U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
CHESAPEAKE BAY
NUTRIENT INPUT STUDY
Technical Report 47
Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Annapolis Field Office
September 1972
MIDDLE ATLANTIC REGION-1 If 6th and Walnut Streets, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
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Annapolis Field Office
Region III
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Environmental Protection Agency
CHESAPEAKE BAY
NUTRIENT INPUT STUDY
Technical Report 47
September 1972
Victor Guide
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Orterio Villa, Jr.
I Supporting Staff
IJohan A. Aalto, Director, AFO
Leo J. Clark, Chief, Engineering Section
James W. Marks, Chief, Laboratory Section
_ Conly DeBord, Draftsman
Tangie Brown, Typist
In \ ( 'p- <*'i
' . -i -; '
i^dd^,?A"'lO
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PREFACE
The Chesapeake Bay, the largest tidal estuary on the Atlantic I
Coast, is regarded as one of the most valuable estuaries in the world
and is utilized extensively for fishing, recreation, navigation, and |
waste assimilation. This extensive utilization has resulted in an
ever increasing stress on the ability of the Bay to accomodate the
diverse and often conflicting demands made upon it. I
To determine the magnitude, extent, and source of nutrient
loadings to the Chesapeake Bay data from a water quality survey of the |
major tributary watersheds (the Susquehanna, the Patuxent, the Potomac, _
the Rappahannock, the Mattaponi, the Pamunkey, the Chickahonviny, and
the James) have been evaluated and are presented in this report. I
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
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Chapter
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Page
PREFACE ii
LIST OF TABLES vi
LIST OF FIGURES viii
I. INTRODUCTION 1-1
I A. Purpose and Scope 1-1
B. Description of the Sampling Network 1-2
C. Authority 1-4
I D. Acknowledgements 1-4
II. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS II-l
I III. DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA III-l
_ A. Chesapeake Bay III-l
* B. Tributary Watersheds III-3
1. Susquehanna River Basin III-3
2. Patuxent River Basin III-4
g 3. Potomac River Basin I II -6
_ 4. Rappahannock River Basin III-8
5. York River Basin 111-10
a. Mattaponi River 1 1 1-11
b. Pamunkey River 1 1 1-11
J 6. James River Basin 1 1 1-12
a. Chickahominy River Watershed 1 1 1-13
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
IV. WATER QUALITY CONDITIONS IV-1
A. Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland IV-2
B. Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway) IV-5 I
C. Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland IV-7 _
D. Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia IV-10
E. York River IV-12
1. Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia IV-12
2. Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia IV-15 I
F. James River at Richmond, Virginia IV-15
G. Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia IV-17
V. NUTRIENT LOADINGS AND RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS V-l
A. Delineation of Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed) V-l
1. Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland V-3 I
2. Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway) V-7
3. Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland V-10
4. Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia V-13
5. Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia V-16
6. Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia V-l9 I
7. James River at Richmond, Virginia V-22
8. Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia V-25
B. Regression Analysis V-28
1. Analytical Framework V-28
2. Regression Loadings (Calculated) V-29 I
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Page
I V. NUTRIENT LOADINGS AND RELATIVE CONTRIBUTIONS (Cont.)
1C. Delineation of Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings V-55
(Regression)
D. Comparison of Observed Daily Loadings and Mean V-58
Monthly Loadings Based on Regression Extrapolation
REFERENCES
I APPENDIX
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LIST OF TABLES
Number Page I
I - 1 Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Sampling Network 1-4
II - 1 Nutrient Input to Chesapeake Bay 11-7 |
Mean Monthly Nutrient Contributions
II - 2 Nutrient Input to Chesapeake Bay 11-8 I
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland *
II - 3 Nutrient Input to Chesapeake Bay II-9 I
Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland
II - 4 Nutrient Input to Chesapeake Bay 11-10
James River at Richmond, Virginia |
IV - 1 Mean Monthly Nutrient Concentrations IV-1 _
V - 1 Average Daily Nutrient Contributions V-l *
V - 2 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-3 I
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland I
V-3 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-7
Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway) J
V - 4 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-10 _
Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland I
V - 5 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-l3
Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia
V - 6 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-16
Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia
V-7 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-19
Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia _
V - 8 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-22
James River at Richmond, Virginia
V - 9 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings V-25 I
Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia
V-10 Regression Study Results V-37 |
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
V - 11 Regression Study Results V-38 I
Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)
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I LIST OF TABLES
Number Page
V - 12 Regression Study Results V-39
Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland
" V - 13 Regression Study Results V-40
Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia
| V - 14 Regression Study Results V-41
Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia
I V - 15 Regression Study Results V-42
Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia
V - 16 Regression Study Results V-43
James River at Richmond, Virginia
V - 17 Regression Study Results V-44
Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia
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IV - 18 Nutrient Input of Susquehanna River at Conowingo, V-46
Maryland
V - 19 Nutrient Input of Potomac River at Great Falls, V-47
I Maryland
V - 20 Nutrient Input of Rappahannock River at V-48
Fredericksburg, Virginia
V - 21 Nutrient Input of Mattaponi River at Beulahville, V-49
_ Virginia
V - 22 Nutrient Input of Pamunkey River at Hanover, V-50
Virginia
V - 23 Nutrient Input of James River at Richmond, V-51
Virginia
| V - 24 Nutrient Input of Chickahominy River at Providence V-52
Forge, Virginia
IV - 25 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation) V-55
June 1969 through October 1969
V - 26 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation) V-56
November 1969 through May 1970
V - 27 Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation) V-56
June 1970 through August 1970
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V - 28 Tributary Contributions V-57
(Nutrient Loadings as %)
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page I
I - 1 Sampling Network 1-5
IV - 1 Nutrient Concentrations IV-3 |
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
IV - 2 Nutrient Concentrations IV-6
Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)
IV-3 Nutrient Concentrations IV-8
Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland
IV - 4 Nutrient Concentrations IV-9
Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland (Cont.)
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IV - 5 Nutrient Concentrations IV-11 «
Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia
IV-6 Nutrient Concentrations IV-13
Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia I
IV - 7 Nutrient Concentrations IV-14
Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia (Cont.)
IV-8 Nutrient Concentrations IV-16
Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia _
IV-9 Nutrient Concentrations IV-18
James River at Richmond, Virginia
IV - 10 Nutrient Concentrations IV-19 I
Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia
V - 1 Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland V-4 |
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
V - 2 Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland V-5 I
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)
V - 3 Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland V-6 I
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.) |
V-4 Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway) V-8
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
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V-5 Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway) V-9 _
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.) I
V-6 Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland V-ll
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page
V - 7 Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland V-12
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)
V - 8 Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia V-14
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
V - 9 Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia V-15
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)
V - 10 Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia V-17
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
V - 11 Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia V-18
Actual Daily Nutirent Loadings (Cont.)
V-12 Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia V-20
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
V - 13 Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia V-21
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)
V-14 James River at Richmond, Virginia V-23
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
V-15 James River at Richmond, Virginia V-24
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)
V - 16 Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia V-26
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings
V-17 Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia y_27
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Cont.)
V-18 Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship, v-31
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
(T.P04 as P04 versus flow)
V - 19 Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship, v-32
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
(Pi as PO. versus flow)
V-20 Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship, y-33
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
(T.K.N. as N versus flow)
V-21 Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship, v-34
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
(N02 + N03 as N versus flow)
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LIST OF FIGURES
Number Page I
V - 22 Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship, v_35
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland I
(NH3 as N versus flow) «
V - 23 Nutrient Load - Streamflow Relationship, v_36
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland p
(T.O.C. versus flow)
V - 24 Nitrogen Input to Chesapeake Bay v_53 I
V - 25 Phosphorus Input to Chesapeake Bay y_54
V - 26 River Discharges (Mean monthly versus observed) v_60
V - 27 River Discharges (Cont.) v_61
V - 28 Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland \l-62
Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings (Regression) versus _
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed) I
V - 29 Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland \l-63
Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings (Regression) versus
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed) (Cont.)
V - 30 Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
usqueanna ver a onowngo, aryan y_g^
Mean Monthly Nutrient Loadings (Regression) versus
Actual Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed) (Cont.)
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CHAPTER I
| INTRODUCTION
_ A. PURPOSE AND SCOPE
A perplexing problem in water quality analysis is the determination
of the effects of waste discharges upon the assimilative capacity
of the receiving waters. Domestic, industrial, and agricultural
| wastes, which contribute to progressive stream fertilization,
_ ultimately lead to excessive algal growth. The nutrients, especially
* nitrogen and phosphorus, which normally contribute to dense algal
growth and resultant stream deterioration, have been related to
recently accelerated eutrophication observed in the Chesapeake Bay.
£ In order to assess the degree of eutrophication in the Bay and
_ delineate the nutrient sources responsible for this condition, it
was necessary to determine the nutrient contributions from the major
tributary watersheds. This factor led to the establishment of the
Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Input sampling network. Determination of
J the sources of nutrient inputs and their effect on the resources
of the Bay is an important step in the development of a management
scheme for future use in nutrient control.
Consequently, an intensive water quality survey of the Chesapeake
Bay's major tributary watersheds was conducted to determine the primary
| sources and relative contribution of nutrients affecting the Chesapeake
Bay from nontidal areas. The principal objectives of this study were
to:
1. Determine the extent of existing nutrient loadings to the
Chesapeake Bay from major tributary watersheds.
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2. Identify streams contributing significant nutrient loadings
to the Chesapeake Bay. I
3. Determine seasonal trends in nutrient input to the Chesapeake
Bay.
4. Determine average nutrient loadings and concentrations for
each tributary watershed.
5. Establish relationships between nutrient load and stream
flow for every tributary (regression analysis).
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6. Identify portions of the Chesapeake Bay high in nutrients.
7. Consider the impact of continued nutrient enrichment on the
Bay ecosystem.
8. Obtain sufficient data on which to base future management I
decisions on nutrient control from pertinent watersheds.
B. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLING NETWORK "
In order to account for the seasonal variations in the nutrient
loadings from major watersheds (i.e., effect of seasonal river dis-
charges), the Annapolis Field Office, Region III, Environmental |
Protection Agency, conducted this extensive nutrient survey during a
15-month period, June 1969 to August 1970. The survey was confined
to the following tributary watersheds: the Susquehanna, the Patuxent,
the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the Mattaponi, the Pamunkey, the
Chickahominy, and the James. |
A sampling network was developed which consisted of eight stations _
strategically located within the Chesapeake Bay's major tributary
watersheds. The following criteria were used in locating the sampling -
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1-3
stations:
(1) One station at or near the fall line of each major tributary
watershed -
a. Susquehanna River
b. Patuxent River
c. Potomac River
d. Rappahannock River
I e. Mattaponi River
f. Pamunkey River
g. Chickahominy River
h. James River
(2) Stations located at or near the United States Geological
Survey (USGS) gaging stations
A brief description of each sampling station is given in Table
8 I - 1 and the locations shown in Figure I - 1. Samples were normally
M obtained weekly during the entire study period.
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Table I - 1
CHESAPEAKE BAY NUTRIENT SAMPLING NETWORK I
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USGS Gage
Station Code Station Name Reference
CW Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Md.
PJ Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway) - p
GF Potomac River at Great Falls, Md. 1-6465 _
RF Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Va. 1-6680 *
MB Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Va. 1-6745
PH Pamunkey River at Hanover, Va. 1-6730
CH Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Va. 2-0425 £
OR James River at Richmond, Va. 2-375 _
A weekly sampling schedule accounted for 505 samples which were '
analyzed for the following parameters: Total Phosphorus as P0»,
Inorganic Phosphorus as PO., Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen as N, Ammonia
Nitrogen as N, Nitrite-Nitrate as N and Total Organic Carbon.
C. AUTHORITY
This report was prepared under the provision of the Federal
Water Pollution Control Act, as amended (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.),
which directed the Secretary of the Interior* to develop programs
for eliminating pollution of interstate waters and improving the I
condition of surface and ground waters.
D. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The cooperation of the following governmental agency and state
organizations has enabled the Annapolis Field Office (AFO) to complete
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* now Administrator, EPA
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SAMPLING NETWORK
CWSUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT
CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
JJ* JAMES RIVER AT RICHMOND.
VIRGINIA
GFPOTOMAC PIVER AT GREAT
FALLS, MARYLAND
PJ_ PUTUXENT RIVER AT ROUTE 50
(JOHN HANSON HIGHWAY)
MS MATTAPONI RIVER AT
BEULAHVILLE. VIRGINIA
PH PAMUNKEY RIVER AT
HANOVER. VIRGINIA
RE RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT
FREDERICKSBURG. VIRGINIA
C_H CHICAHOMINY RIVER AT
PROVIDENCE FORGE, VIRGINIA
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this study and their assistance is gratefully acknowledged: I
1. U. S. Geological Survey, Water Resources Divisions at
College Park, Maryland; Richmond, Virginia; Harrisburg,
Pennsylvania;
2. Maryland Department of Water Resources, and *
3. Virginia Water Control Board.
In addition, special thanks is extended to Dr. Norbert Jaworski J|
for the design and initiation of the study and guidance during
composition of the report. _
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CHAPTER II
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
A detailed study of the nutrient contributions to the
Chesapeake Bay from major tributary watersheds was undertaken
during the period of June 1969 to August 1970. The study findings
are presented below:
1. The average measured concentration of nutrients for the
eight major watersheds varied as follows:
Tributary T.
Watershed as
Susquehanna River at
Conowingo, Md.
Patuxent River at
Route 50 (John Hanson
Highway)
Potomac River at
Great Falls, Md.
Rappahannock River at
Fredericksburg, Va.
Mattaponi River at
Beulahville, Va.
Pamunkey River at
Hanover, Va.
Chickahominy River at
Providence Forge, Va.
James River at
Richmond, Va.
Although the average
0
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
P04
PO,
.18
.77
.50
.25
.16
.18
.57
.20
T^ ^^
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
measured
Patuxent River were generally
tributaries, the corresponding
minor contributions due to
compared to the Susquehanna
the
Pi
.12
.90
.22
.13
.13
.13
.39
.13
TKN
as N
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
nutrient
the highest
nutrient 1
relatively
, the Potomac,
.67
.68
.87
.57
.58
.53
.73
.64
N02 +
as
mg/1 -
0.
1.
1.
0.
0.
0.
0.
0.
NO.
N J
91 0
35 1
05 0
52 0
11 0
19 0
25 0
66 0
concentrations for
among
oadings
lower
the ei
ght major
NH3
as IN
.23
.00
.17
.10
.07
.12
.07 1
.13
the
TOC
3.64
7.72
6.42
4.83
8.08
6.1b
0.53
5.51
(Ibs/day) represent
river
discharge
(as
and the James) .
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2. On an average daily basis for the entire study period
(observed data), the nutrient loadings entering the Chesapeake Bay
from the major tributary watersheds are as follows:
Nutrient Loadings (Ibs/day)
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna River
Potomac River
James River
Patuxent River
Rappahannock River
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River
Chickahominy
T. P04
as POT
*=?
59,000
45,000
7,000
5,000
3,000
1 ,000
1 ,000
600
Pi
34,000 1
19,000
5,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
500
400
The average daily nutrient input of
the Chesapeake Bay for the entire study
using mean monthly
Tributary
Watershed*
Susquehanna River
Potomac River
James River
Rappahannock River
Pamunkey River
Mattaponi River
Chickahominy River
flows) is
T. P04
as POj
33,000
23,000
7,100
1,600
1,500
500
500
* Insufficient flow data for
as follows:
Nutrient
Pi
20,000
9,900
4,200
900
900
450
400
TKN
as N
30,000
69,000
19,000
4,000
6,000
3,000
1 ,000
900
N0? + NO,
as N J
230,000
87,000
15,000
2,000
5,400
1 ,000
400
200
NH~
as^N
42,000
12,000
5,000
2,000
1 ,000
600
300
100
TOC
576,000
363,000
169,000
18,000
40,000
36,000
21 ,000
15,000
the major tributary watersheds to
period (regression extrapolation
Loadings (Ibs/day)
TKN
as N
93,000
35,000
18,000
3,900
3,000
1 ,500
900
Patuxent extrapol
NO- + NO.
^as N J
153,000
57,000
15,500
3,600
1,700
400
200
ation
as3N
29,000
6,000
4,200
600
700
250
100
TOC
513,000
267,000
133,000
29,000
37,000
20,500
12,000
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1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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II-3
_ Comparison of the loadings (observed versus regression extrapolation)
show generally higher loadings when the observed daily data is averaged
fl for the study period. The average daily nutrient input based on
regression extrapolation using mean monthly flows is a more accurate
f representation of the situation since use of mean monthly flows
« eliminates the biased nature of extreme periods of flow during which
* sampling may have occurred.
I 3. On the basis of mean monthly nutrient contributions (regression
extrapolation) over the entire 15-month study period, the primary
J sources of nutrients entering the Chesapeake Bay emanate from three
_ major watershedsthe Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James.
Actual percentages for all of the watersheds sampled are shown below:
Loadings (Ibs/day) as %
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Tributary
Watershed
quehanna River
.omac River
IBS River
pahannock River
lunkey River
taponi River
ckahominy River
T. PO
as POJ
*T
49
33
12
2
2
1
1
Pi
54
27
13
2
2
1
1
TKN
as N
60
23
10
3
2
1
1
N09 + NO.,
as N J
66
25
6
1
1
<1
<-,
NH3
71
15
n
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4. Seasonal variations in the percentage of nutrient contribution
Time Period as PO^ Pi as N ^as N as N TOC
October 1969 14 14 19 14 20 19
November 1969
through
May 1970 67 73 59 68 57 60
June 1970
through
August 1970 19 13 22 18 23 21
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of the total nontidal nutrient input to the Chesapeake Bay from all
sources sampled are shown below:
Seasonal Nutrient Contribution as %
T. PO. TKN N07 + NO. NH~ m
" n-: ->,. M *-.,,. M-J -.^-JM Tnr H
June 1969
through I
n^-t-^ha^ 1Q£Q 1A 1/1 10 1A 9fl 1Q
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5. During the significant period of November 1969 through May 1970 *
when the majority of nutrients were transported into the Chesapeake Bay
via nontidal discharges, the primary nutrient loadings again emanated
from three major watersheds the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the £
James as indicated in the following table:
Tributary Contributions
(Nutrient Loadings as %)
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Tributary T. P04 TKN N02 + N03 NH3
Watershed as P04 Pi as N as_N as N TOC
Susquehanna River 54 60 62 66 72 55
Potomac River 34 26 23 26 16 25 I
James River 7 8 10 5 9 12
Rappahannock River 333 2 <2 3 |
Pamunkey River 111 <1 <1 2 im
Mattaponi River <1 1 <1 <1 <1 2
Chickahominy River <1 1 <1 <1 <1 <1 I
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As presented, the tributary contributions reflect two distinct
I observations which can be made in regard to nutrient enrichment of the
Chesapeake Bay: (1) the predominant influence of three principal
watersheds on the nutrient balance of the Chesapeake Baythe Susquehanna,
( the Potomac and the James and (2) the seasonal nature of nutrient
enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay whereby the majority of nutrients
transported into the Chesapeake Bay via nontidal discharges occurred
during the period of November 1969 through May 1970.
w Although the majority of nutrients are transported into the
Chesapeake Bay during the above period, more significance may be
attributed to periods of low flow (and high temperature) during which
I high resident times result in significant algal blooms. Evaluation,
therefore, of nutrient transport in the Chesapeake Bay from nontidal
sources is not accomplished herein.
These three tributary watersheds are the major factors responsible
for the Chesapeake Bay's nutrient problems. Control of nutrients from
these major watersheds, especially the Susquehanna, should result in a
restored nutrient balance in the Bay.
6. The cumulative nutrient inputs from the major tributary water-
sheds to the Chesapeake Bay based on regression analyses using mean
monthly flow data for the entire study period are presented in Table
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7. Mean monthly nutrient contributions (Ibs/day) from the three
major tributary watersheds are presented in Tables II - 2, II - 3, and
II - 4.
8. Nutrient loadings (Ibs/day) are highly related to river dis-
charge. For example, on October 22, 1969, with a river discharge of
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II-6
I
4,300 cfs, approximately 3,200 Ibs/day of total phosphorus as PO. and I
15,000 Ibs/day of NO, + NOQ nitrogen as N entered the Chesapeake Bay
I
from the Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland, while on April 3,
1970, with a river discharge of 264,000 cfs, approximately 683,000 »
and 1,400,000 Ibs/day of total phosphorus as P04 and N02 + N03 nitrogen
as N, respectively, entered the Bay at Conowingo, Maryland. Thus,
the relationship between river discharge and nutrient loadings,
especially N02 + N03 as N, is apparent. High NOp + NO., as N loadings |
are indicative of land runoff as contrasted to TKN as N loadings which H
are attributable mainly to treatment plant effluents entering the water-
ways. Conversely, total phosphorus as PO^ is more difficult to I
characterize since it tends to adsorb to particles and sediments in the
water. During low flow periods, phosphorus is retained in bottom B
deposits in the stream channel. As a result, a substantial portion
of the PO, is unavailable due to sedimentation. During high flow periods,
scouring may occur in the waterway, thus releasing the nutrients re-
tained in the sediment and transporting them downstream and ultimately
to the Chesapeake Bay. |
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m 11-11
9. Nutrient concentrations (mg/1) and river discharges (cfs)
showed interesting relationships which were found to be dependent on
several factors, i.e. particular nutrient within a particular watershed,
m time of the year, and weather conditions which affected normal river
discharge. Unique relationships were observed for each nutrient
within each tributary watershed and generalizations as to direct or
indirect dependence of nutrient concentrations on flow could not be
obtained from the survey data. The nutrient concentration - river
9 discharge relationship for each nutrient in the eight major tributary
watersheds is presented in Chapter IV. A brief summary of the nutrient
concentration - river discharge relationships for the Susquehanna
River, the Potomac River, and the James River is presented as follows:
a. Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland (see Figure IV - 1)
8 Considerably higher river discharge during the period of
M November 1969 to May 1970 resulted in higher total phosphorus (as PO.)
and inorganic phosphorus concentrations. Periods of higher than normal
flow resulted in total and inorganic phosphorus surges from the
upper Susquehanna River Basin. A direct relationship between total and
| inorganic phosphorus concentrations (as PO,) and river discharge is
M evident. Since these high concentrations occurred during periods of
higher than normal flow, it appears that the relatively short residence
time within the impoundment did not permit the occurrence of a sub-
stantial amount of deposition or biological uptake.
fl In addition, the organic phosphorus buildup (TPO. - Pi) appears
to be occurring during the summer months, which is indicative of algal
biomass enrichment normally associated with summer conditions.
Concentrations of NO^ + NO., showed extreme dependence on river
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11-12 *
discharge. High N0? + NO- concentrations during the winter months are
primarily the direct result of land runoff associated with the high river
discharge. A secondary reason for these high levels may be the reduced
detention time by Conowingo Dam during high flow periods. A direct
relationship between N02 + NO., concentrations and river discharge is
evident. m
TKN concentrations, however, decreased during the period of higher
flow. These reduced TKN concentrations are indicative of a flushing
type response in the river whereby the organic load is diluted by the
increased river discharge. An indirect relationship between TKN
concentrations and river discharge is evident.
The direct relationship between N0? + NO-, concentrations and river
discharge coupled with the indirect relationship between TKN concen-
trations and river discharge in the Susquehanna River is interesting.
During the summer months (a period of low flow) low nitrite-nitrate B
concentrations coupled with higher TKN concentrations suggest that algal m
cells are readily utilizing the nitrate form of nitrogen and converting
it to TKN.
Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen remained relatively uniform when
compared to other nutrient concentrations. High NH,. concentrations were B
observed in the months of January and February 1970, and June and July
1970.
b. Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland (see Figure IV - 2) I
Total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations remained generally
uniform except for extreme variations in concentration during December |
1969 and February, April, May and June 1970. These extreme surges H
generally correspond to days of higher than normal flow.
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11-13
The organic phosphorus fraction (T.PCL - Pi) was higher during the
I months of June through October 1969 (in the range of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/1),
and especially low during the months of December 1969 through February
1970 (<0.1 mg/1). The algal biomass may reflect this high organic
fraction during the summer months with the inorganic phosphorus utilized
to a greater extent than in the winter months.
I Concentrations of N0? + N0~ showed extreme dependence on river dis-
charge. High N09 + NO-, concentrations during the winter months are
I
9 primarily the direct result of land runoff associated with, the high
river discharge. A secondary reason for these high levels may be the
reduced detention time at Conowingo Dam during high flow periods.
During the summer months high peaks of N0? + NO-, concentrations were
observed. A combination of excessive river flows and nitrification was
probably responsible for these surges. A direct relationship between
N02 + N03 concentrations and river discharge is evident.
Concentrations of TKN also showed extreme variations during the
study period. In general, TKN appeared to have an indirect relationship
to flow. Reduced TKN concentrations during high flow periods are
indicative of the dilution effect in the river whereby the organic load
is dispersed by the increased runoff.
The direct relationship between N0~ + NO., concentrations and river
flows coupled with the indirect relationship between TKN concentrations
and flows in the Potomac River correspond to the similar observations
m in the Susquehanna River. During the low flow summer months low N0? + NOo
concentrations coupled with higher TKN concentrations suggest that algal
cells are readily utilizing the nitrate form of nitrogen and converting
I it to TKN.
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11-14
Ammonia nitrogen concentrations remained relatively uniform
throughout most of the study period. During the summer months most of the
NH., appeared to be oxidized to nitrite-nitrate nitrogen which was then
converted into organic nitrogen in the algal cellular material, i.e.,
a greater organic fraction (TKN - NH-) during the summer than in the
I
winter months.
C. James River at Richmond, Virginia (see Figure IV - 9)
Both total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in the James
River were relatively uniform throughout the study period. Slight
increases in concentrations occurred, however, during the winter and
spring months when river flows were substantially higher.
Concentrations of NCL + NCU nitrogen, however, appeared to decrease
during the high flow periods of January through May 1970, although
considerable fluctuations were noted throughout the study period. I
With regard to TKN concentrations, a drastic variation in TKN levels
between 0.2 mg/1 and 2.0 mg/1 was observed with seasonal patterns not I
being evident.
Ammonia nitrogen concentrations were generally higher during the
winter and spring with maximum levels exceeding 0.3 mg/1. Bfostimulation
may have been a significant factor from July to October 1969 since nitrate
levels were at a minimum while an abundance of organic nitrogen was
present during that period.
10. Most of the water quality problems in the Bay are similar to
those in other comparable areas of the United States but are compounded
because the area is largely tidal. The Bay receives its share of municipal
and industrial wastes, the primary effects of which are immediate water
quality impairment in several areas. However, the
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. 11-15
secondary effects create a more widespread insidious water quality
I problem--that of eutrophication in a number of rivers discharging into
the Chesapeake Bay. This progressive eutrophication of the Bay's
£ tributaries, caused by the increase in nutrient quantities discharged
into waterways via waste discharge and land runoff, threatens the water
* quality and biota of the Bay.
ff Flows from the eight major tributary watersheds increase the
naturally high nutrient levels and biological productivity of the
I Chesapeake Bay. These flows include abundant amounts of plant nutrients
_ such as inorganic nitrogen, phosphorus and carbon which are incorporated
* into organic matter by aquatic plants.
flj In early stages, nutrient enrichment may result in beneficial
conditions (i.e., increase in fish productivity, zooplankton, etc.).
| However, the advanced stages lower dissolved oxygen levels, interfere
_ with recreational uses of water, affect drinking water taste and result
* in blooms of undesirable blue-green algae. The more abundant the nutrient
supply, the greater potential there is for dense vegetation. Thus,
control of eutrophication in the Chesapeake Bay focused on control of
three nutrients--ni trogen , phosphorus, and carbon.
The primary sources of nutrients to the Chesapeake Bay are three
nontidal tributary watershedsthe Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the
James. Of primary concern is the control of nutrients from these up-
stream sourcesespecially the Susquehanna River, since it contributes
£ in excess of 50% of all nutrients entering the Chesapeake Bay. During
the significant period of November 1969 through May 1970, the Susquehanna
River Basin contributed 54% of the total phosphorus, 60% of the
inorganic phosphorus, 62% of the total Kjeldahl nitrogen, 66% of the
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11-16
I
nitrite-nitrate nitrogen, 72% of the ammonia nitrogen, and 55% of the
total organic carbon entering the Bay. m
As these upstream sources are brought under control during critical
periodsespecially the Susquehanna Rivercommensurate reduction in
nuisance conditions in the Chesapeake Bay will result.
11. Identification of the Susquehanna River as the major contributor
to the Chesapeake Bay's nutrient load resulted in the implementation
of an intensive nutrient survey within the Susquehanna Basin to locate
individual sources and their degree of controllability. The survey area
extends from the Susquehanna River at Sunbury, Pennsylvania to
Conowingo, Maryland. It was begun in June 1971 and was completed in
July 1972. A report of the findings will follow.
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CHAPTER III
I DESCRIPTION OF THE STUDY AREA
A. CHESAPEAKE BAY
The geographic area that drains to the Chesapeake Bay encompasses
approximately 70,000 square miles including the District of Columbia,
nearly all of Maryland, 65 percent of Virginia, 50 percent of
I Pennsylvania, 12 percent of New York and 12 percent of West Virginia,
as well as a portion of Delaware.
The tidewater portion of the Chesapeake Bay Basin covers an area
of approximately 8,400 square miles in the State of Maryland and the
Commonwealth of Virginia. The combined tidal shoreline is approximately
4,600 miles in length, of which 3,400 miles are in Maryland and 1,200
m miles are in Virginia. The Bay is approximately 190 miles in length
and varies in width from 4 miles at Sandy Point in the vicinity of the
Chesapeake Bay Bridge to approximately 30 miles at its widest point
near Pocomoke Sound. The average depth of the Bay is approximately
| 28 feet and the deepest point is 174 feet, off the southern tip of
H Kent Island.
The Chesapeake Bay receives freshwater inflows from 150 tributaries,
of which the following are major watersheds: the Susquehanna, the
Patapsco, the West, the Patuxent, the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the
| York, the Chickahominy and the James on the western shore and the Chester,
the Choptank, the Nanticoke, the Wicomico and the Pocomoke on the
eastern shore.
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III-2 I
The major river in the drainage area is the Susquehanna, the
largest river basin on the Atlantic Coast. The Potomac and James
River Basins are the second and third largest, respectively, draining
into the Bay. Together, these three river systems account for 80 per-
cent of the drainage into the Chesapeake Bay. The dominant feature of I
the Basin is, of course, the Chesapeake Bay, the largest tidal estuary
in the United States.
The population of the Chesapeake Bay Basin area was 2.6 million
in 1960 and is expected to reach 4.1 million by 1985 and 5.3 million
by the year 2000. It contains rich farmlands, vast woodlands and
intensively developed industrial areas which are steadily increasing
in importance.
The Chesapeake Bay, the biggest and probably the richest of the
500 odd estuaries in the United States, is regarded as one of the most
valuable estuaries in the world. Commercial fishing, which provides
a means of livelihood for approximately 20,000 people, and sport
fishing, enjoyed by many thousands, actually comprise only a small m
part of the value of the Bay as a natural resource. Waterborne
commerce, totaling 150 million tons annually, contributes in large
measure to the economy of 11 tributary states.
This extensive use of the Bay--fishing, recreation, navigation,
waste assimilationhas resulted in an increasingly greater strain
on the ability of the Bay to accomodate the diverse and often con-
flicting demands which are made upon it.
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III-3
B B. Tributary Watersheds
The major tributary watersheds - the Susquehanna, the Patuxent,
the Potomac, the Rappahannock, the Mattaponi, the Pamunkey, the
James, and the Chickahominy - are the subject of this report.
1. Susquehanna River Basin
_ The Susquehanna River Basin, which drains directly into the
Chesapeake Bay, lies within four physiographic provinces: the
Applachian, the Ridge and Valley, the Piedmont, and the Blue Ridge.
The basin, 250 miles in length and 170 miles in width, embraces a draingage
drainage area of 27,510 square miles. It is the largest river basin on
the Atlantic Seaboard and second largest east of the Mississippi.
It is bounded by the drainage basins of (1) Lake Ontario and the Mohawk
on the north (2) the Potomac River on the south (3) the Delaware River
on the east and (4) the Genesee River and the Ohio River on the west.
I The terrain of the study area, confined to the lower portion of
the Susquehanna River extending from Harrisburg to the Chesapeake Bay--
W a distance of approximately 67 miles located within the Piedmont Region--
is characterized by low rolling hills. The uplands are formed by
crystalline and metamorphic rocks of Precambrian and early Paleozoic
Age. In the northern part of the Piedmont is a broad area underlain by
sandstone shale of Triassic Age.
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The study area has a temperate climate with four sharply defined
seasons. The average annual precipitation amounts to
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III-4
approximately 42 inches, with about 10 percent occurring as snow.
The major river in the Basin is, of course, the Susquehanna River, I
which is formed at Sunbury, Pennsylvania, by the confluence of its
North and West Branches. From Sunbury, it flows southeasterly 39 miles p
to Duncannon where it is joined by the Juniata River, its principal ^
tributary; it then flows 84 miles to the Chesapeake Bay. The North
Branch rises in Lake Otsego in southcentral New York and flows south-
westerly 170 miles to Athens, Pennsylvania, where it is joined by the
Chemung River. From that point, it flows 100 miles generally southeasterly |
to Pittston, Pennsylvania, and then 65 miles southwesterly to its B
confluence with the West Branch at Sunbury. The West Branch rises on
the Allegheny Plateau in central Pennsylvania. It flows easterly and
southerly across the plateau and through the Allegheny Front for a
distance of 240 miles to join the North Branch at Sunbury. JQ
The average flow of the Susquehanna River is approximately 25 _
billion gallons per day which represents more than 50% of the freshwater
inflow to the Chesapeake Bay. The biota of the upper Bay is dependent
to a large extent on this freshwater inflow.
When coii'oared to other areas around it, the Susquehanna River Basin
is relatively undeveloped. The resident population is small and the _
economy lagging.
2. Patuxent River Basin
The Patuxent River Basin, the largest river basin loacated entirely
within the State of Maryland, embraces a drainage area of approximately I
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. III-5
930 square miles. The basin extends for 110 miles in a southeasterly
I and then southerly direction from its origin in Parris Ridge to its
mouth on the Chesapeake Bay. The basin lies in both the Piedmont
I Plateau and the Coastal Plain physiographic provinces.
The basin lies between the metropolitan complexes of Washington,
D. C. and Baltimore, Maryland. Urbanization, occurring in the upper
drainage area near the headwaters in Howard and Montgomery Counties,
is transforming this area into cities and suburbs. The lower area,
however, is retaining its rural character. The population within the
j Patuxent River Basin is expected to grow from a 1960 level of 135,000
to 684,000 by the year 2000.
The upper or headwaters region of the Patuxent, lying in Howard
and Montgomery Counties, is characterized by narrow, swift, clear
m streams. The middle region, extending from the Fall Line at Laurel
M to Wayson's Corner, occupies portions of Anne Arundel and Prince
George's Counties. It is characterized by wide, flat, swampy flood
plains and a sluggish stream. Most of the wastewater effluents origi-
nating in the basin are discharged into this reach of the river.
| The lower region, below Hardesty, is a tidal estuary characterized
mm by unforested marsh lands, the result of the silting up of the original
es tuary.
The major tributaries of the Patuxent River are the Little Patuxent
and the Western Branch, with drainage areas of 160 and 110 square miles,
| respectively.
Land use in the Patuxent River Basin has been predominately
agricultural over the entire drainage area since the days of the early
I settlers. Today the most important economic activity in the Patuxent
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III-6 I
River Basin continues to be farming. Approximately 245,000 acres of
the basin are estimated to be utilized for this purpose. |
3. Potomac River Basin
I
The Potomac River Basin, which includes the District of Columbia
and parts of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and West Virginia, I
with a total drainage area of 14,670 square miles, lies in five
physiographic provinces: Coastal Plain, Piedmont Plateau, Blue Ridge, |
Valley and Ridge, and Appalachian Plateau. The land is generally _
hilly to mountainous with frequent rock outcroppings in upper areas of *
the Basin. From Harpers Ferry to the outskirts of Washington, the land
is open plain with scattered forest cover. West of the Blue Ridge
Province, rocks are folded sedimentary types, including limestone, £
dolomite, sandstone and shale, while to the east, rocks are mainly _
crystalline and igneous types. Sedimentary rocks and alluvium pre-
dominate from Washington to the mouth. I
The Potomac River flows in a generally southeasterly direction
from its headwaters on the eastern slopes of the Appalachian Mountains Q
to the Chesapeake Bay some 400 miles away. The main stem is formed _
approximately 15 miles southeast of Cumberland, Maryland, by the con-
fluence of the North and South Branches. The Potomac then flows fl
southeasterly to the Fall Line at Great Falls, Maryland. The head of
tidewater, which is also the head of actual navigation, is near the Q
boundary line between the District of Columbia and Maryland at Little
Falls, 117 miles above the Chesapeake Bay.
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III-7
I
The major sub-basins within the Potomac River Basin, including
I their drainage areas, are as follows:
Sub-basin Drainage Area
I "(square miles)
North Branch 1 ,328
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South Branch 1,493
Cacapon River 683
Conococheague Creek 563
I Opequon Creek 345
Shenandoah River 3,054
| Monocacy River 970
Antietam Creek 292
Land use in the entire Potomac Basin is estimated to be 5 percent
I urban, 55 percent forest, and 40 percent agricultural, including
pasture lands. The basin has abundant natural resources including
Jj coal, limestone, dolomite, glass sand, clay, hard and soft woods,
_ and granite.
" The free-flowing Potomac River is approximately 280 miles long and
varies in width from several feet at the headwaters to over 1,000
feet in the reach above Washington. The Potomac River's tidal portion
I is several hundred feet in width near its upper end at Chain Bridge
_ and broadens to almost 6 miles at its mouth. Except for a shipping
channel 24 feet deep, which extends upstream to Washington and a few
short reaches with depths up to 100 feet, the tidal portion is relatively
shallow with an average depth of about 18 feet. The mean tidal range
| is about 2.9 feet in the upper portion near Washington and about 1.4
feet near the Chesapeake Bay.
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III-8
Of the 3.3 million people living in the entire basin, approximately
I
2.8 million reside in the Washington Metropolitan Area. The remaining
area of the tidal portion, approximately 3,216 square miles, is sparsely
populated. The upper basin is largely rural with a scattering of
small towns having populations of 10,000 to 20,000. Farming and re- 0
lated industries such as canning, fruit packing, tanning, and dairy M
products processing are major sources of income in the region.
4. Rappahannock River Basin I
The Rappahannock River Basin, comprising approximately 2,700 square
miles in northeastern Virginia and extending 160 miles in a southeasterly |
direction from the eastern slopes of the Blue Ridge Mountains to the
Chesapeake Bay, includes all of four counties--Culpepper, Madison,
Rappahannock, and Richmond-- and portions of 11 countiesCaroline, I
Essex, Fauquier, Greene, King George, Lancaster, Middlesex, Orange,
Spotsylvania, Stafford, and Westmoreland. The basin area is approxi- £
mately one-seventh of the total state area of Virginia. The basin may
be subdivided into three areas with boundaries based on physiographic
I
and economic considerations.
a. Headwaters Area
The upper or headwaters area is in Rappahannock County, approximately |
80 miles northwest of Fredericksburg in the Blue Ridge physiographic
province where the rugged topography rises in elevation from 500 to
over 3,500 feet above mean sea level. The geological formations in the I
mountainous regions consist of quartzites and granites, and stream
channels are steep with few flood plains. |
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I III-9
The upper or headwaters area is largely rural, with more than 84
" percent of the population residing on farms or in rural residential
areas. The principal industry in the region is the logging and milling
of lumber. Smaller industries such as furniture and wood products,
wearing apparel, metal products, and electrical equipment manufacturing
are scattered throughout the area.
» b. Central Area
The central area, containing the City of Fredericksburg, is the
economic and population center of the Rappahannock River Basin. This
area is in the Piedmont Province, a plateau lying between the eastern
foot of the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Fall Line. Topography is
well rounded: formations consist of mingled crystalline and metamorphic
rocks, and the stream flows in a sinuous entrenched channel with Iimi1--d
flood plains.
Below the Fall Line at Fredericksburg, the stream meanders for about
40 miles through the flat Coastal Plain, where unconsolidated sediment^
of sand, gravel, and fossil shells derived from the mountainous regions
to the west are laid down on a basement rock of granite. For the re-
maining 67 miles to the mouth, typically estuarine reaches range from
2 to 4 miles in width.
The principal industry in the Rappahannock Basin, a large
m cellophane manufacturing plant, is located in the central area. The
major water pollution problems in the Rappahannock River are downstream
from this industry. All significant waste discharges which contribute
I to pollution problems in the central reaches of the river originate
in and around the City of Fredericksburg.
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111-10
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c. Lower Area
The lower basin is essentially undeveloped with approximately 95
percent of the population residing on farms or in rural residential
areas.
The six incorporated towns in the region are small, the largest
having a population of approximately 1,100. Industries in the lower
basin having waste discharges are seasonal operations, and industrial
pollution problems originating in the area are primarily local nuisances.
The river has a 12-foot minimum depth navigable channel over the
entire tidal portion from the mouth to Fredericksburg, a distance of
107 miles. Twelve federally improved small boat harbors on tributaries
of the lower reaches of the river are used extensively by commercial H
seafood boats and recreational craft.
Highly productive oyster grounds are located in the lower
Rappahannock River; the reach from Towles Point upstream to Bowlers
Wharf is the principal oyster growing area in the state. The estuary |
also serves as a spawning area for shad and striped bass.
5. York River Basin
I
The York River Basin, embracing approximately 2,660 square miles,
lies in east central Virginia and extends about 140 miles from the
divide on the Southwestern Mountains in Albemarle and Orange Counties |
to the Chesapeake Bay east of Yorktown. M
The York River is formed in the Coastal Plain by the confluence of
its two main tributaries, the Mattaponi and the Pamunkey Rivers, at
West Point. From the Fall Line (vicinity of U. S. Route 360) downstream
to West Point, the tributaries meander through marshes and swamps on |
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wide flood plains. Below West Point, the main stream is relatively
| straight with a narrow flood plain, and numerous short streams flow
_ directly into the reach.
The Mattaponi River, a remarkably clear stream, is formed in
flj Caroline County by four small streams, appropriately named the Mat,
the Ta, the Po and the Ni . The Pamunkey River, formed northwest of
| Hanover by the confluence of the North and South Anna Rivers, is
_ frequently cloudy and heavily silted in the upper reaches by runoff
* from the red clay headwaters areas.
a. Mattaponi River
The Mattaponi River watershed is rural and sparsely populated with
£ only one incorporated town (Bowling Green) in the upper watershed above
_ West Point. Vast marshes in the downstream flood plains, essentially
virgin wilderness since colonial days, have been regarded as one of
the best fishing and hunting sections in Virginia. The crystal clear
freshwater reaches of the Mattaponi River are abundant in bass, pike,
I and numerous varieties of the sunfish family; and in the spring, great
_ numbers of shad are taken by net fishermen in the lower reaches.
The river is affected by tides and is open to navigation as far
west as Aylette; however, dredging of the channel above West Point has
been discontinued for several years.
I b. Pamunkey River
The Pamunkey River watershed above West Point is similar to the
Mattaponi River watershed with respect to its essentially rural and
sparsely settled characteristics. Tides affect the lower reaches as
far west as U. S. Route 360 and great flights of waterfowl and marsh
birds migrate into the marsh area.
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The river is not as clear in the upper reaches as the Mattaponi «
due to silt deposits from the red clay areas in the headwaters region;
however, some of the lower tributaries are exceptionally clear. I
Four incorporated towns are in the Pamunkey River watershed above
West Point; the largest is Ashland with a 1960 population of 2,773. |
6. James River Basin
I
The James River Basin, encompassing approximately 10,000 square
miles, is narrow and irregular with headwaters in the Allegheny Mountains I
at the West Virginia State line. The James River, the most southerly
major tributary stream of the Chesapeake Bay system, is approximately |
400 miles in length and extends in a southeasterly direction through four _
physiographic provinces: Coastal Plain, Piedmont, Blue Ridge, and Ridge *
and Valley. There is a total fall of 988 feet from the headwaters to the
Fall Line separating the Piedmont and Coastal Plain at Richmond, Virginia.
Below Richmond the James is a tidal estuary that joins the Chesapeake g
Bay at Hampton Roads, a distance of approximately 95 miles. The mean fresh- _
water discharge is approximately 7,500 cfs with recorded extremes of 329 and "
325,000 cfs.
At Richmond, the James River flows across the Fall Line, which
delineates the eastern edge of the Piedmont physiographic province, and M
enters the Coastal Plain. As a consequence, the James River falls _
approximately 75 feet in 6 miles near Richmond, and below Richmond, becomes *
a tidal estuary.
Above Richmond, at Bosher Dam, the Kanawha Canal diverts: a portion
of the James River flow to the main channel and returns it to the river |
at tidewater. The USGS maintains gaging stations on both the canal and
the river.
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The area has a mild climate, without extremes in temperature, and
an adequate, well-distributed rainfall which encourages agricultutal
| development of the rich soil. To this date, agriculture remains a primary
_ activity of the area.
* Industry also dates back to colonial times. The forest resources
M provided lumber as well as charcoal for making iron from the native
ore, and eventually pulp for paper making, now one of the largest
| industries in the State. The extensive chemical industry existing in
the basin today had its beginnnings in tanning and extraction of indigo,
* tars, and turpentine.
a. Chickahominy River Watershed
The Chickahominy River, with headwaters in Henrico and Hanover
Jj Counties draining a water shed of approximately 400 square miles, has
_ a mean flow near Providence Forge of 271 cfs. The river discharges
* into the James approximately 7 miles above Jamestown. Nearly half of
Henrico County and the north side of the City of Richmond are drained
by tributaries of the Chickahominy River.
| Secondary waste treatment plants owned by Henrico County, private
developments and Richmond's Byrd Airport provide the major waste dis-
charges to the Chickahominy River watershed.
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WATER
Detailed analyses of
IV-1
CHAPTER IV
QUALITY CONDITIONS
the major freshwater tributary inflows to
the Chesapeake Bay were conducted from June 1969 to August 1970. During
this period, the following
nutrients for the various
were the average measured concentrations of
stations:
Table IV - 1
Mean Monthly Nutrient Concentrations (mg/1 )
Tributary T
Watershed as
Susquehanna River at
Conowingo, Md. 0
Patuxent River at
Route 50 (John Hanson
Highway) 2
Potomac River at
Great Falls, Md. 0
Rappahannock River at
Fredericksburg, Va. 0
Mattaponi River at
Beulahville, Va. 0
Pamunkey River at
Hanover, Va. 0
Chickahominy River at
Providence Forge, Va. 0
James River at
Richmond, Va. 0
PO, TKN N0? + NO, NH.,
PO, Pi as N ^as N J as N
q.
.18 0.12 0.67 0.91 0.23
.77 1.90 1.68 1.35 1.00
.50 0.22 0.87 1.05 0.17
.25 0.13 0.57 0.52 0.10
.16 0.13 0.58 0.11 0.07
.18 0.13 0.53 0.19 0.12
.57 0.39 0.73 0.25 0.07 1
.20 0.13 0.64 0.66 0.13
TOC
3.64
7.7?
6.42
4.83
8. OP
6. 15
0.53
5.51
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IV-2
The observed data are completely tabulated in the Appendix and
illustrated in Figures IV - 1 to IV - 10. The following sections in-
clude an evaluation of this data for each tributary watershed with major
emphasis placed on seasonal variations in nutrient content.
A. SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO, MARYLAND I
Conowingo Reservoir, built by the Philadelphia Power & Light
Company in 1928, is located nine miles above the confluence of the 8
Susquehanna River and the Chesapeake Bay (it is approximately four
miles above tidewaters).
Flow patterns within the reservoir vary from summer, normally a
period of low inflow with a completely controlled outflow by the power
plant, to winter with high flows and little or no flow regulation.
Generally, during the period of high flows (October through May)
rapid transport through the reservoir is common with the mean residence
time for water in the reservoir reported to be less than 24 hours [11]. I
During the period of low flow extending from June through September,
however, slower transport through the reservoir occurs with the mean
residence time reported to be from two to six days depending on the
degree of minimal flow[ll].
As shown in Figure IV - 1, the period of November 1969 to May 1970
was characterized by higher total phosphorus and inorganic phosphorus
concentrations in the Susquehanna River than during the remainder of
the study period. Extreme variations in total phosphorus concentrations
during the months of December 1969 and February, April, June and July
of 1970 indicate phosphorus surges from the upper Susquehanna Basin.
Since these daily surges occurred during periods of higher than normal
flow, it would appear that the relatively short residence time within I
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the impoundment did not permit a substantial amount of deposition or
biological uptake to take place. Inorganic phosphorus showed the same £
general variation but on a smaller scale. Periods of higher than _
normal flow resulted in inorganic phosphorus surges similar to those
of total phosphorus.
It is interesting to note the variation of the organic phosphorus
fraction (TPCL-Pi) during the study period. It appears from Figure |
IV - 1 that organic phosphorus buildup is occurring during the summer _
months with a drastic reduction observed during other periods of the
year. This buildup in the organic fraction could be indicative of
algal biomass enrichment normally associated with summer conditions.
Concentrations of N0? + NCL showed extreme dependence on river
discharge. High NCL + NCL concentrations during the winter months
I
were not the direct result of the conversion of ammonia nitrogen to
nitrates (nitrification) due to the low temperature conditions pre-
vailing (nitrification is not significant at temperatures below 10°C).
The abundance of NCL + NO,,, therefore, was primarily the result of land
runoff associated with the high river discharge. A secondary reason for
these high levels may be the result of the reduced detention time at
Conowingo Dam during high-flow periods.
Concentrations of TKN, however, generally decreased during the
period of higher flow. High organic loadings from treatment plant I
effluents are reflected by high TKN as N concentrations and thus can
serve as an indicator of sewage pollution. Reduced TKN concentrations
during the higher flow period are indicative of a flushing type of
response in the river whereby the organic load is diluted by the high
river flows. Concentrations of ammonia nitrogen remained relatively I
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IV-5
uniform, compared to these other parameters. The months of January
and February 1970 did, however, show high concentrations of NFL. In
addition, ammonia nitrogen concentrations increased sharply during
| the months of June and July 1970.
m B. PATUXENT RIVER AT ROUTE 50 (JOHN HANSON HIGHWAY)
During the study period, the Patuxent River's average measured
concentration of nutrients (except TOC) was the highest of all the major
tributary watersheds. However, due to its relatively minor river
| discharge (when compared to the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the
James) its importance as a major contributor of nutrient enrichment
to the Chesapeake Bay is diminished.
Phosphorus concentrations were extremely high in the Patuxent
River during the study period as indicated in Figure IV - 2. Moreover,
| a considerable amount of fluctuation was noted in the phosphorus levels
mm during the entire study with maximum concentrations (>4.0 mg/1)
occurring in July, October, and November of 196(j, and again in June
and August of 1970.
High TKN and low N09 + N0~ concentrations during the months of
It
September 1969 through April 1970 may be indicative of the utilization
I
by algal cells of the nitrate form of nitrogen and its conversion to
TKN. It is evident that in the months of October and November 1969 a
I unique condition existed. From Figure IV - 2, it can be seen that the
organic phosphorus fraction (TPO.-Pi) and the organic nitrogen fraction
I4
(TKN-NH.J were extremely high during the period; however, temperatures
mm ranged from only 4°C to 10°C. A late algal bloom may have occurred at
this time or perhaps a sudden release of organic material (treatment
I plant discharges) may have been responsible for the high concentrations.
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IV-7
However, due to the wide variations and unstable nature of nutrient
enrichment and the lack of adequate flow data during the study period,
it is difficult to establish any meaningful correlations or conclusions
| regarding nutrient concentrations in the Patuxent River.
C. POTOMAC RIVER AT GREAT FALLS, MARYLAND
Although the river discharge was high for the period of December
1969 to March 1970, total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations, as
shown in Figure IV - 3, generally remained less than 0.4 mg/1 except
| for wide daily variations in concentration during December 1969 and
M February, April, May, and June 1970. These surges correspond to days
having higher than normal flow.
The organic phosphorus fraction (TPO^-Pi) was high (in the range
of 0.2 to 0.5 mg/1) during the months of June through October 1969 and
| July-August 1970, and especially low (<0.1 mg/1) during the months of
H December 1969 through February 1970. The algal biomass may reflect
this high organic fraction during the summer when the inorganic
phosphorus is utilized to a greater extent than in the winter months.
Totdl phosphorus concentrations appeared generally to decrease during
| the higher flow periods and increase during the lower flow periods except
during the periods of intense runoff when a direct relationship existed.
Concentrations of NO^ + N03 showed wide variations from July
through November 1969. Generally, the NO^ + N03 concentrations showed
a direct relationship to river discharge. These high N00 + NOQ con-
12 3
centrations during the winter months appeared to result from excessive
_ land runoff. During the summer months of July and August 1969, and
* again in June, July and August 1970, high peaks of N02 + N03 were
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IV-10
observed. A combination of excessive river flows and nitrification
was probably responsible for these surges during the summer months. I
As shown in Figure IV - 4, concentrations of TKN also showed extreme _
variation during the study period. In general, TKN appeared to vary
inversely with flow. A reduced TKN concentration during high flow
periods was indicative of high dilution in the waterway.
Ammonia nitrogen remained relatively uniform throughout the study |
period except for wide daily fluctuations during some of the summer
and fall months. During the summer months most of the NH~ appeared to
be oxidized to N0? + NO, nitrogen, which was then converted into
organic nitrogen as part of the cellular material. This latter conversion
can be evidenced by the higher organic fraction (TKN-NhL) measured I
during the summer than during the winter months (Figure IV - 4).
D. RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKSBURG, VIRGINIA
Peak concentrations of total and inorganic phosphorus in the
Rappahannock River throughout the study period occurred when flows were
higher than normal. During normal flow periods, concentrations of
both remained relatively uniform as shown in Figure IV - 5. The organic
phosphorus fraction (TPCL-Pi) was higher during the summer months than
during the winter, a situation closely paralleling that observed in the
Susquehanna and Potomac Rivers.
Concentrations of NCL + NCU nitrogen also showed a direct I
dependence on river discharge. During the months of high flow, December
1969 to May 1970, NCL + NCL concentrations were higher than during normal
flow periods. These high concentrations were the direct result of
land runoff associated with high river discharge and, to a lesser
extent, nitrification. I
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|l/»«l NOI1VIUN3DNOD
IV-5
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IV-12 |
Concentrations of TKN showed extreme variation throughout the
study period. In general, periods of higher flow resulted in high I
TKN concentrations.
Ammonia nitrogen remained relatively constant except for several
fluctuations during the months of January, February, and May 1970 when I
high flows occurred.
During the summer months, most of the NH, was oxidized to NCL + NO., I
nitrogen, as indicated by the low NH,, concentrations as shown i'n Figure
IV - 5. A high organic fraction (TKN-NH-) was evident throughout most
of the summer and fall, possibly resulting from extensive algal growth. I
E. YORK RIVER
1. Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia I
The river discharge was higher for the months of August 1969 and
December to May 1970 than for the remainder of the study period. Except
for an increase during July 1969, however, concentrations of total and
inorganic phosphorus remained relatively constant throughout the study
period at 0.1 - 0.2 mg/1. As evident from Figure IV - 6, a higher I
organic fraction (TPO^-Pi) existed during the summer months of 1969.
This situation was similar to that observed in the Susquehanna River,
but to a lesser extent.
As can be seen in Figure IV - 7, TKN values were extremely high as
compared to N02 + NO., and NH., values. The organic nitrogen fraction I
(TKN-NH-) was, therefore, considerable throughout the study period,
particularly during the summer months. It is interesting to note that
fluctuations in nitrate and ammonia nitrogen were minimal regardless of I
season, whereas TKN varied widely.
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IV-7
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_ IV-15
The effects of hurricane Camille on the watersheds of the
I Rappahannock, the Pamunkey, the Mattaponi , the James and the
Chickahominy are evident from Figures V - 26 and V - 27. The tropical
I storm Camille caused extremely high flows for the month of August 1969;
however, Figures IV - 6 and IV - 7 show that nutrient concentrations
were not greatly affected.
2 . Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia
The river discharge for the Pamunkey River was also high for the
1 months of August 1969 and December to May 1970. As illustrated in
Figure IV - 8, the organic phosphorus fraction was practically absent
during the months of November 1969 through March 1970. A larger organic
fraction was evident, however, during the months of June through
October 1969 and March through April 1970. A reliable correlation does
| not appear to exist between streamflow and phosphorus concentration in
_ the Pamunkey.
The nitrogen data very nearly corresponds to that of the Mattaponi
I River. TKN values were again very high when compared to N0? + NO, and
NHL levels. Of the various nitrogen fractions, N0? + N0~ was the only
| one that appeared to be directly related to streamflow.
_ F. JAMES RIVER AT RICHMOND, VIRGINIA
Both total and inorganic phosphorus concentrations in the James
I River were relatively uniform and nearly always less than 0.4 mg/1
during the study period. As can be seen in Figure IV - 9, slight
| increases in concentration occurred during the winter and spring months
_ when river flows were substantially higher. The organic fraction was
more pronounced during the spring and summer periods, presumably
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IV-17
because of the presence of algae.
I Concentrations of N0~ + NO., nitrogen, however, appeared to decrease
during the high flow periods of January to May 1970, although consider-
| able fluctuation throughout the study period was noted. An examination
_ of Figure IV - 9 also reveals drastic variation in TKN levels, from
0.2 mg/1 to 2.0 mg/1 , with seasonal patterns not evident.
I Ammonia nitrogen concentrations were generally higher during the
winter and spring with maximum concentrations exceeding 0.3 mg/1. The
I minimum summer levels (0.1 mg/1) shown in Figure IV - 9 were probably
_ caused by nitrification. Biostimulation may be a significant factor
in the July to October 1969 period since nitrate levels were at a
minimum while an abundance of organic nitrogen was present during that
period.
| G. CHICKAHOMINY RIVER AT PROVIDENCE FORGE, VIRGINIA
_ According to Figure IV - 10, high concentrations of total and in-
* organic phosphorus (>0.5 mg/1) occurred during the periods of July to
December 1969 and May to August 1970 when streamflows were relatively
low. During the high flow period of January to April 1970, concentrations
| of total and inorganic phosphorus were somewhat negligible, but increased
_ appreciably during the summer months.
Figure IV - 10 illustrates the extremely high TKN values and re-
latively low NO- + N03 and NH., levels, except for the May-August 1970
period. Consequently, the organic nitrogen fraction was quite evident
| during the period of June 1969 through April 1970. Considerable
fluctuation characterized the TKN concentrations observed during this
study. The continued increase in NhL during the latter part of the
study is particularly noteworthy.
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V-l
CHAPTER V
Nutrient Loadings and Relative Contributions
A. Delineation of Daily Nutrient Loadings (Observed)*
The daily nutrient contributions (Ibs/day) from the eight major
tributary watersheds for the period of June 1969 through August 1970
are illustrated in Figures V - 1 through V - 17.
For the 15-month period, the average daily nutrient contributions
(Ibs/day) to the Chesapeake Bay from the major tributary watersheds
are as follows:
Table V - 1
Average Daily Nutrient Contributions (Ibs/day)
Susquehanna River at
Conowingo, Maryland
Patuxent River at
Route 50 (John Hanson
Highway)
Potomac River at
Great Falls, Md.
Rappahannock River at
Fredericksburg, Va.
Mattaponi River at
Beulahville, Va.
T. P04
as P04
59,000
5,000
45,000
3,000
1,000
1 ,000
600
7,000
Pi
34,000
3,000
19,000
2,000
500
1,000
400
5,000
TKN
as N
130,000
4,000
69,000
6,000
1,000
3,000
900
19,000
as N
230,000
2,000
87,000
5,400
400
1,000
200
15,000
NH3
as N
42,000
2,000
12,000
1,000
300
600
100
5,000
TOC
576,000
18,000
363,000
40,000
21 ,000
36,000
15,000
169,000
Pamunkey River at
Hanover, Va.
IChickahominy River at
Providence Forge, Va.
I James River at
Richmond, Va.
I Calculated from observed data: nutrient load (Ibs/day) = nutrient concentration
(mg/1) x river discharge (cfs) x 5.38
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V-2
The seasonal nature of nutrient enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay
is apparent when Figures V - 1 through V - 17 are examined in relation J
to the three distinct time periods of June 1969 through October 1969,
November 1969 through May 1970, and June 1970 through August 1970.
Estimated seasonal nutrient loadings for each tributary watershed
based on observed nutrient loadings taken from these figures are
presented as follows: |
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V-3
Nutrient
Loadi ngs
(Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04
Inorganic
Phosphorus
T.K.N. as N
N02 + N03 as N
NH3 as N
T.O.C.
Table V - 2
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Maryland
June 1969 through
October 1969
11,000
3,000
48,000
50,000
21 ,000
250,000
November 1969
through May 1970
96,000
56,000
185,000
365,000
54,000
1,000,000
June 1970 through
August 1970
19,000
13,000
71 ,000
73,000
32,000
490,000
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SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO. at PO4
1.000.000 -
I.OOO _
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN fiB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS o« PO»
JUN JUL ' AUG ' SEP OCT NOV. ' DEC JAN ' FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG.
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SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
TKN 01 N
10.000 :
5.000
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB
- 1870
MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
NO, NO,
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SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO, MARYLAND
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NH, Qi N
- 100.000 -
10.000 -
1 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 1 1 1 1 1
JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUN JUL
TOC
f 1.000.000 ;
1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
V-3
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PATUXENT RIVER AT ROUTE 50 (JOHN HANSON HIGHWAY!
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO,« PO4
JUN JUL AUG. SEP OCT NOV. DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS a. PO«
9 1.000 -
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AU'
3
I 1.000 ;
1 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG StP OCT NOV DEC
1969 «
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r~
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
1970
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FATUXENT RIVER AT ROUTE 50 (JOHN HANSON HIGHWAY!
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NO, * NO, at N
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT MOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG
NH, o> N
WOO -
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG
JUN. JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN. Ft! MAR. APR MAV JUN. JUL AUO
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Table V - 3
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Patuxent River at Route 50 (John Hanson Highway)
I Nutrient June 1969 through November 1969 June 1970 through
Loadings October 1969 through May 1970 August 1970
- dbs/day)
T.P04 as P04 2,000 7,000 4,000
Inorganic
Phn^nhnru
Phosphorus 2,000 3,000 2,000
T.K.N. as N 2,000 5,000 2,000
N02 + N03 as N 2,000 3,000 2,000
NH3 as N 1,000 3,000 700
T.O.C. 12,000 24,000 12,000
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zocxooo -
100.000 -
JJ
J 10000 :
ZjOOO.000 -
I.OOOOOO ;
.J IOO.OOO ;
£
10.000 :
POTOMAC RIVER AT GREAT FALLS. MARYLAND
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO.oi PO4
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG SEP
1969 " 1970
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS o. PO4
JUN JUU AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
JUN JUL AUG. SIP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FCe MAR. APR
> 1970
JUN JUL. AUG see
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1.000000 ;
KXXOOO ;
POTOMAC RIVER AT GREAT FALLS. MARYLAND
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED!
NO, * NO, o« N
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT MOV DtC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
NH, oi N
JUN JUL AUO SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FED MAR APR MAY JUN JUL ALO SEP
JUN JUL AUG
I I I
SEP OCT MOV OCC.
I I
JAN Fit MAD
1 1 I 1
MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP
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V-10
Nutrient
Loadings
(Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04
Inorganic
Phosphorus
TKN as N
N09 + NO, as N
L. 3
NH3 as N
T.O.C.
Table V - 4
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Potomac River at Great Falls, Maryland
June 1969 through
October 1969
16,000
6,000
33,000
22,000
5,000
272,000
November 1969
through May 1970
66,000
26,000
98,000
132,000
16,000
489,000
June 1970 through
August 1970
15,000
8,000
30,000
35,000
5,000
202,000
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V-13
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Table V - 5
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_ Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Rappahannock River at Fredericksburg, Virginia
Nutrient June 1969 through November 1969 June 1970 through
Loadings October 1969* through May 1970 August 1970
Tibs/day)
T.P04 as P04 1,000 5,000 500
_ Inorganic
Phosphorus 500 3,000 500
T.K.N. as N 3,000 9,000 2,000
I N02 + N03 as N 2,000 9,000 1,000
NH3 as N 500 2,000 200
_ T.O.C. 32,000 57,000 23,000
I
* Extreme river discharge of July 31, 1969 is reflected in nutrient loadings
for this period
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RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKSBURG. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO4 04 PO4
1 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1-
JAN FEB WAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS 01 PO4
1 1 1 1 1 I
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
1.000 ;
1 1 1 I 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
V-8
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RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKSBURG. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NO, * NO, ai N
JAN FEB
1970
NH, a. N
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUC
zoaooo
100000
o laooo :
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
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Table V - 6
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Mattaponi River at Beulahville, Virginia
Nutrient
Loading
(Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04
Inorganic
Phosphorus
June 1969 through
October 1969*
T.K.N. as N
as N
NH3 as N
T.O.C.
1
23
400
200
,500
200
500
,000
November 1969
through May 1970
600
700
2,500
600
400
25,000
* Extreme river discharges of August 7 and August 28, 1969 are reflected
in nutrient loadings for their period.
V-16
June 1970 through
August 1970
200
100
700
100
TOO
8,000
are reflected
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
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MATTAPONI RIVER AT BEULAHVILLE. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO, oi PO,
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB WAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS 01 PO,
JUN
1
JUL
I
AUG
1
SEP
r
OCT
I 1 ' ' -
NOV DEC
JAN FEB
1
MAR
1
APR
-T '
MAY
1
JUN
JUL
1
AUG
O 1.000 :
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
V-IO
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MATTAPONI RIVER AT BEULAHVILLE. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NO, * NO, at N
1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG. SEP
~1 1
NOV DEC
1069 *
JAN FEBL
*- 1970
MAR. APR MAY
1 1 T
JUN JUL AUG
NH, 01 N
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN. FEa MAX APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DCC
JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
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V-19
Nutrient
Loadings
(Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04
Inorgani c
Phosphorus
T.K.N. as N
N02 + N03 as N
""3
T.O.C.
as N
Table V - 7
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Pamunkey River at Hanover, Virginia
June 1969 through
October 1969*
1,000
November 1969
through May 1970
2,000
June 1970 through
August 1970
200
500
3,000
900
500
65,000
1,000
3,000
2,000
1,000
35,000
200
1,000
200
200
6,000
* Extreme river discharges of July 31, 1969, and August 7 and August 28, 1969
are reflected in nutrient loadings for this period.
-------
£ 1.000 ;
PAMUNKEY RIVER AT HANOVER. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO, 01 PO.
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FIB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS 01 PO4
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FES MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
TKN 0. N
JUN JUL AUG SEP OrT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
V-12
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PAMUNKEY RIVER AT HANOVER. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NO, * NO, o« N
JUN JUL AOO SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
5
O 100
NH, 01 N
JUN JUL AUG S£P OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
- 1 - 1 - 1 - 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
NOV OCC
1 I I 1 1 1 i
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
-------
Nutrient
Loadings
(Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04
Inorganic
Phosphorus
T.K.N. as N
NO- + NOo as
NH3 as N
T.O.C.
* Extreme ri
reflected
V-22 |
1
1
1
Table V - 8
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings 1
James River at Richmond, Virginia
June 1969 through November 1969 June 1970 throug*
October 1969* through May 1970 August 1970 |
8,000 8,00'0 700 1
4,000 7,000 600 |
22,000 23,000 5,000
N 12,000 20,000 9,000
2,000 7,000 400
218,000 203,000 41,000
1
ver discharges during the months of July and August 1969 are |
in nutrient loadings for this period.
1
1
1
1
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-i 10.000
-S
JAMES RIVER AT RICHMOND. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAK.Y NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO4 at P04
_ 10.000 ;
i 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
1969 « 1 * 1970
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS 01 POA
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
100.000 ;
Z 10000 -
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JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
-------
JAMES RIVER AT RICHMOND. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED^
. ICkOOC -
NO, NO, 01 N
JUN JUL AUG SCP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r
JUN JUL AUG StP OCT NOV DEC | JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN. JL-L AUG
1969 » 1 *- 1970
10400
5.000
JUN. JUL AUG. SEP OCT
NOV DEC.
1888
JAN. FEB. MAR APR
WTO
MAY JUN JUL AUG
V-15
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V-25
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Table V - 9
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings
Chickahominy River at Providence Forge, Virginia
| Nutrient June 1969 through November 1969 June 1970 through
Loadings October 1969* through May 1970 August 1970
_ (Ibs/day)
T.P04 as P04 1,000 500 200
Inorganic
m Phosphorus 700 400 100
T.K.N. as N 1,000 1 ,000 200
I
I T.O.C. 34,000 12,000 2,000
I
* Extreme river discharges of July 31, 1969 and August 7 and August 28, 1969
_ are reflected in nutrient loadings for this period.
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N02 + N03 as N 300 300 70
NH3 as N 100 100 20
-------
- 1.000 -
_ 1.000 -
CHICKAHQMINY RIVER AT PROVIDENCE FORGE. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
TPO4 01 PO4
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
INORGANIC PHOSPHORUS at PO4
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
NOV DEC
1868 <
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY
''* 1970
JUN JUL AUG
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CHICKAHOMINY RIVER AT PROVIDENCE FORGE. VIRGINIA
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NO, * NO, 01 N
JUN
JUL
AUG
SEP
OCT
!
NOV Di" C
I
JAN F£B
1
MAR
APR
1
MAY
JUN
1
JUL
1 1
AUG
NH, as N
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT h*OV DEC
JAN FEB MA 9 APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
1 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 1 1 1 1 1 1
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
-------
I
V-28
As exhibited, nutrient contributions to the Chesapeake Bay from
major watersheds based on calculated loadings using observed data in- I
dicate two distinct observations: (1) the predominate influence of three
principal watersheds on the nutrient balance in the Chesapeake Bay--
the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James River and (2) the seasonal
nature of nutrient input to the Chesapeake Bay.
In the following section the observed data is extrapolated using
linear regression relationships and mean monthly flow data. Nutrient
loadings calculated in this manner reduce the biased nature of a limited
sampling program and are a realistic presentation of the observed data.
B. REGRESSION ANALYSIS
1. Analytical Framework
In order to establish a statistically valid relationship between
nutrient loadings and stream flow, a series of regression analyses of
the mean river discharge and nutrient loadings were performed at each
station and for each parameter using both linear and log transforms.
The following expressions were utilized in the final regression
formulation:
L - a] Qb V - 1 I
which may be transformed to
Log 1QL = a + b log]0 Q V - 2
where I
L = nutrient loadings (Ibs/day)
Q = river discharge (cfs)
a = constant defining the y intercept on log-log plot (a^ = 10a)
b = exponent defing the slope of the curve in the form of
Equation V - 2. _
I
-------
I v"29
This equation represents an expotential function which is linear
when plotted on log-log paper. The "b" term, or slope, is of particular
importance since it signifies the rate at which nutrient loadings increase
for any given flow.
I The equation used to calculate nutrient loadings is
L = N x Q x 5.38
where
L = nutrient load (Ibs/day)
N = nutrient concentration (mg/1)
I Q = river discharge (cfs)
5.38 = conversion factor
It should be noted that the above form of the equation results in
a biased analysis of L (nutrient loadings) versus Q (river discharge).
The derived least squares regression equations (Equation V - 2) and
related statistics which describe nutrient load-streamflow relationships
for each tributary watershed are presented in this report.
Utilization of the derived regression equations and graphs enable
the calculation of nutrient loadings at each sampling station using either
the mean monthly flows which occurred during the study period or any other
desirable flow. The use of mean monthly flows in nutrient load calculations
reduces the biased nature of a limited sampling program which realized
| only approximately 5 samples per month per station during the entire
M study period.
2. Regression Loadings (calculated)
I A regression analysis of nutrient loadings (Ibs/day) versus river
discharge (cfs) was performed for every station in the study network.
I
I
-------
V-30
These regression analyses were calculated using the United States
I
Geological Survey Statistical Package (STATPAC) - a computer program
which eliminates the cumbersome task of manual calculation of regression I
data for each parameter at every tributary watershed.
Least squares regression lines in the form of Equation V - 2, |
which describe the nutrient load - streamflow relationships for each
parameter at the Susquehanna River station, are illustrated in Figures
V - 18 through V - 23. Only the regression lines for the Susquehanna I
River station are presented because of the major importance of the
Susquehanna River and also for the sake of brevity. The least squares |
regression lines (log-log plots) show the dependence of nutrient
loadings for any particular river discharge and also verify the
reliability of the regression extrapolation (to visualize the correla- I
tions of the observed data to the regression lines).
The regression equations, correlation coefficients and related |
statistics utilized to determine the extrapolated nutrient loadings at _
each station in the sampling network are presented in Tables V - 10
through V - 17. The regression equation in the form of Equation V - 1 I
was used to compute the nutrient loadings.
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(VI
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V-19
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The mean monthly nutrient input (Ibs/day) to the Chesapeake
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The nitrogen and phosphorus inputs to the Chesapeake Bay from
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NITROGEN INPUT TO CHESAPEAKE BAY
sus
NITROGEN
INPUT
(Ibs/day)
V-24
-------
PHOSPHORUS INPUT TO CHESAPEAKE BAY
sus
POT
PHOSPHORUS
INPUT
(Ibs/day)
V-25
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V-55
1
1
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1
C. DELINEATION OF MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (REGRESSION)*
The tabulation of seasonal nutrient loadings for the major
tributary watersheds based on regression extrapolation for the peri
of June 1969 through October 1969, November 1969 through May 1970,
and June 1970 through August 1970 are presented in Tables V - 25,
V - 26, and V -
27, respectively. The seasonal nature of nutrient
ods
enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay is apparent v/hen the 15-month study
period is subdi
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac
Rapnahannock**
Mattaponi***
Pamunkey***
Chickahominy***
James***
* Calculated from
vided into three distinct time periods:
Table V - 25
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolati
June 1969 through October 1969
(Ibs/day)
T. PQ. TKN NO- + NO. NH~
as POj Pi as N ^ as NJ as^N
9,000 5,000 44,000 52,000 15,000
9,000 4,000 17,000 14,000 3,000
500 300 2,000 1,400 300
200 200 600 100 100
400 300 1 ,400 400 200
400 200 400 200 100
3,000 2,000 9,000 10,000 1,500
observed data using mean monthly flows and derived
on)
TOC
220,000
137,000
18,000
9,000
14,000
6,000
75,000
regression equations
1
1
1
1
** Months of July 1
*** Month of August
969 and August 1969 excluded due to extreme river di
1969 excluded due to extreme river discharge
scharge
-------
Table V - 26
Seasonal Nutrient Loadings (Regression Extrapolation
November 1969 through May 1970
(Ibs/day)
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac
Rappahannock
Mattaponi
Pamunkey
Chickahominy
James
T. P04
as P04
58,000
36,000
3,000
700
1,300
600
8,000
Seasonal Nutrient
June 1
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac
Rappahannock
Mattaponi
Pamunkey
Chickahominy
James
* Calculated
regression
T. P04
«J!°4__
*T
14,000
14,000
500
200
200
200
1 ,000
from observed
equations
TKN
Pi as N
37,000 143,000
16,000 52,000
1,500 6,000
600 1 ,900
800 3,000
400 1 ,000
5,000 22,000
Table V - 27
N02 + N03
as N
261 ,000
102,000
6,000
500
1,400
300
19,000
Loadings (Regression Extrapolation
970 through August 1970
(Ibs/day)
TKN
Pi as N
7,000 57,000
3,000 24,000
300 1 ,400
200 400
100 500
200 200
600 3,000
N00 + NO,
2 o
as N
72,000
24,000
800
100
200
100
5,000
data using mean monthly flows and
V-56
)*
NH
3
as N
42,000
9,000
1,000
300
600
100
5,000
)*
NH3
as N
19,000
4,000
200
100
100
50
500
derived
TOC
820,000
380,000
45,000
27,000
37,000
14,000
173,000
TOC
293,000
188,000
12,000
6,000
5,000
2,000
32,000
1
1
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VIV
1
1
1
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1
1
1
1
-------
V-57
1
1
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1
Based on these loadings, the majority of nontidal nutrient input
to the Chesapeake
May 1970 (a period
below:
Time
Period
June 1969 through
October 1969
November 1969
through May 1970
June 1970 through
August 1970
In addition,
when the majority
occurred during the months of November 1969 through
of high river discharges) as shown in the table
Seasonal Nutrient Contribution (%)
T. PO. NO. + NO. NH-
as POj Pi TKN ^as N as^N TOC
14 14 19 14 20 19
67 73 59 68 57 60
19 13 22 18 23 21
during the period November 1969 through May 1970,
of nutrients were transported into the Chesapeake
Bay via nontidal discharges, the primary sources of nutrients were the
three major watersheds; the Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James River
Table V - 28
Tributary
Watershed
Susquehanna
Potomac
Rappahannock
Mattaponi
Pamunkey
Chickahominy
James
Tributary Contributions
(Nutrient Loadings as %)
T. PO. TKN M0? + NO., NH.
as POj Pi as N as N 6 as^N TOC
54 60 62 66 72 55
34 26 23 26 16 25
3 33 2 <2 3
1 11 <1 <1 2
7 8 10 5 9 12
-------
V-58
As exhibited in the previous tables, the tributary contributions
reflect two distinct observations which can be made with regard to I
nutrient enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay: (1) the predominant influence
of three principal watersheds on the nutrient balance of the Chesapeake I
Baythe Susquehanna, the Potomac, and the James and (2) the seasonal
nature of nutrient enrichment of the Chesapeake Bay.
Based on observed data and substantiated by linear regression
extrapolation of observed data using mean monthly flows, the majority
of nutrients transported into the Chesapeake Bay via nontidal discharges |
occurred during the period November 1969 through May 1970. In addition, m
during this same time period, the primary sources of nutrients to the
Bay were the three principal watersheds: the Susquehanna, the Potomac,
and the James.* Of these three watersheds, the Susquehanna exerts the
greatest influence on the nutrient balance in the Bay. Nutrient control |
in this major watershed should result in restored nutrient balance in M
the Upper Chesapeake Bay.
D. COMPARISON OF OBSERVED DAILY LOADINGS AND MEAN MONTHLY LOADINGS I
BASED ON REGRESSION EXTRAPOLATION
The mean monthly nutrient loadings calculated from observed data
usinq mean monthly flows and the aforementioned regression relationships
are ) realistic extrapolation that eliminates the biased nature of the I
limited sampling program.
A comparison between the observed daily nutrient loadings and
mean monthly nutrient loadings based on regression extrapolation show
significant differences. When sampling occurred on days of high flow,
I
* also for the periods of June 1969 through October 1969 and June
1970 through August 1970
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V-59
the monthly loadings estimate based on these daily readings will be much
higher than when irregular flows are absorbed over the entire monthly
period as is done in the regression analyses.
The relationship between mean monthly flow (used for nutrient loading
calculation) and observed daily flow on particular sampling days is
presented in Figures V - 26 arid V - 27. Mean monthly nutrient loadings based
on extrapolated regression analyses and actual daily loadings at the
Susquehanna River station are presented in Figures V-28, V-29 and V-30.
I As can be seen, the use of mean monthly flows eliminates the biased
nature of extreme periods of flow during which sampling may have occurred.
8 Also, the calculated mean loadings are realistic when compared to the
daily loading fluctuation for the Susquehanna River and for all other
tributary watersheds.
Of major concern is the control of nutrients from these upstream
sources, especially the Susquehanna since it contributes in excess of 50
percent of all nutrients to the Chesapeake Bay. During the significant
period of November 1969 through May 1970, which just precedes the ideal
alyal bloom season in the bay, the Susquehanna River Basin contributed
54 percent of total phosphorus, 60 percent of inorganic phosphorus, 62
percent of total kjeldahl nitrogen, 66 percent of nitrite-nitrate nitrogen,
I 72 percent of ammonia nitrogen and 55 percent of total organic carbon
entering the Bay from the major tributary watersheds. As these upstream
sources are brought under control on a seasonal or annual basis, especially
in the Susquehanna River Basin, corresponding reduction in nuisance
conditions in the Chesapeake Bay should result.
| The importance of the vitality of the Susquehanna River to the
ecological health of the Chesapeake Bay cannot, therefore be overstated.
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1.000000 -
RIVER DISCHARGES
(MEAN MONTHLY vt. OBSERVED)
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
£ 100.000 -
LESEHP.
MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
DAILY RIVER DISCHARGE
IXXXI
JUN. JUL AUG SEP. OCT NOV DEC
JAN FED MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
POTOMAC RIVER AT GREAT FALLS. MARYLAND
100.000 -
MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
DAILY RIVER DISCHARGE
soo
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
RAPPAHANNOCK RIVER AT FREDERICKS8URG. VIRGINIA
IO.OOO -
LEGEND
MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
DAILY RIVER DISCHARGE
1 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC.
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 r
JAN FE8 MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
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RIVER DISCHARGES (CONTINUED)
(MEAN MONTHLY <». OBSERVED)
PAMUNKEY RIVER AT HANOVER. VIRGINIA
MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
DAILY RIVER DISCHARGE
JUN JUL AUG
MATTAPONI RIVER AT BEULAHVILLE. VIRGINIA
A A
JUN JUL AUG
JAHES RIVER AT RICHMOND. VIRGINIA
MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
DAILV RIVER DISCHARGE
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL HUG
CHICKAHOMINY RIVER AT PROVIDENCE FORGE. VIRGINIA
a 100 -
JUN JUL
-------
SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS (REGRESSION) VS. ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT UWDINGS (OBSERVED)
RIVER DISCHARGE
LEGEND
MEAN MONTHLY RIVER DISCHARGE
1 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1 1 1 r 1 1 1
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
TPO4 a. PO4
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS IBASEO ON REGRESSION EXTRAPOLATIONI
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
1 ' 1 1 1 1 1
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
I9«9 *
1 r~i r 1 1 1 r
JAN. FEB MAR APR MAV JUN JUL AUG
1970
V-28
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SUSQUEHANNA RIVER AT CONOWINGO. MARYLAND
NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NOROANIC PHOSPHORUS u PO4
LtGENO
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
JUN ' JUL AUG SEP OCT T NOV ' DEC
JAN ftt ' Ut.R '^ APR ' MAY 1 JUN ' JUL ' AUG.
:? loaooo ;
10000 :
5.000
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT
NOV DEC
1989 1
JAN FEB
. 1970
MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
NO, » NO, 01 N
£ lOttOOO ;
LEGEND
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1469
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL
« 1970
-------
SUSQIjEHANNA RIVER AT CONQWINGO. MARYLAND
NUTRIENT LOADINGS (CONTINUED)
NH, at N
1*00.000 -
ULfiiMC
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV. DEC. JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG
1.000
T.O.C
IO.OOO.000 .
lOOjOOO -
LEGEND
MEAN MONTHLY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
ACTUAL DAILY NUTRIENT LOADINGS
JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
1969 "
1 1 1 1
JAN. FES MAR APR MAY
JUN. JUL AUG
V-30
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APPENDIX
-------
I
I The following STATPAC codes are utilized for the data presented
in the Appendix to indicate parameter irregularities:
Code Description
N Not detected, looked for not found, or less than some
indefinite lower limit of analytical sensitivity.
H Interference in the analysis.
L Concentration is less than some stated lower limit of
analytical sensitivity.
G Concentration greater than some stated upper limit of
sensitivity.
I
B No data - blank.
I
M T Trace, concentration is near the lower limit of sensitivity.
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REFERENCES
1. Clark, L. J., "Mine Drainage in the North Branch Potomac River Basin,"
Technical Report No. 13, CTSL, MAR, FWPCA, U.S. Department of the
Interior, August 1969.
2. Oaworski, N. A., "Nutrients in the Upper Potomac River Basin,"
Technical Report No. 15. CTSL, MAR, FWPCA, U.S. Department of the
Interior, August 1969. I
3. Jaworski, N. A., L. J. Clark, and K. D. Feigner, "A Water Resource-
Water Supply Study of the P
CTSL, WQO, EPA, April 1971.
Water Supply Study of the Potomac Estuary," Technical Report No. 35, I
4. Chesapeake Bay-Susquehanna River Basin Project, "Water Quality and
Pollution Control Study-York River Basin," Working Document No. 12, J
MAR, FWPCA, U. S. Department of the Interior, April 1967.
5. Chesapeake Bay-Susquehanna River Basin Project, "Water Quality and
Pollution Control Study-James River Basin," Working Document No. 14, *
MAR, FWPCA, U. S. Department of the Interior, June 1967.
6. Chesapeake Bay-Susquehanna River Basin Project, "Water Quality and m
Pollution Control Study-Patuxent River Basin," Working Document
No. 15, MAR, FWPCA, U. S. Department of the Interior, May 1967.
7. Chesapeake Bay-Susquehanna River Basin Project, "Water Quality and
Pollution Control Study-Potomac River Basin," Working Document _
No. 17, MAR, FWPCA, U. S. Department of the Interior^, June 1967.
8. Susquehanna River Basin Study Coordinating Committee, "Susquehanna
River Basin Study," June 1970.
9. Governor's Patuxent River Watershed Advisory Committee, "The
Patuxent River - Maryland's Responsibility," July 1968.
10. John Hopkins University, "Report on the Patuxent River Basin,
Maryland," June 1966. _
11. Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Technical
Report )QL Data Report 32, "Physical and Chemical Limnology of
Conowinga Reservoir, Whaley, R. C., June 1960.
12. Philadelphia Electric Company, Interim Report,"Thermal Effects on
Conowingo Pond Resulting from the Operation of Two New Nuclear
Generating Units at Peach Bottom Atomic Power Station, York County, |
Pennsylvania," January 1968.
13. Federal Water Pollution Control Administration, "Report on the
Committee on Water Quality Criteria," U. S. Department of the
Interior, April 1968.
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