hazard of other materials. There are
some other symbols that may appear in this quadrant, such as:
ALK - This material is corrosive to skin and steel, and is a base (alkaline)
material.
ACID - This material is corrosive to skin and steel and is an acid
material.
- This material is radioactive.
-------
APPENDIX 6
Integrating Removal and
Remedial Site Assessment
Investigations
United States Office of Directive 9345.1-6FS
Environmental Protection Solid Waste and EPA540-F-93-038
Agency Emergency Response September 1993
"EPAINTEGRATING REMOVAL AND
REMEDIAL SITE ASSESSMENT
INVESTIGATIONS
Office of Emergency and Remedial Response
Hazardous Site Evaluation Division (5204G)+
Quick Reference Fact Sheet
Increased efficiency and shorter response times are the primary
objectives of integrating removal and remedial site assessment
investigations under the Superfund Accelerated Cleanup Model
(SACM). This is based on the assumption that there is duplication of
effort between the programs. A critical element of SACM is a
continuous and integrated approach to assessing sites. The concept of
integrating removal and remedial site assessment activities was
introduced in Assessing Sites Under SACMInterim Guidance
(OSWER Publication 9203.1-051, Volume 1, Number 4, December
1992). This fact sheet examines areas of duplication and key
differences between the two types of investigations, and describes
-------
A168 INTEGRATING INVESTIGATIONS A168
some approaches for integrating assessments. The primary audience
for this information is the site assessment community which includes
EPA On-Scene Coordinators (OSCs) and Site Assessment Managers
(SAMs), their counterparts in state or other federal agencies, and
assessment contractors.
REMOVAL ASSESSMENTS AND REMEDIAL SITE
ASSESSMENTS
Figure 1 illustrates traditional assessment activities of the removal and
remedial programs prior to SACM. Typically, when EPA is notified of
a possible release (under CERCLA Section 103), the removal program
determines whether there is a need for emergency response by EPA. If
a response is deemed necessary, an OSC and/or a removal program
contractor will visit the site. If circumstances allow, a file and
telephone investigation should be initiated prior to the site visit. The
OSC may decide to take samples during this initial visit or may
postpone sampling. EPA can initiate a removal action at any point in
the assessment process. If the OSC determines that the site does not
warrant a removal action, he may refer the site to remedial site
assessment or the State for further evaluation, or recommend no further
federal response action.
The remedial site assessment process is similar to that of the removal
program. Once a site has been discovered and entered into the
CERCLIS data base, the SAM directs that a preliminary assessment
(PA) be performed at the site. The focus of PA data collection is the
set of Hazard Ranking System (MRS) factors that can be obtained
without sampling (e.g., population within !/4 mile). The PA includes a
file and telephone investigation, as well as a site visit (the PA
reconnaissance, or "recon"). The PA recon differs from the typical
removal site visit because samples are not collected and observations
are often made from the perimeter of the site (although some Regions
prefer on-site PA recons). From the PA information, the SAM
determines if a site inspection (SI) is needed (i. e., whether the site
could score greater than the 28.5 needed to qualify for inclusion on the
National Priorities List (NPL)). The SI would include sufficient
sampling and other information to allow the SAM to determine
whether the score is above 28.5. Even in cases where SI data are
-------
A169 INTEGRATING INVESTIGATIONS A169
adequate for this decision, it may be necessary to conduct an expanded
site inspection (ESI) to obtain legally defensible documentation.
In general, the remedial site assessment process is more structured than
the removal assessment and operates on a less intensive schedule. The
remedial site assessment process is focused on collecting data for the
MRS, while Removal assessments are based on whether site conditions
meet National Contingency Plan (NCP) criteria for a removal action.
INTEGRATING ASSESSMENT ACTIVITIES
While there are differences in objectives between removal and remedial
assessments (i.e., NCP removal criteria versus HRS), many of the same
factors are important to both programs: the potential for human
exposure through drinking water, soils, and air pollution; and threats to
sensitive environments such as wetlands. Similarities in the activities
required by both assessments-telephone and file investigations, site
visits or PA recons, removal or SI sampling visitssuggest that the
activities can be consolidated. The challenge of integrating
assessments is to organize the activities to enhance efficiency.
The basic goals of an integrated assessment program under SACM are:
Eliminate duplication of effort.
Expedite the process. At a minimum, avoid delays for time-critical
removal actions or early actions (see Early Action and Long-Term
Action Under SACM- Interim Guidance, OSWER Publication
9203.1 -051, Volume 1, Number 2, December 1992, for details on
early and long-term actions).
Minimize the number of site visits and other steps in the process.
Collect only the data needed to assess the site appropriately.
The last point is critical to enhancing efficiency since not all sites need
to be assessed in depth for both removal and remedial purposes.
Integrating assessments does not mean simply adding together the
elements of both assessment for all sitesefficient decision points
-------
A170 INTEGRATING INVESTIGATIONS A170
must be incorporated into the integration process. The elements
deemed necessary for an integrated assessment depend on the
particular needs of a specific site and could involve similar, additional,
or slightly different activities from traditional removal or remedial site ijf
assessments.
Figure 2 shows an approach for integrating the two assessments and ,
indicates ways to eliminate unnecessary data collection. The most
important features of the approach are the combined notification/site
discovery/screening function; the single site visit for both programs;
phased file searches as appropriate; and integrated sample planning and
inspection. This approach is detailed below.
Notification/Site Discovery/Screening
This "one door" notification process is a combination of the current
removal and remedial program notification/discovery. All remedial
and removal program discovered sites are screened for possible
emergency response. The screening step would determine whether
there is time for a file search prior to the initial site visit.
-------
Index
Abandoned tank cars 45
Absorption A99-A101
Additive effects A106
Air, A113-A115
American Association of Railroads, 8
Analytical terminology, A127-129
Antagonistic effects, A106
APR 6
ATSDR 12
Basic data interpretation A121-A133
Biological variation A102
CAMEO 10
Centers for Disease Control 8
Chemical Emergency Preparedness Program 8
Chemical storage 32-33
Chemical mixtures, A105-A106
Additive effects, A106
Antagonistic effects A106
Potentiation effects A106
Synergistic effects, A106
CHEMTREC 8
CIS 10
Concentration units A130
Criteria for removal action, 13-15
Data validation procedures, A132-A133
Dose vs response, A103-A104-A105
Drum site 24-26
Emergency Removal Guidelines 49-70
Environmental media, A113-A119
Air A113-A115
Soils A116-A117
Water, A117-A119
Fire/explosion cene, 22-23
-------
IDLH Alll
Industrial facility, 37-40
Inhalation A98-A99
Injection A102
Ingestion A101-A102
Laboratory site, 34-36
Lagoon site, 27-28
Landfill site 29-31
MCL A112
National Animal Poison Control Center, 9
National Contingency Plan, 13-18
National Pesticide Telecommunications Network, 9
PEL Alll
Potentiation effects A106
Preliminary assessment, 13,15,18
Qualitative hazard recognition 19-47
Abandoned tank cars 45
Chemical storage, 32-33
Drums site, 24-26
Fire/explosion scene 22-23
Industrial facility 37-40
Laboratory, 34-36
Lagoon 27-28
Landfill, 29-31
Service building/maintenance 46
Underground storage tank 44
Warehouse, 45
Removal Action Levels (RALs) 72-91
Removal and Remedial Site Investigation, A167-A170
RCRA hotline 9
Routes of Exposure A97-105
Absorption A99-A101
Inhalation A98-A99
Injection, A102
Ingestion A101-A102
------- |