EPA Region 3 Summer Oxidants Study Final Report

DCN# 80-120-151-01 EPA# 68-02-2538-17 903R80006 EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study: Final Re x>rt November 17,1980 Prepared for: EPA Region III Air Quality Monitoring Branch Surveillance and Analysis Division (Theodore Erdman) U.S. EPA Region III Regional Center for Environmental Information 1650 Arch Street (3PM52) Philadelphia, PA 19103 CORPORATION ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I i DCN #80-120-151-01 Regional C enter lor Lirvirnnmcntal Tnfonn.itir US hl'A Region III 1650 Arch St. Philjdelphia. P4. W.fll EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY FINAL RPEORT by Radian Corporation 8501 MoPac Blvd. Austin, TX 78766 EPA Contract No.: 68-02-2538-17 Project Officer: Theodore Erdman Air Quality Monitoring Branch Surveillance and Analysis Division Philadelphia, PA 19106 U.S. EPA Region III Regional Center for Environmental Information 1650 Arch Street (3PM52) Philadelphia, PA 19103 8501 Mo-Pac Blvd. / P.O. Box 9948 / Austin, Texas 78766 / (512)454-4797 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1 2.0 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 3 2.1 Oakland, Pennsylvania -- Site 021 10 2.2 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 022 10 2.3 South Fayette, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 023 11 2.4 Boyce Park, Monroeville, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 034 11 3.0 INSTRUMENTATION 14 3.1 Equipment Shelters 14 3.2 Air Quality Instruments 14 3.3 Calibration Systems 17 3.4 Meteorological Systems 19 3.5 Acoustic Sounding Equipment 21 3.6 Data Acquisition System 25 4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE 28 4.1 Calibration Procedures 29 4.2 Results of Single Point and Calibration Checks 34 5.0 OPERATING TIME ANALYSIS FOR EACH SITE 62 6.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY 80 APPENDIX A Echosonde Theory and Method of Operation 287 ------- LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2-1 Siting Information for EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study 5 2-2 Minimum Separation Distances Between Monitoring Sites and Roadways (Edge of Nearest Traffic Lane) 7 2-3 EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study 8 4-1 Oxides of Nitrogen Audit Results. 36 4-2 Hydrocarbon Audit Results 37 4-3 Ozone Audit Results 38 4-4 NO^ and NO Single Point Precision and Calibra- tion Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study, Sites 021 and 022 39 4-5 NOa Single Point Precision and Calibration Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study, Sites 021, 022, and 023 40 4-6 03 Single Point Precision and Calibration Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study, Sites 022 and 034 '41 4-7 THC and CHi» Single Point Precision and Calibra- tion Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study, Sites 021 and 022 42 4-8 NOX, N02, and NO Single Point Precision and Calibration Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study, Lawrenceville 43 5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980, Site 021 68 5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980, Site 022 69 5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980, Site 023 70 5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980, Site 034 71 ------- 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 RADIAN CORPORATION TABLE 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-2 5-3 5-3 5-3 5-3 6-1 6-2 6-3 6-4 6-5 6-6 6-7 6-8 . 6-9 6-10 LIST OF TABLES (Cont.) Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980, Ci't-o O91 _____ _ — _ _ ___________ Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980, c 4 t-0 099 - DlLc UZ./. — — — — _ ____ __________ __ Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980, Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980, C-i 4-0 O^ZL '— _____________________________________ Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980, c •; t- o 091 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980, C -i - a 099 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980, c-i -o O9^ ______________________________________ Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980, Q-if-o n 3 A — — _ — -.__ — _— — — — — _-.-.____— — — -._ — - — — — — ——— ——— Daily Averages for June 1, 1980 through June oo 1 QfiO - - - Daily Averages for July 1, 1980 through July •31 1 QQO - Daily Averages for August 1, 1980 through An o-iio<- ^1 TQfiO __________ ___ __________ The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages fr\-r- Tima 1 1QSO t-Vcf micrl-i Tni-a °.O 1QRO ________ The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages •Fnr- Tnlv 1 1 Q80 1-VrrrmcrVi Tnlv ^1 1 Q80 The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages for August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1980 Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, June, 1980, ^•i t-o 091 099 09°. 0^_. _ — -- — Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, July, 1980, <5ii-o 091 O99 09^ O^A Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, August, 1980, ^ife 021 022 023 034 iii PAGE 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 87 88 93 98 103 106 109 112 134 156 ------- LIST OF TABLES (Cont.) TABLE PAGE 6-11 Wind Rose for Pennsylvania, June, 1980, Site 034 202 6-12 Wind Rose for Pennsylvania, July, 1980, Site 034 203 6-13 Wind Rose for Pennsylvania, August, 1980, Site 034 204 6-14 Backscatter Data Tabulations --208 6-15 Hourly Mixing Height Summary 213 6-16 Echosonde Daily Wind Summary 225 6-17 Echosonde Hourly Wind Summary 238 IV ------- 1 1 i 1 1 I 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I 1 1 1 RADIA COttfOMJtttOM FIGURE 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 3-1 3-2 4-1 4-2 4-3 4-4 4-5 4-6 4-7 4-8 4-9 4-10 4-11 N LIST OF FIGURES Pennsylvania Summer Oxidants Study Monitoring Q-f f p«? - Pi 1"1"<3'hiiTop'h - Locations of Site 021 (Oakland) and Trailer 09? fPi ft-Qhiiro-h^ -- - - T o rA t "T rm n ~F I"1"*;) T 1 or 0 ^Zi. 1\I__».J5 T* Mrvn v AOXTI 1 1 o ____.. Radian System I Ambient Air Monitoring Station TViO Mnrl^l &OO Kr^nooonHo —_^. -._ — -._._____ — — — — -._ — — . NO Single Point Calibration and Precision rftor«lrQ C-i i-0 091 - - - -_ -- NO Single Point Calibration and Precision rhorlrc ^ni-o 091 -- -- - N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision fnor-lrQ Q-it-o 091 - _. THC Single Point Calibration and Precision fhopVQ ^-i f pt 091 - - CHit Single Point Calibration and Precision r'hor'lf 099 - - NO Single Point Calibration and Precision pViQc-lfo Q-; 4-p 099 -- — - -__ N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision C'n ar'lf q Q-ifQ 099 - -- - - - THC Single Point Calibration and Precision Th ppk-c: 9 -f i-o 099 CH.» Single Point Calibration and Precision nippkc; 9i i-p 099 V PAGE A Q 10 1 Q -- 15 99 ^1 LL AC: Afi A 7 A.8 AQ 50 51 5? 5^ ------- LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) FIGURE PAGE 4-12 4-13 4-14 4-15 4-16 4-17 4-13 4-19 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 6-1 03 Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Site 022 NO Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Site 023 NO Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Site 023 N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Site 023 03 Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Site 034 NO Single Point Calibration and Precision Cnecks, Lawrenceville Health Dept. NO Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Lawrenceville Health Dept. N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision Checks, Lawrenceville Health Dept. THC, CHij , and Non-CH^ Diurnal Histograms, Site 021, June 1, 1930 throagh June 30, 1930 NO NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980 NO , NO, N02 , and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site 022, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930 THC, CHi* , and Non-CH* Diurnal Histograms, Site 022, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980 NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site 023, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930 Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980 Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930 Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, June 1, 1930 through June 30, 1930 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 — - 178 179 --- 180 --- 181 182 133 184 135 ------- LIST OF FIGURES (Gont.) FIGURE PAGE 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-2 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 6-3 NO , NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 0^1 Tiilv 1 1 QfiO l-Vi-rntio-h Tnl v "}1 ~\ QSO THC, CHi* , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021, July 1, 1980 through July 31, 1980 --- NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site 0^9 Tiilv 1 1 Q^O t-h-rrmcrh Tiilv ^1 1 Q^O THC, CH4 , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site 09? Till v 1 1 QRO f-h-rniicrn Tnl v 11 1 Q80 NO , NO, N02 , and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site 0$3 Ttilv 1 1Q80 thrnup-h Tiilv 31 1930 Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, July 1, 1 Q80 t-Vi-rrmcrVi Tiilv "^1 1 QSO - - Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, Tnl v 1 1 QRO t-hT-nncrh Till v ^1 1 Q80 Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site rnZi. Tn"Ur i iQsn t-h-rono-h Tiii \T ^T i Qsn - NO , NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021, A?icrii«s1- 1 1 Q80 t-TrrniiCTh Ano-ii<;1- ^1 1 Q8D THC, CH4 , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021, August 1, 1930 through August 31, 1980 NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site 022, August 1, 1980 tnrough August 31, 1980 THC, CH4 , and Non-CH,* Diurnal Histograms, Site 022, August 1, 1980 tnrough August 31, 1980 NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site 523, August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1980 Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, August 1, 1 Q30 1-h-rrmcr'h Ancrn<3l- ^1 1QRD Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, AiK-rnct- 1 TOSH t- Vi f r»i i o- n Anrrnct- "^1 IQftH ____ — — — Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1930 201 ------- LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.) FIGURE PAGE 6-4 Wind Rose, June, 1980, EPA Region III, Site 034 205 6-5 Wind Rose, July, 1980, EPA Region III, Site 034 206 6-6 Wind Rose, August, 1980, EPA Region III, Site 034 207 6-7 Daily Coded Backscatter Display 217 ------- I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I 1.0 INTRODUCTION This report summarizes the results of an ambient air quality and meteorological monitoring study conducted for EPA Region III from June through August 1980 at four sites in the Pittsburgh area. Data collected from this study will be used to support State Implementation Plan revisions for the control of photochemical oxidants. The study was conducted under Task Order No. 5 of the Basic Ordering Agreement No. 68-02-2538. Ozone data were collected and reported at the Boyce Park (Trailer 034), Flag Plaza (Trailer 022) , and South Fayette (Trailer 023) monitoring sites. Nitrogen oxides data were collected at Oakland (Site 021), Flag Plaza, and South Fayette monitoring sites. Total hydrocarbon and non-methane hydrocarbon data were collected at the Oakland and Flag Plaza monitoring sites. Meteorological data (e.g., temperature, wind speed, direction, and solar radiation) were collected at the Boyce Park monitoring site. In addition, a Radian Model 800 Echosonde Acoustic Sounder was established at the Boyce Park site to measure upper wind and thermal gradient structure. Data from the Echosonde site will be useful in determining atmospheric stability and turbulence information for future modeling applications. A quality assurance program was established for each site to substantiate data validation. Included in this program were periodic multipoint calibrations and frequent single point precision checks. In addition, one independent QA audit was conducted by Radian QA personnel during the study. The QA results for all Radian operated sites are summarized in this report. ------- Section 2.0 contains a complete description of the Radian-operated sites in the Pittsburgh area. Section 3.0 describes the monitoring equipment. Section 4.0 discusses the quality assurance procedures implemented during the study and the audit and precision check results. Section 5.0 summarizes the operating statistics and provides a brief operational summary for each site during the program. Section 6.0 contains a complete tubular and graphical data presentation for each site. ------- 2.0 SITE DESCRIPTIONS Prior to the onset of the study, EPA Region III and the Allegheny Pollution Control Agency selected four monitoring sites in the Pittsburgh area. Subsequent to site selection, Radian installed monitoring systems at the following locations: in Oakland (Radian Site 021); at the Civic Arena Auditorium (Flag Plaza) in downtown Pittsburgh (Trailer 022) ; in South Fayette (Trailer 023); and at Boyce Park near Monroeville (Trailer 034). In the early stages of the program, two of the moni- toring stations had to be relocated near the sites originally selected. Due to the heavy congestion of automobiles near the Civic Arena parking lot during peak traffic periods, the moni- toring trailer was moved approximately 100 feet SW of the original location and the sample inlet raised from a height of 13 feet to 33 feet above ground level. The move was approved by the EPA project officer. Because of noise complaints, the Echosonde equipment operated at Trailer 034 in Boyce Park was shut down on June 19, From June 23 to July 12, the acoustic sounding equipment was operated in the monostatic mode only. On July 12, an alternate Echosonde site was established in Boyce Park near Trailer 034, and full operations were resumed. The site locations chosen are indicated in Figure 2-1, and Table 2-1 provides further siting information. The sites were selected in accordance with regulations for monitoring site locations for state and local air monitoring stations (SLAMS) and for national air monitoring stations (NAMS). The requirements for ozone (Oa) and nitrogen dioxide (Na) are the following (Federal Register, 1979): ------- 00 k ,Q CO CO 01 4J bO C •H S-i O 4J •H C! t 9 T3 •H a CO g at PH I CN 00 ------- I TABLE 2-1. SITING INFORMATION FOR EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY Radian Site Number Site Name SAROAD Site Number Elevation (ft)* Probe Height (ft)*' Latitude Longitude UTM Coordinates (Zone 17) Site 021 Oakland 39-0100-080-J05 902 33 40° 26' 18" N 79° 57' 21" W 4476530 m N 588680 m E Trailer 022 Civic Arena 39-0100-081-J05 895 33 40" 26' 33" N 79" 59' 13" W 4477170 m N 585830 m E Trailer 023 South Fayette 39-7260-026-J05 1209 13 40° 22' 39" N 80° 10' 15" W 4469760 m N 570370 m E Trailer 034 Boyce Park 39-0100-067-J05 1210 13 40° 27' 24" N 79° 44' 58" W 4478990 m N 606050 m E Above mean sea level ** Above ground level ------- • Site should be > 20 meters from trees. • Distance from inlet probe to obstacle, such as a building, must be at least twice the height the obstacle protrudes above the inlet probe. • Airflow must be unrestricted 270° around the inlet probe, or 180° if the probe is on the side of a building. • Height of probe above ground should be 2-15 meters. • Both vertical and horizontal distance from supporting structure should be greater than 1 meter. • Distance from roads varies with traffic flow, as shown in Table 2-2. Because of numerous hills and buildings in the Pittsburgh area, the terrain is generally rough. However, the meteorological exposure for air quality monitoring is considered adequate. Exposure is measured in terms of the exposure ratio, which is the ratio between the height of the obstruction above the inlet probe and the distance to the obstruction. Operational start-up dates for each monitoring site, along with the parameters measured, are given in Table 2-3. A detailed micrometeorological description of each site follows. ------- TABLE 2-2. MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE BETWEEN MONITORING SITES AND ROADWAYS (EDGE OF NEAREST TRAFFIC LANE) Roadway Average Daily TrafficMinimum Separation Distance (Vehicles Per Day) Between Roadways and- Station (Meters) >_ 10,000 >. 10 15,000 20 20,000 30 40,000 50 70,000 100 > 110,000 > 250 ------- TABLE 2-3. EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY Site Operational Start-Up Date Parameters Measured Oakland (Site 021) 6/5/80 NOX, NO, N02, THC, NMHC, CH,, Pittsburgh Civic Arena 5/31/80 NO. NOX, N02, 03, Auditorium (Flag Plaza) TOP ,.,.,,(, rH (Trailer 022) raC' NMHC> CH* South Fayette (Trailer 023) 6/25/80 NOX, NO, N02 Boyce Park* #1 (Trailer 034) 5/25/80 03, Temp, WS, WD, Pyranometer Boyce Parkt #2 (Trailer 034) 7/12/80 Echosonde * The Echosonde was declared operational 6/15/80. t The Echosonde was relocated to an alternate site in Boyce Park 7/12/80. 8 ------- 00 ^ 3 XI CO 4-1 4J •H PN NX CM tM O •H cd •O C tO ------- 2.1 Oakland, Pennsylvania -- Site 021 Site 021 (Figure 2-2) was located in Oakland, an area in downtown Pittsburgh. The monitoring equipment was situ- ated in a closet on the third floor of a hardware store. The site is about 0.6 miles southeast of the University of Pittsburgh, about 0.4 miles northeast of 1-376, and about 0.4 miles north- west of Schenley Park. Numerous two-, three-, and four-story buildings surround the site, giving fair to good exposure for an urban site. Trees extend above the rooftops to the north, giving an exposure ratio of approximately 1:4. To the southwest, a four-story building gives the site an exposure ratio of about 1:10; and to the east, a three-story building gives the site an exposure ratio of approximately 1:20. Site exposure to the northwest and south is considered good because no immediate obstructions exist. 2.2 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 022 Trailer 022 (Figure 2-2) was also located in downtown Pittsburgh, in the northeast parking lot of the Civic Arena Auditorium (Flag Plaza). This site is about 1 mile east of the confluence of the Allegheny, Monogahela, and Ohio Rivers. The sampling inlet was mounted at a height of 33 feet above ground level. Several tall buildings located within a 0.2 mile radius of the site affect the meteorological exposure. A twelve-story building located to the northeast of the site gives an exposure ratio of 1:2. To the southeast, a twenty-one story building gives an exposure ratio of about 1:2. To the southwest and north, smaller buildings give exposure ratios of approximately 1:15, while exposure to the east, west, and northwest is generally unobstructed. 10 ' ------- 2.3 South Fayette, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 023 Trailer 023 was located at Township High School in South Fayette, 1.5 miles southwest of Oakdale, and 0.2 miles south of Battle Ridge Road (Figure 2-3). The trailer was situated next to the school building, so that little exposure exists to the south and west. No major obstructions stand from the north to the west; thus, good exposure is obtained in these directions. Minor obstructions include houses and trees on a small ridge running from northwest to southeast about 0.2 miles from the site, and lightposts in the school yard. The resulting exposure ratio is better than 1:30. 2.4 Boyce Park, Monroeville, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 034 Trailer 034 and the Echosonde monitoring shelter were sited at William D. Boyce Regional Park next to the Community College of Allegheny County, about 1.3 miles north of the intersection of 1-376 and 1-76 (Figure 2-4). The college is located about 1000 feet to the southwest of Trailer 034, just beyond some trees. Old Frankstown Road, which runs from east to west, is located about 200 feet north of the trailer and carries a light traffic load. Clumps of trees approximately 30 feet tall are located to the east, southeast, west, and northwest of the site, giving an exposure ratio of 1:5. Minimal obstructions occur in all other directions around the site; and exposure is good, especially to the north and south where the terrain slopes gently upward from north to south. The Echosonde was located approximately 600 feet north- east of Trailer 034, about 300 feet from Old Frankstown Road. It was sited on top of a hill, with an elevation of 1,245 feet above mean sea level; thus, no obstructions affected data collection. 11 ------- 0) 4J •U •fl 4J 3 O CO CM O 1-t 0) tH •H CO C O •H JJ n) a 3 60 •rl 12 ------- c/J a 0) rH 0) o S-l CD a en o n) VJ H § n) y eg 00 13 ------- 3.0 INSTRUMENTATION The major components of the four monitoring stations include air quality and meteorological instruments, calibration equipment, and a computer-controlled data system. Various shelters were used to house these components during monitoring. A description of shelters, instruments, equipment, and the data system follows. 3.1 Equipment Shelters A Radian System 1 shelter housed components at the Boyce Park site. The configuration of this monitoring station is shown in Figure 3-1. This station maintains a stable temperature environment (±5°F) for the correct operation of all instruments. Contractor trailers were used as equipment shelters at the Civic Arena and South Fayette Township sites. The monitoring equipment at the Oakland site was housed in a commercial hardware store. Later in the program, the Echosonde signal processing equipment was housed in a contractor trailer situated near Trailer 034 near Monroeville, Pennsylvania. 3.2 Air Quality Instruments Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOX), ozone (Oa), and hydrocarbons were taken at the various sites. The instruments used are described below. Nitrogen Oxides A Columbia Scientific, Inc., (CSI) Model 1600 NOX analyzer was used to measure nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (N02) and total nitrogen oxides (NOX). Based on the chemiluminescent principle, this analyzer is EPA-approved as an equivalent method for measuring N02. The analyzer has six test buttons which greatly simplify troubleshooting and maintenance, while 14 ------- RADIAN UOWTORINS INSTRUMENTS AIR INTAKE MANlFOLS STAglUZINC JACKS INSTRUMENT RACK I 1 1 I ) DATA ACSUiSIT SYSTEM J , STABILIZING JACKS SECTION A-k Figure 3-1. Radian System I Ambient Air Monitoring Station 15 ------- precise thermoelectric cooling of the photomultiplier tube con- tributes to a stable zero and low noixe level. Specifications are the following;: Full Scale Ranges Linearity Lower Detection Limit Noise Zero Drift Span Drift Temperature Range 0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50, 1.00, 2.00, and 5.00 ppm ±1% of full scale 0.002 ppm 0.001 ppm . ±0.001 ppm (24 hours) ±1% (24 hours) 10°C to 40°C Ozone A Meloy Laboratories OA 350-2R ozone analyzer was used for monitoring 03. Like the CSI Model 1600 NOX analyzer, the OA 350-2R operates under the chemiluminescent principle and is EPA approved as an equivalent method. These analyzers have demonstrated excellent reliability and contributed a high percentage of 03 data capture. The specifications are as follows: Ranges: Minimum Detectable Sensitivity Zero Drift Span Drift Linearity Operating Temperature 0-10 ppb 0-100 ppb 0-500 ppb (approved range) 0-1000 ppb 0-5000 ppb 0-10,000 ppb 0-5 ppb 3.5 ppb per day of 500 ppb range less than 1% per day ±1% ±2% 16 ------- Hydrocarbons A Bendix Model 8202 gas chromatograph measured hydro- carbons. Using a flame ionization detector, this instrument measures hydrocarbons as methane. The specifications follow: Full Scale Ranges Precision Accuracy Response Linearity Interference equivalent Noise Span Drift Zero Drift Operating Temperature Power requirements Total Hydrocarbons 10, 20, and 50 ppm . Methane 2, 5, and 10 ppm ±1% of full scale ±1% of full scale 3 minute cycle time ±0.57o Less than 0.01 ppm ±1% ±1% for 24 hours ±1% for 24 hours 5°C to 40°C 105 to 125 V, 50 or 60 Hz 3.3 Calibration Systems During the monitoring program, each pollutant analyzer was multipoint calibrated at the time of installation,and scheduled multipoint calibrations were performed at least once per month thereafter. A modified Bendix 8861-D portable gas dilution calibrator was used to perform external multipoint calibrations and weekly single precision checks of each pollutant analyzer. The Bendix 8861-D calibrator uses pressure capillary flow controllers to achieve accurate dilutions from NBS 17 ------- traceable standard gas cylinders. The capillaries are mounted in a thermally-stable enclosure in order to maintain a constant delivery flow rate. With the exception of ozone, which is dynamically generated by UV irradiation of zero air, all standards were contained in surface passivated aluminum cylinders, The Bendix calibrator contains an internal UV lamp which is used to generate precise quantities of ozone for conversion of NO to NOa. The source and dilution flow capillaries are constructed of stainless steel to minimize surface reactions. Two different size capillaries are used in the system in order to perform NO, CHit, and C3H8 dilutions. Nitrogen dioxide calibrations were performed using the gas phase reaction of NO with Oa to produce accurate concentrations of NOz. The Bendix 8861-D contains an internal air clean-up and drying system which was used to produce zero air for performing NO, NOX, and NOz calibrations. Cylinders of hydrocarbon-free zero air were used to supply dilution air to perform calibrations and precision checks of the hydrocarbon gas chromatographs. Calibration Standards All gaseous standards used to perform multipoint calibrations of each analyzer were documented traceable to NBS-SRM's. A Dasibi Model 1008 P.C. ozone analyzer, was used to calibrate the ethylene chemiluminescent analyzers operated in Pittsburgh. This particular unit is used as a primary standard to perform reference ozone calibrations. The Dasibi 1008 P.C. contains an internal ozone generator which supplies ozone to the analyzer under test. The ozone output is micro- processor controlled such that accurate ozone concentration outputs are achieved. The Dasibi automatically corrects the ozone concentration readout for temperature and pressure. All flow rate measurements were made with an NBS traceable Hastings HBM-1 bubble flowmeter. 18 ------- 3.4 Meteorological Systems Wind speed and direction, temperature, and solar radiation were measured at Trailer 034 throughout the monitoring study. With the exception of the solar radiation equipment, all meteorological sensors were manufactured by Met One, Inc. Descriptions of specific equipment follow. Wind Speed The Met One Model 010 wind speed sensor, equipped with an internal heater to prolong bearing life, was used to measure wind speed. By supplying a slight positive pressure, the heater prevents dust-laden air from being drawn in and corroding the bearing. The specifications for the Model 010 are the following: • Maximum Operating Range - 0-125 mph • Starting Speed - 0.6 mph • Calibrated Range - 0-100 mph • Accuracy - ±170 or 0.15 mph • Operating Temperature Range - -50°C to +85°C (-58°F to +185°F) • Response Distance Constant - Less than 5 feet of flow. (This is the distance that must be traveled by the air after a wind gust has occurred before the wind speed sensor reaches 637o of the new speed. The lower this value is, the better the instrument is.) Wind Direction Wind direction was measured by a Met One Model 020 sensor, also supplied with an internal heater. 19 ------- I RADIAN CORPORATION • Specifications for the Met One 020 sensor are: . • Operating Range (Azimuth) - 0° to 540° • Starting Threshold - 0.6 mph I • Linearity - ±%% of full scale • Accuracy - ±3° I • Damping Ratio - 0.4 to 0.6 • Delay Distance - Less than 3 feet • A horizontal calibration wheel (Model 040), necessary for the proper alignment of the wind vane assembly, is also I provided. Ambient Air Temperature Ambient temperature was measured by a Met One Model I 060-2A sensor. The specifications for the sensor are as follows: • Operating Range - -50° to +50°C • Linearity - ±0.15°C I • Accuracy - ±0.1°C Solar Radiation Total sun and sky radiation were measured by an Eppley Laboratory, Inc., Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP). Specifi- cations are given below: • Data recording range - 0 to 2 Langleys/minute • Wavelength Range - 0.28y to 2.8y (total sun and sky radiation) • Sensitivity - 9 microvolts per watt meter2 (approx.) • Temperature Dependence - Sensitivity is constant to within ±1% over ambient temperature range of -20°C to 40°C (-4°F to +104°F) 20 ------- • Linearity - Response is_linear up to intensities of 4 cal cm"2 min : • Response Time - 1 second 3.5 Acoustic Sounding Equipment A Radian Model 800 Doppler Echosonde acoustic sounder collected atmospheric temperature information from 49 to 795 meters and wind information from 60 to 335 meters above the ground at the Boyce Park site. The system operated at this site was a three- axis bistatic system consisting of a monostatic transmitter- receiver with two additional transmitters nearby (see Figure 3-2). To measure atmospheric temperature fluctuations, the monostatic portion of the system has a transducer and antenna assembly for transmitting short bursts of single-frequency acoustic energy in a narrow vertical beam. According to acoustic scattering theory, a small fraction of the energy is scattered directly back to the transmitter by temperature gradients in the atmosphere. The transmit antenna assembly is used as a receiver for these weak backscatter signals. Monitoring the backscatter intensity as a function of time from transmission permits estimation of the relative strength of the temperature gradients as a function of altitude. If the scattering volume is moving vertically with re- spect to the transmitter, the scattered wave will experience a Doppler shift in frequency. The size of this shift is given by 21 ------- THREE AXIS (U, V, W) BISTATIC DOPPLER SAMPLING GEOMETRY Bistatic Transmit Monostatic Transmit/Receive 10.01 so Plan View Bistatic Transmit Figure 3-2. The Model 800 Echosonde 22 ------- V A f = - 2 - f, c where v is the average upward velocity of the scattering volume, c is the speed of sound, and f is the transmitted frequency. Typically, the scattering centers do not move exactly together; the velocities are distributed about the mean. Thus, the spectral width of the received signal is spread according to the velocity distribution of the scattering volume. Adding a mean frequency estimate obtains the vertical velocity profile. The velocity distribution is estimated by calculating the spectral width. Horizontal wind components are measured by utilizing another scattering property. Since the transmit and receive antenna are not collocated, the Doppler shift is due to the velocity component along the bisector of the transmit and receive rays. This is called the bistatic (two-place) mode because the transmitter and receiver are located in two places. From the vertical velocity measured in the monostatic mode and one bistatic velocity component, the horizontal velocity com- ponent in the plane of the two beams is computed. Adding another bistatic leg in another direction (usually 90° away) permits measurement of the full three-dimensional wind vector as a function of altitude and time. The three wind components are measured by alternately transmitting from the bistatic legs and the central antenna. Further information on the Echosonde equation, scattering functions, and signal processing methods is given in Appendix A. A description of the basic subsystems follows. 23 ------- Acoustic Antenna Assembly The monostatic portion of the Echosonde includes an antenna assembly that consists of an exponential horn and transducer which directs acoustic energy into a parabolic reflector to form a 10° acoustic beam. Because of the high mag- netic field strength in the compression driver coil gap, the assembly also functions well as a return echo detector. The electrical signal from the compression driver-detector is amplified to the antenna to minimize electrical noise effects on the receiver system. The transmitted tone used in the Pittsburgh program was 2000 Hz. The transmitted tone power is 150 watts electric input power with a selectable pulse duration of 0 to 990 milli- seconds in 10 millisecond steps. The pulse repetition rate is also selectable from 1 to 99 seconds in 1 second steps. For the Pittsburgh study, a repetition rate of 5 seconds was used. The pulse duration is the controlling variable for altitude resolu- tion; the repetition rate sets the maximum travel time, and thus, the maximum altitude. The acoustic enclosure design provides isolation of the receiving antenna from ground-based interfering noise sources. The fully portable SEPTACUFF is constructed of seven sides and a bottom, all of which are lined with acoustic foam and a sandwiched lead sheet septum for maximum sound control. The sides of the enclosure are flared away from the four foot parabolic antenna/reflector located at the bottom of the SEPTACUFF, Bistatic Transmitters Two parabolic reflecting dish transmitters are used for each of the two bistatic legs of the system. Each leg has 24 ------- one transmitter directed at 35° above the horizontal and a second transmitter directed at 55°. Each set of transmitters is located 150 meters from the main transmitter-receiver with the two legs forming perpendicular axes to the SEPTACUFF. Each dish transmitter is identical to the dish transmitter in the SEPTACUFF. Computers and Control Electronics A Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11 microcomputer, with 14K memory and hardware multiply/divide, was used as the central processing unit at the Boyce Park site. Because the LSI-11 control program resides in programmable read only memory (PROM), the system automatically restarts after power failure. The Echosonde signal generating and processing electronics are assembled on printed circuit boards designed for plug compati- bility with the LSI-11 microcomputer. A Radian DART II system was used for intermediate data storage on magnetic tape. Display Terminal The display unit used at Boyce Park was a dot matrix digitally-controlled line printer. The printer has a special optical shading character set for displaying the intensity of the backscatter return. The standard alpha-numeric character set is used to print the wind data determined by the Doppler frequency shift. The display also provides an estimate of the returned signal to noise ratio. 3.6 Data Acquisition System Each monitoring site was equipped with a Radian DART I or DART II data acquisition system used to collect 25 ------- and reduce data obtained from continuous air quality and meteorological sensors. Each DART system was equipped with a keyboard printer for on-site hard copy data storage. The basic difference between the two DART systems is the"type of media used for program and data storage. The DART I system uses a cassette drive for program loading, and a mini-track write only mag tape for data storage. The more advanced DART II system utilizes a floppy disk drive for both program loading and data storage. Each DART system provides the following features: • System operation completely under software contol. • Real time data processing. • Hardcopy printout provided on-site for inspection by operators. • Operator key-ins for setting system parameters and checking system operation. • Telephone communication to a central site via acoustic coupler or modem. • Daily self-diagnostics. • Computer-controlled calibration of instruments. • Computer monitoring of the status of many key functions. • Data recorded on industry compatible nine- track magnetic tape, or one month disk storage capacity. • Battery-powered clock which enables computer to always maintain correct time and to identify duration and time of power failures. The standard data collection program takes a sample every five seconds from each data channel and then uses this data to form five-minute averages for each channel. These five-minute averages form the basis for further data reduction. After one hour of five-minute averages have been collected, the 26 ------- microprocessor energizes, through relay control, the tele- printer and prints a hard copy of the collected data, as well as recording the data on magnetic tape or disks. Since the teleprinter is a mechanical device, turning the teleprinter off after the printout is completed greatly enhances its lifetime. The magnetic tape transport used in the system is an industry- compatible, incremental write, seven- or nine-track unit. The unit is equipped with an auto load feature which automatically reloads and erases several inches of tape following a power outage. When an operator sets a switch, this information is available as status information to the microcomputer and recorded along with the data collected during this time. Therefore, there are no unexplained events in the recorded data due to operator intervention. The analog-to-digital voltage conversion unit (A/D) incorporated in the DART is custom built for air monitoring applications. It has 32 channels, each with individually adjustable amplifiers to enable it to accept various types of input signals. The A/D unit has 12 bit accuracy, i.e., the full-scale input signal is divided into 2048 segments. For an analyzer with a 500 parts per billion (ppb) full-scale, this provides a discrimination of one-fourth of a ppb. This is approximately ten times more accurate than the analyzer; thus no additional uncertainty is introduced by the data system. Channels can be manually selected for LED display via a thumb- wheel switch. In addition to the DART data acquisition systems, a bank of strip chart recorders was also used in the Pittsburgh study to monitor key parameters at each site. The recorders were used as a back-up in the event of a data system malfunction. 27 ------- 4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE The goal of the EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study was to obtain precise, accurate data to provide a valid air quality assessment of the Greater Pittsburgh Area. A quality assurance program was implemented to substantiate the validity of the monitoring data. Emphasis of the program was placed on the following: • External weekly precision checks of the air quality sensors. • Scheduled (five point) monthly multipoint calibration checks of the air quality senosrs. • An independent audit of the air quality sensors by Radian QA personnel. • Detailed log books and check lists maintained on site. • Hard copy printout of all data channels computed in engineering units printed out hourly using a state-of-the-art on-site micro- processor based computer system. • Strip chart back-up system for recording key data parameters. • All analyzers maintained in a stable temperature-controlled environment (68°F - 86°F). 28 ------- 1 I I I I I 1 I I I I I RADIAN I 1 I I 1 I The procedures presented in this document were consistent with existing EPA regulations and quality assurance guidelines. 4.1 Calibration Procedures All analyzers were operated in a manner such that the EPA reference on equivalent certification was not voided. An instrument calibration consisted of a minimum of five upscale span inputs and a zero input spaced equally over the approved operating range of the analyzer. All standards used to perform calibrations of the gaseous pollutant analyzers were certified traceable by the vendor to National Bureau of Standard's Standard Reference Materials (SRM). The reference procedures used to calibrate the gaseous pollutant analyzers were consistent with those cited in Title 40, Part 50 of the Code of Federal Regulations (CFR). All standard pollutant gases were introduced through the ambient sampling port of the analyzer upstream of all prefilters and scrubbers using a vented tee so as to simulate an actual response to an ambient input of pollutant gas. Calibrations were performed with the following standard sources: Pollutant Input Referenced Source Nitric Oxide and NO in N2 Total Oxides of Nitrogen Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Phase Titration of NO with 0; Methane and Non- CHi in Air and Methane Hydro- Propane and Air* carbons Ozone Transfer 03 Generator Referenced to UV Photometry 29 ------- Nitric oxides, methane, and total hydrocarbon calibre tions were performed by diluting the appropriate referenced standard gas with zero air using a modified Bendix 8861-D cali- brator. Dilution air used to perform nitric oxide calibrations was provided by an internal chemical purification and drying system housed in the calibrator. Bottled UHP "zero air" was used for dilution of the methane and propane gas standards. Figure 4-1 illustrates the flow diagram of the dilution cali- bration system. The source and dilution flows were calibrated with an NBS traceable Hastings HBM-1 flow meter. All flow rates were referenced to EPA standard conditions (760 mm Hg and 26°C). The standard gas inputs (e.g., NO and CHO were calculated by the following equation: (Source Flow) (Cylinder Cone, ppm) Standard Input Cone. = Total Flow Nitrogen dioxide calibrations were conducted by introducing known quantities of NOa produced by the gas phase reaction of NO with 03. During scheduled multipoint calibra- tions , the nitrogen dioxide converter efficiency checks were performed. Nitrogen oxides data were invalidated if the converter efficiency was less than 967o. Calibrations of the ozone chemiluminescent analyzers were performed using referenced ozone concentration inputs determined with a Dasibi 1008 P.C. primary ozone standard. The Dasibi 1008 P.C. contains an internal ozone generator which produces precise measured quantities of ozone used to calibrate each ozone analyzer. The ozone output of the Dasibi is continuously referenced with an internal UV photometer which is 30 ------- I I I p 4 I 1 1 I I I I I I I I I I 1 I RADIAN CC o < UJ CC i X" C V_ — v v vw £g li s rj co O a ^ ^ r7* c £ / UJ >• o > 3 1— / — T" W oE g v CC j O o = z LL! L. .X'^^X C W ) M)"s s 2 Q 0 CO 1 1 ^. 5) e=§ r si xz O UJ C3 33 O O H 0 o s u o to c I / £ : II ( c L !• L Q UJ ACTIVAT n 2 o CC o O r u >~ r •> > > » » > i •~> -s c. u J i. J CHARCO - i i- Ul ^ CC UJ V >H / W 2 VcVscI a. O X UJ A -S J /^\° ^ \ \ ^ 1 UJ _J z UJ «o _J O U d. S3 5 H i-i < ft. ° « "x «' o o p^ C^ « ' r ^ V. ^» > u 01 N ra § ™ ' Vd ^— ^ / N / r — T C t- t- l 4 • 4 J • ^ C J 4 l\| • (. r P r •«, • c /TEST POINT ^ O u. 3 U a 3 2 ll j A ^ •4 D ^ _i 13 -1 Q H -1 •d j u >M j -i 0 3 Ll bO H 3 3 0 H n •5 i U U 50 H t4 UJ > 3 a. 31 ------- connected through a microprocessor controlled feedback loop to the ozone generator. This allows the operator to set the ozone output to a desired quantity. The ozone concentration output of the Dasibi is automatically corrected to EPA reference conditions (760 mm Hg and 25°C). The procedures used to calibrate the chemiluminescent ozone analyzers were consistent with the procedures outlined in CFR Part 50, Appendix D. During the Pittsburgh study, scheduled precision checks were conducted approximately once every week. If an analyzer response was found to be greater than ±10% during a routine precision check, an adjusted multipoint calibration was per- formed. All analyzer span adjustments were made at approximately 80% of the full scale range of the analyzer. Unadjusted single point span checks were performed by introducing sample input concentrations of approximately 20% of the upper range response of the analyzer. An independent audit of the pollutant analyzers operated in the Pittsburgh Oxidants Study was conducted by Radian QA personnel (17-19 July 1980). The audits were con- ducted using a different set of gas standards and calibration equipment. The audit consisted of challenging each analyzer in a test to a series of three upscale inputs and a zero point equally spaced over the operating range of the analyzer. The audit inputs were introduced upstream of the prefilters to simulate an actual ambient response. The procedures used to audit the pollutant analyzers were similar to those used to perform routine unadjusted calibrations. A referenced transfer UV ozone generator was used to perform audits of the ozone analyzers. 32 ------- POKOTM The results of audits conducted at the Radian operated sites in the Pittsburgh area are presented in Tables 4-1 through 4-3. Each NO/NO analyzer audited exhibited relative response X errors of less than ±10%. The ozone audit results were also excellent. Each ozone analyzer exhibited response errors of less than ±570. The hydrocarbon audit results were marginally accpetable at both the Oakland and Flag Plaza monitoring sites. The ' hydrocarbon analyzer at the Flag Plaza site exhibited the THC and CHit relative errors of +20 and +19% at the 8 ppm test point. At the 2 ppm test point, both hydrocarbon analyzers exhibited THC and CH^. response errors of less than ±6%, which is within the normal ambient background range for methane. Methane in air standard inputs were used to calibrate the THC and CHi» channel responses for each hydrocarbon analyzer. Propane in air standard inputs (calculated as ppm carbon) were then introduced to reference the THC response of each analyzer. The THC response to propane in air inputs ranged from -20% at Flag Plaza to -35% at the Oakland site. During the Pittsburgh program, the average THC response of each analyzer was ^ -28% during routine monthly multipoint calibrations. This agrees closely with the July audit results. It is not clear at this point why the audit and calibration responses were low to the propane in air standard inputs. Cylinders of hydrocarbon-free zero air (< 100 ppb as CHO were used to supply carrier and burner air to the hydrocarbon analyzers, thus ruling out carrier air contamination. Cylinders of spectraseal grade ultra high purity zero air (< .10 ppb as CHi) were used as dilution air inputs to dilute- the methane in air and propane in air standards. 33 ------- CORPORATION Two cylinders of propane in air were purchased from AIRCO to conduct calibrations and audits for this program. One cylinder was designated as an audit standard and the other as a calibration standard. The methane standards used to conduct the audits and calibrations were purchased from two different vendors. Subsequent cross comparisons of the two propane cvlinders at Radian using a different Bendix 8202 hydro- carbon GC calibrated with a methane and air standard showed a similarly low response to calculated inputs from each propane cylinder. This suggests that (1) the propane in air cylinder concentration values were in error, (2) the flame ionization detector on the Bendix 8202 responds low to propane, (3) the auto zero and peak height following circuitry responds differently to higher carbon species and/or (4) the methane standards were in error. The latter is unlikely since the methane standards were cross compared to NBS traceable standards and were found to be accurate. Radian has arranged to order an additional propane standard to cross compare the standards used in the Pittsburgh study. However, the cylinder has not arrived. The results of the standards cross comparison will be forwarded upon completion. 4-. 2 Results of Single Point Precision and Calibration Checks The results of the weekly single point precision and calibration checks conducted at Oakland (Trailer 021), Flag Plaza (Trailer 022) , South Fayette (Trailer 023) , Boyce Park (Trailer 034), and the Lawrenceville sites are presented in Tables 4-4 through 4-8. The Radian rejection limits for nitrogen oxides and hydrocarbon data is ±20% (relative response error), and ±15% for ozone. The EPA acceptance/rejection limits for valid data collection for this program was ±15% for all pollutant parameters unless otherwise specified by the EPA 34 ------- I I I I I i I I I I I I I I I I I I I Project Officer. Therefore, no data were deleted unless the relative response error for any pollutant parameter greater than ±20% Generally speaking, the results of precision checks were good for most parameters. The only exceptions were the N0/N0x precision checks conducted at the Lawrenceville site operated by the Allegheny County Pollution Control Agency (ACPCA). During the monitoring program, Radian was responsible for performing routine precision, checks and monthly multipoint calibrations of the NO/NOX analyzer operated by the Allegheny County Pollution Control Agency at the Lawrenceville site. Early in the program, the analyzer exhibited a very erratic response. The analyzer was recalibrated each time the analyzer was found to be outside established span tolerances. In some instances, the span drift appeared to be the results of inadequate ventilation and environmental control (shelter temperatures greater than 90°F). In other instances, the problem was due to leaks in the analyzer plumbing, condensation in the reaction chamber, and/or electronic adjustments made by ACPCA personnel. On some occasions, the precision checks could not be conducted until repairs to the analyzer were completed. Control charts of the precision and calibration checks are presented in Figures 4-2 through 4-19. 35 ------- RADIAN E-" CO 3 H M Q W 1 tH Pn O CO w Q H X O . oo CM O O -H - O O C3 O O 1-1 eM in o Is* ey> -a- o o r^ -» o o o o en o\ o\ CM O en CM CM O O en -a- O O O O o m o o o r^ o m o o >* vo O ON en en O o en «* O O O O o z o i 36 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RADIAN TABLE 4-2. HYDROCARBON AUDIT RESULTS Site 021 (Oakland) 7/19/80 I Trailer 022 (Flag 7/17/80 Plaza) / * Methane and air standard input t Propane in air (as ppm methane) 37 ** o PARAMETER ou* THC* THC (Propane) t 0.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 / 0.04 2.06 5.09 8.83 0.02 2.08 5.40 9.01 0.02 1.30 3.42 5.64 Aff+ •P ^& +3.0 +1.8 +10.4 _ +4.0 +8.0 +12.6 _ -35.0 -31.6 -29.5 /.w Qj J3 ^» 0.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 0.00 2.00 5.00 8.00 / / Z7 / fl? / a? 0.000 2.11 5.67 • 9.63 0.00 2.10 5.65 9.55 0.00 1.45 4.00 6.20 +5.5 +13.4 +20.4 - +5.0 +13.0 +19.4 _ -27.5 -20.0 -20.0 ------- TABLE 4-3. OZONE AUDIT RESULTS TRAILER 022 (Flag Plaza) _ 7/17/80 7 Trailer 034 (Boyce Park) / 7/19/80 / y o c PARAMETER o, / "^ 0.000 0.077 0.259 0.463 / °* 0.001 0.080 0.265 0.457 / ^^ _ +3.9 +2.3 -1.3 / ^^ 0.000 0.077 0.259 0.463 / ff< / ^ (* 13 1 $ ^ 0.004 0.080 0.266 0.476 +3.9 +2.7 +2.8 38 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE 4-4. NOX AND NO SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 021 AND 022 Dace site 021 Oakland 6/5 6/9 6/16 6/21 6/28 7/3 7/3 7/7 7/18 7/18 7/26 7/30 7/30 8/8 3/8 8/14 8/14 8/22 8/28 Site 022 Flag Plaza 6/7 6/14 6/14 6/20 6/20 6/26 7/2 7/9 7/17 7/23 7/31 8/8 8/14 8/21 8/28 Sic* 023 South Fayette 6/25 7/2 7/2 7/6 7/17 7/24 7/30 7/30 3/8 3/13 3/20 3/26 Input Cone. (ppm) .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 SO Response (ppm) .104 .099 .092 .095 .105 .114 .100 .100 .113 .104 .096 .089 .100 .104 .102 .106 .099 .100 . 100 .106 .097 .104 .096 .101 .104 .103 .106 .099 .100 .100 .093 .101 .098 .114 .098' .114 .100 .097 .099 .101 .103 .098 .100 .098 .100 .103 NO Respotis • (ppm) .103 .102 .093 .096 .106 .088 .100 .101 .113 .104 .091 .081 .100 .112 .103 .106 .098 .100 .101 .096 .094 .101 .088 .099 .102 .103 .105 .098 .095 .100 .093 .101 .096 J.01 .097 .112 .101 .098 .097 .100 .102 .093 .100 .098 .100 .104 NOX il +4 -1 -a -5 +5 +•14 0 0 +13 +4 -4 -11 0 +4 +2 +6 -1 0 0 +6 -3 +4 -4 +1 +4 +3 +6 •-1 0 0 -7 +1 -2 +14 -2 +14 0 -3 -1 +1 +3 -2 0 -2 0 i-3 NO i7. +3 +2 -7 -6 +6 -12 0 +1 +13 +4 -9 -19* 0 +12 +3 +6 -2 0 +1 -4 -6 +1 -12 -1 +2 +3 +5 -2 -5 0 -7 +1 -4 +1 -3 +12 +1 -2 -3 0 +2 -7 0 -2 0 +4 Type of Calibraticr- o P P P P P m m P a P P o m a P m P m P P m P m P P a P P m P P P M a m P P P a m P P P 01 '''Response due to a calibrator malfunction during previous calibration check on 7/26/80. M = Multipoint P = Precision Check 39 ------- TABLE 4-5. N02 SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 021, 022, AND 023 Date Site 021 Oakland 6/5 6/9 6/16 6/21 6/28 7/7 7/18 7/26 7/30 8/8 8/14 8/22 8/28 Site 022 Flag Plaza 6/7 6/14 6/20 6/26 7/2 7/17 7/23 7/31 8/8 8/14 8/21 8/28 Site 023 South Fayette 6/25 7/2 7/6 7/17 7/24 7/30 8/8 8/13 8/20 8/26 8/28 Input Cone . (ppm) .193 .094 .095 .086 .198 .100 .100 .091 .104 .086 .100 .113 .151 .090 .085 .120 .067 .097 .094 .100 .092 .081 .097 .098 .100 .100 .100 .100 .102 .099 .090 .067 .094 .095 .135 .135 NOa Response (ppm) .185 .093 .090 .081 .192 .100 .104 .096 .104 , .076 .100 .109 .148 .095 .079 .113 .067 .096 .089 .100 .090 .074 .097 .097 .101 .099 .098 .095 .091 .093 .090 .057 .091 .092 .134 .134 NO 2 A% -4 +1 -5 -.6 -3 0 +4 +6 0 -8 0 -4 -2 +5 -7 -6 0 -1 -5 0 -2 -8 0 -1 +1 -1 -2 -5 -1 -6 0 -12 -3 -3 -1 -1 Type of Calibration m P P P P m m P m m m P m P m m P P P P m m P P m P m P P P m P P -P m m M = Multipoint P = Precision Check 40 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE 4-6 03 SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 022 AND 034 Date Site 022 Flag Plaza 6/9 6/14 6/14 6/19 6/26 7/2 7/8 7/12 7/23 7/31 7/31 8/7 8/14 8/18 8/19 8/21 8/21 8/26 Site 034 Boyce Park 6/5 6/8 6/13 6/20 6/28 6/28 7/4 7/11 7/11 7/23 7/30 8/8 8/13 8/22 8/22 8/27 Input Cone . (ppm) .090 .100 .100 .090 .099 .100 .100 .100 .106 .093 .099 .100 .104 .106 .206 .100 .100 .100 .095 .077 .093 .100 .099 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .101 .097 .101 .101 .101 .100 03 Response (ppm) .085 .089 .097 .088 .093 .100 .100 .100 .107 .080 .100 .102 .105 .110 .212 .103 .100 .109 .090 .073 .094 .103 .117 .099 .110 .112 .100 .102 .103 .097 .106 .110 .104 .098 03 A% -6 -11 -3 -2 -6 0 0 0 +1 -14 +1 +2 +1 +4 +3 +2 0 +9 -5 -5 +1 +3 +18* -1 4-10 +12 0 +2 +2 0 +5 +9 +3 -2 Type of Calibration P P m P P P m m m m P P m P P P m m P P P P P m P P m P m P m P m m "Span response due to baseline drift. Daily zero drift corrections were applied to the data base. M = Multipoint P = Precision Check 41 ------- TABLE 4-7. THC AND CHi, SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 021 AND 022 Date Site 021 Oakland 6/6 6/4 6/9 6/11 6/12 6/17 6/21 6/28 7/1 7/7 7/18 8/5 8/5 8/14 8/22 8/28 Site 022 Flag Plaza 5/31 6/7 6/14 6/20 6/26 7/2 7/9 7/9 7/17 7/23 3/7 8/9 8/10 8/14 8/14 8/21 8/26 Input Cone. (ppm) t 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 8.25 2.0 2.0 3.66 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 THC Response (ppm) 2.02 2.1Q 2.11 2.14 2.01 1.97 1.94 2.00 2.24 2.02 1.86 2.02 1.95 1.92 2.10 2.14 2.0 8.2 2.12 2.10 3.55 2.0 1.95 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.0 2.07 2.39 1.99 1.99 2.04 CH* Response (ppm) 2.00 2.16 1.85 2.10 1.99 2.01 1.95 2.00 2.15 2.00 1.85 2.22 1.95 1.91 1.95 2.02 1.95 7.95 1.99 2.05 3.55 2.02 1.97 2.0 2.0 2.03 2.0 2.0 2.05 2.37 2.00 1.98 1.99 THC A% +1 +5 +6 +7 +1 -2 -3 0 +12 +1 -7 +1 -3 -4 +5 +7 0 -1 +6 +5 -3 0 -2 0 0 0 0 0 +4 +20 -1 -1 +2 cm A% 0 +8 -8 +5 -1 +1 -2 0 +8 0 -8 +11 -3 -4 -2 +1 -3 -4 -1 +2 -3 +1 -2 0 0 +2 0 0 +2 +19 0 -1 -1 Type of Calibration m " P P m m m P m m P P P m P P m m P P P P P P m P P m m m P m m i Methane in air used to perform precision checks * Data Rejected M = Multipoint P = Precision Check 42 ------- I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I RADIAN TABLE 4-8. NOV, N02, AND NO SINGLE POINT X PRECISION AND CALIBRATION CHECKS EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, LAWRENCEVILLE* Dace 5/30 5/30 5/30 6/6 6/6 6/6 6/16 6/16 6/16 6/20 6/20 6/20 6/30 6/30 7/7 7/15 7/15 7/29 7/30 7/30 7/30 i/6 3/6 8/13 8/13 d/13 8/20 8/20 8/20 8/27 8/27 Input Cone. (ppra) .100 .100 .112 .100 .100 .127 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .095 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .100 .090 .100 .102 .100 .100 . iOO .100 .100 .098 .100 .103 NOX Response (ppm) .084 .101 - .144 .101 - .075 .103 - .081 .105 - .071 .105 .100 .095 .098 .121 .125 .105 - .096 - .105 .099 - .097 .100 .106 - NO Response (ppm) .079 .100 - .151 .102 - .084 .105 - .074 .103 - .041 .106 .100 .104 .096 .118 .120 .105 - .087 - .104 .099 - .097 .097 .100 — NO i Response (ppm) - .105 - • - - .125 - - .103 - - .103 - - - - - - - - .090 - .101 - - .097 - - •096 .102 NOX AZ -16 1 - -1-44 +1 -2 -25 +3 +3 -19 +5 +8 -29 +5 0 -5 -2 +21 +25 +5 0 -4 -1 +5 -1 - -3 0 -5 +6 -1 NO A% -21 0 - +51 +2 - -16 +5 - -26 +3 - -59 +6 0 +4 -4 +18 +20 +5 - -13 - +4 -1 - -3 -3 0 - NOi A* - - -7 -2 +3 +8 0 -1 - -3 -1 -1 Type of Cal. P ID m m m m P . m D P m m P m m P m P P m m P P P m - m m m m P Operaced by Allegheny County Pollution Control M = Multipoint P = Precision Checks 43 ------- RADIAN p E R 25 £ 20 N 15 T 10 D 5 I 0 E-10 N-20 C-25 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX JUNE I-AUGUST 3!, 1980 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 JULIAN DATE 225 235 245 Figure 4-2 44 ------- SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND PARAMETER MEASURED: NO p E R 25 C 20 N 15 T 10 D 5 I 0 E-10 g-,6 N-20 C-25 E 15 JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 980 : k A A, /i~i i N • — — 2 55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 24 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-3 45 ------- p E R 25 E 20 N 15 T 10 D I 0 E-10 N-20 C-25 E 155 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND PARAMETER MEASURED: N02 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 165 175 185 195 205 215 JULIAN DATE 225 235 245 Figure 4-4 46 ------- 1 •» JA m€f \| ~"~ 1 1 1 1 • ? __ ^ p- . R 25 • r • ~ 20 E M 15 IM 1 v IN T 10 ID 5 T1 X% I 0 IF "5 E-10 R-15 1 Ell • N-20 C_^.»- -25 1 E 1E 1 1 1 1 1 1 iB^B JB^fl LDIAN RKTKMI SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND PARAMETER MEASURED: THC JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980 - ; ; ; — U A . /- E ^^^^ ^X^ Ji ^^>«/ \| ^ ^—- — !5 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-5 47 ------- p E R 25 c 20 N-20 C-25 E 155 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND PARAMETER MEASURED: CH4 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-6 48 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 155 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-7 49 ------- RADIAN SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA NO p E R 25 P 20 N 15 T 10 D 5 0 1- E-10 N-20 Cf^r- -25 E IE - ~* 4 ->, I ; ; 15 16- i \ \j 5 JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980 ^* ^^\ ^-^^x^/ ^^ 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 2^ IS JULIAN DATE Figure 4-8 50 ------- 1 •^^J COM 1 1 1 1 I * ^B s\r~ R 25 fN • ET* U 15 • T 10 D 5 »_ "T" /^ • 10 IE-10 D i— • >.— 1 ^ E oo \| N-20 • O -^ii— m l — 25 E 1E 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 ADIAN ^^••^^r •J^^^BH ^B 'ORJWION SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA PARAMETER MEASURED:' N02 JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980 i i 5 ; K j. \___r/'~~~ ^-^S ^x/ ^~ ;• ; ; 55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-9 51 ------- SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA p E R 25 E 20 N 15 T 10 D 5 Ifi 0 E-10 R-15 b ™ N-20 C^M— -25 E 15 JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1§80 / / • / F /~~~\ , , ,/ [' V/-4 ^^J - ~>l>iilit«l.iil >S 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 x * ' T 235 24 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-10 52 ------- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 MM RA coupon P E A^. ^\ f™ R 25 20 N I* T 10 D 5 I^% 0 F q F b E-10 K-,S N-20 C^.i— -25 E 15 •^M •• ^kB DIAN MTIOM SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA PARAMETER MEASURED: CH4 JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980 ~ i A \ I "- / f _^ ^ ^ / ^^^ ~\. ^^" ^~^~-^-~:~~~^^ — ~~~ — — A - ^ — - .5 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-11 53 ------- SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA PARAMETER MEASURED: 03 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 155 165 1 75 185 195 205 JULIAN DATE 215 225 235 245 Figure 4-12 54 ------- p E SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX JUNE 25-AUGUST 31, 1980 R 2b E N 15 T 10 D 5 0 E-10 RHS N-20 C^-r- -25 E 15 ; ;• , \ / \ / -. 4 ;• — 55 165 175 1 > -^\ . ^ -^ -^ i— -— 85 195 205 215 225 235 2^ ^5 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-13 55 ------- p E SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE PARAMETER MEASURED: NO JUNE 25-AUGUST 31, 1980 R 2b E 28 N 15 T 10 D 5 0 1- E-10 -,S N-20 C.~>r- -25 E IE ; ;• — : 55 165 A 175 1 k. ., "^^\ 85 1 95 205 t T 1 • I 1 215 225 235 2^ ^ JULIAN DATE Figure 4-14 56 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I p E R 25 C20 N I5 T 10 D I 0 E-10 E" N- C-25 E 155 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE PARAMETER MEASURED: N02 JUNE 25-AUGUST 31, 1980 165 175 185 195 205 JULIAN DATE 215 225 235 245 Figure 4-15 57 ------- SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: TRAILER 034 BOYCE PARK PARAMETER MEASURED: 03 p E R 25 C 20 N 15 T 10 D 5 I 0 F q F E-10 R-.5 N-20 C-25 E IE JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980 ; J /I / * ' -^—^/^l k t i • • i > i * 55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-16 58 ------- -45 POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHLCKS SITE: LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT. PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 155 165 1 75 185 195 205 215 JULIAN DATE 225 235 245 Figure 4-17 59 ------- SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT. PARAMETER MEASURED: NO JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 155 i 65 175 185 195 205 215 225 JULIAN DATE 235 245 Figure 4-18 60 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I p E R 25 C 20 N l5 T 10 0 SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS SITE: LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT. PARAMETER MEASURED: N02 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980 -• : •• •• • E-10 -,5 N-20 C-25 E 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245 JULIAN DATE Figure 4-19 61 ------- 5.0 OPERATING TIME ANALYSIS FOR EACH SITE This section presents the operating statistics for each site in the Greater Pittsburgh area. The data capture rates for parameters measured at each site during each month are presented in Tables 5-1 through 5-3. The time periods used for precision checks, multipoint calibrations, and scheduled audits are not included as downtime. The amount of time used for instrument calibrations and audits are reported as total calibration hours for each channel. Replacement or repair of the pollutant or meteorological sensors is treated as downtime and appears as such in the downtime tables. Data capture rates were high for most parameters measured in the Greater Pittsburgh area. An operational summary for each site follows. Site 021 (Oakland) June 1980 The Oakland site was declared operational on 5 June 1980. The data capture during the month was good for all parameters measured. Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 6/10/80 - 6/12/80 and on 6/16/80 due to a defective seal in an air activated slider valve. July 1980 Data capture for July was good. Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 7/24/80 to 7/28/80. The problem was 62 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CORPORATION traced to an inoperative sample injection valve. No other data losses were recorded during the month. August 1980 No operational problems were recorded at the Oakland site during the month of August. Site 022 (Civic Arena) June 1980 Data recovery for June was generally good at the Civic Arena site. Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 6/1/80 to 6/6/80 due to ethylene contamination. A leak was discovered in the ethylene supply line fitting attached to the rear of the ozone analyzer. A leak was also discovered in the hydrocarbon G.C. inlet which resulted in the high THC values recorded. In addition, several instances were recorded when interferences from vehicle emissions in close proximity to the monitoring site were observed to influence the hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen data. At the request of the EPA Project Director, the site was moved on 6/18/80, and the sample inlet was elevated to minimize the effects from vehicle interferences. Air conditioner failures on June 3, 23, and 28 resulted in elevated temperatures (> 85°F). Precision checks performed during the period indicate that each analyzer was functioning within limits (±1570) . Data obtained during these periods was not invalidated. July 1980 Considerable ozone data losses occurred from 7/8/80 through 7/9/80 and 7/13/80 through 7/16/80. The ozone data losses were due to a defective photomultiplier temperature controller board which failed during operation. Attempts were made to 63 ------- RADIAN install a spare ozone analyzer, which also developed operational problems. Parts from the two inoperative ozone analyzers were used to make one functioning analyzer. In the interim, a Dasibi UV ozone analyzer was used to record ozone data at the Civic Arena site. No other data losses were recorded at the monitoring site. August 1980 Data recovery for August was generally good. Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 8/1/80 to 8/4/80 due to a contaminated carrier air cylinder. The instrument engineer was unable to obtain a replacement cylinder from the gas vendor until 8/4/80. A total of 29 hours of data were lost for all parameters at Site 022 on 12-13 August. The cause was traced to a thrown breaker. An investigation revealed the breaker box had been tampered with, resulting in the power outage. Approximately 13 hours of ozone data were invalidated on 7 August due to a failure to reconnect the ozone sample line to the sample inlet manifold after obtaining detailed hydro- carbon samples at the site. The samples were obtained by RTI, a contractor for EPA Region III. A total of 36 hours of oxides of nitrogen data were invalidated between 25-27 August because of a sample pump failure. No other data losses were reported during the remainder of the month. 64 ------- Site 023 (South Fayette) June 1980 Power was established at the South Fayette monitoring site on 24 June 1980, and the site was declared operational on 25 June 1980. No significant data losses were reported through the remainder of June. July 1980 No operational problems were encountered at the South Fayette site during the July monitoring period. August 1980 No operational problems were encountered at the South Fayette site during the August monitoring period. Site 034 (Boyce Park) June 1980 Data recovery at the Boyce Park site was excellent. No significant operational problems were encountered during the June monitoring period. July 1980 No operational problems were recorded at the Boyce Park site during the July monitoring period. August 1980 No operational problems were recorded at the Boyce Park site during August 1980. 65 ------- Echosonde Site (Boyce Park) June 1980 A Radian Model 800 Echosonde Acoustic Sounder was deployed near the Trailer 034 site in Boyce Park on 15 June 1980. Shortly after operations were begun, several noise complaints from neighboring landowners were reported to the Allegheny County Parks Department. The Echosonde was powered down on 19 June to investigate alternative solutions to the problem. On 23 June the decision was made to operate the Echosonde system in the mono- static mode only until such time that an alternate site location could be established. July 1980 The Echosonde was operated in the monostatic mode at the Trailer 034 site in Boyce Park until an alternate site could be established approximately 1/8 mile NE of the original site on 12 July 1980. On 25 July 1980, a signal cable leading. to one of the bistatic legs was severed by a lawn mower operated by the Allegheny County Parks Department. The cable was repaired the following day. However, further examination revealed that the signal processing electronics had sustained damage as the direct result of the cable being severed. The Echosonde was repaired on 29 July. The system continued to operate in the monostatic mode until repairs to the signal processing electronics could be made. August 1980 The south leg bistatic transmitter was damaged by lightning on 3 July 1980. Repairs were made on 5 July 1980. The Echosonde continued to operate in the monostatic mode until repairs could be made. Approximately 24 hours of backscatter 66 ------- data were lost on 19-20 August due to a paper jam in the dot matrix printer. Lawrenceville Site During the monitoring program, Radian was responsible for performing routine weekly precision checks and monthly multipoint calibrations for the oxides of nitrogen analyzer operated by the Allegheny -County Pollution Control Agency at the Lawrenceville monitoring site. Precision checks of the NO/NO analyzer were found to be outside established precision limits (±15%) during each week in June. The failed checks were probably due to the fact that the monitor was housed in an unair-conditioned room during most of June and operations temperature were in excess of 90°F. Recalibrations were performed each time the monitor was found to be out of tolerance. Precision checks conducted in July showed the analyzer was out of tolerance 2 of the 4 times checked. In one instance, the precision check was not completed on 22 July due to water condensation in the reaction chamber. There were indications that electronic alignments performed by Allegheny County Pollu- tion Control Agency personnel between precision checks could have altered the response of the analyzer. No operational problems were recorded during the August monitoring period. A summary of the single point precision and calibration checks for the N0/N0x monitor is presented in Section 4.0. 67 ------- o 00 ON w H-J >-• CO w en od o CO Pi o EC 01 00 re o M O Q m w ,j PQ ra c_s o t CVl l CM Oi 00 O oo CO CD S3 SJ o z CD X O 55 — »-i S> CNJ WC5 CO EHI-H to oe «; <«:«! O « PS 68 ------- I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I o oo w I >-" CO Z w PM O tn CO Pd o to W C\Ji—i£-i Si 6- tn l-l X f4 C5 IS) 6-IH-. H-.O o (O f3 to (O Oi If) Oi o UT3 -^ lO Ol « EI i'—- O ! fr« -3 •< ««S -5 o o« 69 ------- o 00 w I w o Pn 1 o a w I to o ca •<< en en CO o z to N MM CM I-H E-i 33 e-i CO MM O tO to IS ® IS a* «t! MM O 70 ------- 1 I I I I I I B I I I t 9 I O oo 1 t-4 O C/3 in 61 ca en Ol o> 01 05 O) O) o> en Cfi 2: t~« o •«: e-« 71 ------- o 00 3 >< CO CM Crf O 00 o S3 03 O o ta E-i CN m •<* O OJ l\i OJ CVJ T-( CD in oo CO 00 S! CO < EH if) if) SJ (S3 0 (SJ B 8 CSJ MM i-«E-< E-< CO !-!>-. en E-i Pi ««: E-i « E-i •z. t—» —» o O 72 ------- I I I I I o CO 1 1 I i i i i ** < M 1 > J >H CO S3 3 W CM Od O b S SD O PM M H O Q Is 1 I (N w o CJ i\i c-j w C\i t— ig-i H W C5 to C/2 CVJ C\J CM cu CD a) W o 0) o o to CO tn Oi GO en -^ o OJ o> O5 — EH ce e- z t—4 ^-> O 73 ------- o 00 $ CO is 3 W Pi O O 33 s M H o 0 -. O to e-i EH •< •< o ps 74 o ------- 1 1 1 1 i i i i i i i i i i 3 f£ I t\| i1 i i o 00 rH i < M 1 w PM O fe & O EC M H Z ^ 0 Q m w J PQ <: H to Si en CS tO i— (6-<CStS!-. W C5 CO eii-i t-l« 10 75 O) 00 OJ en Oi Si (S a» in PS e-« O •-9 U « 05 ------- o 00 r-t «* , H co D I < M 1 w PH O F±H C5 CO rH O W 33 " H tj M EH H — O Q cs •* o en o r-t ts -^ i ^i O m o z: ~l fq e-t «H ss ;•< ~ iJ ^ o 1 pg z C H z —^ IS £-• C/3 W >-•>-< PS EH W O CO 32: EH •—' EH t—i f £* W P-i'"~- O EH T-l^-l^-t^HT-l^HT-l^-lT-l^-iOJOJOJCMtWCVlCvJCVJCMCVtOfJ EH OCOOJCDCOCOCOCncOCO QOQOCO CDCOCO ODCncOCOCBQOCOCOCOCOCOCO CDOOCOCO «; •< «: CJ O « 76 ------- 1 1 1 1 1 i i i i 1 i i i i 4 " lf I 1 • 1 1 O CO rH •S H -« C/J ««>SiCOtoG>caG>s> c\j CM CVJ CM Cil CM CO o o to O) 00 oo O) o PS E-i ,-1 l—( O-— oajcoaDmcoaimaDmmcncoQDaDajooQoajQuaDcocoaDcnOTcuajcDcooua) 77 1-4 e-i ------- o CO O 3 CO W OH !=> O ffi H m iy hJ pq <• H O CM en 01 01 01 0)1 EI CO >-( >- C3 CO ca HCOCOOOCOCX}COaOOOaOCOOOOOCOCOCOOOOOOOOOIjOCOCOCOCDCOa3QOOOQOOOCO 78 H z: U E- PL, E-iE-i O >-9\| ------- 1 I I I I 1 1 I I I I I I I o 00 H co » o CO s a H PM & O Pn CO O SB on m w ,-J PQ si e-i co H-t >M W C5 W to GO o> co Ol 01 en CO Oi O •-3 79 ------- 6.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY This section includes a tabular and graphical summary for each parameter recorded at the Radian operated sites in the Greater Pittsburgh Area. All parameters were sampled once every five seconds, and were recorded as true five minute arithmetic averages of the five-second averages. The hourly, daily, monthly, and annual arithmetic averages were computed from the five-minute averages for each parameter measured. Wind direction averages were modified to correctly treat winds crossing through the north. The master data base from which the data tables in this report were generated consists of averages recorded for each hour. In order to report an hourly average for each parameter, at least six of the five minute averages for the hour must be present. At least 12 hourly averages for the day must be present to form a daily average for each parameter. Monthly averages for each parameter reported must contain at least 5070 of the hourly averages for the month. Inherent in any data acquisition system is random noise, both from the recording instruments and quantization in the analog-to-digital conversion. The lower threshold for all analytical instruments is twice the maximum noise level generated by the instruments. Therefore, any values appearing in the data presentations which are less than the threshold detection limits of the analyzer should only be considered as trace quantities. Concentration levels which drop below the lower threshold are simply random noise and the averages tend toward zero. If a zero concentration appears in the data presentation, this does not necessarily indicate an absolute zero concentration. The lower threshold limits are 5 ppb for the NOX analyzers, 2 ppb for the ozone analyzers, and 50 ppb for the hydrocarbon GC. 80 ------- 1 I I 1 I 1 I I 1 I 1 I 1 I 1 I I 1 I COKPOBJmOM All pollutant data are taken at the monitoring site in integer parts per billion (ppb),but are presented here in micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3), assuming standard temperature and pressure of 25°C and 760 mm Hg (1013.2 millibars), respectively, A list of the abbreviations used in the data summaries is presented in Table 6-1. Also included in the table is a list of the applicable units for each parameter measured. The daily averages for each parameter are presented in Tables 6-2 through 6-4. The daily average tables are arranged sequentially by parameter, site, and month to allow easy comparison of the data between sites. A listing of the five highest monthly pollutant values recorded at each site is presented in Tables 6-5 through 6-7. In addition, the tables also list the wind speed, wind direction, and time of occurrence for each of the five highest parameter values in descending order. During the monitoring program, meteorological data were recorded only at Trailer 034 in Boyce Park; therefore,the wind speed and wind direction values are not reported for sites 021, 022, and 023. The hourly average values for each parameter measured are presented in Tables 6-8 through 6-10. All daily (right- hand column), diurnal (bottom line), and monthly averages are arithmetic averages of the respective hourly averages reported for each parameter. Daily, diurnal, and monthly wind direction averages are computed vectorally assuming a unit vector magnitude. Blank spaces in the hourly average tables indicate the data were deleted. A colon in the hourly presentation indicates a calibration was in progress. Calibrations lasting longer than two hours are considered as downtime. The ozone analyzer at Site 023 (South Fayette) was operated and maintained by the Allegheny 81 ------- County Pollution Control Agency. The ozone data from Site 023 has not been validated, and is presented as trend data only. Diurnal histograms for the various key parameters measured at each site location are presented in Figures 6-1 through 6-3. The histograms represent the arithmetic average for each parameter measured for each hour of the day in a given month. The histograms show the dependence of various parameter trends as a function of the time of day for each month during the program (e.g., June through August ). Tables 6-11 through 6-13 show the distribution of wind direction as a function of wind speed for each month during the program. Wind roses from the Trailer 034 site are presented in Figures 6-4 through 6-6. Echosonde Data Presentation Echosonde data are presented for selected time periods during the program. A list of 20 days to be included was submitted by Radian and approved by the EPA project officer. The following days were selected for the data presentation. • June 25-26, 1980 • July 3-4, 1980 • July 13-21, 1980 • August 25-31, 1980 These days include most of the high ozone measurements observed during the study. Echosonde wind data were not available for the first two periods because of noise complaints at the original site. 82 ------- I I I I I 1 I I I I I I i I I I I I I This section includes tabulations and coded displays of the Echosonde backscatter and wind data. These data summaries have been derived by manual interpretation or by computer averaging of the original data base. The original data base has been stored both on magnetic tape and dot-matrix plots. This data base consists of 120 backscatter data points (representing a vertical profile) every 20 seconds. The 120 data points cover the interval from 49 to 795 meters. A total of 4,320 vertical backscatter profiles are obtained each day, represented by a total of 518,400 data points for one day. The original data base also includes vertical profiles of the horizontal and vertical winds obtained every 20 seconds and stored on magnetic tape. The horizontal wind data is also printed as 10 minute vector averages on the original dot- -natrix backscatter plots in the field. Beth the vertical and horizontal winds are averaged through 12 vertical gates of 25 meters each. The lowest gate covers a 25 meter interval centered at 60 meters,with the highest gate centered at 335 meters The backscatter data were manually interpreted to determine the presence or absence of stable, neutral, and un- stable layers, and noise for 1-hour averages. A parameter was recorded as present if it could be distinguished for at least half of the 1 hour interval in question. The categories which were manually interpreted and coded for each 1-hour interval are the following: Parameter Determination System Status Up/Down Noise Dominant/Not Dominant 83 ------- First Six Layer Present/Absent/Type/Height Boundaries Above (to nearest 20 meters) the Ground Additional Higher One or More/None Boundaries Four types of atmospheric layer boundaries are identified: neutral below - stable above (N), stable below - neutral above (S), unstable below - stable above (U), and unstable below - neutral above (V). The letter in parentheses is the code letter for each boundary. Occasionally, no boundary can be identified. For such cases, no height is recorded, but the type of conditions (stable, neutral, or unstable) are determined. The no-boundary case occurs almost exclusively with neutral eo^difions. The first boundary above the ground is considered to be the mixing height. The type of mixing height is identified by the type of boundary as follows: First Boundary Type Code Type of Mixing Height Neutral below - Stable above N Neutral - Capped Stable below - Neutral above S Stable Unstable below - Stable above U Unstable - Capped Unstable below - Neutral above V Unstable - Uncapped In the case where no boundary is identified, the mixing height is undefined. The first three types of mixing height listed above (N, S, U) are usually well defined by the backscatter data. These three types also correspond to the types of mixing heights used for modeling purposes (especially N and U). However 84 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I i i i i i i ~he Unstable-Uncapped (V) type of mixing height has an upper limit for detection of about 600 to 800 meters above the ground. The reason for this limit may be that the scale of turbulence above about 600 to 800 meters tends to be larger than near the ground - too large for detection by the Echosonde. Consequently, the unstable-uncapped mixing height may sometimes exceed the maximum of 600 to 800 meters indicated by the backscatter data. Table 6-14provides monthly tabulations of the coded backscatter data, as well as a summary for the entire period of this report. The frequencies of occurrence and average height of each type of mixing height, as well as single and multiple elevated stable layers, are included. The frequencies of occurrence refer to the percent of occurrences during times the system was operating (except for "System Up"). The category "Noise Dominant" refers to periods when noise completely drowned out the backscatter signal from above 200 meters. Winds over \5 to 20m/s or heavy precipitation usually cause the noise dominance. The "System Up" category refers to the time that the Echosonde was in operation during the period indicated at the top of the table. Table 6-15 shows the hourly mixing heights as inter- preted by a meteorologist. The types of mixing height are defined by letter-codes. These letter-codes correspond to the codes used in determining the types of layer boundaries as described above. A key defining the mixing height table code is presented at the beginning of Table. The dominant type of mixing height for each day is listed under the "DOM" column. Likewise, the dominant type of mixing height for each hour during the month is listed in the "DOM" row, and for the entire month is shown at the bottom of each monthly table. The dominant type is the type that occurs most frequently during the period con- sidered. For this determination,stable (S), neutral (N), un- 85 ------- stable (U and/or V), and noise dominant (ND) conditions are considered. The average mixing height of the dominant type is given by the two digits preceding the letter code (in decameters) Figure 6-7 shows all of the manually coded backscatter data. A key for the symbols used in this display is included at the beginning of the figure. Table 6-16 gives the daily and monthly vector wind directions, vector wind magnitudes, and average wind speeds obtained by the Echosonde. The daily average speeds are averages of the hourly vector magnitudes for the day. Wind data from the first 8 gates from 60 to 235 meters are presented. Table 6-17 gives the hourly vector wind directions and magnitudes for the first eight gates to 235 meters. Again, the wind data for 60 meters is less accurate at times because of intermittent reflections from ground objects. The wind data have been edited according to signal-to-noise ratios so that only the better quality data are included. Consequently, less data are available from the higher gates because of the normal loss of signal strength from the higher gates, especially when atmospheric backscatter mechanisms are weak. 86 ------- I I I I I I I t I I I I I I 1 I I I I TABLE 6-1 LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS Parameters Monitored NOX NO NO 2 THC CHit NMHC 03 WS WD TMP Units of Parameters TMILES HINCH TDGS HLY ((UG/M3) X 10-1) NITROGEN OXIDE NITRIC OXIDE NITROGEN DIOXIDE TOTAL HYDROCARBONS METHANE NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS OZONE WIND SPEED WIND DIRECTION TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE TENTHS OF MILES HUNDREDTHS OF INCHES TENTHS OF DEGREES HUNDREDTHS OF LANGLEYS MULTIPLY INDICATED VALUES BY TEN TO GET APPROPRIATE VALUES IN UG/M*3 87 ------- m UU CJ> TH S) to z •3 t-j 53 P3 M 6-i Si 00 01 TH I •~» 0 C/5 o ^ ffl (4 t •0} >4 \|-4 •-1 ^ . CM 1 vO W K-3 «3 ^ 1 1-t CO Z3 •z. 0 «aj 0 O « P4 >* 33 w -^ f^ »-l-j £_< w >~ 1 -^ o ^ TH 1 1 ft # S) x CO •%• * \ ^5 3 —•* 'ca w ^ ^ 33 M S "~ s TH 1 •Jfr SI •""* X ^^ to * * ^» i. \ o o — ' •z. o m « ^ cj o pi ?"* s _) S) &-• (\) V J CM C53 CM SI CM S) CM S) CM SJ iH S) (W^ in OO W g_i II II II II II II II II II II i! II II II II II II 1! II II It II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II \|\| II II II It II II 11 II II II II It II II II II II II II II II \|\| II \\ II II II II II II II II \|\| II II It II II II \|\| II II II II TH CM C 11 C^ S5 C it n z z : II II II II TH co ^^ to co in o) si ^^ CM CD to co is si ^ si cv TH cj} Si TH tv in CM to TH T-l CO CM TH Ti Tf ini-itoco i-i^to KJOicoo-to cotocorH to-tfiin cns)!>s!'< CM TH TH CM i-l CM iH THinto^cMTHTHKicn^in c-o ^ co ^M TH si to to to co co O) in co CM CM ^ tO S) CM TH tO CM in CO CM ^ •^THP-TH COCO'S D-COCOCOOO IQTHCMtO tO • tO •* TH tO CM 00 in^CMCM CMCMO JVi-HSltOin T-lTHiHTH CMCMtM iHCMCMTHTH tOCOOSJS)lOtotos!S)in ootsi CMCV^O-THin^^lOCVTH CM LTi THi-lTHTHCMCMCMi-tTHTHCO THiH OICMO)5^ SJCMtO COO-tCin^t* Tjt£yiS'!t1 sicnco cocM^coco cointoto in«si oofJCMtoto THi-ti-l«H CMCMtM THCMCMTHTH ^ 'jTjfincoc^cocnsiTHCMto-^in'OJ>-cocnsiTH Z 2£ 2Z 2! 2^ 2£ "t2L 21 "Z, !Z Z "3Z, "Z. ~Z. yt "Z, ZL "Z. ~^i 353£Z>50C3t3p3C3^3C353^D53535353C3C3C3 1-5 88 Cvi O IM CM CO CM O5 Kl iHCM insi com Si CM ,-\. f\i W>« VM co in ^ ^ CM CM CM CM toco Si CM to in vvrfCM THO •^ TH Cvi CM CM tO IV /\ J VM i.\i z z CM TH 0^ S) CD en in s> TH CM to oo CM tO TH Si en oo ts oo 00 CO •<* •«* en TH TH TH CM CM en CO s? CM f\\ IV4 z CM ^ oo en TH iH t> to •^ co S) TH CM •^* CM in TH 00 S) TH CM in to /"VJ f\l W IM z z. 53 53 in en t* i •tf co in si CM CM iH TH tv co to in oo to to m CM S3 O P- iH TH to in co in TH TH iH f i to in TH I> TH •* to to TH TH TH in in PI TH ^ tt> if -> en to TH TH TH !> CO Oi f\3 f\) (. \ WV kVf kM •Z.Z.-Z. 53 !3 ^3 ^> k_. fc~» "j »— 3 »"3 CM CM to TH TH en CM S) c- in iH in TH to TH CM to tv TH S) IW°\ rj z H~> * II II II II II II II II II II II II II II Ii II II II It II II II il f 1 II II II II II II It II II u II II II II II II II II I) II n H II II ti n ii ii ii ii u ii u ii ii ii ii ii II II II II IJ II fl II II (1 II It II II II 11 II II II II II II II II II II CM TH 1-1 CO TH t> to to CM to £x. iH in en TH CM en co TH SI CO 1 TH Si ^ ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I S3 CO O) Si CO 2 C3 •-3 K E-i iH^ii-l^-(t--tT-r-4i-ti--tt--tCMCMCMCMvviCMCMCMCMCM!i CO W II p . ii r» -3^ <^^ -a» ^^ «^> -^ -5^ -^f —m ~~ "^ -^» •-» —^ - C^ tl — ^—• rid ^v ^« ^^ ^C* dC. ^Cv ^* ^Z, ^^> 4C-. 4C.B ^& ' (=1 II ^^^^\|-3^^^^\|-3>-3'-S»-3>--3l--3>-3\|-3'-3'-3(-3'-3>-3>-i>--3\|-3'--3'-3'-3«-3'--3 II Q A ii oy II O) rH CD O> 00 ------- 980 980 THRU JUN 30 z !=> >-a pi o Pr, to &q o «! rt w t» •< >~> HJ I—I < n «s co # z o CO CO CO CM S> f. * CM CM IS W e-t CO W EH «! II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II If II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II It II II II il n II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II tl II II II II II II II II II II II II II II cotosjincocDcoinoiis-^cococoiSrHiococvoiisiiytoco^tococorH^ii ini-»m»-iT-is)OJO)incoco ^•^^•^cococotncocointoinco^'^'o-cvit— i n in in co co CD in o- iiv •^•^incc-cooictiinmoooio-cDaicacnaot-iiscDC^^ n T-t T-H «~l II II II II CM s» •'f in ^ CD n to i-» co •*** - en tf ) ri to n n n n n CM SI CV CS CO Kfr* QJ CV CV SI ^ CM O} CM in CD CO O" 00 CO CS) CV S5 — CO CD CO CM II CO'— lOcscocococO'tf'T-ioics^incocM^ cDcoinoocncocMincococo u minin^como^\|^cocM'4mcococO'4i mir)t>-coinmcj>CT>cocDtf jj n u u u n n T-iCMtO'^inCDCVCOOlCS><-lCMCOTHinfDCVOOO5S>'— tCMCOT$iincOD-OOCJ5<3ll II ZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZZII CD^>C3C>C3S>ClED^>P3CP r>i=>nPC33J3=30 f=nC3 t3C3C3DC=OC=> II II II 90 \|i CO to o- SJ cJ in si a I ,_, cs ^^ -3 ~3 ------- I I I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I co en CO K (S CO Oi P5 O to w CNI I w C5 F3 O — • Z O I— 1 £.4 O p^ £^ P) z K- 1 ^ x—« w PH y •-_<• £^ w w p^ f/} £3 z 1— 1 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II U II II II II II II II II II II II II II to iicotoco5 II CO H Tt* CVi IO CO OJ C7) ^ D~ »~* U") CO CO (53 CO CO - (£i C^ tO O* tS ^ \|\| ^—i c\j c\^ f/} T— ( f\j i\j CVJ C\J CO t~* »H CV CO CVJ ^ C\i OJ n T* r-l T-t II II II II W II W W II 6-1 II^ZZZZZ2TZZZZ:ZZ^Z2:ZZZZZ:ZZZ2 «; H£3!^>£3C3£3?r3£3C3C3Or399OC3C3[3E3£3;z>^>£2£: II 1! II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II •II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II D — ^ CO Si — CO II CO -(^^CVJCMtVJCVJ II C\J II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II U II II II II II II II IS) II CO hmtoc-coa>«sii i n t-< zzzzzzz: n S 2 O ^D ^3 CD ^) JD \|\| II II II _.. II ii 91 ii II II ------- o CO a> t-4 S3 n z J3 H^ \|3 w cc EH O CO Ol <-l »-i •z. 1""* •-3 p"j O pE4 GO CJ3 •«J w M ^ II —• II W H PI "1 .-. II CO II EH H » II 0 » II C3 tO IICOOlOlSlSlCOtOOl^COCM^-^Ol^-C^-D-CVlCOSlinC-— iFJtO EH si ii CD CD CD CD co CD c- in in in in tn co CD co in in CD Ci» m> to CD c- c* D- «C II OS II M II P-. II 2: II W II EH II II II II II II II II — II to II >* II 14 II 1-3 II C5 II Z II •< II 1-3 H — II Z II 0 II <-> II EH II «< IISl'CVJ-^CJCO-^'^S!'>D^COS»^SlSlCDOOS>'<-o>ininin'^'O>c^-sjoioit''jin(SJOioicDcocDcDinoi ii 1-1 »-• « ii «; ii i-) ii own c/j EH ii t— oj co ^ in co ^- oo 01 S) rH c\i v j "^ tn co c^ ex) 01 sj ^~* CM co ^ in ii ii it ii ii H n it n n n ii n n n n n n n n n it n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n ii n n n n n it n n ii n ^ CO CD •" CO U C1- C- C^- IN CD II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II n n ii n n ii ti ii n n n n n ii CO CM Ol CJ CO II 01 co CD ^ in ii n n ii it it CD O- 00 Ol (S II •^ m CD m CO IT) cv s> CO 1 ii sis sisiSJSisisi (SiHt-ii-tT-ii-it-ii-ii-t I-IT-ICM C\J;MCM CMCMCNJcvicvtvico n n n P» II ^^^'~S'-^>-S'-i\|-3^'--3'-31-^1-3^'-S>-S'-3>-3'-a'-3«--3'-S'-3\|-3»-3>-S1-9>-S>-3»-S II II II II II ii 92 ii II II ------- I I I I 1 I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I •-3 PC o PM 00 >• •< co X O CS O CO •«• x o to CVJ C\J c\j to CVJ CV cvj ts c\j tO -X- e> co en W O 1-1 x o w c\j Z (S O ffi EH I— I ,-1 z cvj IS II II CO Ci rO £> II T-I CO IV* CVi II II II It •* lT> tO CM CVi C\i C\J '.\! CV Cv C\) t-( CJ C\J i (Q \fi O T-I ^ -coo)-cocncsjTHii t-i IIS)(SSSlSl(SlS(Sl-qt_ji-^i-ihJ)i-i1-ji-it--ii-qi-4t-it-^)— iH-it-^i-ii-ai-i^i-ii— ti-ii-ji-H>-jt-!(-ii-ii-it-4 ii tO ------- -"* II II r1 n u i u n * n u * n n 5:2 si n •-' u n n n ^ n n n u •~* M u * ii ii * n ii ^ ii ii \ n n o " " ^ cv ii l ^ ii • Z Ci) II TH TH TH ,-( ,-4 r-l ,-\| CVCV TH TH»H THli P" II II — II II < II II CX) O TH \|\| ...... ................. . . . \|\| . TH W CSJ II TH TH CV CV TH THCVCVCVtOt-lr-ICOCVTH «H ,-t TH T-l CVIlTH ^ II II TH « II II to _ n ii •^ II II >J -^ II II ;=> «; ii . ii •-3 W II II E-1 II II ED W II II « 5^ II II W I II II e-l z II II " II II n cv tO \ TH II • • . • . \|\| « f^ rh cv ii cv co co TH to to TH tj (^ TH to cv to s« cv st ^^ ^^ co cv cv c^ en to ^^ ^^ ii in cjs -^ (3 ii cv to to si in to uo cv co to o^ to to ts co ^^ to ^^ to in cv cv TH to co to n to K ^ II II W W II II > -z. II ii < 4J II II 33 M II >-< E-i H II HH M II II •-H -f II II «C II II CH ^-v II II TH H II \| II II 00 fl. II II 1 'I II vo CS)SCS>THT-lTHTHTHTHTHT-lTHTHCVCVCVCVCVCVCVCVCVCVtOtO II •M CO W II II T-I rf II II n i-J ii Q/i ii »-» sj ii y^ ii C-. II II ------- I I I I I I 1 I I I I I 1 I SJ ou Oi to as oo PJ O CO I ^ to to •fr i. x^ cJ C3 P3 CM z ca o C-J o CM IS w E-i II II II II II II II II II II II II It II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II ii to o) to yj ^ to in (7) CM oo cv CM oo ^ tj «-H co to CM ^ ^* ii in oo cv en cv cv to ^ to to oo in in ® co CM CM en ts> ^ is ii ii ii ii CMmoocMsmcnsitoto— lO-i-i'jito^in^D-oos II O-O100tOtOtO«— ifJ ^'tQCOinCDCOCOO-C'-OUOUUitO II r-t II II II ii^r^cnino-tocj) cn^otocn »-iinsr-ioQ it T-H co in ts to m ^ o- ^ in to s> CM o CM iitotv^oip-tom tocncoto CMS^OOTH II in to cjj c- in CM cv cv to ii o- ii n n ii II T-H II tO cMto^intotvcocnS'H n i I IISilSi'S>ISS»ta-i^-lCMC\iCMt^CMCMCMCMCMCMtOlO trt W II 'II t-i ii HJ^^H^^^^Hj^Hj^H^Kj^tJ^^^^i-Ji-^i-ii-^^t—in-ii-a>-ii-4i-(t-i n u n II Q £. II ii ys u ii ii ------- (S3 CO cn CO en I "^ C3 •-J in ae u) i~t o Pi ««! « P) •< Pi en (-5 m — •H S3 EH 0 2: PH CO (=) to (SI CO (S w e-1 V3 W f~t ET* 11 11 It II il n n n n il li li li n ii li n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n 1! !t ii n n n n n n n n n n n n n it it it n n II O} ^< CTi ^^ ^^ CO "^ Oi ^ ™^ CO II Si CO Oi Si CV2 tO C~ O5 Oi (S CO II C^T-lCViT— ICMtOr— (— li— IKJCVJ II II II II II II II II It II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 11 IS) lO CV ^3 00 C\! CO C^ ^^ Si lO n n n n n n n n n n n n it n n M it n n n n n n n n n ii n n n n n n M n n n n n ii n n n n n n n n n n n n n ii n n n ii n n ii n n n n n n ii n CO CO CO ^"~ O>2 CO CO ^^ ^"5 ^^ ^J^ CO ^~ CS} ^J^ ^^ {^~ CTl 1^? ^J^ II CO CO ^ CO CO lO ^O CO O} C^ SJ lO CO CM Oi lO lO lO ^* II CM THr-l«-lOJCO»-t^-(»-lr-lCOCOTHt-i ^CVJCMf-411 II II II II II II H II II II II II II II II II II H II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 0^=>»0»CD^>=>=>C3C3=>C3=3=>==)=3»II II 96 » n fr- •^ T-l CM CO •^ ^H fj 1 «H ^ •-3 ------- 1 1 1 1 1 § ™ cn «H • : p3 »-3 1 2 te E-i ItSi 00 cn T-H i : !=> I"" 0 pL\| \|O> r^-i s OH UQ 1 : h-3 HH 1 S co i \|\o s pq •;, * z 2 1 I I i1 1 H ii it it H H H ii n n n it ii ii ii n ii n n n n n n n H n ii n n n n n n n n n n n n n n n '- n *** n n e> n & n n ii — ' n W II o n •-. n CO II EH II O II O II n w iito«acvj(i)oicncocnincoininiocMc^cncncoc^cn»-ii>(S) •} n « n W II PL, \|\| s: ii W II EH II II II II II II ' ' II rn jj ?"1 II w II ^ II 5 II ^ II "1 " ^ II "-^ II Z II 0 II HH II EH II < It »-H \|\| « to iiiosc>-co^cncy=>^^^C30^C3^=>3=3=3»0 II 8 97 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II CnrHCMtOCSCMCMtOII CM II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II ll CD CV 00 UD CM ^ ^ CS1 II CO cosimTHOJcooiunii to D- CO CO Cn 00 CL) IT} CO \|\| CO CO CO CO ^O CM CO CO ^T1 II CO II II II II T-t II CO II T-l C33C3pC3C3C3r5 II II => II >-J II II ------- CO en tO 03 EH 00 « o CO W O i-3 PP j i i O a o 1—4 n cs o « 6-i Si CM 53 (S) co * c1? ED O o CM (S to z: co PM CM (S) CM CM ci O CM II il oo oo to n to en co n en oo to en •& to # m CMC) to in co ^ (s • • • • c^ co in to co en c- ^ in m ii to to u tO CM CO CM GO o- «< StOiSCO^SCntOCMO-CM cncMo-toTH£>c>icnin(scoc> cnc^toiss CM oo fj s in to co • • • • TH to in to to to to n u II CM II II II II II II II II II II II It II II II II II u II II II II II II II II II CM tO •* to cotocatococomm en oo CM co to CM cv to toinfj fjcoin CO tS (S CD tO to to THsaxscotocMcOLnin THtotoococoinmsfTH ta o n to to to CM to CM Cd co w EH II If II II II • • ii CM cn n j> m n u u u n u II TH CM II TH TH IS IO to to m ii co CM CM TH II II II u I CJ> ^ CO tO II CO ( CM IT) {> ii en CM -tr* u CD TH \|\| S TH to n O C3 CO I no 9b ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I Si CO en to ts 00 en o II CTi lOtHOi^cMincs) ii s> i CM C ------- (S3 GO to re 6-1 (S CD O) ce O 10 w p= w nJ 6-1 * z: o H •z. O o to IS 03 CM IS) W 6-t CO W £-• II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II ll II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II \|\| II II II II II II II II II II II II II U u II II II II II II II II II II II II ii O) c^ ^ co in CM en in D- co oo co in o- to to CM CM to - to ^- D- GO co en co co en co GO u u u u II GOincO\|S»cnCOCOtOlOCCtOtOC>-CMCDCO^CM<C^{S®tn'«O) II O) t^~ CO C^ CO ^~ Oi ^O 1^ CD ^H Oi "^ ^" ^ lO SJ (O ^~ ^™ ^^ tN* lO CO 00 tf} ^* CO iO l^" II ^^ CD i^ &~ 5^* C^* tO 00 ^£? OJ CD ^* Cn lO tO cH ^J* tO ^* lO 'tfl tO ^* ^* Oi IO tO 5) ^^ i^™ II T-l T-l r-l T-l II II II II tS tD GO Si in C- tO CO to to C^ (S Ul O ^ GO tO to Oi H ^* Ol tO to CO (N CDCOCVt\J C^-C-P-O) m5^tOT-iCMfJlOCDincOCOtOCOCnS>Ol>GOtM II T-l T-l T-l II II II II II II IIC5c5C5C5Oc3C5CSOC9C5c!JOt3C3OOC3C>C3c5C.9C5C5t3OJt3C3c3C3O H J3C3E3OOC3C3C3C3E>>=>P3C3»OC3» OCPfDptSJSOCSEDOPCa !=>!=> II !! 100 II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II u II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II H II II II II II II II II H II II II II II II II II u II II II II II II II en m (0 CM •«< c- o s p- «— 1 to 1 TH ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I IS CO to tt! w E-i 00 O) re o to MJ O O i—i e-t CJ fd « t—t PI (=4 to to o- co in en u C3 O C? C3 O CS C5 «; o Oi i>- c\j ------- ts CO O) to cti, 04 EH CO CD C? CO EH O « EH (X, 2. 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VO ^ 1 &3 y- - t-i 1 /ja rS ! «J PO ^H 1 6-i W CM ! P^ s i tO 3 z 1— 1 2* • • e-< ^£ r=> M t— i t/i ~~Oi CD r-t iH S (SJ ® ~~tv LO if) if) CO IS CM CM CM CM tO CO U3 CO L) CD TH CM tO • lO ts s ~~sa s> is T-I en i i i i i ea «a«> s> S3 s ts ts~~~~~~ T-I CM co TI m t<3 CM C^ in CM »-t s co ta s (3 o en s> T-I T-H TH 1 1 1 1 1 IS 51 SI ~~i •— ' T-I w « 1— 1 >«J o o K E-i 1— t T-t CM Si 1-M i-i 1 CO ca is s tss o CO CD I> UJCM in in to to to s si «a~~ is ts ts CD tV s> in to in '.n tO CM CM CM CM (D ID CD UJ CO TH CM to ^ m s is ts ta is CD * o •* en CM en fr- CD m ts ta • • •• •• •• •• cn cu r-i en T-I l l i l i S3 S3 • • •• •• •• •• co T-4 ti en co CM oo co CM en CO U^.' CO CO CO T-I t\i f j -sji in CO CM S) «" "» • • CO 35 1_J fj •??• JC z: -^ rr- C5 t>CM & O CM ^-'ftqca 1 W T-I M 1— 1 s-s O t— 1 o 2 u 0 PC t— 1 •z. T-I CM (S M 103 w S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 co co in ss co co c- co to m S3 S3 S3 S3 t3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 • • • • • •• •• o> S3 1> co m T-I 1 1 1 1 1 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 tS IS S3 S3 • • •• •• •• •• CO O> CO £V ^ m in co m ID CM CM CM CM CM \\\\ \ CO (O CD CO CD TH CM CO ^ if) S3 S> S3 S3 S3 o m en to CD en en co oo c^ S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 Csj S3 • • •• •• •• •• T-I T-I Si S3 S3 T-I TH TH T-I T-I 1 I 1 1 1 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 • • •• •• •• •• ~~in m •« - Si 53 tS S3 Ci IS Ci S3 • • •* •• • • •• CD 00 TH CM T-I CM CM CM Ol CD CM CO CM \ ^^^\ \ co co co uj CL T-I wM f 3 TJ-' iTJ~~ ------- CS 00 O> T-l cs to z •-a 1 CS CO T-I PC; O i— ' Z 3« "-J B3 to 6- 2* O Z O P°M O en ^~- T™~4 ^"4 to e-« EH i pa o o # C5 C«3 p«3 -X- < PC; PL, S3 PS 1— 1 CO T-l t* (X X! «! O c> i-i EH ro 3?. at 1-1 * no 2: >-H Z tO \ i-H1 «; w o to w co EH W S ~-^«5 CM Z ptl PC) CM ptJ PH ft to O) CS Q to 1 Z 1 Z Z OCO PP P— I tO po PM z i— i ft; W "-i EH «•: n as o o z w o I-H p^ p3 pe z: EH« > si •— i n H 0 Z i-J X O t-i •< ! 10 3 E-* s: to o Oi o) 1 1 1 1 1 cS cs cs cs CS cs cs cs cs cs • • •• •• •• ft* CO CO to CO tO tO CO 00 •* CM CM T-4 T-l T-l CM "X^ 'X^ s^ ^s^ "X^ co to to co to T-I CM tO Tt< if) to to to to to T-» c- en CM s 00 CO tf) if) if) to « f j to to cs cs cs cs cs cs cs cs cs ca • • •• •• •• •• O O) O) O> O) t 1 i 1 1 cs cs cs cs> cs cs ca cs cs CO ~^> — • w z w E-i pr") 2: CM cs _ »— ^ tn to to to to co ^< cj) co ^ to •<< CO T-l T-l TH to to to to to tS) C5 SJ (S (S CS IS) Si s> O •» •• •• •• •• O> O> O>G> O> 1 1 1 1 1 (Si ^Sl S Si C> (Si CS3 tS Si S3 • • »• • •• •• to to to to to f J tO CO CM •* CM T-l T-l CM TH ""X. ""^V '^sv>sv '^^V to co to to to T-I CM CO ^J if) CO tS to CS f J o- c- oo T-I o tO tO CM CM T-I to to PJ c^ "*%. ^v ^^ CO CO CD CO CO' T-I CM fj ^ if) 1 — 1 to l_l T-l t $. CS TH X -^^ CO £- 2: c5 o •^•M' >— to ^CM Z CM O O) CS pc \| « to o o PC P3 5" D3 w z Oi O> 1 1 1 1 1 CS CS CS CS CS3 cs cs cs cs cs • • •• •• •• •• to to to to to oo to ^t co ^ «H OJ «H r-* C\J ^V ^Nfc. **V 'SV -sv_ to co co co to T-I CM co ^ in cs co to •51 tO tO tO tO CS CS CS CS CS cs cs cs cs cs .. ft. •• •• .• O) Oi en o) en 1 1 1 1 I ca cs is 59 cs ca cj cs v>« ^* ^^ CO CO CO U-/ ti j TH CM t ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I tc o z ca CO en to z •-3 I ca CO en •z. •-) o z o p«4 o e-i 1—4 CO frH E-l W CJ O C3 M W pi t-i to WOW < Pi z :* i—• •—i s /"'t i^^ »-• z to to W p_ I pi.) ••• 2: pej pq rvi ^ j f^ P CO I z z fVi f^> ^^ Pt Ss O Z W H-l Pi « I—4 O Z X O •-> •a) CO 3 21 CO W P3 ^> {23 ["" HH 6- O f»t i—i M K E-i PM CO CO —4 z to CO tort # !T5 IO O CM 21 W z o i>a o CM co cn r-i o •* co co 5) ^ cn T-I CM CM tO •• •« •• •• •* to -^ in to ^ T-H ca O CO CO O CO CO CO tO CM CM CM CM CM CV CM CO ID CD tO CLi T-I CM to •* in * m 105 ------- ca CO en TH • rH »J 1 — \ >~3 1 « CM CS ca CD CD T-l PC EH rH « o z t> W •-a 23 E-i «-^ O Z O t— 1 to £-• EH WOO C5 W W •« pc; (X, , — , o=: >-i to Pi W (H W 31 s> cc •• «! Pi CO Z 32 •» C!> I-H E-1 ' — ' Z 3: HH OP) tO rH Z CO «• rH- <; w * to M 2: EH fH c5 CJ £3 CM z &q PJ :=> o CM W PL, (p ^^tr Ca Pi en 1 1 Z Z rH W Pi O Cn On Z r-H W Pd I-H e-< Pi Pi S o I-H Z W X I-H Pi « O z: EH o z :=> •: w 2: i-i pt o t-> 0 Z O x o •-« PC! s: co HH ~4 •"-9 w 2: fc "^ ' at S S iS» •* O) CM T-I J> o- to •* to w C^ CO if) Oi 1 1 1 1 1 S1(S S) S - c- m t> c^- CJ i\l OJ OJ \\v.\v. ty t- p- o- c^- r* N to •* m S> IS S Q C3 tji O) 00 •* O> [O W 00 t> <£i •* ^ « « to si s s s «a ca cs «s> s ea si s T-I CM to •* m ts s s is o Oi ca to K) m T-I T-I /> LO -^ -sji -^ fj ta s ts «Si l\< CJ ?D •* tn 1X3 T-I C\2 I'M CM CVJ T-I \ \\ \ ^ O O C- O C^ T-I i\» pj ^i u": to CM iS> i—i Pi s • • to Ss "to « SI CD W \ O CVl « tn 1 w p> »— i X o o t— 1 K E-* >— i T-l C\j SJ w >-l CO (S co cs> s ca •* •* ** •• •* CO C^ O) UJ 00 1 1 1 1 1 K» s> ca s si CS» S) S) S> K3 •• •• •• •• •• IV UJ CD iT) O- lT) P- O £> T-I CM N C\J T-I C^ O- C^- (NC^ T-I W tO •* ID S3 (s CM rH Ol C>- in tO [O CV W CM SJ {S (S CS cs is • • •• • • •• • • CD CO IV V) C- c- m ir> -» TH CM CM T-I tO \\\\\ O- O- 0- 0- C- T-I CM tO C«J fj fj IM CM ca cs cs cs ca cs isi cs ca cs •• • •• •• * • rH CS T-l f} U) 1 1 1 1 1 CS CS CS CS <3 cs cs cs cs> cs • • •• •• •• u m CS CO £>- T-I CM fJ •* ID CO CM CS I— 1 Pi 3s • • cn 3 1 — 1 to -X- * s: C? PCM > O CM E CSS 1 W T-l Pi h— 1 X o r— 1 Pi z w C5 o oe t— 1 z T-l CM ta w 106 w CS CS CS S> CS iT) CM O5 CS CO CM T-I cs cn co CS CS CS S> CS cs cs ca cs ca • • •• •• •• •• to in tv oo •* 1 1 1 1 1 cs cs s cs ta ra ca si cs ca • • • * • •• * U) ^ ^D O- CO CV C" £> t> C^- CM CM CM CM CM ^v \\\ \ D- C- {S «>• C- TH CM to ^ in cs ca cs cs cs CM tO CM T-I CM ts o> co co o CM T-4 T-4 T-l TH cs cs ca cs ca ca ca ca ca cs • • •* •• •• •• ta TH CM ca to «-l T-4 T-l T-l CM 1 1 1 1 1 ca ca cs ca cs cs cs ca cs cs • •• •• •• •• O CS T-I O> CM TH rH CM CO Tjl -^HD iD CM TH THCM CM \\\\ ^v £> CV O- IS C^ TH CM to • in ca ca ca ca cs CM CS CO f} CT! 0 t> CO CO ID TH TH TH TH TH ca cs cs cs cs ca cs cs ts o- c^- TH OJ [ ------- CO cn rH rH 10 1-3 1 ca oo cn _ ^ w rH pcj O p— , •-I 5 •3 Pt( .. •-3 SB 10 EH ;* O 22 O P^ O EH -—x trt EH EH \| W 0 0 * O W pq •»• •«! p5 P-i eg PS I-H CO r-l pa O pq >• « X •< O ^^ ^T"J — JL-- cl> »— * t-f tO 2 3* H-4 # M4 •* -it £^i c^ y H- i z cn \ i_3 «4 pq t5 CO pq p EH § § ^ 5 CM 2: pq pa CM w p-t o co cn ca O CO 1 2* 1 •Z -Z. OCD pq o o pq m Z HH pi !«t t— i g_i ^ £3 £ frj S_ HH (=\| HH 0 2 I-J X O HH «« <^ CO 3« EH 21 CO O 5 • &~ W P3 t» w ra HH EH O f«( t-t cn IT-; fV] vd to \O i— 1 1^4 pf\ \|^~^ EH M l\j p, (5) CO 0 •^ 1 — 1 31 • CO tH r-t ^ W 00 to to to ca to CM co cn ^ cn tO CM rH rH Ca to to to to co ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca •• «• •• «. •• cn cn cn cn cn i i i i i ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca s •• •• •• •• •• to to to to to IN rH in tO -^ CM tO CM CM rH >Vx'VX.\ x^x^ O- O 0- £V O- rH CM v i •* m to ca co ca tu c- CD to ^ CM co m to ca ca ^ fj fi tO CO ca ca ca ca ca (53 ^^i ^^ ^^ ^2 •* »• •• • • cn cn cn cn cn i i i i i ca ca ca ca ta ca s; ca ca ca •• •• •• •• •• tO UJ CD CO tO ^ ^ ^ ,_, £> f) rH rH C1- C^" C^ C~ C^ rHl^.^U, t r — i o to ^ i— ' ^-. rH 1 -^. ^. ca rH ^ -~ 1? «< CM •»• CM z: cn ca \ i JL3 tO >3 x_x [•-q ^^ as EH M s: rH IM ca w t— t to to co to to ca CMCV co ea c- rH cn cn cn o- tO CM CM CM CM ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca .. •• .. .. .. cn oj o> cn cn i i i i i ca ca ca cs ca ca ca ca ca ca •• •• •• •• •• to to to to co ts rH in to •< CM CO CM OJ rH "Vx.'\ ^X.x^x^ O- D- t>- ^ O- rH CM to <• in to ca co to to tD CM ca • ir> CD ca o to in co to CM CM CM (Si C5 Si CS) ^S C50 O- O r^ l\J f J ^ U j "o ^ to ^ L— ' "^ 1 •» ca rH x^ '•^ fO -Jf ^ s: j3 - — . ^ 00 «J CM •Z. CM o cnca pa i f^ CO ^^ o o o^ o >-• r-wQ •z. •$ re E" prj s: i •z. o •z. t-f w ca w 107 £ to ca ca to ca CM cn c- to to tO CM CM CM CM ca ca sa ta ca 153 ta 5w ca ca «• •• •• •• •• cn O) cn o cn i i i i i Si S Si Sj CS S) SJ Ci Si O • • • • • • •* •• co to to to co •^ O 05 -^1 rH rH CO ^x >V,x>^x^^ >^ O O- 0- O- C^- rH CM co ^ in ca ca to sa tj tO rH CO tO CO in in ^ •»j< r~) ca ~~ca ca ~~- rH CJ f) %J1 If J~~~~ ------- IS CO en co is CO en x crj o o z o PH o e-i H-1 CO EH E-i te) O O »-* CO (=1 2 « (=1 rO CO W PL, i O co ^ j p. . 3s O W i-i 51 6-i O 1-1 o -z X O >-> «1 CO 3s 2: co P^ or^ « e-i 2: i M e-« PU CO CO to o o C\! E-i »-—4 to CO CD • CO CD tO O ^ CM CM CM • •* •• •• U") tO CO CD CM CSJ •* CD CM C\i CM O CO CD CO CO CM CM CM CSl CS3 IS* C3 C5! o co o m CD 7* Y i V V ts o s> C53 CS1 tSl (S CS) CD m CD -^ in i is ca ca i CM CM CM . ^-v \' ts cv o- o • • • • «H CM CO # CJ C i to »-t en CM CM CM en IS CS CSi tS IS «• • •* •• •• •<^ in en co CD « •* co CM m iH tH T-l i-t r-t {^» {^^ ^^ ^~ ^w • • • • • r-t CM co ••# m Si %S) S) «s» co •* co oc CD m m •<» ^ CM CM CM CM CM in is csj en o- r-( CM «-H T-» r-t I I I I I s is ta cs ca sj is ca ------- IS CO en TH N~ ™ J rfs !=> 1 CO CM ca is CD CD TH X •* E-* TH « o Z S tq «< W EH ' p-; ^-> o z o r_ f— •» r- . 14 — ' CT* 1— 1 to EH EH Woo «C « PH i , Q£ I-H tO Pi S» pel •• •3 Pi CO z cq * U I—I EH — ' Z 3« 1-1 I-H 3C * n PI to l-t Z CO * >J «! W tn w i; I***! /V^ 'X. /V^ W P5 ^"x. PC e- w o o tr> CM z w £d £D o w ptQ PH O •""»'' fn CS) o to I I Z Z TH W Pi O to PL, Z I-H W W I-H EH pi P) f O >-t Z B£ X I-H P) PH O W. H^ z: EH o z »—» ^ PB) z: I-H d o 1-4 0 Z O X O I-H PS PL, r-1 "^ 1 S KH PX] y i-3 1 «f -1 h— 1 EH W CM PH tS to O Z t— I •* • C^ t— 4 ^^ C^ cn cacaoisca c^- TH en IN co CM CM TH CO CV CM CM CM TH TH S) Si Si CS cSj Si Si C3 Si (S •• t • •• •• •• D- vO iT) ^-t ^ r-l i 1 i 1 1 ca ca ca cs) ca ca ca ca cs ca •• •• •• •• •• co in ^< ca to TH CO CV O CD D- CM-TH TH OJ TH ^v ^v "^ ^^ ^^ 00 00 CO GO CO TH CM to T)< m cs cs) ca ca ca CD ^' CV CM CO CO CM TH CO tO in in u"} ^ ^ - ca ca ca ts ca ca ci ca ca ca •• •• •• •• •• en oo ca cc CM TH 1 1 1 1 1 ca ca ta csi ta ca ca ca ca ca .. •• .. •• •• co c> en o TH o en en ca en CM CM CM CM CM \ V^1^ '\'^N. COCO CO 00 00 TH CM f ) ^ if ) ca ca ca ca ca to o> co •«< co to TH ca ca co ^ ^i ^* ^* fj si s E- 1 1 1 1 1 cs ca is ca ca ca ca ca is ts •• •• •• •• •• in rt co co co cs. o D- r> co TH TH TH TH CM ^^ ^^ ^^v "^v ^^ CO CO CO CO CO TH CM co *" in c9 ca cs; ca ca ca ca ca ca •• • •• •• •• oo c> IN en o- cn en ca en oo CM CM CM CM CM \\ \ """v'V^ co co co coco TH CM co •* m ca ca ca ca ca •^ CvJ CO IO f J CM en co coco tO CM CM CM CM ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca ca •• •• •• •• •• CM tO CM IS TH tvj t 1 1 1 1 ca ca ca - co en CM IM TH CM CM 00 CO CO CO 00 TH CM to -f in to CM CS) r— • « •;. CO ;=: 1— 1 "to •it •{• ^•w rv ^». PH ct> t^ cv; tD O CV -^~ p£ Si 1 W TH P) t— 1 X o 1—4 Pi z W C!> o C—L K^ t-H •z. TH CM v. \\ "V. oo co co co co TH CM to T»< in caca caca ca CO rt< t> O TH O- O CO CO CO TH TH TH TH TH ca csi ca ~~is TH CM r-t CM CM CM co co to en en CM (.M CM CM CM CO CO CO CO CO TH IM to -^ in~~ ------- J «tj p«p c3 CO H D EH W CD — •< CM Z W pcj CM w PH o co en S3 O to I Z 1 z Z O to W P»O FP PH Z I— t PS w I-IE-* «! O 5» 0 0 z « o i-i « PS O- z: e-i « « o ««! n >-« O Z 1-3 X O i-i «! z: to o «5 •- e-i w PS t* rn 3 t-i 6-i O P-H i-i 33 «— 'PS E-i Pi vO ^ S f PQ W «»3 W i-4 6-1 PM CM PH S) CO (3 z 1— 1 S CO 6-1 i— i Z CD w 6-1 h- 1 to co es « • •• •• •• •• O) O> O^ O^ CJ> 1 1 1 1 1 »-• CM rf if) ^- O Tt4 v-4 S( CO CO CO to CO (S3 IS S CS S S3 S) S) S3 Si •• •• •• .. .. en en en en en i i i i i S3 S3 S3 S3 S< IS S) IS O IS •• •• •• •• •• to to to to to c^ en oo s> is CM CM CM CM CO a) co co co co »H kM CO •* UD to to to to to CM »-( 0- tD C^ t> to co en o CO fJ f 3 CM CM S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 SI SJ (S S3 .. •• >. •• .. cn en o en en i i i l i IS S) S3 SI S) S) S) S) S) (S •• •• •• •• •• to to to to to en to o in si CM IM CM CM fJ "V. ~V "X ^x'X 00 CO 00 CO CO »-( IV^ CO ^ U') , , 2 •• co l__l . —•• »-l 1 * 2 X -•— s» to •> •Jfr s: C5 D — • 00 -CCM Z CM o en is rt] 1 w to ««; o o P^! p) &-< ^^ ^C S3 W z: i z o z rH CM SI ra 110 S to to to s» to co cn co T-I to rt< CO CO tO CM SI Si S3 tS S3 SI S3 S3 S3 S* • • •• •• •• •• cn cn cr> cn cn i i i i i S) S3 S3 S3 S) S3 S3 S3 tS S3 •• •• •• •• •• to to to to to CM cn o co tc f\i CM CM tw CM CO CO CO CO CO i-t CM CO -sf if) CO S3 tD CO tO o co in if) CM cn cn to if / tn S3 S3 S3 S) S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 ?S .. .. .. .. •. cn en cn cn cn i i i i i S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 S3 Si S3 • • •• •* • • •• to to to to to cn to o if) ts CM CM CM tM CM \ '"v "vv"vv. 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"I ^^^, o o H- -( O PH CO ci) fi CY^ \ ™ ^ to 1-4 « O CM T-t Si Oi CO 1 I I1 w PQ PO S CM CM IM «-• •«< to 00 if) • ,-t rH «H i-l «-t t-l -l T-< -l »-l r-l »-l t-l »-l «-t «-« Z CO < to to T-t TH «-( iH t-l T-l t-H «-l t-4 (S ,-H «-l r-t ft rt T-l r-t ,-( -t .-I ,-1 -l E-lB3 CV «! iscMO-tci^sjcM^oinT-ifsicncM-^cosfiDisicDCMaiu) >•« en v> CD Fi t» • Ptf f-H «< O H 2: Pi 3 » £=> P=) Oi-. ^ «; en ««S ------- RADIAN THC, CH4, AND HOM-CH4 JUNE 1* 1989 TO JUNE 38* 1988 T-821 CH4\| Hour of the Day A ,* A 4 Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 178 ------- I t I 8 I 1 I I I 1 RADIAN NOX, NOj AND N02 JUNE 5, 1960 TO JUNE 39, 1980 T-021 NOX N02 HOl 280- U G / M 3 Hour of the Day I I I 1 I I t I U G / H 3 280- 240- « 200- « 160- « 128 80. • 40. 0 Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 179 ------- NOX, HO, N02i AND 03 JUNE i« 1988 TO JUNE 38, i960 T-822 NOX N02 NO 03 U G / H 3 288- < 240. 288- « 169 120 4 80 • 40-1 0 Hour of the Day U G / H 3 280 248 288 168 128 88 48 8 Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 180 ------- I I I I I I I I I 1 1 I I I 1 I I t RADIAN u G / H 3 H 2,888- 2,888 2,488 1,688 1,280 880 400 0 THC, CH4, AND NON-CH4 JUNE I* 1980 TO JUNE 38, 1988 T-022 CH4\| Hour of the Day Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 181 ------- HOX, HO, N02, AND 03 JUNE 25, 1980 TO JUNE 30* 1980 T-023 u G / H 3 88 70 €9 SB 40 30- 28- 18- 0 NOM N02 NO 03 Hour of the Day U G / H 3 Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 182 ------- I I i I I I I I I I 1 I I I 1 I I 1 I OZONE JUNE 1, 1980 TO JUNE 36, 1990 T-034 190-1 100- U G x H 3 50 0 Hour of the Day 190 100 U G / H 3 50 0 Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 183 ------- I RADIAN SOLAR RADIATION JUNE 1, 1988 TO JUNE 39, 1988 T-834 H L V / H I N 288 188 168 148 120 188 80 68 40 20 0 k V I Hour of the Day H L Y / N I N 288 188 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 8 Hour of the Day Figure 6-1 184 1 ------- RADIAN TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE JUNE If 1989 TO JUNE 38, 1980 T-834 D E G 79 69-1 39 49 39 29- 19- 9 Hour of the Day D E G F 89-i 79- 69- 38- 49- 39- 29- 19- 9 ------- RADIAN NOX, NO, AND N02 JULY It 1980 TO JULY 31, I960 T-921 NO I U G / H 3 Hour of the Day U G / * 3 Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 186 ------- 2,889- 2,499 „ 2,888 G ' 1.688H n 3 1,298- 889 488 8 U G x H 3 8 THC, CH4, AND HOM-CH4 JULY i» 1989 TO JULY 31, 1980 T-821 THC HOH-CH4 CH4( Hour of the Day Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 187 ------- cm NOXi HO, N02, AND 03 JULY 1» 1980 TO JULY 31, 1980 T-022 u G x H 3 208 189 169 149 129 HO 03 60 49 29 9 1 Hour of the Day U G s H 3 208-\| 189- 160 140 120 H 190 89 €9 49 29 9 I I •r v 4 * Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 188 ------- 5A5SAN PI U G / H 3 2,800- 2,400- 2,000- 1,600- 1,200- 800- i 400 0 2,800 2,400 2,000 1,600 1,200 880 400 0 THC, CH4, AND NON-CH4 JULY 1, 1980 TO JULY 31, 1980 T-022 THC NON-CH4 CH4I Hour of the Day Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 189 ------- RADIAN 128-1 i ea- u 6 / H 3 69 48 8 I I HOX, NO, N02, AND 03 JULY it 1988 TO JULY 31, 1988 T-823 I I NOX N02 HO 03 Hour of the Day U G / N 3 128-. 188- 48 28 L U U u u u II II u 1 II II Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 190 ------- RADIAN OZONE JULY 1, 1988 TO JULY 31, 1988 T-834 u G / If 3 28ft 180 160 148 128 188 88 68 48 28 8 Hour of the Day U c / N 3 288 188 168 148 128 188 88 68 48 28 8 Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 191 ------- \ RADIAN SOLAR RADIATION JULY i« 1980 TO JULY 31* I960 T-034 H L Y / H I H 200-1 189- 169- 140- 129- 199- 80- 68- 40 28 I i 4 * 4 Hour of the Day H L Y x H I N 288- 189 169- 149 129 100 89 68 48 28- 0 Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 192 ------- RADIAN TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE JULY i» 1980 TO JULY 31, 1980 T-034 D E G F 100-1 90- 80- 70- 60- 30- 40- 30- 20- 10- 0 Hour of the Day D E G F 100- 90- 80- 70- 60- 50- 40- 30- 29- 10- 0 Hour of the Day Figure 6-2 193 ------- HOX, NO, ANDt N02 AUGUST if 1980 TO AUGUST 31* 1980 T-821 NOX N02 U G / H 3 299- 188- 168- 148 128- 108 88 68 40. 28 8 HO Hour of the Day U G / N 3 Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 194 ------- u G / H 3 2,899- 2,499- 2,999- 1,699 1,299- 499 ft THCf CH4, AND NON-CH4 AUGUST lt 1999 TO AUGUST 31, 1980 T-921 THC HOH-CH4 CH4( Hour of the Day Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 195 ------- RADIAN NOXi HO, N02, AND 03 AUGUST lt 1999 TO AUGUST 31» 1980 T-822 U G / N 3 U G / M 3 2001 180- 160- 140- 120- 100 80 -\ 60 40 J 20 1 I I Hour of the Day I 1 Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 HO 03 I 1 4r 196 ------- I I I I I 1 I I 1 I I I 1 I 1 I I I I RADIAN u G / H 3 U G x H 3 2,489 2,899 1,698 1» 200 499 0 2880- 2,499 2899 1,699 i» 200 800 498 J 0 THCf CH4, AND NON-CH4 AUGUST if I960 TO AUGUST 31, 1980 T-822 CH4\| Hour of the Day Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 197 ------- NOX, HO, N02, AND 03 AUGUST 1» 1980 TO AUGUST 31, 1980 T-823 H02 NO 03 U G / H 3 149- 120- 100 80 69 40 20 0 Hour of the Day 148 128- 188- U G / 88- H 3 68- 48- 28- d 11 Ul 111 10 in Ul * Ul in If in ii II Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 198 ------- I I I I I 1 I I I I I I 1 1 I I I I I RADIAN OZONE AUGUST i, 1980 TO AUGUST si, isse T-034 u G x H 3 140 129 199 39 69 49 29 0 Hour of the Day U G x H 3 140 120 100 00 60 40 20 0 Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 199 ------- RADIAN SOLAR RADIATION AUGUST 1, 1980 TO AUGUST 31, 1980 T-934 H L Y / H I N 299 180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 4 4^4 4 4 H Hour of the Day H L Y / H I H 200 180 160 140 120 100 00 60 40 20 0 I Hour of the Day Figure 6-3 200 ------- 1 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 RADIAN COMPORJHTBOM 109- 98- 89- 78- n 1 «• 8 s.. f 49- 39- 29- 19- e tea- 99- 88- 78- 1 «•• G 39- F 49- 39- 29- 19- 0 TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE AUGUST 1» 1988 TO AUGUST 31* 1988 T-834 Hour of the Day ------- •! EH O CM CO •<< m CO CO rH CM CM CO 0 m to ® tO in co EH CO CO £>- CM CM CM CM CO CO PH I «! Z SB SI CO rH rH CM CM rH CO tO If) rH CO rH CM rH in O EH O- W _J w CO W to to t CJ C5 >• S> •J CO CO s> to to co CM If) co o m rH CM O) oo m to I -;«: w >-• z 1-1 !-} O « P5 t-H EHO O R W PS I O to to co CM CO CM to CM to to CM O) rH rH W CJ CO PI Z z « in co m IM to w <" ^ co CM c- W CM CM rH rH PH CO 35 PL, Wi. EH \| I I \| Z O •—i CO CM P- tO 3t rH rH to EH O EH 202 ------- 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 '-"} ~9 , ;: Z -, g If \|-§ 1 m i-j CM -^ -rh ro < rH ca to in EH ,_, to CM o EH s o 3 rH « " P) !=> » TH CD CO EH Z rH CM CO 0-, - tO Tjl CD Pd Z lO rH 1 «S 35 rH ^ S CO 1— 1 CM rH >• IS i-3 CO S rH o CM Si 5>-H ^> CO CM rH CO rH 3E PI Z\ WW(S» tOrHOCO EH CL, CO CM CM •ai CJ •— >• O t-H CO £H PI i-3 3« D- in ca 01 Z W iS CO tO CD t-H >• CO co pj ^^^ ^y W t-3 rH O re I-H co to si CM W EH « >^ EH in rH co W 0- c_> o « w w en o PH — oe &4CO Q H-l W inrHCM PI O PI tO CM CM z co PI 1-1 co HI W Z « PI «<:SPHl-lpxl tOCMrH • (X 3S tO rH tO i— ' e» z rj< '«««: to pd >M z \| co CM •-H J-3 O W PQ X HH «« ra e-« o EH O 0 Z W If) Ol EC U rH p^ PH p». l_^ (^-l C5 (~~1 \| ^ >-H W (S rH P=! PI •< Z rH tO pq H- r i t= w m •* Z: Z rH PI W Z rH rH PH Z CO PI Z rH CD Oi Z rH >— t ""* PI fJ • ^ CO CM O tO W CM IU rH rH CO tU O i: EH 1 \| \| \| 14 Z O H? >-< CO CM O IO CO to IV Sl CM in in " rH •<< C3 ^ 0) rH rH rH CD CO CD m to ^ CM rH ^* CT> ^H fO to CD CM \|^ SH O f-t m co in m in m in tn to CM CM CM IM «; Ui 203 ------- t-3 << E-i O u 3 Z Z (=5 £3 t* E-i Z to S :* pv] 2» 3s 1 •< * i— i t=- IS HJ CO * >•« \ tO to T-I 3s z to W P3 CO 31 E-i Pi to 0^ 0 »-i to EH f~^ i ~j 3( Z pt) 53 to I-* >• CO to w >x z \|y_^ . ^ ^j ^^ W t-i to W EH O \ E-- to w cO o o PS pa w PS O Pi >-• cr* PM C/> Q ^-* P1^ Q O O to z to P> i-i to I-" W Z pS Q 3^ £5 f— 4 pt) Z «3 !i P-i i— ' W ^ « * C/3 7 Sz ^ ^ -5 «C « ^ W >i Z \| to »-J ^ o PM ft, PS i-i «! CD 6-1 O EH O O Z PM EC W PS PS on H? t— i (>3 p>^ f^ ^^ ^y w z ps w C= W z z (=> w w pa z f^ ^» CO O z z I — ( M to EC PH O i. 6H Z O »— in to m co to to m TH CO CM * ^ TH CO 1-1 in c- ^f ,_4 fj CM to ,_! T-I m CM m CM co en T-I T-I CO Tjt O5 CO to • T-4 ^- CM TH co co T-I CO O- CM ^f ^4 en in TH tO T^t T-I TH tO TH CO CO TH CM TH O5 TH CM CO to CO CO -1 ^1 T}1 TH TH co «a TH TH •* CO CM C^- CO 1 1 1 1 U4 ,_J CO CM O- tO TH to °" « to CM CO CM ,_, CNJ CO C3 CO f\j CM en TH •^ TH 11} co •^ U5 m • CO T^t ® Tf 00 to CM CM CO CM CO cv £ 0 m in co 40 CO m m to to to to CM to CO 204 ------- WfND ROSE JUNE - 1980 A X f A Figure 6-4 EPA REGION III - SITE 034 WtND SPEED fMPHI 205 ------- N WIND ROSE JUU - 1980 -i • ^ WfND SPEI fMPHI 5.56 Sf .00 f A Figure 6-5 EPA REGION III - SITE 034 206 ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I N WIND POSE WJGUST - 1980 HIND SPEED fHPHl I * I It .55 UJI Figure 6-6 EPA REGION III - SITE 034 207 ~~------- TABLE 6-14 BACKSCATTER DATA TABULATIONS 208~~ ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I to o _ 3 ca < CC Q 3 a: UJ en f- i- r- M < a. a ! en * O < en UJ Q -?• C en o UJ o fa \ -0 CM \ -0 O H- O 03 \ m r»i X •-Q * A * & * * * * $t •it. * * * * # * $ * & Tf ^t •jf * * * V • - 0 z UJ 3 O LU CE U. 2; ^ ^_ X 0 H- 1 UJ T" J< ^ LU 0 UJ cc c: 3 U O 0 U. o Jf * * * * * * * * •& * * * * * * * •£ * * * # * * * + * * * # * ^ 7 * * * * * * * * * •« * * * & $ ^ •i •^ + V -If # * * # * * * •je * ^c # * * * * * * * * * * * * Tt * $ $ ooooo oo * -o o --< o * n * -i v UJZZHUJ2 M 3 r Q.V I33C023 aens o 3* UJ Q =<* O 1- E •« Z < LU Lu * M > en t- v x LU <-< 01 « \|-> - O > ? s: uj z en ^ £K LU >- t.^ _j H- yj UJ 3 O j U. o LU CO ^ C3 O en H-4 H I O I-H Lu X <5 209 ------- cn z o _J ca i- o <. cr Q ^ C9 o: cn LU H h- h- < Q_ U ! < Q. O LU cn IJJ Q z o CO o X 0 LU o CD 5^- \ f-^ O i— O CO n ~-v ^ * * •- U z UJ ^5 O LU tr u. y ^ (- X O LU X Jx* ^ LU U LU ££ a: ^ (j o o u. o * * * * $ ^c * * ^c * # ^ * * ^t * ^e * * * * A V * •£ * A in XX * A * * * * * * * * * * * * ^ $ * « T Ji ^c * * A i ^y * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * cn H X O ~4 LU O h-4 X I—I r o o o o o O 03 •=• rj n -i m n cu o o ^ n in --* Q U d. o_ ^£ u 5 1 _J <; Q or LU h- O Q_ D LU Q. Q III Q. < LU Z O. O 0. < Z 0. - 0 ^ < 1 i u Q LU LU 1 LU _J — 1 .J Z o ca LU < •-" < < _J o: LL h- t- C3 1- LU cn cn < D Q Z Z 1- LU Z D D cn z rs ^ * O 0 * o * m * * * A * * t # * $ * - o o o * ^ o * •~i ajt ^ * * ly * V ^C * "c t s« TX -if A * A * * $ * * * # •£ ^e * $ ^ ^ -7 /< 7: * * * * * # * cn v f^ ^ LU * > # < * _j cn H- * LU i-i cn •« _l 0 >• 7 LU 2 'Jl -P o: LU >- ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I en z o (— 1 1— < _j ca - rji Z LU ^ O LU ce LI_ s: ^ •t- ^ o i— i LU ~r- zz _ UJ o z LU JX ^5 U O O u_ O & & «t 4t •4t * * * & V * * * * # * * * ^t •( # •^ ^ •a •ff •$ J if * t '' * * * * * * * * * •^ A * * * * ? ^ * * ft * * A * * ip # •^ -^ f ^t * LU UJ * -1 _i H * ca uj o. z * < _J M < * H- O t- Z * to z _j M * >-• D ST Q- * a en s: o D T LU a •« i — ic # < UJ LU * > CO i- * LU i- i/l * _! O > * LU Z til -rt cc LU >. ------- cn 2 O i — i H- < _1 D CQ < h- < h- * * fc * A * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * ? 7: * * A '•& * •: f * * * * * * * * * •tt £ ? * * * ^ a! 0 < QC LU > < > u Z LU D O LU ce u. E: „ r— -r O f— 1 LU I X ^ LU 0 2 LU cc &. D O U o li- CD if. a * * Ttf. # i ^c i :& * ^ •^c * « A * « * * •? * >? •fr * 5? * •4c V •<< M V At * •T * * * * * * * * * * * * V * +• O O O O •3" -« -< OJ Z O tn o o •jj * * * * * * jjc * # ^= * * * * * * * * * * f •V a o o Cii i> sn r-. en n m o o V * * >r * * * * if. if. * * * : 'if. 03 Ci LU Q a. LU a. a. < Q- O < Z 0 D i 1 LU LU cn _i _i H C3 « LU ^ ^ ^ j O H- 1- 03 >-« tn cn <. LU Z Z H- i z> D cn o — r 1— t JX i_i S Q UJ a. a. o z ^t i -^ DC 1 — ^> Q 01 LU Z a. CL - 0 Ci i LU ! 2! -• er a. 1- LU D O LU Z 2 D cn cc LU >- < _j LU LU _1 —i 03 LU £L <£ _J t-H 1-01- cn z _i •-• D Q CO £ LU 'r- lu -J Lu H Z <£ Z t— 4 53 O Q UJ ul HH Q z V * * * * * * •£ V * * x< f ^* v^ 7- ^ .7- ^ * * •^ * f * •<< * * * * * ^ $ •{I V CL ^ ^1 -^ ^t 51 * Lu * 1- * cn ? >- • cn !< a; LU >- ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I TABLE 6-15 HOURLY MIXING HEIGHT SUMMARY KEY Symbol Type of Mixing Layer OON Neutral - Uncapped (Undefined) XXN Neutral - Capped XXS Stable XXU Unstable - Capped XXV Unstable - Uncapped ND Noise Dominant XX indicates the height of the top of the mixing layer in decameters. 213 ------- CO tK UJ ui U HI a ce •z. D CO o i- 03 X 0> LlJ UJ X Z O -3 H-! X O »-« a: S D C9 UI CO O H Z H O !-< co a. a i x < U Q. LU UJ cc o O Q cu ei Ctl OJ ui o ru 3- CO m n cc «-i o x ru o a- 03 in ra DJ LO CO Ch O Q in o 214 CO CO O «- «- «— * CO 03 CO CO O OJ «— 1 «— * CO CO -4 ^- CO CO OJ 0 «— 1 «— 1 o o m Oj \|~s. Q in in $ ^ -o m -0 O •-0 ^0 «f m s(3 FX- ^ "2? 01 n -0 N ^ ^> O 'H •O fx- ^ ^> ru to -0 --0 cu o O fx- > D ~« tn >o in ~~! ~I co in 1 ' " en co CO «-« 4«f 4—1 en co n CD T-4 co en 0- 03 co en o- o «-4 CO CO 03 O — 1 CO CO 03 -3- «-H co en o o r-t '-^ 1-5 :s\ \r. O (> co o- o «-« r-J n <* iri -t. N o «-« ^- OJ r-u ro o.1 nj r-,j oj OJ C - 1 CO -rH ~ I tn in en " 03 ru t U") o n <. 0 ^ QC -0 ~> en o ,-t CO o 03 <— I •#-( CO o «-* Cfi <•>•: 0 0 r> O 3: •U OJ f? G 03 * II CO 2 O i— i i — <£ ^> IT UJ CO C3 O U. O Q; UJ a 2: D Z ------- 03 or LU t- UJ 51 <£ 0 LU Q — • > ce «£ 1C s: ;3 03 O H- CD I o- O H UJ > I _i ^> O ~5 z 1—4 x O — 1 p^ r D LU 03 Q h- Z h- O •- cn a. O ! I < o a. li) Ui >_ _J cc 0 I 5: o a «t ru ^ ru ru ru «-i ru 0 ru eh «— i 03 •r-i \|X, 4-H sQ 4-H in »-i ^ .-H n ct «-< ^5 O i ru «-4 «H ,-1 0 <-l (> CD h- -O in f 03 ru ^^ > D 03 fN. ^ ru -< cn cn •^ j" ru -i 03 03 -43 «- -t H 03 03 ^0 O •rH - 1 03 03 m ru «-< «-t 03 03 ru o «-l <-l ^ 3> O CD n ^ I> !> O ^ m n , D > e> ru -• n D > c> ru f-4 ^ ^> ^> ru N ru > -0 -< ru >o !> I> 0 O ru --o ^ ^ N CM n D ru CD n - > D -0 0" n -< D D n CD «-i D 03 CM 0- «-* 03 03 HI ru «* «•< ru «-««-« CM cn cn cn cn cn cn co en mth CD o ru cn OQ ru •r- ru cu ru ru n cn>cncncncno3cn l>OC33'^''!CDCD o ru- 03 O ru 03 ru ru 03 CD 03 ru D t •3 n ^j- CD * ID 03 <^- ;3 in in D t in D in in 3, ru ^- D ru ^3 4-H 03 N. 03 03 O ru 03 ru 03 03 DJ ru m m ru ii 03 z Q f—i l— 4^ ^> ce UJ 03 C9 a U, 0 ce LU CQ E g _j i— a i- 03 O ru > -J o cc o LL 1- I O 1-4 LU I O •x i—i £ (- Z r o Q 03 r-- 03 o- o «-• ru 03 n -o f-- 03 cr- o i-* PJ n * to 1-1 >-i ,-H ^^ 4— fu ''o ro Co ru fj pj r\) f-g ru 215 ------- £ o Q Z Z D tO D D D o o iv o n n N ru -• n ru ru ce o i n ru ru ru ru en tr UI 01 z: o LU Q •w- >. tr £ 5 o tO 03 H- -< X 0 f- M tO lu D X 0 D O < Z »— 4 x: O t-< QC S D C3 LU tn Q H Z H- o »- tn a. O 1 X < <_J 0, Lli LU O ru 0- -1 CO •^ N -« ^S ^ ^4 ^j- «_\| n o: ^i D O i ru ««t ,_i ^-i o -( CD in n ru z z tn en en en tn O O i> O CO -G O ^ -H ru z z en tn tn tn o o o o o o «~ t «-! «-!-( CQ z tn tn tn z to o o o -o ro 4-4 4-4 4-4 4-4 z z en tn en > o o o o -o ru «-i -« ru z z > z z z > O O CO O O O CO ru ru z z > z z > > o o in o o «f <• co ru n Z > 2 » > on o o t -3- -H ru ru n z > > > > > o • o « o -o ro «t ro ru ro tn n CO ru 4-4 tn 4-4 tn ru z o o co ru co 0s en n N CO CO 00 O «• •i n •=}• •t ru n z » » > O N in CU CO GO n t ru ru CD ru o ru co ru j- « n ru i m ru «o -o i ru n n n n (v ru o o n ru n n co t^- r^ o co ru -* ru ru ru -i CO CO ru ru ~0 •-0 ru ru > > co ru ru ru co ^ co "-< 6 5 6 ••o o n tn 6 ^. ru n ec- ru D ru ru ^j ro LU to 03 O U_ O CC LU CQ 51 D Z ru en o D tr o u. X o •—t UJ o z I—I X £ tn tn CO CO tn z CO O to o 2 o tn -0 •^ CO tn tn CO 03 tn tn 00 0^ to to CO O tn tn 03 O to en -o -> en en •vQ O •^ O Z 0? 0 !> Z D D O O «T z tn o -o ru tn to O CO -i ru to to O ------- FIGURE 6-7 DAILY CODED BACKSCATTER DISPLAY **************************************************************** * * * * KEY FOR DAILY COOED BACKSCATTER DISPLAY * * * THE FOLLOWING IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER SYMBOLS * USED IN THE ECHOSONDE DAILY CODED BACKSCATTER DISPLAY * CHART. * * * BLANK - NEAR NEUTRAL CONDITIONS * S - STABLE CONDITIONS * U - UNSTABLE CONDITIONS * D - NOISE DOMINANT * * - SYSTEM DOWN * * **************************************************************** 217 ------- UJ i IU Z a: a a. UJ (T LU a z o en o i o LJ a. 01 cc UJ CJ 01 DDDDDDDDDDDDD 01 CO en en 01 tn tn CO DDDDDDDD DDDDDDDD D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 01 01 D D D D D D D CO 01 01 tn en tn tn tn D D D D D D D D 01 # 01 cn 01 D D cu D —•, Ul 01 07 01 D 3) Ul .':! :.'~; Ul 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 en 01 tn 01 01 01 01 01 tn co to co 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 tn 01 tn 01 01 01 01 co en co 01 co 01 tn 01 01 tn tn tn 01 en tn cn cn tn tn 01 co ui tn 01 01 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD -JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD JDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD m ru en cn D D D oitnentntntncn cn cn 01 D D D D D 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 Ul Oi 01 01 01 01 01 01 cn ui a? tn 01 fn rn rn e;i ------- _J -5 I tr !—l D. LU Ul Q Z c 02 o X u UI a. 05 ce iu 05 a 05 D D D 05 05 D D 05 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 05 05 05 05 05 C'5 05 05 05 05 05 D D D 05 05 CO CO O5 05 05 05 05 05 05 CO 05 D D D D D D D D DDDDDDDD 05 D r/l 05 05 05 D D D D D D O D D D D D D D 3 D D D D 05 05 05 05 05 CO CO U5 05 05 D D D D D D P D D D 13 D D 05 CO 05 05 05 05 05 05 D D CO D D 05 05 05 05 D D D D 05 CO 05 05 U5 05 05 05 D D D D 05 05 D D 05 05 05 05 D D D 05 05 Cfj 05 '.0 CO CO CO CO 05 05 05 O5 05 05 05 05 CO 05 05 CO 05 05 05 05 O5 05 05 05 O5 CO CO 05 U5 05 05 05 05 D D D P D D D D D D D D D D D D 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 D D 05 05 CO CO 05 D D 3 D D D 3 D D ODD D 05 05 CO 05 CO 05 CO 05 05 05 05 W5 tfl rjT CO U5 CO 05 05 05 05 05 'ft rn rfi .il D D D ID co tn tn 05 05 CO 05 05 05 CO CO CO 01 CO 05 CO 05 05 05 05 CO 05 05 CO 05 05 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 05 CO 05 CO 05 if. U5 tn 05 05 ;~> rn ro D "5 O O O O O O O •''• O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O r~> O O O O O CO -0 -3- OJ O 03 45 in i- ^ ^r q- ^ p" ro n C5 PI ru "u •."• O O C> t.j O C O O O -^ OJ O CD 0 -t 01 C- CO -0 219 ------- ! 03 03 03 03 05 05 05 .D .D 03 CC O Q. Lu ai O cn c I u r> D LU DDDDO 03 03 CO 05 05 a. 05 p cr LU * >- * 05 ********* O O O O O O O O CD -0 ^r ra O 03 rp fx- ^ N r-- rx. o 43 _-/ 03 333 333 333 333 * * * * 3 3 * O O 3333 03 05 U3 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 3 3333 3333 3333 3333 * * * * * * * * * * * * jjc ?}C 3$C ^C 3333 3333 3333 03 05 * * * * QJ -5 "=t C'j 05 05 03 03 03 3 3 3 3 3D 333 * * * * 3D 3 3D CO * O 3D 03 03 03 03 03 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 03 ;3j 3D 3D * if * * 3D 3 3D 03 * 03 3D CO CO 05 05 05 05 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 CO 3D 3D 3D 3 * * * * 3D 3D 3 3D CO * t_3 •-0 3D cn CO CO 03 03 03 05 05 05 3D 3 3 3 3 3 03 ^3 ^ 3D 3 3 $ i A £ 3 3D 3D 3 3D CO v -j 3D 03 03 CO 03 03 CO 03 05 03 03 03 05 3D 3 3 3 3 3 05 ;3J 333 3D 3 3 3 % $ * 'X 3 3D 3D 3 3D 03 * Di 3D 03 03 03 03 03 03 CO 03 03 03 03 05 3D 3 3 3 3 3 05 3D 3D 3D 3 3 3 3JC i V •^ 3 ID Z? ^ 3 3D 3D * o 0 05 03 05 & 03 r,0 03 03 03 05 03 03 03 03 0? 03 03 03 03 05 05 CO CO 05 05 03 03 05 03 03 03 CO 05050303050305050305 05 COCO 33333333333 CO 05 03 03 03 03 03 CO 03 3 3 3 03 03 05 03 03 05 05 03 03 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 03 05 03 05 05 CO CO 03 CO 3 3 3 3 3 3 03 03 03 05 03 05 03 05 05 05 3 3 3 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 CDID "'IDIDIDIDIDIDZDI^IDIDIDIDID 05 03 05 05 05 05 CO CO 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 05050305030503030505050503333 030305030305050503030303 03 Cn 03 05 05030305030303030303030303030303 03030303050303050303030503030505 03 03 03 05 03 03 CO CO 03 03 03 03 CO 05 CO 05 05 05 05 03 CO 03 CO 05 03 03 03 CO 03 03 03 03 05 05 05 CO 03 03 03 03 03 05 05 05 05 05 05 05 03 05 05 05 03 03 03 CO 05 05 05 05 05 03 03 03 05 05 05 05 03 03 CO CO CO 03 03 03 CO 05 03 03 0505050503050305 05 05050305050505 05 03 03 CO 05 05 05 05 05 03 CO 05 CO CO 05 05 03 3333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 03333333333333333 05 05 01 05 05 O5 05 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 03 03 03 CO 05 05 05 3 3 3 3 05 CTi 03 05 3 3 05 05 03 05 03 05 05 05 03 03 03 03 05 CO 03 03 03 03 05 05 05 U5 05 05 05 05 03 03 03 05 05 05 05 05 05 03 03 05 3333333 333333333~Ni^i~i~~i 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3^sJC3jC3jC3jC?JC3rJC3jc>jC5JC3jt?j'3X?!i;^C^- i!4c^\|C^C"i{?^vti'Jf;i?A"^t^\|C'^t^"^c"^t r^? '<{? ^C'^t'^!,'^C^C"Y!^t^C^CI^C^C.^C''J<'^C"^ £" r$c ^t ?$- iic ?te "^ "'J* ,^ 37* -^ -V v -fr "£ ?" ^ 01 U3 rr. 05 05 05 05 03 05 05 05 05 05 03 03 03 03 03 03 05 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 03 05 O3 05 03 05 03 05 05 U3 05 03 03 03 05 05 03 05 U3 03 05 05 03 05 05 03 CO 05 3333333333 3333333333333333 !DIDZ5IDIDIDIDIDIDID"^IDID"^~1ID 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 3333333333333333 fy'$^'$L$i$t$:y};ilt!!lp&"$$t~£'$t'^ 05 03 03 03 03 03 3 3 05 03 03 03 05 05 05 05 3 05 05 05 03 03 03 05 05 05 05 co cn fn 03 cn cn 01 01 U3 '-•t r .', tp •ft fjl H3 -0 <* ra O 03 3 * * * f if, 0~< 01 05 05 05 05 05 05 CO 05 05 3D 3D 3 3 3 3 35 * 3 3D 05 03 'T> 05 01 - ,1 Ti'J -0 # sssssnnnnnnnn 3 3 3D 05 05 05 05 03 03 03 it CO # 05 05 CO 3 3 3D 3D ^ 3 35 333 3 3 05 CO 03 03 05 03 03 05 03 * 03 * 03 05 335 333 3D 3D ""! 3 3 35 3 .• ij. r'1 05 05 05 CO 03 -5 * * in «— t i 3 3 # •3- r-< I 3 "5 i£ * n ,j 331 ~D 53 in 220 ------- CO 01 01 ffi Ijl tO tO 01 Ul tO 01 01 * to 01 co 01 to co 01 ui 01 01 co to 01 to to co co 01 01 to 01 01 co to 01 to tn 01 01 to 01 Ul CO tO 01 CO 01 CO 01 01 01 01 : 333333 333333 333333 01 CO 3 I- o: O 0. Ui cr ui Q O cn o o UJ co cn co to co co to to 01 01 ui 01 CO 01 CO CO CO 01 CO to 01 01 01 to 01 to to 01 01 to co 01 01 01 01 to 01 01 CO CO en 01 CO 01 01 01 to to to 01 01 CO CO 01 to to to 01 CO 01 cn 01 01 01 to 01 01 to to to CO CO CO to 01 to to to to 01 to 01 CO 3 01 01 01 01 to to co to to to CO 01 CO 01 01 01 to to CO CO CO CO to to 01 01 CO 01 CO CO to to 01 01 to co 01 01 CO 01 to 01 01 01 CO CO to to to to 333333333 3333DDDDD 3 3 D D 3 D D 3 D 3 3 3 3 D 3 3 D D D D D 3333333D D.O D D 01 01 CO 01 01 3 01 01 01 CO to 01 CO 01 CO to 333333 3 Q. 01 i—i Q CC UJ 3 to to to to to 01 01 01 01 01 01 to to to to to to to 01 01 to 01 333333 3333D333 3 3 3 3 3 D ~ 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 01 tO 01 01 CO 01 01 CO CO 01 01 CO CO CO CO 01 CO CO to to 01 CO to to 01 01 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 07 01 01 01 to to Ul 01 01 01 to to 01 01 01 01 to co CO 01 01 to to co 01 01 3 3 3 3 3 3 O Ol t> 33333 01 CO 01 01 01 U) 01 01 to 01 01 3 01 01 01 to co to D o CO 01 01 to to to 01 01 co 01 01 oa Q UJ Q O O 333 333333333333333333 333333333333333333 D3DDD3DDDDDDDDDDDD D3DDDDDDDDDDDD COtOtOfJlC0010101t033333D3DDDDDDDD 01 01 CO CO tO 33D333 01 01 01 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 01 3 D D 333 333 333 01 3 O 3 D 3333 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 to to 3 3 3 3 Ul 01 01 01 to 01 01 01 ifj 01 01 to 01 01 to 01 to to CO CO 3 3 33333333 33333333 01 ••!> 01 01 Ul CO 01 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 05 01 01 01 to 01 to to 01 01 to to 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 DD3DDD3D3DDDD 01 CO CO CO CO 01 CO CO 01 01 01 01 01 01 CO 01 Ul 01 'JT m 01 01 CO CO 01 01 to 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 fji rp f.n 10 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 rjl rj) rj~ 0"! "Jl '<'~> 333 CO CO 01 CO 01 CO 01 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 in to •-]•• rfi rn ni 3 3 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 Ul rn ',~. * * 3 3 3 3 3 CO CO CO CO Iff 01 01 CO 01 to to fjl 01 tO fJl Ul 01 01 01 to to 01 01 to to D 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 01 01 01 CO 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 i,-i i/, N 3 •£ O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 03 43 T r,j O 03 -0 * tU O 03 -0 '-t CO O 03 Q 03 f-v N N r-., h- -Q •$ Q -Q -0 ID LO ID ID ID =t TO 03 -43 '—' '--.' o !^! O 03 '-C1 T OJ O -0 O 0? -0 O X 221 ------- _J 'r- cr a CL LU LU a H O U5 O X CJ Ul a. to —i Q Ct Ui O to 1 J I * ^ * * CJ * Q <£ oa Q Q LU Q 0 CJ >- _J *** *** * * * * * *** C5 Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q ***************************** ***************************** ***************************** ******************************* QQQQQQQQQQQQQQClQQPQQClQQQClQQGQQQPQ totntotntototntncocntntntntntntncntntntncncn tntnaientntntntnoitnoi QQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQQOQaQClQQClQQQQQClCiQ DDDDDDDODDDDDDDDDDDDD DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD DrDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDODDDDDDDDD DDODDD^JDDDDDDDDDDD^DDDDDDDDD^D Dr'ODDDDjD^DDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD tnentntnOlDDDIiDDDODODDDDDDDDDDDDDDDDD tntntntnOltnOlDDDDDDDDDDDD tn tn en tn tn tn tn tn 01 tn tn 01 01 ^ D D D D tncntntntnoicnoi oioioitnoitnoi tntnentntnoitntntncntn tnoioioi tn en en tn 01 tn tn tn tn 01 01 tn 01 to tn 01 tn tn tn 01 01 01 01 01 tn 01 tn 01 tn tn tn to en cn tn tn tn 01 01 to 01 01 01 01 01 tn 01 tn 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 Ul 01 01 01 01 01 cn 01 01 ji tn 01 01 01 01 tn 01 r.o r.n 01 ;j) oi yi ai 01 01 ui rii en cn 'Jl 01 01 '/; * # CM O O O o aj so O O O O O '"' ai o CD --o -=r ru r>. r-- -o -o -^3 r> in in ^ -3- <* r «t i?i n f'l O O O ro o a? 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JT ,-, 5 01 01 01 01 01 Ul D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 D 01 01 01 01 to en 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 01 * * * * * * * * D D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 01 * * * * * * * * * * •j* -• -J 'O •41 t 01 01 D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 03 03 01 01 D D D D D D D D 35 •j~ * * * D D D D D D D D * * * * * J>f ~"l ro 01 01 D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 03 01 01 D D D D D D D D 5 3> 01 •s> 01 01 01 * * * D D D D D D D D 01 * tj; * * 7 * O O 01 01 D D D D D D D D D D D D D 01 01 01 01 01 UJ 01 01 01 01 01 01 D D D D D D D D — ' 3> * 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 * * * D D D D D D D D 01 * * ^ * * ~£ U-; o 5 01 01 D D D D D D D D D D — ' D D 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 01 en 01 01 03 D D D D D D D Z5 ^ 01 en 01 Ul 01 01 01 01 * A * D D D D D D D 01 * * * * if w f;l C •43 01 01 D D 35 D D D D 5 D D D — >, oi 01 01 01 tn 01 01 01 01 03 01 01 D D D D D D D D D 3.1 35 * 01 en 01 tn 01 01 01 01 * * * D D D D D D D D 01 * 1" * £ f Jv rp £, * <-H 01 O D ^ 3fc * # 0 n c> <£ 3t 3F 4t 3£ Q* Cil O D =* it >- .- 0 51 T -• 224 ------- I I I I I I I I TABLE 6-16 I ECHOSONDE DAILY WIND SUMMARY I I I I I I I I * 225 I ------- -.3 a) I tO 1-3 as o CM U) CD OJ O) l\l Al CV O- si* U) (±, U> 'Q i) u n ii '.V CM tO C\J CM CV CM 11 CM II 0 tn tf > •& CV CO CM tO T-I CM CM CO --I r-O 'O O1 G> i-l «H tO st< tO CO l\J CV CM II II n II II i II CV CM a; c"> as CO 6H CM ns o o t— i UJ n CM c^ cu ... (Sl®tO _ C3 CO ft If) O e-t o i-H O) T-I T-I ^ i-l fS3 Of' UT, fj tO II CM i-( CM CV tO t\< CV CM II CM II ll Ii .j ox: I—I CO «"5 OS (^ S3 iH O 1-H I-M U; CC co «a co ^ CO^lOT-l ^H CV W t> (<3 as 05 ^^Xi CV C\i CM en if) CM II m to l II i-l •I CM II u ------- I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I CV I n- o o m HH f J t-i fj re o o cc o lO 'D to f J "( i> I)) IT, M1 i\, C\: CM l^ t-3 t\) CO c\j cv? y fo ll ll -S> O' .T> 12 -t tU tO "J a i II ^J ^f C^- C£ ^5< sj" vC ^ II ll II O) CO en -. f 2 C CO •< 10 . ?3 w G. C CV f '±1 T ^j - tt o >s> TH cv if. cr. tc ii \l '.vi C\! ^J f J CM CM CM II II II II ll 'i II II 1! f uj U) rn r-i o> a; 's- ii vi CM CV "} IM CV CM C\i ,1 ii 1! II I 1 II II li II ^ r-l "^ 0? t- tC T-l O. ll J u) l> CV V ^' O aj II -tT'VLJ'^C'J-^^UJ 1 vi CV CV I" I i'i CJ .M (V ll • ai CV CO in CM >n >o ^ CM U) 'O D- o- 227 .jj c» i< «-• 'i I rH «-< :\. w\i ll fi O- i> O O il ~^- ll ^_ I ------- I I! >. i f) c--. a; uj £> 05 cv at as 11 ,\/ ii ii • IS! II "•) CM »^i M' i-l C\< II OJ> to a; ii T-I «-i IH <-t n -5 i-H II I, II II 01 !! 'I O ! 11 ^ — ll II 3± II II aj P^ M ii ri 5. ii II t« — - il II tJ i- ii a1 ^ cr cv t> -^ Oj a> ^ n r-< m w ii ......... n • in Q CSJ II P) T-1 ?$> rH t>- r-t 'O O1 r-t II Uj t^ CO U3 II «H «-< t-1 II E-< E-" t-i \|\| II o r N fri n n n ii >-> 2: ii ii K i— i i: n rH in u^ ^ >-i Oi i; to T-I ii a> i- ID II Tjf T-( tO i-l CO rH OJ O tv! II u, X PC; fO II i-ti-H i-l i-t II n O i-l il II OO fc-< II II O II ll (=• ^ II II 2: t^ II ll I-H II II - (i, l\| li PH II II »-; o s_ n to • tr> aj c^- »-»ts n fj i-i c/"> i. " * ^ " * n u n n u n il U ii n i_ n iij 'O uj co }< K j vij o uj ( n i>J 1-1 iv< fj ^ aj ",) c- Jj 01 M -H ii i T-< i-t »-l r-t «-l r-l T-H T-l t-l 1-1 Cv) CM i! Pj ^^\.^v\.^^"^">v\v^^^~\^^'^^-~\^^.'^.v^~^\ II r-i O O !> O O O !> O t> £> £>- (^ D- O f> ^- O O O t>- i> I1 \ II i> 228 ------- I B I I I I I I I I I I i I I 1 I 9 I UJ en CM i CO •-s o to £-< E-- t—t P-I « o Ui 5; r/1 O cn 31 i in i to IT1 ^ CSJ K r-l O CO c-1 PI os: CO o m 5= 00 U C\J C\i t\i i1 o- e- C\i CT) tO CO 1 CM >-l !> CM ?J T-* !l C\i II • CO iTi II Cv> r-l r-H II t-t ^ >n cv to CM 01 CM ^ OJ 'S II ... n r^ ^j> a'1 ii in to in c\i irj en n ii to CM <, ro u ^ at si 'J> SJ n <.\4 II OJ • n • CO li (7, CO ^ IS CO CD •« ^ Cs. iS II C\! •••«!! • CM CM -^ to ^J TH CO -4- C- II cTj T—I t—I —( T-l T—( II n I II T-l II t\l U) ^3 «— I II I r-t tV .M 'i -"J OO-C^OC^-^OOJNOO II 229 •' ------- CO CD CM I ft-} 7-3 or, 5.; CM U) f^> O tn p z: t-^ ca in en o r^H iJ"4 r"5 PI ^D PM r/S E-" 6- i — i « C5 Ijc^ >-l ft: 4 2: 5. . — U., rx, 50 — ' X. C> Ci PM to U'l r-< O- 0 •z. t— 4 Zs i-J il c^ «X3 U ; « fj M ll ll II II II II II II II il ll II II II II II II II II II ll II CJJ O Uj C\J ui CM fO X; "O in n T-1 t—4 r—t rH r—t ll II II II I ,-H to in - •;)' ID CV fj IN H '-i"/ n • 11 CTj II II •I H (S f J en O) no ao i cv en CM CM co in CT) in Cxi > t'v. II CO • II • 1 i.M II O) i-( II II II ll II II II ll -t CD CO • a) aj c>- cv cri cr ,: O) n in \t n (M t- ) -vf U I (O CV CJ U'J CV< 1 K J CU (V CH '.» ^ r-l 11 I fH II f- ll £V (V '> (V II £V C- C- £V (V CV £V (V IV II 230 ------- I I I I I I I I I I CO I to 0=1 o pp in E-i P-, P-i > ^ n in w to ^ co P I/"! CO uj O O o ISJ C.U CM CO CO IT CM tO CM T-I tO CO Tf CM CO in o CM in co ,T) 'd' co T-l CM T-l T-l ,-H II II II II II II fj II II CM II rH II Ii II II ll FJ II • ii to in CO CM Cn C3 NI OJ CO en p 1 1 m J 1 1 . 1 t 1 1 •a! Oii) II f-« M a; n CM II n n n it n n n ii i. n S) II CD II tW II II II II M II II II II 2_ il II u; II f J Ii vvl II II II ll II ll II M-l il T-H C\i C-J M fc-l II •^ ' 1 ^^ ^^ '\ ^ (~ II O- O- O- £> Ii i ^i in o- r-t LO t«) en -^ Ci n r-l CM T-l r-l T-l H II II II ll II II II i; II U : CJ CO U") 0- to "^ 'L> T. II ^ CO U; O; ^ ^J QJ -^ Q) II T-H T-l T-l »— 1 T-t II II II II II il II il II C to "j Oi ^ o- ii II II ll !l II II •1 LU !(j c- cr; u) fsj r-i '.vi cJ v a, co o aj PJJ ^ T—I ii T-l T— 1 T— 1 T— 1 T-l T-H T-l T—I T— t T— 1 0-4 W ^ M \^ ^V \ ^^ ^\ ^\ ^^ ^v ^V^ '^ "^^ "^ ""V^ "^ "\ ^^ ^s. \|\| "[>Ol>O-OI>£SOD-l>l>->l>C-t>-O-i> n II ?^i :! CM T-H fj CM T-H m T-H T-l 1 PI T-l O ------- •JU CV l> <~J T S (JO 'S ''0 II (T) II .V u; "O O- 'AJ «-l i) II IT) n v, 'O -jj to A) ^ n ^ CV '-\J CV IV CV CV CV II CV II u; cr> II tO CVi II O n r5>i Oj fj O> O CO .O uT [Ci (sj P) iD •}< II cv cv cv) i,^ cv; cv o; n 3- r-> ct; p> pq CO CO O O fH O UJ o o m ts if.1 OV CO F~) o. cv, cv CO iD : CVi CV II II II II f II Cil • II • if) CV 'T! ^ CTi CV ^ II Oi CVI tS O CM T-< VU -^ I! KJ to to cv i.v cvj cv tv ii t^i to a. 01 o S) tO O- cv CV CV O O Cj) Ol CO II £•} Kl O") f.C". vO T-I ^ M ll u') t"J CVJ CV IU CV CV CVi H CV en to si CD OJ> cv. cs.' f J II II II II (73 tU »H «H U3 II CO <-H CO t<3 tH CO II CV c\i cvi cj cv CM u c\j fo cv •^ cv, cv en T-^ '() (.V O1 O vV t'j t-l CV CV O) 1° cv E-i -ii I CVJ C-J ii cu ou GO ou !> (I1 U) CSI I r ex; cu oo oi oj co ou cu a; co ai ou co a-. aj CV PJ ^f U ; UJ C^- Q j U) CS> r-l CV CVi CV t\i CVJ CVJ CV CVi Pj P. I'J I ------- t t I I I 1 I I I t 1 I 1 I t I I I I a' O) a.; o en PH C^ o CK f h P) PJ o- i—t P «"5 £1 5_ £3 C/J Pi '^. f-H 3: >_ t-3 1 — 1 «s; M 3: (S3 Cc. r-i O PJ g_j o s UtJ z o 2: r/0 O UJ 35 CO O IM MM ^ IS CO CW II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II II 2: ii ii LU \|\| PJ ii UJ t-" ii CM lij O> C> IV (.U lO I' P'J II • CD in >o ^-i o) P; oo ii o- tO lit CM CM U"; ^ lO II C> PJ CM to IM tO CM II CM II II II II II i; li ii yj t-i Oj CM '.n ^i 01 ii 01 n • a, ;>- n x CM (5- i J) a.'en cv CM a/ CM II CM II il II II II il C5 00 CV C\J UJ aj » rji Si iD 'D C ^ o- 'O C\i tvi CV C\i II KJ II • II rH II VJJ II CM II f J CJi ID ID Uy in IT) tO < C\i tVi CV C\J tv C\i i a> I • i [O in ii in CM II CM II ll II II CM tij CM IV iD (T) 1 iT) if) CU T 00 CM fM »\< >.M CM 'O u j CM PJ O- a) U> Ci3 ^\| C\J f J vf iT) i-iJ l> a3 O1 Cii T-H t-t «-( r-» T-I «H I-H -l T-I T-I CM t tM PJ T Lfl vu CV O) O1 to a; ro a;- ou u) cu uu a' co QJ a; ao ui oo ii) a. 03 a> aj 233 r\j ------- CO GJ £> m vt< a) ' • ••• CM i^j ^i tr ' II ii IL> tO I if) O rn pp [H EH H-1 PH O C/J ft LO CO P-, PI Si pri C-3 O rH O W o 2: CO o o 02 r-\| O t-H h ii; lij 00 (S UJ T-I CSJ M II MM \|\| T-I I fc-1 II •«! II ^ • d ii co • 'U' if) vU c^- co o v^\v-->-^\" a< aj co ai cu a.' a.1 '.xi aj on T-I tw f j TJI ir> uj o- aj 01 ii T-I c\j PJ v- iii a; o a> j) ^ «H T-I T-I TH T-I T-I T-I T-I T-I T-I CM (,\i CV CV CV OJ IV CV C\4 C\J tO. f J cc cu cu iu a1 cu aj cu co cu o : a co cu 234 ------- t I 1 I i i i i i I i i i i I cu C) to I IT, cv -Ci O i-Q CO PM O Pi Q if P c'- iH f. 3s ca fC tH OfJ C 3 14 o s: O U~) ;c on CJ) CM CD CM cv {> ------- -SJ CO Oi "y CM >O :O CO i-t r> CM C\i .-'i -=T II, 'O r- O- O I a) CM is") (V ji c. rH CM «) n. - CM CO if) fO 0- :.Q i Cr' O O CO CO f> tv< 0' CO K> CM CM CM IT, fO vf, rt1 CTi II CM II • II lO II II to in u, i~ u~j CD s; rn Pi o C/3 O O U) a) I CT Ll tT5 if) Cii X< O- CM •* v ^-i r-t c\i ^i c j o e-i «; ii at co cu uj a) 01 ;s) "-1 CM fj v ii) <:u O u_ u> tw »H t\j fj 'f aj Uj tv a> u> ci ^-( ^H TH ^ rH ^-1 T- ^H ^-( ^1 (.V CM C\i CM CM CM CM IM CM I.M fj \ vx"v>x^»\'X."^\"x \ \\ •^'^^ \\ v» -v^v^ \ ' GO oo a~i cc co CL v a.) co co ^xi ft) en co cr uj co co ex) a • a' u, n i! II CT> I! • II CM II II Ii II II II II i-l Ii eo n I li if) ii CV- ll ^ 236 ------- I I I 1 I 1 I 01 in PJ I m o rn E-. fK s: Q oo CT. 2: C.5 O C/1 o i; o in ^J cxi CJ5 'O •"-( O T-I fj < C\J -r-t C\l fj CM lO 11 II II h II II II CT) il * II C\) O- v »-* F~ ^' 00 O1 CX) f) W rO CO J C3 j in i ID II CM ^ cs is in u ^t^ ^ji t^ i ~3* (SI II >H 1! II \l II II II II U II li •o o; Oi oo Oi n !> m IT; a; -1) V.I !> cu on ai ' u co aj u< 01 ca ,-{ \\\ a: a,1 01 rn •«** co UJ i r-t vv aj T-l r-l 1.^ C\J >^xv>v "V a> to u"> aj i IV C\I l« V. \ -v^ x; en a, it) ' o a.) CV CM \ \ ~>. a, co co t-j t ------- TABLE 6-17 ECHOSONDE HOURLY WIND SUMMARY 233 ------- 1 I 1 A f ^ V I 1 I 1 1 1 — ^H ^J ^* I 1 ^^ 11 . Cr- O '-£ p . \| [ O O l^-. £> CM tO CM 00 S> CM o. •j) TH .H CM • TH CM (S j a: l-» TH •-3 >- a) M ^> TH o to tS >---• p._\| „! ri «; ^3 •— -" or tO ca •— i « TH 5: o 5; p ac CM C/^ t-H ^, fH TH ^ P-- ^ t-H O 3s EH P? t=> W 01 O W o to co o pr; O J") CO "S .\L -4' ,D TH CM CM (X J .v, Oj CM CM TH - M< OJ TH r-i Si iT, CJ .M CM CM CM '.M CM 0.' (.V CM CM CM Ai CM «— i CM tD M1 to ^i -^ '""' -T TH tvi f j to oi f ) -^r o,, CM CM CM TH i.si CJ taxj 01 TH to m u",i rD ai o- in TH lv: -1 (T. :-J NT1 CM CM CM CM TH CM CM to TH to CM a.) uc. cw xj< to tvi c\i CM f: TH tv, cj TH 'Xj co to to TH en lO ."O £>- CM CM CM CO i^ CM on CM CTl tf SI CM CM ^' -Ti «H CM TH Tv( CM f J IM CV CM UJ s ^j in vO ^ D- O) ?? to fO fi ;O tD f J TH -<}i ;T5 CM TH CM TH ro IV iM r=5 ^ Kl iT) CO CO f "> TH CC ^P f5 >h fO CD -^ TH f.' CM ^w CM TH CM pj i M lO CM lO ^D %\| CV; CT) ^) '"S CO CV O^ TH O to CM f i TH iM O £>- Csi CM CM tO CM CM CM e. (S UO CO C> CM fj C- 0- to to tS3 CM cr « fj m in CM tO CM CM fi CM CM CM f) to to ts tL-' TH in j~; u~j TH CM CM f) CM CM CM U J CM in rH in f .1 CM CM 55 CO CM CM CM CM tO TH CM CM CV PJ TH ^r ^i KJ t; cs, CM »M CM CM CM f J CM CM CM a: CMtOCMOOOCUCCrH CM CM CM C'J CM CM CM • CM -?? 0 t~- H O ai l«-4 ft c. > &H C5 CO m ii r/5 2: O £ CE! p_» ro O ClLJ O £ I I 1 * i to co o o co cn TH f-^ 53 CM s: in ^ fj o- m CD to i-; tiJfO-^ CH - CJ TH CM c-j -si1 j") ^0 cs 't! t» cj »H «: t-i THTHT-lTHTH^\|r-lT-lTHr-(C\iCMl-MOOq ------- SI CM .A. aj <• T-t o a.1 CM o- xr< CM >-t 10 O! to a: re "^ o- cc ro tA. I 10 uj cc o cr «-< CT. ^i co en a) •-3 ^: « -•" O Ui Cfi II Cxj CO fV, O EH r-l ai a: ^ a: CM iv as o- ac c^ 01 CM l\i O1 CO T! 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O Ct. ft; •«; •S2 O EC OJ CM DO lO tji t\i GU '.\i CV !O C>- CiJ CXD tD O5 CO CO CV O) CM If) OJ W CO CO EH at E-i CJ CM rO a) HH O 5- e-i O o o tn o x CJ CO CM ^ CM CM tO «-i CM CM EH •a) fa- ce 11 O t-^ O 5) CV if) CV fJ CV (Si CL) cv cv CM fc- O 6-1 CM I fj I rH t\^ CM CV CM CM k\< wV< CV CM CM f ------- 00- ^ \|-t O R U< u> in v iv ^ ^ iv) •o ui cv kv 'o r-> in tO CV tO CV CO -.V I'M o 1. * CJ rH Uj O CX) O CV CO CV rH u . Tf d) O) CV CV CO S) CO Ol •si CO f") ;v ,-H 5- CO CO tO >0 !>- r-i CO CO I cv 2: O CO 1^ tO at in w EH Cj O O EH MM o >-* K K HH •=! Pi £=> CO 2; cc i—i O 7 EH O >-• f»J cc! CD W O O O f/1 O ffi CJ P-J O; CO CD ID CO o a: O) CD IT) CO CV ' - i> CO U' CV CV I.O S O- .V 'O i- Uj CV rH cv to cv ro cv CO ss CD 'Si in to cv fi tv ro n cv .^^ L/; ' CV CV i CV cv cv CO m a- F) CT> rH fj f' cv o co r> Ci, tO CTi -sf CV' ivi CV CV CV a on e.i is> a i> iii fS! CO >f CV .v F) Ai CV •f f.' iO i O C^- o- c^ a' r£ f.v IV rH CV CV IV CV S O- tO rH tO CV rH CD LO a "-7 i cxj cv X, ••s oc cv cv cv a> r- cv !S5 Si O) CV f) u CO CO iv: rH P-'j (C) CD OJ CV (SJ tO CO rH CO CV '.O C-J ChJO) O UJ CV >--J rH (.V CO CV cv co fW ) a) l> rH • U) cv r^ O; O) CV Cu lO CV rH CV cv OLD CV cv -O O if) Cl cv Cii IP ^J CD aj -sj •y. o u, as KH o PS o o to Oi o C/J PM o o UlJ p-l s: CD c-* a 1 rH CV ^Q O- CD U".1 Oi rH rH rH rH rH CV w vi CV CV CV i 285 ------- 6-1 -a! Si Cv2 CS ,--1 TH t-H ST1 ur> or. Pi a) o to i\i tO JO CM CS t-l C\. CM 'O fi «! OS JID •-' m ZLI E-< 21 to Ui to o _ Q ,T; CD Z CO •—( ^ PS !~ P !r« £"« x.l CV CM ;o IT; f J CM cv C\i o >—( fc-l CD W O 1=1 O o CJ en on o fc 1 ! PH MM PH "J J; Ov t-l iH O >-, •a; r-l CM tO •* IT) UC O) < T-t '-I t-l t\l r '-" TH ------- APPENDIX A Echosonde Theory and Method of Operation 237 ------- Echosonde Equation The Echosonde equation, like its radar and sonar counter- parts, relates the received signal power and frequency to atmos- pheric and system design variables. The equation is used for performance prediction while selecting system parameters, and to aid in the interpretation of acoustic sounding data. The Echo- sonde equation can be written as follows (Brown and Hall, 1978): Pr-PtL S a (9s) — —- as (es> f)> s where P and P are the transmitted and received acoustic powers, L is the propagation loss, S is the pulse stretching factor (S=l), ct(9 )-is a dimensionless aspect factor which accounts for the shape of the scattering volume, 1 is the pulse length, G is the antenna directivity gain factor, A is the area of the receiver antenna aperture, R is the distance from receiving antenna to scattering S volume, and a (9 ,f) is the scattering cross section as a function of the angle between transmit and receive beams and frequency. The pulse stretching factor S depends on whether the scattering volume is moving toward or away from the receiver. If the motion is toward the receiver, the acoustic energy is received at a faster rate than it was transmitted and S is slightly greater than 1. If the motion is away from the receiver, S is smaller than 1. 288 ------- (93,f) = 0.055 cos V r 2 0.13 LT T2 (sin where 9 is the angle between incident and scattered waves, c is the mean speed of sound, T is the mean absolute temperature, and f is the frequency of the wave. The quantity C 2 is the velocity structure parameter T.r>.d CT2 is the temperature structure parameter. They are relate:: to the mean square fluctuations in velocity and temperature. Hall (1972) shows how these structure parameters are related to the index of refraction. It is interesting to look at the scattering cross sec- tion from an acoustic sounder system design point of view. First, the frequency dependence is slight (f3), so one would expect that other considerations, such as propagation loss, would dictate the choice of operating frequency. However a recent paper by R. J. Hill (1978) reports that both theory and experiments exhibit a "bump11 in the temperature spectrum near 2kHz. This new theory implies that a correction to the standard scattering cross section equation quoted above is needed, and that a 2kHz acoustic sounder will experience about 50% greater scattering than previously ex- pected. Secondly, for direct backscatter (8 =180°) velocity s fluctuations do not contribute to the scattering. Therefore the intensity display for a monostatic echosonde system (transmitter and receiver collocated) depends on the temperature structure only. 290 ------- A bistatic system used to measure horizontal wind com- ponents operates with 9 values between 90° and 180°. For lower s altitude gates, 8 will be slightly greater than 90°; for the S highest gate, 9 will be slightly less than 180°. Since both S velocity and temperature scattering go to zero at 90°, the wind measurement capability will be degraded at low altitudes. The maximum scattering cross section usually occurs around a 6 value of 130°. The relative values of the structure parameters deter- mine the scattering strength as a function of angle. Thomson, Coulter, and Warhaft (1978) made simultaneous measurements of C 2 and C~,2 using a calibrated acoustic sounder and a research aircraft equipped with meteorological and turbulence sensors. They found that C 2 was about three times larger for convection conditions than for inversion conditions, but that CL,2 was about the same for the two types of atmospheric behavior. We can de- fine a dimensionless parameter related to scattering angular behavior by r 2 r- (Cv ) / (IT c2 T2 Thomson, et al (1978) present cumulative probability disbributions for C 2 and C 2 for inversion and convection con- ditions. These curves indicate the average value of X is 8 for inversion conditions, and 15 for convection conditions. The directional behaviour of the scattering cross section for these values is shown in Figure A-l. The ordinates are normalized by the direct backscatter, a (180°). The X=0 curve corresponds to scattering from temperature fluctuations only. These curves demonstrate why bistatic systems should experience a higher signal-to-noise ratio for wind measurements than monostatic systems. This has been verified by an experiment directly com- paring monostatic and bistatic wind sensing (Brown and Hall, 1978) 291 ------- O a. ui a LU (Nl cz o 13- 12- 11- 10- 9- 8- 7- 0 § S- 4- 3- 2- 1- \ (CONVECTION) \ \ / Y8 X /(INVERSION) 100 110 120 140 130 150 150 170 130 Figure A-l. Normalized Acoustic Scattering Cross Section for Inversion and Convection Conditions 292 ------- RADIAN SIGNAL PROCESSING METHODS Signal Processing Functions The goal of signal processing is to operate on the re- ceiver output voltage to extract information about the atmospheric parameters of interest. The complexity of this task makes digi- tal control, processing, and data display the logical choice. The Radian Echosonde system includes the following functions: • analog preprocessing to minimize digital sampling errors and to allow a reduction in sampling rate (band-pass filtering and gain control), • analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion, • normalization and quantization of backscatter intensities, • spectral mean and variance estimation for Doppler wind components, • conversion to rectangular Cartesian wind components, • averaging backscatter intensity and wind estimates, • real-time display of data on printer, and • digital data storage on magnetic tape. 293 ------- Backscatter Intensity Display The strength and height of temperature inversions are related to the power of the backscatter signal. Because propa- gation and attenuation losses increase rapidly with range, the signal power is expected to decrease rapidly with time. Thermal layers show up as local exceptions to this trend. Therefore, the first signal processing operation is to remove the expected trend so the deviations become more evident. In the Radian Echosonde system, the analog backscatter signal is gain ramped for range correction and is converted to a representative power measurement by a precise RMS to DC voltage converter. This DC voltage is digitized and processed for dis- play and storage. The quantization and display techniques are critical factors in the success of acoustic sounder systems. The dot matrix printer is used because is offers greater dynamic range, more flexibility, and more dependability than facsimile recorders and oscilloscopes (Thomson and Scheib, 1978). Doppler Wind Estimation The total wind vector is calculated from three fre- quencies measured with a three-axis system. The monostatic- bistatic system consists of a vertical monostatic Doppler re- ceiver/transmitter and two orthogonal bistatic transmitters CFigure IV-2). The two bistatic transmitters each form a fan- shaped beam of sufficient width to illuminate the scattering volume over the desired altitude range. If the angle to the scattering volume from the bistatic horns is 3 degrees above the horizon, the total wind vector (V, V,_, V_) is X j Z 294 ------- - c Af V - - ^ \|A£ Af /I + sin 9 x ~ f cos 8 xz sin 9 where f is the transmit frequency, c is the speed of sound, and Af Af , and Af are the three measured frequency differences. Z X,Z J^ Typical linear dimensions of the scattering volume are 30 meters and greater. Because of turbulence, not all of the air in this volume will have exactly the same velocity. The scat- tering will therefore have two effects on the spectrum: the mean frequency will shift according to the mean velocity, and the spec- trum will broaden due to the velocity fluctuations. Hence both the mean frequency and the spectral width are related to atmos- pheric phenomena. Five mean frequency estimators were compared on the basis of both simulated and recorded real data by Sirmans and Bumgarner (1975). They found the complex covariant technique, as used in the Radian Echosonde system, to be "unbiased and superior in terms of accuracy and noise immunity." This tech- nique is especially well suited for efficient implementation in a microprocessor. The complex covariant approach is based on real-time computation of the complex covariance function of the returned echoes. Quadrature sampling of the band-limited backscatter sig- nal forms a complex signal process, zCt). The complex covariance function, which is the Fourier transform of the snectral density, is computed from 295 ------- RADIAN R(T) On this equation, z^ is the k digitized complex sample, N is the number of samples averaged, and * denotes complex conjuga- tion. The mean frequency can be estimated using and the frequency variance is 1.1SL In these expressions T is the time between samples is the signal power and R N N An efficient method for obtaining quadrature samples is based on direct sampling of the real waveform at a frequency f_ = 4f . where f is the transmitted frequency. Each pair of 5 O O samples of the real waveform s (t) forms one complex sample z, , so the complex process is sampled at the frequency 2 time interval between complex samples is The and if 296 ------- RADIAN 2 - x + j y, then k (-l)k s (t0 + kT - t/2) C-l)k s CC + kx) . The approximation to quadrature samples is accurate as Long as the frequency shift is small compared to the transmitted frequency, The sequence z, is a sequence of complex vectors which rotate approximately 180° between successive samples. If the re- ceived frequency is slightly greater or smaller than f , the ro- tation rate will change proportionately. The argument of the complex covariance is an estimate of the average rotation rate Of 2k. 297 -------

                      DCN# 80-120-151-01
                      EPA# 68-02-2538-17
                        903R80006
                EPA Region III
Summer Oxidants Study:
                   Final Re x>rt
                       November 17,1980
                           Prepared for:
                          EPA Region III
              Air Quality Monitoring Branch
          Surveillance and Analysis Division
                      (Theodore Erdman)
        U.S. EPA Region III
        Regional Center for Environmental
         Information
        1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
        Philadelphia, PA 19103
                     CORPORATION

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DCN #80-120-151-01
                                                   Regional C enter lor Lirvirnnmcntal Tnfonn.itir

                                                        US hl'A Region III

                                                         1650 Arch St.

                                                       Philjdelphia. P4. W.fll
             EPA REGION  III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY

                           FINAL  RPEORT
                                by

                       Radian Corporation
                         8501 MoPac Blvd.
                         Austin,  TX 78766
                EPA Contract No.:   68-02-2538-17
                Project  Officer:   Theodore  Erdman
                  Air Quality Monitoring  Branch
              Surveillance and Analysis  Division
                     Philadelphia,  PA 19106
                                                 U.S. EPA Region III
                                                 Regional Center for Environmental
                                                   Information
                                                 1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
                                                 Philadelphia, PA 19103
       8501 Mo-Pac Blvd. / P.O. Box 9948 / Austin, Texas 78766 / (512)454-4797

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                      TABLE OF CONTENTS


                                                           PAGE

1.0           INTRODUCTION 	 1



2.0           SITE DESCRIPTIONS 	3

              2.1  Oakland, Pennsylvania -- Site 021 	10
              2.2  Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Trailer
                    022	10
              2.3  South Fayette, Pennsylvania -- Trailer
                    023 	11
              2.4  Boyce Park, Monroeville, Pennsylvania --
                    Trailer 034	11



3.0           INSTRUMENTATION	14

              3.1  Equipment Shelters 	14
              3.2  Air Quality Instruments 	14
              3.3  Calibration Systems 	17
              3.4  Meteorological Systems 	19
              3.5  Acoustic Sounding Equipment 	21
              3.6  Data Acquisition System	25



4.0           QUALITY ASSURANCE 	28

              4.1  Calibration Procedures 	29
              4.2  Results of Single Point and Calibration
                    Checks 	34



5.0           OPERATING TIME ANALYSIS FOR EACH SITE	62



6.0           DATA PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY	80



APPENDIX A    Echosonde Theory and Method of Operation 	287

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                       LIST OF TABLES

TABLE                                                      PAGE

2-1      Siting Information for EPA Region III Summer
          Oxidants Study 	  5

2-2      Minimum Separation Distances Between Monitoring
          Sites and Roadways (Edge of Nearest Traffic
          Lane) 	  7

2-3      EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study 	  8

4-1      Oxides of Nitrogen Audit Results.	36

4-2      Hydrocarbon Audit Results 	 37

4-3      Ozone Audit Results 	 38

4-4      NO^ and NO Single Point Precision and Calibra-
          tion Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
          Study, Sites 021 and 022	39

4-5      NOa Single Point Precision and Calibration
          Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
          Study, Sites 021, 022, and 023	40

4-6      03 Single Point Precision and Calibration
          Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
          Study, Sites 022 and 034	'41

4-7      THC and CHi» Single Point Precision and Calibra-
          tion Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
          Study, Sites 021 and 022	42

4-8      NOX,  N02, and NO Single Point Precision and
          Calibration Checks -- EPA Region III Summer
          Oxidants Study, Lawrenceville 	 43

5-1      Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
          Site 021	68

5-1      Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
          Site 022	 69

5-1      Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
          Site 023	 70

5-1      Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
          Site 034	 71

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RADIAN
CORPORATION
TABLE
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-3
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8 .
6-9
6-10
LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
Ci't-o O91 _____ _ — 	 	 	 _ _ ___________
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
c 4 t-0 099 	 	 - 	 	
DlLc UZ./. — — — — _ 	 ____ 	 __________ 	 __ 	
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
C-i 4-0 O^ZL '— _____________________________________
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
c •; t- o 091 	
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
C -i *- a 099 	
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
c-i *-o O9^ ______________________________________
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
Q-if-o n *3 A — — _ — -.__ — _— — — — — _-.-.____— — — -._ — - — — — — ——— ———

Daily Averages for June 1, 1980 through June
oo 1 QfiO - 	 	 - - 	 	 	
Daily Averages for July 1, 1980 through July
•31 1 QQO - 	 	 	
Daily Averages for August 1, 1980 through
An o-iio<- ^1 TQfiO __________ ___ __________
The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages
fr\-r- Tima 1 1QSO t-Vcf micrl-i Tni-a °.O 1QRO ________
The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages
•Fnr- Tnlv 1 1 Q80 1-VrrrmcrVi Tnlv ^1 1 Q80 	 	 	
The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages
for August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1980 	
Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
^•i t-o 091 099 09°. 0^_. 	 	 	 _ — 	 -- —
Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
<5ii-o 091 O99 09^ O^A 	 	 	
Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
^ife 021 022 023 034 	 	
iii
PAGE
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
87
88
93
98
103
106
109
112
134
156

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                   LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)

TABLE                                                      PAGE

6-11       Wind Rose for Pennsylvania,  June,  1980,
            Site 034	202

6-12       Wind Rose for Pennsylvania,  July,  1980,
            Site 034	203

6-13       Wind Rose for Pennsylvania,  August,  1980,
            Site 034			204

6-14       Backscatter Data Tabulations	--208

6-15       Hourly Mixing Height Summary 	213

6-16       Echosonde Daily Wind Summary 	225

6-17       Echosonde Hourly Wind Summary 	238
                               IV

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RADIA
COttf*OMJtttOM
FIGURE
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
3-1
3-2
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
N
LIST OF FIGURES
Pennsylvania Summer Oxidants Study Monitoring
Q-f f p«? - Pi 1"1"<3'hiiTop'h 	 	 - 	
Locations of Site 021 (Oakland) and Trailer
09? fPi ft-Qhiiro-h^ 	 -- 	 - 	 - 	

T o r*A t* "T rm n ~F I"1"**;) T 1 or* 0 ^Zi. 1\I__».J5 T* Mrvn v AOXTI 1 1 o ____..
Radian System I Ambient Air Monitoring Station
TViO Mnrl^l &OO Kr^nooonHo —_^. -._ — -._._____ — — — — -._ — — .

NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
rftor«lrQ C-i i-0 091 - - - -_ -- 	 	
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
rhorlrc ^ni-o 091 	 -- -- - 	 	 	 	 	 	 	 	
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
fnor-lrQ Q-it-o 091 	 - 	 	 	 	 	 _.
THC Single Point Calibration and Precision
fhopVQ ^-i f pt 091 	 - 	 - 	 	 	
CHit Single Point Calibration and Precision
r'hor'lf  099 	 	 - 	 - 	
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
pViQc-lfo Q-; 4-p 099 -- 	 — 	 - 	 -__ 	
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
C'n ar'lf q Q-ifQ 099 	 - 	 -- 	 - 	 - 	 - 	 	
THC Single Point Calibration and Precision
Th ppk-c: 9 -f i-o 099 	
CH.» Single Point Calibration and Precision
nippkc; 9i i-p 099 	
V
PAGE
	 A
	 Q
	 10
	 1 Q
-- 15
	 99
^1
LL
	 AC:
	 Afi
	 A 7
	 A.8
	 AQ
	 50
	 51
	 5?
	 5^

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                    LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)



FIGURE                                                     PAGE
4-12

4-13

4-14

4-15

4-16

4-17

4-13

4-19

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-1

6-1

03 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 022 	
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 023 	 	
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 023 	
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 023 	 	
03 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 034 	
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Cnecks, Lawrenceville Health Dept. 	
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Lawrenceville Health Dept. 	
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Lawrenceville Health Dept. 	
THC, CHij , and Non-CH^ Diurnal Histograms,
Site 021, June 1, 1930 throagh June 30, 1930
NO NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021,
June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980 	
NO , NO, N02 , and 03 Diurnal Histograms,
Site 022, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930
THC, CHi* , and Non-CH* Diurnal Histograms,
Site 022, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
023, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930 	
Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, June 1,
1980 through June 30, 1980 	
Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930 	
Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site
034, June 1, 1930 through June 30, 1930 	

	 54

	 55

	 56

	 57

	 58

	 59

	 60

	 61

— - 178

	 179

--- 180

--- 181

	 182

	 133

	 184

	 135

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                    LIST OF FIGURES (Gont.)



FIGURE                                                     PAGE
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
NO , NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site
0^1 Tiilv 1 1 QfiO l-Vi-rntio-h Tnl v "}1 ~\ QSO 	
THC, CHi* , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms,
Site 021, July 1, 1980 through July 31, 1980 ---
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
0^9 Tiilv 1 1 Q^O t-h-rrmcrh Tiilv ^1 1 Q^O 	
THC, CH4 , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site
09? Till v 1 1 QRO f-h-rniicrn Tnl v 11 1 Q80 	 	
NO , NO, N02 , and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
0$3 Ttilv 1 1Q80 thrnup-h Tiilv 31 1930 	
Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, July 1,
1 Q80 t-Vi-rrmcrVi Tiilv "^1 1 QSO 	 - 	 - 	
Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
Tnl v 1 1 QRO t-hT-nncrh Till v ^1 1 Q80 	
Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site
rnZi. Tn"Ur i iQsn t-h-rono-h Tiii \T ^T i Qsn - 	 	
NO , NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021,
A?icrii«s1- 1 1 Q80 t-TrrniiCTh Ano-ii<;1- ^1 1 Q8D 	
THC, CH4 , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site
021, August 1, 1930 through August 31, 1980 	
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
022, August 1, 1980 tnrough August 31, 1980 	
THC, CH4 , and Non-CH,* Diurnal Histograms, Site
022, August 1, 1980 tnrough August 31, 1980 	
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
523, August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1980 	
Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, August 1,
1 Q30 1-h-rrmcr'h Ancrn<3l- ^1 1QRD 	
Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
AiK-rnct- 1 TOSH t- Vi f r»i i o- n Anrrnct- "^1 IQftH ____ — — —
Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
           August 1,  1980 through August 31,  1930	201

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                    LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)

FIGURE                                                     PAGE

6-4       Wind Rose, June,  1980, EPA Region III, Site
           034	205

6-5       Wind Rose, July,  1980, EPA Region III, Site
           034	206

6-6       Wind Rose, August, 1980, EPA Region III, Site
           034			207

6-7       Daily Coded Backscatter Display 	 217

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1.0       INTRODUCTION

          This report summarizes the results of an ambient air
quality and meteorological monitoring study conducted for EPA
Region III from June through August 1980 at four sites in the
Pittsburgh area.  Data collected from this study will be used
to support State Implementation Plan revisions for the control
of photochemical oxidants.   The study was conducted under Task
Order No. 5 of the Basic Ordering Agreement No. 68-02-2538.

          Ozone data were collected and reported at the Boyce
Park (Trailer 034),  Flag Plaza (Trailer 022) ,  and South Fayette
(Trailer 023) monitoring sites.  Nitrogen oxides data were
collected at Oakland (Site 021), Flag Plaza, and South Fayette
monitoring sites.  Total hydrocarbon and non-methane hydrocarbon
data were collected at the Oakland and Flag Plaza monitoring
sites.  Meteorological data (e.g., temperature, wind speed,
direction, and solar radiation) were collected at the Boyce
Park monitoring site.  In addition, a Radian Model 800 Echosonde
Acoustic Sounder was established at the Boyce Park site to
measure upper wind and thermal gradient structure.   Data from the
Echosonde site will be useful in determining atmospheric stability
and turbulence information for future modeling applications.

          A quality assurance program was established for each
site to substantiate data validation.   Included in this program
were periodic multipoint calibrations and frequent single point
precision checks.  In addition, one independent QA audit was
conducted by Radian QA personnel during the study.   The QA
results for all Radian operated sites are summarized in this
report.

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          Section 2.0 contains a complete description of the
Radian-operated sites in the Pittsburgh area.   Section 3.0
describes the monitoring equipment.   Section 4.0 discusses the
quality assurance procedures implemented during the study and the
audit and precision check results.   Section 5.0 summarizes the
operating statistics and provides a brief operational summary
for each site during the program.  Section 6.0 contains a
complete tubular and graphical data presentation for each site.

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2.0       SITE DESCRIPTIONS

          Prior to the onset of the study, EPA Region III and
the Allegheny Pollution Control Agency selected four monitoring
sites in the Pittsburgh area.  Subsequent to site selection,
Radian installed monitoring systems at the following locations:
in Oakland (Radian Site 021); at the Civic Arena Auditorium
(Flag Plaza) in downtown Pittsburgh (Trailer 022) ;  in South
Fayette (Trailer 023); and at Boyce Park near Monroeville
(Trailer 034).

          In the early stages of the program, two of the moni-
toring stations had to be relocated near the sites originally
selected.   Due to the heavy congestion of automobiles near the
Civic Arena parking lot during peak traffic periods, the moni-
toring trailer was moved approximately 100 feet SW of the
original location and the sample inlet raised from a height of
13 feet to 33 feet above ground level.  The move was approved
by the EPA project officer.  Because of noise complaints, the
Echosonde equipment operated at Trailer 034 in Boyce Park was
shut down on June 19,  From June 23 to July 12, the acoustic
sounding equipment was operated in the monostatic mode only.
On July 12,  an alternate Echosonde site was established  in Boyce Park
near Trailer 034, and full operations were resumed.

          The site locations chosen are indicated in Figure 2-1,
and Table 2-1 provides further siting information.   The sites
were selected in accordance with regulations for monitoring site
locations for state and local air monitoring stations (SLAMS)
and for national air monitoring stations (NAMS).   The requirements
for ozone (Oa)  and nitrogen dioxide (Na) are the following
(Federal Register, 1979):

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                         TABLE 2-1.
           SITING INFORMATION  FOR EPA  REGION
           III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY
       Radian Site Number
       Site Name
       SAROAD Site Number
       Elevation (ft)*
       Probe Height (ft)**'
       Latitude
       Longitude
       UTM Coordinates
       (Zone 17)
Site 021
Oakland
39-0100-080-J05
902
33
40° 26'  18" N
79° 57'  21" W
4476530 m N
588680 m E
Trailer 022
Civic Arena
39-0100-081-J05
895
33
40" 26' 33" N
79" 59' 13" W
4477170 m N
585830 m E
Trailer 023
South Fayette
39-7260-026-J05
1209
13
40° 22'  39" N
80° 10'  15" W
4469760 m N
570370 m E
Trailer 034
Boyce Park
39-0100-067-J05
1210
13
40° 27'  24"  N
79° 44'  58"  W
4478990 m N
606050 m E
    * Above mean sea level
    ** Above ground level

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            •  Site should be > 20 meters from trees.

            •  Distance from inlet probe to obstacle,
               such as a building, must be at least
               twice the height the obstacle protrudes
               above the inlet probe.

            •  Airflow must be unrestricted 270°
               around the inlet probe,  or 180° if the
               probe is on the side of  a building.

            •  Height of probe above ground should
               be 2-15 meters.

            •  Both vertical and horizontal distance
               from supporting structure should be
               greater than 1 meter.

            •  Distance from roads varies with traffic
               flow, as shown in Table  2-2.

            Because of numerous hills and buildings in the
Pittsburgh area, the terrain is generally rough.  However, the
meteorological exposure for air quality monitoring is  considered
adequate.  Exposure is measured in terms of the exposure ratio,
which is the ratio between the height of the obstruction above
the inlet probe and the distance to the obstruction.

            Operational start-up dates  for each monitoring
site, along with the parameters measured, are given in Table 2-3.
A detailed micrometeorological description of each site follows.

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     TABLE 2-2.  MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE BETWEEN
                 MONITORING SITES AND ROADWAYS (EDGE
                 OF NEAREST TRAFFIC LANE)

Roadway Average Daily TrafficMinimum Separation Distance
      (Vehicles Per Day)       Between Roadways and- Station
 	  	(Meters)	
          >_  10,000                      >.  10

             15,000                         20

             20,000                         30

             40,000                         50

             70,000                        100

          > 110,000                      > 250

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        TABLE 2-3.   EPA REGION III  SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY

Site                           Operational Start-Up Date   Parameters Measured
 Oakland (Site  021)                       6/5/80              NOX, NO, N02,
                                                            THC, NMHC, CH,,
 Pittsburgh Civic Arena                   5/31/80             NO. NOX, N02,  03,
  Auditorium (Flag Plaza)                                    TOP  ,.,.,,(,  rH
  (Trailer 022)                                              raC' NMHC> CH*
 South Fayette  (Trailer 023)              6/25/80             NOX, NO, N02
 Boyce Park* #1 (Trailer 034)             5/25/80             03, Temp, WS,
                                                            WD, Pyranometer
 Boyce Parkt #2 (Trailer 034)             7/12/80             Echosonde
 * The Echosonde was declared operational 6/15/80.
 t The Echosonde was relocated to an alternate site in Boyce Park 7/12/80.
                                     8

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2.1       Oakland,  Pennsylvania -- Site 021

          Site 021 (Figure 2-2) was located in Oakland, an
area in downtown Pittsburgh.   The monitoring equipment was situ-
ated in a closet on the third floor of a hardware store.   The
site is about 0.6 miles southeast of the University of Pittsburgh,
about 0.4 miles northeast of 1-376, and about 0.4 miles north-
west of Schenley Park.  Numerous two-, three-, and four-story
buildings surround the site,  giving fair to good exposure for
an urban site.  Trees extend above the rooftops to the north,
giving an exposure ratio of approximately 1:4.  To the southwest,
a four-story building gives the site an exposure ratio of
about 1:10; and to the east,  a three-story building gives the
site an exposure ratio of approximately 1:20.  Site exposure
to the northwest and south is considered good because no
immediate obstructions exist.

2.2         Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 022

            Trailer 022 (Figure 2-2) was also located in downtown
Pittsburgh, in the northeast parking lot of the Civic Arena
Auditorium (Flag  Plaza).  This site is about 1 mile east of the
confluence of the Allegheny, Monogahela, and Ohio Rivers.  The
sampling inlet was mounted at a height of 33 feet above ground
level.  Several tall buildings located within a 0.2 mile radius
of the site affect the meteorological exposure.  A twelve-story
building located to the northeast of the site gives an exposure
ratio of 1:2.  To the southeast, a twenty-one story building
gives an exposure ratio of about 1:2.  To the southwest and north,
smaller buildings give exposure ratios of approximately 1:15,
while exposure to the east, west, and northwest is generally
unobstructed.
                              10  '
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2.3       South Fayette, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 023

          Trailer 023 was located at Township High School in
South Fayette,  1.5 miles southwest of Oakdale, and 0.2 miles
south of Battle Ridge Road (Figure 2-3).   The trailer was
situated next to the school building, so that little exposure
exists to the south and west.   No major  obstructions stand
from the north to the west; thus, good exposure is obtained
in these directions.  Minor obstructions include houses and
trees on a small ridge running from northwest to southeast
about 0.2 miles from the site, and lightposts in the school
yard.  The resulting exposure  ratio is better than 1:30.

2.4         Boyce Park, Monroeville, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 034

            Trailer 034 and the Echosonde monitoring shelter
were sited at William D. Boyce Regional Park next to the
Community College of Allegheny County, about 1.3 miles north
of the intersection of 1-376 and 1-76 (Figure 2-4).   The college
is located about 1000 feet to the southwest of Trailer 034, just
beyond some trees.  Old Frankstown Road, which runs from east
to west, is located about 200 feet north of the trailer and
carries a light traffic load.

          Clumps of trees approximately 30 feet tall are
located to the east, southeast, west, and northwest of the site,
giving an exposure ratio of 1:5.  Minimal obstructions occur
in all other directions around the site; and exposure is good,
especially to the north and south where the terrain slopes
gently upward from north to south.

          The Echosonde was located approximately 600 feet north-
east of Trailer 034, about 300 feet from Old Frankstown Road.
It was sited on top of a hill, with an elevation of 1,245 feet
above mean sea level; thus, no obstructions affected data
collection.
                               11
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3.0       INSTRUMENTATION

          The major components of the four monitoring stations
include air quality and meteorological instruments,  calibration
equipment, and a computer-controlled data system.  Various
shelters were used to house these components during monitoring.
A description of shelters, instruments, equipment, and the data
system follows.

3.1       Equipment Shelters

          A Radian System 1 shelter housed components at the
Boyce Park site.  The configuration of this monitoring station
is shown in Figure 3-1.  This station maintains a stable
temperature environment (±5°F) for the correct operation of all
instruments.  Contractor trailers were used as equipment shelters
at the Civic Arena and South Fayette Township sites.  The
monitoring equipment at the Oakland site was housed in a
commercial hardware store.  Later in the program, the Echosonde
signal processing equipment was housed in a contractor trailer
situated near Trailer 034 near Monroeville, Pennsylvania.

3.2       Air Quality Instruments

          Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOX), ozone
(Oa), and hydrocarbons were taken at the various sites.  The
instruments used are described below.

          Nitrogen Oxides

          A Columbia Scientific, Inc., (CSI) Model  1600  NOX
analyzer was used to measure nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (N02)
and  total nitrogen oxides  (NOX).  Based on the chemiluminescent
principle, this analyzer  is EPA-approved as an equivalent  method
for  measuring N02.  The analyzer has six test buttons which
greatly  simplify troubleshooting and maintenance, while

                               14
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RADIAN
                                   UOWTORINS
                                   INSTRUMENTS
                                                AIR INTAKE MANlFOLS
    STAglUZINC JACKS
                                   INSTRUMENT


RACK I
1
	 1
I
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DATA
ACSUiSIT
SYSTEM
J
                                                                , STABILIZING JACKS
                                        SECTION A-k
          Figure  3-1.  Radian System I Ambient Air Monitoring  Station
                                          15
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precise thermoelectric cooling of the photomultiplier tube con-
tributes to a stable zero and low noixe level.  Specifications
are the following;:
          Full Scale Ranges

          Linearity
          Lower Detection Limit
          Noise
          Zero Drift
          Span Drift
          Temperature Range
0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50,
1.00, 2.00, and 5.00 ppm
±1% of full scale
0.002 ppm
0.001 ppm  .
±0.001 ppm (24 hours)
±1% (24 hours)
10°C to 40°C
          Ozone
          A Meloy Laboratories OA 350-2R ozone analyzer was used
for monitoring 03.  Like the CSI Model 1600 NOX analyzer, the
OA 350-2R operates under the chemiluminescent principle and is
EPA approved as an equivalent method.  These analyzers have
demonstrated excellent reliability and contributed a high
percentage of 03 data capture.

          The specifications are as follows:
          Ranges:
          Minimum Detectable
           Sensitivity
          Zero Drift
          Span Drift
          Linearity
          Operating Temperature
0-10 ppb
0-100 ppb
0-500 ppb (approved range)
0-1000 ppb
0-5000 ppb
0-10,000 ppb
0-5 ppb
3.5 ppb per day of 500 ppb range
less than 1% per day
±1%
±2%
                               16
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          Hydrocarbons

          A Bendix Model 8202 gas chromatograph measured hydro-
carbons.  Using a flame ionization detector, this instrument
measures hydrocarbons as methane.  The specifications follow:
          Full Scale Ranges
          Precision
          Accuracy
          Response
          Linearity
          Interference
           equivalent
          Noise
          Span Drift
          Zero Drift
          Operating Temperature
          Power requirements
                      Total Hydrocarbons
                      10, 20, and 50 ppm   .
                      Methane
                      2, 5, and 10 ppm
                      ±1% of full scale
                      ±1% of full scale
                      3 minute cycle time
                      ±0.57o

                      Less than 0.01 ppm
                      ±1%
                      ±1% for 24 hours
                      ±1% for 24 hours
                      5°C to 40°C
                      105 to 125 V, 50 or 60 Hz
 3.3
Calibration Systems
           During  the monitoring program,  each pollutant  analyzer
 was multipoint  calibrated  at  the  time  of  installation,and
 scheduled  multipoint calibrations were performed  at  least  once
 per month  thereafter.  A modified Bendix  8861-D portable gas
 dilution calibrator was used  to perform external  multipoint
 calibrations  and  weekly single precision  checks of each  pollutant
 analyzer.  The  Bendix  8861-D  calibrator uses pressure  capillary
 flow  controllers  to achieve accurate dilutions from  NBS
                               17
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traceable standard gas cylinders.  The capillaries are mounted
in a thermally-stable enclosure in order to maintain a constant
delivery flow rate.  With the exception of ozone, which is
dynamically generated by UV irradiation of zero air, all
standards were contained in surface passivated aluminum cylinders,
The Bendix calibrator contains an internal UV lamp which is used
to generate precise quantities of ozone for conversion of NO
to NOa.  The source and dilution flow capillaries are constructed
of stainless steel to minimize surface reactions.  Two different
size capillaries are used in the system in order to perform NO,
CHit, and C3H8 dilutions.  Nitrogen dioxide calibrations were
performed using the gas phase reaction of NO with Oa to produce
accurate concentrations of NOz.  The Bendix 8861-D contains an
internal air clean-up and drying system which was used to
produce zero air for performing NO, NOX, and NOz calibrations.
Cylinders of hydrocarbon-free zero air were used to supply
dilution air to perform calibrations and precision checks of
the hydrocarbon gas chromatographs.

          Calibration Standards

          All gaseous standards used to perform multipoint
calibrations of each analyzer were documented traceable to
NBS-SRM's.   A Dasibi Model 1008 P.C.  ozone analyzer, was used to
calibrate the ethylene chemiluminescent analyzers operated in
Pittsburgh.   This particular unit is used as a primary
standard to perform reference ozone calibrations.  The Dasibi
1008 P.C.  contains an internal ozone generator which supplies
ozone to the analyzer under test.  The ozone output is micro-
processor controlled such that accurate ozone concentration
outputs are achieved.  The Dasibi automatically corrects the
ozone concentration readout for temperature and pressure.

          All flow rate measurements were made with an NBS
traceable Hastings HBM-1 bubble flowmeter.
                               18
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3.4       Meteorological Systems

          Wind speed and direction, temperature, and solar
radiation were measured at Trailer 034 throughout the monitoring
study.  With the exception of the solar radiation equipment,
all meteorological sensors were manufactured by Met One, Inc.
Descriptions of specific equipment follow.

          Wind Speed

          The Met One Model 010 wind speed sensor, equipped with
an internal heater to prolong bearing life, was used to measure
wind speed.  By supplying a slight positive pressure, the
heater prevents dust-laden air from being drawn in and corroding
the bearing.  The specifications for the Model 010 are the
following:

          •  Maximum Operating Range - 0-125 mph
          •  Starting Speed - 0.6 mph
          •  Calibrated Range - 0-100 mph
          •  Accuracy - ±170 or 0.15 mph
          •  Operating Temperature Range - -50°C to +85°C
             (-58°F to +185°F)
          •  Response Distance Constant - Less than 5 feet of
             flow.  (This is the distance that must be traveled
             by the air after a wind gust has occurred before
             the wind speed sensor reaches 637o of the new speed.
             The lower this value is, the better the instrument
             is.)

          Wind Direction

          Wind direction was measured by a Met One Model 020
sensor, also supplied with an internal heater.
                              19
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                                                                        I
RADIAN
CORPORATION                                                                 •

            Specifications  for  the Met  One  020  sensor  are:               .

            •  Operating Range  (Azimuth)  -  0° to  540°
            •  Starting Threshold - 0.6 mph                             I
            •  Linearity -  ±%%  of full  scale
            •  Accuracy - ±3°                                            I
            •  Damping Ratio  -  0.4 to 0.6
            •  Delay Distance  - Less than 3 feet                         •

            A horizontal calibration wheel  (Model 040),  necessary
  for the proper alignment  of  the wind  vane assembly,  is also            I
  provided.

            Ambient Air Temperature

            Ambient temperature was measured by a Met  One Model         I
  060-2A  sensor.  The specifications for  the sensor are  as  follows:

            •  Operating Range  - -50° to  +50°C
            •  Linearity -  ±0.15°C                                      I
            •  Accuracy - ±0.1°C

            Solar Radiation

            Total sun and sky  radiation were measured  by an Eppley
  Laboratory, Inc., Precision  Spectral  Pyranometer (PSP). Specifi-
  cations are given below:

            •  Data recording range -  0 to
               2 Langleys/minute
            •  Wavelength Range - 0.28y to
               2.8y (total sun and sky
               radiation)
            •  Sensitivity -  9 microvolts
               per watt meter2  (approx.)
            •  Temperature Dependence  -
               Sensitivity is  constant  to
               within ±1% over ambient
               temperature range of -20°C
               to 40°C (-4°F  to +104°F)
                                 20
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          •  Linearity - Response is_linear up to
             intensities of 4 cal cm"2 min :
          •  Response Time - 1 second

3.5       Acoustic Sounding Equipment

          A Radian Model 800 Doppler Echosonde acoustic sounder
collected atmospheric temperature information from 49 to 795 meters
and wind information from 60 to 335 meters above the ground at the
Boyce Park site.  The system operated at this site was a three-
axis bistatic system consisting of a monostatic transmitter-
receiver with two additional transmitters nearby (see Figure 3-2).

          To measure atmospheric temperature fluctuations, the
monostatic portion of the system has a transducer and antenna
assembly for transmitting short bursts of single-frequency acoustic
energy in a narrow vertical beam.  According to acoustic scattering
theory, a small fraction of the energy is scattered directly
back to the transmitter by temperature gradients in the atmosphere.
The transmit antenna assembly is used as a receiver for these
weak backscatter signals.  Monitoring the backscatter intensity
as a function of time from transmission permits estimation of the
relative strength of the temperature gradients as a function of
altitude.

          If the scattering volume is moving vertically with re-
spect to the transmitter, the scattered wave will experience a
Doppler shift in frequency.  The size of this shift is given by
                               21
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THREE AXIS (U, V, W) BISTATIC

DOPPLER SAMPLING GEOMETRY
                        Bistatic
                        Transmit
Monostatic
Transmit/Receive


10.01
      so
    Plan View
 Bistatic
Transmit
   Figure 3-2.  The Model 800 Echosonde
               22
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                    V
          A f = - 2 - f,
                    c
where v is the average upward velocity of the scattering volume,
c is the speed of sound, and f is the transmitted frequency.
Typically, the scattering centers do not move exactly together;
the velocities are distributed about the mean.  Thus, the
spectral width of the received signal is spread according to the
velocity distribution of the scattering volume.  Adding a mean
frequency estimate obtains the vertical velocity profile.  The
velocity distribution is estimated by calculating the spectral
width.

          Horizontal wind components are measured by utilizing
another scattering property.  Since the transmit and receive
antenna are not collocated, the Doppler shift is due to the
velocity component along the bisector of the transmit and
receive rays.  This is called the bistatic (two-place) mode
because the transmitter and receiver are located in two places.
From the vertical velocity measured in the monostatic mode and
one bistatic velocity component, the horizontal velocity com-
ponent in the plane of the two beams is computed.  Adding another
bistatic leg in another direction (usually 90° away) permits
measurement of the full three-dimensional wind vector as a
function of altitude and time.  The three wind components are
measured by alternately transmitting from the bistatic legs and
the central antenna.  Further information on the Echosonde
equation, scattering functions, and signal processing methods
is given in Appendix A.  A description of the basic subsystems
follows.
                              23
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          Acoustic Antenna Assembly

          The monostatic portion of the Echosonde includes an
antenna assembly that consists of an exponential horn and
transducer which directs acoustic energy into a parabolic
reflector to form a 10° acoustic beam.  Because of the high mag-
netic field strength in the compression driver coil gap, the
assembly also functions well as a return echo detector.  The
electrical signal from the compression driver-detector is
amplified to the antenna to minimize electrical noise effects
on the receiver system.

          The transmitted tone used in the Pittsburgh program
was 2000 Hz.  The transmitted tone power is  150 watts electric
input power with a selectable pulse duration of 0 to 990 milli-
seconds in 10 millisecond steps.  The pulse  repetition rate is
also selectable from 1 to 99 seconds in 1 second steps.  For the
Pittsburgh study, a repetition rate of 5 seconds was used.  The
pulse duration is the controlling variable for altitude resolu-
tion; the repetition rate sets the maximum travel time, and
thus, the maximum altitude.

          The acoustic enclosure design provides  isolation of
the receiving antenna from ground-based interfering noise
sources.   The fully portable SEPTACUFF is  constructed of seven
sides  and a bottom,  all of which are lined with acoustic foam
and a  sandwiched lead sheet septum for maximum sound control.
The sides of the enclosure are flared away  from the four foot
parabolic antenna/reflector located at the bottom of the SEPTACUFF,

          Bistatic Transmitters

          Two parabolic reflecting dish transmitters are used
for each of the two bistatic legs of the system.   Each leg has

                               24
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one transmitter directed at 35° above the horizontal and a
second transmitter directed at 55°.  Each set of transmitters
is located 150 meters from the main transmitter-receiver with
the two legs forming perpendicular axes to the SEPTACUFF.  Each
dish transmitter is identical to the dish transmitter in the
SEPTACUFF.

          Computers and Control Electronics

          A Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11 microcomputer,
with 14K memory and hardware multiply/divide, was used as the
central processing unit at the Boyce Park site.  Because the
LSI-11 control program resides in programmable read only memory
(PROM), the system automatically restarts after power failure.
The Echosonde signal generating and processing electronics are
assembled on printed circuit boards designed for plug compati-
bility with the LSI-11 microcomputer.  A Radian DART II system
was used for intermediate data storage on magnetic tape.

          Display Terminal

          The display unit used at Boyce Park was a dot matrix
digitally-controlled line printer.  The printer has a special
optical shading character set for displaying the intensity of
the backscatter return.  The standard alpha-numeric character
set is used to print the wind data determined by the Doppler
frequency shift.  The display also provides an estimate of the
returned signal to noise ratio.

3.6       Data Acquisition System

          Each monitoring site was equipped with a Radian
DART I or DART II data acquisition system used to collect
                              25
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and reduce data obtained  from continuous air quality and
meteorological sensors.  Each DART system was equipped with a
keyboard printer for on-site hard copy data storage.

          The basic difference between the two DART systems is
the"type of media used for program and data storage.  The DART
I system uses a cassette drive for program loading, and a mini-track
write only mag tape for data storage.  The more advanced DART II
system utilizes a floppy disk drive for both program loading and
data storage.  Each DART system provides the following
features:

          •  System operation completely under software contol.
          •  Real time data processing.
          •  Hardcopy printout provided on-site for inspection
             by operators.
          •  Operator key-ins for setting system parameters
             and checking system operation.
          •  Telephone communication to a central site via
             acoustic coupler or modem.
          •  Daily self-diagnostics.
          •  Computer-controlled calibration of instruments.
          •  Computer monitoring of the status of many key
             functions.
          •  Data recorded on industry compatible nine-
             track magnetic tape, or one month disk
             storage capacity.
          •  Battery-powered clock which enables computer to
             always maintain correct time and to identify
             duration and time of power failures.

          The standard data collection program takes a sample
every five seconds from each data channel and then uses this
data to form five-minute averages for each channel.  These
five-minute averages form the basis for further data reduction.
After one hour of five-minute averages have been collected, the
                              26
-------
microprocessor energizes, through relay control, the tele-
printer and prints a hard copy of the collected data, as well
as recording the data on magnetic tape or disks.  Since the
teleprinter is a mechanical device, turning the teleprinter off
after the printout is completed greatly enhances its lifetime.
The magnetic tape transport used in the system is an industry-
compatible, incremental write, seven- or nine-track unit.  The
unit is equipped with an auto load feature which automatically
reloads and erases several inches of tape following a power
outage.

          When an operator sets a switch, this information is
available as status information to the microcomputer and recorded
along with the data collected during this time.  Therefore, there
are no unexplained events in the recorded data due to operator
intervention.

          The analog-to-digital voltage conversion unit (A/D)
incorporated in the DART is custom built for air monitoring
applications.   It has 32 channels, each with individually
adjustable amplifiers to enable it to accept various types of
input signals.  The A/D unit has 12 bit accuracy, i.e., the
full-scale input signal is divided into 2048 segments.   For
an analyzer with a 500 parts per billion (ppb) full-scale, this
provides a discrimination of one-fourth of a ppb.  This is
approximately ten times more accurate than the analyzer; thus
no additional uncertainty is introduced by the data system.
Channels can be manually selected for LED display via a thumb-
wheel switch.

          In addition to the DART data acquisition systems, a
bank of strip chart recorders was also used in the Pittsburgh
study to monitor key parameters at each site.  The recorders were
used as a back-up in the event of a data system malfunction.
                              27
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4.0       QUALITY ASSURANCE

          The goal of the EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study
was to obtain precise, accurate data to provide a valid air
quality assessment of the Greater Pittsburgh Area.  A quality
assurance program was implemented to substantiate the validity
of the monitoring data.   Emphasis of the program was placed on
the following:

           •   External weekly  precision checks  of  the  air
              quality sensors.

           •   Scheduled  (five  point) monthly multipoint
              calibration checks  of  the air quality  senosrs.

           •   An  independent audit of  the  air quality  sensors
              by  Radian  QA personnel.

           •   Detailed log books  and check lists maintained
              on  site.

           •   Hard copy  printout  of  all data channels
              computed in engineering  units printed  out
              hourly  using a state-of-the-art on-site  micro-
              processor  based  computer system.

           •   Strip chart back-up system for recording key
              data parameters.

           •   All analyzers maintained in  a  stable
              temperature-controlled environment  (68°F - 86°F).
                               28
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  The procedures presented in this document were consistent with
  existing EPA regulations and quality assurance guidelines.

  4.1        Calibration Procedures

            All analyzers were operated in a manner such that the
  EPA reference on equivalent certification was not voided.  An
  instrument calibration consisted of a minimum of five upscale
  span  inputs and a zero input spaced equally over the approved
  operating  range of the analyzer.  All standards used to perform
  calibrations of the gaseous pollutant analyzers were certified
  traceable  by the vendor to National Bureau of Standard's
  Standard Reference Materials (SRM).  The reference procedures
  used  to calibrate the gaseous pollutant analyzers were consistent
  with  those cited in Title 40, Part 50 of the Code of Federal
  Regulations (CFR).

            All standard pollutant gases were introduced through
  the ambient sampling port of the analyzer upstream of all
  prefilters and scrubbers using a vented tee so as to simulate
  an actual  response to an ambient input of pollutant gas.
  Calibrations were performed with the following standard sources:

            Pollutant Input         Referenced Source
            Nitric Oxide  and          NO in N2
             Total Oxides of
             Nitrogen
            Nitrogen Dioxide        Gas Phase Titration
                                    of NO with 0;
            Methane and Non-        CHi* in Air and
             Methane Hydro-          Propane and Air*
             carbons
            Ozone                   Transfer 03 Generator
                                    Referenced to UV
                                    Photometry

                               29
-------
           Nitric oxides, methane, and total hydrocarbon calibre
tions were performed by diluting the appropriate referenced
standard gas with zero air using a modified Bendix 8861-D cali-
brator.  Dilution air used to perform nitric oxide calibrations
was provided by an internal chemical purification and drying
system housed in the calibrator.  Bottled UHP "zero air" was
used for dilution of the methane and propane gas standards.
Figure 4-1 illustrates the flow diagram of the dilution cali-
bration system.

          The source and dilution flows were calibrated with an
NBS traceable Hastings HBM-1 flow meter.  All flow rates were
referenced to EPA standard conditions (760 mm Hg and 26°C).

          The standard gas inputs (e.g., NO and CHO were
calculated by the following equation:
                             (Source Flow) (Cylinder Cone, ppm)
          Standard Input Cone. =           Total Flow

          Nitrogen dioxide calibrations were conducted by
introducing known quantities of NOa produced by the gas phase
reaction of NO with 03.  During scheduled multipoint calibra-
tions , the nitrogen dioxide converter efficiency checks were
performed.  Nitrogen oxides data were invalidated if the
converter efficiency was less than 967o.

          Calibrations of the ozone chemiluminescent analyzers
were performed using referenced ozone concentration inputs
determined with a Dasibi 1008 P.C. primary ozone standard.  The
Dasibi 1008 P.C. contains an internal ozone generator which
produces precise measured quantities of ozone used to calibrate
each ozone analyzer.  The ozone output of the Dasibi is
continuously referenced with an internal UV photometer which is
                              30
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                           31
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connected through a microprocessor controlled feedback loop to
the ozone generator.  This allows the operator to set the ozone
output to a desired quantity.  The ozone concentration output
of the Dasibi is automatically corrected to EPA reference
conditions (760 mm Hg and 25°C).   The procedures used to
calibrate the chemiluminescent ozone analyzers were consistent
with the procedures outlined in CFR Part 50, Appendix D.

          During the Pittsburgh study, scheduled precision checks
were conducted approximately once every week.  If an analyzer
response was found to be greater than ±10% during a routine
precision check, an adjusted multipoint calibration was per-
formed.  All analyzer span adjustments were made at approximately
80% of the full scale range of the analyzer.  Unadjusted single
point span checks were performed by introducing sample input
concentrations of approximately 20% of the upper range response
of the analyzer.

          An independent audit of the pollutant analyzers
operated in the Pittsburgh Oxidants Study was conducted by
Radian QA personnel (17-19 July 1980).  The audits were con-
ducted using a different set of gas standards and calibration
equipment.   The audit consisted of challenging each analyzer
in a test to a series of three upscale inputs and a zero point
equally spaced over the operating range of the analyzer.  The
audit inputs were introduced upstream of the prefilters to
simulate an actual ambient response.  The procedures used to
audit the pollutant analyzers were similar to those used to
perform routine unadjusted calibrations.  A referenced
transfer UV ozone generator was used  to perform audits of the
ozone analyzers.
                               32
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 POKOTM
          The results of audits conducted at the Radian operated
sites in the Pittsburgh area are presented in Tables 4-1 through
4-3.  Each NO/NO  analyzer audited exhibited relative response
                X
errors of less than ±10%.  The ozone audit results were also
excellent.  Each ozone analyzer exhibited response errors of
less than ±570.

          The hydrocarbon audit results were marginally accpetable
at both the Oakland and Flag Plaza monitoring sites.  The  '
hydrocarbon analyzer at the Flag Plaza site exhibited the THC
and CHit relative errors of +20 and +19% at the 8 ppm test
point.  At the 2 ppm test point, both hydrocarbon analyzers
exhibited THC and CH^. response errors of less than ±6%, which is
within the normal ambient background range for methane.

          Methane in air standard inputs were used to calibrate
the THC and CHi» channel responses for each hydrocarbon analyzer.
Propane in air standard inputs (calculated as ppm carbon) were
then introduced to reference the THC response of each analyzer.
The THC response to propane in air inputs ranged from -20% at
Flag Plaza to -35% at the Oakland site.

          During the Pittsburgh program, the average THC response
of each analyzer was ^ -28% during routine monthly multipoint
calibrations.  This agrees closely with the July audit results.
It is not clear at this point why the audit and calibration
responses were low to the propane in air standard inputs.
Cylinders of hydrocarbon-free zero air (< 100 ppb as CHO were
used to supply carrier and burner air to the hydrocarbon analyzers,
thus ruling out carrier air contamination.   Cylinders of
spectraseal grade ultra high purity zero air (< .10 ppb as CHi*)
were used as dilution air inputs to dilute- the methane in air
and propane in air standards.
                              33
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CORPORATION
            Two cylinders of propane in air were purchased from
  AIRCO to conduct calibrations and audits for this program.   One
  cylinder was designated as an audit standard and the other as a
  calibration standard.   The methane standards used to conduct the
  audits and calibrations were purchased from two different
  vendors.  Subsequent cross comparisons of the two propane
  cvlinders at Radian using a different Bendix 8202 hydro-
  carbon GC calibrated with a methane and air standard showed a
  similarly low response to calculated inputs from each propane
  cylinder.  This suggests that (1) the propane in air cylinder
  concentration values were in error, (2) the flame ionization
  detector on the Bendix 8202 responds low to propane, (3)  the
  auto zero and peak height following circuitry responds differently
  to higher carbon species and/or (4) the methane standards were
  in error.  The latter is unlikely since the methane standards
  were cross compared to NBS traceable standards and were found to
  be accurate.  Radian has arranged to order an additional propane
  standard to cross compare the standards used in the Pittsburgh
  study.  However, the cylinder has not arrived.  The results of
  the standards cross comparison will be forwarded upon completion.

  4-. 2        Results of Single Point Precision and Calibration Checks

             The results of the weekly single point precision and
  calibration checks conducted at Oakland (Trailer 021),  Flag
  Plaza (Trailer 022) , South Fayette (Trailer 023) , Boyce Park
  (Trailer 034), and the Lawrenceville sites are presented in
  Tables 4-4 through 4-8.  The Radian rejection limits for nitrogen
  oxides and hydrocarbon data is ±20% (relative response error),
  and ±15% for ozone.  The EPA acceptance/rejection limits for
  valid data collection for this program was ±15% for all
  pollutant parameters unless otherwise specified by the EPA
                                34
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Project Officer.  Therefore, no data were deleted unless the
relative response error for any pollutant parameter greater than ±20%
Generally speaking, the results of precision checks were good for
most parameters.  The only exceptions were the N0/N0x precision
checks conducted at the Lawrenceville site operated by the
Allegheny County Pollution Control Agency (ACPCA).

           During  the monitoring program,  Radian  was  responsible
 for performing  routine precision,  checks and monthly  multipoint
 calibrations  of the NO/NOX  analyzer  operated by  the  Allegheny
 County  Pollution  Control Agency at the Lawrenceville site.
 Early in  the  program, the analyzer exhibited a very  erratic
 response.  The  analyzer was recalibrated  each time the analyzer
 was found to  be outside established  span  tolerances.   In  some
 instances, the  span drift appeared to be  the results of inadequate
 ventilation and environmental  control (shelter temperatures
 greater than  90°F).  In other  instances,  the problem was  due to
 leaks in  the  analyzer plumbing, condensation in  the  reaction
 chamber,  and/or electronic  adjustments made by ACPCA personnel.
 On some occasions,  the precision checks  could not be conducted
 until repairs to  the analyzer  were completed.

           Control  charts of the precision and calibration checks
 are presented in  Figures 4-2 through 4-19.
                               35
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  RADIAN
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              TABLE 4-2.  HYDROCARBON AUDIT RESULTS
                          Site 021 (Oakland)
                             7/19/80
I
Trailer 022 (Flag

      7/17/80
Plaza)
                 /
      * Methane and  air  standard input

      t Propane in air  (as ppm methane)
                                  37
                    **
                    o
PARAMETER
ou*



THC*



THC
(Propane) t



0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
/
0.04
2.06
5.09
8.83
0.02
2.08
5.40
9.01
0.02
1.30
3.42
5.64
Aff+
•P
^&

+3.0
+1.8
+10.4
_
+4.0
+8.0
+12.6
_
-35.0
-31.6
-29.5
/.w
Qj
J3 ^»
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
/ / Z7
/ fl? / a?
0.000
2.11
5.67
• 9.63
0.00
2.10
5.65
9.55
0.00
1.45
4.00
6.20

+5.5
+13.4
+20.4
-
+5.0
+13.0
+19.4
_
-27.5
-20.0
-20.0
-------
TABLE 4-3.   OZONE AUDIT RESULTS
  TRAILER 022 (Flag  Plaza)

  _	7/17/80
                              7
Trailer 034 (Boyce Park)   /


     7/19/80           /
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PARAMETER
o,



/ "^
0.000
0.077
0.259
0.463
/ °*
0.001
0.080
0.265
0.457
/ ^^
_
+3.9
+2.3
-1.3
/ *^^
0.000
0.077
0.259
0.463
/ ff<* / ^ (*
13 1 $ ^
0.004
0.080
0.266
0.476

+3.9
+2.7
+2.8
                  38
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TABLE 4-4.  NOX AND NO SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND
            CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III
            SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 021 AND 022
Dace
site 021
Oakland
6/5
6/9
6/16
6/21
6/28
7/3
7/3
7/7
7/18
7/18
7/26
7/30
7/30
8/8
3/8
8/14
8/14
8/22
8/28
Site 022
Flag Plaza
6/7
6/14
6/14
6/20
6/20
6/26
7/2
7/9
7/17
7/23
7/31
8/8
8/14
8/21
8/28
Sic* 023
South Fayette
6/25
7/2
7/2
7/6
7/17
7/24
7/30
7/30
3/8
3/13
3/20
3/26
Input Cone.
(ppm)
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
SO Response
(ppm)
.104
.099
.092
.095
.105
.114
.100
.100
.113
.104
.096
.089
.100
.104
.102
.106
.099
.100
. 100
.106
.097
.104
.096
.101
.104
.103
.106
.099
.100
.100
.093
.101
.098
.114
.098'
.114
.100
.097
.099
.101
.103
.098
.100
.098
.100
.103
NO Respotis •
(ppm)
.103
.102
.093
.096
.106
.088
.100
.101
.113
.104
.091
.081
.100
.112
.103
.106
.098
.100
.101
.096
.094
.101
.088
.099
.102
.103
.105
.098
.095
.100
.093
.101
.096
J.01
.097
.112
.101
.098
.097
.100
.102
.093
.100
.098
.100
.104
NOX il
+4
-1
-a
-5
+5
+•14
0
0
+13
+4
-4
-11
0
+4
+2
+6
-1
0
0
+6
-3
+4
-4
+1
+4
+3
+6
•-1
0
0
-7
+1
-2
+14
-2
+14
0
-3
-1
+1
+3
-2
0
-2
0
i-3
NO i7.
+3
+2
-7
-6
+6
-12
0
+1
+13
+4
-9
-19*
0
+12
+3
+6
-2
0
+1
-4
-6
+1
-12
-1
+2
+3
+5
-2
-5
0
-7
+1
-4
+1
-3
+12
+1
-2
-3
0
+2
-7
0
-2
0
+4
Type of
Calibraticr-
o
P
P
P
P
P
m
m
P
a
P
P
o
m
a
P
m
P
m
P
P
m
P
m
P
P
a
P
P
m
P
P
P
M
a
m

P
P
P
a
m
P
P
P
01
  '''Response  due  to  a  calibrator  malfunction during
  previous  calibration  check  on 7/26/80.
  M = Multipoint

  P = Precision Check
                        39
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     TABLE 4-5.
N02 SINGLE POINT PRECISION
AND CALIBRATION CHECKS --
EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS
STUDY, SITES 021, 022, AND 023
Date
Site 021
Oakland
6/5
6/9
6/16
6/21
6/28
7/7
7/18
7/26
7/30
8/8
8/14
8/22
8/28
Site 022
Flag Plaza
6/7
6/14
6/20
6/26
7/2
7/17
7/23
7/31
8/8
8/14
8/21
8/28
Site 023
South
Fayette
6/25
7/2
7/6
7/17
7/24
7/30
8/8
8/13
8/20
8/26
8/28
Input Cone .
(ppm)


.193
.094
.095
.086
.198
.100
.100
.091
.104
.086
.100
.113
.151


.090
.085
.120
.067
.097
.094
.100
.092
.081
.097
.098
.100


.100
.100
.100
.102
.099
.090
.067
.094
.095
.135
.135
NOa Response
(ppm)


.185
.093
.090
.081
.192
.100
.104
.096
.104
, .076
.100
.109
.148


.095
.079
.113
.067
.096
.089
.100
.090
.074
.097
.097
.101


.099
.098
.095
.091
.093
.090
.057
.091
.092
.134
.134
NO 2 A%


-4
+1
-5
-.6
-3
0
+4
+6
0
-8
0
-4
-2


+5
-7
-6
0
-1
-5
0
-2
-8
0
-1
+1


-1
-2
-5
-1
-6
0
-12
-3
-3
-1
-1
Type of
Calibration


m
P
P
P
P
m
m
P
m
m
m
P
m


P
m
m
P
P
P
P
m
m
P
P
m


P
m
P
P
P
m
P
P
-P
m
m
M = Multipoint
P = Precision Check
                          40
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 TABLE 4-6
03 SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND
CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III
SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 022 AND 034
Date
Site 022
Flag Plaza
6/9
6/14
6/14
6/19
6/26
7/2
7/8
7/12
7/23
7/31
7/31
8/7
8/14
8/18
8/19
8/21
8/21
8/26
Site 034
Boyce Park
6/5
6/8
6/13
6/20
6/28
6/28
7/4
7/11
7/11
7/23
7/30
8/8
8/13
8/22
8/22
8/27
Input Cone .
(ppm)
.090
.100
.100
.090
.099
.100
.100
.100
.106
.093
.099
.100
.104
.106
.206
.100
.100
.100
.095
.077
.093
.100
.099
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.101
.097
.101
.101
.101
.100
03 Response
(ppm)
.085
.089
.097
.088
.093
.100
.100
.100
.107
.080
.100
.102
.105
.110
.212
.103
.100
.109
.090
.073
.094
.103
.117
.099
.110
.112
.100
.102
.103
.097
.106
.110
.104
.098
03 A%
-6
-11
-3
-2
-6
0
0
0
+1
-14
+1
+2
+1
+4
+3
+2
0
+9
-5
-5
+1
+3
+18*
-1
4-10
+12
0
+2
+2
0
+5
+9
+3
-2
Type of
Calibration
P
P
m
P
P
P
m
m
m
m
P
P
m
P
P
P
m
m
P
P
P
P
P
m
P
P
m
P
m
P
m
P
m
m
"Span  response due  to  baseline drift.   Daily zero drift
  corrections  were applied to  the data  base.

  M = Multipoint

  P = Precision Check

                       41
-------
          TABLE  4-7.
THC AND  CHi, SINGLE POINT  PRECISION AND
CALIBRATION CHECKS --  EPA REGION III
SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY,  SITES 021 AND  022
Date
Site 021
Oakland
6/6
6/4
6/9
6/11
6/12
6/17
6/21
6/28
7/1
7/7
7/18
8/5
8/5
8/14
8/22
8/28
Site 022
Flag Plaza
5/31
6/7
6/14
6/20
6/26
7/2
7/9
7/9
7/17
7/23
3/7
8/9
8/10
8/14
8/14
8/21
8/26
Input Cone.
(ppm) t
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
8.25
2.0
2.0
3.66
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
THC Response
(ppm)
2.02
2.1Q
2.11
2.14
2.01
1.97
1.94
2.00
2.24
2.02
1.86
2.02
1.95
1.92
2.10
2.14
2.0
8.2
2.12
2.10
3.55
2.0
1.95
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.07
2.39
1.99
1.99
2.04
CH* Response
(ppm)
2.00
2.16
1.85
2.10
1.99
2.01
1.95
2.00
2.15
2.00
1.85
2.22
1.95
1.91
1.95
2.02
1.95
7.95
1.99
2.05
3.55
2.02
1.97
2.0
2.0
2.03
2.0
2.0
2.05
2.37
2.00
1.98
1.99
THC A%
+1
+5
+6
+7
+1
-2
-3
0
+12
+1
-7
+1
-3
-4
+5
+7
0
-1
+6
+5
-3
0
-2
0
0
0
0
0
+4
+20
-1
-1
+2
cm A%
0
+8
-8
+5
-1
+1
-2
0
+8
0
-8
+11
-3
-4
-2
+1
-3
-4
-1
+2
-3
+1
-2
0
0
+2
0
0
+2
+19
0
-1
-1
Type of
Calibration
m
" P
P
m
m
m
P
m
m
P
P
P
m
P
P
m
m
P
P
P
P
P
P
m
P
P
m
m
m
P

m
m
i Methane in air used to perform precision checks

* Data Rejected

  M = Multipoint

  P = Precision Check
                                  42
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            TABLE  4-8.   NOV,  N02, AND  NO  SINGLE POINT
                           X

                         PRECISION AND  CALIBRATION CHECKS
                         EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS
                         STUDY, LAWRENCEVILLE*
Dace
5/30
5/30
5/30
6/6
6/6
6/6
6/16
6/16
6/16
6/20
6/20
6/20
6/30
6/30
7/7
7/15
7/15
7/29
7/30
7/30
7/30
i/6
3/6
8/13
8/13
d/13
8/20
8/20
8/20
8/27
8/27
Input Cone.
(ppra)
.100
.100
.112
.100
.100
.127
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.095
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.090
.100
.102
.100
.100
. iOO
.100
.100
.098
.100
.103
NOX Response
(ppm)
.084
.101
-
.144
.101
-
.075
.103
-
.081
.105
-
.071
.105
.100
.095
.098
.121
.125
.105
-
.096
-
.105
.099
-
.097
.100
.106
-
NO Response
(ppm)
.079
.100
-
.151
.102
-
.084
.105
-
.074
.103
-
.041
.106
.100
.104
.096
.118
.120
.105
-
.087
-
.104
.099
-
.097
.097
.100
—
NO i Response
(ppm)
-
.105
-
• -
-
.125
-
-
.103
-
-
.103
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.090
-
.101
-
-
.097
-
-
•096
.102
NOX AZ
-16
1
-
-1-44
+1
-2
-25
+3
+3
-19
+5
+8
-29
+5
0
-5
-2
+21
+25
+5
0
-4
-1
+5
-1
-
-3
0
-5
+6
-1
NO A%
-21
0
-
+51
+2
-
-16
+5
-
-26
+3
-
-59
+6
0
+4
-4
+18
+20
+5
-
-13
-
+4
-1
-
-3
-3
0
-
NOi A*
-
-
-7


-2


+3


+8








0
-1



-
-3

-1
-1

Type of
Cal.
P
ID
m
m
m
m
P .
m
D
P
m
m
P
m
m
P
m
P
P
m
m
P
P
P
m
-
m
m
m
m
P
      *Operaced by Allegheny County Pollution Control
         M = Multipoint
         P = Precision Checks
                                 43
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  RADIAN
p
E
R 25
£ 20

N 15
T 10

D  5
I  0
E-10
N-20
C-25
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
         SITE:  TRAILER  021  OAKLAND
          PARAMETER MEASURED:   NOX
            JUNE I-AUGUST 3!,  1980

    155    165    175
            185   195   205   215
                 JULIAN DATE
225   235   245
                           Figure 4-2
                              44
-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND  PRECISION CHECKS
          SITE:   TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
           PARAMETER MEASURED:   NO
p
E
R 25
C 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
I 0
E-10
g-,6
N-20
C-25
E 15
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 980
:
k A

A, /i~i
i N
*• — —
2
55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 24
                 JULIAN DATE
                  Figure 4-3
                     45
-------
p
E
R 25

E 20
N 15
T 10
D
I
   0
E-10


N-20
C-25
E   155
         SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION  CHECKS
                   SITE:   TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
                    PARAMETER MEASURED:   N02
                     JUNE 1-AUGUST 31,  1980
          165    175
185   195   205   215
     JULIAN DATE
225   235   245
                          Figure 4-4
                             46
-------
1
•» JA
m€f
| ~"~
1
1
1
1

• ?
__ ^ p-
. R 25
• r
• ~ 20
E
M 15
IM 1 v
IN
T 10
ID 5
T1 X%
I 0
IF "5
E-10
R-15
1 Ell
• N-20
C_^.»-
-25
1 E 1E

1
1
1
1
1
1
iB^B JB^fl
LDIAN
RKTKMI



SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
PARAMETER MEASURED: THC
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
-
;
;
;
—

U A . /-
E ^*^^^ ^X^ 	 Ji ^^>«/
| ^ ^—-
—



!5 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE



Figure 4-5
47

-------
p
E
R 25
c 20
N-20
C-25
E   155
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
          SITE:   TRAILER 021  OAKLAND
           PARAMETER MEASURED:   CH4
            JUNE 1-AUGUST 31,  1980
165   175   185   195   205   215   225   235
                 JULIAN DATE
                            Figure 4-6
                              48
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155
      SINGLE  POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
             SITE:  TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
                PARAMETER MEASURED:  NOX
                 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31,  1980
165   175   185   195   205   215   225   235   245
                 JULIAN DATE
                       Figure 4-7
                          49
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RADIAN
       SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
              SITE:  TRAILER  022  FLAGG PLAZA
                                       NO
p
E
R 25
P 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
0
1-*
E-10

N-20
Cf^r-
-25
E IE


-
~*
4
->,
I
;
;
15 16-




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\j


5
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980



^* 	 *^^\
^-^^x^/ ^^



175 185 195 205 215 225 235 2^









IS
                        JULIAN DATE
                         Figure 4-8
                           50
-------
1 *
•^^J
COM
1
1
1
1

I *
^B s\r~
R 25
fN
• ET*
U 15
• T 10
D 5
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• 10
IE-10
D i—
• >.— 1 ^
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| N-20
• O -^ii—
m l — 25
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1
1
1
1
1
1
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ADIAN
^^••^^r •J^^^BH ^B
'ORJWION



SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
PARAMETER MEASURED:' N02
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
i
i
5
;
K
j. \___r/'~~*~ ^-^S ^x/ ^*~
;•
;
;

55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE



Figure 4-9
51

-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION  AND  PRECISION CHECKS
        SITE:   TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
p
E
R 25
E 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
Ifi
0
E-10
R-15
b ™
N-20
C^M—
-25
E 15
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1§80


/
/
• /
F /~~~\ , , ,/
[' V/-4 ^^J
-


~>l>iilit«l.iil

>S 165 175 185 195 205 215 225






x




* ' T

235 24
                 JULIAN  DATE
                  Figure 4-10
                     52
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1

1





1

1

1

1




1
1
1
1
1
1
MM
RA
coupon






P
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A^. ^\ f™
R 25

20
N I*
T 10
D 5
I^%
0
F q
F b
E-10
K-,S
N-20
C^.i—
-25
E 15






•^M •• ^kB
DIAN
MTIOM




SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
PARAMETER MEASURED: CH4
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980

~
i
A
\ I
"- /
f _^ ^ ^ 	 	 /
^^^ ~*\. ^^" ^~^~-^-~:~~~^^ — ~~~ — — A
- ^
—
-



.5 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE


Figure 4-11
53

-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION  CHECKS
       SITE:   TRAILER 022  FLAGG PLAZA
           PARAMETER MEASURED:  03
            JUNE  1-AUGUST 31,  1980
155   165   1 75
185
 195   205
JULIAN DATE
                              215   225   235   245
                 Figure 4-12
                     54
-------
p
E
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION  CHECKS
       SITE:   TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE
           PARAMETER MEASURED:   NOX
           JUNE 25-AUGUST 31,  1980
R 2b
E *
N 15
T 10
D 5
0
E-10
RHS
N-20
C^-r-
-25
E 15
;
;• ,
\ /
\ /
-. 4
;•
—
55 165 175 1

>

-*^\ . ^
-^ -^ i— -—


85 195 205 215 225 235 2^







^5
                           JULIAN DATE
                          Figure 4-13
                             55
-------
p
E
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
       SITE:   TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE
           PARAMETER MEASURED:   NO
           JUNE 25-AUGUST 31,  1980
R 2b
E 28
N 15
T 10
D 5
0
1-*
E-10
*-,S
N-20
C.~>r-
-25
E IE
;
;•
—
:
55 165

A


175 1

k. .,
"^^\

85 1 95 205



t T 1 • I 1
215 225 235 2^




^
                           JULIAN DATE
                            Figure 4-14
                               56
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E
R 25
C20

N I5
T 10
D
I
    0
E-10

E"
N-
C-25
E   155
         SINGLE POINT  CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
                SITE:  TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE
                    PARAMETER MEASURED:  N02
                     JUNE  25-AUGUST 31,  1980
          165    175
185   195   205
     JULIAN DATE
215   225   235   245
                           Figure 4-15
                              57
-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
        SITE:  TRAILER 034 BOYCE  PARK
           PARAMETER MEASURED:  03
p
E
R 25
C 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
I 0
F q
F *
E-10
R-.5
N-20
C-25
E IE
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980

; J
/I
/ * '

-^—^/^l
k

t i • • i > i *


55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
                 JULIAN DATE
                  Figure 4-16
                    58
-------
-45
               POINT  CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHLCKS
              SITE:   LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT.
                   PARAMETER MEASURED:  NOX
                    JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
   155    165    1 75
185   195   205   215
     JULIAN DATE
225   235   245
                           Figure 4-17
                              59
-------
     SINGLE POINT  CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
           SITE:   LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT.
                 PARAMETER  MEASURED:   NO
                 JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
155
i 65   175
185   195   205   215   225
     JULIAN DATE
235   245
                       Figure 4-18
                           60
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E
R 25
C 20

N l5
T 10
0
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION  AND  PRECISION CHECKS
      SITE:  LAWRENCEVILLE  HEALTH DEPT.
           PARAMETER MEASURED:  N02
            JUNE 1-AUGUST 31,  1980
            -*•
     : *••
                                            *••
                                               •*
E-10

*-,5

N-20

C-25
E   155   165   175   185   195   205   215   225   235   245
                           JULIAN DATE
                           Figure 4-19
                              61
-------
5.0       OPERATING TIME ANALYSIS FOR EACH SITE

          This section presents the operating statistics for
each site in the Greater Pittsburgh area.  The data
capture rates for parameters measured at each site during each
month are presented in Tables 5-1 through 5-3.

          The time periods used for precision checks, multipoint
calibrations, and scheduled audits are not included as downtime.
The amount of time used for instrument calibrations and audits
are reported as total calibration hours for each channel.
Replacement or repair of the pollutant or meteorological sensors
is treated as downtime and appears as such in the downtime
tables.

          Data capture rates were high for most parameters measured
in the Greater Pittsburgh area.  An operational summary for each
site follows.

          Site 021 (Oakland)

          June 1980

          The Oakland site was declared operational on 5 June
1980.  The data capture during the month was good for all parameters
measured.  Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 6/10/80 -
6/12/80 and on 6/16/80 due to a defective seal in an air activated
slider valve.

          July 1980

          Data capture for July was good.  Hydrocarbon data
were invalidated from 7/24/80 to 7/28/80.  The problem was
                              62
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CORPORATION
  traced  to  an  inoperative  sample  injection valve.   No  other

  data  losses were recorded during the month.


            August 1980


            No  operational  problems were  recorded  at the  Oakland

  site  during the month  of  August.



            Site 022  (Civic Arena)


            June 1980


            Data recovery for June was generally good at  the  Civic

  Arena site.   Hydrocarbon  data were invalidated from 6/1/80  to

  6/6/80  due to ethylene contamination.   A leak was  discovered in

  the ethylene  supply line  fitting attached to the rear of  the

  ozone analyzer.  A  leak was also discovered in the hydrocarbon

  G.C.  inlet which resulted in the high THC values recorded.  In

  addition,  several instances were recorded when interferences

  from vehicle  emissions in close  proximity to the monitoring site

  were  observed to influence the hydrocarbon and oxides of  nitrogen

  data.   At  the request  of  the EPA Project Director,  the  site was

  moved on 6/18/80, and  the sample inlet  was elevated to  minimize

  the effects from vehicle  interferences.  Air conditioner

  failures on June 3, 23, and 28 resulted in elevated temperatures

  (> 85°F).  Precision checks performed during the period indicate

  that  each  analyzer was functioning within limits (±1570) .  Data

  obtained during these periods was not invalidated.



            July 1980


            Considerable ozone data losses occurred  from  7/8/80

  through 7/9/80 and  7/13/80 through 7/16/80.  The ozone  data losses

  were due to a defective photomultiplier temperature controller

  board which failed during operation.  Attempts were made  to


                               63
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RADIAN
  install  a  spare  ozone  analyzer, which  also developed operational
  problems.   Parts  from  the  two  inoperative ozone analyzers were
  used to  make  one functioning analyzer.   In the interim, a Dasibi
  UV ozone analyzer was  used to  record ozone data at  the  Civic
  Arena site.   No  other  data losses were recorded at  the  monitoring
  site.

            August 1980

            Data recovery  for August was generally good.  Hydrocarbon
  data were  invalidated  from 8/1/80 to 8/4/80  due to  a contaminated
  carrier  air cylinder.  The instrument  engineer was  unable to
  obtain a replacement cylinder  from the gas vendor until 8/4/80.

            A total of 29  hours  of data were lost for all parameters
  at Site  022 on 12-13 August.   The cause  was  traced  to a thrown
  breaker.   An  investigation revealed the  breaker box had been
  tampered with, resulting in the power  outage.

            Approximately  13 hours of ozone data were invalidated
  on 7 August due  to  a failure to reconnect the ozone sample  line
  to the sample inlet manifold after obtaining detailed hydro-
  carbon samples at the  site.  The samples were obtained  by RTI,
  a contractor  for EPA Region III.

            A total of 36  hours  of oxides  of nitrogen data were
  invalidated between 25-27  August because of  a sample pump
  failure.   No  other  data  losses were reported during the remainder
  of the month.
                                64
-------
          Site 023 (South Fayette)

          June 1980

          Power was established at the South Fayette monitoring
site on 24 June 1980,  and the site was declared operational
on 25 June 1980.  No significant data losses were reported through
the remainder of June.

          July 1980

          No operational problems were encountered at the South
Fayette site during the July monitoring period.

          August 1980

          No operational problems were encountered at the South
Fayette site during the August monitoring period.

          Site 034 (Boyce Park)

          June 1980

          Data recovery at the Boyce Park site was excellent.
No significant operational problems were encountered during the
June monitoring period.

          July 1980

          No operational problems were recorded at the Boyce
Park site during the July monitoring period.

          August 1980

          No operational problems were recorded at the Boyce
Park site during August 1980.
                              65
-------
          Echosonde Site (Boyce Park)

          June 1980

          A Radian Model 800 Echosonde Acoustic Sounder was
deployed near the Trailer 034 site in  Boyce Park on 15 June 1980.
Shortly after operations were begun,  several noise complaints
from neighboring landowners were reported to the Allegheny County
Parks Department.  The Echosonde was powered down on 19 June to
investigate alternative solutions to  the problem.   On 23 June the
decision was made to operate the Echosonde system in the mono-
static mode only until such time that  an alternate site location
could be established.

          July 1980

          The Echosonde was operated in the monostatic mode at
the Trailer 034 site in Boyce Park until an alternate site
could be established approximately 1/8 mile NE of the original
site on 12 July 1980.   On 25 July 1980, a signal cable leading.
to one of the bistatic legs was severed by a lawn mower operated
by the Allegheny County Parks Department.  The cable was
repaired the following day.  However,  further examination
revealed that the signal processing electronics had sustained
damage as the direct result of the cable being severed.  The
Echosonde was repaired on 29 July.  The system continued to
operate in the monostatic mode until repairs to the signal
processing electronics could be made.

          August 1980

          The south leg bistatic transmitter was damaged by
lightning on 3 July 1980.  Repairs were made on 5 July 1980.
The Echosonde continued to operate in the monostatic mode until
repairs could be made.  Approximately 24 hours of backscatter
                              66
-------
data were lost on 19-20 August due to a paper jam in the dot
matrix printer.

          Lawrenceville Site

          During the monitoring program, Radian was responsible
for performing routine weekly precision checks and monthly
multipoint calibrations for the oxides of nitrogen analyzer
operated by the Allegheny -County Pollution Control Agency at
the Lawrenceville monitoring site.  Precision checks of the
NO/NO  analyzer were found to be outside established precision
limits (±15%) during each week in June.  The failed checks were
probably due to the fact that the monitor was housed in an
unair-conditioned room during most of June and operations
temperature were in excess of 90°F.  Recalibrations were
performed each time the monitor was found to be out of tolerance.
Precision checks conducted in July showed the analyzer was out
of tolerance 2 of the 4 times checked.  In one instance, the
precision check was not completed on 22 July due to water
condensation in the reaction chamber.  There were indications
that electronic alignments performed by Allegheny County Pollu-
tion Control Agency personnel between precision checks could have
altered the response of the analyzer.

          No operational problems were recorded during the
August monitoring period.  A summary of the single point
precision and calibration checks for the N0/N0x monitor is
presented in Section 4.0.
                              67
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                                                                              79
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6.0       DATA PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY

          This section includes a tabular and graphical summary
for each parameter recorded at the Radian operated sites in
the Greater Pittsburgh Area.  All parameters were sampled once
every five seconds, and were recorded as true five minute
arithmetic averages of the five-second averages.  The hourly,
daily, monthly, and annual arithmetic averages were computed
from the five-minute averages for each parameter measured.
Wind direction averages were modified to correctly treat winds
crossing through the north.  The master data base from which
the data tables in this report were generated  consists of
averages recorded for each hour.   In order to report
an hourly average for each parameter, at least six of the five
minute averages for the hour must be present.  At least 12
hourly averages for the day must be present to form a daily
average for each parameter.  Monthly averages for each parameter
reported must contain at least 5070 of the hourly averages for
the month.

          Inherent in any data acquisition system is random noise,
both from the recording instruments and quantization in the
analog-to-digital conversion.  The lower threshold for all
analytical instruments is twice the maximum noise level generated
by the instruments.  Therefore, any values appearing in the data
presentations which are less than the threshold detection limits
of the analyzer  should only be considered as trace quantities.
Concentration levels which drop below the lower threshold are
simply random noise and the averages tend toward zero.  If a
zero concentration appears in the data presentation, this does
not necessarily indicate an absolute zero concentration.  The
lower threshold limits are 5 ppb for the NOX analyzers, 2 ppb
for the ozone analyzers, and 50 ppb for the hydrocarbon GC.
                              80
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            All  pollutant  data are taken at the  monitoring site
  in integer parts  per  billion (ppb),but are presented  here in
  micrograms per cubic  meter  (ug/m3), assuming standard  temperature
  and pressure of 25°C  and 760 mm Hg (1013.2 millibars),  respectively,

            A list  of the  abbreviations  used in  the  data  summaries
  is  presented  in  Table 6-1.   Also included in  the  table is a
  list of  the applicable units for each  parameter measured.

            The  daily averages for each  parameter are presented in
  Tables 6-2  through 6-4.   The  daily average tables are  arranged
  sequentially by parameter, site,  and month to  allow easy
  comparison of  the data between  sites.

            A listing of the five highest monthly pollutant values
  recorded at each  site is presented in  Tables 6-5 through 6-7.
  In addition, the  tables  also list the  wind speed,  wind  direction,
  and time of occurrence for each of the five highest parameter
  values in  descending  order.   During the monitoring program,
  meteorological data were recorded only at Trailer  034 in
  Boyce Park;  therefore,the wind  speed and  wind  direction values
  are not  reported  for  sites 021,  022, and  023.

            The  hourly  average values for each parameter  measured
  are presented  in  Tables  6-8  through 6-10.   All daily  (right-
  hand column),  diurnal (bottom line), and  monthly averages are
  arithmetic averages of the respective  hourly averages reported for
  each parameter.   Daily,  diurnal,  and monthly wind  direction
  averages are computed vectorally assuming a unit vector magnitude.
  Blank spaces in the hourly average tables  indicate the  data
  were deleted.   A  colon in the hourly presentation  indicates  a
  calibration was in progress.  Calibrations lasting longer  than two
  hours are  considered  as  downtime.   The ozone analyzer at Site
  023 (South Fayette) was  operated and maintained by the  Allegheny
                                81
-------
County Pollution Control Agency.  The ozone data from Site 023
has not been validated, and is presented as trend data only.

          Diurnal histograms for the various key parameters
measured at each site location are presented in Figures 6-1
through 6-3.  The histograms represent the arithmetic average
for each parameter measured for each hour of the day in a
given month.  The histograms show the dependence of various
parameter trends as a function of the time of day for each
month during the program (e.g., June through August ).

          Tables 6-11 through 6-13 show the distribution of
wind direction as a function of wind speed for each month
during the program.  Wind roses from the Trailer 034 site are
presented in Figures 6-4 through 6-6.

          Echosonde Data Presentation

          Echosonde data are presented for selected time periods
during the program.   A list of 20 days to be included was
submitted by Radian and approved by the EPA project officer.  The
following days were selected for the data presentation.

          •  June 25-26, 1980
          •  July 3-4,  1980
          •  July 13-21, 1980
          •  August 25-31,  1980

These days include most of the high ozone measurements observed
during the study.  Echosonde wind data were not available for the
first two periods because of noise complaints at the original
site.
                              82
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          This section includes tabulations and coded displays

of the Echosonde backscatter and wind data.  These data summaries

have been derived by manual interpretation or by computer

averaging of the original data base.   The original data base

has been stored both on magnetic tape and dot-matrix plots.

This data base consists of 120 backscatter data points

(representing a vertical profile) every 20 seconds.   The 120

data points cover the interval from 49 to 795 meters.   A total

of 4,320 vertical backscatter profiles are obtained each day,

represented by a total of 518,400 data points for one day.



          The original data base also includes vertical profiles

of the horizontal and vertical winds obtained every 20 seconds

and stored on magnetic tape.  The horizontal wind data is

also printed as 10 minute vector averages on the original dot-

-natrix backscatter plots in the field.  Beth the vertical and

horizontal winds are averaged through 12 vertical gates of 25

meters each.  The lowest gate covers a 25 meter interval

centered at 60 meters,with the highest gate centered at 335  meters


          The backscatter data were manually interpreted to

determine the presence or absence of stable,  neutral,  and un-

stable layers, and noise for 1-hour averages.  A parameter was

recorded as present if it could be distinguished for at least

half of the 1 hour interval in question.



          The categories which were manually interpreted and

coded for each 1-hour interval are the following:



          Parameter                Determination


          System Status            Up/Down

          Noise                    Dominant/Not Dominant
                             83
-------
          First Six Layer          Present/Absent/Type/Height
           Boundaries Above         (to nearest 20 meters)
           the Ground
          Additional Higher        One or More/None
           Boundaries
          Four types of atmospheric layer boundaries are
identified:

          neutral below  -  stable above (N),
          stable below   -  neutral above (S),
          unstable below -  stable above (U),  and
          unstable below -  neutral above (V).

The letter in parentheses is the code letter for each boundary.
Occasionally, no boundary can be identified.   For such cases,
no height is recorded, but the type of conditions (stable,
neutral, or unstable) are determined.  The no-boundary case
occurs almost exclusively with neutral eo^difions.

          The first boundary above the ground is  considered to
be the mixing height.  The type of mixing height  is identified
by the type of boundary as follows:

First Boundary Type               Code     Type of Mixing Height

Neutral below - Stable above       N       Neutral - Capped
Stable below - Neutral above       S       Stable
Unstable below - Stable above      U       Unstable - Capped
Unstable below - Neutral above     V       Unstable - Uncapped

In the case where no boundary is identified, the mixing height
is undefined.  The first three types of mixing height listed
above (N, S, U) are usually well defined by the backscatter
data.  These three types also correspond to the types of mixing
heights used for modeling purposes (especially N  and U).  However
                              84
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~he Unstable-Uncapped (V) type of mixing height has an upper
limit for detection of about 600 to 800 meters above the ground.
The reason for this limit may be that the scale of turbulence
above about 600 to 800 meters tends to be larger than near the
ground - too large for detection by the Echosonde.  Consequently,
the unstable-uncapped mixing height may sometimes exceed the
maximum of 600 to 800 meters indicated by the backscatter data.

          Table 6-14provides monthly tabulations of the coded
backscatter data, as well as a summary for the entire period of
this report.  The frequencies of occurrence and average height
of each type of mixing height, as well as single and multiple
elevated stable layers, are included.  The frequencies of
occurrence refer to the percent of occurrences during times the
system was operating (except for "System Up").  The category
"Noise Dominant" refers to periods when noise completely drowned
out the backscatter signal from above 200 meters.  Winds over
\5 to 20m/s or heavy precipitation usually cause the noise
dominance.  The "System Up" category refers to the time that
the Echosonde was in operation during the period indicated at
the top of the table.

          Table 6-15 shows the hourly mixing heights as inter-
preted by a meteorologist.  The types of mixing height are defined
by letter-codes.   These letter-codes correspond to the codes used
in determining the types of layer boundaries as described above.
A key defining the mixing height table code is presented at the
beginning of Table.   The dominant type of mixing height for
each day is listed under the "DOM" column.  Likewise,  the
dominant type of mixing height for each hour during the month
is listed in the "DOM" row,  and for the entire month is shown
at the bottom of each monthly table.   The dominant type is
the type that occurs most frequently during the period con-
sidered.   For this determination,stable (S),  neutral (N),  un-
                              85
-------
stable (U and/or V),  and noise dominant (ND) conditions are
considered.   The average mixing height of the dominant type is
given by the two digits preceding the letter code (in decameters)

          Figure 6-7 shows all of the manually coded backscatter
data.  A key for the symbols used in this display is included at
the beginning of the figure.

          Table 6-16 gives the daily and monthly vector wind
directions,  vector wind magnitudes,  and average wind speeds
obtained by the Echosonde.  The daily average speeds are averages
of the hourly vector magnitudes for the day.  Wind data from the
first 8 gates from 60 to 235 meters are presented.

          Table 6-17 gives the hourly vector wind directions and
magnitudes for the first eight gates to 235 meters.  Again, the
wind data for 60 meters is less accurate at times because of
intermittent reflections from ground objects.  The wind data
have been edited according to signal-to-noise ratios so that
only the better quality data are included.  Consequently, less
data are available from the higher gates because of the normal
loss of signal strength from the higher gates, especially when
atmospheric backscatter mechanisms are weak.
                               86
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              TABLE 6-1

         LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Parameters Monitored

     NOX
     NO
     NO 2
     THC
     CHit
     NMHC
     03
     WS
     WD
     TMP

Units of Parameters

TMILES
HINCH
TDGS
HLY

((UG/M**3) X 10**-1)
NITROGEN OXIDE
NITRIC OXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
TOTAL HYDROCARBONS
METHANE
NON-METHANE HYDROCARBONS
OZONE
WIND SPEED
WIND DIRECTION
TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE
TENTHS OF MILES
HUNDREDTHS OF INCHES
TENTHS OF DEGREES
HUNDREDTHS OF LANGLEYS

MULTIPLY INDICATED VALUES
BY TEN TO GET APPROPRIATE
VALUES IN UG/M**3
                   87
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                               THC, CH4, AND HOM-CH4
                            JUNE  1* 1989 TO JUNE 38*  1988
                                       T-821
                                                              CH4|
                                    Hour of the Day
               A   ,*   A   4
                                    Hour of the Day
                                    Figure 6-1


                                       178
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RADIAN
                                   NOX, NOj AND N02
                            JUNE 5, 1960 TO JUNE  39,  1980
                                        T-021
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                                                      HOl
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                                     Figure 6-1


                                        179
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                             NOX, HO, N02i AND 03
                        JUNE  i«  1988 TO  JUNE  38,  i960
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248


288


168


128


 88


 48


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                                 Hour of the Day
                                 Figure 6-1



                                    180
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                            JUNE I* 1980 TO JUNE 38,  1988
                                        T-022
                                                              CH4|
                                     Hour of the Day
                                     Hour of the Day





                                     Figure 6-1


                                        181
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                            HOX,  HO,  N02,  AND 03
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70


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                                 Figure 6-1



                                    182
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                                  Figure 6-1

                                      183
-------
                                                                                      I
RADIAN
                                   SOLAR RADIATION
                             JUNE  1, 1988 TO JUNE 39, 1988
                                        T-834
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288

188

168


148


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188

 80

 68

 40

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288

188

160

140

120

100


 80

 60

 40


 20

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                                     Hour of the Day


                                     Figure 6-1

                                         184
                                                                             1
-------
RADIAN
                                 TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE
                            JUNE If  1989 TO JUNE 38, 1980
                                       T-834
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38-
49-
39-
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9
-------
RADIAN
                                 NOX, NO, AND N02
                           JULY It  1980 TO  JULY 31, I960
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                                     Figure 6-2
                                        186
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CH4(
                                  Hour of the Day
                                  Hour of the Day
                                  Figure 6-2



                                     187
-------
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                                  NOXi HO,  N02,  AND  03
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169
149
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                                         188
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                                     Hour of the Day
                                     Hour of the Day
                                     Figure 6-2
                                         189
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RADIAN
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                                           190
-------
RADIAN
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 88


 68


 48


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188


168


148


128


188


 88


 68


 48


 28


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                                     Hour of the Day


                                       Figure 6-2


                                         191
-------
                                                                                   \
RADIAN
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169-


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 169-


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 129


 100


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  48


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                                    Figure 6-2
                                        192
-------
RADIAN
                                  TEMPERATURE OUTSIDE
                             JULY i»  1980 TO JULY 31, 1980
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D
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80-
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70-
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50-

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29-
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                                       Figure 6-2


                                          193
-------
                              HOX, NO, ANDt N02
                      AUGUST if 1980 TO AUGUST 31* 1980
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U
G
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188-
168-
148
128-
108
 88
 68
 40.
 28
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                                 Figure 6-3
                                     194
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2,499-


2,999-


1,699


1,299-
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                                     T-921

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                            HOH-CH4
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                                 Hour of the Day


                                 Figure 6-3
                                     195
-------
RADIAN
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180-
160-
140-
120-
100
 80 -\
 60
 40 J
 20
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1
                                    Hour of the Day
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                                                              03
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                                       196
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                                          197
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EPA REGION  III - SITE 034
                                           207
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  TABLE  6-14
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                           FIGURE 6-7
                DAILY CODED BACKSCATTER DISPLAY
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*
*    THE FOLLOWING IS A DESCRIPTION OF THE CHARACTER SYMBOLS
*    USED IN THE ECHOSONDE DAILY CODED BACKSCATTER DISPLAY
*    CHART.
*
*
*           BLANK - NEAR NEUTRAL CONDITIONS
*               S - STABLE CONDITIONS
*               U - UNSTABLE CONDITIONS
*               D - NOISE DOMINANT
*               * - SYSTEM DOWN
*
*
****************************************************************
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               APPENDIX A



Echosonde Theory and Method of Operation
                  237
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          Echosonde Equation

          The Echosonde equation, like its radar and sonar counter-
parts, relates the received signal power and frequency to atmos-
pheric and system design variables.   The equation is used for
performance prediction while selecting system parameters, and to
aid in the interpretation of acoustic sounding data.  The Echo-
sonde equation can be written as follows (Brown and Hall, 1978):
          Pr-PtL S a  (9s) — —-  as  (es>  f)>
                              s

where P  and P  are the transmitted and received  acoustic  powers,
          L is the propagation loss,
          S is the pulse stretching factor  (S=l),
          ct(9 )-is a  dimensionless aspect factor  which  accounts
          for the shape of the scattering volume,
          1  is the pulse length,
          G is the antenna directivity gain factor,
          A  is the area of the receiver antenna  aperture,
          R  is the distance from receiving antenna  to  scattering
           S
          volume, and
          a  (9 ,f) is the scattering cross section  as  a function
          of the angle between transmit and receive  beams  and
          frequency.

          The pulse stretching factor S depends on whether the
scattering volume is  moving toward or away  from the  receiver.  If
the motion is toward  the receiver, the acoustic energy  is  received
at a faster rate than it was transmitted and S is slightly greater
than 1.  If the motion is away from the receiver, S  is  smaller
than 1.
                               288
-------
(93,f)  = 0.055
                        cos
V
                                                   r 2
                                              0.13 LT
                                                   T2
(sin
where 9  is the angle between incident and scattered waves,
          c is the mean speed of sound,
          T is the mean absolute temperature, and
          f is the frequency of the wave.
          The quantity C 2 is the velocity structure parameter
T.r>.d CT2 is the temperature structure parameter.  They are relate::
to the mean square  fluctuations  in velocity  and  temperature.
Hall  (1972) shows how  these  structure parameters  are related  to
the index of refraction.

          It is interesting  to look at  the scattering  cross sec-
tion  from an acoustic  sounder system design  point of view.  First,
the frequency dependence  is  slight  (f3), so  one would  expect  that
other considerations,  such as propagation loss, would  dictate the
choice of operating  frequency.   However a recent  paper by R.  J.
Hill  (1978) reports  that both theory and experiments exhibit  a
"bump11 in the temperature spectrum near 2kHz.  This new  theory
implies that a correction to the standard scattering cross section
equation quoted above  is needed,  and that a  2kHz  acoustic sounder
will  experience about  50% greater scattering than previously  ex-
pected.

          Secondly,  for direct backscatter (8  =180°) velocity
                                             s
fluctuations do not  contribute to the scattering.  Therefore  the
intensity display for  a monostatic echosonde system (transmitter
and  receiver collocated) depends on the temperature structure
only.
                              290
-------
          A bistatic system used to measure horizontal wind com-
ponents operates with 9  values between 90° and 180°.   For lower
                       s
altitude gates, 8  will be slightly greater than 90°;  for the
                 S
highest gate, 9  will be slightly less than 180°.   Since both
               S
velocity and temperature scattering go to zero at  90°,  the wind
measurement capability will be degraded at low altitudes.  The
maximum scattering cross section usually occurs around a 6  value
of 130°.
          The relative values of the structure parameters deter-
mine the scattering strength as a function of angle.   Thomson,
Coulter, and Warhaft (1978) made simultaneous measurements of
C 2 and C~,2 using a calibrated  acoustic sounder and a  research
aircraft equipped with meteorological and turbulence sensors.
They found that C 2 was about three times larger for convection
conditions than for inversion conditions, but  that CL,2 was  about
the same for the two types of atmospheric behavior.  We  can de-
fine a dimensionless parameter  related to scattering angular
behavior by
               r 2   r-
               (Cv ) / (IT
               c2    T2
          Thomson, et al  (1978) present cumulative probability
disbributions for C  2 and C 2 for inversion and convection  con-
ditions.  These curves indicate the average value of  X  is 8  for
inversion conditions, and 15 for convection conditions.  The
directional behaviour of the scattering cross  section for these
values  is shown in Figure A-l.   The ordinates are normalized
by the  direct backscatter, a (180°).  The  X=0  curve corresponds
to scattering from temperature fluctuations only.  These curves
demonstrate why bistatic systems should experience a  higher
signal-to-noise ratio for wind measurements than monostatic
systems.  This has been verified by an experiment directly  com-
paring  monostatic and bistatic wind sensing (Brown and  Hall, 1978)
                              291
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12-




11-




10-




 9-




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      0


      §
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4-




3-




2-




1-
                                  \ (CONVECTION)

                                    \


                                          \
          /
                             Y8
                           X

               /(INVERSION)
                100   110  120   140   130   150   150   170   130
       Figure A-l.   Normalized Acoustic Scattering Cross Section

                     for Inversion and Convection Conditions
                                292
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RADIAN
           SIGNAL PROCESSING METHODS

           Signal Processing Functions

           The goal of signal processing is to operate on the re-
 ceiver output voltage to extract information about the atmospheric
 parameters of interest.  The complexity of this task makes digi-
 tal control, processing, and data display the logical choice.
 The Radian Echosonde system includes the following functions:

           •    analog preprocessing to minimize digital sampling
                errors and to allow a reduction in sampling rate
                (band-pass filtering and gain control),

           •    analog-to-digital (A/D) conversion,

           •    normalization and quantization of backscatter
                intensities,

           •    spectral mean and variance estimation for
                Doppler wind components,

           •    conversion to rectangular Cartesian wind
                components,

           •    averaging backscatter intensity and wind
                estimates,

           •    real-time display of data on printer, and

           •    digital data storage on magnetic tape.
                              293
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          Backscatter Intensity Display

          The strength and height of temperature inversions are
related to the power of the backscatter signal.  Because propa-
gation and attenuation losses increase rapidly with range, the
signal power is expected to decrease rapidly with time.  Thermal
layers show up as local exceptions to this trend.  Therefore, the
first signal processing operation is to remove the expected trend
so the deviations become more evident.

          In the Radian Echosonde system,  the analog backscatter
signal is gain ramped for range correction and is converted to a
representative power measurement by a precise RMS to DC voltage
converter.  This DC voltage is digitized and processed for dis-
play and storage.  The quantization and display techniques are
critical factors in the success of acoustic sounder systems.
The dot matrix printer is used because is offers greater dynamic
range, more flexibility,  and more dependability than facsimile
recorders and oscilloscopes (Thomson and Scheib,  1978).

          Doppler Wind Estimation

          The total wind vector is calculated from three fre-
quencies measured with a three-axis system.   The monostatic-
bistatic system consists of a vertical  monostatic Doppler re-
ceiver/transmitter and two orthogonal bistatic transmitters
CFigure IV-2).   The two bistatic transmitters each form a fan-
shaped beam of sufficient width to illuminate the scattering
volume over the desired altitude range.   If the angle to the
scattering volume from the bistatic horns  is  3 degrees above
the horizon,  the total wind vector (V,  V,_, V_)  is
                                     X    j    Z
                              294
-------
                 - c Af
          V   -    - ^    |A£     Af /I + sin 9
           x  ~  f cos 8     xz
                                          sin 9
where f is the transmit frequency, c is the speed of sound, and
Af   Af  , and Af   are the three measured frequency differences.
  Z    X,Z        J^

          Typical linear dimensions of the scattering volume are
30 meters and greater.  Because of turbulence,  not all of the air
in this volume will have exactly the same velocity.   The scat-
tering will therefore have two effects on the spectrum:  the mean
frequency will shift according to the mean velocity, and the spec-
trum will broaden due to the velocity fluctuations.   Hence both
the mean frequency and the spectral width are related to atmos-
pheric phenomena.

          Five mean frequency estimators were compared on the
basis of both simulated and recorded real data by Sirmans and
Bumgarner (1975).  They found the complex covariant technique,
as used in the Radian Echosonde system, to be "unbiased and
superior in terms of accuracy and noise immunity."  This tech-
nique is especially well suited for efficient implementation in
a microprocessor.

          The complex covariant approach is based on real-time
computation of the complex covariance function of the returned
echoes.  Quadrature sampling of the band-limited backscatter sig-
nal forms a complex signal process, zCt).  The complex covariance
function, which is the Fourier transform of the snectral density,
is computed from
                             295
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RADIAN
           R(T)
 On this equation,  z^ is the k   digitized  complex  sample, N is
 the number of samples averaged,  and * denotes  complex conjuga-
 tion.  The mean frequency can be estimated using
 and the frequency variance is
                        1.1SL
In these expressions  T  is  the time between samples
is the signal power
                                                      and R
                N
                   N
           An efficient method for obtaining quadrature samples
 is based on direct sampling of the real waveform at a frequency
 f_ = 4f .  where f  is the transmitted  frequency.  Each pair of
  5     O         O
 samples of the real waveform s (t) forms one  complex sample z, ,
so the complex process  is  sampled at the frequency 2
time interval  between complex samples is
                                                         The
                     and if
                              296
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RADIAN
           2  - x  + j y, then
           k
                (-l)k  s  (t0 + kT - t/2)

                C-l)k  s  CC  + kx) .
 The  approximation  to quadrature samples is accurate as Long as
 the  frequency  shift is  small compared to the transmitted frequency,

           The  sequence  z, is a sequence of complex vectors which
 rotate  approximately 180° between successive samples.  If the re-
 ceived  frequency is slightly greater or smaller than f ,  the ro-
 tation  rate will change proportionately.  The argument of the
 complex covariance is an estimate of the average rotation rate
 Of 2k.
                              297
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