DCN# 80-120-151-01
EPA# 68-02-2538-17
903R80006
EPA Region III
Summer Oxidants Study:
Final Re x>rt
November 17,1980
Prepared for:
EPA Region III
Air Quality Monitoring Branch
Surveillance and Analysis Division
(Theodore Erdman)
U.S. EPA Region III
Regional Center for Environmental
Information
1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
Philadelphia, PA 19103
CORPORATION
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DCN #80-120-151-01
Regional C enter lor Lirvirnnmcntal Tnfonn.itir
US hl'A Region III
1650 Arch St.
Philjdelphia. P4. W.fll
EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY
FINAL RPEORT
by
Radian Corporation
8501 MoPac Blvd.
Austin, TX 78766
EPA Contract No.: 68-02-2538-17
Project Officer: Theodore Erdman
Air Quality Monitoring Branch
Surveillance and Analysis Division
Philadelphia, PA 19106
U.S. EPA Region III
Regional Center for Environmental
Information
1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
Philadelphia, PA 19103
8501 Mo-Pac Blvd. / P.O. Box 9948 / Austin, Texas 78766 / (512)454-4797
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION 1
2.0 SITE DESCRIPTIONS 3
2.1 Oakland, Pennsylvania -- Site 021 10
2.2 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Trailer
022 10
2.3 South Fayette, Pennsylvania -- Trailer
023 11
2.4 Boyce Park, Monroeville, Pennsylvania --
Trailer 034 11
3.0 INSTRUMENTATION 14
3.1 Equipment Shelters 14
3.2 Air Quality Instruments 14
3.3 Calibration Systems 17
3.4 Meteorological Systems 19
3.5 Acoustic Sounding Equipment 21
3.6 Data Acquisition System 25
4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE 28
4.1 Calibration Procedures 29
4.2 Results of Single Point and Calibration
Checks 34
5.0 OPERATING TIME ANALYSIS FOR EACH SITE 62
6.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY 80
APPENDIX A Echosonde Theory and Method of Operation 287
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LIST OF TABLES
TABLE PAGE
2-1 Siting Information for EPA Region III Summer
Oxidants Study 5
2-2 Minimum Separation Distances Between Monitoring
Sites and Roadways (Edge of Nearest Traffic
Lane) 7
2-3 EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study 8
4-1 Oxides of Nitrogen Audit Results. 36
4-2 Hydrocarbon Audit Results 37
4-3 Ozone Audit Results 38
4-4 NO^ and NO Single Point Precision and Calibra-
tion Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
Study, Sites 021 and 022 39
4-5 NOa Single Point Precision and Calibration
Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
Study, Sites 021, 022, and 023 40
4-6 03 Single Point Precision and Calibration
Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
Study, Sites 022 and 034 '41
4-7 THC and CHi» Single Point Precision and Calibra-
tion Checks -- EPA Region III Summer Oxidants
Study, Sites 021 and 022 42
4-8 NOX, N02, and NO Single Point Precision and
Calibration Checks -- EPA Region III Summer
Oxidants Study, Lawrenceville 43
5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
Site 021 68
5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
Site 022 69
5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
Site 023 70
5-1 Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
Site 034 71
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RADIAN
CORPORATION
TABLE
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-3
6-1
6-2
6-3
6-4
6-5
6-6
6-7
6-8 .
6-9
6-10
LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
Ci't-o O91 _____ _ — _ _ ___________
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
c 4 t-0 099 -
DlLc UZ./. — — — — _ ____ __________ __
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
C-i 4-0 O^ZL '— _____________________________________
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
c •; t- o 091
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
C -i *- a 099
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
c-i *-o O9^ ______________________________________
Downtime Hours for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
Q-if-o n *3 A — — _ — -.__ — _— — — — — _-.-.____— — — -._ — - — — — — ——— ———
Daily Averages for June 1, 1980 through June
oo 1 QfiO - - -
Daily Averages for July 1, 1980 through July
•31 1 QQO -
Daily Averages for August 1, 1980 through
An o-iio<- ^1 TQfiO __________ ___ __________
The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages
fr\-r- Tima 1 1QSO t-Vcf micrl-i Tni-a °.O 1QRO ________
The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages
•Fnr- Tnlv 1 1 Q80 1-VrrrmcrVi Tnlv ^1 1 Q80
The Five Maximum Independent Sliding Averages
for August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1980
Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
^•i t-o 091 099 09°. 0^_. _ — -- —
Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
<5ii-o 091 O99 09^ O^A
Hourly Averages for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
^ife 021 022 023 034
iii
PAGE
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
87
88
93
98
103
106
109
112
134
156
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LIST OF TABLES (Cont.)
TABLE PAGE
6-11 Wind Rose for Pennsylvania, June, 1980,
Site 034 202
6-12 Wind Rose for Pennsylvania, July, 1980,
Site 034 203
6-13 Wind Rose for Pennsylvania, August, 1980,
Site 034 204
6-14 Backscatter Data Tabulations --208
6-15 Hourly Mixing Height Summary 213
6-16 Echosonde Daily Wind Summary 225
6-17 Echosonde Hourly Wind Summary 238
IV
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RADIA
COttf*OMJtttOM
FIGURE
2-1
2-2
2-3
2-4
3-1
3-2
4-1
4-2
4-3
4-4
4-5
4-6
4-7
4-8
4-9
4-10
4-11
N
LIST OF FIGURES
Pennsylvania Summer Oxidants Study Monitoring
Q-f f p«? - Pi 1"1"<3'hiiTop'h -
Locations of Site 021 (Oakland) and Trailer
09? fPi ft-Qhiiro-h^ -- - -
T o r*A t* "T rm n ~F I"1"**;) T 1 or* 0 ^Zi. 1\I__».J5 T* Mrvn v AOXTI 1 1 o ____..
Radian System I Ambient Air Monitoring Station
TViO Mnrl^l &OO Kr^nooonHo —_^. -._ — -._._____ — — — — -._ — — .
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
rftor«lrQ C-i i-0 091 - - - -_ --
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
rhorlrc ^ni-o 091 -- -- -
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
fnor-lrQ Q-it-o 091 - _.
THC Single Point Calibration and Precision
fhopVQ ^-i f pt 091 - -
CHit Single Point Calibration and Precision
r'hor'lf 099 - -
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
pViQc-lfo Q-; 4-p 099 -- — - -__
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
C'n ar'lf q Q-ifQ 099 - -- - - -
THC Single Point Calibration and Precision
Th ppk-c: 9 -f i-o 099
CH.» Single Point Calibration and Precision
nippkc; 9i i-p 099
V
PAGE
A
Q
10
1 Q
-- 15
99
^1
LL
AC:
Afi
A 7
A.8
AQ
50
51
5?
5^
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LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
FIGURE PAGE
4-12
4-13
4-14
4-15
4-16
4-17
4-13
4-19
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
6-1
03 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 022
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 023
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 023
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 023
03 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Site 034
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Cnecks, Lawrenceville Health Dept.
NO Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Lawrenceville Health Dept.
N02 Single Point Calibration and Precision
Checks, Lawrenceville Health Dept.
THC, CHij , and Non-CH^ Diurnal Histograms,
Site 021, June 1, 1930 throagh June 30, 1930
NO NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021,
June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980
NO , NO, N02 , and 03 Diurnal Histograms,
Site 022, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930
THC, CHi* , and Non-CH* Diurnal Histograms,
Site 022, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1980
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
023, June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930
Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, June 1,
1980 through June 30, 1980
Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
June 1, 1980 through June 30, 1930
Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site
034, June 1, 1930 through June 30, 1930
54
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
— - 178
179
--- 180
--- 181
182
133
184
135
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LIST OF FIGURES (Gont.)
FIGURE PAGE
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-2
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
6-3
NO , NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site
0^1 Tiilv 1 1 QfiO l-Vi-rntio-h Tnl v "}1 ~\ QSO
THC, CHi* , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms,
Site 021, July 1, 1980 through July 31, 1980 ---
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
0^9 Tiilv 1 1 Q^O t-h-rrmcrh Tiilv ^1 1 Q^O
THC, CH4 , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site
09? Till v 1 1 QRO f-h-rniicrn Tnl v 11 1 Q80
NO , NO, N02 , and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
0$3 Ttilv 1 1Q80 thrnup-h Tiilv 31 1930
Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, July 1,
1 Q80 t-Vi-rrmcrVi Tiilv "^1 1 QSO - -
Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
Tnl v 1 1 QRO t-hT-nncrh Till v ^1 1 Q80
Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site
rnZi. Tn"Ur i iQsn t-h-rono-h Tiii \T ^T i Qsn -
NO , NO, and N02 Diurnal Histograms, Site 021,
A?icrii«s1- 1 1 Q80 t-TrrniiCTh Ano-ii<;1- ^1 1 Q8D
THC, CH4 , and Non-CH4 Diurnal Histograms, Site
021, August 1, 1930 through August 31, 1980
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
022, August 1, 1980 tnrough August 31, 1980
THC, CH4 , and Non-CH,* Diurnal Histograms, Site
022, August 1, 1980 tnrough August 31, 1980
NO , NO, N02, and 03 Diurnal Histograms, Site
523, August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1980
Ozone Diurnal Histograms, Site 034, August 1,
1 Q30 1-h-rrmcr'h Ancrn<3l- ^1 1QRD
Solar Radiation Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
AiK-rnct- 1 TOSH t- Vi f r»i i o- n Anrrnct- "^1 IQftH ____ — — —
Temperature Outside Diurnal Histograms, Site 034,
186
187
188
189
190
191
192
193
194
195
196
197
198
199
200
August 1, 1980 through August 31, 1930 201
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LIST OF FIGURES (Cont.)
FIGURE PAGE
6-4 Wind Rose, June, 1980, EPA Region III, Site
034 205
6-5 Wind Rose, July, 1980, EPA Region III, Site
034 206
6-6 Wind Rose, August, 1980, EPA Region III, Site
034 207
6-7 Daily Coded Backscatter Display 217
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
This report summarizes the results of an ambient air
quality and meteorological monitoring study conducted for EPA
Region III from June through August 1980 at four sites in the
Pittsburgh area. Data collected from this study will be used
to support State Implementation Plan revisions for the control
of photochemical oxidants. The study was conducted under Task
Order No. 5 of the Basic Ordering Agreement No. 68-02-2538.
Ozone data were collected and reported at the Boyce
Park (Trailer 034), Flag Plaza (Trailer 022) , and South Fayette
(Trailer 023) monitoring sites. Nitrogen oxides data were
collected at Oakland (Site 021), Flag Plaza, and South Fayette
monitoring sites. Total hydrocarbon and non-methane hydrocarbon
data were collected at the Oakland and Flag Plaza monitoring
sites. Meteorological data (e.g., temperature, wind speed,
direction, and solar radiation) were collected at the Boyce
Park monitoring site. In addition, a Radian Model 800 Echosonde
Acoustic Sounder was established at the Boyce Park site to
measure upper wind and thermal gradient structure. Data from the
Echosonde site will be useful in determining atmospheric stability
and turbulence information for future modeling applications.
A quality assurance program was established for each
site to substantiate data validation. Included in this program
were periodic multipoint calibrations and frequent single point
precision checks. In addition, one independent QA audit was
conducted by Radian QA personnel during the study. The QA
results for all Radian operated sites are summarized in this
report.
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Section 2.0 contains a complete description of the
Radian-operated sites in the Pittsburgh area. Section 3.0
describes the monitoring equipment. Section 4.0 discusses the
quality assurance procedures implemented during the study and the
audit and precision check results. Section 5.0 summarizes the
operating statistics and provides a brief operational summary
for each site during the program. Section 6.0 contains a
complete tubular and graphical data presentation for each site.
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2.0 SITE DESCRIPTIONS
Prior to the onset of the study, EPA Region III and
the Allegheny Pollution Control Agency selected four monitoring
sites in the Pittsburgh area. Subsequent to site selection,
Radian installed monitoring systems at the following locations:
in Oakland (Radian Site 021); at the Civic Arena Auditorium
(Flag Plaza) in downtown Pittsburgh (Trailer 022) ; in South
Fayette (Trailer 023); and at Boyce Park near Monroeville
(Trailer 034).
In the early stages of the program, two of the moni-
toring stations had to be relocated near the sites originally
selected. Due to the heavy congestion of automobiles near the
Civic Arena parking lot during peak traffic periods, the moni-
toring trailer was moved approximately 100 feet SW of the
original location and the sample inlet raised from a height of
13 feet to 33 feet above ground level. The move was approved
by the EPA project officer. Because of noise complaints, the
Echosonde equipment operated at Trailer 034 in Boyce Park was
shut down on June 19, From June 23 to July 12, the acoustic
sounding equipment was operated in the monostatic mode only.
On July 12, an alternate Echosonde site was established in Boyce Park
near Trailer 034, and full operations were resumed.
The site locations chosen are indicated in Figure 2-1,
and Table 2-1 provides further siting information. The sites
were selected in accordance with regulations for monitoring site
locations for state and local air monitoring stations (SLAMS)
and for national air monitoring stations (NAMS). The requirements
for ozone (Oa) and nitrogen dioxide (Na) are the following
(Federal Register, 1979):
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TABLE 2-1.
SITING INFORMATION FOR EPA REGION
III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY
Radian Site Number
Site Name
SAROAD Site Number
Elevation (ft)*
Probe Height (ft)**'
Latitude
Longitude
UTM Coordinates
(Zone 17)
Site 021
Oakland
39-0100-080-J05
902
33
40° 26' 18" N
79° 57' 21" W
4476530 m N
588680 m E
Trailer 022
Civic Arena
39-0100-081-J05
895
33
40" 26' 33" N
79" 59' 13" W
4477170 m N
585830 m E
Trailer 023
South Fayette
39-7260-026-J05
1209
13
40° 22' 39" N
80° 10' 15" W
4469760 m N
570370 m E
Trailer 034
Boyce Park
39-0100-067-J05
1210
13
40° 27' 24" N
79° 44' 58" W
4478990 m N
606050 m E
* Above mean sea level
** Above ground level
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• Site should be > 20 meters from trees.
• Distance from inlet probe to obstacle,
such as a building, must be at least
twice the height the obstacle protrudes
above the inlet probe.
• Airflow must be unrestricted 270°
around the inlet probe, or 180° if the
probe is on the side of a building.
• Height of probe above ground should
be 2-15 meters.
• Both vertical and horizontal distance
from supporting structure should be
greater than 1 meter.
• Distance from roads varies with traffic
flow, as shown in Table 2-2.
Because of numerous hills and buildings in the
Pittsburgh area, the terrain is generally rough. However, the
meteorological exposure for air quality monitoring is considered
adequate. Exposure is measured in terms of the exposure ratio,
which is the ratio between the height of the obstruction above
the inlet probe and the distance to the obstruction.
Operational start-up dates for each monitoring
site, along with the parameters measured, are given in Table 2-3.
A detailed micrometeorological description of each site follows.
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TABLE 2-2. MINIMUM SEPARATION DISTANCE BETWEEN
MONITORING SITES AND ROADWAYS (EDGE
OF NEAREST TRAFFIC LANE)
Roadway Average Daily TrafficMinimum Separation Distance
(Vehicles Per Day) Between Roadways and- Station
(Meters)
>_ 10,000 >. 10
15,000 20
20,000 30
40,000 50
70,000 100
> 110,000 > 250
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TABLE 2-3. EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY
Site Operational Start-Up Date Parameters Measured
Oakland (Site 021) 6/5/80 NOX, NO, N02,
THC, NMHC, CH,,
Pittsburgh Civic Arena 5/31/80 NO. NOX, N02, 03,
Auditorium (Flag Plaza) TOP ,.,.,,(, rH
(Trailer 022) raC' NMHC> CH*
South Fayette (Trailer 023) 6/25/80 NOX, NO, N02
Boyce Park* #1 (Trailer 034) 5/25/80 03, Temp, WS,
WD, Pyranometer
Boyce Parkt #2 (Trailer 034) 7/12/80 Echosonde
* The Echosonde was declared operational 6/15/80.
t The Echosonde was relocated to an alternate site in Boyce Park 7/12/80.
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2.1 Oakland, Pennsylvania -- Site 021
Site 021 (Figure 2-2) was located in Oakland, an
area in downtown Pittsburgh. The monitoring equipment was situ-
ated in a closet on the third floor of a hardware store. The
site is about 0.6 miles southeast of the University of Pittsburgh,
about 0.4 miles northeast of 1-376, and about 0.4 miles north-
west of Schenley Park. Numerous two-, three-, and four-story
buildings surround the site, giving fair to good exposure for
an urban site. Trees extend above the rooftops to the north,
giving an exposure ratio of approximately 1:4. To the southwest,
a four-story building gives the site an exposure ratio of
about 1:10; and to the east, a three-story building gives the
site an exposure ratio of approximately 1:20. Site exposure
to the northwest and south is considered good because no
immediate obstructions exist.
2.2 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 022
Trailer 022 (Figure 2-2) was also located in downtown
Pittsburgh, in the northeast parking lot of the Civic Arena
Auditorium (Flag Plaza). This site is about 1 mile east of the
confluence of the Allegheny, Monogahela, and Ohio Rivers. The
sampling inlet was mounted at a height of 33 feet above ground
level. Several tall buildings located within a 0.2 mile radius
of the site affect the meteorological exposure. A twelve-story
building located to the northeast of the site gives an exposure
ratio of 1:2. To the southeast, a twenty-one story building
gives an exposure ratio of about 1:2. To the southwest and north,
smaller buildings give exposure ratios of approximately 1:15,
while exposure to the east, west, and northwest is generally
unobstructed.
10 '
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2.3 South Fayette, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 023
Trailer 023 was located at Township High School in
South Fayette, 1.5 miles southwest of Oakdale, and 0.2 miles
south of Battle Ridge Road (Figure 2-3). The trailer was
situated next to the school building, so that little exposure
exists to the south and west. No major obstructions stand
from the north to the west; thus, good exposure is obtained
in these directions. Minor obstructions include houses and
trees on a small ridge running from northwest to southeast
about 0.2 miles from the site, and lightposts in the school
yard. The resulting exposure ratio is better than 1:30.
2.4 Boyce Park, Monroeville, Pennsylvania -- Trailer 034
Trailer 034 and the Echosonde monitoring shelter
were sited at William D. Boyce Regional Park next to the
Community College of Allegheny County, about 1.3 miles north
of the intersection of 1-376 and 1-76 (Figure 2-4). The college
is located about 1000 feet to the southwest of Trailer 034, just
beyond some trees. Old Frankstown Road, which runs from east
to west, is located about 200 feet north of the trailer and
carries a light traffic load.
Clumps of trees approximately 30 feet tall are
located to the east, southeast, west, and northwest of the site,
giving an exposure ratio of 1:5. Minimal obstructions occur
in all other directions around the site; and exposure is good,
especially to the north and south where the terrain slopes
gently upward from north to south.
The Echosonde was located approximately 600 feet north-
east of Trailer 034, about 300 feet from Old Frankstown Road.
It was sited on top of a hill, with an elevation of 1,245 feet
above mean sea level; thus, no obstructions affected data
collection.
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3.0 INSTRUMENTATION
The major components of the four monitoring stations
include air quality and meteorological instruments, calibration
equipment, and a computer-controlled data system. Various
shelters were used to house these components during monitoring.
A description of shelters, instruments, equipment, and the data
system follows.
3.1 Equipment Shelters
A Radian System 1 shelter housed components at the
Boyce Park site. The configuration of this monitoring station
is shown in Figure 3-1. This station maintains a stable
temperature environment (±5°F) for the correct operation of all
instruments. Contractor trailers were used as equipment shelters
at the Civic Arena and South Fayette Township sites. The
monitoring equipment at the Oakland site was housed in a
commercial hardware store. Later in the program, the Echosonde
signal processing equipment was housed in a contractor trailer
situated near Trailer 034 near Monroeville, Pennsylvania.
3.2 Air Quality Instruments
Continuous measurements of nitrogen oxides (NOX), ozone
(Oa), and hydrocarbons were taken at the various sites. The
instruments used are described below.
Nitrogen Oxides
A Columbia Scientific, Inc., (CSI) Model 1600 NOX
analyzer was used to measure nitric oxide, nitrogen dioxide (N02)
and total nitrogen oxides (NOX). Based on the chemiluminescent
principle, this analyzer is EPA-approved as an equivalent method
for measuring N02. The analyzer has six test buttons which
greatly simplify troubleshooting and maintenance, while
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RADIAN
UOWTORINS
INSTRUMENTS
AIR INTAKE MANlFOLS
STAglUZINC JACKS
INSTRUMENT
RACK I
1
1
I
)
DATA
ACSUiSIT
SYSTEM
J
, STABILIZING JACKS
SECTION A-k
Figure 3-1. Radian System I Ambient Air Monitoring Station
15
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precise thermoelectric cooling of the photomultiplier tube con-
tributes to a stable zero and low noixe level. Specifications
are the following;:
Full Scale Ranges
Linearity
Lower Detection Limit
Noise
Zero Drift
Span Drift
Temperature Range
0.05, 0.10, 0.20, 0.50,
1.00, 2.00, and 5.00 ppm
±1% of full scale
0.002 ppm
0.001 ppm .
±0.001 ppm (24 hours)
±1% (24 hours)
10°C to 40°C
Ozone
A Meloy Laboratories OA 350-2R ozone analyzer was used
for monitoring 03. Like the CSI Model 1600 NOX analyzer, the
OA 350-2R operates under the chemiluminescent principle and is
EPA approved as an equivalent method. These analyzers have
demonstrated excellent reliability and contributed a high
percentage of 03 data capture.
The specifications are as follows:
Ranges:
Minimum Detectable
Sensitivity
Zero Drift
Span Drift
Linearity
Operating Temperature
0-10 ppb
0-100 ppb
0-500 ppb (approved range)
0-1000 ppb
0-5000 ppb
0-10,000 ppb
0-5 ppb
3.5 ppb per day of 500 ppb range
less than 1% per day
±1%
±2%
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Hydrocarbons
A Bendix Model 8202 gas chromatograph measured hydro-
carbons. Using a flame ionization detector, this instrument
measures hydrocarbons as methane. The specifications follow:
Full Scale Ranges
Precision
Accuracy
Response
Linearity
Interference
equivalent
Noise
Span Drift
Zero Drift
Operating Temperature
Power requirements
Total Hydrocarbons
10, 20, and 50 ppm .
Methane
2, 5, and 10 ppm
±1% of full scale
±1% of full scale
3 minute cycle time
±0.57o
Less than 0.01 ppm
±1%
±1% for 24 hours
±1% for 24 hours
5°C to 40°C
105 to 125 V, 50 or 60 Hz
3.3
Calibration Systems
During the monitoring program, each pollutant analyzer
was multipoint calibrated at the time of installation,and
scheduled multipoint calibrations were performed at least once
per month thereafter. A modified Bendix 8861-D portable gas
dilution calibrator was used to perform external multipoint
calibrations and weekly single precision checks of each pollutant
analyzer. The Bendix 8861-D calibrator uses pressure capillary
flow controllers to achieve accurate dilutions from NBS
17
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traceable standard gas cylinders. The capillaries are mounted
in a thermally-stable enclosure in order to maintain a constant
delivery flow rate. With the exception of ozone, which is
dynamically generated by UV irradiation of zero air, all
standards were contained in surface passivated aluminum cylinders,
The Bendix calibrator contains an internal UV lamp which is used
to generate precise quantities of ozone for conversion of NO
to NOa. The source and dilution flow capillaries are constructed
of stainless steel to minimize surface reactions. Two different
size capillaries are used in the system in order to perform NO,
CHit, and C3H8 dilutions. Nitrogen dioxide calibrations were
performed using the gas phase reaction of NO with Oa to produce
accurate concentrations of NOz. The Bendix 8861-D contains an
internal air clean-up and drying system which was used to
produce zero air for performing NO, NOX, and NOz calibrations.
Cylinders of hydrocarbon-free zero air were used to supply
dilution air to perform calibrations and precision checks of
the hydrocarbon gas chromatographs.
Calibration Standards
All gaseous standards used to perform multipoint
calibrations of each analyzer were documented traceable to
NBS-SRM's. A Dasibi Model 1008 P.C. ozone analyzer, was used to
calibrate the ethylene chemiluminescent analyzers operated in
Pittsburgh. This particular unit is used as a primary
standard to perform reference ozone calibrations. The Dasibi
1008 P.C. contains an internal ozone generator which supplies
ozone to the analyzer under test. The ozone output is micro-
processor controlled such that accurate ozone concentration
outputs are achieved. The Dasibi automatically corrects the
ozone concentration readout for temperature and pressure.
All flow rate measurements were made with an NBS
traceable Hastings HBM-1 bubble flowmeter.
18
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3.4 Meteorological Systems
Wind speed and direction, temperature, and solar
radiation were measured at Trailer 034 throughout the monitoring
study. With the exception of the solar radiation equipment,
all meteorological sensors were manufactured by Met One, Inc.
Descriptions of specific equipment follow.
Wind Speed
The Met One Model 010 wind speed sensor, equipped with
an internal heater to prolong bearing life, was used to measure
wind speed. By supplying a slight positive pressure, the
heater prevents dust-laden air from being drawn in and corroding
the bearing. The specifications for the Model 010 are the
following:
• Maximum Operating Range - 0-125 mph
• Starting Speed - 0.6 mph
• Calibrated Range - 0-100 mph
• Accuracy - ±170 or 0.15 mph
• Operating Temperature Range - -50°C to +85°C
(-58°F to +185°F)
• Response Distance Constant - Less than 5 feet of
flow. (This is the distance that must be traveled
by the air after a wind gust has occurred before
the wind speed sensor reaches 637o of the new speed.
The lower this value is, the better the instrument
is.)
Wind Direction
Wind direction was measured by a Met One Model 020
sensor, also supplied with an internal heater.
19
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RADIAN
CORPORATION •
Specifications for the Met One 020 sensor are: .
• Operating Range (Azimuth) - 0° to 540°
• Starting Threshold - 0.6 mph I
• Linearity - ±%% of full scale
• Accuracy - ±3° I
• Damping Ratio - 0.4 to 0.6
• Delay Distance - Less than 3 feet •
A horizontal calibration wheel (Model 040), necessary
for the proper alignment of the wind vane assembly, is also I
provided.
Ambient Air Temperature
Ambient temperature was measured by a Met One Model I
060-2A sensor. The specifications for the sensor are as follows:
• Operating Range - -50° to +50°C
• Linearity - ±0.15°C I
• Accuracy - ±0.1°C
Solar Radiation
Total sun and sky radiation were measured by an Eppley
Laboratory, Inc., Precision Spectral Pyranometer (PSP). Specifi-
cations are given below:
• Data recording range - 0 to
2 Langleys/minute
• Wavelength Range - 0.28y to
2.8y (total sun and sky
radiation)
• Sensitivity - 9 microvolts
per watt meter2 (approx.)
• Temperature Dependence -
Sensitivity is constant to
within ±1% over ambient
temperature range of -20°C
to 40°C (-4°F to +104°F)
20
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• Linearity - Response is_linear up to
intensities of 4 cal cm"2 min :
• Response Time - 1 second
3.5 Acoustic Sounding Equipment
A Radian Model 800 Doppler Echosonde acoustic sounder
collected atmospheric temperature information from 49 to 795 meters
and wind information from 60 to 335 meters above the ground at the
Boyce Park site. The system operated at this site was a three-
axis bistatic system consisting of a monostatic transmitter-
receiver with two additional transmitters nearby (see Figure 3-2).
To measure atmospheric temperature fluctuations, the
monostatic portion of the system has a transducer and antenna
assembly for transmitting short bursts of single-frequency acoustic
energy in a narrow vertical beam. According to acoustic scattering
theory, a small fraction of the energy is scattered directly
back to the transmitter by temperature gradients in the atmosphere.
The transmit antenna assembly is used as a receiver for these
weak backscatter signals. Monitoring the backscatter intensity
as a function of time from transmission permits estimation of the
relative strength of the temperature gradients as a function of
altitude.
If the scattering volume is moving vertically with re-
spect to the transmitter, the scattered wave will experience a
Doppler shift in frequency. The size of this shift is given by
21
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THREE AXIS (U, V, W) BISTATIC
DOPPLER SAMPLING GEOMETRY
Bistatic
Transmit
Monostatic
Transmit/Receive
10.01
so
Plan View
Bistatic
Transmit
Figure 3-2. The Model 800 Echosonde
22
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V
A f = - 2 - f,
c
where v is the average upward velocity of the scattering volume,
c is the speed of sound, and f is the transmitted frequency.
Typically, the scattering centers do not move exactly together;
the velocities are distributed about the mean. Thus, the
spectral width of the received signal is spread according to the
velocity distribution of the scattering volume. Adding a mean
frequency estimate obtains the vertical velocity profile. The
velocity distribution is estimated by calculating the spectral
width.
Horizontal wind components are measured by utilizing
another scattering property. Since the transmit and receive
antenna are not collocated, the Doppler shift is due to the
velocity component along the bisector of the transmit and
receive rays. This is called the bistatic (two-place) mode
because the transmitter and receiver are located in two places.
From the vertical velocity measured in the monostatic mode and
one bistatic velocity component, the horizontal velocity com-
ponent in the plane of the two beams is computed. Adding another
bistatic leg in another direction (usually 90° away) permits
measurement of the full three-dimensional wind vector as a
function of altitude and time. The three wind components are
measured by alternately transmitting from the bistatic legs and
the central antenna. Further information on the Echosonde
equation, scattering functions, and signal processing methods
is given in Appendix A. A description of the basic subsystems
follows.
23
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Acoustic Antenna Assembly
The monostatic portion of the Echosonde includes an
antenna assembly that consists of an exponential horn and
transducer which directs acoustic energy into a parabolic
reflector to form a 10° acoustic beam. Because of the high mag-
netic field strength in the compression driver coil gap, the
assembly also functions well as a return echo detector. The
electrical signal from the compression driver-detector is
amplified to the antenna to minimize electrical noise effects
on the receiver system.
The transmitted tone used in the Pittsburgh program
was 2000 Hz. The transmitted tone power is 150 watts electric
input power with a selectable pulse duration of 0 to 990 milli-
seconds in 10 millisecond steps. The pulse repetition rate is
also selectable from 1 to 99 seconds in 1 second steps. For the
Pittsburgh study, a repetition rate of 5 seconds was used. The
pulse duration is the controlling variable for altitude resolu-
tion; the repetition rate sets the maximum travel time, and
thus, the maximum altitude.
The acoustic enclosure design provides isolation of
the receiving antenna from ground-based interfering noise
sources. The fully portable SEPTACUFF is constructed of seven
sides and a bottom, all of which are lined with acoustic foam
and a sandwiched lead sheet septum for maximum sound control.
The sides of the enclosure are flared away from the four foot
parabolic antenna/reflector located at the bottom of the SEPTACUFF,
Bistatic Transmitters
Two parabolic reflecting dish transmitters are used
for each of the two bistatic legs of the system. Each leg has
24
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one transmitter directed at 35° above the horizontal and a
second transmitter directed at 55°. Each set of transmitters
is located 150 meters from the main transmitter-receiver with
the two legs forming perpendicular axes to the SEPTACUFF. Each
dish transmitter is identical to the dish transmitter in the
SEPTACUFF.
Computers and Control Electronics
A Digital Equipment Corporation LSI-11 microcomputer,
with 14K memory and hardware multiply/divide, was used as the
central processing unit at the Boyce Park site. Because the
LSI-11 control program resides in programmable read only memory
(PROM), the system automatically restarts after power failure.
The Echosonde signal generating and processing electronics are
assembled on printed circuit boards designed for plug compati-
bility with the LSI-11 microcomputer. A Radian DART II system
was used for intermediate data storage on magnetic tape.
Display Terminal
The display unit used at Boyce Park was a dot matrix
digitally-controlled line printer. The printer has a special
optical shading character set for displaying the intensity of
the backscatter return. The standard alpha-numeric character
set is used to print the wind data determined by the Doppler
frequency shift. The display also provides an estimate of the
returned signal to noise ratio.
3.6 Data Acquisition System
Each monitoring site was equipped with a Radian
DART I or DART II data acquisition system used to collect
25
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and reduce data obtained from continuous air quality and
meteorological sensors. Each DART system was equipped with a
keyboard printer for on-site hard copy data storage.
The basic difference between the two DART systems is
the"type of media used for program and data storage. The DART
I system uses a cassette drive for program loading, and a mini-track
write only mag tape for data storage. The more advanced DART II
system utilizes a floppy disk drive for both program loading and
data storage. Each DART system provides the following
features:
• System operation completely under software contol.
• Real time data processing.
• Hardcopy printout provided on-site for inspection
by operators.
• Operator key-ins for setting system parameters
and checking system operation.
• Telephone communication to a central site via
acoustic coupler or modem.
• Daily self-diagnostics.
• Computer-controlled calibration of instruments.
• Computer monitoring of the status of many key
functions.
• Data recorded on industry compatible nine-
track magnetic tape, or one month disk
storage capacity.
• Battery-powered clock which enables computer to
always maintain correct time and to identify
duration and time of power failures.
The standard data collection program takes a sample
every five seconds from each data channel and then uses this
data to form five-minute averages for each channel. These
five-minute averages form the basis for further data reduction.
After one hour of five-minute averages have been collected, the
26
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microprocessor energizes, through relay control, the tele-
printer and prints a hard copy of the collected data, as well
as recording the data on magnetic tape or disks. Since the
teleprinter is a mechanical device, turning the teleprinter off
after the printout is completed greatly enhances its lifetime.
The magnetic tape transport used in the system is an industry-
compatible, incremental write, seven- or nine-track unit. The
unit is equipped with an auto load feature which automatically
reloads and erases several inches of tape following a power
outage.
When an operator sets a switch, this information is
available as status information to the microcomputer and recorded
along with the data collected during this time. Therefore, there
are no unexplained events in the recorded data due to operator
intervention.
The analog-to-digital voltage conversion unit (A/D)
incorporated in the DART is custom built for air monitoring
applications. It has 32 channels, each with individually
adjustable amplifiers to enable it to accept various types of
input signals. The A/D unit has 12 bit accuracy, i.e., the
full-scale input signal is divided into 2048 segments. For
an analyzer with a 500 parts per billion (ppb) full-scale, this
provides a discrimination of one-fourth of a ppb. This is
approximately ten times more accurate than the analyzer; thus
no additional uncertainty is introduced by the data system.
Channels can be manually selected for LED display via a thumb-
wheel switch.
In addition to the DART data acquisition systems, a
bank of strip chart recorders was also used in the Pittsburgh
study to monitor key parameters at each site. The recorders were
used as a back-up in the event of a data system malfunction.
27
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4.0 QUALITY ASSURANCE
The goal of the EPA Region III Summer Oxidants Study
was to obtain precise, accurate data to provide a valid air
quality assessment of the Greater Pittsburgh Area. A quality
assurance program was implemented to substantiate the validity
of the monitoring data. Emphasis of the program was placed on
the following:
• External weekly precision checks of the air
quality sensors.
• Scheduled (five point) monthly multipoint
calibration checks of the air quality senosrs.
• An independent audit of the air quality sensors
by Radian QA personnel.
• Detailed log books and check lists maintained
on site.
• Hard copy printout of all data channels
computed in engineering units printed out
hourly using a state-of-the-art on-site micro-
processor based computer system.
• Strip chart back-up system for recording key
data parameters.
• All analyzers maintained in a stable
temperature-controlled environment (68°F - 86°F).
28
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The procedures presented in this document were consistent with
existing EPA regulations and quality assurance guidelines.
4.1 Calibration Procedures
All analyzers were operated in a manner such that the
EPA reference on equivalent certification was not voided. An
instrument calibration consisted of a minimum of five upscale
span inputs and a zero input spaced equally over the approved
operating range of the analyzer. All standards used to perform
calibrations of the gaseous pollutant analyzers were certified
traceable by the vendor to National Bureau of Standard's
Standard Reference Materials (SRM). The reference procedures
used to calibrate the gaseous pollutant analyzers were consistent
with those cited in Title 40, Part 50 of the Code of Federal
Regulations (CFR).
All standard pollutant gases were introduced through
the ambient sampling port of the analyzer upstream of all
prefilters and scrubbers using a vented tee so as to simulate
an actual response to an ambient input of pollutant gas.
Calibrations were performed with the following standard sources:
Pollutant Input Referenced Source
Nitric Oxide and NO in N2
Total Oxides of
Nitrogen
Nitrogen Dioxide Gas Phase Titration
of NO with 0;
Methane and Non- CHi* in Air and
Methane Hydro- Propane and Air*
carbons
Ozone Transfer 03 Generator
Referenced to UV
Photometry
29
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Nitric oxides, methane, and total hydrocarbon calibre
tions were performed by diluting the appropriate referenced
standard gas with zero air using a modified Bendix 8861-D cali-
brator. Dilution air used to perform nitric oxide calibrations
was provided by an internal chemical purification and drying
system housed in the calibrator. Bottled UHP "zero air" was
used for dilution of the methane and propane gas standards.
Figure 4-1 illustrates the flow diagram of the dilution cali-
bration system.
The source and dilution flows were calibrated with an
NBS traceable Hastings HBM-1 flow meter. All flow rates were
referenced to EPA standard conditions (760 mm Hg and 26°C).
The standard gas inputs (e.g., NO and CHO were
calculated by the following equation:
(Source Flow) (Cylinder Cone, ppm)
Standard Input Cone. = Total Flow
Nitrogen dioxide calibrations were conducted by
introducing known quantities of NOa produced by the gas phase
reaction of NO with 03. During scheduled multipoint calibra-
tions , the nitrogen dioxide converter efficiency checks were
performed. Nitrogen oxides data were invalidated if the
converter efficiency was less than 967o.
Calibrations of the ozone chemiluminescent analyzers
were performed using referenced ozone concentration inputs
determined with a Dasibi 1008 P.C. primary ozone standard. The
Dasibi 1008 P.C. contains an internal ozone generator which
produces precise measured quantities of ozone used to calibrate
each ozone analyzer. The ozone output of the Dasibi is
continuously referenced with an internal UV photometer which is
30
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connected through a microprocessor controlled feedback loop to
the ozone generator. This allows the operator to set the ozone
output to a desired quantity. The ozone concentration output
of the Dasibi is automatically corrected to EPA reference
conditions (760 mm Hg and 25°C). The procedures used to
calibrate the chemiluminescent ozone analyzers were consistent
with the procedures outlined in CFR Part 50, Appendix D.
During the Pittsburgh study, scheduled precision checks
were conducted approximately once every week. If an analyzer
response was found to be greater than ±10% during a routine
precision check, an adjusted multipoint calibration was per-
formed. All analyzer span adjustments were made at approximately
80% of the full scale range of the analyzer. Unadjusted single
point span checks were performed by introducing sample input
concentrations of approximately 20% of the upper range response
of the analyzer.
An independent audit of the pollutant analyzers
operated in the Pittsburgh Oxidants Study was conducted by
Radian QA personnel (17-19 July 1980). The audits were con-
ducted using a different set of gas standards and calibration
equipment. The audit consisted of challenging each analyzer
in a test to a series of three upscale inputs and a zero point
equally spaced over the operating range of the analyzer. The
audit inputs were introduced upstream of the prefilters to
simulate an actual ambient response. The procedures used to
audit the pollutant analyzers were similar to those used to
perform routine unadjusted calibrations. A referenced
transfer UV ozone generator was used to perform audits of the
ozone analyzers.
32
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POKOTM
The results of audits conducted at the Radian operated
sites in the Pittsburgh area are presented in Tables 4-1 through
4-3. Each NO/NO analyzer audited exhibited relative response
X
errors of less than ±10%. The ozone audit results were also
excellent. Each ozone analyzer exhibited response errors of
less than ±570.
The hydrocarbon audit results were marginally accpetable
at both the Oakland and Flag Plaza monitoring sites. The '
hydrocarbon analyzer at the Flag Plaza site exhibited the THC
and CHit relative errors of +20 and +19% at the 8 ppm test
point. At the 2 ppm test point, both hydrocarbon analyzers
exhibited THC and CH^. response errors of less than ±6%, which is
within the normal ambient background range for methane.
Methane in air standard inputs were used to calibrate
the THC and CHi» channel responses for each hydrocarbon analyzer.
Propane in air standard inputs (calculated as ppm carbon) were
then introduced to reference the THC response of each analyzer.
The THC response to propane in air inputs ranged from -20% at
Flag Plaza to -35% at the Oakland site.
During the Pittsburgh program, the average THC response
of each analyzer was ^ -28% during routine monthly multipoint
calibrations. This agrees closely with the July audit results.
It is not clear at this point why the audit and calibration
responses were low to the propane in air standard inputs.
Cylinders of hydrocarbon-free zero air (< 100 ppb as CHO were
used to supply carrier and burner air to the hydrocarbon analyzers,
thus ruling out carrier air contamination. Cylinders of
spectraseal grade ultra high purity zero air (< .10 ppb as CHi*)
were used as dilution air inputs to dilute- the methane in air
and propane in air standards.
33
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CORPORATION
Two cylinders of propane in air were purchased from
AIRCO to conduct calibrations and audits for this program. One
cylinder was designated as an audit standard and the other as a
calibration standard. The methane standards used to conduct the
audits and calibrations were purchased from two different
vendors. Subsequent cross comparisons of the two propane
cvlinders at Radian using a different Bendix 8202 hydro-
carbon GC calibrated with a methane and air standard showed a
similarly low response to calculated inputs from each propane
cylinder. This suggests that (1) the propane in air cylinder
concentration values were in error, (2) the flame ionization
detector on the Bendix 8202 responds low to propane, (3) the
auto zero and peak height following circuitry responds differently
to higher carbon species and/or (4) the methane standards were
in error. The latter is unlikely since the methane standards
were cross compared to NBS traceable standards and were found to
be accurate. Radian has arranged to order an additional propane
standard to cross compare the standards used in the Pittsburgh
study. However, the cylinder has not arrived. The results of
the standards cross comparison will be forwarded upon completion.
4-. 2 Results of Single Point Precision and Calibration Checks
The results of the weekly single point precision and
calibration checks conducted at Oakland (Trailer 021), Flag
Plaza (Trailer 022) , South Fayette (Trailer 023) , Boyce Park
(Trailer 034), and the Lawrenceville sites are presented in
Tables 4-4 through 4-8. The Radian rejection limits for nitrogen
oxides and hydrocarbon data is ±20% (relative response error),
and ±15% for ozone. The EPA acceptance/rejection limits for
valid data collection for this program was ±15% for all
pollutant parameters unless otherwise specified by the EPA
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Project Officer. Therefore, no data were deleted unless the
relative response error for any pollutant parameter greater than ±20%
Generally speaking, the results of precision checks were good for
most parameters. The only exceptions were the N0/N0x precision
checks conducted at the Lawrenceville site operated by the
Allegheny County Pollution Control Agency (ACPCA).
During the monitoring program, Radian was responsible
for performing routine precision, checks and monthly multipoint
calibrations of the NO/NOX analyzer operated by the Allegheny
County Pollution Control Agency at the Lawrenceville site.
Early in the program, the analyzer exhibited a very erratic
response. The analyzer was recalibrated each time the analyzer
was found to be outside established span tolerances. In some
instances, the span drift appeared to be the results of inadequate
ventilation and environmental control (shelter temperatures
greater than 90°F). In other instances, the problem was due to
leaks in the analyzer plumbing, condensation in the reaction
chamber, and/or electronic adjustments made by ACPCA personnel.
On some occasions, the precision checks could not be conducted
until repairs to the analyzer were completed.
Control charts of the precision and calibration checks
are presented in Figures 4-2 through 4-19.
35
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RADIAN
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TABLE 4-2. HYDROCARBON AUDIT RESULTS
Site 021 (Oakland)
7/19/80
I
Trailer 022 (Flag
7/17/80
Plaza)
/
* Methane and air standard input
t Propane in air (as ppm methane)
37
**
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PARAMETER
ou*
THC*
THC
(Propane) t
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
/
0.04
2.06
5.09
8.83
0.02
2.08
5.40
9.01
0.02
1.30
3.42
5.64
Aff+
•P
^&
+3.0
+1.8
+10.4
_
+4.0
+8.0
+12.6
_
-35.0
-31.6
-29.5
/.w
Qj
J3 ^»
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
0.00
2.00
5.00
8.00
/ / Z7
/ fl? / a?
0.000
2.11
5.67
• 9.63
0.00
2.10
5.65
9.55
0.00
1.45
4.00
6.20
+5.5
+13.4
+20.4
-
+5.0
+13.0
+19.4
_
-27.5
-20.0
-20.0
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TABLE 4-3. OZONE AUDIT RESULTS
TRAILER 022 (Flag Plaza)
_ 7/17/80
7
Trailer 034 (Boyce Park) /
7/19/80 /
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PARAMETER
o,
/ "^
0.000
0.077
0.259
0.463
/ °*
0.001
0.080
0.265
0.457
/ ^^
_
+3.9
+2.3
-1.3
/ *^^
0.000
0.077
0.259
0.463
/ ff<* / ^ (*
13 1 $ ^
0.004
0.080
0.266
0.476
+3.9
+2.7
+2.8
38
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TABLE 4-4. NOX AND NO SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND
CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III
SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 021 AND 022
Dace
site 021
Oakland
6/5
6/9
6/16
6/21
6/28
7/3
7/3
7/7
7/18
7/18
7/26
7/30
7/30
8/8
3/8
8/14
8/14
8/22
8/28
Site 022
Flag Plaza
6/7
6/14
6/14
6/20
6/20
6/26
7/2
7/9
7/17
7/23
7/31
8/8
8/14
8/21
8/28
Sic* 023
South Fayette
6/25
7/2
7/2
7/6
7/17
7/24
7/30
7/30
3/8
3/13
3/20
3/26
Input Cone.
(ppm)
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
SO Response
(ppm)
.104
.099
.092
.095
.105
.114
.100
.100
.113
.104
.096
.089
.100
.104
.102
.106
.099
.100
. 100
.106
.097
.104
.096
.101
.104
.103
.106
.099
.100
.100
.093
.101
.098
.114
.098'
.114
.100
.097
.099
.101
.103
.098
.100
.098
.100
.103
NO Respotis •
(ppm)
.103
.102
.093
.096
.106
.088
.100
.101
.113
.104
.091
.081
.100
.112
.103
.106
.098
.100
.101
.096
.094
.101
.088
.099
.102
.103
.105
.098
.095
.100
.093
.101
.096
J.01
.097
.112
.101
.098
.097
.100
.102
.093
.100
.098
.100
.104
NOX il
+4
-1
-a
-5
+5
+•14
0
0
+13
+4
-4
-11
0
+4
+2
+6
-1
0
0
+6
-3
+4
-4
+1
+4
+3
+6
•-1
0
0
-7
+1
-2
+14
-2
+14
0
-3
-1
+1
+3
-2
0
-2
0
i-3
NO i7.
+3
+2
-7
-6
+6
-12
0
+1
+13
+4
-9
-19*
0
+12
+3
+6
-2
0
+1
-4
-6
+1
-12
-1
+2
+3
+5
-2
-5
0
-7
+1
-4
+1
-3
+12
+1
-2
-3
0
+2
-7
0
-2
0
+4
Type of
Calibraticr-
o
P
P
P
P
P
m
m
P
a
P
P
o
m
a
P
m
P
m
P
P
m
P
m
P
P
a
P
P
m
P
P
P
M
a
m
P
P
P
a
m
P
P
P
01
'''Response due to a calibrator malfunction during
previous calibration check on 7/26/80.
M = Multipoint
P = Precision Check
39
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TABLE 4-5.
N02 SINGLE POINT PRECISION
AND CALIBRATION CHECKS --
EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS
STUDY, SITES 021, 022, AND 023
Date
Site 021
Oakland
6/5
6/9
6/16
6/21
6/28
7/7
7/18
7/26
7/30
8/8
8/14
8/22
8/28
Site 022
Flag Plaza
6/7
6/14
6/20
6/26
7/2
7/17
7/23
7/31
8/8
8/14
8/21
8/28
Site 023
South
Fayette
6/25
7/2
7/6
7/17
7/24
7/30
8/8
8/13
8/20
8/26
8/28
Input Cone .
(ppm)
.193
.094
.095
.086
.198
.100
.100
.091
.104
.086
.100
.113
.151
.090
.085
.120
.067
.097
.094
.100
.092
.081
.097
.098
.100
.100
.100
.100
.102
.099
.090
.067
.094
.095
.135
.135
NOa Response
(ppm)
.185
.093
.090
.081
.192
.100
.104
.096
.104
, .076
.100
.109
.148
.095
.079
.113
.067
.096
.089
.100
.090
.074
.097
.097
.101
.099
.098
.095
.091
.093
.090
.057
.091
.092
.134
.134
NO 2 A%
-4
+1
-5
-.6
-3
0
+4
+6
0
-8
0
-4
-2
+5
-7
-6
0
-1
-5
0
-2
-8
0
-1
+1
-1
-2
-5
-1
-6
0
-12
-3
-3
-1
-1
Type of
Calibration
m
P
P
P
P
m
m
P
m
m
m
P
m
P
m
m
P
P
P
P
m
m
P
P
m
P
m
P
P
P
m
P
P
-P
m
m
M = Multipoint
P = Precision Check
40
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TABLE 4-6
03 SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND
CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III
SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 022 AND 034
Date
Site 022
Flag Plaza
6/9
6/14
6/14
6/19
6/26
7/2
7/8
7/12
7/23
7/31
7/31
8/7
8/14
8/18
8/19
8/21
8/21
8/26
Site 034
Boyce Park
6/5
6/8
6/13
6/20
6/28
6/28
7/4
7/11
7/11
7/23
7/30
8/8
8/13
8/22
8/22
8/27
Input Cone .
(ppm)
.090
.100
.100
.090
.099
.100
.100
.100
.106
.093
.099
.100
.104
.106
.206
.100
.100
.100
.095
.077
.093
.100
.099
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.101
.097
.101
.101
.101
.100
03 Response
(ppm)
.085
.089
.097
.088
.093
.100
.100
.100
.107
.080
.100
.102
.105
.110
.212
.103
.100
.109
.090
.073
.094
.103
.117
.099
.110
.112
.100
.102
.103
.097
.106
.110
.104
.098
03 A%
-6
-11
-3
-2
-6
0
0
0
+1
-14
+1
+2
+1
+4
+3
+2
0
+9
-5
-5
+1
+3
+18*
-1
4-10
+12
0
+2
+2
0
+5
+9
+3
-2
Type of
Calibration
P
P
m
P
P
P
m
m
m
m
P
P
m
P
P
P
m
m
P
P
P
P
P
m
P
P
m
P
m
P
m
P
m
m
"Span response due to baseline drift. Daily zero drift
corrections were applied to the data base.
M = Multipoint
P = Precision Check
41
-------
TABLE 4-7.
THC AND CHi, SINGLE POINT PRECISION AND
CALIBRATION CHECKS -- EPA REGION III
SUMMER OXIDANTS STUDY, SITES 021 AND 022
Date
Site 021
Oakland
6/6
6/4
6/9
6/11
6/12
6/17
6/21
6/28
7/1
7/7
7/18
8/5
8/5
8/14
8/22
8/28
Site 022
Flag Plaza
5/31
6/7
6/14
6/20
6/26
7/2
7/9
7/9
7/17
7/23
3/7
8/9
8/10
8/14
8/14
8/21
8/26
Input Cone.
(ppm) t
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
8.25
2.0
2.0
3.66
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
THC Response
(ppm)
2.02
2.1Q
2.11
2.14
2.01
1.97
1.94
2.00
2.24
2.02
1.86
2.02
1.95
1.92
2.10
2.14
2.0
8.2
2.12
2.10
3.55
2.0
1.95
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.0
2.07
2.39
1.99
1.99
2.04
CH* Response
(ppm)
2.00
2.16
1.85
2.10
1.99
2.01
1.95
2.00
2.15
2.00
1.85
2.22
1.95
1.91
1.95
2.02
1.95
7.95
1.99
2.05
3.55
2.02
1.97
2.0
2.0
2.03
2.0
2.0
2.05
2.37
2.00
1.98
1.99
THC A%
+1
+5
+6
+7
+1
-2
-3
0
+12
+1
-7
+1
-3
-4
+5
+7
0
-1
+6
+5
-3
0
-2
0
0
0
0
0
+4
+20
-1
-1
+2
cm A%
0
+8
-8
+5
-1
+1
-2
0
+8
0
-8
+11
-3
-4
-2
+1
-3
-4
-1
+2
-3
+1
-2
0
0
+2
0
0
+2
+19
0
-1
-1
Type of
Calibration
m
" P
P
m
m
m
P
m
m
P
P
P
m
P
P
m
m
P
P
P
P
P
P
m
P
P
m
m
m
P
m
m
i Methane in air used to perform precision checks
* Data Rejected
M = Multipoint
P = Precision Check
42
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RADIAN
TABLE 4-8. NOV, N02, AND NO SINGLE POINT
X
PRECISION AND CALIBRATION CHECKS
EPA REGION III SUMMER OXIDANTS
STUDY, LAWRENCEVILLE*
Dace
5/30
5/30
5/30
6/6
6/6
6/6
6/16
6/16
6/16
6/20
6/20
6/20
6/30
6/30
7/7
7/15
7/15
7/29
7/30
7/30
7/30
i/6
3/6
8/13
8/13
d/13
8/20
8/20
8/20
8/27
8/27
Input Cone.
(ppra)
.100
.100
.112
.100
.100
.127
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.095
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.100
.090
.100
.102
.100
.100
. iOO
.100
.100
.098
.100
.103
NOX Response
(ppm)
.084
.101
-
.144
.101
-
.075
.103
-
.081
.105
-
.071
.105
.100
.095
.098
.121
.125
.105
-
.096
-
.105
.099
-
.097
.100
.106
-
NO Response
(ppm)
.079
.100
-
.151
.102
-
.084
.105
-
.074
.103
-
.041
.106
.100
.104
.096
.118
.120
.105
-
.087
-
.104
.099
-
.097
.097
.100
—
NO i Response
(ppm)
-
.105
-
• -
-
.125
-
-
.103
-
-
.103
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
-
.090
-
.101
-
-
.097
-
-
•096
.102
NOX AZ
-16
1
-
-1-44
+1
-2
-25
+3
+3
-19
+5
+8
-29
+5
0
-5
-2
+21
+25
+5
0
-4
-1
+5
-1
-
-3
0
-5
+6
-1
NO A%
-21
0
-
+51
+2
-
-16
+5
-
-26
+3
-
-59
+6
0
+4
-4
+18
+20
+5
-
-13
-
+4
-1
-
-3
-3
0
-
NOi A*
-
-
-7
-2
+3
+8
0
-1
-
-3
-1
-1
Type of
Cal.
P
ID
m
m
m
m
P .
m
D
P
m
m
P
m
m
P
m
P
P
m
m
P
P
P
m
-
m
m
m
m
P
*Operaced by Allegheny County Pollution Control
M = Multipoint
P = Precision Checks
43
-------
RADIAN
p
E
R 25
£ 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
I 0
E-10
N-20
C-25
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX
JUNE I-AUGUST 3!, 1980
155 165 175
185 195 205 215
JULIAN DATE
225 235 245
Figure 4-2
44
-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
PARAMETER MEASURED: NO
p
E
R 25
C 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
I 0
E-10
g-,6
N-20
C-25
E 15
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 980
:
k A
A, /i~i
i N
*• — —
2
55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 24
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-3
45
-------
p
E
R 25
E 20
N 15
T 10
D
I
0
E-10
N-20
C-25
E 155
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
PARAMETER MEASURED: N02
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
165 175
185 195 205 215
JULIAN DATE
225 235 245
Figure 4-4
46
-------
1
•» JA
m€f
| ~"~
1
1
1
1
• ?
__ ^ p-
. R 25
• r
• ~ 20
E
M 15
IM 1 v
IN
T 10
ID 5
T1 X%
I 0
IF "5
E-10
R-15
1 Ell
• N-20
C_^.»-
-25
1 E 1E
1
1
1
1
1
1
iB^B JB^fl
LDIAN
RKTKMI
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
PARAMETER MEASURED: THC
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
-
;
;
;
—
U A . /-
E ^*^^^ ^X^ Ji ^^>«/
| ^ ^—-
—
!5 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-5
47
-------
p
E
R 25
c 20
N-20
C-25
E 155
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 021 OAKLAND
PARAMETER MEASURED: CH4
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-6
48
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I
155
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-7
49
-------
RADIAN
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
NO
p
E
R 25
P 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
0
1-*
E-10
N-20
Cf^r-
-25
E IE
-
~*
4
->,
I
;
;
15 16-
i
\
\j
5
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
^* *^^\
^-^^x^/ ^^
175 185 195 205 215 225 235 2^
IS
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-8
50
-------
1 *
•^^J
COM
1
1
1
1
I *
^B s\r~
R 25
fN
• ET*
U 15
• T 10
D 5
»_ "T" /^
• 10
IE-10
D i—
• >.— 1 ^
E oo
| N-20
• O -^ii—
m l — 25
E 1E
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
ADIAN
^^••^^r •J^^^BH ^B
'ORJWION
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
PARAMETER MEASURED:' N02
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
i
i
5
;
K
j. \___r/'~~*~ ^-^S ^x/ ^*~
;•
;
;
55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-9
51
-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
p
E
R 25
E 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
Ifi
0
E-10
R-15
b ™
N-20
C^M—
-25
E 15
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1§80
/
/
• /
F /~~~\ , , ,/
[' V/-4 ^^J
-
~>l>iilit«l.iil
>S 165 175 185 195 205 215 225
x
* ' T
235 24
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-10
52
-------
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
MM
RA
coupon
P
E
A^. ^\ f™
R 25
20
N I*
T 10
D 5
I^%
0
F q
F b
E-10
K-,S
N-20
C^.i—
-25
E 15
•^M •• ^kB
DIAN
MTIOM
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
PARAMETER MEASURED: CH4
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
~
i
A
\ I
"- /
f _^ ^ ^ /
^^^ ~*\. ^^" ^~^~-^-~:~~~^^ — ~~~ — — A
- ^
—
-
.5 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-11
53
-------
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 022 FLAGG PLAZA
PARAMETER MEASURED: 03
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
155 165 1 75
185
195 205
JULIAN DATE
215 225 235 245
Figure 4-12
54
-------
p
E
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE
PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX
JUNE 25-AUGUST 31, 1980
R 2b
E *
N 15
T 10
D 5
0
E-10
RHS
N-20
C^-r-
-25
E 15
;
;• ,
\ /
\ /
-. 4
;•
—
55 165 175 1
>
-*^\ . ^
-^ -^ i— -—
85 195 205 215 225 235 2^
^5
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-13
55
-------
p
E
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE
PARAMETER MEASURED: NO
JUNE 25-AUGUST 31, 1980
R 2b
E 28
N 15
T 10
D 5
0
1-*
E-10
*-,S
N-20
C.~>r-
-25
E IE
;
;•
—
:
55 165
A
175 1
k. .,
"^^\
85 1 95 205
t T 1 • I 1
215 225 235 2^
^
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-14
56
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R 25
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N-
C-25
E 155
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 023 SOUTH FAYETTE
PARAMETER MEASURED: N02
JUNE 25-AUGUST 31, 1980
165 175
185 195 205
JULIAN DATE
215 225 235 245
Figure 4-15
57
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SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: TRAILER 034 BOYCE PARK
PARAMETER MEASURED: 03
p
E
R 25
C 20
N 15
T 10
D 5
I 0
F q
F *
E-10
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N-20
C-25
E IE
JUNE 1 -AUGUST 31, 1980
; J
/I
/ * '
-^—^/^l
k
t i • • i > i *
55 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-16
58
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-45
POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHLCKS
SITE: LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT.
PARAMETER MEASURED: NOX
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
155 165 1 75
185 195 205 215
JULIAN DATE
225 235 245
Figure 4-17
59
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SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT.
PARAMETER MEASURED: NO
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
155
i 65 175
185 195 205 215 225
JULIAN DATE
235 245
Figure 4-18
60
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0
SINGLE POINT CALIBRATION AND PRECISION CHECKS
SITE: LAWRENCEVILLE HEALTH DEPT.
PARAMETER MEASURED: N02
JUNE 1-AUGUST 31, 1980
-*•
: *••
*••
•*
E-10
*-,5
N-20
C-25
E 155 165 175 185 195 205 215 225 235 245
JULIAN DATE
Figure 4-19
61
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5.0 OPERATING TIME ANALYSIS FOR EACH SITE
This section presents the operating statistics for
each site in the Greater Pittsburgh area. The data
capture rates for parameters measured at each site during each
month are presented in Tables 5-1 through 5-3.
The time periods used for precision checks, multipoint
calibrations, and scheduled audits are not included as downtime.
The amount of time used for instrument calibrations and audits
are reported as total calibration hours for each channel.
Replacement or repair of the pollutant or meteorological sensors
is treated as downtime and appears as such in the downtime
tables.
Data capture rates were high for most parameters measured
in the Greater Pittsburgh area. An operational summary for each
site follows.
Site 021 (Oakland)
June 1980
The Oakland site was declared operational on 5 June
1980. The data capture during the month was good for all parameters
measured. Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 6/10/80 -
6/12/80 and on 6/16/80 due to a defective seal in an air activated
slider valve.
July 1980
Data capture for July was good. Hydrocarbon data
were invalidated from 7/24/80 to 7/28/80. The problem was
62
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traced to an inoperative sample injection valve. No other
data losses were recorded during the month.
August 1980
No operational problems were recorded at the Oakland
site during the month of August.
Site 022 (Civic Arena)
June 1980
Data recovery for June was generally good at the Civic
Arena site. Hydrocarbon data were invalidated from 6/1/80 to
6/6/80 due to ethylene contamination. A leak was discovered in
the ethylene supply line fitting attached to the rear of the
ozone analyzer. A leak was also discovered in the hydrocarbon
G.C. inlet which resulted in the high THC values recorded. In
addition, several instances were recorded when interferences
from vehicle emissions in close proximity to the monitoring site
were observed to influence the hydrocarbon and oxides of nitrogen
data. At the request of the EPA Project Director, the site was
moved on 6/18/80, and the sample inlet was elevated to minimize
the effects from vehicle interferences. Air conditioner
failures on June 3, 23, and 28 resulted in elevated temperatures
(> 85°F). Precision checks performed during the period indicate
that each analyzer was functioning within limits (±1570) . Data
obtained during these periods was not invalidated.
July 1980
Considerable ozone data losses occurred from 7/8/80
through 7/9/80 and 7/13/80 through 7/16/80. The ozone data losses
were due to a defective photomultiplier temperature controller
board which failed during operation. Attempts were made to
63
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RADIAN
install a spare ozone analyzer, which also developed operational
problems. Parts from the two inoperative ozone analyzers were
used to make one functioning analyzer. In the interim, a Dasibi
UV ozone analyzer was used to record ozone data at the Civic
Arena site. No other data losses were recorded at the monitoring
site.
August 1980
Data recovery for August was generally good. Hydrocarbon
data were invalidated from 8/1/80 to 8/4/80 due to a contaminated
carrier air cylinder. The instrument engineer was unable to
obtain a replacement cylinder from the gas vendor until 8/4/80.
A total of 29 hours of data were lost for all parameters
at Site 022 on 12-13 August. The cause was traced to a thrown
breaker. An investigation revealed the breaker box had been
tampered with, resulting in the power outage.
Approximately 13 hours of ozone data were invalidated
on 7 August due to a failure to reconnect the ozone sample line
to the sample inlet manifold after obtaining detailed hydro-
carbon samples at the site. The samples were obtained by RTI,
a contractor for EPA Region III.
A total of 36 hours of oxides of nitrogen data were
invalidated between 25-27 August because of a sample pump
failure. No other data losses were reported during the remainder
of the month.
64
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Site 023 (South Fayette)
June 1980
Power was established at the South Fayette monitoring
site on 24 June 1980, and the site was declared operational
on 25 June 1980. No significant data losses were reported through
the remainder of June.
July 1980
No operational problems were encountered at the South
Fayette site during the July monitoring period.
August 1980
No operational problems were encountered at the South
Fayette site during the August monitoring period.
Site 034 (Boyce Park)
June 1980
Data recovery at the Boyce Park site was excellent.
No significant operational problems were encountered during the
June monitoring period.
July 1980
No operational problems were recorded at the Boyce
Park site during the July monitoring period.
August 1980
No operational problems were recorded at the Boyce
Park site during August 1980.
65
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Echosonde Site (Boyce Park)
June 1980
A Radian Model 800 Echosonde Acoustic Sounder was
deployed near the Trailer 034 site in Boyce Park on 15 June 1980.
Shortly after operations were begun, several noise complaints
from neighboring landowners were reported to the Allegheny County
Parks Department. The Echosonde was powered down on 19 June to
investigate alternative solutions to the problem. On 23 June the
decision was made to operate the Echosonde system in the mono-
static mode only until such time that an alternate site location
could be established.
July 1980
The Echosonde was operated in the monostatic mode at
the Trailer 034 site in Boyce Park until an alternate site
could be established approximately 1/8 mile NE of the original
site on 12 July 1980. On 25 July 1980, a signal cable leading.
to one of the bistatic legs was severed by a lawn mower operated
by the Allegheny County Parks Department. The cable was
repaired the following day. However, further examination
revealed that the signal processing electronics had sustained
damage as the direct result of the cable being severed. The
Echosonde was repaired on 29 July. The system continued to
operate in the monostatic mode until repairs to the signal
processing electronics could be made.
August 1980
The south leg bistatic transmitter was damaged by
lightning on 3 July 1980. Repairs were made on 5 July 1980.
The Echosonde continued to operate in the monostatic mode until
repairs could be made. Approximately 24 hours of backscatter
66
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data were lost on 19-20 August due to a paper jam in the dot
matrix printer.
Lawrenceville Site
During the monitoring program, Radian was responsible
for performing routine weekly precision checks and monthly
multipoint calibrations for the oxides of nitrogen analyzer
operated by the Allegheny -County Pollution Control Agency at
the Lawrenceville monitoring site. Precision checks of the
NO/NO analyzer were found to be outside established precision
limits (±15%) during each week in June. The failed checks were
probably due to the fact that the monitor was housed in an
unair-conditioned room during most of June and operations
temperature were in excess of 90°F. Recalibrations were
performed each time the monitor was found to be out of tolerance.
Precision checks conducted in July showed the analyzer was out
of tolerance 2 of the 4 times checked. In one instance, the
precision check was not completed on 22 July due to water
condensation in the reaction chamber. There were indications
that electronic alignments performed by Allegheny County Pollu-
tion Control Agency personnel between precision checks could have
altered the response of the analyzer.
No operational problems were recorded during the
August monitoring period. A summary of the single point
precision and calibration checks for the N0/N0x monitor is
presented in Section 4.0.
67
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6.0 DATA PRESENTATION AND SUMMARY
This section includes a tabular and graphical summary
for each parameter recorded at the Radian operated sites in
the Greater Pittsburgh Area. All parameters were sampled once
every five seconds, and were recorded as true five minute
arithmetic averages of the five-second averages. The hourly,
daily, monthly, and annual arithmetic averages were computed
from the five-minute averages for each parameter measured.
Wind direction averages were modified to correctly treat winds
crossing through the north. The master data base from which
the data tables in this report were generated consists of
averages recorded for each hour. In order to report
an hourly average for each parameter, at least six of the five
minute averages for the hour must be present. At least 12
hourly averages for the day must be present to form a daily
average for each parameter. Monthly averages for each parameter
reported must contain at least 5070 of the hourly averages for
the month.
Inherent in any data acquisition system is random noise,
both from the recording instruments and quantization in the
analog-to-digital conversion. The lower threshold for all
analytical instruments is twice the maximum noise level generated
by the instruments. Therefore, any values appearing in the data
presentations which are less than the threshold detection limits
of the analyzer should only be considered as trace quantities.
Concentration levels which drop below the lower threshold are
simply random noise and the averages tend toward zero. If a
zero concentration appears in the data presentation, this does
not necessarily indicate an absolute zero concentration. The
lower threshold limits are 5 ppb for the NOX analyzers, 2 ppb
for the ozone analyzers, and 50 ppb for the hydrocarbon GC.
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All pollutant data are taken at the monitoring site
in integer parts per billion (ppb),but are presented here in
micrograms per cubic meter (ug/m3), assuming standard temperature
and pressure of 25°C and 760 mm Hg (1013.2 millibars), respectively,
A list of the abbreviations used in the data summaries
is presented in Table 6-1. Also included in the table is a
list of the applicable units for each parameter measured.
The daily averages for each parameter are presented in
Tables 6-2 through 6-4. The daily average tables are arranged
sequentially by parameter, site, and month to allow easy
comparison of the data between sites.
A listing of the five highest monthly pollutant values
recorded at each site is presented in Tables 6-5 through 6-7.
In addition, the tables also list the wind speed, wind direction,
and time of occurrence for each of the five highest parameter
values in descending order. During the monitoring program,
meteorological data were recorded only at Trailer 034 in
Boyce Park; therefore,the wind speed and wind direction values
are not reported for sites 021, 022, and 023.
The hourly average values for each parameter measured
are presented in Tables 6-8 through 6-10. All daily (right-
hand column), diurnal (bottom line), and monthly averages are
arithmetic averages of the respective hourly averages reported for
each parameter. Daily, diurnal, and monthly wind direction
averages are computed vectorally assuming a unit vector magnitude.
Blank spaces in the hourly average tables indicate the data
were deleted. A colon in the hourly presentation indicates a
calibration was in progress. Calibrations lasting longer than two
hours are considered as downtime. The ozone analyzer at Site
023 (South Fayette) was operated and maintained by the Allegheny
81
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County Pollution Control Agency. The ozone data from Site 023
has not been validated, and is presented as trend data only.
Diurnal histograms for the various key parameters
measured at each site location are presented in Figures 6-1
through 6-3. The histograms represent the arithmetic average
for each parameter measured for each hour of the day in a
given month. The histograms show the dependence of various
parameter trends as a function of the time of day for each
month during the program (e.g., June through August ).
Tables 6-11 through 6-13 show the distribution of
wind direction as a function of wind speed for each month
during the program. Wind roses from the Trailer 034 site are
presented in Figures 6-4 through 6-6.
Echosonde Data Presentation
Echosonde data are presented for selected time periods
during the program. A list of 20 days to be included was
submitted by Radian and approved by the EPA project officer. The
following days were selected for the data presentation.
• June 25-26, 1980
• July 3-4, 1980
• July 13-21, 1980
• August 25-31, 1980
These days include most of the high ozone measurements observed
during the study. Echosonde wind data were not available for the
first two periods because of noise complaints at the original
site.
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This section includes tabulations and coded displays
of the Echosonde backscatter and wind data. These data summaries
have been derived by manual interpretation or by computer
averaging of the original data base. The original data base
has been stored both on magnetic tape and dot-matrix plots.
This data base consists of 120 backscatter data points
(representing a vertical profile) every 20 seconds. The 120
data points cover the interval from 49 to 795 meters. A total
of 4,320 vertical backscatter profiles are obtained each day,
represented by a total of 518,400 data points for one day.
The original data base also includes vertical profiles
of the horizontal and vertical winds obtained every 20 seconds
and stored on magnetic tape. The horizontal wind data is
also printed as 10 minute vector averages on the original dot-
-natrix backscatter plots in the field. Beth the vertical and
horizontal winds are averaged through 12 vertical gates of 25
meters each. The lowest gate covers a 25 meter interval
centered at 60 meters,with the highest gate centered at 335 meters
The backscatter data were manually interpreted to
determine the presence or absence of stable, neutral, and un-
stable layers, and noise for 1-hour averages. A parameter was
recorded as present if it could be distinguished for at least
half of the 1 hour interval in question.
The categories which were manually interpreted and
coded for each 1-hour interval are the following:
Parameter Determination
System Status Up/Down
Noise Dominant/Not Dominant
83
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First Six Layer Present/Absent/Type/Height
Boundaries Above (to nearest 20 meters)
the Ground
Additional Higher One or More/None
Boundaries
Four types of atmospheric layer boundaries are
identified:
neutral below - stable above (N),
stable below - neutral above (S),
unstable below - stable above (U), and
unstable below - neutral above (V).
The letter in parentheses is the code letter for each boundary.
Occasionally, no boundary can be identified. For such cases,
no height is recorded, but the type of conditions (stable,
neutral, or unstable) are determined. The no-boundary case
occurs almost exclusively with neutral eo^difions.
The first boundary above the ground is considered to
be the mixing height. The type of mixing height is identified
by the type of boundary as follows:
First Boundary Type Code Type of Mixing Height
Neutral below - Stable above N Neutral - Capped
Stable below - Neutral above S Stable
Unstable below - Stable above U Unstable - Capped
Unstable below - Neutral above V Unstable - Uncapped
In the case where no boundary is identified, the mixing height
is undefined. The first three types of mixing height listed
above (N, S, U) are usually well defined by the backscatter
data. These three types also correspond to the types of mixing
heights used for modeling purposes (especially N and U). However
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~he Unstable-Uncapped (V) type of mixing height has an upper
limit for detection of about 600 to 800 meters above the ground.
The reason for this limit may be that the scale of turbulence
above about 600 to 800 meters tends to be larger than near the
ground - too large for detection by the Echosonde. Consequently,
the unstable-uncapped mixing height may sometimes exceed the
maximum of 600 to 800 meters indicated by the backscatter data.
Table 6-14provides monthly tabulations of the coded
backscatter data, as well as a summary for the entire period of
this report. The frequencies of occurrence and average height
of each type of mixing height, as well as single and multiple
elevated stable layers, are included. The frequencies of
occurrence refer to the percent of occurrences during times the
system was operating (except for "System Up"). The category
"Noise Dominant" refers to periods when noise completely drowned
out the backscatter signal from above 200 meters. Winds over
\5 to 20m/s or heavy precipitation usually cause the noise
dominance. The "System Up" category refers to the time that
the Echosonde was in operation during the period indicated at
the top of the table.
Table 6-15 shows the hourly mixing heights as inter-
preted by a meteorologist. The types of mixing height are defined
by letter-codes. These letter-codes correspond to the codes used
in determining the types of layer boundaries as described above.
A key defining the mixing height table code is presented at the
beginning of Table. The dominant type of mixing height for
each day is listed under the "DOM" column. Likewise, the
dominant type of mixing height for each hour during the month
is listed in the "DOM" row, and for the entire month is shown
at the bottom of each monthly table. The dominant type is
the type that occurs most frequently during the period con-
sidered. For this determination,stable (S), neutral (N), un-
85
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stable (U and/or V), and noise dominant (ND) conditions are
considered. The average mixing height of the dominant type is
given by the two digits preceding the letter code (in decameters)
Figure 6-7 shows all of the manually coded backscatter
data. A key for the symbols used in this display is included at
the beginning of the figure.
Table 6-16 gives the daily and monthly vector wind
directions, vector wind magnitudes, and average wind speeds
obtained by the Echosonde. The daily average speeds are averages
of the hourly vector magnitudes for the day. Wind data from the
first 8 gates from 60 to 235 meters are presented.
Table 6-17 gives the hourly vector wind directions and
magnitudes for the first eight gates to 235 meters. Again, the
wind data for 60 meters is less accurate at times because of
intermittent reflections from ground objects. The wind data
have been edited according to signal-to-noise ratios so that
only the better quality data are included. Consequently, less
data are available from the higher gates because of the normal
loss of signal strength from the higher gates, especially when
atmospheric backscatter mechanisms are weak.
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TABLE 6-1
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
Parameters Monitored
NOX
NO
NO 2
THC
CHit
NMHC
03
WS
WD
TMP
Units of Parameters
TMILES
HINCH
TDGS
HLY
((UG/M**3) X 10**-1)
NITROGEN OXIDE
NITRIC OXIDE
NITROGEN DIOXIDE
TOTAL HYDROCARBONS
METHANE
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