U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL  PROTECTION  AGENCY
                                     CHESAPEAKE BAY

                                   NUTRIENT INPUT STUDY
                                   Technical Report 47
                               Environmental Protection Agency
                                      Region III
                                  Annapolis Field Office
                                     September 1972
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION-1 If  6th and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106

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                                   •Annapolis Field Office
                                         Region III
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                               Environmental Protection Agency
                                       CHESAPEAKE BAY

                                    NUTRIENT INPUT STUDY
                                     Technical Report 47

                                       September 1972
                                        Victor Guide
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•                                   Orterio  Villa,  Jr.



I                                    Supporting Staff

                                IJohan A. Aalto, Director, AFO
                          Leo J. Clark, Chief, Engineering  Section
                          James W. Marks, Chief, Laboratory Section
_                                 Conly DeBord, Draftsman
•                                  Tangie  Brown, Typist

                                                      In \ (• 'p- • <*'i
                                                        ' .   -i -; '


•                                                    i^dd^,?A"'lO

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                              PREFACE                                          ™
     The Chesapeake Bay, the largest tidal estuary on the Atlantic             I
Coast, is regarded as one of the most valuable estuaries in the world
and is utilized extensively for fishing, recreation, navigation, and           |
waste assimilation.  This extensive utilization has resulted in an             •
ever increasing stress on the ability of the Bay to accomodate the
diverse and often conflicting demands made upon it.                            I
     To determine the magnitude, extent, and source of nutrient
loadings to the Chesapeake Bay data from a water quality survey of the         |
major tributary watersheds (the Susquehanna, the Patuxent, the Potomac,        _
the Rappahannock, the Mattaponi, the Pamunkey, the Chickahonviny, and           ™
the James) have been evaluated and are presented in this report.               I

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•                                    TABLE OF CONTENTS

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•             Chapter
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                                                                          Page
               PREFACE                                                      ii

               LIST OF TABLES                                               vi

               LIST OF FIGURES                                            viii
                    I.   INTRODUCTION                                       1-1

I                      A.   Purpose and Scope                              1-1

•                      B.   Description of the Sampling Network            1-2

•                      C.   Authority                                      1-4

I                      D.   Acknowledgements                                1-4
                   II.   SUMMARY  AND CONCLUSIONS                           II-l

I                III.   DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA                    III-l

_                      A.   Chesapeake Bay                               III-l

*                      B.   Tributary Watersheds                         III-3

•                          1.   Susquehanna River Basin                  III-3

                            2.   Patuxent River Basin                      III-4
g                          3.   Potomac River Basin                       I II -6
_                          4.   Rappahannock  River Basin                 III-8
•                          5.   York River Basin                         111-10
•                              a.   Mattaponi  River                       1 1 1-11

                                b.   Pamunkey  River                       1 1 1-11

J                          6.   James River Basin                        1 1 1-12

                                a.   Chickahominy River  Watershed          1 1 1-13

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                                                                                 I
                         TABLE  OF  CONTENTS
Chapter                                                       Page                •
IV.   WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS                                   IV-1               •
     A.  Susquehanna River at  Conowingo,  Maryland               IV-2
     B.  Patuxent River at Route  50  (John Hanson Highway)       IV-5               I
     C.  Potomac River at Great Falls,  Maryland                 IV-7               _
     D.  Rappahannock River at  Fredericksburg, Virginia         IV-10              •
     E.  York River                                            IV-12              •
         1.  Mattaponi River at Beulahville,  Virginia           IV-12
         2.  Pamunkey River at  Hanover, Virginia                IV-15              I
     F.  James River at Richmond,  Virginia                      IV-15
     G.  Chickahominy River at  Providence Forge, Virginia       IV-17              •
 V.   NUTRIENT LOADINGS AND RELATIVE  CONTRIBUTIONS                V-l               •
     A.  Delineation of Daily  Nutrient  Loadings  (Observed)       V-l
         1.  Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland            V-3               I
         2.  Patuxent River at  Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)    V-7
         3.  Potomac River at  Great  Falls,  Maryland             V-10              •
         4.  Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg,  Virginia     V-13              •
         5.  Mattaponi River at Beulahville,  Virginia            V-16
         6.  Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia                 V-l9              I
         7.  James River at Richmond, Virginia                  V-22
         8.  Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia    V-25              •
     B.  Regression Analysis                                    V-28              •
         1.  Analytical Framework                               V-28
         2.  Regression Loadings  (Calculated)                   V-29              I

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 •                                   TABLE OF CONTENTS
             Chapter                                                       Page
 I          V.  NUTRIENT LOADINGS AND RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS (Cont.)
                  1C.  Delineation of Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings         V-55
                      (Regression)
                  D.  Comparison of Observed Daily Loadings and Mean        V-58
 •                   Monthly Loadings Based on Regression Extrapolation
             REFERENCES
 I          APPENDIX

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                                                                               I
                           LIST OF  TABLES
Number                                                            Page          I
   I  - 1    Chesapeake Bay Nutrient  Sampling  Network                1-4
  II  - 1    Nutrient Input to Chesapeake  Bay                       11-7           |
           Mean Monthly Nutrient Contributions
  II  - 2    Nutrient Input to Chesapeake  Bay                       11-8           I
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland                             *
  II  - 3    Nutrient Input to Chesapeake  Bay                       II-9           I
           Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland                               •
  II  - 4    Nutrient Input to Chesapeake  Bay                       11-10          •
           James River at Richmond, Virginia                                   |
  IV  - 1    Mean Monthly Nutrient Concentrations                   IV-1           _
   V  - 1    Average Daily Nutrient Contributions                    V-l           *
   V  - 2    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-3           I
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland                             I
   V-3    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-7           •
           Patuxent River at Route  50  (John  Hanson  Highway)                     J
   V  - 4    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-10          _
           Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland                               I
   V  - 5    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-l3
           Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia                      •
   V  - 6    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-16
           Mattaponi  River at Beulahville, Virginia                             •
   V-7    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-19
           Pamunkey River at Hanover,  Virginia                                  _
   V  - 8    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-22          •
           James River at Richmond, Virginia
   V  - 9    Seasonal Nutrient Loadings                              V-25          I
           Chickahominy River at Providence  Forge,  Virginia
   V-10  Regression Study Results                               V-37          |
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
   V  - 11  Regression Study Results                               V-38          I
           Patuxent River at Route  50  (John  Hanson  Highway)                     •

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 I                                    LIST OF TABLES

 •            Number                                                           Page

                 V  -  12    Regression  Study Results                                V-39
                          Potomac  River at Great  Falls, Maryland

 "              V  -  13    Regression  Study Results                                V-40
                          Rappahannock  River  at Fredericksburg, Virginia

 |              V  -  14    Regression  Study Results                                V-41
                          Mattaponi River at  Beulahville, Virginia

 I              V  -  15    Regression  Study Results                                V-42
                          Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia

 •              V  -  16    Regression  Study Results                                V-43
                          James  River  at  Richmond, Virginia

                 V -  17    Regression Study  Results                                V-44
                          Chickahominy River  at  Providence Forge, Virginia
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                 IV  -  18    Nutrient  Input of Susquehanna River at Conowingo,       V-46
                          Maryland

                 V  -  19    Nutrient  Input of Potomac River at Great Falls,         V-47
 I                        Maryland

                 V  -  20    Nutrient  Input of Rappahannock River at                 V-48
 •                        Fredericksburg, Virginia

                 V  -  21    Nutrient  Input of Mattaponi River at Beulahville,       V-49
 _                        Virginia

 ™               V  -  22    Nutrient  Input of Pamunkey River at Hanover,            V-50
                          Virginia

 •               V  -  23    Nutrient  Input of James River at Richmond,              V-51
                          Virginia

 |               V  -  24    Nutrient  Input of Chickahominy River at Providence      V-52
                          Forge, Virginia

                 IV  -  25    Seasonal  Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation)   V-55
                          June 1969 through October 1969

 •               V  -  26    Seasonal  Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation)   V-56
                          November  1969 through May 1970

                 V  -  27    Seasonal  Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation)   V-56
                          June  1970 through August 1970
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                V - 28   Tributary Contributions                                 V-57
•                       (Nutrient Loadings as %)
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                                            vn

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                                                                               I
                        LIST OF FIGURES

Number                                                           Page           I
                                                                               •
  I - 1    Sampling Network                                        1-5

 IV - 1    Nutrient Concentrations                                IV-3           |
          Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland

 IV - 2    Nutrient Concentrations                                IV-6           •
          Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson  Highway)

 IV-3    Nutrient Concentrations                                IV-8           •
          Potomac River at Great Falls,  Maryland

 IV - 4   Nutrient Concentrations                                IV-9
          Potomac River at Great Falls,  Maryland (Cont.)
                                                                              I

IV - 5   Nutrient Concentrations                                 IV-11          «
         Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg,  Virginia                        •

IV-6   Nutrient Concentrations                                 IV-13
         Mattaponi  River at Beulahville,  Virginia                              I

IV - 7   Nutrient Concentrations                                 IV-14
         Mattaponi  River at Beulahville,  Virginia  (Cont.)                      •

IV-8   Nutrient Concentrations                                 IV-16
         Pamunkey River at Hanover,  Virginia                                   _

IV-9   Nutrient Concentrations                                 IV-18          ™
         James River at Richmond,  Virginia

IV - 10  Nutrient Concentrations                                 IV-19          I
         Chickahominy River at Providence Forge,  Virginia

 V - 1   Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland                 V-4          |
         Actual  Daily Nutrient Loadings

 V - 2   Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland                 V-5          I
         Actual  Daily Nutrient Loadings  (Cont.)                               ™

 V - 3   Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland                 V-6          I
         Actual  Daily Nutrient Loadings  (Cont.)                               |

 V-4   Patuxent River at Route  50  (John Hanson  Highway)         V-8
         Actual  Daily Nutrient Loadings
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  V-5   Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)        V-9          _
          Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)                               I

  V-6   Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland                  V-ll
          Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings                                       •
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                         LIST OF  FIGURES

Number                                                              Page

   V -  7  Potomac River at Great Falls,  Maryland                     V-12
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings (Cont.)

   V -  8  Rappahannock River at  Fredericksburg, Virginia             V-14
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings

   V -  9  Rappahannock River at  Fredericksburg, Virginia             V-15
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings (Cont.)

   V - 10  Mattaponi  River at Beulahville,  Virginia                   V-17
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings

   V - 11  Mattaponi  River at Beulahville,  Virginia                   V-18
           Actual  Daily Nutirent  Loadings (Cont.)

   V-12  Pamunkey River at Hanover,  Virginia                        V-20
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings

   V - 13  Pamunkey River at Hanover,  Virginia                        V-21
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings (Cont.)

   V-14  James River at Richmond,  Virginia                          V-23
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings

   V-15  James River at Richmond,  Virginia                          V-24
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings (Cont.)

   V - 16  Chickahominy River at  Providence Forge, Virginia           V-26
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings

   V-17  Chickahominy River at  Providence Forge, Virginia           y_27
           Actual  Daily Nutrient  Loadings (Cont.)

   V-18  Nutrient Load - Streamflow  Relationship,                   v-31
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland
           (T.P04  as  P04 versus flow)

   V - 19  Nutrient Load - Streamflow  Relationship,                   v-32
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland
           (Pi  as  PO.  versus flow)

   V-20  Nutrient Load - Streamflow  Relationship,                   y-33
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland
           (T.K.N.  as  N versus flow)

   V-21  Nutrient Load - Streamflow  Relationship,                   v-34
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Maryland
           (N02 +  N03  as N versus flow)
                                 IX

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                          LIST OF FIGURES

Number                                                                Page     I

   V - 22  Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship,                    v_35
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland                            I
           (NH3 as N versus flow)                                              «

   V - 23  Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship,                    v_36    •
           Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland                            p
           (T.O.C. versus flow)

   V - 24  Nitrogen Input to Chesapeake Bay                            v_53    I

   V - 25  Phosphorus Input to Chesapeake Bay                          y_54

   V - 26  River Discharges (Mean monthly versus observed)             v_60    •

   V - 27  River Discharges (Cont.)                                    v_61    •

   V - 28  Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland                    \l-62
           Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings (Regression) versus                  _
           Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed)                           I
V - 29  Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland                    \l-63
        Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings (Regression) versus
        Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed) (Cont.)

V - 30  Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
            usqueanna   ver a   onowngo,  aryan                     y_g^    •
           Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings (Regression) versus                  •
           Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed) (Cont.)

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                                            CHAPTER I
 |                                        INTRODUCTION
 _             A.  PURPOSE AND SCOPE
 ™                  A perplexing problem in water quality analysis is the determination
 •             of the effects of waste discharges upon the assimilative capacity
               of the receiving waters.  Domestic, industrial, and agricultural
 |             wastes, which contribute to progressive stream fertilization,
 _             ultimately lead to excessive algal growth.  The nutrients, especially
 *             nitrogen and phosphorus, which normally contribute to dense algal
 •             growth and resultant stream deterioration, have been related to
               recently accelerated eutrophication observed in the Chesapeake Bay.
 £                  In order to assess the degree of eutrophication in the Bay and
 _             delineate the nutrient sources responsible for this condition, it
 ™             was necessary to determine the nutrient contributions from the major
 •             tributary watersheds.  This factor led to the establishment of the
               Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Input sampling network.  Determination of
 J             the sources of nutrient inputs and their effect on the resources
               of the Bay is an important step in the development of a management
 •             scheme for future use in nutrient control.
 •                  Consequently, an intensive water quality survey of the Chesapeake
               Bay's major tributary watersheds was conducted to determine the primary
 |             sources and relative contribution of nutrients affecting the Chesapeake
               Bay from nontidal areas.  The principal objectives of this study were
               to:
                    1.  Determine the extent of existing nutrient loadings to the
                        Chesapeake Bay from major tributary watersheds.
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     2.   Identify streams  contributing  significant  nutrient  loadings
         to the Chesapeake Bay.                                                I
     3.   Determine seasonal  trends  in  nutrient  input  to  the  Chesapeake
         Bay.
     4.   Determine average nutrient loadings  and concentrations  for
         each tributary watershed.
     5.   Establish relationships  between nutrient load and stream
         flow for every tributary (regression analysis).
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     6.   Identify portions of the Chesapeake Bay high  in  nutrients.            •
     7.   Consider the impact of continued nutrient  enrichment  on  the
         Bay ecosystem.                                                        •
     8.   Obtain sufficient data on which to base future management            I
         decisions on nutrient control  from pertinent  watersheds.
B.  DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLING NETWORK                                       "
     In  order to account for the seasonal variations  in the  nutrient           •
loadings from major watersheds (i.e.,  effect of seasonal  river dis-
charges), the Annapolis  Field Office,  Region III, Environmental                |
Protection Agency, conducted this extensive nutrient  survey  during a           —
15-month period, June 1969 to August 1970.   The survey was confined            •
to the following tributary watersheds:   the Susquehanna,  the Patuxent,        •
the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the Mattaponi, the Pamunkey,  the
Chickahominy, and the James.                                                  |
     A sampling network  was developed  which consisted  of  eight stations       _
strategically located within the Chesapeake Bay's major  tributary             •
watersheds.  The following criteria were used in locating the sampling   -     •

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                stations:
                     (1)  One station at or near the fall line of each major tributary
 •                       watershed -
                         a.  Susquehanna River
 •                       b.  Patuxent River
 •                       c.  Potomac River
                         d.  Rappahannock River
 I                       e.  Mattaponi River
                         f.  Pamunkey River
                         g.  Chickahominy River
 •                       h.  James River
                     (2)  Stations located at or near the United States Geological
 •                       Survey (USGS) gaging stations
                    A brief description of each sampling station is given in Table
 8              I - 1 and the locations shown in Figure I - 1.  Samples were normally
 M              obtained weekly during the entire study period.

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              Table I -  1
CHESAPEAKE BAY NUTRIENT  SAMPLING NETWORK                          I
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                                                                USGS  Gage
Station Code                   Station Name                     Reference
     CW         Susquehanna River at Conowingo,  Md.
     PJ         Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)     -             p
     GF         Potomac River at Great Falls,  Md.                 1-6465           _
     RF         Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg,  Va.         1-6680           *
     MB         Mattaponi  River at Beulahville,  Va.               1-6745           •
     PH         Pamunkey River at Hanover, Va.                   1-6730
     CH         Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Va.       2-0425           £
     OR         James River at Richmond, Va.                      2-375           _
          A weekly sampling schedule accounted for 505 samples  which were        '
     analyzed for the following parameters:  Total Phosphorus as  P0»,             •
     Inorganic Phosphorus  as PO., Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen  as  N, Ammonia
     Nitrogen as N, Nitrite-Nitrate as N and  Total Organic Carbon.                •
     C.  AUTHORITY
          This report was  prepared under the  provision of  the Federal             •
     Water Pollution Control Act, as amended  (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.),             •
     which directed the Secretary of the Interior* to  develop programs
     for eliminating pollution of interstate  waters and improving the             I
     condition of surface and ground waters.
     D.  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS                                                        •
          The cooperation of the following governmental agency and state         •
     organizations has enabled the Annapolis  Field Office  (AFO) to complete
                                                                                 I
     * now Administrator, EPA
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                                       SAMPLING  NETWORK
CW—SUSQUEHANNA  RIVER AT


     CONOWINGO.  MARYLAND

JJ* — JAMES  RIVER AT RICHMOND.

     VIRGINIA

GF—POTOMAC PIVER  AT GREAT


     FALLS,  MARYLAND

PJ_ —PUTUXENT RIVER  AT ROUTE 50

     (JOHN  HANSON  HIGHWAY)

MS — MATTAPONI  RIVER AT

     BEULAHVILLE. VIRGINIA

PH — PAMUNKEY RIVER AT


     HANOVER. VIRGINIA

RE — RAPPAHANNOCK  RIVER  AT

     FREDERICKSBURG. VIRGINIA

C_H — CHICAHOMINY RIVER AT


     PROVIDENCE   FORGE, VIRGINIA
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                                                             1-6
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this study and their assistance is  gratefully acknowledged:                     I
     1.   U.  S. Geological  Survey,  Water Resources  Divisions  at
         College Park,  Maryland; Richmond,  Virginia;  Harrisburg,                •
         Pennsylvania;                                                          •
     2.   Maryland Department of Water Resources,  and                            •*
     3.   Virginia Water Control Board.

     In  addition, special  thanks is extended to Dr.  Norbert  Jaworski            J|
for the  design and initiation of the study  and guidance during
composition  of the report.                                                      _
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CHAPTER II
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A detailed study of the nutrient contributions to the
Chesapeake Bay from major tributary watersheds was undertaken
during the period of June 1969 to August 1970. The study findings
are presented below:
1. The average measured concentration of nutrients for the
eight major watersheds varied as follows:
Tributary T.
Watershed as


Susquehanna River at
Conowingo, Md.
Patuxent River at
Route 50 (John Hanson
Highway)

Potomac River at
Great Falls, Md.
Rappahannock River at
Fredericksburg, Va.
Mattaponi River at
Beulahville, Va.
Pamunkey River at
Hanover, Va.
Chickahominy River at
Providence Forge, Va.
James River at
Richmond, Va.
Although the average



0


2


0

0

0

0

0

0
P04
PO,



.18


.77


.50

.25

.16

.18

.57

.20
T^ ^^


0


1


0

0

0

0

0

0
measured
Patuxent River were generally
tributaries, the corresponding

minor contributions due to


compared to the Susquehanna



the
Pi



.12


.90


.22

.13

.13

.13

.39

.13
TKN
as N



0


1


0

0

0

0

0

0
nutrient
the highest
nutrient 1


relatively
, the Potomac,






.67


.68


.87

.57

.58

.53

.73

.64
N02 +
as
mg/1 -

0.


1.


1.

0.

0.

0.

0.

0.
NO.
N J



91 0


35 1


05 0

52 0

11 0

19 0

25 0

66 0
concentrations for
among
oadings


lower
the ei
ght major
NH3
as IN



.23


.00


.17

.10

.07

.12

.07 1

.13
the

TOC



3.64


7.72


6.42

4.83

8.08

6.1b

0.53

5.51


(Ibs/day) represent

river

discharge

(as


and the James) .







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II-2
2. On an average daily basis for the entire study period
(observed data), the nutrient loadings entering the Chesapeake Bay
from the major tributary watersheds are as follows:
Nutrient Loadings (Ibs/day)
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna River
Potomac River
James River
Patuxent River
Rappahannock River
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River
Chickahominy
T. P04
as POT
*=?
59,000
45,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
1 ,000
1 ,000
600
Pi
34,000 1
19,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
500
400
The average daily nutrient input of
the Chesapeake Bay for the entire study
using mean monthly
Tributary
Watershed*
Susquehanna River
Potomac River
James River
Rappahannock River
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River
Chickahominy River
flows) is
T. P04
as POj
33,000
23,000
7,100
1,600
1,500
500
500
* Insufficient flow data for


as follows:
Nutrient
Pi
20,000
9,900
4,200
900
900
450
400
TKN
as N
30,000
69,000
19,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
1 ,000
900
N0? + NO,
as N J
230,000
87,000
15,000
2,000
5,400
1 ,000
400
200
NH~
as^N
42,000
12,000
5,000
2,000
1 ,000
600
300
100
TOC
576,000
363,000
169,000
18,000
40,000
36,000
21 ,000
15,000
the major tributary watersheds to
period (regression extrapolation
Loadings (Ibs/day)
TKN
as N
93,000
35,000
18,000
3,900
3,000
1 ,500
900
Patuxent extrapol


NO- + NO.
^as N J
153,000
57,000
15,500
3,600
1,700
400
200
ation

as3N
29,000
6,000
4,200
600
700
250
100


TOC
513,000
267,000
133,000
29,000
37,000
20,500
12,000


1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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I
1
1

-------
 •                                                                          II-3
 _                 Comparison  of  the  loadings  (observed  versus  regression  extrapolation)
               show  generally higher  loadings when  the  observed  daily  data  is  averaged
 fl            for the  study period.   The  average daily nutrient input based on
               regression  extrapolation  using mean  monthly  flows is  a  more  accurate
 f            representation of the  situation  since  use  of mean monthly  flows
 «            eliminates  the biased  nature  of  extreme  periods of flow during  which
 *            sampling may have occurred.
 I                 3.   On the  basis  of  mean monthly  nutrient contributions (regression
               extrapolation) over the entire 15-month  study period, the  primary
 J            sources  of  nutrients entering the Chesapeake Bay  emanate from three
 _            major watersheds—the  Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James.
               Actual percentages  for  all  of the watersheds sampled  are shown  below:

                                                Loadings  (Ibs/day)  as %
 I

 I

 I

 I

 I

I

 I

I

I
Tributary
Watershed

quehanna River
.omac River
IBS River
pahannock River
lunkey River
taponi River
ckahominy River
T. PO
as POJ
	 *T
49
33
12
2
2
1
1
Pi

54
27
13
2
2
1
1
TKN
as N

60
23
10
3
2
1
1
N09 + NO.,
as N J

66
25
6
1
1
<1
<-,
NH3

71
15
n
i
i

-------
                                                             II-4
     4.   Seasonal variations in the percentage of nutrient contribution
Time Period          as PO^    Pi      as N      ^as N      as N   TOC
October 1969           14      14       19          14       20     19
November 1969
through
May 1970               67      73       59          68       57     60
June 1970
through
August 1970            19      13       22          18       23     21
                                                                             I
of the total nontidal nutrient input to the Chesapeake Bay from all          •
sources sampled are shown below:
                              Seasonal Nutrient Contribution as %            •
                     T. PO.            TKN     N07 + NO.    NH~              m
                          "    n-:      ->,. M      *-.,,. M-J    -.^-JM   Tnr       H
June 1969                                                                    —
through                                                                      I
n^-t-^ha^ 1Q£Q           1A      1/1       10          1A       9fl     1Q       •
                                                                             I
                                                                             I
     5.  During the significant period of November 1969 through May  1970    *
when the majority of nutrients were transported into the Chesapeake  Bay     •
via nontidal discharges, the primary nutrient loadings again emanated
from three major watersheds — the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the          £
James as indicated in the following table:
                                Tributary Contributions                     ™
                                (Nutrient Loadings as %)
                                                               	     I
     Tributary       T. P04           TKN    N02 + N03     NH3
     Watershed       as P04    Pi     as N	as_N	as N    TOC        •
Susquehanna River       54     60      62        66         72       55
Potomac River           34     26      23        26         16       25        I
James River              7      8      10         5         9       12
Rappahannock River       333         2         <2        3        |
Pamunkey River           111        <1         <1        2        im
Mattaponi River         <1      1      <1        <1         <1        2
Chickahominy River      <1      1      <1        <1         <1       <1        I

                                                                             I

-------
 •                                                                           II-5
                    As  presented,  the  tributary  contributions  reflect  two  distinct
 I             observations  which  can  be  made  in  regard  to  nutrient enrichment of the
               Chesapeake  Bay:   (1)  the  predominant  influence  of  three  principal
 •             watersheds  on the nutrient balance of  the Chesapeake Bay—the  Susquehanna,
 (•             the  Potomac and  the James  and  (2)  the  seasonal  nature of  nutrient
               enrichment  of the Chesapeake Bay whereby  the majority of  nutrients
 •             transported into the  Chesapeake Bay via nontidal  discharges occurred
               during  the  period of  November  1969 through May  1970.
 w                  Although the majority of  nutrients are  transported into the
 •             Chesapeake  Bay during the  above period, more significance may  be
               attributed  to periods of low flow  (and high  temperature)  during which
 I             high resident times result in  significant algal  blooms.   Evaluation,
               therefore,  of nutrient  transport  in the Chesapeake  Bay  from nontidal
 •             sources  is  not accomplished herein.
 •                  These  three tributary watersheds  are the major factors responsible
               for  the  Chesapeake  Bay's nutrient  problems.  Control of nutrients from
 •             these major watersheds, especially the Susquehanna, should  result in a
               restored nutrient balance  in the  Bay.
 •                  6.   The  cumulative nutrient inputs from the  major  tributary water-
•             sheds to the  Chesapeake Bay based  on regression  analyses  using mean
               monthly  flow  data for the  entire study period are presented in Table
|
                    7.   Mean  monthly nutrient  contributions (Ibs/day)  from the three
•             major tributary  watersheds  are  presented  in  Tables  II - 2,  II  - 3, and
•             II -  4.
                    8.   Nutrient loadings  (Ibs/day) are  highly  related to river dis-
•             charge.   For  example, on October 22, 1969, with  a river discharge of

I

-------
                                                             II-6
                                                                             I
4,300 cfs, approximately 3,200 Ibs/day of total  phosphorus  as  PO.  and        I
15,000 Ibs/day of NO, + NOQ nitrogen as N entered the  Chesapeake  Bay
                                                                             I
from the Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland, while  on April  3,         •
1970, with a river discharge of 264,000 cfs, approximately  683,000           »
and 1,400,000 Ibs/day of total phosphorus as P04 and N02  +  N03 nitrogen
as N, respectively, entered the Bay at Conowingo, Maryland.  Thus,           •
the relationship between river discharge and nutrient loadings,
especially N02 + N03 as N, is apparent.  High NOp + NO., as  N loadings        |
are indicative of land runoff as contrasted to TKN as  N loadings  which       H
are attributable mainly to treatment plant effluents entering the water-
ways.  Conversely, total phosphorus as PO^ is more difficult to              I
characterize since it tends to adsorb to particles and sediments  in the
water.  During low flow periods, phosphorus is retained in  bottom            B
deposits in the stream channel.  As a result, a substantial portion          •
of the PO, is unavailable due to sedimentation.   During high flow periods,
scouring may occur in the waterway, thus releasing the nutrients  re-         •
tained in the sediment and transporting them downstream and ultimately
to the Chesapeake Bay.                                                       |

                                                                             I

                                                                             I

                                                                             I

                                                                             I

                                                                             I

                                                                             I

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m                                                                          11-11
                   9.   Nutrient  concentrations  (mg/1) and river discharges  (cfs)
•             showed  interesting  relationships which were found to be dependent on
               several  factors, i.e. particular nutrient within a particular watershed,
m             time of the year,  and weather conditions which affected normal river
•             discharge.  Unique  relationships were observed for each nutrient
               within  each tributary watershed and generalizations as to direct or
•             indirect dependence of nutrient concentrations on flow could not be
               obtained from  the  survey data.  The nutrient concentration - river
9             discharge  relationship for each nutrient in the eight major tributary
•             watersheds is  presented in Chapter IV.  A brief summary of the nutrient
               concentration  - river discharge relationships for the Susquehanna
•             River,  the Potomac  River, and the James River is presented as follows:
                   a.   Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland (see Figure IV - 1)
8                 Considerably  higher river discharge during the period of
M             November 1969  to May 1970 resulted in higher total phosphorus (as PO.)
               and inorganic  phosphorus concentrations.  Periods of higher than normal
•             flow resulted  in total and inorganic phosphorus surges from the
               upper Susquehanna  River Basin.  A direct relationship between total and
|             inorganic  phosphorus concentrations (as PO,) and river discharge is
M             evident.   Since these high concentrations occurred during periods of
               higher  than normal  flow, it appears that the relatively short residence
•             time within the impoundment did not permit the occurrence of a sub-
               stantial  amount of  deposition or biological uptake.
fl                 In  addition,  the organic phosphorus buildup (TPO. - Pi) appears
               to be occurring during the summer months, which is indicative of algal
               biomass  enrichment  normally associated with summer conditions.
•                 Concentrations of NO^ + NO., showed extreme dependence on river
I
I

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                                                             11-12              *
discharge.   High N0? + NO- concentrations during  the winter months  are          •
primarily the direct result of land runoff associated with  the high river
discharge.   A secondary reason for these high levels may be the reduced         •
detention time by Conowingo Dam during high flow  periods.   A direct
relationship between N02 + NO., concentrations and river discharge  is           •
evident.                                                                        m
     TKN concentrations, however, decreased during the period of higher
flow.  These reduced TKN concentrations are indicative of a flushing           •
type response in the river whereby the organic load is diluted by  the
increased river discharge.  An indirect relationship between TKN               •
concentrations and river discharge is  evident.                                 •
     The direct relationship between N0? + NO-, concentrations and  river
discharge coupled with the indirect relationship  between TKN concen-           •
trations and river discharge in the Susquehanna River is interesting.
During the summer months (a period of low flow) low nitrite-nitrate            B
concentrations coupled with higher TKN concentrations suggest that algal        m
cells are readily utilizing the nitrate form of nitrogen and converting
it to TKN.                                                                      •
     Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen remained  relatively uniform when
compared to other nutrient concentrations.  High  NH,. concentrations were        B
observed in the months of January and February 1970, and June and  July
1970.
     b.  Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland (see Figure IV - 2)            I
     Total  and inorganic phosphorus concentrations remained generally
uniform except for extreme variations in concentration during December          |
1969 and February, April, May and June 1970.  These extreme surges             H
generally correspond to days of higher than normal flow.
I
                                                                               I

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•                                                                          11-13
                    The organic phosphorus fraction (T.PCL - Pi) was higher during the
I             months of June through October 1969 (in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/1),
               and especially low during the months of December 1969 through February
•             1970 (<0.1 mg/1).  The algal  biomass may reflect this high organic
•             fraction during the summer months with the inorganic phosphorus utilized
               to a greater extent than in the winter months.
I                  Concentrations of N0? + N0~ showed extreme dependence on river dis-
               charge.  High N09 + NO-, concentrations during the winter months are
I
9             primarily the direct result of land runoff associated with, the high
•             river discharge.  A secondary reason for these  high levels may be the
               reduced detention time at Conowingo Dam during  high flow periods.
•             During the summer months high peaks of N0? + NO-, concentrations were
               observed.  A combination of excessive river flows and nitrification was
•             probably responsible for these surges.  A direct relationship between
•             N02 + N03 concentrations and river discharge is evident.
                    Concentrations of TKN also showed extreme  variations during the
•             study period.  In general, TKN appeared to have an indirect relationship
               to flow.  Reduced TKN concentrations during high flow periods are
•             indicative of the dilution effect in the river  whereby the organic load
•             is dispersed by the increased runoff.
                    The direct relationship between N0~ + NO.,  concentrations and river
•             flows coupled with the indirect relationship between TKN concentrations
               and flows in the Potomac River correspond to the similar observations
m             in the  Susquehanna River.   During the low flow  summer months low N0? + NOo
•             concentrations coupled with higher TKN concentrations suggest that algal
               cells are readily utilizing the nitrate form of nitrogen and converting
I             it to TKN.

I

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                                                                               I
                                                             11-14





     Ammonia nitrogen concentrations remained relatively uniform               •



throughout most of the study period.  During the summer months  most of the      •



NH., appeared to be oxidized to nitrite-nitrate nitrogen which was  then



converted into organic nitrogen in the algal cellular material, i.e.,           •



a greater organic fraction (TKN - NH-) during the summer than in the


                                                                               I
winter months.                                                                 •



     C.  James River at Richmond, Virginia (see Figure IV - 9)                  •



     Both total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in the  James



River were relatively uniform throughout the study period.  Slight              •



increases in concentrations occurred, however, during the winter and



spring months when river flows were substantially higher.                      •



     Concentrations of NCL + NCU nitrogen, however, appeared to decrease       •



during the high flow periods of January through May 1970, although



considerable fluctuations were noted throughout the study period.               I



     With regard to TKN concentrations, a drastic variation in  TKN  levels



between 0.2 mg/1 and 2.0 mg/1 was observed with seasonal patterns  not           I



being evident.                                                                 •



     Ammonia nitrogen concentrations were generally higher during  the



winter and spring with maximum levels exceeding 0.3 mg/1.  Bfostimulation       •



may have been a significant factor from July to October 1969 since  nitrate



levels were at a minimum while an abundance of organic nitrogen was            •



present during that period.                                                    •



     10.  Most of the water quality problems in the Bay are similar to



those in other comparable areas of the United States but are compounded        •



because the area is largely tidal.  The Bay receives its share  of municipal
and industrial wastes, the primary effects of which are immediate water



quality impairment in several areas.  However, the
I

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 .                                                                          11-15
               secondary  effects  create a more widespread insidious water quality
 I             problem--that of eutrophication in a number of rivers discharging into
               the  Chesapeake  Bay.  This progressive eutrophication of the Bay's
 £             tributaries, caused by the increase in nutrient quantities discharged
 —             into waterways  via waste discharge and land runoff, threatens the water
 *             quality  and biota  of the Bay.
 ff                 Flows  from the eight major tributary watersheds increase the
               naturally  high  nutrient levels and biological productivity of the
 I             Chesapeake Bay.  These flows include abundant amounts of plant nutrients
 _             such as  inorganic  nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon which are incorporated
 *             into organic matter by aquatic plants.
 flj                 In  early stages, nutrient enrichment may result in beneficial
               conditions (i.e.,  increase in fish productivity, zooplankton, etc.).
 |             However, the advanced stages lower dissolved oxygen levels, interfere
 _             with recreational  uses of water, affect drinking water taste and result
 *             in blooms  of undesirable blue-green algae.  The more abundant the nutrient
 •             supply,  the greater potential there is for dense vegetation.  Thus,
               control  of eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay focused on control of
 •             three nutrients--ni trogen , phosphorus, and carbon.
 —                 The primary sources of nutrients to the Chesapeake Bay are three
 ™             nontidal tributary watersheds—the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the
 •             James.   Of primary concern is the control of nutrients from these up-
               stream sources—especially the Susquehanna River, since it contributes
£             in excess of 50% of all nutrients entering the Chesapeake Bay.  During
               the  significant period of November 1969 through May 1970, the Susquehanna
 •             River Basin contributed 54% of the total phosphorus, 60% of the
•             inorganic phosphorus, 62% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 66% of the
I

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11-16
                                                                                I
nitrite-nitrate nitrogen, 72% of the ammonia  nitrogen,  and  55%  of  the
total organic carbon entering the Bay.                                           m
     As these upstream sources are brought under  control  during critical         •
periods—especially the Susquehanna River—commensurate reduction  in
nuisance conditions in the Chesapeake Bay will  result.                           •
     11.  Identification of the Susquehanna River as  the  major  contributor
to the Chesapeake Bay's nutrient load resulted  in the implementation             •
of an intensive nutrient survey within  the Susquehanna  Basin  to locate           •
individual sources and their degree of  controllability.   The  survey area
extends from the Susquehanna River at Sunbury,  Pennsylvania to                   •
Conowingo, Maryland.  It was begun in June 1971 and was completed  in
July 1972.  A report of the findings will follow.                               •

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

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                                                                                I

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I
                                        CHAPTER III
I                             DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
•            A.  CHESAPEAKE BAY
                   The geographic area that drains to the Chesapeake Bay encompasses
•            approximately 70,000 square miles including the District of Columbia,
              nearly all of Maryland, 65 percent of Virginia, 50 percent of
I            Pennsylvania, 12 percent of New York and 12 percent of West Virginia,
•            as well as a portion of Delaware.
                   The tidewater portion of the Chesapeake Bay Basin covers an area
•            of approximately 8,400 square miles in the State of Maryland and the
              Commonwealth of Virginia.  The combined tidal shoreline is approximately
•            4,600 miles in length, of which 3,400 miles are in Maryland and 1,200
m            miles are in Virginia.  The Bay is approximately 190 miles in length
              and varies in width from 4 miles at Sandy Point in the vicinity of the
•            Chesapeake Bay Bridge to approximately 30 miles at its widest point
              near Pocomoke Sound.  The average depth of the Bay is approximately
|            28 feet and the deepest point is 174 feet, off the southern tip of
H            Kent Island.
                   The Chesapeake Bay receives freshwater inflows from 150 tributaries,
•            of which the following are major watersheds:  the Susquehanna, the
              Patapsco, the West, the Patuxent, the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the
|            York, the Chickahominy and the James on the western shore and the Chester,
              the Choptank, the Nanticoke, the Wicomico and the Pocomoke on the
              eastern shore.
I
I
I
I

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                                                             III-2              I
     The major river in the drainage area is the Susquehanna,  the
largest river basin on the Atlantic Coast.   The Potomac and James               •
River Basins are the second and third largest,  respectively, draining           •
into the Bay.  Together, these three river  systems  account for  80 per-
cent of the drainage into the Chesapeake Bay.   The  dominant feature  of           I
the Basin is, of course, the Chesapeake Bay, the largest tidal  estuary
in the United States.                                                            •
     The population of the Chesapeake Bay Basin area was 2.6 million            •
in 1960 and is expected to reach 4.1 million by 1985 and 5.3 million
by the year 2000.   It contains rich farmlands,  vast woodlands  and               •
intensively developed industrial areas which are steadily increasing
in importance.                                                                  •
     The Chesapeake Bay, the biggest and probably the richest  of the            •
500 odd estuaries  in the United States, is  regarded as one of  the most
valuable estuaries in the world.  Commercial fishing, which provides            •
a means of livelihood for approximately 20,000  people, and sport
fishing, enjoyed by many thousands, actually comprise only a small               m
part of the value  of the Bay as a natural resource.  Waterborne                 •
commerce, totaling 150 million tons annually,  contributes in large
measure to the economy of 11 tributary states.                                   •
     This extensive use of the Bay--fishing, recreation, navigation,
waste assimilation—has resulted in an increasingly greater strain              •
on the ability of the Bay to accomodate the diverse and often  con-              •
flicting demands which are made upon it.
                                                                                I
                                                                                I
                                                                                I

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•                                                                          III-3

B             B.   Tributary Watersheds
™                  The  major tributary  watersheds  -  the  Susquehanna,  the  Patuxent,
•             the Potomac,  the Rappahannock,  the Mattaponi,  the  Pamunkey,  the
               James,  and the Chickahominy -  are the  subject  of this  report.
•                  1.   Susquehanna River Basin
_                  The  Susquehanna River Basin, which  drains directly into the
™             Chesapeake Bay, lies within four physiographic provinces:   the
•             Applachian, the Ridge and Valley, the  Piedmont, and  the Blue Ridge.
               The basin, 250 miles in  length  and 170 miles in width,  embraces a draingage
•             drainage  area of 27,510  square  miles.   It  is the largest river basin  on
               the Atlantic  Seaboard and second largest east  of the Mississippi.
™             It  is bounded by the drainage  basins of  (1) Lake Ontario and the Mohawk
•             on  the  north  (2) the Potomac River on  the  south (3)  the Delaware River
               on  the  east and (4)  the Genesee River  and  the  Ohio River on  the west.
I                  The  terrain of  the study  area,  confined to the  lower portion of
               the Susquehanna River extending from Harrisburg to the  Chesapeake Bay--
W             a  distance of approximately 67  miles located within  the Piedmont Region--
•             is  characterized by  low rolling hills.   The uplands  are formed by
               crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian and early  Paleozoic
•             Age.   In  the  northern part of  the Piedmont is  a broad  area  underlain  by
               sandstone  shale of Triassic Age.
 I
 I
 I
 I
     The study area has a temperate climate with four sharply defined
seasons.   The average annual  precipitation amounts to

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                                                             III-4

approximately 42 inches, with about 10 percent occurring as snow.
     The major river in the Basin is, of course, the Susquehanna River,         I
which is formed at Sunbury, Pennsylvania, by the confluence of its
North and West Branches.  From Sunbury, it flows southeasterly 39 miles         p
to Duncannon where it is joined by the Juniata River, its principal              ^
tributary; it then flows 84 miles to the Chesapeake Bay.  The North
Branch rises in Lake Otsego in southcentral  New York and flows south-           •
westerly 170 miles to Athens, Pennsylvania,  where it is joined by the
Chemung River.  From that point, it flows 100 miles generally southeasterly     |
to Pittston, Pennsylvania, and then 65 miles southwesterly to its               B
confluence with the West Branch at Sunbury.   The West Branch rises on           ™
the Allegheny Plateau in central Pennsylvania.  It flows easterly and           •
southerly across the plateau and through the Allegheny Front for a
distance of 240 miles to join the North Branch at Sunbury.                      JQ
     The average flow of the Susquehanna River is approximately 25              _
billion gallons per day which represents more than 50% of the freshwater        ™
inflow to the Chesapeake Bay.  The biota of the upper Bay is dependent          •
to a large extent on this freshwater inflow.
     When coii'oared to other areas around it, the Susquehanna River Basin        •
is relatively undeveloped.  The resident population is small and the            _
economy lagging.                                                                ™
     2.  Patuxent River Basin                                                   •
     The Patuxent River Basin, the largest river basin loacated entirely
within the State of Maryland, embraces a drainage area of approximately         I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

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.                                                                          III-5
              930 square miles.   The  basin  extends  for  110  miles  in  a  southeasterly
I            and then southerly direction  from  its  origin  in  Parris Ridge  to  its
              mouth  on the Chesapeake Bay.   The  basin lies  in  both the  Piedmont
I            Plateau and the  Coastal Plain physiographic provinces.
•                 The basin lies between  the  metropolitan  complexes of Washington,
              D.  C.  and Baltimore,  Maryland.   Urbanization, occurring  in the upper
•            drainage area near the  headwaters  in  Howard and  Montgomery Counties,
              is  transforming  this  area  into cities  and suburbs.  The  lower area,
•            however, is retaining its  rural  character.  The  population within  the
•j            Patuxent River Basin  is expected to  grow  from a  1960 level  of 135,000
              to  684,000 by the  year  2000.
•                 The upper or  headwaters  region  of the Patuxent, lying in Howard
              and Montgomery Counties,  is  characterized by  narrow, swift, clear
m            streams.  The middle  region,  extending from the  Fall Line at  Laurel
M            to  Wayson's Corner, occupies  portions  of  Anne Arundel  and Prince
              George's Counties.   It  is  characterized by wide,  flat, swampy flood
•            plains and a sluggish stream.  Most  of the wastewater  effluents  origi-
              nating in the basin are discharged into this  reach  of  the river.
|                 The lower region,  below  Hardesty, is a tidal estuary characterized
mm            by  unforested marsh lands, the result  of  the  silting up  of the original
              es tuary.
•                 The major tributaries of the  Patuxent River  are the  Little  Patuxent
              and the Western  Branch, with  drainage  areas of 160  and 110 square  miles,
|            respectively.
•                 Land use in the  Patuxent River  Basin has been predominately
              agricultural  over  the entire  drainage  area since  the days of  the early
I            settlers.   Today the  most  important  economic  activity  in  the  Patuxent

I

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                                                              III-6              I
River Basin continues to be farming.   Approximately 245,000 acres  of
the basin are estimated to be utilized for this purpose.                         |
     3.  Potomac River Basin
                                                                                I
     The Potomac River Basin, which includes the District of Columbia
and parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia,                I
with a total drainage area of 14,670 square miles, lies in five
physiographic provinces:  Coastal  Plain, Piedmont Plateau, Blue Ridge,          |
Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian  Plateau.   The land is generally                _
hilly to mountainous with frequent rock outcroppings in upper areas of          *
the Basin.  From Harpers Ferry to  the outskirts of Washington, the land         •
is open plain with scattered forest cover.   West of the Blue Ridge
Province, rocks are folded sedimentary types, including limestone,              £
dolomite, sandstone and shale, while to the east, rocks are mainly              _
crystalline and igneous types.  Sedimentary rocks and alluvium pre-
dominate from Washington to the mouth.                                          I
     The Potomac River flows in a  generally southeasterly direction
from its headwaters on the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains          Q
to the Chesapeake Bay some 400 miles away.   The  main stem is formed            _
approximately 15 miles southeast of Cumberland, Maryland, by the con-
fluence of the North and South Branches.  The Potomac then flows                fl
southeasterly to the Fall Line at  Great Falls, Maryland.  The head of
tidewater, which is also the head  of actual navigation, is near the             Q
boundary line between the District of Columbia and Maryland at Little           —
Falls, 117 miles above the Chesapeake Bay.                                       ™
                                                                                I
                                                                                I
                                                                                I

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                                                                              III-7
I
                     The  major  sub-basins within  the  Potomac  River  Basin,  including
I              their drainage  areas,  are as  follows:
                                  Sub-basin                     Drainage Area
I                                                             "(square miles)
                           North  Branch                               1 ,328
I
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I
                           South  Branch                               1,493
                           Cacapon  River                               683
                           Conococheague Creek                          563
I                         Opequon   Creek                              345
                           Shenandoah  River                          3,054
|                         Monocacy  River                              970
—                         Antietam  Creek                              292
™                   Land use  in  the entire Potomac  Basin  is  estimated  to be  5  percent
I              urban,  55 percent forest, and 40  percent agricultural,  including
                pasture lands.  The  basin has abundant  natural  resources including
Jj              coal,  limestone,  dolomite,  glass  sand,  clay,  hard  and soft woods,
_              and granite.
"                   The free-flowing  Potomac River  is  approximately  280 miles  long  and
•              varies  in width from several feet at  the headwaters to  over 1,000
                feet in the reach above  Washington.   The Potomac River's tidal  portion
I              is  several  hundred feet  in  width  near its  upper end at  Chain  Bridge
_              and broadens to almost 6 miles  at its mouth.  Except  for a shipping
™              channel  24 feet deep,  which extends  upstream  to Washington and  a few
•              short  reaches with depths up to 100  feet,  the tidal portion is  relatively
                shallow with an average  depth of  about  18  feet.  The mean tidal range
|              is  about 2.9 feet in the upper  portion  near Washington  and about 1.4
                feet near the Chesapeake Bay.

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                                                             III-8
     Of the 3.3 million people living in the  entire  basin,  approximately
I
2.8 million reside in the Washington Metropolitan  Area.   The  remaining
area of the tidal  portion, approximately 3,216  square  miles,  is  sparsely       •
populated.   The upper basin is  largely rural  with  a  scattering  of
small towns having populations  of 10,000 to 20,000.   Farming  and re-           0
lated industries such as canning, fruit packing,  tanning, and dairy            M
products processing are major sources of income in the region.
     4.  Rappahannock River Basin                                             I
     The Rappahannock River Basin, comprising approximately 2,700 square
miles in northeastern Virginia  and extending 160  miles in a southeasterly     |
direction from the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge  Mountains to the           •
Chesapeake  Bay, includes all  of four counties--Culpepper, Madison,
Rappahannock, and Richmond--  and portions of 11 counties—Caroline,            I
Essex, Fauquier, Greene, King George, Lancaster,  Middlesex, Orange,
Spotsylvania, Stafford, and Westmoreland.  The  basin area is  approxi-         £
mately one-seventh of the total state area of Virginia.   The  basin may         •
be subdivided into three areas  with boundaries  based on  physiographic
I
and economic considerations.
          a.  Headwaters Area
     The upper or headwaters  area is in Rappahannock County, approximately    |
80 miles northwest of Fredericksburg in the Blue Ridge physiographic          •
province where the rugged topography rises in elevation from 500 to
over 3,500 feet above mean sea level.   The geological  formations in the       I
mountainous regions consist of quartzites and granites, and stream
channels are steep with few flood plains.                                     |
                                                                              I
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  I                                                                            III-9



                       The  upper or headwaters  area  is  largely rural,  with  more  than 84



  "               percent of the population  residing on farms  or  in  rural residential



  •               areas.  The principal  industry  in  the region is  the  logging  and  milling



                  of lumber.   Smaller industries  such as furniture and wood products,



 •               wearing apparel,  metal  products,  and electrical  equipment manufacturing



                  are scattered throughout the  area.



 »                         b.   Central  Area



 •                    The  central  area,  containing  the City of Fredericksburg,  is the



                  economic  and population center  of  the Rappahannock River  Basin.   This



 •               area is in the Piedmont Province,  a plateau  lying  between the  eastern



                  foot of the Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and the  Fall Line.   Topography  is



 •               well  rounded:   formations  consist  of mingled crystalline  and metamorphic



 •               rocks,  and the stream  flows  in  a  sinuous  entrenched  channel  with Iimi1--d



                  flood plains.



 •                    Below the Fall  Line at  Fredericksburg,  the  stream meanders  for about



                  40 miles  through  the flat  Coastal  Plain,  where  unconsolidated  sediment^



 •               of sand,  gravel,  and fossil  shells derived from  the  mountainous  regions



 •               to the  west are laid down  on  a  basement rock of  granite.   For  the re-



                  maining 67 miles  to the mouth,  typically  estuarine reaches range from



 •               2 to 4  miles  in width.



                       The  principal  industry  in  the Rappahannock  Basin, a  large



 m                cellophane manufacturing plant,  is located in the  central  area.   The



 •                major water pollution  problems  in  the Rappahannock River  are downstream



                  from this  industry.  All  significant  waste discharges  which  contribute



 I                to pollution  problems  in the  central  reaches of  the  river originate



                  in and  around  the City  of  Fredericksburg.
I

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                                                             111-10
I
          c.   Lower Area                                                      •



     The lower basin is essentially undeveloped with approximately 95         •



percent of the population residing on farms or in rural  residential



areas.                                                                         •



     The six incorporated towns in the region are small, the largest



having  a population of approximately 1,100.  Industries  in the lower          •



basin having waste discharges are seasonal  operations, and industrial         •



pollution problems originating in the area  are primarily local nuisances.



     The river has a 12-foot minimum depth  navigable channel over the         •



entire  tidal  portion from the mouth to Fredericksburg, a distance of



107 miles.   Twelve federally improved small boat harbors on tributaries       •



of the  lower reaches of the river are used  extensively by commercial          H



seafood boats and recreational craft.



     Highly productive oyster grounds are located in the lower                •



Rappahannock River; the reach from Towles Point upstream to Bowlers



Wharf is the principal oyster growing area  in the state.  The estuary         |



also serves as a spawning area for shad and striped bass.



     5.  York River Basin
 I
     The York River Basin, embracing approximately 2,660 square miles,        •



lies in east central Virginia and extends about 140 miles from the



divide on the Southwestern Mountains in Albemarle and Orange Counties         |



to the Chesapeake Bay east of Yorktown.                                       M



     The York River is formed in the Coastal Plain by the confluence of



its two main tributaries, the Mattaponi and the Pamunkey Rivers, at           •



West Point.  From the Fall Line (vicinity of U. S. Route 360) downstream



to West Point, the tributaries meander through marshes and swamps on          |
                                                                              I

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•                                                                            III-ll
                 wide flood plains.  Below West Point, the main stream is relatively
|               straight with a narrow flood plain, and numerous short streams flow
_               directly into the reach.
™                    The Mattaponi River, a remarkably clear stream, is formed in
flj               Caroline County by four small  streams, appropriately named the Mat,
                 the Ta, the Po and the Ni .   The Pamunkey River, formed northwest of
|               Hanover by the confluence of the North and South Anna Rivers, is
_               frequently cloudy and heavily silted in the upper reaches by runoff
*               from the red clay headwaters areas.
•                         a.  Mattaponi River
                      The Mattaponi River watershed is rural and sparsely populated with
£               only one incorporated town (Bowling Green) in the upper watershed above
_               West Point.  Vast marshes in the downstream flood plains, essentially
™               virgin wilderness since colonial days, have been regarded as one of
•               the best fishing and hunting sections in Virginia.   The crystal clear
                 freshwater reaches of the Mattaponi River are abundant in bass, pike,
I               and numerous varieties of the sunfish family; and in the spring, great
_               numbers of shad are taken by net fishermen in the lower reaches.
•                    The river is affected by tides and is open to  navigation as far
•               west as Aylette; however, dredging of the channel above West Point has
                 been discontinued for several  years.
I                         b.  Pamunkey River
                      The Pamunkey River watershed above West Point  is similar to the
•               Mattaponi  River watershed with respect to its essentially rural and
•               sparsely settled characteristics.   Tides affect the lower reaches as
                 far west as U.  S. Route 360 and great flights of waterfowl and marsh
•               birds migrate into the marsh area.
I

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                                                             111-12            •
     The river is not as clear in the upper reaches as the Mattaponi           «
due to silt deposits from the red clay areas in the headwaters  region;         ™
however, some of the lower tributaries are exceptionally clear.                I
     Four incorporated towns are in the Pamunkey River watershed above
West Point; the largest is Ashland with a 1960 population of 2,773.            |
     6.   James River Basin
                                                                              I
     The James River Basin, encompassing approximately 10,000 square
miles, is narrow and irregular with headwaters in the Allegheny Mountains      I
at the West Virginia State line.   The James River, the most southerly
major tributary stream of the Chesapeake Bay system, is approximately          |
400 miles in length and extends in a southeasterly direction through four      _
physiographic provinces:  Coastal  Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Ridge       *
and Valley.  There is a total fall of 988 feet from the headwaters to the      •
Fall Line separating the Piedmont and Coastal  Plain at Richmond, Virginia.
Below Richmond the James is a tidal estuary that joins the Chesapeake          g
Bay at Hampton Roads, a distance  of approximately 95 miles.  The mean fresh-   _
water discharge is approximately  7,500 cfs with recorded extremes of 329 and   "
325,000 cfs.                                                                   •
     At Richmond, the James River flows across the Fall Line, which
delineates the eastern edge of the Piedmont physiographic province, and        M
enters the Coastal Plain.  As a consequence, the James River falls             _
approximately 75 feet in 6 miles  near Richmond, and below Richmond, becomes    *
a tidal estuary.                                                               •
     Above Richmond, at Bosher Dam, the Kanawha Canal diverts: a portion
of the James River flow to the main channel and returns it to the river        |
at tidewater.  The USGS maintains gaging stations on both the canal and
the river.

                                                                               I
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I
                                                                             111-13
•                    The  area  has  a mild  climate, without extremes in temperature, and
                 an  adequate, well-distributed rainfall which encourages agricultutal
|               development of the rich soil.  To this date, agriculture remains a primary
_               activity  of the  area.
*                    Industry  also dates  back to colonial times.  The forest resources
M               provided  lumber  as well as  charcoal for making iron from the native
                 ore,  and  eventually pulp  for paper making, now one of the largest
|               industries in  the  State.  The extensive chemical industry existing in
—               the basin today  had its beginnnings in tanning and extraction of indigo,
*               tars,  and turpentine.
•                        a.   Chickahominy  River Watershed
                      The  Chickahominy River, with headwaters in Henrico and Hanover
Jj               Counties  draining  a water shed of approximately 400 square miles, has
_               a mean  flow near Providence Forge of 271 cfs.  The river discharges
*               into  the  James approximately 7 miles above Jamestown.  Nearly half of
•               Henrico County and the north side of the City of Richmond are drained
                 by  tributaries of  the Chickahominy River.
|                    Secondary waste treatment plants owned by Henrico County, private
                 developments and Richmond's Byrd Airport provide the major waste dis-
™               charges to the Chickahominy River watershed.

I

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WATER
Detailed analyses of
IV-1

CHAPTER IV
QUALITY CONDITIONS
the major freshwater tributary inflows to





the Chesapeake Bay were conducted from June 1969 to August 1970. During
this period, the following

nutrients for the various

were the average measured concentrations of

stations:
Table IV - 1



Mean Monthly Nutrient Concentrations (mg/1 )
Tributary T
Watershed as
Susquehanna River at
Conowingo, Md. 0
Patuxent River at
Route 50 (John Hanson
Highway) 2
Potomac River at
Great Falls, Md. 0
Rappahannock River at
Fredericksburg, Va. 0
Mattaponi River at
Beulahville, Va. 0
Pamunkey River at
Hanover, Va. 0
Chickahominy River at
Providence Forge, Va. 0
James River at
Richmond, Va. 0



PO, TKN N0? + NO, NH.,
PO, Pi as N ^as N J as N
	 q.
.18 0.12 0.67 0.91 0.23

.77 1.90 1.68 1.35 1.00

.50 0.22 0.87 1.05 0.17

.25 0.13 0.57 0.52 0.10
.16 0.13 0.58 0.11 0.07

.18 0.13 0.53 0.19 0.12

.57 0.39 0.73 0.25 0.07 1

.20 0.13 0.64 0.66 0.13




TOC

3.64

7.7?

6.42

4.83
8. OP

6. 15

0.53

5.51




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I
I
                                                              IV-2             •
     The observed data are completely tabulated in the Appendix and
illustrated in Figures IV - 1  to IV - 10.   The following sections  in-
clude an evaluation of this data for each  tributary watershed with major
emphasis placed on seasonal variations in  nutrient content.
A.  SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO, MARYLAND                                   I
     Conowingo Reservoir, built by the Philadelphia Power &  Light
Company in 1928, is located nine miles above the confluence  of the             8
Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay (it is approximately four             •
miles above tidewaters).
     Flow patterns within the  reservoir vary from summer, normally a           •
period of low inflow with a completely controlled outflow by the power
plant, to winter with high flows and little or no flow regulation.             •
     Generally, during the period of high  flows (October through May)          •
rapid transport through the reservoir is common with the mean residence
time for water in the reservoir reported to be less than 24  hours  [11].        I
     During the period of low  flow extending from June through September,
however, slower transport through the reservoir occurs with  the mean           •
residence time reported to be  from two to  six days depending on the            •
degree of minimal flow[ll].
     As shown in Figure IV - 1, the period of November 1969  to May 1970        •
was characterized by higher total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus
concentrations in the Susquehanna River than during the remainder  of           •
the study period.  Extreme variations in total phosphorus concentrations       •
during the months of December 1969 and February, April, June and July
of 1970 indicate phosphorus surges from the upper Susquehanna Basin.           •
Since these daily surges occurred during periods of higher than normal
flow, it would appear that the relatively short residence time within          I

                                                                               I

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                                                                                I
the impoundment did not permit a substantial  amount of deposition or
biological uptake to take place.  Inorganic phosphorus showed the same          £
general variation but on a smaller scale.   Periods of higher than               _
normal flow resulted in inorganic phosphorus  surges similar to those            ™
of total phosphorus.                                                            •
     It is interesting to note the variation  of the organic phosphorus
fraction  (TPCL-Pi) during the study period.  It appears from Figure             |
IV - 1 that organic phosphorus buildup is  occurring during the summer           _
months with a drastic reduction observed during other periods of the            ™
year.  This buildup in the organic fraction could be indicative of              •
algal biomass enrichment normally associated  with summer conditions.
     Concentrations of N0? + NCL showed extreme dependence on river             •
discharge.  High NCL + NCL concentrations  during the winter months
                                                                                I
were not the direct result of the conversion  of ammonia nitrogen to             •
nitrates  (nitrification) due to the low temperature conditions pre-             •
vailing (nitrification is not significant at  temperatures below 10°C).
The abundance of NCL + NO,,, therefore, was primarily the result of land         •
runoff associated with the high river discharge.  A secondary reason for
these high levels may be the result of the reduced detention time at            ™
Conowingo Dam during high-flow periods.                                         •
     Concentrations of TKN, however, generally decreased during the
period of higher flow.  High organic loadings from treatment plant              I
effluents are reflected by high TKN as N concentrations and thus can
serve as an indicator of sewage pollution.  Reduced TKN concentrations          •
during the higher flow period are indicative  of a flushing type of              •
response  in the river whereby the organic load is diluted by the high
river flows.  Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen remained relatively            I
                                                                                I

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•                                                                            IV-5
                uniform,  compared  to  these  other  parameters.   The  months  of  January
•              and February  1970  did,  however, show  high  concentrations  of  NFL.   In
                addition,  ammonia  nitrogen  concentrations  increased  sharply  during
|              the months of June and  July 1970.
m              B.   PATUXENT  RIVER AT ROUTE 50  (JOHN  HANSON  HIGHWAY)
                     During the  study period, the  Patuxent River's average measured
•              concentration of nutrients  (except TOC)  was  the  highest of all  the major
                tributary  watersheds.   However, due to  its relatively  minor  river
|              discharge  (when  compared  to the Susquehanna,  the Potomac, and  the
•              James)  its importance as  a  major  contributor  of  nutrient  enrichment
                to  the  Chesapeake  Bay is  diminished.
•                   Phosphorus  concentrations were extremely high in  the Patuxent
                River during  the study  period as  indicated in Figure  IV - 2.   Moreover,
|              a  considerable amount of  fluctuation  was noted in  the  phosphorus levels
mm              during  the entire  study with maximum  concentrations  (>4.0 mg/1)
                occurring  in  July, October,  and November of  196(j,  and  again  in  June
•              and August of 1970.
                     High  TKN and  low N09 + N0~ concentrations during  the months of
                                       It
                September  1969 through  April 1970  may be indicative  of the utilization
I
                by algal cells of the nitrate form of nitrogen and its conversion to
                TKN.   It is evident that in the months of October and November 1969 a
I              unique condition existed.  From Figure IV - 2, it can be seen that the
                organic phosphorus fraction (TPO.-Pi) and the organic nitrogen fraction
                                               I4
                (TKN-NH.J were extremely high during the period; however, temperatures
mm              ranged from only 4°C to 10°C.  A late algal bloom may have occurred at
                this time or perhaps a sudden release of organic material (treatment
I              plant discharges) may have been responsible for the high concentrations.

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•                                                                            IV-7



                     However, due to the wide variations and unstable nature of nutrient



•              enrichment and the lack of adequate flow data during the study period,



                it is difficult to establish any meaningful correlations or conclusions



|              regarding nutrient concentrations in the Patuxent River.



•              C.  POTOMAC RIVER AT GREAT FALLS, MARYLAND



                     Although the river discharge was high for the period of December



•              1969 to March 1970, total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations, as



                shown in Figure IV - 3, generally remained less than 0.4 mg/1  except



|              for wide daily variations in concentration during December 1969 and



M              February, April, May, and June 1970.  These surges correspond to days



                having higher than normal flow.



•                   The organic phosphorus fraction (TPO^-Pi) was high (in the range



                of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/1) during the months of June through October 1969 and



|              July-August 1970, and especially low (<0.1 mg/1) during the months of



H              December 1969 through February 1970.  The algal biomass may reflect



                this high organic fraction during the summer when the inorganic



•              phosphorus is utilized to a greater extent than in the winter months.



                Totdl phosphorus concentrations  appeared generally to decrease during



|              the higher flow periods and increase during the lower flow periods except



•              during the periods of intense runoff when a direct relationship existed.



                     Concentrations of NO^ + N03 showed wide variations from July



•              through November 1969.   Generally, the NO^ + N03 concentrations showed



                a direct relationship to river discharge.  These high N00 + NOQ con-
                                                                        12     3


                centrations during the winter months appeared to result from excessive



_              land runoff.   During the summer  months of July and August 1969, and



 *              again in June, July and August 1970, high peaks of N02 + N03 were
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                                                              IV-10            •
observed.  A combination of excessive river flows and nitrification
was probably responsible for these surges during the summer months.            I
     As shown in Figure IV - 4, concentrations of TKN also showed extreme      _
variation during the study period.  In general, TKN appeared to vary           •
inversely with flow.  A reduced TKN concentration during high flow             •
periods was indicative of high dilution in the waterway.
     Ammonia nitrogen remained relatively uniform throughout the study         |
period except for wide daily fluctuations during some of the summer
and fall months.  During the summer months most of the NH~ appeared to         •
be oxidized to N0? + NO, nitrogen, which was then converted into               •
organic nitrogen as part of the cellular material.  This latter conversion
can be evidenced by the higher organic fraction (TKN-NhL) measured             I
during the summer than during the winter months (Figure IV - 4).
D.  RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA                             •
     Peak concentrations of total and inorganic phosphorus in the              •
Rappahannock River throughout the study period occurred when flows were
higher than normal.  During normal flow periods, concentrations of             •
both remained relatively uniform as shown in Figure IV - 5.  The organic
phosphorus fraction (TPCL-Pi) was higher during the summer months than         •
during the winter, a situation closely paralleling that observed in the        •
Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers.
     Concentrations of NCL + NCU nitrogen also showed a direct                 I
dependence on river discharge.  During the months of high flow, December
1969 to May 1970, NCL + NCL concentrations were higher than during normal       •
flow periods.  These high concentrations were the direct result of              •
land runoff associated with high river discharge and, to a lesser
extent, nitrification.                                                          I

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                                                              IV-12             |
     Concentrations of TKN showed extreme variation throughout the
study period.   In general, periods of higher flow resulted in high             I
TKN concentrations.                                                            •
     Ammonia nitrogen remained relatively constant except for several
fluctuations during the months of January, February, and May 1970 when         I
high flows occurred.
     During the summer months, most of the NH, was oxidized to NCL + NO.,       I
nitrogen, as indicated by the low NH,, concentrations as shown i'n Figure        •
IV - 5.   A high organic fraction (TKN-NH-) was evident throughout most
of the summer and fall, possibly resulting from extensive algal  growth.        I
E.  YORK RIVER
     1.   Mattaponi  River at Beulahville, Virginia                               I
     The river discharge was higher for the months of August 1969 and           •
December to May 1970 than for the remainder of the study period.  Except
for an increase during July 1969, however, concentrations of total and          •
inorganic phosphorus remained relatively constant throughout the study
period at 0.1  - 0.2 mg/1.  As evident from Figure IV - 6, a higher              I
organic fraction (TPO^-Pi) existed during the summer months of 1969.            •
This situation was similar to that observed in the Susquehanna River,
but to a lesser extent.                                                         •
     As can be seen in Figure IV - 7, TKN values were extremely high as
compared to N02 + NO., and NH., values.  The organic nitrogen fraction            I
(TKN-NH-) was, therefore, considerable throughout the study period,             •
particularly during the summer months.  It is interesting to note that
fluctuations in nitrate and ammonia nitrogen were minimal regardless of          I
season, whereas TKN varied widely.
                                                                                 I
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_                                                                            IV-15
                     The effects of hurricane Camille on the watersheds of the
I              Rappahannock, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi ,  the James  and the
                Chickahominy are evident from Figures V -  26 and V -  27.  The tropical
I              storm Camille caused extremely high flows  for the month of August 1969;
•              however, Figures IV - 6 and IV - 7 show that nutrient concentrations
                were not greatly affected.
•                   2 .   Pamunkey River at  Hanover, Virginia
                     The river discharge for the Pamunkey  River was also high for the
1              months of August 1969 and December to May  1970.  As illustrated in
•              Figure IV - 8, the organic  phosphorus fraction was practically absent
                during the months of November 1969 through  March 1970.   A larger organic
•              fraction was evident, however, during the  months of June through
                October 1969 and March through April  1970.   A reliable  correlation does
|              not appear to exist between streamflow and  phosphorus concentration  in
_              the Pamunkey.
                     The nitrogen data very nearly corresponds to that  of the Mattaponi
I              River.  TKN values were again very high when compared to N0? + NO, and
                NHL levels.  Of the various nitrogen  fractions, N0? + N0~ was the only
|              one that appeared to be directly related to streamflow.
_              F.   JAMES RIVER AT RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
                     Both total  and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in the James
I              River were relatively uniform and nearly always less  than 0.4 mg/1
                during the study period. As can be seen in Figure IV - 9, slight
|              increases in concentration  occurred during  the winter and spring months
_              when river flows were substantially higher.  The organic fraction was
™              more pronounced during the  spring and summer periods, presumably
 I
 I

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si
1  i
*  *
H  I
2  6 _
Ul  2 o
o< B

8  ^ 1

2IC
UJ  o:
5  >
                                                       '!/••! NOI1VH1N33N03
                                                                                          IV-8


-------
•                                                                            IV-17
                because  of the  presence  of  algae.
I                   Concentrations  of N0~  +  NO., nitrogen,  however,  appeared  to decrease
                during the high flow periods  of January  to  May  1970, although  consider-
|              able  fluctuation throughout the study  period was noted.  An examination
_              of Figure  IV  -  9 also reveals  drastic  variation in TKN  levels, from
™              0.2 mg/1 to 2.0 mg/1 , with  seasonal  patterns not evident.
I                   Ammonia  nitrogen concentrations were generally  higher during the
                winter and spring with maximum concentrations exceeding 0.3 mg/1.  The
I              minimum  summer  levels (0.1  mg/1) shown in Figure IV  - 9 were  probably
_              caused by  nitrification.  Biostimulation may be a significant  factor
                in the July to  October 1969 period  since nitrate levels were  at a
•              minimum  while an abundance  of  organic  nitrogen was present during that
                period.
|              G. CHICKAHOMINY RIVER AT PROVIDENCE FORGE, VIRGINIA
_                   According  to Figure  IV -  10, high concentrations of total and in-
*              organic  phosphorus  (>0.5 mg/1) occurred  during  the periods of  July to
•              December 1969 and May to August 1970 when streamflows were relatively
                low.  During  the high flow  period of January to April 1970, concentrations
|              of total and  inorganic phosphorus were somewhat negligible, but increased
_              appreciably during the summer  months.
•                   Figure IV  - 10  illustrates the extremely high TKN  values  and re-
•              latively low  NO- + N03 and  NH., levels, except for the May-August 1970
                period.  Consequently, the  organic  nitrogen fraction was quite evident
|              during the period of June 1969 through April 1970.   Considerable
                fluctuation characterized the  TKN concentrations observed during this
•              study.   The continued increase in NhL  during the latter part of the
•              study  is particularly noteworthy.

I

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                                                                                                                                                         I
Si
O  5
o  y  -

o  °=  S

K  <  -
Z  K
UJ  U
                            (!/*•) NOI1VH1KT7N03

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O
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M
   o
                                                                                          [I/8")  NOUYbiN33N03

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                                                                      V-l


                                      CHAPTER V

                    Nutrient Loadings and Relative Contributions


         A.  Delineation of Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed)*

              The daily nutrient contributions (Ibs/day) from the eight major

         tributary watersheds for the period of June 1969 through August 1970

         are illustrated in Figures V - 1 through V - 17.

              For the 15-month period, the average daily nutrient contributions

         (Ibs/day) to the Chesapeake Bay from the major tributary watersheds

         are as follows:

                                     Table V - 1

                              Average Daily Nutrient Contributions (Ibs/day)
Susquehanna River at
Conowingo, Maryland

Patuxent River at
Route 50 (John Hanson
Highway)

Potomac River at
Great Falls, Md.

Rappahannock River at
Fredericksburg,  Va.

Mattaponi  River at
Beulahville, Va.
T. P04
as P04
59,000
5,000
45,000
3,000
1,000
1 ,000
600
7,000
Pi
34,000
3,000
19,000
2,000
500
1,000
400
5,000
TKN
as N
130,000
4,000
69,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
900
19,000
as N
230,000
2,000
87,000
5,400
400
1,000
200
15,000
NH3
as N
42,000
2,000
12,000
1,000
300
600
100
5,000
TOC
576,000
18,000
363,000
40,000
21 ,000
36,000
15,000
169,000
•  Pamunkey River at
™  Hanover, Va.

    IChickahominy River at
    Providence Forge, Va.

I    James River at
    Richmond, Va.

I    Calculated from observed data:   nutrient load (Ibs/day) = nutrient concentration
     (mg/1) x river discharge (cfs)  x 5.38
I

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                                                               V-2               •
     The seasonal  nature of nutrient enrichment of the  Chesapeake Bay
is apparent when Figures V - 1  through V -  17 are  examined  in  relation           J
to the three distinct time periods  of June  1969 through October 1969,            —
November 1969 through May 1970, and June 1970 through August  1970.               ™
Estimated seasonal  nutrient loadings for each tributary watershed                •
based on observed nutrient loadings taken from these figures  are
presented as follows:                                                           |

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

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                                                                  V-3
    Nutrient
    Loadi ngs
    (Ibs/day)

T.P04 as P04

Inorganic
Phosphorus

T.K.N. as N
N02 + N03 as N

NH3 as N

T.O.C.
                                Table V - 2

                         Seasonal  Nutrient Loadings
                  Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
June 1969 through
  October 1969
     11,000



      3,000

     48,000

     50,000

     21 ,000

    250,000
  November 1969
through May 1970



     96,000



     56,000

    185,000

    365,000

     54,000

  1,000,000
June 1970 through
   August 1970
      19,000



      13,000

      71 ,000

      73,000

      32,000

     490,000

-------
                           SUSQUEHANNA  RIVER  AT  CONOWINGO. MARYLAND

                                  ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
                                                 TPO. at PO4
1.000.000 -
   I.OOO _
          JUN    JUL    AUG    SEP     OCT    NOV    DEC
                                                        JAN    fiB     MAR    APR    MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
                                          INORGANIC  PHOSPHORUS  o« PO»
         JUN    JUL  '   AUG  '  SEP     OCT    NOV.  '  DEC     JAN  '  FEB     MAR     APR    MAY     JUN     JUL    AUG.
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                             SUSQUEHANNA  RIVER AT CONOWINGO.  MARYLAND


                               ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS   (CONTINUED)
                                                    TKN 01 N
   10.000 :



   5.000
          JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC
                                                          JAN     FEB

                                                         	- 1870
                                                                        MAR    APR    MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
                                                   NO, • NO, 
-------
                            SUSQUEHANNA  RIVER  AT  CONOWINGO, MARYLAND


                               ACTUAL DAILY  NUTRIENT   LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
                                                   NH, Qi N
- 100.000 -
   10.000 -
          	1	1	1	1	1	1	
           JUN     JUL    AUG    SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
	1	1	1	1	1	1	
 JAN     FES    MAR    APR    MAY     JUN    JUL
                                                       TOC
f 1.000.000 ;

1
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV     DEC
                                                           JAN     FEB    MAR    APR     MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
                                                                                                              V-3
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                           PATUXENT  RIVER  AT ROUTE  50   (JOHN  HANSON  HIGHWAY!


                                         ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
                                                       TPO,« PO4
            JUN     JUL     AUG.    SEP     OCT     NOV.     DEC
                                                              JAN     FEB     MAR    APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                               INORGANIC  PHOSPHORUS  a.  PO«
9   1.000 -
            JUN     JUL     AUG    SEP    OCT      NOV     DEC
                                                              JAN     FEB     MAR    APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AU'
3
I   1.000 ;
          	1	1	1	1	1	1	
           JUN    JUL     AUG     StP     OCT     NOV    DEC

                                                  1969 •«	—
	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	r~
 JAN     FEB    MAR    APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG

	• 1970

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                       FATUXENT  RIVER AT  ROUTE  50   (JOHN HANSON  HIGHWAY!

                              ACTUAL DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS  (CONTINUED)
                                               NO, * NO, at N
       JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     MOV    DEC
                                                       JAN    FEB     MAR     APR    MAV     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                                  NH, o> N
WOO -
       JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                       JAN     FEB     MAR    APR    MAV     JUN    JUL     AUG
       JUN.    JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                       JAN.    Ft!    MAR.    APR     MAV     JUN.   JUL     AUO
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                                            Table V - 3
•                                  Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
                          Patuxent River at Route 50 (John  Hanson  Highway)
I             Nutrient            June 1969 through      November 1969      June  1970  through
               Loadings              October 1969       through May 1970       August  1970
-             dbs/day)
           T.P04 as P04                  2,000                7,000                4,000
           •Inorganic
           Phn^nhnru
Phosphorus                    2,000                3,000                 2,000

T.K.N.  as N                   2,000                5,000                 2,000

N02 + N03 as N                2,000                3,000                 2,000
           NH3 as N                      1,000                3,000                   700
           T.O.C.                       12,000               24,000                12,000


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 zocxooo  -


  100.000  -
JJ

J  10000  :
ZjOOO.000  -



I.OOOOOO  ;
.J IOO.OOO  ;


£
  10.000  :
                                 POTOMAC  RIVER  AT   GREAT   FALLS.  MARYLAND


                                          ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
                                                        TPO.oi  PO4
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT      NOV     DEC      JAN     FEB     MAR     APR    MAV     JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP

                                                     1969 ••	" 1970
                                                 INORGANIC  PHOSPHORUS o. PO4
           JUN     JUU     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                                JAN     FEB     MAR    APR     MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG    SEP
           JUN     JUL     AUG.     SIP    OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                                JAN     FCe     MAR.    APR

                                                               	> 1970
                                                                                                      JUN     JUL.     AUG    see
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1.000000  ;
 KXXOOO  ;
                               POTOMAC  RIVER AT  GREAT  FALLS.  MARYLAND


                                  ACTUAL DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS (CONTINUED!



                                                    NO, * NO, o« N
          JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     MOV    DtC
                                                           JAN     FEB     MAR     APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG    SEP
                                                      NH, oi N
          JUN     JUL     AUO    SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                           JAN     FED    MAR     APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     ALO    SEP
          JUN     JUL     AUG
                                    I       I       I
                               SEP     OCT     MOV    OCC.
	    I       I	
 JAN     Fit     MAD
	1	1       I	1	
 MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG    SEP

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                                                                    V-10
    Nutrient
    Loadings
    (Ibs/day)

T.P04 as P04


Inorganic
Phosphorus

TKN as N
N09 + NO, as N
  L.     3
NH3 as N
T.O.C.
                                 Table  V  -  4

                         Seasonal  Nutrient  Loadings
                   Potomac River at Great Falls,  Maryland
June 1969 through
  October 1969
     16,000



      6,000

     33,000

     22,000


      5,000


    272,000
  November 1969
through May 1970
     66,000



     26,000

     98,000

    132,000


     16,000


    489,000
June 1970 through
   August 1970
      15,000



       8,000

      30,000

      35,000


       5,000


     202,000
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                                                                             V-13
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                                            Table V - 5
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_                                  Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
•                        Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia
               •Nutrient          June 1969 through      November 1969      June 1970 through
               Loadings            October 1969*      through May 1970        August 1970
               Tibs/day)
•         T.P04 as P04                1,000                 5,000                 500
_         Inorganic
•         Phosphorus                    500                 3,000                 500
           T.K.N. as N                 3,000                 9,000               2,000
I         N02 + N03 as N              2,000                 9,000               1,000
•         NH3 as N                      500                 2,000                 200
_         T.O.C.                     32,000                57,000              23,000

I
           *  Extreme river discharge of July 31, 1969 is reflected in nutrient loadings
              for this period

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                        RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT  FREDERICKSBURG.  VIRGINIA

                                    ACTUAL DAILY  NUTRIENT   LOADINGS


                                                 TPO4  04 PO4
      	1	1	1	1	1	1	
       JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC
	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1-
 JAN     FEB     WAR    APR    MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
                                         INORGANIC  PHOSPHORUS  01 PO4
      	1	1	1	1	1	I	
       JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC
                                                       JAN    FEB     MAR    APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
1.000 ;
      	1	1	1       I	1	1	
       JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                       JAN    FEB    MAR    APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                                                                                               V-8
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                           RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKSBURG.  VIRGINIA


                                ACTUAL DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS (CONTINUED)





                                                 NO, * NO, ai N
                                                         JAN     FEB

                                                           • 1970
                                                    NH, a. N
          JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC
                                                         JAN     FEB    MAR    APR    MAY     JUN    JUL    AUC
 zoaooo

 100000
o laooo :
         JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     NOV     DEC
                                                         JAN    FEB     MAR     APR    MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG

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                             Table  V  -  6

                     Seasonal  Nutrient  Loadings
              Mattaponi  River at Beulahville,  Virginia
Nutrient
Loading
(Ibs/day)
 T.P04 as P04
 Inorganic
 Phosphorus
June 1969 through
  October 1969*
 T.K.N. as N
           as N
 NH3 as N
 T.O.C.


1


23
400
200
,500
200
500
,000
  November 1969
through May 1970
                            600



                            700


                          2,500


                            600


                            400


                         25,000
 *  Extreme river discharges of August 7 and August 28, 1969 are reflected
    in nutrient  loadings for their period.
V-16





June 1970 through
August 1970
200
100
700
100
TOO
8,000


are reflected


1
1
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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1
1
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1
1

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                                MATTAPONI   RIVER  AT   BEULAHVILLE.  VIRGINIA

                                       ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
                                                    TPO, oi PO,
           JUN     JUL    AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC
                                                           JAN     FEB     WAR    APR    MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
                                             INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS 01 PO,
JUN
— 1 	
JUL
—I 	
AUG
— 1 	
SEP
— r 	
OCT
I — 1 ' ' -
NOV DEC
JAN FEB
1
MAR
1 	
APR
-T '
MAY
1
JUN
JUL
1
AUG
O   1.000  :
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC
                                                           JAN    FEB     MAR     APR    MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
                                                                                                                V-IO

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                      MATTAPONI    RIVER  AT  BEULAHVILLE.  VIRGINIA

                        ACTUAL  DAILY NUTRIENT   LOADINGS  (CONTINUED)
                                          NO, * NO, at N
	1	1	1	
 JUN     JUL     AUG.     SEP
~1	1	
   NOV    DEC

      1069 *	
                                                  JAN     FEBL

                                                 	*- 1970
                                                                MAR.    APR     MAY
	1	1	T
 JUN     JUL     AUG
                                             NH, 01 N
 JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                  JAN.    FEa    MAX    APR    MAY      JUN    JUL    AUG
 JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DCC
                                                   JAN     FES    MAR     APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
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                                                                               V-19
    Nutrient
    Loadings
    (Ibs/day)

T.P04 as P04


Inorgani c
Phosphorus

T.K.N. as N
N02 + N03 as N
""3

T.O.C.
    as N
                                 Table  V  -  7

                         Seasonal  Nutrient  Loadings
                     Pamunkey River at  Hanover,  Virginia
June 1969 through
  October 1969*
      1,000
  November 1969
through May 1970



      2,000
June 1970 through
   August 1970
       200
500
3,000
900
500
65,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
35,000
200
1,000
200
200
6,000
*  Extreme river discharges  of July  31,  1969,  and  August  7  and August  28,  1969
   are reflected in nutrient loadings  for this period.

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£  1.000 ;
                                    PAMUNKEY   RIVER   AT  HANOVER. VIRGINIA

                                         ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
                                                       TPO, 01 PO.
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                              JAN     FIB     MAR    APR     MAV     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                               INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS  01  PO4
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV     DEC
                                                              JAN     FES     MAR    APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                                        TKN 0. N
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OrT     NOV     DEC
                                                              JAN     FEB     MAR    APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                                                                                                     V-12
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                                    PAMUNKEY   RIVER  AT  HANOVER.  VIRGINIA

                                   ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS  (CONTINUED)
                                                     NO, * NO, o« N
          JUN     JUL     AOO     SEP    OCT     NOV     DEC
                                                              JAN     FEB     MAR    APR     MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG
5

O   100
                                                        NH, 01 N
           JUN     JUL     AUG     S£P     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                              JAN    FEB     MAR     APR     MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG
         - 1 - 1 - 1 - 1
          JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT
                                               NOV    OCC
	1       I       I	1	1	1       i	
 JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG

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Nutrient
Loadings
(Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04
Inorganic
Phosphorus
T.K.N. as N
NO- + NOo as
NH3 as N
T.O.C.

* Extreme ri
reflected




V-22 |
1
1
1
Table V - 8 ™
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings 1
James River at Richmond, Virginia •
June 1969 through November 1969 June 1970 throug*
October 1969* through May 1970 August 1970 |

8,000 8,00'0 700 1
4,000 7,000 600 |
22,000 23,000 5,000
N 12,000 20,000 9,000 •
2,000 7,000 400 •
218,000 203,000 41,000 •
1
ver discharges during the months of July and August 1969 are |
in nutrient loadings for this period.
1
1
1
1

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-i 10.000
-S
                                        JAMES  RIVER  AT  RICHMOND.  VIRGINIA

                                           ACTUAL  DAK.Y NUTRIENT   LOADINGS
                                                          TPO4 at P04
_ 10.000 ;
           	i	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	r
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC     JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                                     1969 «	1	* 1970


                                                  INORGANIC  PHOSPHORUS   01 POA
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                                 JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
  100.000  ;
Z 10000  -


I
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV     DEC
                                                                 JAN    FEB     MAR    APR     MAY     JUN    JUL     AUG

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                                        JAMES  RIVER  AT RICHMOND. VIRGINIA

                                    ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT   LOADINGS  (CONTINUED^
.  ICkOOC -
                                                        NO, • NO, 01 N
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SCP     OCT      NOV     DEC
                                                                 JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG
           	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	r
            JUN     JUL     AUG     StP     OCT      NOV     DEC  |   JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN.     JL-L     AUG

                                                     1969 »	1	*- 1970
   10400




   5.000
            JUN.     JUL     AUG.     SEP     OCT
                                                  NOV    DEC.

                                                     1888 ••
 JAN.    FEB.     MAR     APR

	•• WTO
                                                                                               MAY     JUN     JUL      AUG
                                                                                                                             V-15
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•                                                                          V-25




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                                           Table V - 9

•                                 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
                        Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia

|            Nutrient          June 1969 through      November 1969      June 1970 through
              Loadings            October 1969*      through May 1970        August 1970
_            (Ibs/day)

•        T.P04 as P04                1,000                  500                 200


•        Inorganic
m        Phosphorus                    700                  400                 100

•        T.K.N. as N                 1,000                1 ,000                 200



I


I        T.O.C.                     34,000               12,000               2,000



I



          *  Extreme river discharges of July 31, 1969 and August 7 and August 28,  1969
_           are reflected in nutrient loadings for this period.




I


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I
N02 + N03 as N                300                   300                   70



NH3 as N                      100                   100                   20

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-  1.000  -
_  1.000  -
                             CHICKAHQMINY  RIVER AT  PROVIDENCE  FORGE. VIRGINIA

                                         ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT   LOADINGS
                                                       TPO4 01 PO4
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC
                                                              JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                               INORGANIC  PHOSPHORUS  at PO4
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV     DEC
                                                              JAN     FEB    MAR     APR     MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG
           JUN     JUL    AUG     SEP     OCT
                                               NOV     DEC

                                                  1868 •<	
JAN     FEB    MAR     APR     MAY

 '•'•* 1970
                                                                                                   JUN     JUL     AUG
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                 CHICKAHOMINY  RIVER AT PROVIDENCE  FORGE. VIRGINIA

                      ACTUAL  DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
                                       NO, * NO, 01 N
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
!
NOV Di" C
I
JAN F£B
1
MAR
APR
1
MAY
JUN
1
JUL
1 1
AUG
                                         NH, as N
 JUN    JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     h*OV    DEC
                                               JAN    FEB    MA 9    APR    MAY     JUN     JUL    AUG
	1	1	1	1	1	1	

 JUN    JUL     AUG    SEP     OCT    NOV     DEC
	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	

 JAN    FEB     MAR    APR   MAY    JUN    JUL    AUG

-------
I
                                                               V-28         •

     As exhibited, nutrient contributions to the Chesapeake  Bay from

major watersheds based on calculated loadings using  observed data  in-        I

dicate two distinct observations:   (1)  the predominate  influence of three

principal watersheds on the nutrient balance in the  Chesapeake Bay--        •

the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and  the James River and  (2)  the seasonal       •

nature of nutrient input to the Chesapeake Bay.

     In the following section the  observed data is extrapolated using        •

linear regression relationships and mean monthly flow  data.   Nutrient

loadings calculated in this manner reduce the biased nature  of a limited    •

sampling program and are a realistic presentation of the observed  data.

B.  REGRESSION ANALYSIS

     1.  Analytical Framework                                               •

     In order to establish a statistically valid relationship between

nutrient loadings and stream flow, a series of regression  analyses of        •

the mean river discharge and nutrient loadings were performed at each        •

station and for each parameter using both linear and log transforms.

     The following expressions were utilized in the final  regression        •

formulation:

     L - a] Qb                           	V -  1         I

     which may be transformed to                                            •

     Log 1QL = a + b log]0 Q             	V -  2

where                                                                       I

     L = nutrient loadings (Ibs/day)

     Q = river discharge  (cfs)                                              •

     a = constant defining the y intercept on  log-log  plot  (a^ = 10a)        •

     b = exponent defing the slope of the curve in the form of
         Equation V - 2.                                                    _
I

-------
I                                                                             v"29
                     This equation represents an expotential function which is linear
•              when plotted on log-log paper.  The "b" term, or slope, is of particular
•              importance since it signifies the rate at which nutrient loadings increase
                for any given flow.
I                   The equation used to calculate nutrient loadings is
                     L = N x Q x 5.38
•              where
•                   L = nutrient load (Ibs/day)
                     N = nutrient concentration (mg/1)
I                   Q = river discharge (cfs)
                  5.38 = conversion factor
•                   It should be noted that the above form of the equation results in
•              a biased analysis of L (nutrient loadings) versus Q (river discharge).
                     The derived least squares regression equations (Equation V - 2) and
•              related statistics which describe nutrient load-streamflow relationships
                for each tributary watershed are presented in this report.
•                   Utilization of the derived regression equations and graphs enable
•              the calculation of nutrient loadings at each sampling station using either
                the mean monthly flows which occurred during the study period or any other
•              desirable flow.  The use of mean monthly flows in nutrient load calculations
                reduces the biased nature of a limited sampling program which realized
|              only approximately 5 samples per month per station during the entire
M              study period.
                     2.  Regression Loadings (calculated)
I                   A regression analysis of nutrient loadings (Ibs/day) versus river
                discharge (cfs) was performed for every station in the study network.
I

I

-------
                                                               V-30
     These regression analyses were calculated using the United States
I
Geological Survey Statistical  Package (STATPAC) - a computer program
which eliminates the cumbersome task of manual  calculation of regression        I
data for each parameter at every tributary watershed.
     Least squares regression lines in the form of Equation V - 2,              |
which describe the nutrient load - streamflow relationships for each            •
parameter at the Susquehanna River station, are illustrated in Figures
V - 18 through V - 23.  Only the regression lines for the Susquehanna           I
River station are presented because of the major importance of the
Susquehanna River and also for the sake of brevity.  The least squares          |
regression lines (log-log plots) show the dependence of nutrient                •
loadings for any particular river discharge and also verify the
reliability of the regression extrapolation (to visualize the correla-          I
tions of the observed data to the regression lines).
     The regression equations, correlation coefficients and related             |
statistics utilized to determine the extrapolated nutrient loadings at          _
each station in the sampling network are presented in Tables V - 10
through V - 17.  The regression equation in the form of Equation V - 1          I
was used to compute the nutrient loadings.
                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

                                                                                I

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                     The mean monthly nutrient input (Ibs/day)  to the Chesapeake
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™              V  - 18 through V  - 24.
•                   The nitrogen and phosphorus inputs  to the  Chesapeake Bay from
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                                                      V-24

-------
  PHOSPHORUS INPUT TO CHESAPEAKE BAY
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V-55
1
1
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C. DELINEATION OF MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (REGRESSION)*
The tabulation of seasonal nutrient loadings for the major
tributary watersheds based on regression extrapolation for the peri
of June 1969 through October 1969, November 1969 through May 1970,
and June 1970 through August 1970 are presented in Tables V - 25,
V - 26, and V -
27, respectively. The seasonal nature of nutrient
ods

enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay is apparent v/hen the 15-month study
period is subdi




Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac
Rapnahannock**
Mattaponi***

Pamunkey***
Chickahominy***
James***


* Calculated from
vided into three distinct time periods:
Table V - 25
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolati
June 1969 through October 1969
(Ibs/day)
T. PQ. TKN NO- + NO. NH~
as POj Pi as N ^ as NJ as^N
9,000 5,000 44,000 52,000 15,000
9,000 4,000 17,000 14,000 3,000
500 300 2,000 1,400 300
200 200 600 100 100

400 300 1 ,400 400 200
400 200 400 200 100
3,000 2,000 9,000 10,000 1,500


observed data using mean monthly flows and derived


on)


TOC
220,000
137,000
18,000
9,000

14,000
6,000
75,000



regression equations
1
1
1
1
** Months of July 1
*** Month of August



969 and August 1969 excluded due to extreme river di
1969 excluded due to extreme river discharge



scharge




-------
Table V - 26
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation
November 1969 through May 1970
(Ibs/day)
Tributary
Watershed

Susquehanna
Potomac
Rappahannock

Mattaponi
Pamunkey
Chickahominy
James


T. P04
as P04

58,000
36,000
3,000

700
1,300
600
8,000


Seasonal Nutrient
June 1

Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac

Rappahannock
Mattaponi
Pamunkey
Chickahominy
James

* Calculated
regression




T. P04
«J!°4__
*T 	
14,000
14,000

500
200
200
200
1 ,000

from observed
equations


TKN
Pi as N

37,000 143,000
16,000 52,000
1,500 6,000

600 1 ,900
800 3,000
400 1 ,000
5,000 22,000

Table V - 27
N02 + N03
as N

261 ,000
102,000
6,000

500
1,400
300
19,000


Loadings (Regression Extrapolation
970 through August 1970
(Ibs/day)

TKN
Pi as N
7,000 57,000
3,000 24,000

300 1 ,400
200 400
100 500
200 200
600 3,000



N00 + NO,
2 o
as N
72,000
24,000

800
100
200
100
5,000

data using mean monthly flows and






V-56
)*
NH
3
as N

42,000
9,000
1,000

300
600
100
5,000


)*


NH3
as N
19,000
4,000

200
100
100
50
500

derived




TOC

820,000
380,000
45,000

27,000
37,000
14,000
173,000






TOC
293,000
188,000

12,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
32,000





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V-57
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Based on these loadings, the majority of nontidal nutrient input
to the Chesapeake
May 1970 (a period
below:
Time
Period
June 1969 through
October 1969
November 1969
through May 1970
June 1970 through
August 1970
In addition,
when the majority
occurred during the months of November 1969 through
of high river discharges) as shown in the table
Seasonal Nutrient Contribution (%)

T. PO. NO. + NO. NH-
as POj Pi TKN ^as N as^N TOC
14 14 19 14 20 19
67 73 59 68 57 60
19 13 22 18 23 21
during the period November 1969 through May 1970,
of nutrients were transported into the Chesapeake
Bay via nontidal discharges, the primary sources of nutrients were the
three major watersheds; the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James River
Table V - 28
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac
Rappahannock
Mattaponi
Pamunkey
Chickahominy
James


Tributary Contributions
(Nutrient Loadings as %)
T. PO. TKN M0? + NO., NH.
as POj Pi as N as N 6 as^N TOC
54 60 62 66 72 55
34 26 23 26 16 25
3 33 2 <2 3
1 11 <1 <1 2
7 8 10 5 9 12



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                                                              V-58             •
    As exhibited in the previous tables, the tributary contributions
reflect two distinct observations which can be made with regard to             I
nutrient enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay:   (1) the predominant influence
of three principal  watersheds on the nutrient balance of the Chesapeake        I
Bay—the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the  James and (2) the seasonal           •
nature of nutrient  enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay.
    Based on observed data and substantiated by linear regression              •
extrapolation of observed data using mean monthly flows, the majority
of nutrients transported into the Chesapeake Bay via nontidal  discharges       |
occurred during the period November 1969 through May 1970.   In addition,       m
during this same time period, the primary sources of nutrients to the
Bay were the three  principal  watersheds:  the Susquehanna,  the Potomac,        •
and the James.*  Of these three watersheds, the Susquehanna exerts the
greatest influence  on the nutrient balance  in the Bay.  Nutrient control       |
in this major watershed should result in restored nutrient  balance in          M
the Upper Chesapeake Bay.
D.  COMPARISON OF OBSERVED DAILY LOADINGS AND MEAN MONTHLY  LOADINGS            I
    BASED ON REGRESSION EXTRAPOLATION                                          •
    The mean monthly nutrient loadings calculated from observed data           •
usinq mean monthly  flows and the aforementioned regression  relationships
are •) realistic extrapolation that eliminates the biased nature of the         I
limited sampling program.
    A comparison between the observed daily nutrient loadings and              •
mean monthly nutrient loadings based on regression extrapolation show          •
significant differences.  When sampling occurred on days of high flow,
                                                                               I
* also for the periods of June 1969 through October 1969 and June
  1970 through August 1970
                                                                               I
                                                                               I

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                                                                             V-59

•              the monthly loadings estimate based on these daily readings will be much
•              higher than when irregular flows are absorbed over the entire monthly
                period as is done in the regression analyses.
•                   The relationship between mean monthly flow (used for nutrient loading
                calculation) and observed daily flow on particular sampling days is
•              presented in Figures V - 26 arid V - 27.  Mean monthly nutrient loadings based
•              on extrapolated regression analyses and actual daily loadings at the
                Susquehanna River station are presented in Figures V-28, V-29 and V-30.
I                   As can be seen, the use of mean monthly flows eliminates the biased
                nature of extreme periods of flow during which sampling may have occurred.
8              Also, the calculated mean loadings are realistic when compared to the
•              daily loading fluctuation for the Susquehanna River and for all other
                tributary watersheds.
•                   Of major concern is the control of nutrients from these upstream
                sources, especially the Susquehanna since it contributes in excess of 50
•              percent of all nutrients to the Chesapeake Bay.  During the significant
•              period of November 1969 through May 1970, which just precedes the ideal
                alyal bloom season in the bay, the Susquehanna River Basin contributed
•              54 percent of total phosphorus, 60 percent of inorganic phosphorus, 62
                percent of total kjeldahl nitrogen, 66 percent of nitrite-nitrate nitrogen,
I              72 percent of ammonia nitrogen and 55 percent of total organic carbon
•              entering the Bay from the major tributary watersheds.  As these upstream
                sources are brought under control on a seasonal or annual basis, especially
•              in the Susquehanna River Basin, corresponding reduction in nuisance
                conditions in the Chesapeake Bay should result.
|                   The importance of the vitality of the Susquehanna River to the
                ecological health of the Chesapeake Bay cannot, therefore be overstated.
I
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 1.000000  -
                                                   RIVER   DISCHARGES

                                              (MEAN MONTHLY  vt. OBSERVED)
                                        SUSQUEHANNA RIVER  AT CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
£ 100.000  -
                                                               LESEHP.
                                                               	 MEAN MONTHLY  RIVER DISCHARGE

                                                               	DAILY RIVER DISCHARGE
    IXXXI
            JUN.     JUL     AUG     SEP.     OCT      NOV     DEC
                                                                   JAN     FED     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                            POTOMAC RIVER AT GREAT  FALLS. MARYLAND
  100.000 -
                                                                     MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE


                                                                     DAILY  RIVER DISCHARGE
     soo
             JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT      NOV     DEC
                                                                   JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY      JUN    JUL     AUG
                                        RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKS8URG. VIRGINIA
    IO.OOO -
                                                                LEGEND

                                                                	 MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE

                                                                	 DAILY RIVER  DISCHARGE
            	1	1	1	1	1	1	
             JUN      JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT      NOV      DEC.
	1	1	1	1	1	1	1	r
 JAN     FE8      MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
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                                          RIVER  DISCHARGES  (CONTINUED)


                                             (MEAN  MONTHLY  <».  OBSERVED)



                                            PAMUNKEY  RIVER AT HANOVER. VIRGINIA
                                                                MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE


                                                                DAILY RIVER DISCHARGE
                                                                                                        JUN     JUL     AUG
                                          MATTAPONI  RIVER  AT  BEULAHVILLE.  VIRGINIA
                                                                                       A  A
            JUN     JUL     AUG
                                              JAHES RIVER AT RICHMOND. VIRGINIA
                                                                MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE


                                                                DAILV RIVER DISCHARGE
            JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV     DEC
                                                                  JAN     FEB     MAR    APR     MAY      JUN     JUL      HUG
                                       CHICKAHOMINY RIVER AT PROVIDENCE FORGE.  VIRGINIA
a   100 -
            JUN     JUL

-------
                      SUSQUEHANNA  RIVER  AT CONOWINGO.  MARYLAND
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (REGRESSION)  VS. ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT  UWDINGS  (OBSERVED)
                                          RIVER DISCHARGE
        LEGEND

        	 MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
  	1	1	1	1	1	1	
   JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV     DEC
	1	1	1	r	1	1	1	
 JAN     FEB     MAR     APR    MAY     JUN     JUL     AUG
                                             TPO4 a. PO4






            MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS  IBASEO ON REGRESSION  EXTRAPOLATIONI


            ACTUAL  DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
   	1	'	1	1	1	1	1	

    JUN     JUL    AUG     SEP    OCT    NOV    DEC

                                         I9«9 *	
	1	r—~—i	r	1	1	1	r
 JAN.    FEB    MAR    APR     MAV     JUN    JUL     AUG
	•• 1970
                                                                                                            V-28
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                                SUSQUEHANNA   RIVER AT  CONOWINGO.  MARYLAND

                                            NUTRIENT  LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
                                                NOROANIC PHOSPHORUS  u PO4
               LtGENO

               — MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS


               	 ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
           JUN   '  JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT  T  NOV   '  DEC
 JAN     ftt   '  Ut.R  '^  APR  '  MAY  1  JUN  '   JUL   '   AUG.
:? loaooo  ;
   10000  :


   5.000
                   MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT  LOADINGS


                   ACTUAL DAILY  NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
           JUN     JUL     AUG     SEP     OCT
                                                 NOV     DEC

                                                    1989 1—
 JAN     FEB

	.•  1970
                                                                               MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL      AUG
                                                        NO, » NO, 01 N
£ lOttOOO  ;
               LEGEND

               	 MEAN  MONTHLY NUTRIENT  LOADINGS
           JUN     JUL     AUG      SEP     OCT     NOV    DEC

                                                    1469 •
 JAN     FEB     MAR     APR     MAY     JUN     JUL

	«• 1970

-------
                             SUSQIjEHANNA  RIVER AT  CONQWINGO.  MARYLAND


                                         NUTRIENT LOADINGS  (CONTINUED)
                                                       NH, at N
 1*00.000 -
                  ULfiiMC

                  	 MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
                       ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
                  JUL    AUG     SEP     OCT     NOV.     DEC.     JAN    FEB     MAR     APR     MAY      JUN     JUL     AUG
    1.000
                                                          T.O.C
IO.OOO.000 .
  lOOjOOO -
                  LEGEND

                  	  MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
                       ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
                  JUL     AUG     SEP    OCT     NOV     DEC

                                                   1969  "	
                                                             	1	1	1	1	
                                                              JAN.     FES     MAR     APR    MAY
                                                                                                   JUN.    JUL     AUG
                                                                                                                    V-30
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APPENDIX

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 I

 I                  The following STATPAC codes  are  utilized  for the data presented
 •             in the Appendix to indicate parameter irregularities:
                Code                                 Description
 •               N       Not detected,  looked for not found,  or less than some
                          indefinite lower limit  of analytical  sensitivity.

 •               H       Interference in the analysis.

 •               L       Concentration  is less than  some  stated lower  limit of
                          analytical sensitivity.

 •               G       Concentration  greater than  some  stated upper  limit of
                          sensitivity.
 I
                  B       No data - blank.
 I
 M                T       Trace, concentration is  near the  lower limit  of sensitivity.

 I

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                            REFERENCES


 1.   Clark,  L.  J.,  "Mine  Drainage in the North Branch Potomac River Basin,"       •
     Technical  Report  No.  13, CTSL, MAR, FWPCA, U.S. Department of the
     Interior,  August  1969.                                                       •

 2.   Oaworski,  N. A.,  "Nutrients in the Upper Potomac River Basin,"
     Technical  Report  No.  15. CTSL, MAR, FWPCA, U.S. Department of the           —
     Interior,  August  1969.                                                       I
 3.   Jaworski,  N.  A.,  L.  J.  Clark,  and  K. D.  Feigner,  "A Water Resource-
     Water Supply  Study of  the  P
     CTSL, WQO,  EPA, April  1971.
Water Supply Study of the Potomac Estuary,"  Technical  Report  No.  35,          I
 4.   Chesapeake  Bay-Susquehanna  River  Basin  Project,  "Water Quality and           •
     Pollution Control  Study-York  River  Basin," Working Document No. 12,          J
     MAR,  FWPCA,  U.  S.  Department  of the  Interior, April  1967.

 5.   Chesapeake  Bay-Susquehanna  River  Basin  Project,  "Water Quality and           •
     Pollution Control  Study-James  River  Basin," Working  Document No. 14,         *
     MAR,  FWPCA,  U.  S.  Department  of the  Interior, June 1967.

 6.   Chesapeake  Bay-Susquehanna  River  Basin  Project,  "Water Quality and           m
     Pollution Control  Study-Patuxent  River  Basin," Working Document
     No.  15,  MAR,  FWPCA,  U.  S. Department of the Interior, May  1967.              •

 7.   Chesapeake  Bay-Susquehanna  River  Basin  Project,  "Water Quality and
     Pollution Control  Study-Potomac River Basin," Working Document               _
     No.  17,  MAR,  FWPCA,  U.  S. Department of the  Interior^, June 1967.             •

 8.   Susquehanna  River  Basin Study Coordinating Committee, "Susquehanna
     River Basin  Study,"  June 1970.                                               •

 9.   Governor's  Patuxent  River Watershed  Advisory Committee,  "The
     Patuxent River  - Maryland's Responsibility," July  1968.                      •

10.   John  Hopkins  University, "Report  on  the Patuxent River Basin,
     Maryland,"  June 1966.                                                        _

11.   Chesapeake  Bay  Institute, The Johns  Hopkins University,  Technical            ™
     Report )QL  Data Report  32,  "Physical  and Chemical  Limnology of
     Conowinga Reservoir, Whaley,  R. C.,  June 1960.                               •

12.   Philadelphia Electric Company, Interim  Report,"Thermal Effects on
     Conowingo  Pond  Resulting from the Operation of Two New Nuclear               •
     Generating  Units at  Peach Bottom  Atomic Power  Station, York County,          |
     Pennsylvania,"  January  1968.

13.   Federal  Water Pollution Control Administration,  "Report  on the               •
     Committee on Water Quality  Criteria," U. S. Department of  the                •
     Interior, April 1968.
                                                                                 I

                                                                                 I

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