903R81001
•A.
SUPPLEMENTAL INFORMATION DOCUMENT
to the
Areawide Environmental Assessment
for Issuing New Source NPDES Permits
on Coal Mines in the
Monongahela River Basin,
West Virginia
Prepared by:
US Environmental Protection Agency
Region III
Sixth and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
With the Assistance Of:
WAPORA, Inc.
Berwyn, Pennsylvania 19312
February 1981
U.S. EPA Region HI
.Regional Center for Environmenta
Information
,-. 1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
"hiladelphia, PA 19103
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\
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION III
GTH AND WALNUT STREETS
PHILADELPHIA. PENNSYLVANIA 19106
February 1981
TO ALL INTERESTED AGENCIES, PUBLIC GROUPS, AND CITIZENS:
Enclosed is a revised copy of the Supplemental Information Document (SID) to
the Areawide Environmental Assessment for Issuing New Source Coal Mining
NPDES Permits in the Monongahela River Basin in West Virginia. This
revision is in the new format used for the recently published SID's for the
Elk, Guyandotte, Coal/Kanawha, Ohio, and Potomac River Basins. The most
significant technical changes made to this SID include new water quality and
aquatic resource data, visual impacts and socio-economic impacts analysis.
The Gauley SID is being revised under separate cover. Detailed information
on known environmental resources potentially affected by new source coal
mining activity is included in this SID and forms the technical basis for
the designations of the Potentially Significant Impact Areas specified in
the Areawide Environmental Assessment. The Permit Review Program specified
in this document formally began with NPDES permit applications received
after December 31, 1980.
Due to the continual acquisition of new environmental information from
site-specific permit application and new federal and state studies, this
document will be updated as new data becomes available. New data may be
submitted to EPA's Enforcement Division (3EN23) at any time for
consideration in the new source NPDES permit review process.
Sincerely yours,
O.GL4.
Georges D. Pence, Jr., Chief
Environmental Impact Branch
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
List of Tables v
List of Figures ix
List of Acronyms xiii
1.0. Introduction 1-1
2.0. Existing Conditions
2.1. Water Resources and Water Quality
2.1.1. Surface Waters
2.1.2. Groundwater Resources
2.2. Aquatic Biota
2.2.1. Stream Habitats
2.2.2. Biological Communities
2.2.3. Erroneous Classification
2.3. Terrestrial Biota
2.3.1. Ecological Setting
2.3.2. Vegetation and Flora
2.3.3. Wildlife Resources
2.3.4. Significant Species and Features
2.3.5. Data Gaps
2.4. Climate, Air Quality, and Noise
2.4.1. General Climatic Patterns in West Virginia
2.4.2. Climatic Patterns in the Basin
2.4.3. Ambient Air Quality
2.4.4. Noise
2.5. Cultural and Visual Resources
2.5.1, Prehistory
2.5.2. Archaeological Resources
2.5.3. History
2.5.4. Identified Historic Sites
2.5.5. Visual Resources
2.6. Human Resources and Land Use
2.6.1. Human Resources
2.6.2. Land Use and Land Availability
2.7. Earth Resources
2.7.1. Physiography, Topography, and Drainage
2.7,2. Steep Slopes and Slope Stability
2.7.3. Floodprone Areas
2.7.4. Soils
2.7.5. Prime Farmland
2.7.6. Geology
2.8. Potentially Significant Impact Areas
3.0. Current and Projected Mining Activity
3.1. Past and Current Mining Activity in Basin
3.1.1. Surface Mining
3.1.2. Underground Mines
3.1.3. Preparation Plants
3.2. Mining Methods in the Basin
3.2.1. Surface Mining Methods
3.2.2. Underground Mining Methods
2-1
2-1
2-1
2-56
2-77
2-77
2-81
2-94
2-97
2-97
2-100
2-107
2-116
2-120
2-123
2-123
2-124
2-145
2-156
2-159
2-160
2-169
2-170
2-186
2-186
2-205
2-207
2-279
2-295
2-295
2-298
2-305
2-305
2-311
2-312
2-339
3-1
3-1
3-3
3-3
3-18
3-21
3-21
3-44
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Page
3.2.3. Coal Preparation 3-72 *
3.2.4. Abandonment of Coal Mining Operations 3-76
3.2.5. Coal Mining Economics 3-77
3.3. The National Coal Market: Demand Issues ' 3-93
3.3.1. General Trends in Market Demand 3-94
3.3.2. Specific Trends in Market Demand by End-Use 3-95
3.3.3. Effects of Legislation and Regulations on 3-101
the Coal Market
4.0. Regulations Governing Mining Activities 4-1
4.1. Past and Current West Virginia Regulations 4-1
4.1.1. Outline History of State Mining Regulations 4-1
4.1.2. Current State Permit Programs 4-5
4.1.3. General Framework of State Laws and 4-7
Regulations
4.1.4. Specific Permit Applications 4-8
4.2. Federal Regulations 4-37
4.2.1. EPA Permitting Activities 4-37
4.2.2. SMCRA Permits 4-41
4.2.3. Clean Air Act Reviews 4-44
4.2.4. CMHSA Permits 4-52
4.2.5. The Safe Drinking Water Act 4-52
4.2.6. Floodplains 4-53
4.2.7. Wild and Scenic Rivers 4-54
4.2.8. Wetlands 4-54 ^
4.2.9. Endangered Species Habitat 4-55 ^
4.2.10. Significant Agricultural Lands 4-55
4.2.11. Historic, Archaeologic, and Paleontologic 5-55
Sites
4.2.12. United States Forest Service Reviews 4-56
4.3. Interagency Coordination 4-57
4.3.1. USOSM-EPA Proposed Memorandum of 4-57
Understanding
4.3.2. Lead Agency NEPA Responsibility 4-61
4.4. Other Coordination Requirements 4-62
4.4.1. Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 4-62
4.4.2. Local Notification 4-62
4.4.3. Lands Unsuitable for Mining 4-62
4.5. Potential for Regulatory Change 4-65
4.5.1. Delegation of the NPDES Permit Program 4-65
4.5.2. SMCRA Permit Program 4-65
5.0. Impacts and Mitigations 5-1
5.1. Water Resource Impacts and Mitigations 5-1
5.1.1. Surface Waters 5-1
5.1.2. Groundwater 5-14
5.2. Aquatic Biota Impacts and Mitigations 5-19
5.2.1. Major Mining-Related Causes of Damage to 5-19
Aquatic Biota
5.2.2. Responses of Aquatic Biota to Mining Impacts 5-24
5.2.3. Sensitivity of Basin Waters to Coal Mining 5-28
Impacts
ii
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Page
5.2.4. Mitigative Measures 5-40
5.2.5. Erroneous Classification 5-49
5.3. Terrestrial Biota 5-51
5.3.1. Impacts Associated with Mining Activities' 5-51
5.3.2. Mitigation of Impacts 5-61
5.3.3. Revegetation 5-75
5.3.4. Long-term Impacts on the Basin 5-77
5.3.5. Data Gaps 5-80
5.4. Air Quality and Noise Impacts and Mitigations 5-85
5.4.1. Air Quality Impacts 5-85
5.4.2. Noise Impacts 5-87
5.5. Cultural Resource and Visual Resource Impacts and
Mitigations 5-99
5.5.1. Potential Impacts of Coal Mining on Cultural
Resources: Historic Structures and Properties 5-99
5.5.2. Potential Impacts of Coal Mining on Cultural
Resources - Archaeological Resources 5-102
5.5.3. Potential Impacts of Coal Mining on Visual
Resources 5-105
5.6. Human Resources and Land Use 5-111
5.6.1. General Background 5-111
5.6.2. EPA Screening Procedure for Potentially Signi-
ficant Human Resource and Land Use Impacts 5-112
5.6.3. Special Considerations for Detailed Impact
and Mitigation Scoping 5-121
5.6.4. Employment and Population Impacts and Mitiga-
tive Measures 5-122
5.6.5. Housing Impacts and Mitigations of Adverse
Impacts 5-127
5.6.6. Transportation Impacts and Mitigative
Measures 5-134
5.6.7. Local Public Service Impacts and Mitigation
of Adverse Impacts 5-137
5.6.8. Indirect Land Use Impacts 5-143
5.7. Earth Resource Impacts and Mitigations 5-145
5.7.1. Erosion 5-145
5.7.2. Steep Slopes 5-155
5.7.3. Prime and Other Farmlands 5-158
5.7.4. Unstable Slopes 5-161
5.7.5. Subsidence 5-163
5.7.6. Toxic or Acid Forming Earth Materials and
Acid Mine Drainage 5-170
6.0. EPA New Source NPDES Program NEPA Review Summary 6-1
Water Resources 6-2
Aquatic Biota in BIA's 6-7
Aquatic Biota in Unclassifiable Areas 6-10
Special Terrestrial Vegetation Feature, Outstanding Tree, 6-11
or Virgin Stand
Wetlands 6-13
Special Terrestrial Wildlife Feature 6-19
Air Quality 6-21
iii
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Page
Noise Levels 6-22
National Register Historic or Archaeologic Site or District 6-23
Non-National Register Historic or Archaeologic Site or 6-25
District
Primary and Secondary Visual Resources 6-27
Macroscale Socioeconomic and Transportation Conditions 6-29
Adjacent Land Uses 6-32
Floodplains 6-34
State Lands 6-36
Federal Lands 6-37
Soil Subject to Erosion 6-38
Steep Slopes 6-39
Prime Farmlands 6-40
Significant Non-Prime Farmland 6-41
Unstable Slopes 6-42
Lands Subject to Subsidence 6-43
Lands Capable of Producing Acid Mine Drainage 6-44
Appendix A. Aquatic Biota A-l
Appendix B. Terrestrial Biota B-l
Appendix C. Reclamation Techniques C-l
Appendix D. Air Quality Impact Review D-l
Appendix E. Acknowledgments and Authorship E-l
Glossary GL-1 M
Metric Conversions GL-32
Bibliography BB-1
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LIST OF TABLES
Table page
2-1 Streamflow records • 2-3
2-2 West Virginia water quality criteria 2-5
2-3 Proposed West Virginia water quality criteria 2-6
2-4 Water quality data 2-10
2-5 Sources of public drinking water supplies 2-32
2-6 Stream classification in the Basin 2-35
2-7 Sediment loads for selected streams 2-44
2-8 Miles of streams affected by acid mine drainage 2-46
2-9 Mine-affected streams 2-47
2-10 Coal mine related discharges 2-50
2-11 Effects of time, season, and mining on water quality 2-53
2-12 Summary of aquifer characteristics 2-59
2-13 Iron, pH, chloride, and hardness concentrations in groundwater 2-73
2-14 Fish species that are indicators of water quality 2-83
2-15 Macroinvertebrate indicator species for BIA's 2-85
2-16 WVDNR-HTP indicator species for BIA's 2-89
2-17 WVDNR-HTP rare and endangered West Virginia fish 2-93
2-18 Land use/land cover inventory for the Basin 2-99
2-19 Species of animals of special interest (WVDNR-HTP) 2-114
2-20 Game animals in the Basin 2-117
2-21 Surface temperature inversions 2-127
2-22 Elevated temperature inversions 2-127
2-23 Wind direction and speed 2-128
2-24 Atmospheric stability, Pasquill Class A 2-129
2-25 Atmospheric stability, Pasquill Class B 2-130
2-26 Atmospheric stability, Pasquill Class C 2-131
2-27 Atmospheric stability, Pasquill Class D 2-132
2-28 Atmospheric stability, Pasquill Class E 2-133
2-29 Atmospheric stability, Pasquill Class F 2-134
2-30 Atmospheric stability, all Pasquill Classes 2-135
2-31 Temperature, precipitation, and wind data at Elkins 2-138
2-32 Precipitation data at Buckhannon 2-139
2-33 Precipitation data at Clarksburg 2-140
2-34 Precipitation data at Mannington 2-141
2-35 Temperature data at Buckhannon 2-142
2-36 Temperature data at Clarksburg 2-143
2-37 Temperature data at Mannington 2-144
2-38 Total suspended particulates in and near the Basin 2-149
2-39 Dustfall in and near the Basin 2-150
2-40 Sulfur dioxide in and near the Basin 2-151
2-41 Ambient concentration limits that define the AQCR areas 2-154
2-42 Ambient noise levels 2-157
2-43 Chronology of known prehistoric cultures 2-161
2-44 Historic and Archaeological sites of the Basin 2-171
2-45 Primary visual resources in the Basin 2-189
2-46 Demographic profile of the Basin 2-211
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Table
Page
2-47
2-48
2-49
2-50
2-51
2-52
2-53
2-54
2-55
2-56
2-57
2-58
2-59
2-60
2-61
2-62
2-63
2-64
2-65
2-66
2-67
2-68
2-69
2-70
2-71
2-72
2-73
2-74
2-75
2-76
2-77
2-78
2-79
2-80
2-81
2-82
2-83
2-84
2-85
2-86
2-87
2-88
3-1
3-2
3-3
3-4
3-5
Population in the Basin, 1950 to 1980
Rates of growth/decline, 1950 to 1980
Population projections
Total mining employment
Rate of growth of mining employment
Total employment
Rate of growth in total employment
Wage and salary employment, by sector
Wage and salary employment, percentage by sector
Employment and income
Travel sales, wages and employment
Annual visitation of recreation areas in the Basin
Housing characteristics
Miles of highways by type
Cost of coal haul road improvements
Railroads with track in the Basin
General revenues and expenditures
Distribution of revenues and expenditures
Definitions of terms
Per capita general revenues and expenditures
Health care facilities
School enrollment
Recreation larid use and ownership
Federal recreational facilities
National natural landmarks
State recreational facilities
Recreational facility descriptions
Park and Recreation Commissions
Status of planning
Land by slope class
National Flood Insurance Program participation
Major land owners in the Basin
Land development characteristics
Mapped landslide areas in the Basin
USGS 1:24,000-scale quadrangles with floodplain data
Major soil series in the Basin
Status of soil surveys in the Basin
Prime farmland soils in West Virginia
Criteria for depositional environments
Stratigraphic column of coal-bearing rock (minable coal
ASTM classification of coal
Coal seams associated with acid-producing overburden
2-212
2-213
2-215
2-217
2-218
2-220
2-221
2-222
2-223
2-224
2-229
2-231
2-232
2-239
2-242
2-244
2-248
2-249
2-250
2-252
2-257
2-259
2-261
2-263
2-267
2-271
2-273
2-274
2-280
2-285
2-287
2-291
2-294
2-304
2-306
2-307
2-310
2-313
2-318
seams) 2-327
2-331
2-334
Sources of data for analysis of mining activity in the Basin 3-3
Coal production in the Basin and State (short tons) 3-5
Coal production in the Basin and State (percentages) 3-6
Surface mining in the Basin and State 3-7
Coal production by method in the Basin and State 3-8
vi
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Table page
3-6 Coal production by method in the Basin and State 3-10
3-7 Surface mining data for the Basin 3-14
3-8 Surface mines of the Basin - 3-18
3-9 Underground mines of the Basin 3-34
3-10 Selected coal preparation plants 3-41
3-11 Raw waste characteristics of coal preparation plant water 3-74
3-12 Coal mining cost variation for surface contour mining 3-81
3-13 Estimated operating costs and capital investment for
underground mining methods 3-84
3-14 Reported incremental cost increases by specific requirements 3-85
3-15 1976 US coal consumption by region and sector 3-97
3-16 1985 US coal consumption by region and sector 3-98
3-17 Bituminous coal prices, F.O.B. mines, by state 1955-1976 3-102
4-1 Current existing source effluent limitations 4-38
4-2 New source effluent limitations 4-40
4-3 New source performance standards 4-46
4-4 Federal ambient air quality standards 4-47
4-5 Nondeterioration increments by area class 4-48
4-6 Emissions subject to PSD revision 4-49
4-7 Overlapping EPA and USOSM responsibilities for resource
protection 4-58
4-8 Circular A-95 clearinghouses in West Virginia 4-63
5-1 Composite characterization of untreated AMD 5-10
5-2 Contaminant levels in drinking water 5-12
5-3 Water quality parameters affecting groundwater 5-16
5-4 Results of embryo-larval bioassays on coal elements 5-25
5-5 Summary of BIA waters in the Basin 5-29
5-6 Non-sensitive streams in the Basin 5-36
5-7 Aquatic biological and chemical survey and monitoring
requirements 5-42
5-8 Examples of aquatic biological survey and monitoring programs 5-46
5-9 Adverse and beneficial impacts of coal mining 5-52
5-10 Impact mechanisms on wildlife 5-53
5-11 Activities related to mitigations for terrestrial biota 5-62
5-12 Mitigations for impacts on terrestrial biota 5-66
5-13 Habitat requirements of wildlife for reclamation planning 5-68
5-14 Requirements and values for grasses and herbs 5-71
5-15 Requirements and values for shrubs and vines 5-72
5-16 Requirements and values for trees 5-73
5-17 Estimated emission rates for construction equipment 5-86
5-18 Efficiency of dust control methods for unpaved roads 5-88
5-19 Dust emission factors from coal operations 5-89
5-20 Comparison of intensity, sound pressure level, and common
sounds 5-90
5-21 Measured noise levels of construction equipment 5-92
5-22 Results of noise surveys of coal-related facilities 5-93
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Table Page j
5-23 Health impacts of average noise levels 5-95
5-24 Employment thresholds for significant mining impacts 5-116
5-25 Soils with potential limitations for reclamation - 5-150
5-26 Examples of AMD treatment processes and costs 5-195
6-1 Aquatic resources, data sources 6-4
6-2 Terrestrial resources, data sources 6-15
6-3 Directory of Regional Planning and Development Councils in
West Virginia 6-31
APPENDIX TABLES
A-l Fish collected in the Basin by WVDNR A-2
A-2 Descriptions of WVDNR fish sampling stations A-18
A-3 Fish collected in the Basin by Hocutt and Stauffer A-22
A-4 Aquatic Macroinvertebrates found in the Basin A-25
A-5 Number of macroinvertebrate taxa present and percent of
individuals in each of three sensitive categories A-32
A-6 Diversity values and number of macroinvertebrate taxa found
during 1970 to 1979 at 31 stations in the Basin A-34
B-l Ecoregions of the Basin B-4
B-2 Comparisons of vegetation classification schemes B-10
B-3 Species of amphibians and reptiles in the Basin B-17
B-4 Species of mammals in the Basin B-19
B-5 Orders and families of birds in the Basin B-21
B-6 Birds considered to be animals of scientific interest B-23
D-l Sample work sheet D-5
viii
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LIST OF FIGURES
Front Pocket Maps:
Land Use/Land Cover
USGS Quadrangle Overlay
Figure page
1-1 Major sub-basins in the Monongahela River Basin 1-2
1-2 New Source NPDES Review Process 1-6
2-1 Water quality sampling stations 2-30
2-2 Public water supplies in the Basin 2-34
2-3 Water quality limited streams in the Basin 2-38
2-4 High quality streams in the Basin 2-39
2-5 Trout streams in the Basin 2-40
2-6 Lightly buffered streams 2-41
2-7 Critical streams 2-43
2-8 Hydrogeologic regions of the Basin 2-58
2-9 Yields of wells in the Basin 2-63
2-10 Hydrogeologic region 1 2-64
2-11 Hydrogeologic region 2 2-65
2-12 Hydrogeologic regions 3, 4, and 5 2-66
2-13 Pottsville group data 2-67
2-14 Potential for developable groundwater resources 2-68
2-15 Location of shallow saline waters 2-70
2-16 Geologic cross-section 2-71
2-17 Sulfate concentrations and distance relationships in the
Basin 2-75
2-18 Major forest types of West Virginia 2-101
2-19 Significant species and features in the Basin 2-105
2-20 Black bear breeding areas 2-109
2-21 Principal fossil fuel power plants in West Virginia 2-126
2-22 Climatological monitoring stations 2-137
2-23 Air quality control regions 2-146
2-24 Ambient air monitoring stations in or near the Basin 2-152
2-25 Air quality non-attainment areas 2-155
2-26 Distribution of Late Middle Woodland cultures 2-166
2-27 Distribution of Late Prehistoric cultures 2-167
2-28 Distribution of cultures having had European contact 2-168
2-29 Historical and archaeological sites 2-187
2-30 Primary visual resources in the Basin 2-198
2-31 Examples of primary visual resources 2-200
2-32 Examples of secondary visual resources 2-201
2-33 Examples of visual resource degradation 2-203
2-34 Human resources and land use impacts 2-206
2-35 1970 population distribution 2-209
2-36 1970 population density 2-210
2-37 Major highways 2-238
2-38 Coal haulroads 2-241
2-39 Railroads 2-245
2-40 Per capita general revenues by county 2-254
2-41 Monongahela National Forest 2-265
ix
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page
2-42 Land owned by companies and individuals • 2-290
2-43 Physiography 2-296
2-44 Topography 2-297
2-45 Steep slopes 2-299
2-46 Landslide and rockfall diagram 2-301
2-47 Landforms prone to landslides 2-302
2-48 Landslide incidence by county 2-303
2-49 Geologic time scale 2-315
2-50 Carboniferous rocks in the eastern US 2-316
2-51 Depositional model for peat-forming environments 2-317
2-52 Coastal and back-barrier deposits 2-319
2~53 Generalized vertical sequence 2-321
2-54 Northern and Southern Coalfields of West Virginia 2-322
2-55 Geology of the Basin 2-323
2-56 Structural geology of the Basin 2-324
2-57 Stratigraphic cross-section 2-326
2-58 Toxic overburden 2-336
2-59 Potential significant impact areas 2-340
3-1 Coal production in the Basin 3-4
3-2 Surface mine locations in the Basin 3-13
3-3 Unclassified surface mines 3-32
3-4 Underground mine locations 3-39
3-5 Coal preparation plant locations 3-40
3-6 Sequence of operations for box cut contour surface
mining 3-45
3-7 Typical box cut contour mining operation 3-46
3-8 Typical block cut contour mining operation 3-47
3-9 Sequence of operations for block cut contour mining 3-48
3-10 Flow diagram of haulback mining method 3-50
3-11 Haulback mining methods 3-51
3-12 Low-wall conveyor haulage mine layout plan 3-53
3-13 Low-wall conveyor haulage scheme 3-54
3-14 Coal losses from auger mining 3-56
3-15 Mountaintop removal mining method 3-58
3-16 Cross-ridge mining method 3-60
3-17 West Virginia head-of-hollow fill 3-62
3-18 Cross sections of head-of-hollow fill 3-63
3-19 Illustration of Federal Valley fill 3-64
3-20 Cross sections of Federal Valley fill 3-65
3-21 Methods of entry to underground coal mines 3-67
3-22 Typical room and pillar layout 3-68
3-23 Cut sequence for continuous mining system - five
entry heading 3-70
3-24 Typical longwall plan 3-71
3-25 Typical coal cleaning facility 3-73
3-26 Coal preparation plant process 3-75
3-27 Construction cost vs. capacity for AMD treatment plant 3-86
3-28 Installed pipe costs 3-88
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure page
3-29 Filter costs - 3-88
3-30 Pond costs 3-89
3-31 Flash tank costs 3-90
3-32 Capital costs of installed pumps 3-90
3-33 Capital costs of lime treatment 3-91
3-34 Capital costs of clarifier 3-91
3-35 US consumption of coal by end-use sector 3-96
3-36 Selected coal prices 3-103
4-1 Organization of WVDNR, 1979 4-6
4-2 Prospecting permit procedure 4-10
4-3 Unsuitable lands petition procedure 4-12
4-4 Unsuitable lands inquiry procedure 4-13
4-5 Principal WVDNR mining permit review process 4-22
4-6 WVDNR mining reclamation bond release procedure 4-28
4-7 Prevention of significant deterioration areas 4-50
5-1 Theoretical hydrographs 5-4
5-2 Biologically important areas and unclassified areas in the
Basin 5-34
5-3 Non-sensitive areas in the Basin 5-38
5-4 Leq versus distance from major noise sources at typical coal
mine and preparation plant 5-94
5-5 Mean subsidence curves 5-164
5-6 Relationship of surface subsidence/seam thickness to panel
width/depth 5-165
5-7 Acid-base account, Bakerstown Coal 5-173
5-8 Acid-base account, Freeport Coal 5-174
5-9 Plan view of contour surface mine 5-178
5-10 Cross-section views of contour surface mine 5-179
5-11 Minimum pH value for complete precipitation of metal ions
as hydroxides 5-193
5-12 Hydrogeologic cycle and mine drainage 5-198
6-1 Regional Planning and Development Councils in West Virginia 6-30
APPENDIX FIGURES
A-l WVDNR fish sampling stations A-17
A-2 Macroinvertebrate sampling stations A-37
B-l Ecoregions of West Virginia B-3
B-2 Ecological regions of West Virginia B-6
B-3 Deciduous forests in West Virginia B-7
B-4 Potential natural vegetation in West Virginia B-8
XI
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LIST OF FIGURES ^
Figure page
B-5 Types of forest vegetation in West Virginia - B-9
B-6 Forest regions of the Basin B-12
B-7 Forest regions of the Basin B-13
B-8 Forest types of the Basin B-15
B-9 Existing forest types of the Basin B-16
C-l Examples of structural mitigation for terrestrial biota C-3
C-2 Sample planting plan for establishment of cottontail rabbit
habitat on surface-mined areas C-8
C-3 Sample planting plan for establishment of bobwhite quail
habitat on surface-mined areas C-9
C-4 Sample planting plan for establishment of ruffed grouse
habitat on raountaintop removal site C-10
D-l Nomograph for determining ground-level concentrations from
point sources of air pollutants D-9
xii
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ACRONYMS & ABBREVIATIONS
AASHTO American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials
AQCR Air Quality Control Region
ARC Appalachian Regional Commission
ARDA Appalachian Regional Development Act
ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
BACT Best Available Control Technology
BIA Biologically Important Area
BOD Biochemical Oxygen Demand
Btu British Thermal Unit
CAA Clean Air Act
CEQ National Council on Environmental Quality
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
CMHSA Coal Mine Health and Safety Act of 1969
CWA Clean Water Act, P.L. 92-500 (as amended)
dB decibels
dBA decibels (A-scale)
EA Environmental Assessment
EELUT Eastern Energy and Land Use Team (USFWS)
EIS Environmental Impact Statement
EO Executive Order (of the President)
EPA Environmental Protection Agency
FEMA Federal Emergency Management Agency
FHA Federal Housing Administration
FHwA Federal Highway Administration
xiii
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FHBM Flood Hazard Boundary Map
FIRE Fire, Insurance, and Real Estate
FIRM Flood Insurance Rate Map
FONSI Finding of No Significant Impact
FPM Floodplain Management
FR Federal Register
FWPCA Federal Water Pollution Control Act
g/dscm grains per dry standard cubic meter
gr/dscf grains per dry standard cubic foot
gpm gallons per minute
HSA Health Systems Agency
mgd million gallons per day
MM million short tons
NAAQS National Ambient Air Quality Standards
NACD National Association of Conservation Districts
NEPA National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, P.L. 91-190
NFIP National Flood Insurance Program
NHPA National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
(US Department of Commerce)
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NRHP National Register of Historic Places
NSPP New Source Permit Program
NSPS New Source Performance Standards
P.L. Public Law (of the United States)
ppm parts per million
xiv
-------
PSD Prevention of Significant Deterioration
PSIA Potentially Significant Impact Area
RPDA Regional Planning and Development Act (West Virginia)
RPDC Regional Planning and Development Councils (in West Virginia)
SAM Spatial Allocation Model
SAT Scholastic Aptitude Test
SCMRO Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Operation
SCS Soil Conservation Service (US Department of Agriculture);
also listed as USDA-SCS
SEAM Social and Economic Assessment Model
SHPO State Historic Preservation Officer
SID Supplemental Information Document
SIP State Implementation Plan (for Attainment of Air Quality)
SMCRA Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act
STAT Statutes (of the United States)
STORET Storage and retrieval data base system maintained by EPA
STP Sewage Treatment Plant
SWRB State Water Resources Board (West Virginia): also listed as WVSWRB
TDS Total Dissolved Solids
TSP Total Suspended Particulates
TSS Total Suspended Solids
TVA Tennessee Valley Authority
UMWA United Mine Workers of America
USAGE United States Army Corps of Engineers
USACHP United States Advisory Council on Historic Preservation
USBEA United States Bureau of Economic Analysis
(US Department of Commerce)
xv
-------
USBLM United States Bureau of Land Management
(US Department of the Interior)
USBM United States Bureau of Mines
USBOR United States Bureau of Outdoor Recreation, now the'Heritage
Conservation and Recreation Service
(US Department of the Interior)
USC United States Code
USDA United States Department of Agriculture
USni United States Department of the Interior
USDOC United States Department of Commerce
USDOE United States Department of Energy
USDOT United States Department of Transportation
USEIA United States Energy Information Agency
USERDA United States Energy Research and Development Administration
USFmHA United States Farmers Home Association
USFS United States Forest Service (US Department of Agriculture)
USFWS United States Fish and Wildlife Service
(US Department of the Interior)
USGAO United States Government Accounting Office
USGS United States Geological Survey (US Department of the Interior)
USHCRS United States Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service
(US Department of the Interior)
USHUD United States Department of Housing and Urban Development
USICC United States Interstate Commerce Commission
USMSHA United States Mining Safety and Health Administration
USOSM United States Office of Surface Mining
(US Department of the Interior)
USOTA United States Congress Office of Technology Assessment
xv i
-------
VA Veterans Administration
vint vehicle miles traveled
WV West Virginia
WVAPCC West Virginia Air Pollution Control Commission
WVDC West Virginia Department of Commerce
WVDCH West Virginia Department of Culture and History
WVDE West Virginia Department of Education
WVDES West Virginia Department of Employment Security
WVDH West Virginia Department of Highways
WVDM West Virginia Department of Mines
WVDNR West Virginia Department of Natural Resources; Divisions include:
WVDNR-Reclamation
WVDNR-Water Resources
WVDNR-HTP (Heritage Trust Program; recently renamed Natural
Heritage Program)
WVDNR-Wildlife Resources
WVDNR-Parks and Recreation
WVGES West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey; Divisions include:
WVGES-Archaeology Section
WVGS (West Virginia Geological Survey)
WVGOECD West Virginia Governor's Office of Economic and Community
Development
WVGOSFR West Virginia Governor's Office of State-Federal Relations
WVHDF West Virginia Housing Development Fund
WVHSA West Virginia Health Systems Agency
WVPSC West Virginia Public Service Commission
WVRMA West Virginia Railroad Maintenance Authority
WVSCMRA West Virginia Surface Coal Mining and Reclamation Act
WVSHSP West Virginia Statewide Health Systems Plan, 1979
WVURD West Virginia University Office of Research and Development
-------
-------
1.0. INTRODUCTION
This Supplemental Information Document presents the comprehensive
technical basis for standard environmental reviews of New Source coal mine
permit applications that are required by NEPA and CWA. EPA will use
information in this document to evaluate New Source coal mine applications.
Specifically, the information in this document will "...provide
sufficient evidence and analysis for determining whether to prepare an
environmental impact statement or a finding of no significant impact
(FONSI)..." [40 CFR 1508.9(1)] before a New Source coal mining permit can be
issued by EPA. A "...Finding of No Significant Impact means a document by a
Federal agency briefly presenting the reasons why an action [EPA's issuance
of the permit]...will not have a significant effect on the human environment
and for which an environmental impact statement therefore will not be
prepared..." (40 CFR 1508.13).
EPA has chosen to comply with NEPA when evaluating New Source coal mine
permits in West Virginia on an areawide basis. The State of West Virginia
has been divided into seven areas which encompass the major river basins
with coal reserves. This document concerns one of the basins, the
Monongahela River Basin (Figure 1-1). The characteristics of the seven
basins vary, but the manner in which EPA will evaluate and issue New Source
permits will be consistent from basin to basin.
The procedure for reviewing New Source coal mine applications involves
the use of three principal information sources which include: an Areawide
Environmental Assessment (EA) with map, as included in the front of this
document; this Supplemental Information Document; and a series of 1:24,000
scale environmental inventory map sets. For each topographic quadrangle,
in addition to a Base Map, the environmental data are mapped on three
overlays. The SID and environmental inventory map sets were prepared
together. They provide detailed geographical information on known environ-
mental resources potentially affected by New Source mining activity and form
the basis of the EA.
The EA map divides the Monongahela River Basin into three types of
environmentally sensitive areas. The first type is called "Potentially
Significant Impact Areas" (PSIA's). These areas are the most sensitive to
New Source coal mine impacts. Permit applications for mines in PSIA's
automatically will require detailed NEPA review to evaluate possible
measures or alternatives to prevent or minimize adverse impacts. An EIS may
be required for a New Source coal mine proposed in a PSIA.
Regions shown on the EA map as "Mitigation Areas" contain specific,
sensitive resources that will require careful application of mitigative
measures that may translate into New Source permit conditions. If
mitigative measures appropriate for the sensitive resources are agreed upon
1-1
-------
Figure I-1
MAJOR SUB-BASINS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(WAPORA 1981)
Elk/Creek XyTygart Vallciy
I
0 IO
W*POR*,INC.
1-2
-------
by the applicant and EPA, the properly conditioned New Source permit can be
issued under the Basinwide EA/FONSI. Alternatively, if the applicant can
demonstrate that no impact will occur, the permit can be issued without
additional conditions under the Basinwide EA/FONSI.
The third type of area found in the Basin is the "FONSI" area, where
this evaluation process has determined that mining will have no significant
adverse impacts, provided that all other local, State, and Federal permit
requirements are satisfied. These FONSI areas assume that New Source
Performance Standards and other regulations will be adequate to maintain
water quality, associated biota, and other environmental resources.
In each case, notice of the proposed New Source application will be
circulated to the public and to interested agencies. EPA will consider
carefully all comments received prior to issuing the permit, and will
mandate avoidance of adverse impacts in so far as practicable.
The SID is intended to have a user orientation. Section 2.0. presents
environmental setting information for those functional areas which EPA has
determined can be affected by New Source mining (i.e., resources which are
both significant and sensitive). Section 3.0. discusses New Source mining
activities ("the proposed action") and highlights mining activity locations
and practices from an historical, current, and future perspective. Section
4.0. describes the numerous current and proposed regulatory constraints on
mining. Section 5.0. assesses the impacts of mining on the resources
discussed in Section 2.O., mitigative measures are put forward to the extent
possible. Section 6.0. summarizes these impacts and mitigative measures and
translates this information into program guidance for EPA evaluations of New
Source coal mining permits applications. This program guidance is presented
in the form of summary sheets specific to the potentially affected resource.
Additional forms and guidelines necessary for EPA to conduct its New Source
permit evaluation program are included with these summary sheets. Specific
contacts, including office names, addresses, and phone numbers needed for
the program also are attached. Mechanisms to update EPA1s information base
on a periodic basis are set out. Lastly, appendices have been reserved for
key data files and other auxiliary information referenced in the SID.
The information contained in this SID, in combination with the
1:24,000-scale environmental inventory map sets, is the foundation for an
environmental review process. This process has been designed to avoid
unnecessary delays, to utilize existing information and data files when
available, and to rely upon other in-place mechanisms and regulatory
techniques to implement EPA's congressional mandate under CWA, NEPA, and
other laws. Consequently, the SID user not only is referred to other SID
sections quite frequently, but is directed to other agencies and programs
whenever possible. In this manner, EPA feels confident that its
environmental mission is being furthered, while National energy objectives
are being met and the absolute minimum requirements for additional
information are being imposed on the mining industry.
1-3
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BACKGROUND OF THE NEW SOURCE PROGRAM
With the enactment of P.L. 92-500, the Federal Water Pollution Control
Act Amendments of 1972 (now known as the Clean Water Act), it became a
National goal to achieve "fishable and swimmable" waters throughout the
United States by July, 1 1983. By 1985 there is to be no discharge of
pollutants into navigable waters. To achieve these ends, Section 402 of the
CWA law established the "National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System"
or NPDES.
To implement this system, a permit program was developed which
established effluent discharge limitations for existing point sources of
pollution, according to category of discharge or industry. The performance
standards for existing sources were followed by stricter limitations for
"New Sources," which also are being issued industry by industry.
Because they are point sources of pollution, coal mines must meet NPDES
standards. All coal mines that begin construction after January 12, 1979
are subject to the New Source Performance Standards. If they propose to
discharge wastewater into surface waters, they must meet these Standards.
New Source coal mines include three basic categories of operation
established by the EPA regulations: new coal preparation plants, new surface
or underground mines, and substantially new mines. First, new coal
preparation plants, independent of mines, are considered New Sources as of
January 12, 1979, unless there were binding contractual obligations to
purchase unique facilities or equipment prior to the January 12 promulgation
date. Second, surface and underground mines that are assigned identifying
numbers by the US Mine Safety and Health Administration subsequent to
January 12 1979, automatically are considered to be New Sources, again
unless there were binding contracts prior to that date. Third, other mines
may be regarded by EPA as "substantially new" operations for NPDES permits,
if they:
• Begin to mine a new coal seam not previously extracted by
that mine
• Discharge effluent to a new drainage area not previously"
affected by that mine
• Cause extensive new surface disruption
• Begin construction of a new shaft, slope, or drift
• Make significant additional capital investment in
additional equipment or facilities, or
• Otherwise have characteristics deemed appropriate by the
EPA Regional Administrator to place them in the New Source
category. Numerous existing mines may qualify as
1-4
-------
"substantially new." The determination of whether a mine
is a New Source will be conducted case by case, based
largely on the information supplied with the permit
application to EPA.
Congress, through the Clean Water Act, has determined that the New Source
Permit Program is a "major Federal action" and falls under the mandate of
the National Environmental Policy Act of 1969, Section 102(2)(C), which
states:
[All agencies of the Federal Government shall] include in
every recommendation or report on proposals for legislation
and other major Federal actions significantly affecting the
quality of the human environment, a detailed statement [an
Environmental Impact Statement] by the responsible official
on:
i. the environmental impact of the proposed action
ii. any adverse environmental effects which cannot be
avoided should the proposal be implemented
iii. alternatives to the proposed action
iv. the relationship between local short terms uses of
man's environment and the maintenance and enhancement
of long-term productivity, and
v. any irreversible and irretrievable commitments of
resources which would be involved in the proposed
action should it be implemented.
NEPA binds EPA to a comprehensive environmental permit review process
for coal mining applications in West Virginia, as long as it administers
NPDES permits (Figure 1-2). The New Source NPDES program offers
significantly enhanced opportunity, as compared with the Existing Source
program, for:
• Public and inter-agency input to the Federal NPDES permit
review process before mine construction begins
• Effective environmental review and consideration of
alternatives that may avoid or minimize adverse effects
• Implementation of environmentally protective permit
conditions on mine planning, operation, and shutdown.
Additionally, NEPA reviews can assist substantially in maintaining and
protecting the present environmental, aesthetic, and recreational resources
of the coal regions of West Virginia.
Congress, by enacting the Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of
1977, also established a National environmental, public health, and safety
regulatory scheme for surface coal mining and reclamation operations. Under
1-5
-------
AREAW1DE
FINDING OF NO
SIGNIFICANT
IMPACT
ISSUE
OR
DENT
PERMIT
Figure 1-2 EPA NEW SOURCE NPDES PERMIT NEPA REVIEW
PROCESS FOR THE COAL MINING POINT SOURCE
CATEGORY
1-6
-------
the SMCRA, detailed environmental protection performance standards
applicable to the coal industry are to be applied through a phased,
comprehensive regulatory program. The permanent regulatory program (44 FR
15311-15463; March 13, 1979) requires more detailed Federal standards than
those set in the initial, interim program, and they are to be imposed
through a permit system.
The SMCRA permit program for privately owned lands in the future may be
delegated to the States, upon approval by the Secretary of the Interior.
However, mining activity on Federal lands will continue to require Federal
agency review. Most coal lands in West Virginia are privately owned.
The EPA is currently working with the US Office of Surface Mining in
the Department of the Interior to develop procedures for coordinating the
New Source NPDES environmental review process for coal mining industry
applications with the similar permit review mandated for those mines
regulated by USOSM under SMCRA. This coordination will reduce potential
duplication of requirements and will contribute to an efficient and
comprehensive review process.
Currently, EPA issues NPDES permits in West Virginia. Section 402(a)5
of the Clean Water Act authorizes the EPA Regional Administrator to delegate
the permit program to any State "which he determines has the capability of
administering a permit program which will carry out the objective of this
Act". The State of West Virginia is working to obtain delegation and may be
ready to issue NPDES permits sometime in 1981.
NPDES permits issued through delegated State programs are not
considered significant Federal actions. Hence they are not subject to NEPA
review. The procedure used by EPA in implementing the New Source NPDES
permit program NEPA reviews in West Virginia, therefore, is expected to be
an interim procedure until the State assumes the program.
The mandated NEPA review has culminated in the attached Areawide
Environmental Assessment of New Source Coal Mining in the Monongahela River
Basin. The basic goal of this SID and any subsequent environmental reviews
associated with NPDES permits is to maximize compatibility between the
mining industry and environmental values. EPA has determined that for West
Virginia "...the most effective way to comply with NEPA on New Source coal
mine permits is to assess new coal activity on an areawide basis. (An)
environmental analysis...will document the full range of impacts... apply
NEPA effectively to new mining operations and at the same time avoid
significant disruption to the permitting of new and needed operations that
are environmentally sound" (41 FR 19840, May 13, 1976).
EPA recognizes the serious pollution problem posed by abandoned mines
in West Virginia. Therefore it expects to expedite its permit review
process to accommodate with priority any application for the re-mining of
abandoned mine sites, so long as the proposal anticipates that wastewater
discharges and reclamation will satisfy all the currently applicable
standards.
1- 7
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-------
2.1 Water Resources and Water Quality
-------
2.1. Water Resources and Water Quality 2-1
2.1.1. Surface Waters 2-1
2.1.1.1. Hydrology 2-1
2.1.1.1.1. Climatic Characteristics 2-1
2.1.1.1.2. Streamflow Characteristics 2-2
2.1.1.1.3. Low Flow Frequency 2-2
2.1.1.1.4. Flooding 2-2
2.1.1.2. State Water Uses and Criteria 2-2
2.1.1.3. Stream Classification 2-31
2.1.1.4. Pollution Sources 2-42
2.1.1.5. Coal Mine Related Problems 2-45
2.1.2. Groundwater Resources 2-56
2.1.2.1. Hydrology of the Basin 2-57
2.1.2.2. Groundwater Quality 2-72
Page
I
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2.1. WATER RESOURCES AND WATER QUALITY
Due to the extensive water quality problems that have existed in the
Monongahela River Basin, a significant amount of information has been
gathered during the past 20 years. However, the rapidly changing conditions
in the Basin render much of the older data useless in terms of assessing
current water quality conditions. Consequently, prime reliance was placed
on data gathered recently, especially during 1979 and 1980 under the
Federal/State 208 and 303 programs and long-term information gathered as
part of the EPA's STORET water quality monitoring program. Analyses were
complicated by the fact that mine-related effects are often highly localized
and temporal in nature. These deficiencies can be overcome only by
investigations that are comprehensive in terms of geographical coverage and
are of sufficient duration to determine long-term trends.
2.1.1. Surface Waters
This section first summarizes hydrologic conditions in the Basin. Then
it reports established water uses, current and proposed State water quality
standards, and stream classifications. It concludes with a review of
pollution problems.
2.1.1.1. Hydrology
The Monongahela River is formed at Fairmont WV, at the confluence of
the West Fork River and the Tygart Valley River. The Cheat River, which
drains the eastern third of the Basin, enters the Monongahela River at Point
Marion, PA. The Youghiogheny River, which drains a small portion of extreme
eastern Preston County, enters the Monongahela River near McKeesport, PA
(Figure 1-1). Together, these streams drain approximately 4,340 square
miles in West Virginia.
The Basin is typically divided into two general physiographic regions:
(1) the western plateau of generally low, rolling topography; and (2) the
Allegheny Mountain section in the east which is comprised of rugged terrain,
narrow deep valleys, and steep slopes. The streams on the western plateau,
especially those in the West Fork River drainage, are generally low gradient
in nature, while those in the Cheat River drainage are high gradient
streams. The principal streams in the Basin are described in detail in
Section 2.1.5.
2.1.1.1.1. Climatic Characteristics. Climatic conditions in the
Monongahela River Basin are discussed in detail in Section 2.4. of this
assessment. In summary, precipitation averages about 50 inches per year
over the entire Basin, ranging from about 40 inches in the northwestern
portion of the Basin to about 70 inches in the southern and eastern portions
of the Basin (Friel et al. 1967).
2-1
-------
Precipitation is well distributed throughout the year, being somewhat fl
higher during the spring and summer months, and lowest during the fall. ™
Heavy precipitation may occur in any month of the year.
2.1.1.1.2. Streamflow Characteristics. Streamflow data -from 43
stations in the Basin show that discharge rates vary greatly and that low
flows were zero during low flow periods in many of the streams (Table 2-1).
High flows are about 20 to 75 times the mean flows.
2.1.1.1.3. Low Flow Frequency. Lowest flows typically occur during
late summer and early autumn (lISGS 1979). The lowest average flow over a
consecutive 7-day period that is expected to recur at 10-year intervals
(7/Q/10) has been adopted as the basis for establishing the West Virginia
water quality criteria. State standards do not apply when streamflows are
below 7/Q/10 values. Empirically derived 7/Q/10 values are not available
for most of the smaller streams, thereby necessitating estimation of this
important parameter. Estimations of 7/Q/10 values typically are taken from
graphs based on drainage area, slope, climate, and geological
considerations. Chang and Boyer (1976) developed a model for the
Monongahela River Basin that has a standard error of approximately 30%.
They reported that the occurrence of limestones decreases the model's
precision significantly.
2.1.1.1.4. Flooding. Major floods occurred in the Monongahela River
Basin in 1888, 1912, 1932, 1939, and 1950. The relationship between coal
mining and flooding is discussed in Sections 2.6., 5.1., and 5.2. of this
report.
2.1.1.2. State Water Uses and Criteria
For all streams in the Basin except the tributaries of the
Youghiogheny, the intended uses as designated by the SWRB are water contact
recreation (e.g., swimming, fishing, etc.), public water supplies,
industrial water supplies, agricultural water supplies, propagation of fish
and other aquatic organisms, water transport (commercial and pleasure
boating), hydropower production, and industrial cooling water. For the
tributaries of the Youghiogheny, the intended uses are water contact
recreation, public water supplies, and propagation of fish and other aquatic
organisms. New dischargers must not render the waterways unsuitable for
the above uses.
Whereas present State water quality criteria (Table 2-2) include only
one (pH) of the four parameters (pH, manganese, iron, and suspended solids)
covered by the EPA New Source Limitations, the proposed State criteria
summarized in Table 2-3 would cover all four (SWRB 1980). The present and
proposed State water quality are similar for dissolved oxygen, pH,
temperature, odor and radiation, but the proposed regulations are more
specific for toxic substances, and have changed based on more current
information for heavy metals and other compounds.
2-2
-------
Table 2-1. Stream flow records for selected streams in the Monongahela River
Basin (Friel et al. 1967, USGS 1979).
Stream and location
of gage
(downstream order)
Tygart Valley R.
near Dailey
Tygart Valley R.
near Elkins
Tygart Valley R.
at Belington
Middle Fork at
Midvale
Middle Fork R. at
Audra
Sand Run near
Buckhannon
Buckhannon River
at Hall
Big Run at Volga
Tygart Valley R.
at Philippi
Tygart Valley R. at
Arden
Tygart Valley R. at
Tygart Dam near
Graf ton
Tygart Valley R. at
Fetterman
Tygart Valley R. at
Colfax
Skin Creek near
Brownsville
West Fork R. at
Brownsville
West Fork R. at
Butchervi-lle
West Fork R. at
Clarksburg
Elk Creek at Quiet
Dell
Salem Fork suhwatershed
No. Ha
Salem Fork subwatershed
No. 9
Salem Fork at Salem
West Fork R. at
Enterprise
1
Drainage
area
| (square
miles)
187
272
408
122
149
14.5
277
6.19
916
945
1,184
1,304
1,366
25.7
102
181
384
84.6
0.29
0.92
8.32
759
Period
of Record
(water
years)
1915-63
1944-to date
1907-to date
1915-42
1942-to date
1947-to date
1915-to date
1941-45
1940-to date
1938-40
1938-to date
1907-38
1939-to date
1945-60
1946-to date
1915-to date
1923-to date
1943-63
1955-60
1956-60
1951-63
1907-16
1933-to date
Maximum
discharge
(cfs)
13,100
13,100
18,400
11,500
9,780
2,000
13,000
473
43,000
31,700
20,000
74,300
22,500
2,280
6,420
18,000
17,800
—
11
25.8
2,280
933
36,500
Minimum
daily
discharge
(cfs)
0
0.1
0.1
0
0.2
0
0.2
0
4.9
11
0
1.2
129
0
0
0
0
0.2
0
0
0
3.4
Average
discharge
(cfs)
345
533
803
282
345
26.4
591
—
1,842
—
2,324
2,599
2,613
41.4
162
299
586
124
0.427
11.9
1,138
-------
Table 2-1. Stream flow records for selected streams in the Monongahela River
Basin (concluded).
I
Stream and location
of gage
(downstream order)
Buffalo Creek at
Barrackville
Monongahela R. at
Lock 15, at Hoult
Deckers Creek at
Morgantown
Monongahela R. at Lock
8, Pt. Marion, PA
Gandy Creek at Horton
Laurel Fork at Wymer
Glady Fork at Evenwood
Dry Fork at Hendricks
Blackwater R. above
Beaver Creek near
Davis
Blackwater R. at Davis
No. Fork Blackwater R.
at Douglas
Shavers Fork at
Cheat Bridge
Shavers Fork at Bemis
Shavers Fork at Flint
Shavers Fork at
Parsons
Cheat R. near Parsons
Cheat R. at Rowlesburg
Big Sandy Creek at
Rockville
Cheat R. near Pisgah
Cheat R. near
Morgantown
Drainage
area
(square
miles)
115
2,388
63.2
2,720
36
44
41
345
58.7
86.2
17.9
57.5
115
124
214
718
972
200
1,354
1,380
Period
of Record
(water
years)
1932-to date
1915-26
1939-63
1946-63
1929-55
1924-26
1924-26
1924-26
1941-to date
1929-32
1921-to date
1929-31
1922-26
1922-25
1924-32
1941-to date
1913-to date
1924-to date
1921-to date
1927-58
1923-25
Maximum
discharge
(cfs)
9,490
91,500
5,680
90,400
550
1,100
1,010
47,000
1,640
7,170
1,020
4,210
—
8,800
16,000
52,100
66,300
21,300
127,000
86,300
Minimum
daily
discharge
(cfs)
0
33
195
0.9
235
3
1
1
5.5
2.3
1.6
2.2
4
11
1.6
3
9 -
10
0.1
13
99
Average
discharge
(cfs)
169
4,143
107
4,484
753
196
—
—
319
549
1,679
2,257
421
2,988
3,190
2-4
-------
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-------
Table 2-3. Proposed West Virginia in-stream water quality standards for
the Monongahela River Basin (SWRB 1980). Where lesser quality is due to
natural conditions, the natural values are the applicable criteria. Footnotes
follow the table.
Parameter
Aluminuml
Ammonia, un-ionized
Arsenic
Barium
Cadmium, soluble^
Standard
Chlorides
Chlorine, total residual^
Chromium, hexavalent
Coliform bacteria, fecal^
Copper
Cyanide
Fluoride
Iron, total5
Lead
Magnesium^
Manganese
Mercury
Nickel"7
Nitrate
Nitrite
Odor, threshold
Organics: Aldrin-Dieldrin
Chlordane
DDT
Endrin
Methoxychlor
PCB
Toxaphene
Oxygen, dissolved
PH
Phenols
£0.05 mg/1
£0.05 mg/1
£1.0 mg/1
£0.8 mg/1
£2.0 mg/1
£5.0 mg/1
£12.0 mg/1 (hardness
(hardness 0-35 mg/1
(hardness 35-75 mg/1
(hardness 75-150 mg/1
150-300 mg/1
<30.0 mg/1 (hardness >300 mg/1 CaC03)
£100 mg/1
£0.01 mg/1
£0.05 mg/1
£200 organisms/100 ml, 30-day geometric mean
£400 organisms/100 ml in >90% of samples over
30 days
£0.005 mg/1
£0.005 mg/1
£1.0 mg/1
£1.0 mg/1
£0.025 mg/1 (hardness 0-100 mg/1
£0.050 mg/1 (hardness 100-300 mg/1
£0.10 mg/1 (hardness >300 mg/1 CaC03)
£0.05 mg/1
£0.2,ug/l unfiltered (£0.5 ug/1 body burden)
£10 mg/1
<1.0 mg/1
£8 at 40°C daily
£0.003 ug/1 (0.3
0.01 jug/1 (1.0
0.001 ug/1 (0.1
0.004 «g/l (0.3
0.03 ug/1
0.001 Aig/1 (2.0
0.005 Mg/1 (1.0
>5.0 mg/1
6-9 pH units
<0.005 mg/1
average
Mg/1 fish
Mg/1 fish
ug/1 fish
ug/1 fish
ug/1 fish
ug/1 fish
burden)
burden)
burden)
burden)
burden)
burden)
2-6
-------
Table 2-3. Proposed West Virginia in-stream water quality standards for
Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Parameter
Radioactivity
Selenium
Silver^
Temperature (daily mean)
Tin
Turbidity
Zinc
Standard
0,000 pCi/1 gross beta activity
<10 pCi/1 dissolved strontium 90
£3 pCi/1 dissolved alpha emitters
£0.005 mg/1
£0.05 mg/1
<5°F rise above natural ambient
£87°F May-November
£73°F December-April
£10 NTU over background of 50 NTU or less
10 NTU plus 10% of background where back-
exceeds 50 NTU
£0.050 mg/1 (hardness 0-150 mg/1 CaC03)
£0.10 mg/1 (hardness 150-300 mg/1 CaC03)
£0.30 mg/1 (hardness 300-400 mg/1
<0.60 mg/1 (hardness >400 mg/1 CaC03)
In addition to these numerical criteria, the proposed regulations
prohibit the following from the waters of the State:
a. Distinctly visible floating or settleable solids, suspended solids,
scum, foam, or oil slides.
b. Sludge deposits of sludge banks on the bottom.
c. Odors in the vicinity of the waters.
d. Taste or odor that would affect designated uses adversely.
e. Concentrations of toxic materials harmful or toxic to people,
aquatic organisms, or other animals.
f. Color.
g. Concentrations of bacteria that may impair or interfere with
designated uses.
h. Matter that would entail unreasonable degree of treatment to yield
potable water.
i. Any other condition that alters the chemical, physical, or
biological integrity of the water.
2-7
-------
Table 2-3. Proposed West Virginia in-stream water quality standards for
Monongahela River Basin (concluded).
trout waters: £0.56 mg/1
2In trout waters: £0.04 jug/1 (hardness 0-75 mg/1 CaCC>3)
£1.2 jug/1 (hardness >75 mg/1 CaCOs)
3In trout waters: £0.002 mg/1
^As determined by mean plate number or membrane filtration on five or
more samples during the 30-day period.
5 In trout waters: £0.5 mg/1
6ln trout waters: £0.005 mg/1
7 In trout waters: £0.05 mg/1
"_>_6.0 mg/1 in trout waters and X7.0 mg/1 in trout spawning areas at all times.
9ln trout waters: <0.01 mg/1
In trout waters:
October-April £50°F daily mean, 55 °F hourly mean
September-May £58°F daily mean, 62°F hourly mean
June-August £66°F daily mean, 70°F hourly mean
In trout waters: £0.54 mg/1
Not applicable to permitted surface mines,to agricultural activities, or
to activities covered by CWA Section 208 Best Management Practices.
2-8
-------
Existing water quality in the Basin was assessed by compiling data from
the EPA STORE! data bank, various USGS reports, and information gathered
during Federal 208 and 303 studies conducted by the State (Table 2-4 and
Figure 2-1). The following parameters were considered to be of greatest
interest because they are most likely to be affected by coal mining:
Parameter Acceptable Range in Stream
Conductivity
pH 6.0-9.0 (SWRB 1980)
Iron less than 1.0 mg/1 (EPA 1976a)
Manganese less than 0.05 mg/1 (EPA 1976a)
Sulfate less than 250 mg/1 (EPA 1976a)
Alkalinity greater than 20.0 mg/1 as CaC03 (EPA 1976a)
Dissolved oxygen 5 mg/1 except in trout waters, 6 mg/1 in
trout waters, 7 mg/1 in trout spawning
areas (SWRB 1977)
The degradation of water quality is to be avoided, according to the
proposed regulations. Existing high quality waters (including trout
streams, streams designated by the Legislature under the Natural Streams
Preservation Act; streams listed by WVDNR-Wildlife Resources [1979] as
having high quality, Federal Wild and Scenic Rivers; all waterways in State
and National Parks, State and National Forests, and Recreation Areas; and
National Rivers) are to have their high quality maintained, unless limited
degradation is allowed (following public hearing) that will not impair
existing uses, will not violate State or Federal water quality criteria,
and will not interfere with attainment of National water quality goals.
With reference to AMD, the proposed regulations require:
• Diversion of surface water and groundwater to minimize the
flow of water into mine workings
• The handling of water in mine workings so as to minimize
the formation and surface discharge of AMD
• The retention of refuse that produces discharge of pH less
than 6.0 outside of waterways
• Handling of acid-producing overburden to minimize AMD
formation
• 24-hour flow equalization of discharge
• Mine closure methods to minimize AMD
• Treatment of AMD where appropriate.
2-9
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-------
Figure 2-1
WATER QUALITY SAMPLING STATIONS IN THE MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN (STORET 1971-1978, Friel and Bain 1971, USGS 1979)
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
NOTE:
STATIONS 75,76,81,82,84,93,123,124,127, 130,1 55,164,185,191, AND 195
HAVE NOT BEEN LOCATED DUE TO INSUFFICIENT INFORMATION.
2-30
-------
Surface waters are used by a number of municipalities within the Basin
as their source of public water supply. Table 2-5 and Figure 2-2 present
municipalities in the Basin and the source of their water supply, whether
surface or underground waters.
2.1.1.3. Stream Classification
The streams of the Basin have been classified in several ways. The
majority of streams in the Basin now meet or are expected to meet the
applicable water quality standards when reasonable measures have been fully
implemented, including the construction of municipal treatment plants and
compliance with NPDES permit conditions. In these streams, controllable
point source effluents are considered to be the principal limiting factor
affecting water quality. Such streams have been designated by the
WVDNR-Water Resources as effluent-limited streams. However, in 46 streams
(see Section 2.1.1.2.) in the Basin, water quality is considered to be
unlikely to meet standards in the foreseeable future even after
implementation of best practical control technology. All of these streams
are affected by acid mine drainage and 14 are also affected by organics.
These streams are categorized as water quality-limited (Table 2-6, Figure
2-3.
High quality streams have been identified by WVDNR-Wildlife Resources
so that consultation with their personnel can occur before construction that
might damage fish resources takes place. High quality streams include
streams with native or stocked trout plus warm water streams (more than five
miles long) that have both desirable fish populations and public use. There
are 163 high quality streams in the Basin (Table 2-6, Figure 2-4).
Trout waters have been designated by the SWRB and are protected by
special water quality criteria for dissolved oxygen, aluminum, cadmium,
iron, magnesium, nickel, silver, tin, residual chlorine, and temperature
(Table 2-2). The trout waters in the Basin are listed in Table 2-6 and
shown on Figure 2-5. The Special Standards for trout waters are to be
applied to all trout streams, whether formally designated or not
(WVDNR-Water Resources 1980).
In the southern and eastern portions of the Basin there are many
streams that have very low alkalinity (less than 15 ppm) and low
conductivity (less than 50 umhos/cm; Table 2-6 and Figure 2-6). These
lightly buffered streams are highly susceptible to pH changes and therefore
are very sensitive to acid mine drainage. Many of these streams support
native trout populations. Streams or watersheds principally affected
include the Buckhannon River and its tributaries above the confluence with
French Creek, Middle Fork River watershed, Shavers Fork and many of its
tributaries, Blackwater River watershed, Red Creek watershed, and Otter
Creek watershed.
The WVDNR-Reclamation adopted surface mining regulations during 1978
under Chapter 20-6 of the West Virginia Code and in conformance with the
2-31
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Figure 2-3
STREAMS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN THAT ARE WATER
QUALITY LIMITED DUE TO MINE DRAINAGE AND ORGANICS
(adapted from WVDNR-Water Resources 1976)
SEGMENTS CLASSIFIED AS WATER
mi..-'' .." QUALITY LIMITED DUE TO MINE
DRAINAGE
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MILES
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-38
-------
Figure 2-4
HIGH QUALITY STREAMS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(adapted from WVDNR - Wildlife Resources 1979)
\
0 10
WAPORA.INC.
2-39
-------
Figure 2-5
TROUT STREAMS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (adapted
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COOPERS ROCK
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a 10
WAPOFA, INC.
2-40
-------
Figure 2-6
LIGHTLY BUFFERED STREAMS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(adapted from WVDNR - Wildlife Resources 1978)
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-41
-------
SMCRA. Included in the proposed regulations are critical streams, defined
as streams with less than 15 ppm methyl orange alkalinity (to pH 4.5) and
conductivity less than 50 umhos/cm. Thus, the definition of critical
streams and low nutrient streams is identical. When surface mining is
proposed in watersheds of such streams, the premining application for a
permit is to contain the results of analyses of samples of the overburden
that is to be encountered. Special measures to prevent stream pollution by
runoff from such overburden may be required from applicants. To date 18
streams have been designated as critical under the proposed regulations in
the Monongahela River Basin (Table 2-6 and Figure 2-7). Other streams in
the Basin also may satisfy the definition of critical streams.
Many streams in the Basin are adversely affected by either active or
abandoned mines. Those most severely affected are categorized as
non-sensitive (Table 2-9; see Section 5.2.). These streams generally have
pH values below 5 and currently support little or no aquatic life. Some
streams appear in more than one category and appear to reflect contradictory
evidence or data of various ages. For instance, over half (29 of 46) of the
water quality-limited streams, which have long-term pollution problems
according to the WVDNR-Water Resources (1975) are considered to be high
quality streams by the WVDNR-Wildlife Resources (1979). Similarly, several
trout streams also appear on the list of water quality-limited streams.
2.1.1.4. Pollution Sources
Mine drainage is the primary origin of point source pollution in the
Basin (see Section 2.1.1.5.). Industrial effluents are not a major problem
in the Basin (WVDNR-Water Resources 1976). Except in portions of the West
Fork drainage, municipal wastes are not a problem (WVDNR-Water Resources
1976).
Non-point sources in the Basin include runoff from mining facilities,
timberlands, agricultural lands, roadways, and urban areas. Sediment
concentrations in streams increase naturally following heavy rains,
particularly in steep slope areas, even under undisturbed conditions.
Timbering, roadbuilding, and other disturbances often increase sediment
concentrations sharply over undisturbed conditions. Sediment loads for
various streams in the Basin are shown in Table 2-7.
Timber harvesting operations can be especially significant sources of
sediment, but they are unregulated under the Clean Water Act. The humus
beneath stands of hemlock and other conifers can yield organic acids to
runoff and create low pH values in some undisturbed streams. Sediment
loads typically are high in the runoff from cultivated fields and heavily
grazed pastures; nitrogen and phosphorus concentrations also may be high in
agricultural runoff. Combined storm and sanitary sewers in urban areas may
overflow during intensive rains.
Only logging and road construction appear to be significant non-point
source problems in the Basin. Pollution from agricultural sources is not a
2-42
-------
Figure 2-7
CRITICAL STREAMS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(WVDNR 1978)
I
WAPORA, INC.
2-43
-------
Table 2-7. Annual sediment loads for selected streams in the Monongahela
River Basin (Friel et al. 1967).
Drainage Average Annual
area (sq. Sediment Load
miles) (tons per sq. mi.)
Tygart Valley River near Beverly
Tygart Valley River at Belington
Shavers Fork at Cheat Bridge
Middle Fork River at Audra
Cheat River at Rowlesburg
Cheat River at Albright
Buckhannon River at Hall
Tygart Valley River near Graf ton
Blackwater River at Hendricks
Monongahela River at Fairmont
Monongahela River near Morgantown
West Fork River at Gypsy
West Fork River at Enterprise
187
408
64
149
972
1,048
277
1,302
138
2,143
2,642
610
759
46.0
135.0
93.0
36.6
85.0
81.0
94.0
31.9
34.0
120.0
146.0
326.0
674.0
2-44
-------
ma^or problem, and urbanized areas comprise only 10% of the total area
(WVDNR-Water Resources 1976). Because 67% of the- Basin is forested, logging
is of special concern and has been identified as one of the causes of
turbidity in Basin streams (WVDNR-Water Resources 1976). Streams that have
been adversely affected by logging activities include Tygart V-alley River,
Shavers Fork, and Blackwater River (WVDNR-Water Resources 1976).
Sedimentation caused by road construction also is a problem, especially in
small streams. Siltation caused by construction of Interstate 79, and
Corridors F, and H have affected a number of streams in the Basin
(WVDNR-Water Resources 1976).
2.1.1.5. Coal Mine Related Problems
Mining is the major source of pollution in the Basin, in fact, the
Basin is considered to be more intensely polluted by mine drainage than any
other ma}or river system in the United States (EPA 1971). Of 6,217 stream
miles in the Basin, 1,368 (22%) are affected by mine drainage (Table 2-8).
Watersheds having the highest percentage of stream miles affected include
Monongahela River, Lower West Fork River, Elk Creek, Lower Tygart Valley
River, and the Lower Cheat River. All had greater than 40% of the stream
miles in their watersheds affected by mine drainage. Streams in the Basin
affected by mine drainage are listed in Table 2-9. Some streams on the list
have improved (e.g., Monongahela River, Booth's Creek, Indian Creek, Elk
Creek); others have gotten worse (e.g., Middle Fork River, North Fork of
Blackwater River); many have remained the same (e.g., Cassity Fork, Roaring
Creek, Deckers Creek, West Run). The lack of improvement is in many cases
due to the large number of abandoned mines in the Basin. Green
International (1979) reported that, in the Monongahela River Basin there
were almost 4,000 abandoned mines (Table 2-10) compared to less than 350
active mines, a ratio of greater than 10:1. Clearly, water quality in the
Basin will not be improved significantly until these abandoned mines are
sealed or reclaimed adequately.
Active mining operations are regulated as point source discharges under
the NPDES permit program. The Nationwide effluent limitations for existing
sources in the coal mining category were last revised during 1977. They
limit the pH level and the concentrations of iron, manganese, and total
suspended solids in the effluent that legally can be discharged by mines and
coal preparation plants. Self-monitoring requirements are imposed on
permittees, who must report the actual values of regulated parameters in
their discharge to WVDNR-Water Resources and to EPA Region III. Enforcement
of the Nationwide effluent limitations is receiving a growing priority in
Region III. Revised regulations are expected to be promulgated in the near
future.
The major problems associated with active and abandoned mine discharges
and other mine facilities and their haul roads are sedimentation, acid mine
drainage, and high levels of iron, manganese, and sulfates.
2-45
-------
Table 2-8. Miles of streams affected by mine drainage in the Monongahela
River Basin (EPA 1971).
Stream
Upper Monongahela River
Buffalo & Paw Paw Creeks
Lower West Fork River
Tenmile Creek
Elk Creek
Upper West Fork River
Lower Tygart Valley River
Middle Tygart Valley River
Buckhannon River
Middle Fork River
Upper Tygart Valley River
Leading Creek
Lower Cheat River
Big Sandy Creek
Upper Cheat River
Shavers Fork
Blackwater River Area
Total Miles
of Streams*
440
260
375
188
182
579
287
470
464
227
521
90
255
312
495
323
749
Miles
Affected
180
42
171
37
96
146
123
140
64
19
22
0
144
68
30
42
44
Ratio miles affected/
Total miles
.41
.16
.46
.20
.53
.25
.43
.30
.14
.08
.04
0
.56
.22
.06
.13
.06
TOTALS 6,217 1,368 0.22
* Estimated values obtained by multiplying the drainage area by
1.5 miles of stream per square mile.
2-46
-------
Table 2-9. Streams in the Monongahela River Basin affected by mining
(after WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1980).
Stream
Barbour County
Buckhannon River
Laurel Creek
Middle Fork River
Sugar Creek of Laurel
Big Run
Cranes Branch
Dick Drain
Fork Run
Perks Run
Wash Run
Brushy Fork
Buckhannon River
Elk Creek
Foxgrape Run
Hacker Creek
Left Branch
Sandy Creek
Simpson Creek
Tygart Valley River
Harrison County
West Fork River
Tenmile Creek
Little Tenmile Creek
Elk Creek
Jones Creek
Rockcamp Run
Tenmile Creek
Elk Creek
Little Tenmile Creek
West Fork River
Little Tenmile Creek
Elk Creek
Simpson Creek
Lewis County
Hackers Creek
Right Fork Stonecoal
West Fork River
Stonecoal Creek
Polluted Length
(Miles)
2.4
4.5
12.0
4.5
1.6
1.2
1.1
2.0
2.0
2.1
5.2
6.6
12.0
3.4
0.5
3.0
14.0
7.0
36.5
39.0
18.0
5.0
11.0
6.0
6.7
6.0
4.0
3.0
29.0
3.8
5.0
8.5
12.6
5.5
35.0
2.0
Area
(Acres)
29.1
10.9
101.8
10.9
0.8
0.6
0.5
1.0
1.0
1.0
3.2
3.2
10.2
0.8
0.2
0.7
25.5
2.5
530.9
520.0
65.5
15.2
46.7
2.9
3.2
2.9
1.9
1.5
386.7
11.5
21.2
20.6
22.9
10.0
212.1
4.8
Pollution Level"
Light
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Heavy
Very Light
Very Light
Very Light
Very Light
Very Light
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Moderate
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Moderate
Heavy
Moderate
Moderate
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Moderate
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Light
Light
Light
Grossly
2-47
-------
Table 2-9. Streams in the Monongahela River Basin affected by mining
(continued).
I
Stream
Polluted Length Area
(Miles) (Acres) Pollution Level"
Marion County
Paw Paw Creek
Buffalo Creek
Pricketts Creek
Pyles Fork
Monongahela River
West Fork River
Tygart Valley River
Monongalia County
Whiteday Creek
Monongahela River
West Run
Dents Run
Deckers Creek
Booth's Creek
Indian Creek
Cheat River
Preston County
Big Sandy Creek
Cheat River (Above Albright)
Lick Run
Pringle Run
Little Sandy Creek
Muddy Creek
Brains Creek
Deckers Creek
Little Sandy Creek
Cheat River (Below Albright)
Sandy Creek
Randolph County
Middle Fork River
Red Run
Taylor Run
Shavers Fork
Grassy Fork
Cassity Fork
Fishing Hawk Creek
Middle Fork Tygart Valley
River
Panthers Run
Roaning Creek
Taylor Run
Tygart Valley River
Unnamed
5.7
23.0
0.4
1.0
11.1
11.5
9.8
3.5
26.5
6.5
4.5
10.2
6.6
9.2
5.8
17.0
19.0
3.7
4.3
7.0
5.0
3.0
7.0
7.0
20.0
7.5
4.7
2.5
1.9
54.6
2.5
2.5
3.6
5.0
4.6
12.1
1.0
5.3
3.5
13.8
83.6
14.5
0.5
664.0
243.9
326.7
23.2
1,492.0
7.9
8.2
24.7
16.0
22.3
298.8
206.1
806.1
1.8
2.1
21 . 2
18.2
7.3
25.5
24 . 2
545.5
13.6
28.5
1.5
1.2
529.5
1.2
1.2
2.2
24.2
1.1
8.8
0.2
70.7
0.4
Light
Light
Light
Heavy
Light
Moderate
Grossly
Light
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Moderate
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly'
Gross! v
Grossly
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Heavy
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
2-48
-------
Table 2-9. Streams in the Monongahela River Basin affected by mining
(concluded).
Stream
Polluted Length Area
(Miles) (Acres)
Pollution Level*
Taylor County
Right Fork of Simpson Creek
Buck Run
Maple Run
Little Sandy Creek
Simpson Creek
Threefork Creek
Tygart Valley River
Raccoon Creek
Tucker County
Cheat River
Black Fork
N. Fk. Blackwater River
Beaver Creek
Blackwater River
Chaffey Run
Hawkins Run
Lang Run
Lost Run
North Fork
Pendleton Creek
Upshur County
Middle Fork River
Bull Run
Mud Lick
Turkey Run
Buckhannon River
Left Fork of Sand
2.5
3.1
2.1
2.1
6.3
9.8
10.0
10.5
21.0
4.0
4.2
11.2
10.4
1.5
1.8
3.1
1.0
2.5
5.6
14.4
4.0
2.6
4.6
13.8
2.4
1.2
1.5
1.0
3.8
3.8
17.8
242.4
19.1
636.4
58.2
3.1
10.9
63.0
0.2
0.2
0.8
0.1
0.9
2.0
122.2
1.9
1.3
2.2
117.1
1.2
Heavy
Heavy
Heavy
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Light
Moderate
Light
Grossly
Light
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Grossly
Light
Moderate
Heavy
Very Light
Grossly
Grossly
* Pollution level is based upon judgement of the Department of Natural
Resources' personnel.
-------
Table 2-10. Coal mine related discharges in the Monongahela River Basin
(Green International 1979).
Sub-basin Watershed
Monongahela River (Mainstem)
Buffalo Creek/Paw Creek
Lower West Fork
Tenmile Creek
Elk Creek
Upper West Fork
Lower Tygart Valley River
Middle Tygart Valley River
Upper Tygart Valley River
Buckhannon River
Middle Fork River
Lower Cheat River
Upper Cheat River
Big Sandy Creek
Blackwater River
Shavers Fork
Snowy Creek/Rhine Creek
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Active mines and abandoned mines represent widespread and significant
sources of non-point pollutants that may affect both surface water and
groundwater. Where reclamation has not been accomplished to replace top-
soil and vegetation on the surface, fractured overburden material offers an
extensive rock surface for oxidation and leaching. As a resul-t various
elements can be dissolved and carried into streams along with sediment.
Sedimentation from active and abandoned mines historically has
contributed to water quality problems in the Basin. It is of special
concern in the Basin because of the large number of trout streams in the
Basin and the number of sensitive fish species presently inhabiting Basin
waters (see Section 2.2.). The sediment load from uncontrolled surface
mines may be 2,000 times greater than in runoff from undisturbed forests
(EPA 1976a).
Abandoned mines eventually are to be reclaimed under the direction of
WVDNR-Reclamation using Federal funds allocated pursuant to the SMCRA.
Some abandoned mines may be reclaimed by mine operators who undertake
remitting or mining adjacent to the abandoned mines.
Water quality varies tremendously throughout the Basin. It is
typically good to excellent in areas where mining is absent or minimal
(e.g., Upper Cheat River, Upper Tygart Valley River), but is often poor or
marginal in areas where mining is heavy. Acid production, high sulfates,
high iron, and sedimentation are the principal concerns. Low pH values are
already a problem in many Basin streams including most of those listed in
Table 2-9. Sampling during 1980 as part of the 303 planning process
identified over 100 streams in which the pH was less than 5. Low pH is of
special concern because of the naturally low buffering capacity exhibited by
many Basin streams. Sedimentation, which historically has been a problem,
is of added concern because of the difficulties associated with controlling
it and the inherent sensitivity of many of the Basin's aquatic organisms to
sedimentation (see Section 2.2.). Because of the extensive surface mining
that has occurred there, the greatest sedimentation problems occur in the
West Fork River watershed (WVDNR-Water Resources 1976). A study by USDA-SCS
indicated that sedimentation rates in the Elk Creek watershed might be as
high as 970 tons per square mile. Several streams in the Elk Creek
watershed (Brushy Run, Stewart Run, and others) already have had their
aquatic habitat severely reduced due to mine-induced sedimentation
(WVDNR-Water Resources 1976). High sulfate levels are a problem in selected
streams throughout the Basin and are a major concern in much of the West
Fork River drainage.
The biggest problem associated with analyzing water quality data is
having sufficient data to analyze problems on a local or specific level.
This problem primarily results from the fact that most of the water quality
sampling stations are located on the major streams of the Basin, and very
few are located on the smaller streams. Thus, the water quality in
mainstems of such streams as the Monongahela River can be described fairly
accurately, but little information is available for smaller streams like
2-51
-------
Stalnacker Run. Unfortunately, it is the smaller streams of the Basin that
are most susceptible to mine-related effects.
The water quality in small streams or watersheds depends on a host of
factors including overburden characteristics, mining and reclamation
practices, and local hydrologic conditions. The water quality in four
small watersheds tributary to the Clear Fork of the Coal River, for
example, was compared by Plass (1975) to ascertain the effects of mining
(Table 2-11). He found that pH increased slightly, iron remained constant,
and sulfate increased after mining. Specific conductance, alkalinity,
bicarbonate, calcium, magnesium, and zinc also increased after mining.
These data, like the ambient data discussed in this report, indicate the
wide seasonal and annual variations for most parameters. Thus, the water
quality impacts of mining in specific local watersheds appear to be
variable, and the quantitative changes in the values of the affected
parameters can be predicted only on the basis of local data.
The following sections describe water quality in the major watersheds
of the Basin with an emphasis on those parameters most likely to be affected
by mining.
Monongahela River
Until the early 1970's the Monongahela River was highly acidic and
supported little aquatic life (see Section 2.2.). Since 1972, however, pH
values have been above 6 and now are regularly between 6.5 and 7.5
(Jernezcic 1978). Sulfate levels are high (100-200 mg/1), but not so high
as to be a major concern. Iron concentrations are also rather high,
typically averaging about 1 mg/1. Concentrations of other metals are low
(USAGE 1976). Overall water quality in the mainstem Monongahela River has
improved to the point where it now supports a substantial sport fishery
(see Section 2.2.).
Dunkard Creek
Water quality in Dunkard Creek is fair to good. pH values are
typically near neutral (7.0) and sulfate concentrations are usually between
50 and 100 mg/1 (STORET file data, 1978-1980). Iron concentrations vary
widely (0.3-18.8) but usually are below 1 mg/1. These fluctuations suggest
that Dunkard Creek receives periodic "slugs" of acid mine drainage.
Buffalo Creek
pH values in Buffalo Creek are typically near or above 7. Sulfate
concentrations are usually quite high, regularly exceeding 100 mg/1 and
often exceeding 200 mg/1 (Table 2-4). Iron concentrations vary widely
(0.3-11.6 mg/1), but are generally near 1 mg/1.
2-52
-------
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West Fork River
Due to intense mining activity throughout much of its watershed, the
West Fork River until recently was severely polluted by acid mine drainage.
Although it still receives significant AMD inputs, its high (r-elative to
other streams in the Basin) buffering capacity has allowed it to recover
substantially. pH values typically are near 7 throughout the length of the
River. Sulfate and iron levels, however, show distinct differences over the
length of the River. Iron and sulfate concentrations in the mainstetn above
Weston WV, although high, are not excessive. Sulfates are generally near 50
mg/1 and iron is usually between 1 and 2 mg/1 (USAGE 1979). Near
Enterprise, sulfates average more than 300 mg/1 and iron over 4 mg/1 (Table
?.-4). The high sulfate levels have caused problems at Clarksburg which uses
the West Fork River as its source of drinking water (WVDNR 1976). These
elevated levels apparently are the result of significant treated and
untreated mine effluents which the River receives from the Simpson Creek and
Tenmile Creek watersheds. Thus, the water quality in the River above
Simpson Creek can be characterized as fair to good, while below Simpson
Creek it is poor.
Tenmile Creek
Water quality in the lower Tenmile Creek is still poor, but, above
Sardis WV, it is fairly good (Verbally, Mr. D. Courtney, WVDNR-Wildlife
Resources to Mr. Greg Seegert, October 1980). pH values are generally not a
problem, but high sulfate and iron concentrations are. Data collected near
Lumberport WV show that sulfates are high (50-400 mg/1) and iron
concentrations regularly exceed 2 mg/1. Recent (1980) data gathered near
Maken WV show much lower levels for these two parameters. Sulfate and iron
concentrations averaged 25 and 0.9 mg/1, respectively (208 program file
data) .
Elk Creek
Water quality data for this watershed is sparse. Data gathered as part
of the 208 program showed pH values of 6.7-8.4, iron concentrations of
0.4-0.9 mg/1, and sulfate concentrations of 360-610 (Table 2-4). Water
quality in the Basin has been characterized as still poor from past AMD
problems but is improving (Verbally, Mr. Dave Elkinton, WVDNR-Water
Resources to Mr. Greg Seegert, October 1980).
Tygart Valley River (TVR)
The TVR has good to excellent water quality above Roaring Creek
(WVDNR-Water Resources 1976). For instance, near Daily WV, pH values were
=7, sulfates were =10 mg/1, and iron concentrations were usually less than
0.5 mg/1. Water quality in the middle and lower reaches varies
considerably. Water quality is generally good in the middle sections of the
River except during low flow periods when acid inputs from a variety of
tributaries can cause significant adverse impacts. For instance, during the
summer of 1980 a severe depression of the pH was observed in the TVR near
Belington with pH values being as low as 4.1 (Zeto 1980). A significant
2-54
-------
fish kill resulted. The principal AMD sources were Grassy Run, Roaring
Creek, Beaver Creek, and Island Run.
Water quality in the lower TVR is generally poor, primarily because of
the acid impacts from the Three Forks watershed (USWFS 1979).- At Colfax WV,
near the mouth of the TVR, the River typically shows the following
characteristics: pH - 6, iron - 0.5 mg/1, and sulfate - 20-40 mg/1.
Buckhannon River
Water quality in the upper portions of the watershed is excellent: pH
values are between 6 and 7, and iron and sulfate concentrations are low.
Alkalinities are very low, often less than 10 mg/1, meaning that the
Buckhannon River is poorly buffered and hence very susceptible to AMD.
Water quality declines rapidly as one proceeds downstream. pH values near
Hall WV are similar to those upstream but sulfates have increased from
<10 mg/1 to 20-50 mg/1, and iron concentrations have increased from 0.4 mg/1
to as high as 3 mg/1. Alkalinities are still quite low (10-15 mg/1).
Middle Fork River (MFR)
The situation in the MFR is very similar to that in the Buckhannon
River. That is, in its upper reaches the MFR is a high quality, poorly
buffered stream, which, because of acid inputs from mine polluted streams,
becomes rapidly degraded as one progresses downstream. Near Adolph WV, the
MFR is a naturally acidic (pH 5-6), lightly buffered stream (alkalinities
<5 mg/1). No evidence of mine pollution is present; sulfates are <10 mg/1,
and iron concentrations are typically 0.1 to 0.2 mg/1 (STORET file data,
1980). Due to acid inputs from Cassity Fork and other smaller tributaries,
the MFR becomes increasingly acidic as one proceeds downstream, and by
Audra WV, pH values below 5 are common.
Three Forks Creek
This stream and much of its watershed is highly polluted by AMD. Iron
concentrations regularly exceed 1 mg/1, sulfates typically exceed 100 mg/1,
and pH values below 4 are common (Table 2-4).
Cheat River
\
The Cheat River above Rowlesburg WV has good to excellent xi/ater
quality; however, between Rowlesburg and Albright WV, a number of acid
pollution tributaries enter the river and severely depress its pH. Above
Rowlesburg, pH values are generally between 6 and 7, alkalinities between 15
and 20 mg/1, sulfates between 15 and 25 mg/1 and iron less than 0.5 mg/1
(Table 2-4). At the Route 73 bridge in Preston County, WV, pH values are
usually below 6 and often below 5, sulfates average 40-50 mg/1 and iron
concentrations are generally between 0.5 and 1.0 mg/1. Streams contributing
the most to this deterioration of water quality include Lick Run, Heather
Run, Pringle Run, Morgan Run, and Muddy Creek.
2-55
-------
Big Sandy Creek
This stream, though adversely affected by AMD, continues to support a
surprisingly diverse aquatic community (see Section 2.2.). Water quality
data suggest that conditions are fairly good (Table 2-4). Recent data
suggest that Little Sandy Creek is the major source of AMD in the watershed
(Table 2-4, 1980, 303 program data).
Blackwater River
The Blackwater River is a naturally acidic, poorly buffered stream.
Above Davis WV, it has pH values between 5 and 6 and low alkalinity,
sulfates, and iron concentrations (Table 2-4). Below Davis, due to AMD
inputs from North Fork and from Beaver Creek, pH values are depressed below
5, and sulfate and iron concentrations are increased.
Shavers Fork
Shavers Fork is another naturally acidic, poorly buffered stream. Many
of its tributaries are too acidic to support any fishery (Menendez 1978).
pH values in the mainstem vary from 5 to 7 depending on time of year with
alkalinities usually near 10 mg/1 (Menendez 1978). This combination of low
pH and low alkalinities makes it highly susceptible to damage from AMD.
Sulfate and iron concentrations are usually low (Table 2-4). Shavers Fork
also has had problems with sedimentation caused by logging operations in the
stream's headwaters (Menendez 1978).
Dry Fork
The Dry Fork watershed has been essentially unmined resulting in high
water quality throughout the Basin. pH values in the watershed are
generally between 5 and 7. The lower pH values, however, are a result of
natural acidity, not AMD. Iron and sulfate concentrations are low (1980 303
program data). Most of the streams in the watershed have alkalinities of
about 20 mg/1, but some (e.g., Red Creek and Otter Creek) have values
considerably below this level. The combination of naturally low pH values
and low to medium alkalinities makes the watershed susceptible to AMD.
2.1.2. Oroundwater Resources
Although surface waters are the maior sources of public water supplies
for the larger communities in the Basin (Table 2-5), groundwater is the
principal source for many of the smaller communities and individual users in
the Basin. The available water supply data (Table 2-5 and Figure 2-2)
indicate that 22 municipal water supply systems rely solely on groundwater
from wells and springs in the Basin. Three other municipal systems are both
groundwater and surface water. Most of these municipal consumers are
located in the northern part of the Basin and use less than 50 thousand
gallons per day. Other large groundwater consumers include mines,
industrial operations, and recreational and institutional facilities.
2-56
-------
Private water supply wells are common in the sparsely populated rural
sections of the Basin.
2.1.2.1. Hydrology of the Basin
The groundwater resources of the Monongahela River Basin generally
occur in sedimentary rocks of Devonian age (395 million years) or younger.
The alluvial sand and gravel deposits in the valleys of the Monongahela
River and its tributaries also contain locally important'groundwater
supplies. Older, deeper strata generally contain saline or brackish
groundwater that locally may occur close to the surface. A rock stratum
that bears groundwater is known as an aquifer.
The value of groundwater as a resource is related mainly to three
factors: the depth at which the water is found; the rate at which it can
flow into a well; and, the quality of the water produced. These
characteristics are governed by geological structures. The Monongahela
River Basin is in the Appalachian Plateau. The western half of the Basin is
underlain primarily by nearly horizontal layers of shales, coal, and
sandstone, and the eastern half of the Basin is underlain primarily by
moderately folded layers of sandstone, coal, and shales (Figure 2-8).
Portions of Tucker and Randolph Counties contain deposits of alluvial sand
and gravel, and limestone (see Section 2.7. for additional geology
discuss ion).
The quality and quantity of groundwater in the Basin generally is
determined by the mineral composition, structure, and depth of the aquifers.
Naturally-occurring minerals, saline and brackish water, and agricultural
and domestic wastes locally can degrade the quality of groundwater.
The aquifers of Basinwide importance generally consist of sandstones
interbedded with thinner strata of coal, shale, limestone, and clay (Table
2-12). Except where they crop out at the surface, permeable sandstone
aquifers are confined above and below by relatively impermeable strata of
clay and shale.
Most wells in the Basin are drilled into rock aquifers. In this type
of well, the water moves to the well through pores between the grains of
the sandstone or through cracks where the rock is fractured. The
sandstones store large quantities of water, but the delivery of adequate
amounts of water to a well depends on the presence of a network of
fractures. The geological characteristics, water yields, and water quality
of the various geological formations in the Basin are summarized in
Table 2-12. The locations of these formations are shown on Figure 2-55,
Section 2.7.
Landers (1976) recognized six regions that characterize the groundwater
regimes of West Virginia. Five of these regions are recognized in the
Monongahela River Basin (Figure 2-8). Landers also mapped the average
yields of wells throughout the State. This map has been adapted to the
2-57
-------
Figure 2-8
HYDROGEOLOGIC SUBREGIONS OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER
BASIN (Landers 1976)
Nearly horfeontal scales
•^'Moderately ~"t
folded sandstone
and co
Near ryVhoriz exit al
with shale and
coal
Alluvial;
sands and gravels
f /'
\
O 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-58
-------
Table 2-12. Summary of aquifer characteristics in the Monongahela River
Basin, West Virginia (Friel and others 1967).
Rock units
Thickness
(feec)
Water yield and development
Water quality
Quaternary aZluviua --
I'nconsol idated river,
lake, and glacial out-
wash deposits of gravel,
sand, clay, and silty
clay. Deposits are
brown, gray, red,
yellov and are gen-
erally pcorly sorted;
ferns semiconfined
aquifer in moat areas.
0-50 Source of a few domestic supplies.
Yields range from less than 1 to 10
gptn and average about 5 gpm. Wells
drilled as deep as SO feet, average
depth 18 feet.
Water soft, low
in dissolved
solids and chlo-
ride; high in
iron.
Dur.kard Group — Permian and Pennsylvanian
Gray, green, and brown
sands tone; red and
varicolored sandy or
liny shale; minor beds
of coal, fire clay,
carbonaceous shale,
and fresh-water lime-
stone: forms confined
aquifer.
0-1,090 Yields adequate for many domestic
and farm supplies and a few small
to moderate industrial supplies
along northwest edge of basin.
Yields of wells range from less
than 1 to 75 gpm and average about
12 gpm. Wells drilled as deep as
321 feet, average depth 77 feet.
Moderate hardness,
] ov in iron and
chloride; mod-
erate amount of
dissolved solids.
Monongahela Group -- Pennsylvanian
Gray and brown sand-
stone, red and vari-
colored sandy and
1im> shale, some im-
portant coal beds;
ninor beds of fresh-
water 1 iaiestone, fire
clay and carbonaceous
shale; fenns confined
aquifer.
0-485 Yields enough water for cany domestic
and farm and small to moderate in-
dustrial aupplies in north-central
part of basin along Monongahela
River. Yields range from less than
1 to 75 gpm and average about 13
gpm. Wells drilled as deep as 385
feet, average deptn 98 feet.
Extensive mining in Monongahela
Group has partly drained some areas;
ground-water conditions stable in
some areas, but continually chang-
ing in areas where heavy mine pump-
age is maintained and periodically
alcared.
Water hard, low
in iron, chlo-
ride, and dis-
solved solids.
Conecaugh Group -- Pennsylvanian
Gray and brown sand-
stone, massive and
coarse-grained at
base; red and gray
sand/ shale, and cal-
careous shale; minor
beds of coal, lime-
stone, fire clay:
forms confined
aquifer.
79-839 Most developed aquifer in the basin.
Adequate yield for domestic, farm,
and small to moderate industrial
supplies throughout central and
western parts of basin. Yields of
wells range from less than 1 to as
much as 400 gpm; however, the aver-
age is about 16 gpm. Highest yields
are reported from wells situated in
valleys and tapping the massive
sandstones at the base of the Group.
Wells drilled as deep as 985 feet,
average depth 107 feet.
Water is moderat-
ely hard, low in
irori, chloride,
and dissolved
solids.
Allegheny Group -- Pennsylvanian
Gray and brown massive 153-300
coarse-grained sand-
stone; sandy shales
and siltstones, s ev-
eral important coals,
minor beds of lime-
stone, and fire clay:
forms confined
aquifer.
Yields adequate for st&all to moderate
industrial and publ ic water suppl les
in central and northeastern part of
baain. Yields of wells range from
less than 1 to 350 gpm and average
about 26 gptn. Aquifer untested in
many areas; also is dev eloped in
many areas where overlain by
Conemaugh Group. Wells drill ed as
deep as 672 faet, average depth Hi
feec. Coal minirg has partly
dra tned some rocks , but ground-wate r
conditions stable in most areas.
Water is moderat-
ely hard , h igh
in iron, and low
in chloride and
dissolved solids.
2-59
-------
Table 2-12. Summary of aquifer characteristics (continued).
Rork units
Thickness
(feet)
Water yield and development
Water quality
pottsvilie Group — Pennsylvania!)
predomiriar.tly massive
conglomcrat ic sand-
stones wirh some inter-
b&dded sandy shales,
shale, thin irregular
end impure coal beds;
end minor beds of
lir.estone: forms con-
fined aquifer.
225-1,155
Yields large quantities of fresh
water of good Duality in central
and northeastern parts of basin.
yields of wells range from less
thin 1 to 250 gpm and average about
-5 gpm. Aquifer is untested in
niany ereasj also is developed In
areas where overlain by Allegheny
Group and lower part of Conetaflugh
Group, Veils drilled as deep as
1,000 feet, average depth 202 feet.
Also known ss "Salt sands" of
drillers. Yields saline (mineral-
ised) water to veils in much of the
western part of the Monongahela
River basin. Unsuitable for use
except possibly for cooling.
Water is soft,
high in iron,
and low in chlo-
ride and dissolved
solids. Water Is
saline in western
part of the basin
Mauch Chunk Group -- Mississippian
Predominantly red and
green shale with
interbedded f ine-
grained micaceous
sandstone, minor beds
of impure 1imestone:
forms confined
aquifer.
48-1,610 Yields enough water for domestic and
fare supplies in southeastern part
of basin. Yields of wells range
from less than 1 to 5 gpm and aver-
age about 3 gpm. Wells drilled as
deep as 193 feet, average depth 115
feet. Yields of 100 to 600 gptn
evailsble from springs in minor
limestone beds.
Water is moderat-
ely hard and is
low in iron and
chloride.
Greerbrier Limestone —- Upper Mississippian
Massive gray limestone,
with interbedded
argillaceous lime-
stone, and thin beds
of red or green cal-
careous shale and
sandstone: forms con-
fined aquifer.
0-430 Source cf large yielding springs
that supply snail to moderately
large industrial supplies. Yields
of springs range from 50 to 1,000
gpm and average 180 gpm. Yields of
veils tapping Greer.brier range from
5 to 100 gpin and average 45 gpm.
Wells drilled as deep as 310 feet,
average depth 107 feet. Aquifer
has relatively small a reel exposure
in eastern part of basin and is
deeply buried and probably of low
permeability in western part.
Water is moderat-
ely hard, extre-
mely low in iron,
chloride, and dis-
solved solids.
Pocono Formation -- Lower Mississippian
Predominantly gray 0-600
massive conglomeratic
sandstone with some
brown eandy shale;
forms confined
aquifer.
Yields of wells range from 4 to 120
gpm and average 45 gpm in eastern
part of basin. Wells drilled as
deep as 322 feet, average depth 100
feet. Pocono has a limited areal
extent in the eastern part of the
basin.
Water is hard end
very low in iron,
chloride, and
d issolved sol ids.
Catekill Formation -- Upper and Middle Devonian
220-1,025
Predominantly red or
greenish-brown sand-
stones and shales:
forms confined
aquifer.
Yields water for domestic, farm, and
email industrial supplies in east-
ern part of basin. Yields of wells
range from less than 1 to 22 gpm
and average 13 gpm. Wells drilled
ss deep as 170 feet, average depth
69 feet.
Water ie moderat-
ely hard, contains
iron and is low in
chloride and dis-
solved solids.
Chemung Formation — Upper Devonian
Predominantly olive-
green, flaggy sand-
stones and shales:
foras confined
aquifer.
105-3,147
Yields adequate for domestic, farm,
and email industrial supplies in
eastern part of basin. Yields of
wells range from less than 1 to 25
gpm and average 16 gpra. Wells
drilled as deep as 325 feet, averagi
depth 83 feet.
Water is soft,
contains iron
end is low in
chloride and
dissolved solids.
-------
Table 2-12. Summary of aquifer characteristics (concluded)
Rock units
Thickness
(feet)
Water yield and development
Hater quality
Brallier Formation — Upper Devonian
Thin, green, flaggy
sandstone, and green
sandy shales: forms
confined aquifer.
801-2,500
Yields adequate for domestic, farm, Water is soft,
and small industrial supplies in contains iron,
eastern part of basin. Yields of is low in chlo-
wells range from less than 1 to 280 ride and dis-
gpm and average 27 gpm. Wells solved solids.
drilled as deep as 572 feet, aver-
age depth 112 feet.
Harrell Shale -- Upper Devonian
Black and dark-brown
fissile shale: forma
confined aquifer.
150-2,500 Yields adequate for domestic, farm,
and small industrial supplies.
Yields of wells range from less
than 1 to 40 gpm and average 20 gpo.
Limited surface exposure in eastern
part of basin. Wells drilled as
deep as 300 feet, average depth
100 feet.
Water is moderat-
ely hard and ia
low in iron and
chloride.
Rocks of Middle and Lover
Devonian undifZerentiated
in this report.
Mostly limestone,
shale, sandstone,
and chert: form
confined aquifers.
Sedimentary rocks
(undif f erent iated in
this report) overly-
ing crystalline base-
ment complex of
precatnbrian age: pro-
bably fo~ confined
aquifer.
Approx. Available data indicate that most of
800-1,800 these deep-lying rocks probably are
poor aquifers, although sandstone
may yield some brine to wells. So
knovn development.
Approx. Rocks probably would yield little
10,000-19,000 water to wells, except snail a=cur.ts
of brine. No kncvn development .
Highly mineralized
brine; unfit for
any ordinary use
except for cool-
ing or as a
source of chemi-
cal elements.
do.
2-61
-------
scale of the Basin (Figure 2-9), and serves as a rough indicator of
available supplies (Figures 2-8 and 2-9 and Table 2-12 also refer to Figure
2-55 in Section 2.7.).
Region 1 includes a small part of the Basin in eastern Tucker County.
The Greenbrier Limestone (Table 2-12) crops out along the limbs and axes of
synclines and anticlines in the Mountain section (Figure 2-10; see Section
2.7.). Ground-water generally occurs in open fractures and solution channels
in limestone aquifers (Figure 2-10). The average well in this region yields
45 gpm and is 107 feet deep (Ward and Wilmoth 1968a).
Region 2 includes most of the eastern third of the Basin in Preston,
Tucker, and Randolph Counties. All of the moderately folded sandstone,
shale, and coal strata of Pennsylvanian, Mississippian, and Devonian age are
included in Region 2, except the Monongahela Group. The average well yields
range from 150 to less than 15 gpm. Depths of wells vary with topographic
position and local geologic structure (Figure 2-11). Recommended maximum
drilling depths are 200 feet in valleys and 300 feet on mountaintops; deeper
wells generally encounter saline or brackish groundwater (Landers 1976).
Regions 3 and 4 generally encompass the western two thirds of the
Basin. They have similar geologic structures (Figure 2-12), Region 3
includes the thick, massive sandstones of the Pottsville group (Figure
2-13). Region 4 largely consists of the shales, clay, coals, and thinner
sandstones of the Conemaugh, Monongahela, and Dunkard Groups. The Allegheny
Group occurs at the surface in both regions.
Wells in the Pottsville group of Region 4 have an average depth of 202
feet and yield of 45 gpm. Yields are substantially higher in Lewis and
Upshur Counties, where the surface exposures of the Pottsville Group
predominate. Wells elsewhere in Regions 3 and 4 have average depths between
77 and 111 feet and average yields between 12 to 26 gpm.
Region 5 includes limited areas with alluvial sand and gravel deposits
in the valleys of Blackwater River and Tygart Valley River (Figures 2-8 and
2-12). Wells in these sediments have an average yield of 5 gpm and an
average deoth of 18 feet (Table 2-5).
Ward and Wilmoth (1968a) studied the hydrogeology of the Basin and
recognized regions of high, moderate, and low yielding aquifers. Large
areas of the Basin, according to Ward and Wilmoth, have moderate- to
high-yielding aquifers with acceptable water quality (Figure 2-14).
High-yielding aquifers can be expected to furnish ample water for the future
development of industrial and municipal water supplies. Domestic supplies
are available everywhere in these areas, which are underlain by sandstone
and limestone with interbeds of coal and shale. These rocks typically yield
50 to 350 epm to individual wells. Valleys in this terrain are more
favorable for development of high-yielding wells than hilltops. Depths of
wells range from less than 50 feet to 1,000 feet and average approximately
130 feet.
2-62
-------
Figure 2-9
AVERAGE YIELDS OF WATER WELLS DRILLED IN THE MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN (Landers 1976)
GALLONS PER MINUTE
fi/fQ LESS THAN 15
I I
I 1 15-50
50-150
2-63
-------
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2-66
-------
Figure 2-13
THE POTTSVILLE GROUP IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(Ward and Wilmoth 1968)
AREA OF EXPOSURE OF THE
POTTSVILLE GROUP
PROBABLE WESTERN LIMIT OF
POTABLE WATER IN POTTSVILLE
GROUP AT DEPTHS LESS THAN
500 FEET BELOW STREAM
VALLEYS
AREAS MOST FAVORABLE FOR
DEVELOPMENT OF POTABLE GROUND
WATER SUPPLIES FROM POTTSVILLE
GROUP YIELD OF INDIVIDUAL WELLS AS
MUCH AS 250 GPM, AVERAGE YIELD 45 GPM
LINE OF GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION
KEYED TO FIGURE 2-16
2-67
-------
Figure 2-14
POTENTIAL FOR DEVELOPABLE GROUNDWATER RESOURCES IN THE
MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (Ward and Wilmoth 1968)
^^H HIGH-YIELDING AQUIFERS
| [ MODERATE-YIELDING AQUIFERS
I I LOW-YIELDING AQUIFERS
2-68
-------
Moderate-yielding aquifers (Conemaugh Group) have good potential for
development of small industrial and community supplies. Domestic supplies
are obtainable nearly everywhere in these areas. Wells located in valleys
yield from 10 to 400 gpm, with an average yield of 21 gpm. Given the proper
hydrogeologic conditions in outcrops of the Conemaugh Group, yields of up to
250 gpm are achieved by drilling 400 to 1,000 feet to tap the Allegheny
Formation and Pottsville Group. Low-yielding aquifers are the least
favorable for development of large industrial and community water supplies.
Individual domestic and commercial water supplies, however, are available in
nearly all of these aquifers. Wells in these areas have an average depth of
88 feet and an average yield of 12 gpm.
Recharge of freshwater aquifers in the Basin generally occurs in zones
of highly fractured rock along the axes of anticlines (Figure 2-56 in
Section 2.7.). Several confined aquifers of Basinwide importance probably
are recharged in the Mountain section of the Basin, especially along the
limbs and axial traces of the Blackwater Anticlines, Deer Park Anticlines,
Etam-Briery Mountain Anticline, Texas Anticlines, and Hiram Mountain
Ant icline.
Recharge of Mississippian and younger aquifers (Figure 2-56 in Section
2.7.) also occurs along the Chestnut Ridge Anticline in the north central
part of the Basin. This groundwater recharge generally reduces the
concentration of chloride in aquifers of the Pottsville Group that crop out
along the anticline (Ward and Wilmoth 1968a). Salinity in the Basin is
related to the body of very salty sea water several hundred feet under the
fresh water aquifer which was trapped during past geological ages. The
effect of this layer of saline water can be seen in the high sodium chloride
contents of some wells as shallow as 100 feet. The salt content increases
with depth, until at depths of several hundred to 1,000 feet very
concentrated brines can be found (Figures 2-15 and 2-16). Salinity of
groundwater in Mississippian aquifers increases in a northwest direction
across the Basin.
Both underground and surface coal mines can disrupt local water
supplies by dewatering aquifers that are encountered in the course of
mining. For example, blasting can fracture rock strata and create new flow
patterns. Underground mines constitute major voids where water can flow
much more rapidly than in ordinary fractures and between the grains of
overlying rocks. The water that accumulates in mines is a nuisance or
hazard for the mine operator, who must pump or otherwise drain it to provide
access to his workings, thus insuring a continuing drawdown during active
mining operations.
Surface mines can increase the rate of flow from a hillside by inter-
cepting water at the highwall. The effect mining has on groundwater move-
ment varies with distance; this relationship, in turn, is very much affected
by local geologic conditions. The magnitude of the effect depends both on
the rate of change in water movement through the system and on the presence
of water supply wells in the affected zone. Well levels and yields vary in
2-69
-------
Figure 2-15
LOCATION OF SHALLOW SALINE WATERS AND OIL AND GAS FIELDS,
AND RELATIVE SALINITY OF GROUNDWATER IN PRE-DEVONIAN ROCKS.
(Ward and Wilmoth 1968)
122
, I0
— •" lla
SHALLOW, SALTY GROUNDWATER
LESS THAN 90 METERS
(300 FEET) BELOW LAND
SURFACE
OIL AND GAS FIELDS (ADAPTED
FROM WV-GES 1958 AND 1962)
LINES OF EQUAL DENSITY, IN GRAMS PER
CUBIC CENTIMETER, OF BRINES BELOW
THE DEVONIAN SHALES (ADAPTED FROM
A MAP BY HOSKINS 1949)
A' LINE OF GEOLOGIC CROSS SECTION
KEYEDTO FIGURE 2-16
2-70
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response to pumpage rates and recharge rates; hence, it historically has
been difficult to establish unequivocally the effects of mining on nearby
water supplies. Full implementation of the Surface Mining Control and
Reclamation Act of 1977 and the West Virginia Surface Coal Mining and
Reclamation Act of 1980 should assure that adequate data on local ground-
water supplies are collected prior to mining, so that probable impacts can
be anticipated, and mitigations can be implemented for individual mines (see
Section 4.0.).
2.1.2.2. Groundwater Quality
Groundwater quality is determined by several factors (see Section 5.1.,
Tabe 5-3"). Minerals can be picked up by surface water as it passes through
the ground to the water table. Pumping can draw upward the highly saline
water layer existing at lower depths. Various materials can be dissolved in
the surface water before it enters the ground, including materials added to
the water by acid mine drainage. Groundwater in the Basin generally is of
sufficient quality for potable use.
The aquifers of the Basin generally yield sodium-calcium bicarbonate
water. Weak carbonic acid solutions are formed as water infiltrates the
ground and comes in contact with carbon dioxide produced during the natural
decomposition of organic material. Weak carbonic acid solutions infiltrate
and react with the limestone, shale, clays, and certain other minerals to
leach sodium, calcium, and magnesium which react further to form bicarbonate
ions.
Iron, manganese, and other constituents also are leached by acidic
waters. The dissolved iron content of groundwater is inversely
proportional to pH, being typically about 2 mg/1 at pH 6 and under 0.2 mg/1
at pH 8. Iron also is present in well water in suspended form, at highly
variable concentrations which may be several times the dissolved iron
concentrations. Total iron concentrations in the range of 10 to 60 mg/1
are found occasionally under natural conditions, but iron in excess of 0.3
mg/1 is considered objectionable for household use because it imparts a
poor taste to the water and stains laundry. Manganese typically is
dissolved, and generally is present in the range of 10 to 50% of the
dissolved iron content. Manganese can cause stains and bad taste in
drinking water when present in excess of 0.05 mg/1. Because of taste and
staining problems, the Safe Water Drinking Act specifies that iron and
manganese concentrations in public water supplies not exceed 0.3 and 0.05
mg/1, respectively.
Table 2-13 shows the concentrations of several key groundwater
parameters that occur in the major geological formations in the Basin. Iron
concentrations are high enough in many places in the Basin to require
treatment (Ward and Wilmoth 1968). The aquifers that contain the highest
iron concentraitons are the Quaternary alluvium, and the Allegheny and
Pottsville Formations (Table 2-13). The occurrence of saline water below
the streams throughout much of the western portion of the Basin limits the
2-72
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occurrence of fresh groundwater to relatively shallow depths (Ward and
Wilraoth 1968 and Figure 2-15). Most of this saltwater contamination of
shallow aquifers is apparently a result of natural causes; however, leakage
from oil and gas wells and disturbance from underground mining activities
may be contributing factors (Ward and Wilmoth 1968).
Sulfate is of special concern, because at concentrations above 250 mg/1
it can cause diarrhea. Most wells and springs in the Basin with more than
100 mg/1 sulfate in the water were receiving drainage from mines within a
few hundred feet, and all wells and springs with sulfate concentrations
greater than 250 mg/1 (the US drinking water standard) were located near
sources of AMD (Rauch 1980). Rauch suggested that as a general rule, most
wells and springs with more than 100 mg/1 sulfate were being contaminated by
AMD, and that most wells and springs with less than 100 mg/1 are either not
affected or are not significantly contaminated.
The correlation between underground mining activity and sulfate
concentration was assessed for the Clothier and Wharton USGS 1:24,000-scale
quadrangles encompassing sections of Boone and Logan Counties in the
Coal/Kanawha River Basin. Sulfate data for 35 wells in that area were
obtained from a USGS study of mines which had been operating for at least
six months based on WVDM permit records. Figure 2-17 is a correlation plot
relating the sulfate concentration in well water to the distance between the
well and the nearest underground mine. It can be seen that 78% of the wells
that were less than 1.6 miles from an underground mine had a sulfate
concentration of 10 mg/1 or more, whereas 82% of the wells that were over
1.6 miles from a deep mine had less than 10 mg/1 of sulfate. Such an
obvious skewing of the data indicates a strong possibility of mine-related
increased sulfate concentration in the groundwater in the vicinity of
underground mining activity. These findings, though not in this Basin, have
bearings on the Monongahela River Basin situation.
Water containing hydrogen sulfide with its characteristic "rotten eggs"
odor also can be a problem. Specifically, Adrian WV, Parsons WV, and areas
south of Rlkins have experienced hydrogen sulfide problems (Ward and Wilmoth
1968).
Groundwater pollution from coal mining can be either direct or
indirect. The water in wells downhill or downgradient from a mine can be
affected directly by groundwater that flows through pits, ponds, or
underground pools and from infiltration through spoil or gob piles.
Blasting can initiate indirect leakage of ponded drainage from old
underground mines in the same or different coal seams as those being mined.
AMD in groundwater typically undergoes a greater degree of acid
neutralization and iron precipitation than in surface water, because it
moves much more slowly away from the mine and has opportunity for contact
with carbonate minerals such as calcite and dolomite. Because sulfate
ordinarily remains in solution and is not precipitated, it is often a good
indicator for mine contamination. Rauch (1980) reported that all wells and
springs in the Basin with sulfate concentrations exceeding 250 mg/1 were
located near sources of AMD.
2-74
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1,000
en
UJ
_
CO
too
10
in
CJ
• •
i I
OVER 2 5 km
FROM MINE
UNDER 2.5km
FROM MINE
S04
UNDER
9 mg/l
14
3
S04
OVER
9 mg/l
4
14
-9 mg/l S04
DISTANCE FROM DEEP MINE(km)
Figure 2-17
RELATION BETWEEN SULFATE IN WELL WATER AND
DISTANCE FROM DEEP MINE IN BOONE AND LOGAN
COUNTIES, WEST VIRGINIA (Morris etal. 1976)
2-75
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Underground mines have been shown to produce drainage characterized by
low pH, high iron, and high sulfate, based on the reaction of FeS2
(pyrite) exposed to air and water by mining activity to produce an iron
sulfate-sulfuric acid solution. Such a solution could enter an aquifer
either through fractures or directly where the aquifer is exposed by the
mining activity. The acidic solution is neutralized rapidly by materials
such as limestone, resulting in an increase in the hardness of the
gorundwater but not affecting the elevated sulfate content. The iron
generally is removed by precipitation as a hydrated ferric oxide or a
ferrous carbonate, depending on its state of oxidation. Limestone is
present over portions of the Basin, but its absence locally could prevent
the neutralization of mine acid. Springs and very shallow wells are more
likely to be affected by surface mine drainage than are cased wells deeper
than 30 feet (Rauch 1980).
2-76
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2.2 Aquatic Biota
-------
Page
2.2. Aquatic Biota 2-77
2.2.1. Stream Habitats 2-77
2.2.2. Biological Communities 2-81
2.2.2.1. Criteria for Biologically Important Areas 2-81
2.2.2.1.1. Trout Waters 2-82
2.2.2.1.2. Areas of High Diversity 2-82
2.2.2.1.3. Streams Containing Macroinverte-
brate Indicator Species 2-84
2.2.2.1.4. Areas Containing Species of
Special Interest 2-88
2.2.2.1.5. Areas of Special Interest 2-88
2.2.2.1.6. Nonsensitive and Unclassifiable
Areas 2-90
2.2.2.2. Application of the Criteria and Limitations
of the Data 2-90
2.2.2.2.1. Trout 2-91
2.2.2.2.2. Fish Diversity 2-91
2.2.2.2.3. Macroinvertebrate Indicator
Species 2-92
2.2.2.2.4. Species of Special Interest 2-92
2.2.2.2.5. Areas of Special Interest 2-94
2.2.3. Erroneous Classification 2-94
-------
2.2. AQUATIC BIOTA
The Monongahela River Basin historically has been one of the most
severely polluted watersheds in the United States. Acid mine drainage has
been the primary source of this pollution, affecting 1,368 str-eam miles
(22%) out of a total of 6,217 miles in the Basin (WVDNR-Water Resources
1976). Recently, however, better mining techniques, new water quality
regulations and strict enforcement of old regulations, and reclamation of
abandoned mine sites have combined to produce significant improvements in
the Basin's water quality. Areas showing dramatic improvements in water
quality, and thus aquatic life, within the past 10 years include the lower
Tygart River (especially Tygart Lake), much of the West Fork drainage, and
the mainstem of the Monongahela River. Despite these impressive gains, poor
water quality still adversely affects aquatic life in many Basin streams. A
more detailed discussion of water quality in the Basin is given in Section
2.1.
2.2.1. Stream Habitats
The Monongahela River drains 7,340 square miles, 4,128 of which are in
West Virginia. The Basin is comprised of four major rivers: the West Fork
River, Tygart Valley River, Cheat River, and the Monongahela River. These
major drainages can be divided into 15 sub-basins as follows (Figure 1-1).
Monongahela River
The Monongahela River is formed at Fairmont WV by the confluence of the
West Fork and Tygart Valley Rivers. The 37-mile section of the Monongahela
River in West Virginia is used throughout its length as a commercial
waterway. A minimum seven foot channel is maintained using three
navigational lock-and-dam structures. Until the late 1960's, the river was
too acidic to support all but the most tolerant forms of aquatic life. At
the Maxwell Lock and Dam, located approximately 40 miles below Morgantown,
the number of fish species collected increased from 0 in 1967 to 16 in 1973
(USAGE 1976).
A substantial sport fishery has recently developed on the Monongahela
River. For instance, in 1978 and 1979 a total of 22 bass fishing tourna-
ments were held in the Opekiska Pool (Jernejcic and Courtney 1980). The
mainstem of the river has two tributaries that drain in excess of 100 square
miles: Dunkard Creek and Buffalo Creek.
Dunkard Creek
Dunkard Creek is 47 miles long and drains 227 square miles, about half
of which are located in West Virginia. It is a low gradient stream that
supports a good muskellunge and an excellent smallmouth bass fishery
(Verbally, Mr. D. Courtney, WVDNR-Wildlife Resources to Mr. G. Seegert,
November 1980).
2-77
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Buffalo Creek
Buffalo Creek is 30 miles long, drains 125 square miles, and has an
average fall rate of 16 feet/mile. Its lower half has a very low gradient,
falling only 5 feet/mile in the section from Mannington to Fairmont WV
(WVDNR- Water Resources 1976). Buffalo Creek has been adversely affected by
acid mine drainage and domestic wastes (Menendez and Robinson 1964).
Fishing pressure, mainly for smallmouth bass and panfish, is light to
moderate (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1971).
West Fork River
The West Fork River, which originates in southwestern Upshur County WV,
flows northward for 103 miles before joining with the Tygart Valley River
just south of Fairmont WV, to form the Monongahela River. The West Fork
River is a low gradient stream (fall rate averages only 7 feet/mile) that
drains 881 square miles. Much of this drainage was intensely polluted by
mining in the past, and high sulfate and iron concentrations are still a
problem throughout most of the watershed (see Section 2.1.). The West Fork
River between Weston and Clarksburg, WV now supports an excellent sport
fishery for smallmouth bass (Verbally, Mr. D. Courtney, WVDNR-Wildlife
Resources to Mr. G. Seegert, November 1980). Two tributaries drain over 100
square miles: Elk Creek and Tenmile Creek.
Elk Creek
Elk Creek, which has its source in west-central Barbour County WV is
the longest tributary to the West Fork River, flowing approximately 32 miles
before joining it in Clarksburg WV. It falls rapidly during its first five
miles, but during its last 20 miles, it falls at only 4 feet/mile. The
river drains 121 square miles. The area in the drainage has been
intensively mined with over 200 existing or abandoned sites identified
(Green International 1979). Although grossly polluted in the past, its
water quality has improved to the point where it occasionally produces some
catches of smallmouth bass (Verbally, Mr. D. Courtney, WVDNR-Wildlife
Resources to Mr. G. Seegert, November 1980).
Tenmile Creek
In terms of drainage area (132 square miles), Tenmile Creek is the
largest tributary to the West Fork River. It is 28 miles long and has an
average gradient of 12 feet/mile. Its watershed contains over 100 active or
abandoned mines and the lower portions of Tenmile Creek (below Sardis WV)
are still grossly polluted. Above Sardis, however, water quality improves
considerably and a fair warmwater fishery exists (Verbally, Mr. D. Courtney,
WVDNR-Wildlife Resources to Mr. G. Seegert, November 1980).
Tygart Valley River
The Tygart Valley River originates in northern Pocahontas County WV
just east of Mace WV. It is 130 miles long and drains 1,435 square miles.
2-78
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The river alternates periodically between high gradient, rough, turbulent
sections and broad, placid, meandering sections (WVDNR-Water Resources
1976). Water quality above Roaring Creek is generally good (USFWS 1979).
Until recently, acid mine drainage from Roaring Creek and several other
tributaries caused the lower Tygart Valley River to have low pH values,
generally below 6.O., thus preventing the establishment of any significant
fisheries (Jernejcic 1978). Improvements during the 1970"s have progressed
to the point where the river now supports a substantial warmwater sport
fishery. Tygart Lake, an impoundment located near the Taylor-Barbour County
line, has gone from being a very unproductive fishery during the 1960's
(Benson 1976) to possessing a good fishery for several warmwater species and
an excellent fishery for walleye (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1976-1979). The
Tygart Valley River has three tributaries that drain more than 100 square
miles: the Buckhannon River, the Middle Fork River, and Three fork Creek.
Buckhannon River
The Buckhannon River originates east of Pickens in Randolph County, WV.
It is 55 miles long and drains 310 square miles. From its source to
Hampton, WV it is a high gradient, turbulent stream; from Hampton to Century
Junction it is smooth-flowing and placid; and, from Century Junction, WV to
its mouth it is again rough and rapid. Many of the streams in the upper
portion of the watershed are native trout streams. The lower portions of
the river produce fair to good fishing for smallmouth bass and muskellunge
(WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1977). Green International (1979) reported that
there were -.nore than 500 active or abandoned mines in the watershed. Acid
mine drainage has limited the success of the fisheries of the Buckhannon
River (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1977).
Middle Fork River
The Middle Fork River is approximately 30 miles long and drains 151
square miles. It is a coldwater, high gradient stream that supports trout
throughout much of its length. Many of its tributaries support native brook
trout populations. A naturally low pH and low alkalinities make this stream
highly susceptible to acid mine drainage.
Three-Fork Creek
Three-Fork Creek begins in Preston County, WV and flows for about 20
miles before entering the Tygart Valley River about two miles below the dam
in Grafton, WV. This stream and many of its tributaries are badly polluted
by acid mine drainage and generally are devoid of aquatic life (USFWS
1979).
Cheat River
The Cheat River is the largest tributary to the Monongahela River,
draining over 1,400 square miles. In contrast to the low gradient streams
comprising most of the West Fork drainage and much of the Tygart Valley
drainage, the majority of the streams in the Cheat River drainage are high
2-79
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gradient streams typically flowing through narrow, V-shaped valleys. Water
quality in the upper portions of the drainage is generally good whereas it
is poor in the lower portions of the drainage. The mainstem of the Cheat
River from its source at the confluence of the Blackwater River and Shavers
Fork River to Pringle Run has good water quality and supports a wide variety
of fish and tnacroinvertebrates. Below Pringle Run, inputs from a number of
•mine- polluted streams lower the pH in the raainstem of the Cheat River to
such a degree that only the most acid tolerant fish species are present
(Westinghouse Electric Corporation 1975). Lake Lynn (Cheat Lake) is
similarly affected. Tributaries draining more than 100 square miles are Big
Sandy Creek, Blackwater River, Dry Fork River, and Shavers Fork River.
Big Sandy Creek
Big Sandy Creek, which has its source in Fayette County PA, is the
largest northern tributary to the Cheat River draining 203 square miles.
The upper portion of this stream is generally low gradient in character
(approximately 10 feet/mile). This contrasts dramatically with the portion
between the mouth of Big Sandy Creek and the mouth of Little Sandy Creek
where the fall rate averages 77 feet/mile (WVDNR-Water Resources 1976).
This lower section plunges through gorges with 1,000 foot high walls. Three
cataracts between 10 and 20 feet high also are found in this section.
Although the watershed has been degraded by past mining activities, the
mainstem of the Big Sandy River supports a diverse warmwater fish fauna
(Menendez and Robinson 1964).
Blackwater River
The Blackwater River has its source in Canaan Valley State Park in
Tucker County WV. It drains 142 square miles and is 31 miles long. The
Blackwater River above the mouth of the Little Blackwater River is a low
gradient stream with an average fall of only 8 feet/mile. Between the
Little Blackwater River and Beaver Creek the rate of fall averages 20
feet/mile. Below Beaver Creek the gradient increases dramatically to over
100 feet/mile, and the river, now tumultuous in nature, is confined to a
narrow gorge filled with huge boulders. Extensive mining in the Beaver
Creek and North Fork River watersheds have not only destroyed the fish faun;
in these streams, but have severely affected fish populations in the
mainstem of the Blackwater River. Above the mouth of Beaver Creek several
tributaries to the Blackwater River contain native brook trout.
Dry Fork River
The Dry Fork River is 40 miles long, drains 502 square miles, and has
an average fall rate of 54 feet/mile. The watershed is composed mainly of
coldwater streams, many of which contain populations of native brook trout.
Water quality is good to excellent throughout the watershed. Because of
naturally low pH values and the poor buffering capacity of most streams in
the watershed, this area is highly susceptible to damage from acid mine
drainage.
2-80
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Shavers Fork
Shavers Fork is 83 miles long, drains 213 square miles, and has an
average fall rate of 35 feet/mile. It is one of the heaviest stocked and
fished trout streams in the State (Menendez 1978). Natural reproduction of
brook and rainbow trout occurs in the headwaters of the stream and in many
tributaries. Smallmouth bass are common in its lower reaches. It is poorly
buffered (alkalinities 10-12 mg/1) and naturally acidic (pH 5-7), a
combination making it very sensitive to inputs of acid water (Menendez
1978).
2.2.2. Biological Communities
Fishes and macroinvertebrates collected in the Basin are summarized in
Appendix A, Tables A-l, A-3, and A-4. The locations of these sampling
stations are shown in Appendix A, Figures A-l and A-2. The locations of the
fish sampling stations are described in Table A-2. The data presented in
these Tables are discussed later in this section-and section 5.2.
In the following sections descriptions are given for the criteria which
were used to determine biologically significant areas in the Monongahela
River Basin. These criteria then are applied to existing data in order to
categorize the waters and watersheds of the Basin.
2.2.2.1. Criteria for Biologically Important Areas (BIA's)
In order to determine aquatic-related impacts which ultimately can be
expected as a result of coal mining in the Basin, it is necessary to
identify both those aquatic resources that are inherently sensitive to coal
mining activities (e.g., trout streams) and those that contain exceptional
or highly diverse faunal assemblages. The areas that warrant the greatest
degree of protection when new sources of wastewater discharge are proposed
are designated are as Biologically Important Areas (BIA's). BIA's are
subdivided into Category I (sensitive) and Category II (extremely sensitive)
types on the basis of sensitivity to mine-related pollutants, stream size,
mine-waste assimilation capacity, and other available information. The
purpose of this classification of streams and their watersheds is to flag
areas where the best available data indicate the presence of significant
biological populations sensitive to mining impacts.
Any system that attempts to establish the environmental worth of an
area or resource is, of necessity, based on scientific judgment and
constrained by available data. For this document, prime reliance was placed
on classification systems that used quantitative data (e.g., diversity
indices) and on traditionally accepted indicators of high value (e.g., trout
streams, rare or unusual species). Areas generally were considered
Biologically Important (either Category I or Category II) if they met one or
more of the criteria defined in the following paragraphs.
2-81
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2.2.2^.1.1. Trout Waters (Criterion 1). Trout require a habitat of
high water quality in which to live and breed, and are highly sensitive to
mining impacts. For example, concentrations of iron greater than 1.37 mg/1
are known to affect trout adversely (Menendez 1979), and trout eggs and
larvae are harmed by pH values of 6.5 or less (Menendez 1976)". Increased
sedimentation resulting from mining also has an adverse impact on spawning
by smothering eggs, which, under natural conditions, are laid in oxygen-rich
gravel substrates. Thus, because the presence of trout is an indication of
high water quality, trout waters, both native and stocked, are designated as
BIA's. In order to protect any stream or lake known to contain trout, it
also is necessary to preserve water quality in all tributaries adjacent to
or upstream from the segment containing trout. Therefore, the entire
watershed above a trout stream or lake normally is considered to be a BIA.
Table 2-14 presents fish species, including trout: that can be used as
indicators of good water quality, along with a number of species that are
often indicators of poor water quality.
2.2.2.1.2. Areas of High Diversity (Criterion (2). To determine the
quality of the aquatic biota at those fish sampling stations in the Basin
for which quantitative data were available, Shannon-Weaver diversity indices
and equitability indices were calculated. The Shannon-Weaver diversity
index (d) measures both species richness (i.e., the number of species
present) and the distribution of individuals among those species—the higher
the value of d, the better the condition of the aquatic environment. The
diversity index theoretically can range from 0 to Iog2 N where N = the
total number of individuals captured. In practice d typically ranges from 0
to 4.0. Values greater than 3.0 are indicative of unpolluted conditions
(Wilhm 1970).
Equitability (e) measure the component of diversity affected by the
distribution of individuals among species. In unpolluted habitats most
species are represented by only a few individuals, whereas in polluted
environments there typically are few species but many individuals of each
species. The measure of equitability is calculated by the formula e =
S^/S where S = number of taxa in the sample and S^ = the hypothetical
number of taxa as calculated_ by Lloyd and Ghelardi (1964) using the
MacArthur (1957) model for d. Values of e generally range from 0 to 1;
those greater than O.R usually indicate unpolluted conditions (Wilhm 1970).
BIA's were identified for this assessment where one or both of the
following conditions were met:
• At least 50 specimens and at least 4 species were
captured, and the diversity value was >3.0
• At least 50 specimens and at least 4 species were
captured, and the equitability value was <0.8.
There are certain Imitations associated with these indices; however,
unusual or atypical events (such as ineffective sampling techniques,
2-82
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Table 2-14. West Virginia fish species determined to be indicators
of water quality as defined by sensitivity to turbidity and sedi-
mentations (WAPORA 1980; data from Pfeiger 1975, Clay 1975, Trautman
1957, and Scott and Grossman 1973). See footnote for definitions.
Ichthyomyzpn bdellium
I. unlcuspis
Lampetra aepyptera
L_._ lamoCtei
Polyodon spathula
Lepisosteus osseus
Anquilla rostrata
Alosa chysochloris
A. pseudoharengus
Dprosoma cepedianun
D. petenense
Hiodon alosoides
H. tergisus
Salmo gairdneri
S^ trutta
Salvelinus fontinalis
Esox amerlcanus
_E._ luclus
E. masquinongy
Campostoma anoroalum
Cyprinus carpio
Ericymba buccata
Exoglossum larvae
Climostomus funduloldes
Hybopsis aestivalis
H. amblops
H. dlssimills
H. storeriana
Nocomia micropogon
W._ platyrhynchus
Notemlgonus crysoleucas
Notropis albeolus
N. atherlnoldes
N. blennius
N. buchanani
N. chrysocephalus
N. cornutus
N. dorsalis
N. hudsonlus
N. photogenis
N. rubellus
N. scabriceps
N. spilopterus
N. stramineus
N. telescopus
N. umbratalus
N. volucellus
NT whipplei
Phenacobiiis mirabllis
P_^ teretulus
Phoxinus erythrogaster
Plmephales notatus
P. promelas
P^ vigilax
Rhinichthys atratulus
R. cataractae
Semotilus margarita
Semotllus atromaculatus
Carpiodes carpio
C. cyprinus
C^ vplifer
Catostomus commersoni
I
I
S
S
U
I
NS
I
I
NS
NS
NS
S
S
S
S
I
I
I
I
NS
I
I
I
NS
S
S
NS
I
U
NS
U
NS
NS
S
NS
I
U
I
I
S
S
NS
I
U
I
NS
I
NS
S
S
NS
NS
NS
S
S
S
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
Erimyzon oblongus
Hypentellum nigricans
Ictlobus bubalus
I. cyrpinellus
I. niger
Mlnytrema melanops
Moxostoma anisurum
M> carinatum
M. duquesnel
M. erythrurum
M. macrolepidotum
Ictalurus catus
I. melas
I. natalis
I. nebulosus
I. punctatus
Notorus flavus
N. miurus
Pylodictus olivaris
Percopsis omlscomaycus
Lab idesthes sicculus
Morone chrysops
M. saxatllus
Ambloplites rupestris
Lepomis auritus
L. cyanellus
L. gibbosus
L. gulosus
L. humilis
L. macrochirus
L. megalotis
L. microlophus
Mlcropterus dolomieui
M. punctulatus
M. salmoides
Pomoxis annularis
P. nigromaculatus
Ammocrypta pelluclda
Etheostoma blennioides
E. caeruleum
E. camurum
E. flabellare
E. maculatum
E. zonale
Perca flavescens
Percina caprodes
P. copelandi
P. evides
P. inacrocep_ha_l£
P. maculjta
P. oxyrhyncha
P. sci(;ra
Stizostedion canadensj;
S. virteum
Aplodinotus grunniens
Cottus bairdi
SL carolinae
C^ g irardi
I
S
I
NS
NS
S
S
S
I
I
I
NS
NS
NS
NS
NS
I
I
NS
I
I
I
S
I
I
NS
I
1
NS
I
I
I
S
I
I
NS
S
S
S
S
S
I
S
NS
I
S
S
S
S
S
S
I
S
S
I
U
I
NS
S
NS
I
I
U
S - Sensitive, defined as highly susceptible; would be extirpated under continuous turbid conditions
or if sedimentation were severe; 36 species identified. I = Intermediate; can withstand periodic
high turbidities and some sedimentation; 42 species identified. NS = Not Sensitive; unlikely to be
affected adversely except in the most severely polluted conditions; 36 species identified.
U - Unknown; 7 species identified.
-------
abnormal flow conditions, and equipment malfunctions^ all tend to reduce the
number of species captured, and thus the values of d and e. Only through
misidentification, however, can diversity values and equitability values be
increased, because the maximum number of species at any given location is
fixed. High index values can be achieved only as a_ result of.the actual
capture of species. Thus, stream segments having d values >3.0 can be
reasonably considered to have highly diversified aquatic populations at the
time of sampling. Conversely, however, a low Shannon-Weaver value is not
necessarily indicative of low diversity because it may have been the result
of improper sampling. The same considerations apply to equitability values.
Estimates of both parameters increase in reliability as sample size
increases. Estimates derived from samples containing less than 100
specimens should be evaluated cautiously (Weber 1973),
Diversity and equitability measure the environmental quality of a
stream at a given point in time. Because many of the data for sampling
stations in the Basin used to calculate the values shown in Appendix A,
Table A-l are not recent, conditions in these streams may have changed
significantly since the original collections were made. In most cases,
additional monitoring will be required in BIA Category I and Category II
areas and in unclassified areas as discussed later in this section. The
nature of the monitoring is specified in Section 5.2.
2.2.2.1.3. Streams Having Diverse Macroinvertebrate Communities or
Containing Macroinvertebrate Indicator Species (Criterion 3). Much of the
macroinvertebrate data available for the Basin were not quantitative. The
evaluation of streams for which such data were available was based on the
presence of indicator organisms. Certain macroinvertebrate species are
intolerant of toxic substances, siltation, organic enrichment, and other
forms of environmental disturbance. Thus, the presence of these species in
a stream is indicative of high water quality (Weber 1973). Several
classification schemes have been developed (Mason et al. 1971, Weber 1973,
Lewis 1974). A species was considered to be a reliable indicator (i.e., a
sensitive species) for use in this assessment only if the above three
sources all agreed that the species was known to exist exclusively in
unpolluted waters (Table 2-15). Three criteria have been used to designate
BIA's. These are:
• Locations where at least two species of sensitive
macroinvertebrate species were present.
• Locations where at least 10 taxa were found and at least
50% of the total individuals collected were from sensitive
taxa, based on a comprehensive benthological survey of the
Basin streams (FWPCA 1968)
• Locations where the diversity index averaged X3.0,
regularly was >_3.0, or was X3.0 for the most recent sample
collected, based on file data (1970-1980) provided by the
Pittsburgh District USAGE.
2-84
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Table 2-15. Macroinvertebrate species used as indicators to designate
BIA's. These organisms are identified as intolerant of toxic sub-
stances, siltation, organic enrichment, and other forms of environ-
mental disturbance by Mason et al. (1971), Weber (1973), and Lewis (1974).
Phylum Porifera
Spongilla fragilis
Phylum Bryozoa
Plumatella polymorpha var, regens
Lophopodella carter!
Pectinatella magnifica
Phylum Arthropoda
Order Hydracarina
Class Crustacea
Order Isopoda
Asellus spp.
Order Decapoda
Cambarus bartoni bartoni
Cambarus conasaugaensis
Cambarus asperimanus
Cambarus acuminatus
Cambarus hiwassensis
Cambarus extraneus
Cambarus cryptodytes
Cambarus longulus longirostris
Procambarus raneyi
Procambarus acutus acutus
Procambarus paeninsulanus
Procambarus spiculifer
Procambarus versutus
Orconectes juvenilis
Class Insecta
Order Diptera
Pentaneura inculta
Pentaneura carneosa
Pentaneura spp.
Ablabesmyia americana
Ablabesmyia mallochi
Ablabesmyia ornata
Ablabesmyia aspera
Ablabesmyia auriensis
Ablabesmyia spp.
Labrundinia floridana
Labrundinia pilosella
Labrundinia virescens
Coelotanypus concinnus
Tanypus stellatus
Clinotanypus caliginosus
Orthocladius obumbratus
Orthocladius spp.
Nanocladius spp.
Psectrocladius spp.
Metriocnemus lundbecki
Cricotopus bicinictus
Cricotopus exilis
Cricotopus trifasciatus
Cricotopus politus
CJLLcotopus tricinctus
llcotopus absurdus
Cflicotopus spp.
cArynoneura taris
Corynoneura scutellata
Corynoneura spp.
Thienemanniella xena
Thienemanniella spp.
Trichocladius robaki
Brillia par
Diamesa nivoriumda
Diamesa spp.
Prodiamesa olivacca
Chironomus attenuatus group
Chironomus tentans
Chironomus plumosus
Chironomus anthracinus
Chironomus paganus
Kiefferullus dux
Cryptochironomus fulvus
Cryptochironomus digitatus
Cryptochironomus sp. B (Joh.)
Cryptochironomus blarina
Cryptochironomus psittacinus
Chaetolabis atroviridis
Chaetolabis ochreatus
Endochironomus nigrlcans
Stenochironotnus macateei
S tenochironomus hilaris
Stictochironomus devinctus
2-85
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Table 2-15. Macroinvertebrate species used as indicators (continued).
Stictochironomus varius
Xenochironomus xenolabis
Xenochironomus scopula
Pseudochironomus richardson
Pseudochironomus spp.
Microtendipes pedellus
Microteudipes spp.
Paratendipes albimanus
Tribelos jucundus
Tribelos fuscicornis
Harnischia tenuicaudata
Phaenopsectra spp.
Dicrotendipes neomedestus
Dicrotendipes nervosus
Dicrotendipes fumidus
Glyptotendipes senilis
Glyptotendipes paripes
Glyptotendipes lobiferus
Polypedilum halterale
Polypedilum fallax
Polypedilum illinoensg
Paratanytarsus dissimilis
Paratanytarsus simulans
Paratanytarsus nubeculosum
Paratanytarsus vibex
Polypedilum spp.
Tany tarsus neoflayellus
Tanytarsus gracilentus
Tanytarsus dissimilis
Rheotauytarsus exiguus
Micropsectra dives
Micropsectra deflecta
Microi^sectra
Calopsectra spp .
Stempellina ^ohannseni
Aiiopheles punctipennis
Chaoborus puuctipennis
Tipula caloptera
Tipula abdominalis
Pseudolitmiophila I uteipennis
Hexatoma spp.
Telmatoscopus spp.
Simulium venustrum
Simulium spp.
Prosimuliun iohanuseni
Cnephia pecuarum
Tabanus stratus
Tabanus stygius
Tabanus benedictus
Tabanus variegatus
Tabanus spp.
Order Trichoptera
Hydropsychidae simulans
Hydropsychidae frisoni
Hydropsychidae incommoda
Hydrop_sychg spp.
Macronemura Carolina
Macronemun spp.
Psychomyia spp.
Neureclipsis crepuseularis
Polycentropus spp.
Oxyethira spp.
Rhyacophila spp.
Hydroptila waubesiana
Hydropt_i_l_a spp.
Ochrotrichia spp.
Agraylea spp.
Lepto_cel_l_a spp.
spp
Chimarra p er i gua
Chimarra spp.
B ra chy cen t rus spp.
Order Epherneroptera
Stononema jubromaculatum
Stenonema fuscum
Stenonema fuscum rivulicolum
_S_teuonema gildersleevei
Stenonema interpunctatum ohioense
S_teiionema_interpunctatus canadense
Stcnoi^em^i pud i cum
S tcnoiiema_proximum
Stenonema tripuiictatum
S_tenonema floridense
j^t cnoncma In t cum
jtenonema niodiopunctatus
Stenonema bipunctatum
S tenonoma candidum 4
Stenonema_carlsoni ™
Stenonema Carolina
-------
2.2.2.1.4. Areas Containing Species of Special Interest (Criterion 4).
Areas that contain aquatic organisms that have been classified as threatened
or endangered according to the Endangered Species Act of 1973 (16 USC 1531
et seq.) were considered to be BIA's. There is no State act that protects
endangered species in West Virginia. Organisms which potentially qualify
for such protection, however, have been identified by WVDNR-HTP (Table
2-16).
The majority of aquatic organisms included in the WVDNR-HTP inventory
are peripheral species at the edge of their geographical range. They are
rare in West Virginia, but may be common or even abundant in other parts of
the US. The State list of fish that are considered rare or of special
interest as recently revised is shown in Table 2-16.
2.2.2.1.5.__ Areas of Special Interest (Criterion 5). Areas which do
not fall into any of the above categories, but nevertheless deserve special
attention or protection during New Source permit review also will be
considered on a case by case basis by EPA as Category I or II BIA's.
Examples may include multipurpose reservoirs, areas known to support a
substantial sport fishery, or areas supporting aquatic communities that, in
the professional judgment of the agency investigator, are especially
susceptible to mining activities. Also because of the rapidly changing
conditions in many Basin streams, WVDNR district fish biologists were
contacted for recent changes that may have occurred but which would not be
reflected by the existing data file. Any such areas were considered on a
case by case basis for inclusion as BIA's.
BIA Category I and Category II
The further differentiation of BIA's, once identified, into Category I
and Category II levels was accomplished qualitatively on the basis of
consultation with technical experts, State agency review, and citizen input.
At the heart of the differentiation was the extreme sensitivity of certain
species to sediment, pH, iron and other mine-related pollutants. Current
regulatory programs under SMCRA and WVSCMRA also were considered. EPA has
determined that because of certain species' extreme sensitivity to mine-
related pollutants that could be expected even with current regulatory
efforts, a special category (Category II) was necessary which would be
associated with special mitigative measures or requirements prior to permit
issuance (see Section 5.2.). The sensitive species identified in BIA
Category I areas would be associated with less stringent mitigative measures
because of these species' lesser sensitivity.
All trout waters, whether native or stocked, have been classified as
either Category I or II BIA's (by Criterion 1). Exceptions are allowed for
some of the other criteria, however. For example, there may be waterbodies
which satisfy one or more of Criteria 2 through 5 but are not designated as
Category I or II BIA's on the basis of best professional judgment concerning
the significance of the criterion in the individual case. All BIA's and
criteria for the designation of each, are listed in Table 5-5 and are shown
in Figure 5-2 of Section 5.2.
-------
Table 2-16. Fish species of special interest that were used to designate
BIA's. These species have been classified as rare, threatened or en-
dangered, and/or in need of special protection in West Virginia (WVDNR-
HTP 1980).
Fish
Ichthvomyzon unicuspis
Ichthyomyzon bdellium
Ichthvomyzon greeleye
Lampetra lamottei
Acipenser fulvescens
Polyodon spathula
Scaphirhynchus platorynchus
Hiodon tergisus
Hiodon alosoides
Notropis ariomus
Notropis dorsalis
Notropis scabriceps
Clinostromus elongatus
Exoglossum laurae
Hybopsis storeriana
Nocomis platyrhynchus
Nocomis leptocephalus
Phenacobius teretulus
Pimephales vigilax
Catos tomus catostomus
Cycleptus elongatus
Ictiobus bubalus
Ictiobus cyprinellus
Ictiobus niger
Etheostoma longimanum
Etheostoma maculaturn
Etheostoma obsurni
Percina copelandi
Percina no togramma
Percina gymnocephla
Cottus girardi
Lepomis gulosus
Lepomis humilus
Shellfish
Epioblasma torulosa torulosa*
(-Dysonomia)
Lamnsilis orbiculnta orbiculata*
Silver lamprey
Ohio lamprey
Allegheny brook lamprey
American brook lamprey
Lake sturgeon
Paddlefish
Shovelnose sturgeon
Mooneye
Goldeneye
Popeye shiner
Bigmouth shiner
New River shiner
Redside dace
Tonguetied minnow
Silver chub
Bigmouth chub
Bluehead chub
Kanawha minnow
Bullhead minnow
Longnose sucker
Blue sucker
Smallmouth buffalo
Bigmouth buffalo
Black buffalo
Longfin darter
Spotted darter
Finescaled saddled darter
Channel darter
Stripback darter
Appalachia darter
Potomac sculpin
Warmouth
Orange spotted sunfish
Tuberculed blossom pearly
mussel
Pink mucket pearly mussel
*0n the Federal List of Threatened and Endangered Species
2-89
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2.2.2.1.6. Non-sensitive and Unclassified Areas. In addition to
identifying BIA's (Category I and Category II), non-sensitive areas (i.e.,
those streams and lakes for which the New Source effluent limitations are
sufficient to prevent adverse effects) were identified. These primarily are
areas that already are heavily polluted or where adequate dilution capacity
exists to accept New Source discharges that meet effluent limitations.
Unclassified areas are those for which sufficient information did not
exist at the time of this assessment to allow assignment to a category.
Unclassified areas will be designated as either BIA's or non-sensitive areas
on the basis of additional data. As new data become available, EPA will
update the information in this document and reclassify these areas as either
BIA's or non-sensitive areas. The sampling data required by EPA for New
Source applications from unclassified areas are described in Section 5.2.
2.2.2.2. Application of the Criteria and Limitations of the Data
In this section the available data on the aquatic resources in the
Basin are used to categorize the streams. Nearly 100 papers and technical
reports were reviewed during the preparation of this section, but relatively
few contained the site-specific, quantitative data necessary for a thorough
areawide. assessment. The data in the following text and tables were taken
predominantly from file data supplied by WVDNR-Wildlife Resources, including
species management information from the RUNWILD computer program, computer-
stored stream surveys, stream sampling data for fish and invertebrates, the
West Virginia Benthological Survey (Tartar 1976b), oublished and
unpublished literature on fish fauna provided by Drs. Stauffer and Rocutt of
the University of Maryland (1978), macroinvertebrate data from FWPCA (1968),
file data on macroinvertebrates gathered by the Pittsburgh District USACE,
and other information supplied by ichthyologists familiar with West Virginia
fish fauna and WVDNR-Wildlife Resources personnel.
Biological data by their nature are extremely variable; the data
presented herein are subject to three sources of variation:
• Temporal considerations. Biological sampling provides an
integrated assessment of conditions over an extended
period, in contrast to the instantaneous information from
one-time chemical sampling. The fish and macroinverte-
brate data used for this assessment were collected over a
20-year period. Most of the stations were sampled only
once, and conditions may have changed significantly in
particular streams since sampling was conducted.
• Sampling efficiency and gear bias. Both the fish and
macroinvertebrate data were gathered using a wide range of
sampling techniques and gear types including electrofish-
ing, seines, gill nets, hoop nets, poison, several types
of bottom dredges, Surber samplers, and fine mesh nets.
Each of these gear types has its own inherent biases.
Also, the area sampled varied considerably.
2-90
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• Operator efficiency. Individuals with varying levels of
expertise were involved in collecting the data included in
this report. It is assumed that all individuals particip-
ating in the collections were trained for their respective
tasks, but the actual level of expertise of these individ-
uals undoubtedly varied with respect to operating the
sampling gear or identifying the specimens with accuracy.
2.2.2.2.1. Trout. Trout waters in the Basin are listed in Table 2-6
and shown in Figure 2-5 in Section 2.1. These waters were determined from
SWRB (1980) and WVDNR data and may or may not currently contain trout. Most
of these streams are located in the southern and eastern portions of the
Basin; especially in the headwaters of the Buckhannon, Middle Fork, and
Tygart Valley Rivers, and throughout the Cheat River drainage. Many of
these trout streams support native trout populations. Because of the
vigorous spawning requirements of trout (detailed in Section 5.2.), these
streams are highly sensitive to mine-related impacts, especially
sedimentation. Some of these streams (e.g., Shavers Fork) are among some of
the most heavily fished streams in the State.
All trout streams were designated as Category II BIA's. Because of
their marginal nature as trout habitat, many of the trout lakes in the Basin
generally were designated as Category I BIA's.
2.2.2.2.2. Fish Diversity. Information on 250 fish sampling stations
is presented in Tables A-l and A-3 in Appendix A. Sixty-four species are
listed in these tables, a fairly low number considering the number of
stations and the size of the Basin. Eight other species were collected
during routine collections made during 1973, 1976 and 1978 at the three Lock
and Dam chambers located on the Monongahela River mainstem in West Virginia
(WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1974, 1977, 1979). These include ghost shiner
(Notropis buchanani), steelcolor shiner (Notropis whipplei), gizzard shad
(Dorosoma cepedianum), muskellunge (Esox masquinongy), river carpsucker
(Carpiodej^ carpio), white catfish (ictalurus catus), warmouth (Lepomis
gerlosus), and walleye (Stizostedion vitreum). The northern pike (Esox
lucius) has been introduced into Tygart Lake. Other species such as the
longnose sucker (Catostomus c a t ostomus) and the popeye shiner (Notripis
ariomus) were originally in the Basin but may be extirpated (WVDNR-Wildlife
Resources 1973).
Of the 250 stations studied, only 94 contained enough data for divers-
ity and equitability values to be validly calculated. Forty-three of these
94 stations had either equitability values X).8 or diversity values >3.0.
The majority of these high diversity-high equitability stations are concen-
trated in the upper portions of the watershed. For instance, there are 10
such stations in the Dry Fork River watershed alone. The upper portions of
the West Fork River, Buckhannon River, Middle Fork River, Tygart Valley
River and Shavers Fork contained 3, 4, 4, 3, and 4 such areas, respectively.
Thus, 28 of these areas occur in the upper portions of the Basin's
watershed. Undoubtedly, this reflects the fact that these areas have, to
date, been those least affected by mining. Because these headwater BIA
stations typically occur on small, poorly buffered streams which often
contain trout, they typically were considered as Category II BIA's.
2-91
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2.2.2.2.3. Macroinvertebrate Diversity and Indicator Species. Macro-
invertebrates found in the Basin are listed in Table A-4 (Appendix A).
Locations for these stations are plotted on Figure A-2 (Appendix A). Two or
more macroinvertebrate indicator species were found at 6 of the 44 stations
sampled. These six stations were located in the southern and eastern
sections of the Basin.
Ten of the 58 stations sampled by the FWPCA (1968) yielded at least ten
taxa and at least 50% of the individuals were in the sensitive category
(Table A-5). Most of these stations were located in the upper portions of
the Cheat River and Tygart Valley River watersheds (Figure A-2 in
Appendix A).
Eight of the 37 stations sampled quantitatively by the Pittsburgh
District USAGE either had diversity values that regularly were >3.0 or had a
diversity value of X3.0 during the most recent sampling period (Table A-6).
Seven of these eight stations were located in the Cheat River watershed,
and these were all located above Pringle Run. Thus, they are located in
that part of the Cheat River drainage that has been relatively unaffected by
coal mining.
In summary, those stations supporting diverse macroinvertebrate commun-
ities and/or those at which sensitive forms predominately were found were
located primarily in trie upper portions of the drainage and generally were
in the same areas where high fish diversity was observed.
2.2.2.2.4. Species of Special Interest. No species appearing on the
Federal list of endangered or threatened species pursuant to the Endangered
Species Act of 1973 have been found in the Basin. Species that the WVDNR-
HTP considers to be rare or endangered in West Virginia and that have been
identified in the Basin are listed in Table 2-17. The locations where each
of these species have been collected are listed in Table A-2 and are plotted
on USGS l:24,000-scale Overlay 1. Although Tables A-l and A-3 in Appendix A
contain data from 250 stations, only three species of fish on the WVDNR-HTP
list were collected: redside dace, orange-spotted sunfish, and spotted
darter.
Redside dace
Thirty-five redside dace were collected on Whiteday Creek (Table A-l,
Appendix A, Station 177). It also has been collected recenlty on Laurel Run
of Big Sandy Creek (Verbally, Mr. F. Jernejcic to Mr. G. Seegert, December
18, 1980). This species has a disjunct, rather sporadic distribution (Lee
et al. 1980). It has been reported from the upper Mississippi River drain-
age in Wisconsin and Minnesota, the upper Susquehanna drainage in New York
and Pennsylvania, and the upper Ohio River Basin in Ohio and Pennslvania.
It may be locally common, but overall is rather rare (Lee et al. 1980) and
typically inhabits small to medium-sized streams that have gravel or rubble
bottoms. These types of habitat are obliterated by silt from agricultural
fields and coal washings. Trautman (1957) stated that during his surveys
2-92
-------
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2-93
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from 1925-1950, many redside dace populations decreased drastically in
abundance or disappeared entirely. He concluded that reduction of the
redside dace populations east of the Flushing Escarpment was due to mine
pollution. Reductions in redside dace populations elsewhere were related
chiefly to agricultural practices.
Orange Spotted _Sunfis_h_
The orange spotted sunfish is common in the midwestern and south-
central portions of the US. West Virginia, however, is near the eastern
edge of its range (Plieger 1975), and it only recently has been reported in
the State (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973). It is tolerant of siltation and
continuous high turbidities (Plieger 1975). It is usually not found in
streams with high gradients, clear or cool water, and continuous strong
flows. Recently this species has been reported in the Basin in Hackers
Creek and Elk Creek (Table A-l, Appendix A, Stations 208, 210, 211).
Spotted darter
The spotted darter occurs principally in Tennessee and Kentucky, with
small relict populations present in Ohio and Pennsylvania (Lee et al. 1980).
The only confirmed record in West Virginia is from the Elk River (Stauffer
and Hocutt 1979). The status of the single specimen reported from the Cheat
River is unclear; it may be a misidentification (Table A-l, Appendix A,
Station 163; Verbally, Mr. D, Cincotta, WVDNR-Wildlife Resources to Mr. G.
Seegert, December 13, 1980).
Because the orange spotted sunfish is highly tolerant of turbidity and
siltation, this species was not used to identify BIA's. Likewise the
validity of the spotted darter record is questionable and it was not used to
identify a BIA. The redside dace clearly is sensitive to mine-related
pollution; Whiteday Creek and Laurel Run, where it has been reported, have
already been identified as BIA's.
2.2.2.2.5. Areas of Special Interest. Because of the substantial
sport and recreational fisheries they provide, the following waters (or
portions thereof) are designated as BIA's: Monongahela River, West Fork
River, Tygart Valley River (including Tygart Lake), Buckhannon River,
Buffalo Creek, Elk Creek, Hackers Creek, and Tenmile Creek. Waters support-
ing substantial fisheries, but already designated as BIA's for other reasons
are listed in Table 5-5 in Section 5.2.
2.2.3. Erroneous Classification
EPA has based its BIA (Category I and Category II) designations on the
best available information. Nevertheless, this data base is not flawless,
is not always current, and should be updated continuously. EPA expects to
update and improve this data base through cooperative efforts with the State
as well as through inputs from environmental groups, mining concerns, and
any other parties who have collected new data through professionally
2-94
-------
acceptable techniques. EPA urges all parties to submit new information to
EPA whenever possible. Parties planning to submit new information to EPA
should review data collection techniques with EPA to guarantee that they
will be acceptable. It is possible that the submission of new information
will result in re-classification (e.g., from a BIA Category I to a BIA
Category II and vice versa; from a BIA Category I to a non-sensitive area
and vice versa, etc.).
2-95
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2-96
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2.3 Terrestrial Biota
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Page
2.3. Terrestrial Biota 2-97
2.3.1. Ecological Setting 2-97
2.3.1.1. Land Use/Land Cover 2-98
2.3.1.2. Ecological Regions 2-98
2.3.2. Vegetation and Flora 2-100
2.3.2.1. Historical Perspective 2-100
2.3.2.2. Present-day Vegetation 2-100
2.3.2.3. Vegetation Classification Systems 2-100
2.3.2.4. Features of Special Interest 2-103
2.3.2.5. Floristic Resources 2-106
2.3.2.6. Heath Barrens 2-107
2.3.2.7. Sparsely Vegetated Knobs 2-107
2.3.3. Wildlife Resources 2-107
2.3.3.1. Animal Communities by Habitat Type 2-107
2.3.3.2. Distribution of Wildlife 2-113
2.3.3.2.1. Amphibians 2-113
2.3.3.2.2. Reptiles 2-113
2.3.3.2.3. Birds 2-113
2.3.3.2.4. Mammals 2-115
2.3.3.3. Game Resources 2-115
2.3.3.4. Values of Nongame Wildlife Resources 2-116
2.3.4. Significant Species and Features 2-116
2.3.4.1. Endangered and Threatened Species 2-119
2.3.4.1.1. Plants 2-119
2.3.4.1.2. Animals 2-119
2.3.4.2. Animal Species of Special Interest 2-119
2.3.5. Data Gaps 2-120
2.3.5.1. Wetlands 2-120
2.3.5.2. Significant Species and Features 2-120
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2.3. TERRESTRIAL BIOTA
2.3.1. Ecological Setting
The Monongahela River Basin is located west of the ridge line of the
Allegheny Mountains in an area that is physiographic ally a part of the
Appalachian Plateau (Fortney 1978). Its terrain varies from mountainous to
hilly, with a very small percentage of essentially flat river valleys and
mountaintops. The slopes and contours of the mountains are rounded and
eroded (Core 1966). The tree cover of the Basin, except where it has been
removed by human activity, is now almost complete. There are a few
naturally treeless areas, but most of the non-forested land is used for
residential communities, highways, industry, mining, or agriculture.
Surface mining has removed the forest cover in a few areas, and current
reclamation practices result in the replacement of the forest with large
areas of grassland and shrubland. Forest regrowth, especially of endemic
species (native local species that now have a restricted distribution) is
unlikely to occur during the foreseeable future in surface-mined areas in
most of the State for the following reasons:
• The loss of soil and the consequent lack of moisture in
the root zone
• The sterilization of seeds and destruction of soil
organisms through handling and storage of topsoil before
regrading
• The lack of a soil and rock substructure capable of
holding tree roots firmly on slopes
• Unsuitable pH conditions in the subsoil that prohibit
penetration of tree roots to appropriate depths
• The planting of nonnative or nonendemic species of
grasses, shrubs, and trees because they are readily
available from suppliers.
Many years are required for an area to return to native forest through
natural succession. The process may not be completed for more than a
century in areas that have been surface mined unless reclamation and
revegetation have been designed to speed reforestation. The decrease in
forest acreage partially is compensated for by the reversion of farmland to
forest.
The elevation, slope, and land cover variations within the Basin result
in many different habitat conditions, and thus many species of wildlife are
present. The diversity in fauna also is due in part to the geographic
position of the State between the northern and southern faunal regions of
the tmited States. The majority of the species are forest animals. Species
2-97
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associated with agricultural areas also are present throughout most of the
Basin. Species associated with "edges" or interfaces between habitats and
shrubland or successional conditions may be located in areas where
conditions such as abandoned farmland and abandoned or reclaimed surface
mines are present.
2^.3.1.1. Land Use/Land Cover
USGS produced computer-plotted land use/land cover overlays to the
standard 1:250,000-scale topographic quadrangle maps for the State of West
Virginia. The maps were based on high-altitude aerial photographs. The map
for the section of West Virginia in which the Basin is located is shown in
the maps (included in the front pocket of this binder). Data on the number
of acres of each land use/land cover type for all of the Basin counties are
presented in Table 2-18 (see Section 2.6. for additional discussion on the
USGS categorization scheme).
Agricultural lands are scattered throughout the Basin. Less than 25%
of the land in the Basin is used for agriculture.
Forested land covers approximately 66% of the Basin. Most of the
Basin's land area is covered with deciduous or mixed forest (deciduous and
coniferous). Up to a third of the cover in areas delineated as deciduous
forest actually may be evergreens. Conversely, the apparent presence of
evergreen trees in many parts of the Basin is a result of the presence of
evergreen rhododendron thickets below the deciduous trees. These thickets
cannot be distinguished easily from evergreen trees in high-altitude aerial
photographs. Approximately 30% to 70% of the cover of areas delineated as
mixed forest land may consist of evergreen trees. Wetland areas are
scattered throughout the Basin.
Both land used for surface mining and transitional land (land in a
state of incomplete revegetation after mining) are scattered throughout the
Basin. Less than 1% of the land cover in the Basin is known to be included
in each of these two categories on the basis of the mapped information, but
the percentage actually may be higher because many mines and reclaimed areas
are too small to be identified on the high-altitude photographs.
2.3.1.2. Ecological Regions
Two Statewide ecological region classification systems have been
developed for West Virginia. These systems are the ecoregions system
developed by Bailey (1976) and the ecological regions system used by WVDNR-
Wildlife Resources based on Wilson et al. (1951). The ecoregions system
developed by Bailey is based on physical and biological components which
include climate, vegetation type, physiography, and soil. In the Bailey
ecoregions system, the general vegetation of the majority of the Mononga-
hela River Basin is typed as Appalachian oak forest. The WVDNR-Wildlife
Resources classification system consists of six ecological regions used as a
2-98
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framework for the preparation of wildlife habitats and occurrences
descriptions. Both systems are described in greater detail in Appendix B.
2.3.2. Vegetation and Flora
2.3.2.1. Historical Perspective
The forests of West Virginia have been altered substantially since the
arrival of the first settlers from Europe. Early farmers chose land in the
flat, forested river valleys for their homesteads. Most of the forests in
these floodplains contained the best timber in the State and were destroyed
by cutting and burning (Clarkson 1964). Commercial logging began with the
development of steam-powered sawmills in the early 1800's and increased
rapidly after techniques for clearcutting were developed. The construction
of railroads and the introduction of large-band sawmills in the late 1800's
accelerated the deforestation. By 1911, less than 10% of the State remained
in virgin forest (Brooks 1911).
Much of the land that had been logged was burned and used briefly for
agricultural purposes. The forest soils, which often were steeply sloping
and highly erodible, were left without a significant humus layer as a
consequence of the fires, and subsequently were lost in many areas through
erosion. From about 1910 on, large supplies of inexpensive grains from the
Midwest became available on the National market (Core 1980). This factor,
coupled with the low-quality, eroded condition of the farmland in the State,
initiated a gradual decline in agricultural production that has continued to
the present.
2.3.2.2. Present-day Vegetation
The report prepared by Wilson et al. (1951) constituted the final
report of a wildlife habitat mapping project conducted jointly by the West
Virginia Conservation Commission (now WVDNR-Wildlife Resources) and USFS.
This study included the first detailed forest mapping of the entire State.
A generalized map of the vegetation of the State in 1950, prepared from the
more detailed 1:62,500-scale cover maps produced during the study, is
presented in Figure 2-18.
The 1:62,500-scale cover maps still are valid today for areas that have
not been logged or mined since the early part of this century. The maps
also provide the most precise available information on the earlier vegeta-
tion of areas that have been disturbed since 1950. The accuracy of the maps
was confirmed by a comparison of observed forest types in the Kanawha State
Forest (located in the Coal/Kanawha River Basin) in 1910 and 1977 (Sturm
1977).
2.3.2.3 Vegetation Classification Systems
The vegetation of the Basin has been characterized variously over the
past three decades. Braun (1950) classified the typical upland native
2-100
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vegetation of the entire Basin as a mixed mesophytic forest. The mixed
mesophytic forest is a complex association with many species of trees, but
no single tree or mix of trees attains a level of dominance. Typical
species present in this association are: ,
beech sweet buckeye black cherry
tulip tree oaks cucumber tree
basswood hemlock white ash
sugar maple birches red maple
chestnut (prior to chestnut sour gum hickories
blight of the early 1900's) black walnut
The US Forest Service (1960), in mapping the general forest cover in
the United States, categorized most of the Monongahela Basin as central
hardwood forest; the easternmost section was labeled northern forest
(Figure B-6 in Appendix B). Both types were described as having diverse and
overlapping species composition. The predominant species of the central
hardwood forest were oaks, hickories, ashes, and elms, whereas the
predominant species in the northern forests were spruces, balsam fir, pines,
and hemlock.
In a study of potential natural vegetation in the United States,
Kuchler (1964) identified four vegetation types within the Monongahela Basin
(Figure B-4 in Appendix B). The predominant type in the Basin was the mixed
mesophytic forest, which potentially could cover 60% of the Basin. This
type includes a variable mixture of sugar maple, buckeye, beech, tuliptree,
white oak, northern red oak, and basswood as important species. A northern
hardwood forest type which includes sugar raaple, beech birch, and hemlock
potentially occupies about 30% of the Basin along its sourthern and eastern
edges. Several areas of northeastern spruce-fir forest characterized by
balsam fir and red spruce potentially occur at higher elevaitons and cover
less than 10% of the Basin. The northwestern tip (less than 5%) of the
Basin, potentially is occupied by the Appalachian oak forest type, which
contains primarily white oak and northern red oak along with many other
species as minor components.
Core's (1966) analysis of West Virginia vegetation divided the
Monongahela River Basin into two vegetation types on the basis of
physiography (Figure B-5 in Appendix B). He described the eastern two
thirds of the Basin (the Allegheny Mountain and Upland Physiographic
section) as characterized by a northern hardwood forest. The most abundant
tree species here are sugar maple, beech, and yellow birch. Associated
species include red maple, white ash, black cherry, sweet birch, and
American elm.
Core described the western third of the Monongahela River Basin (the
Western Hills Physiographic section) as a central hardwood forest. This
type in turn was subdivided locally on the basis of moisture content of the
forest soils. The dry (xeric) subdivision includes predominent oak forests
and typically is found on ridgetops and upper slopes. The moderately moist
2-102
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(mesic) subdivision exists on northfacing slopes and in coves. The species
composition of the mesic subdivision of Core (1966) is similar to that
described by Braun (1950) for the mixed mesophytic forest. The wet (hydric)
subdivision exists in floodplains, in bottomlands, and along streams. Its
prominent trees include willows, sweetgum, sycamore, silver maple, and river
birch. The hydric type occurs infrequently in the Monongahela River Basin
because the valley bottoms and floodplains are limited to narrow bands along
streams and rivers. Granville Island at Morgantown, a part of the Aboretum
of West Virginia University, is the most notable example of hydric forest in
the Monongahela River Basin.
When its personnel mapped the major forest regions of the noretheastern
United States, the US Forest Service (1968) typed most of the Monongahela
River Basin as an oak-yellow poplar association (Figure B-7 in Appendix B).
The remaining 15% of the Basin, in the southeastern section where the
mountain elevations are generally the highest, was delineated as a
beechbirch-maple association.
In a map of forest cover types of the Monongahela River Basin, the West
Virginia Department of Natural Resources (1976) delineated four forest types
(Figure B-9 in Appendix B). The Appalachian mixed hardwood forests which
cover approximately 30% of the Basin, are bands that generally follow the
courses of the major rivers. The oak-hickory forest covers approximately
40% of the Basin at the higher elevations along the river courses. A
cherry-maple forest type covers approximately 20% of the Basin, and exists
as five distinct patches, the largest of which is in the mountains of Tucker
and Randolph Counties. Less than 10% of the Basin is covered by spruce-fir
forest. This forest type exists in two locations, one on Cheat Mountain and
the other near the Allegheny Front in easternmost Tucker and Randolph
Counties.
The Monongahela River Basin was mapped by the Appalachian Regional
Commission (1977) as having four forest types (Figure B-8 in Appendix B).
The oak-hickory forest covers approximately 50% of the Basin. The
maplebeech-birch forest covers approximately 20% of the Basin and exists
along the southeast side. Spruce-fir forest accounts for approximately 10%
of the Basin, and occurs in one area on Cheat Mountain and a second along
the Tucker County-Randolph County boundary. Approximately 20% of the Basin
was delineated as lacking significant forest cover. The largest non-forest
area exists in the area of Clarksburg, Buckannon, and Tygart Lake.
2.3.2.4. Features of Special Interest
2.3.2.4.1. Wetlands. Wetlands in West Virginia are scarce and
generally small because of the mountainous topography. The few sizeable
wetlands that exist in the State are within either the Gauley River Basin or
the Monongahela River Basin. The USFWS (1955) mapped wetlands in West
Virginia and identified the Cranesville Swamp (Preston County) and the
Canaan Valley (Tucker County) within the Monongahela River Basin. The four
local vegetation types that are included in wetlands of these areas are
fresh meadow, shrub, swamp, wooded swamp, and bog.
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In an evaluation of inland wetlands for potential registration as
natural landmarks, ten wetland areas in the Basin were considered (Goodwin
and Niering 1975) and are included in Figure 2-19. In Tucker County, the
Big Run Bog, Fisher Spring Run Bog, Cold Run wetland, Dobbin Slashing Bog,
and the Canaan Valley wetland system were reviewed. In Randolph County, the
Moore Run Bog, Blister Run wetland, Yellow Creek Glade, and the wetlands at
the Sinks of Gandy were reported. Cranesville Swamp in Preston County also
was examined.
The bog communities are made up primarily of sphagnum moss and sedges;
craneberries, sundews, pitcher plants, orchids, and ferns are common asso-
ciates. The shrub thickets commonly consist of speckled alder, elderberry,
rhododendron, and wild raisin. Bog forests have a typical flora of inter-
mixed red spruce, hemlock, larch, tamarack, yellow birch, and black ash.
Swamp areas include species of all the above mentioned types, plus broadleaf
and narrowleaf cattail. The bog and bog forest wetlands at the Sinks of
Gandy support twinflower, goldthread, skunk current, dwarf cornel, and
snowberry, which are typical of bogs in the far northern United States and
Canada.
Cranesville Swamp, partly in Preston County and partly Ln Maryland,
covers approximately 560 acres and is a Registered Natural Landmark. It
contains the southernmost known stands of American larch or tamarack.
The Canaan Valley contains approximately 20,500 acres of wetlands
including all of the previously mentioned types. Dense stands of great
laurel cover extensive areas. Glades and bogs within the Canaan Valley are
as much a 2 miles in length.
Figure 2-19 shows wetland areas plotted by the WVDNR-HTP (1978b) and
the US Geological Survey. The largest concentration of wetlands in the
Basin is in the Blackwater River Watershed in Tucker and Randolph Counties.
Another series of wetlands appears in the Tygart Valley between Elkins and
Mill Creek. These areas have not been described floristically. Several
wetlands occur near Cranesville in Preston County and near Cheat Bridge in
Randolph County. A single wetland area occurs near Spelter in Harrison
County, and is the only mapped wetland in the northwestern half of the
Basin. Small wetlands in the Monongahela River Basin that were not mapped
by USGS at the 1:24,000 topographic scale do not appear in this inventory.
2.3.2.4.2. Virgin Forest. Prior to settlement by American colonists
in the eighteenth century, West Virginia almost totally was covered by
forest. The majority of the State's land cover still is forest; however,
current forests differ vastly from the forests of the precolonial period.
The almost complete deforestation of the State by logging, burning, destruc-
tive effects of agricultural practices, and surface mining have changed
tree, shrub, and herbaceous conditions throughout the State. It is
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Figure 2-19
LOCATION OF SIGNIFICANT SPECIES IN THE MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN (WVDNR 1977)
TERRESTRIAL BIOLOGICAL
FEATURE
WETLAND
\
MILES
0 10
WAPOfU, INC.
2-105
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estimated that only 200 acres of virgin forest have survived to the present
(WVDNR-HTP 1980). No tracts of virgin forest are known to exist in the
Monongahela River Basin, but small amounts of virgin forest cover may be
present in some areas.
2.3.2.5. Floristic Resources
The published flora of West Virginia includes approximately 2,200
species native to the State (Strausbaugh and Core 1978). A list for the
Monongahela River Basin is not available. An examination of range
information in the principal compilation of silvicultural information for
the United States (Fowells 1965) has shown that at least 60 species of
significant trees occur in West Virginia, where significant is defined as
those species having relatively high value for silvicultural purposes.
Within the State of West Virginia, including the Monongahela River
Basin, there are no plants that are considered threatened or endangered
under any State or Federal designation. The Secretary of the Interior
(USFWS 1976) has proposed a list of vascular plant species to be considered
for the national status of endangered by extinction. None of these species
occurs in West Virginia. A proposed list by the Smithsonian Institution
included five species that are found in the Monongahela River Basin as part
of their range: rough heuchera, Fraser's sedge, small green orchid, purple
fringeless orchid, and dwarf anemone (Fortney 1978).
The Heritage Trust Program of the WVDNR is a repository for information
concerning the location and nature of significant biological and related
resources within the State of West Virginia (WVDNR-HTP 1978b). No legal
protection or status is associated with the listings in the Heritage Trust
Program inventory, although certain of the listed biota may be protected by
Federal regulations or by another State agency. The Heritage Trust Program
resource categories include scientific interest plants, threatened or
endangered plants, special interest plant communities, champion or
outstanding individual trees, and wetland areas, as mapped in Figure 2-19.
The WVDNR compiled additional data on resource features (especially
wetlands) after EPA completed this inventory (By letter, Ronald Fortney,
WVDNR, February 6, 1979, 1 p.). The mapped data represent only the
available, reported resource features; they do not reflect a systematic,
Basin-wide inventory.
The concentration of floristic data in the vicinity of Morgantown
reflects the history of relatively intensive floristic reconnaissance by
numerous investigators associated with West Virginia University. The
concentration of floristic data in the Blackwater River watershed also
reflects an area that has been studied intensively.
2-106
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2.3.2.6. Heath Barrens
The heath barrens are mountaintop scrub communities that occur in flat
or gently rolling tops of mountains above 3,800 feet in elevation. The main
constituents of these areas are various species of blueberry and
huckleberry, which are abundant enough to make berry harvesting of some
economic value to local residents. Great laurel, mountain laurel, mountain
azalea, and flame azalea are other conspicuous shrubs in the heath family
tViat occur in these barrens. Chokeberry, wild holly, speckled alder,
gooseberry, mountain holly, wild raisin, red elderberry, and smooth
serviceberry may be associated with heath barrens. Several areas of heath
barrens exist on the higher mountain ridges of the southeastern Basin
Randolph County.
2.3.2.7. Sparsely Vegetated Knobs
In the Monongahela River Basin bare rock outcrops have a very limited
amount of vegetation. These outcrops and their peculiar associated flora
represent remnants of a period when the mountains were younger and there was
a much larger expanse of bare rock. The plants that exist in such places
are specialized so that they can tolerate physically severe growing
conditions. Lichens, mosses, and ferns, in that order, are the first to
pioneer an existence on bare rock. A variety of vascular plants can survive
in tiny crevices and catch-places where the incipient soil made of rock
granules and decayed lichens collected. A few species have their only
locations in West Virginia on the bare sandstone outcrops at the tops of
mountain ridges, or where rivers have cut valleys through the sandstone.
These include stiff aster, Barbara's buttons, and riverbank goldenrod (Core
1966).
2.3.3. Wildlife Resources
The Monongahela River Basin contains both game and nongame wildlife
resources, although populations of some desirable species are low in
comparison to those in the rest of the State. The economic benefits
associated with the consumptive and nonconsumptive use of such resources,
through hunting and wildlife observation experiences, constitute a major
component of the economy of the State.
The most important factor in the possible improvement of the diversity
and abundance of wildlife in the Basin is the amount of suitable habitat
available for fulfillment of the food, cover, and reproduction requirements
of each species. A continuation of the present land use trends combined
with anticipated increases in surface mining and timber harvest, could
reduce the availability and quality of certain habitat types in the Basin
over the next few decades.
2.3.3.1. Animal Communities by Habitat Type
West Virginia has one of the most diverse assemblages of wildlife and
wildlife habitats in the eastern United States (Smith 1966). This diversity
is due to the wide altitudinal gradient in the State, its geographical
2-107
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position between northern and southern biological communities, and its
complex topography. Many authors have developed schemes for classification
of the vegetation of West Virginia, and the organization of the information
and the names of the plant communities differ from source to source
(Core 1966, Society of American Foresters 1967, Strausbaugh and' Core 1970,
Wilson et al. 1951). The habitats described herein generally are consistent
with the major cover types in these publications.
Northern Deciduous and Evergreen Forests
The northern forest types are usually found in the cool, moist
environments of the mountains above 3,000 ft in elevation. In the
Monongahela River Basin these forest types are found in and near the Canaan
Valley, Dolly Sods Scenic Area, and Otter Creek Wilderness Area. Habitat
conditions are typical of more northern areas such as northwestern
Pennsylvania .or southern Canada.
The presence of these northern habitats is the prime reason why many
northern wildlife species extend south into the Monongahela River Basin.
Mammals which are near the southernmost limit of their range in the Basin
include the snowshoe hare, yellow nose vole, red squirrel, and northern
flying squirrel. Birds associated with these northern habitat types include
the Nashville warbler, Canada warbler, Swainson's thrush, hermit thrush,
northern water thrush, saw-whet owl, golden-crowned kinglet, olive-sided
flycatcher, red-breasted nuthatch, and dark-eyed junco. The wetland areas
associated with northern forests are habitats for uncommon species such as
the Cheat Mountain salamander. The northern forests also support sizeable
populations of whitetailed deer, black bear, wild turkey, and ruffed grouse
(Core 1966; WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973; WVDNR 1976h).
The black bear is one of the outstanding inhabitants of the forests of
the Basin. It has specific requirements with respect to food, cover,
seclusion, and territory. By comparison to other animals in West Virginia,
black bear habitat must include extensive undisturbed areas. Breeding
habitats should encompass not less than 32,000 acres of inaccessible forest
with little or no human activity. This type of habitat is limited in West
Virginia. Areas suitable for black bears are being lost annually to
activities such as highway construction, resource removal, and recreational
development.
At present the State black bear population is dependent on five
breeding areas of suitable size and habitat. All of these are within or
close proximity to the authorized boundary of the Monongahela National
Forest. Three of these areas are in the Monongahela River Basin: Otter
Creek, Northern Cheat Mountain, and Southern Cheat Mountain (Figure 2-20).
The Otter Creek and Northern Cheat Mountain areas are presently near the
minimum size suitable for breeding (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973, 1977;
WVDNR 1976h).
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Figure 2-20
APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS OF BLACK BEAR BREEDING AREAS IN
THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources
1974 and 1980)
Northern
Cheat
Mountain
Southern
Cheat
Mountaip
WAPOM, INC.
10
2-109
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As a game species, black bears are managed by the State as a renewable
resource which can provide opportunity for big game hunting with firearms
approximately three weeks each year. Bow hunting for bears is open from mid~
October until the end of December. It is legal to hunt black bears in 10
counties in the eastern part of the State. These counties include the five
black bear breeding areas, where an adult bear is considered'legal game only
if it is not accompanied by a cub bear. In the Monongahela River Basin
black bears may be hunted in Pocahontas, Randolph, and Tucker counties
(WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1976, 1978).
Wetlands and Riparian Habitats
Wetland areas include marshes, swamps, bogs, wet meadows, sloughs,
overflow areas adjacent to stream or rivers, and shallow water areas with
emsEgent vegetation. Wetlands generally are situated in lowlying areas and
usually are characterized by the presence of vegetation that is tolerant of
aquatic or wet soil conditions. It has been estimated by the West Virginia
Department of Natural Resources that there are at least 28,600 acres of
major wetlands in the Basin that are of National significance. These
include the Canaan Valley, Blister Run Swamp, Big Run Bog, and Fisher Spring
Run Bog. Additional wetland areas of smaller size but of great local
biological significance probably will be identified through the Statewide
wetland and riparian habitat inventory which is currently being conducted by
the Wildlife Resources Division (WVDNR 1976h).
Riparian habitat represents the ecotone between aquatic and terrestrial
habitats. It is the area immediately adjacent to a stream or other
perennial or intermittent watercourse. This habitat can vary in width from
one meter to several hundred meters. Riparian habitat in the Monongahela
River Basin is limited because of the mountain and valley topography (WVDNR
1976h). The value of any given riparian habitat is dependent on the quality
and quantity of the vegetation on its landward side and the size and quality
of the open water area. Steep gradient streams adjoined solely by forest
habitats may be less valuable to some classes of wildlife than mixtures of
herbaceous and woody vegetation adjacent to pools and slow-moving
ba'ckwaters .
Wetlands and riparian habitats provide living space and food sources
for a greater variety of wildlife than any other habitat in the State (WVDNR
1976h). Most amphibians and many reptiles need areas of open, unpolluted
water in order to complete their reproductive cycles. The quiet and shallow
waters of wetland areas are ideally suited as breeding sites for frogs,
toads, and some salamanders. Birds, especially shore birds and wading birds
such as the great blue heron, green heron, and sandpipers are able to find
food and shelter in wetland and riparian habitats during their annual
migratory flights. Some aspects of waterfowl, such as wood ducks, mallards,
and black ducks, breed in wetland areas of the Monongahela River Basin
(WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973). Other birds which use wetland and riparian
habitats for feeding and resting include: kingfisher, turkey vulture,
red-winged blackbird, song sparrow, robin, cardinal, and yellow warbler
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(WVDNR 1976h). The variety of food sources in these habitats attracts game
species such as whitetailed deer, cottontails, squirrels, quail, grouse,
mourning dove, and woodcock. Widely ranging predatory and omnivorous
species such as osprey, marsh hawk, mink, weasel, foxes, raccoon, and bobcat
find varied prey in such habitats. These habitats also are the most
productive areas for almost all forms of furbearers in the Basin (WVDNR
1976h; WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1977b).
Open Land
The open land category includes cropland, pastures, oldfields,
hayfiel-ds, and orchards. Wildlife diversity is highest where there is a
mixture of open land, scrub, and forest. As a general rule for most
wildlife, good habitat conditions are represented by a ratio of about 40%
open land to 60% forest and scrub (WVDNR 1976h).
The most valuable types of open land to wildlife are those used for or
associated with agricultural operations. These areas provide varied food
and cover which are favorable to wildlife. This is in contrast to closed
canopy forest or single species stands which provide uniform food or cover.
During the period between 1949 and 1961, more than 1.5 million acres of open
land in West Virginia were abandoned. During this period there was a 54%
decrease in the number of active farms. Farmland not used for urban
purposes typically reverts to oldfield, scrub, and forest after cultivation
ceases.
Forest presently comprises about 66% of the Monongahela River Basin.
It has been estimated that the proportion of forest will increase to 68% by
the year 2000. A decrease in the amount of agricultural and open land with
the subsequent increases in forest or developed land locally will alter the
present wildlife diversity and populations. Maintenance of open habitats
together with edge habitats adjacent to forest and scrub stands is a primary
need for wildlife management efforts in the Monongahela River Basin
(WVDNR-1976h).
Many species benefit from open habitats, especially when they are in
close proximity to forest, wetland, riparian habitat, or scrub. Small
mammals such as mice, voles, shrews, opossum, skunk, and cottontails utilize
open land for food, nesting, and shelter. The variety of seeds produced on
open and agricultural land attracts song birds and game birds such as robin,
catbird, mockingbird, red-winged blackbird, meadowlark, sparrows, mourning
dove, quail, grouse, and pheasant. Whitetailed deer, squirrels, and
occasionally wild turkey move into open lands to feed on the forbs, fruits,
and seeds present in these habitats. Predators, omnivores, and furbearers
also benefit from open habitats. Abundant small prey provide hunting
opportunities for snakes, hawks, owls, foxes, weasel, raccoon, and skunk
(WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973, 1977b).
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Caves
Caves in the Monongahela River Basin are critical habitats for some
forms of wildlife. The cave environment offers a near constant year-round
temperature, full protection from the elements, and the concealment of
darkness.
Four salamanders are known to inhabit caves: the cave salamander, the
longtailed salamander, the spring salamander, and the northern two-lined
salamander. The dusky salamander also can be found near cave entrances
occasionally (Conant 1975; Davies 1965). All of these salamanders are known
to occur in the Basin (Green 1978).
Most of the bats which are known to occur in the Basin also utilize
caves during at least part of the year (Burt and Grossenheider 1976;
WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1977a). Included among the bats which utilize
caves is the Indiana bat, which is considered endangered with extinction.
Reclaimed Surface Mines
Reclaimed mines often are planted with grasses and legumes, thus
establishing a grassland habitat. When woody plants such as shrubs, decid-
uous trees, or conifers are used, they typically are planted in regular rows
or blocks of a single species. Thus the areas have a low species diversity.
Reclaimed mine areas also may contain sediment ponds, which can be very
valuable for wildlife, particularly reptiles and amphibians (Turner and
Fowler 1980). The ponds also can be used extensively by migratory waterfowl
and other species that require open water (Riley 1977) and can provide
recreational opportunities if stocked with fish (Turner and Fowler 1980).
The types of cultivated vegetation on reclaimed mines vary greatly in
utility to wildlife, depending on the food, land cover, and diversity of
plant species selected for reclamation. The continuous grass-legume meadows
are used by the horned lark, eastern meadowlark, savannah sparrow, grass-
hopper sparrow, vesper sparrow, and bobolink (Allaire 1978, Whitmore and
Hall 1978). Game birds such as the mourning dove and quail may be present
before a thick layer of litter accumulates (Samuel and Whitmore 1979). Wet
depressions on reclaimed mine sites are used by red-winged blackbirds
(Allaire 1978). The populations of small mammals in newly (3- to 5-year-
old) revegetated areas may be low in comparison with populations in adjacent
naturally vegetated areas (Kirkland 1976). Revegetation techniques are
described in Appendix C.
Woody plants added within the grassland can provide song perches for
species such as the indigo bunting, prairie warbler, rufous-sided towhee,
and song sparrow. Ruffed grouse also can use such areas because of the
availability of cover (Samuel and Whitmore 1979). White-tailed deer use the
browse provided on revegetated mine sites (USDI-BOR 1975).
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Abandoned Surface Mines
Orphaned mines can support diverse successional communities that can
range in structure between bare ground and forest, depending on the fertil-
ity of the spoil (Bramble and Ashley 1955, Riley 1977). The process of
natural revegetation of abandoned mine spoil can take more than ten years to
provide over 50% ground cover, even on favorable sites (Bramble and Ashley
1955).
Orphaned mines that support a naturally well-developed growth of vege-
tation are considered to provide excellent wildlife habitat (Haigh 1976,
members of the Wildlife Committee of the Thirteenth Annual Interagency
Evaluation Tour, WVDNR-Reclamation 1978). Some researchers have reported
that, after decades of natural succession, abandoned mines can support popu-
lations of small mammals, cottontail rabbits, woodchucks, reptiles, white-
tailed deer,, and many open-land species of birds that equal or exceed in
number and diversity their respective populations in adjacent undisturbed
areas (DeCapita and Bookhout 1975, Jones 1978, Riley 1977).
2.3.3.2. Distribution of Wildlife
The species of vertebrates known or likely to be present in the
Monongahela River Basin are listed in taxonomic order by group (amphibians,
reptiles, birds, and mammals) in Appendix B. All data in Appendix B were
obtained from WVDNR-Wildlife Resources (1978a) unless otherwise noted.
Because at least 277 species of birds may be present, only the number of
species present in each family is indicated for this group. Species of
vertebrates that are considered to be endangered, threatened, or of special
interest in West Virginia are discussed in Section 2.3.4.1.
2.3.3.2.1. Amphibians. Thirty-two of the 41 species of amphibians
within the State are known or likely to be present in the Basin (see
Appendix B; Green 1978, WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1980b). Four species in
the Basin are considered by WVDNR-HTP to be of special or scientific
interest or are on the proposed State threatened and endangerd species list
(WVDNR-HTP 1980) and are listed in Table 2-19.
2.3.3.2.2. Reptiles. Twenty-eight of the 41 species of reptiles known
to be present in West Virginia have been collected or may be present within
the Basin (see Appendix B; Green 1978, WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1978). Four
species of reptiles are considered to be of scientific interest by WVDNR-HTP
(Table 2-19): the wood turtle, the map turtle, the Eastern ribbon snake,
and the Mountain earth snake.
2.3.3.2.3. Birds. Two hundred and seventy-seven of the 263 species of
birds are known or are expected to occur in the Monongahela River Basin
(HalL 1971; Appendix B, Table B-5). This total includes the wild turkey and
the ringnecked pheasant. Most of the species breed in, migrate through, or
are present in all counties during some period of the year. Most of the
species with restricted distributions are associated with open water or
wetlands.
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Table 2-19. Animal species considered to be special animals of scientific
interest by the WVDNR-Heritage Trust Program and are species for a pre-
liminary proposed State threatened and endangered list (WVDNR-HTP 1978b).
The numbers following these species indicate the number of'entries in the
Heritage Trust Program for the Basin.
Common Name
Scientific Name
Amphibians
Cheat Mountain salamander
Green salamander
Cave salamander
Northern cricket frog
Plethodon netting! -9
Aneides aeneus -]0
Eurycea lucifuga
Acris crepitans
Reptiles
Wood turtle
Map turtle
Eastern ribbon snake
Mountain earth snake
Clemmys insculpta
Graptemys geographica -2
Thamnophis sauritus -2
Virginia valeriae pulchra -4
Mammals
Longtail shrew
Northern water shrew
Starnose mole
Little brown bat
Keen Myotis
Indiana Myotis (endangered Federal)
Small-footed Myotis
Eastern pipistrel
Western big-eared bat
Black bear
Fisher
Least weasel
River otter
Spotted skunk
Northern flying squirrel
Eastern fox squirrel
Southern bog lemming
Yellownose vole
Porcupine
Meadow jumping mouse
New England cottontail
Sorex dispar -2
Sorex palustris
Condylura cristata -5
Myotis lucifugus -34
Myotis keeni -3
Myot1s s o d a 1i s -1
Myotis subulatus -5
Pipistrellus sqbflavus -20
Plecotus townsendi -3
Ursus americanus -4
Martes pennanti -2
Mustela rixosa -2
Lutra canadensis -1
Glaucomys sabrinus -3
Sciurus niger -4
Synap toniys cooperi - 7
Microtus chrotorrhinus -11
Erethizon dorsatum -2
Zapus hudsonliis -2
Sy] vilagus Jrransitiona] is -3
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Three species, the passenger pigeon, Carolina paroquet (parakeet), and
black-billed magpie, formerly occurred in the Monongahela River Basin but
are now either extinct or extirpated. The passenger pigeon formerly
occurred throughout the entire State, but it is now extinct. The former
status of the now-extinct Carolina paroquet in the Basin and the State is
uncertain. Approximately 18 years ago the black-billed magpie was
introduced into the Canaan Valley section of the Basin. This species is now
believed to be extirpated from the region (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973;
Hall 1971).
Twenty-four other species have been recorded in the State, but are not
included in the total of 277 species because their occurrence is considered
accidental. An accidental species is defined as one for which there have
been fewer than five observations ever recorded in the State (Hall 1971).
The bald eagle and the peregrine falcon may be present in any county in
the Basin during migration. Both of these species are classified as endan-
gered in the entire United States on the Federal list of endangered and
threatened species (50 CFR 17.11).
2.3.3.2.4. Mammals. Fifty-nine species of mammals are known or
reasonably expected to occur in the Monongahela River Basin (Table B-4,
Appendix B). This total includes game, furbearers, and other mammals.
Mammals considered to be special animals of scientific interest appear in
Table 2-19.
The coyote, the cougar or mountain lion, and the porcupine possibly may
occur in the Monongahela River Basin. Although the coyote has been reported
in West Virginia, these records are sporadic and more probably represent
escaped or released individuals rather than establishment of a naturalized
population. The cougar has not been verified in West Virginia during recent
years, although the Appalachian Mountains are part of its former range.
This species may possibly occur in the mountains of the eastern part of the
Basin (Burt and Grossenheider 1976; WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973, 1977a).
The northeastern part of the State represents the southernmost extent of the
natural range of the porcupine in the eastern United States (Burt and
Grossenheider 1976).
2.3.3.3. Game Resources
Game animals are an important economic resource in West Virginia.
State revenues from the sale of hunting and fishing licenses are collected
from almost a quarter of West Virginia residents each year. They spent more
than $79 million annually for wildlife-oriented recreation, and marketed
$3.1 million in furs during the 1979 trapping season (Grimes 1980). In an
economic survey of wildlife-oriented recreation in the southeastern United
States (Georgia State University 1974), the following values were allocated
for each day of participation, for evaluation purposes:
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Activity Value Per Day
Freshwater fishing $10.00
Small game hunting $10.00
Big game hunting $25.00
Waterfowl hunting $20.00
Watching or photographing birds
or other animals $10.00
The most popular species in a survey of West Virginia hunters (Riffe
1971) were ranked as follows, in order of preference: squirrels, deer,
ruffed grouse, wild turkey, raccoon, bear, woodcock, and snowshoe hare.
(Game animals in the Monongahela River Basin are listed in Table 2-20.)
Trout and other aquatic game species are discussed in Section 2.2.
In 1970, approximately 76% of the total acreage in the Basin was open
to hunting (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1970). This included lands on which
hunting was restricted in some manner (to certain species, seasons, persons,
etc.). Posting of private land to prohibit hunting has increased since
1970, particularly near urban areas and areas where the hunting pressure is
high and landowner-hunter difficulties are likely to occur.
2.3.3.4. Values of Nongame Wildlife Resources
Allaire (1979a, 1979b) and Whitmore (1978) have shown that man-altered
environments such as reclaimed surface mines can provide valuable recreation
areas for observation, photography, and other nonconsumptive use of nongame
birds. Nearly 25% of the wildlife-oriented use-days in National Forests may
be spent on observation of birds and nature photography (Hooper and Crawford
1969), and nonconsumptive use of such resources is common in West Virginia.
Legislation has been introduced in Congress and in many states to pro-
vide funds for the protection and management of nongame resources. Similar
legislation has been introduced in West Virginia, but has not yet been
enacted. The funds thus obtained would be used to collect information on
populations of nongame species and to plan and conduct population and
habitat enhancement programs that could be coordinated with impact assess-
ment and mitigation activities.
2.3.4. Significant Species and Features
WVDNR-HTP maintains and continuously updates a computerized data bank
on the significant natural features and rare species in the State. The
current information on the nature of the feature or species and its loca-
tion^) or distribution in the State has been obtained from several sources,
principally university or private researchers, museum records, published
literature, and theses. A limited number of field investigations also have
been performed by WVDNR-HTP personnel, and more will be undertaken during
the next few years.
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Table 2-20. Game mammals, furbearers, and game birds of the Monongahela River
Basin, West Virginia (Rieffenberger et al. 1976; Sanderson 1977; WVWRD 1977b)
GAME MAMMALS AND FURBEARERS
Whitetail deer
Black bear
Gray squirrel
Raccoon
Eastern cottontail
New England cottontail
Snowshoe hare
Mink
Muskrat
Fisher
Beaver
Striped Skunk
Spotted Skunk
Opossum
Woodchuck
Longtail weasel
Least weasel
Red fox
Gray fox
Bobcat
GAME BIRDS
Wild turkey Canada goose
Ruffed grouse Snow goose
Ringneck pheasant Blue goose
English sparrow Virginia rail
Starling Sora rail
Crow Common gallinule
Mallard American coot
Black duck Common snipe
Wood duck Mourning dove
Canvasback Woodcock
Redhead
Scamp
Blue-winged teal
Hooded merganser
Common merganser
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The terrestrial biological resource categories included in the system
are:
• Species of plants and animals that have been designated as
endangered or threatened at the Federal level
• Species of plants and animals of special or scientific
interest in West Virginia
• Plant communities of special or scientific interest in
West Virginia
• Champion or outstanding individual trees
• Wetland areas.
An occurrence index is developed for each species or feature (element)
in the system. The index is the ratio of the number of recorded occurrences
of that element in the Basin to the number of recorded occurrences of the
element in the State. Presently, these indexes are based on a limited amount
of data. The indexes will change periodically as more information is devel-
oped by WVDNR-HTP, and the data are included in this assessment only as an
approximation of the currently known distribution and rarity of the species.
If the number of occurrences for a species becomes large enough, that
species is dropped from the WVDNR-HTP inventory.
The locations at which terrestrial biological features have been
recorded by WVDNR-HTP are shown in Figure 2-19 and the elements that consti-
tute each category within the Basin are described in the following sections.
The data mapped in Figure 2-19 represent only some of the significant
natural resources in the State; they do not constitute a systematic,
Statewide inventory of all possible significant terrestrial biological
resources. Locational information obtained from the State has been mapped
on the 1:24,000-scale Overlay 1 for EPA's use.
Some of the records contained in the listing are more than 50 years
old, and the species or features indicated no longer may be present at those
locations. Field checks are being made by WVDNR-HTP personnel and others to
determine the accuracy of this information. Many of the areas in which the
species or features were noted have been relatively undisturbed since the
time of the record, and it is believed that the species or features still
may be present. The former occurrence of one relatively rare species may
indicate the presence of a high-quality habitat for other rare species. The
locations of all occurrences are retained in the WVDNR-HTP list until field
verification of the present occurrence or absence of the species and
estimation of the quality of the habitat and possible presence of other rare
species can be performed.
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2.3.4.1. Endangered and Threatened Species
2.3.4.1.1. Plants. No species of plants present in West Virginia have
been designated officially by either Federal or State authorities as endan-
gered or threatened with extinction. The Eraser's Sedge, pale- green orchis,
and purple firngeless orchid have been included by the Smithsonian
Institution in a list of plants considered to be endangered or threatened
(but not Federally designated; Ayensu and DeFilipps 1978). These species
have no legal protection or status within West Virginia, but presently are
considered to be of special or scientific interest within the State by
WVDNR-HTP.
2.3.4.1.2. Animals. Two mammals in the Monongahela River Basin, one
of known occurrence(the Indiana bat) and the other of unlikely occurrence
(the eastern cougar), are considered endangered with extinction. The
Indiana bat is known to occur in several caves in the Basin (WVDNR-HTP
1978b). The caves are in a limestone area believed to lack coal resources.
The eastern cougar may still occur in the more remote mountainous regions of
the Basin, but this is considered unlikely. There have been no verified
reports of cougars in recent years (WVDNR-Wildlife Resources 1973).
The southern bald eagle and the American peregrine falcon both are
considered endangered species (41 FR 36420-36431, 14 July 1977). Both of
these birds are known migrants through the Basin, and at times are seasonal
visitors (WVDNR-HTP 1978b; Hall 1971). The endangered Kirtland's warbler
also may occur in the Basin. There are records of sightings of this warbler
during 1937, 1944, and 1945 (WVDNR-HTP 1978b). No recent specimens,
recognizable photographs, or verified sight records are available, however,
for Kirtland's warbler in West Virginia (Hall 1971).
2.3.4.2. Animal Species of Special Interest
Those species considered to be special animals of scientific interest
included species which are rare, or near their range limits, or not
regularly observed. Amphibians and reptiles (Table 2-19 and Table B-3 in
Appendix B), mammals (Table 2-19 and Table B-4 in Appendix B), and birds
(Table B-6 in Appendix B) listed by the Heritage Trust Program are
indicated. For the purposes of this inventory, the proposed State
threatened and endangerd species and the special animals of scientific
interest generally were considered specially significant animals.
The Heritage Trust Program data were used to assist in the verification
and determination of occurrence of expected species with the Basin. These
included species at or near their natural range limit in the Monongahela
River Basin, especially those for which recent observations were lacking, as
well as species considered threatened or endangered. This information was
plotted on a base map of the Basin (Figure 2-19). The Heritage Trust
Program data represent most of the areas within the Monongahela River Basin
where previous investigations and studies have been conducted. Therefore,
some parts of the Basin show a clustering of many records of occurrence for
2-119
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the special animals. Areas with no or few records may reflect a lack of
previous studies, as well as the absence of a particular animal from that
part of the Basin. Reptiles and amphibians had not been entered into the
computerized inventory at the time this report was prepared. .
2.3.5. Data Gaps
The regional-scale emphasis of this SID and the physical limitations of
the report preclude the provision of all of the detailed information known
to exist on terrestrial resources within the Basin. The information
presented in the preceeding sections constitutes a summary of the available
information on biologically and economically significant species and
features. During the compilation and condensation of the available informa-
tion, several deficiencies were noted in both information on particular
resources within the Basin and for geographic areas of the Basin.
2.3.5.1. Wetlands
Knowledge of the number, location, and community composition of wet-
lands in the State is in an early stage of development. An initial invent-
ory of these areas has been conducted by WDNR-Wildlife Resources, and the
locations of the majority of the vegetated wetlands identified have been
incorporated into the WVDNR-HTP data bank. It is anticipated that
additional wetlands will be located, and that the composition of the vege-
tation in these areas will be ascertained, during the course of the aerial
photographic survey being conducted jointly by WVDNR-HTP and researchers at
West Virginia University.
At present the flora and fauna of the known wetlands have not been
studied extensively because of the small size and remote locations of these
wetlands. Field investigations are scheduled to be conducted during 1980
and succeeding years. Small mammal trapping, wildlife observation, and
botanical studies will be performed by WVDNR-HTP personnel and other
researchers to obtain information on the plant and animal communities of
these wetlands. Studies also will be performed on nutrient cycling, strati-
graphy and soils, water quality changes, inflow and outflow.
2.3.5.2. Significant Species and Features
Information on rare, threatened, and endangered species and biological
features of special interest or uniqueness within the State also is in an
early stage of development, and additional fieldwork is required to confirm
the historical information on the occurrences of many of these species.
Such work is underway, and a number of researchers are contributing their
knowledge to the WVDNR-HTP information bank. Site-specific studies undoubt-
edly will be required at many proposed mine sites because of the lack of
information for those areas. In addition, little is known about the habitat
requirements of many of these species, especially those that are rarely seen
and have not been studied in detail.
2-] 20
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Large portions of the Monongahela River Basin contain large reserves of
coal, and it is expected that most of these reserves will be removed by
surface raining in this century. Unless biological fieldwork is undertaken
when mine plans are developed, many terrestrial resources unknown at this
time will be lost without record. If the significant resources become
known, however, mitigative actions can be taken to preserve significant
natural areas, to relocate individual organisms to protected areas, or to
restock areas after reclamation. In this way, biological resources can be
preserved while coal is developed (see Section 5.3.).
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2-122
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2.4 Climate, Air Quality, and Noise
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Page
2.4. Climate, Air Quality, and Noise 2-123
2.4.1. General Climatic Patterns in West Virginia 2-123
2.4.1.1. Precipitation and Humidity 2-123
2.4.1.2. Temperature 2-124
2.4.1.3. Wind 2-124
2.4.2. Climatic Patterns in the Basin 2-124
2.4.2.1. Precipitation 2-136
2.4.2.2. Relative Humidity 2-136
2.4.2.3. Temperature 2-136
2.4.2.4. Wind 2-136
2.4.2.5. Mixing Heights 2-145
2.4.3. Ambient Air Quality 2-145
2.4.3.1. Air Quality Control Regions and PSD areas 2-145
2.4.3.2. Air Quality Data and Trends 2-148
2.4.3.3. Classification of AQCR's 2-153
2.4.3.4. Air Pollution Sources 2-153
2.4.4. Noise 2-156
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2.4. CLIMATE, AIR QUALITY, AND NOISE
2.4.1. General Climatic Patterns in West Virginia
West Virginia has a continental climate characterized by distinct
seasons. The State is in the path of prevailing westerly winds that move
across the North American continent, bringing weather patterns that develop
in the western and southwestern states. These winds frequently are
interrupted by cool or warm surges from the north or the south.
Weather in summer months is controlled by warm, moist air that sweeps
into the State from the Gulf of Mexico. The Gulf air produces warm summer
temperatures and frequent rainstorms. The showers and thunderstorms
generally are localized and of short duration. Occasionally they cause
local flooding of small streams.
Winter weather is dominated by low pressure systems that move eastward
through the Ohio River Valley. These systems bring cool temperatures and
often result in long-duration precipitation events covering extensive areas.
Flooding of large rivers and streams occasionally occurs as a result of the
winter storms. Thaw conditions are common during these periods, and snow
accumulations generally are light.
The mountainous topography of West Virginia significantly influences
local weather conditions in the State. Above 3,000 feet, temperatures
generally are cooler, winds are stronger, and precipitation heavier, than in
the valleys or plateaus at lower elevations. Precipitation is generally
greatest on windward (west-facing) slopes where rising, moisture-laden air
cools and condenses. Markedly less precipitation characterizes leeward
(east-facing) slopes, especially east of the Allegheny Mountains (NOAA
1977).
2.4.1.1. Precipitation and Humidity
Annual precipitation in West Virginia averages 43 inches per year
Statewide and varies locally from 30 to 51 inches. Rainfall tends to
increase in an easterly direction from the western border of the State to
the Allegheny Mountains. Immediately east of the mountains, precipitation
values are similar to those observed in the far western sections of the
State. Monthly average amounts are approximately equal, but precipitation
is slightly greater during the summer months. Autumn provides the driest
weather. Precipitation falls on an average of 122 days per year, and
thunderstorms occur approximately 40 to 50 days per year (NOAA 1977, Trent
and Dickerson 1976).
Thunderstorms may bring 4 to 5 inches of rain during a 24-hour period,
and amounts greater than 10 inches in 24 hours have been reported in all
parts of the State. The record storm is considered to be a mid-July
thunderstorm which deposited 19 inches of rain in 2 hours at Rockport (Wood
County) in 1889. Values for the 10-year 24-hour design storm range from
2-123
-------
approximately 4 to 5 inches across the State. The values of the 10-year
1-hour storm are about 2 inches, lower in the north, and higher in the
southern part of the State (Horn and McGuire 1960).
Total annual average snowfall for West Virginia ranges from 20 inches
in lower elevations to greater than 70 inches in the mountains. Accumula-
tions are generally light due to frequent thaws, except at higher elevations
where snow cover may persist for extended periods of time (NOAA 1977, Trent
and Dickerson 1976).
Relative humidity in the western section of the State averages nearly
80% during night and early morning hours but generally drops to 60% or less
during the early afternoon. Humidity in late summer and early autumn is
slightly higher than the annual average, and spring values are slightly
lower. Night and early morning fog is frequent in valleys at higher eleva-
tions, where- high humidity is common. High elevation areas generally are
more humid than areas at lower elevations, but mild temperatures keep the
higher humidity from causing uncomfortable living conditions for persons
inhabiting these areas.
2.4.1.2. Temperature
Summer temperatures in West Virginia average 71.5° Fahrenheit (°F), but
occasionally climb to highs of 100°F or more. Winter temperatures average
33.6°F but may drop to less than -30°F at high elevations. Cold spells,
with near 0°F temperatures, generally occur two or three times during the
winter season but last only a few days. Spring and autumn temperatures in
the State average 50-60°F. The first freeze of the autumn season normally
occurs in late October while the last spring freeze occurs during late
April. The average length of the growing season for the State is 160 days
(NOAA 1977, West Virginia Statistical Handbook 1965). Locally, the frost-
free period ranges between about 130 and 170 days, depending on exposure and
elevation.
2.4.1.3. Wind
Prevailing winds are from the west and southwest but vary locally in
both speed and direction due to interruption of air flow by mountain ridges
and valleys. Strongest winds generally are associated with the passage of
frontal systems and are most common during early spring. Calm wind
conditions are most evident during late summer and early autumn. Daily,
winds are usually strongest in the late afternoon and are least strong prior
to dawn. Strong winds resulting in property damage occur infrequently
(Weedfall 1967, NOAA 1977).
2.4.2. Climatic Patterns in the Monongahela River Basin
The Monongahela River Basin is located almost 400 miles from the
Atlantic Ocean. Its climate is continental with a marked temperature
contrast between summer and winter. The major river valleys open to the
2-124
-------
north. The altitudes range from less than about 800 feet along the western
limit of the State to over 4,850 feet in the Allegheny Mountains. The
region is notable for naturally poor atmospheric dispersion and,
consequently, for polluted air near concentrations of heavy industry, as in
the Kanawha Valley, southwest of the Basin. There are five significant
fossil-fueled power stations in the Basin (Figure 2-21).
The transport and diffusion of air pollutants may vary sharply over
short distances in terrain such as that of the Basin, depending on the
landscape characteristics and on the nature of the pollution sources. On a
relatively windswept plain, the potential for diffusive mixing in every
direction typically results in low concentrations of atmospheric pollutants
around the sources. But in a narrow, steep-walled valley that experiences
frequent radiation inversions below the crest, transport of pollutants may
be limited to up- or down-valley flows, and diffusive mixing of air masses
outside the valley usually is inhibited by the topography.
Local conditions of poor dispersion are aggravated by large-scale air
stagnations (subsidence inversions) over Appalachia and the eastern United
States. Widespread air stagnation is associated with high-pressure weather
systems (anticyclones) whose slow eastward migration is sometimes blocked by
hurricanes that move northeastward along the Atlantic Coast. Peak pollution
episodes generally are associated with periods of general regional air
stagnation.
The State of West Virginia is situated within a zone of prevailing
westerly winds. As they approach the Appalachian range, the air masses must
rise to cross the mountains. The uplift often triggers precipitation or
intensifies the already falling rain or snow.
No temperature data are available for the upper atmosphere of the
Monongahela Basin. Atmospheric temperature, however, should not vary
significantly over the region, and the data recorded at the Greater
Pittsburgh Airport should be reasonably representative of the upper
atmospheric temperature throughout the Monongahela Basin. At Pittsburgh
surface temperature inversions are reported 55% of the time at 7 am and 13%
of the time at 7 pm (Table 2-21). The surface inversions most frequently
are at heights between 100 and 500 m above the ground. Elevated temperature
inversions are reported 20% of the time at 7 am and 18% of the time at 7 pm
(Table 2-22). The base of the elevated inversions typically ranges from 100
to 1,000 m above ground level.
Pittsburgh data for surface wind velocities and directions are
presented in Table 2-23. Prevailing winds are from the west.
Data on the frequency of Pasquill Stability Classes indicate the
atmospheric stability of the Basin, and hence its potential to undergo
periods of high pollution. The Elkins data, the only station with available
data, are presented in Tables 2-24 through 2-30. Classes A and B, the least
2-125
-------
t CO
2-126
-------
Table 2-21. Average annual occurrence of surface temperature inversions,
Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pittsburgh PA, 1966-1973. Some data are
missing.
Height Above Ground
Occurrence (%)
Level (m)
1-100
101-250
251-500
501-750
751-1,000
1,000-1,500
1,500-
Table 2-22. Average annual
Greater Pittsburgh Airport
missing .
Base of Inversion
Above Ground Level (m)
1-100
101-250
251-500
501-750
751-1,000
0700 hrs
1.1
23.0
21.5
4.3
1.9
2.1
1.3
TOTAL 55.1
EST 1900 hrs EST
1.6
8.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.2
0.2
12.9
occurence of elevated temperature inversion,
, Pittsburgh PA, 1966-1973. Some data are
0700 hrs
0.3
4.9
5.0
5.7
4.3
TOTAL 20.3
Occurrence (%)
EST 1900 hrs EST
0.1
2.4
3.4
5.9
6.3
18.1
2-127
-------
Table 2-23. Annual percentage frequencies of wind direction and speed at
the Greater Pittsburgh Airport, Pittsburgh PA, 1964-1973, Wind speeds are
reported as miles per hour (1 mph = 0.45 m/sec).
Wind Speed
Class
Wind
Direction
N
NNE
NE
ENE
E
ESE
SE
SSE
S
SSW
SW
WSW
W
WNW
NW
NNW
Calm
0-3
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.5
0.2
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.4
0.3
0.1
5.2
4-7
Wind
2.1
1.3
1.6
1.3
2.5
2.0
2.2
1.7
1.7
1.4
2.0
1.7
2.5
1.7
1.4
0.7
8-12
Speed
3.1
1.1
1.1
1.3
1.7
1.6
1.7
1.2
1.2
1.8
3.2
3.3
4.1
2.2
2.3
2.0
13-18
Observed
1.3
0.2
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.5
0.3
0.3
1.1
2.7
3.3
4.7
2.6
2.0
1.3
19-23
Hourly (%)
0.0
0.0
0.0
o.o •
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.3
0.7
1.0
0.6
0.3
0.1
24+
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.1
0.2
0.4
0.1
0.1
0.0
Total
%
6.7
2.9
3.1
3.2
5.1
4.6
4.9
3.7
6.6
4.6
8.6
9.6
13.1
7.7
6.3
4.1
5.2
Annual
Average
Speed
9.2
7.7
7.4
8.0
7.5
7.8
7.8
7.4
8.0
9.6
10.8
12.1
12.2
11.7
11.2
10.8
0.0
TOTAL
10.8 27.7
34.2
22.1
3.3
1.0 100.0
9.4
2-128
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2-135
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stable categories, account for 68% of the total. The most frequent wind
direction for all stability classes is westerly. ^
NOAA has tabulated data from four climatological stations located in
the Monongahela River Basin for the period 1951 to 1977. Figure 2-22
presents names and locations of these stations.
2.4.2.1. Precipitation
Average annual precipitation at the four weather stations ranges from
39.9 inches to 46.4 inches. Average monthly precipitation ranges from 3.3
inches to 3.9 inches. Spring and summer months generally have the highest
precipitation. The greatest accumulation of rainfall for a 24 hour period
ranged from 3.31 inches at Clarksburg, to 5.45 inches at Elkins.
Precipitation data for the Basin are presented in Tables 2-31 through 2-34.
Average annual snowfall at the stations varies greatly, depending on
elevation. Buckhannon has the highest average annual snowfall, 56.3 inches,
while Clarksburg has the lowest, 30.2 inches. Generally the first snow
arrives in October. Snowfalls at average levels of greater than one inch
per month occur from November through March. Occasional light snowfalls
occur in April. Snow cover in winter months may reach several feet in the
higher elevations, but generally is a few inches or less at lower
elevations.
2.4.2.2. Relative Humidity
Relative humidity data are not available for the Monongahela fl
River Basin. Humidity is greatest during daybreak. Humidity readings
generally drop during morning hours usually reaching a minimum value during
early afternoon. Maximum and minimum values of average monthly humidity
range from about 50% to 85%.
2.4.2.3. Temperature
Average annual temperature data collected from the four climatological
stations range from 50.4°F to 52.9°F. Warmest average temperatures occur in
the western sections of the Basin during July and August, ranging from 70°F
to 74°F. Recorded temperatures of 100°F or greater have occurred at all of
the stations. January is the coldest month of the year with average monthly
temperatures at all stations ranging from 30.7°F to 32.2°F. Record low
temperatures of less than minus 17°F have been recorded at all nine
stations. Temperature data are provided in Tables 2-31 and 2-35 through
2-37.
2.4.2.4. Wind
Wind data for the Basin are limited to the weather station located in
Elkins, WV. These data (Table 2-31) indicate that the average annual wind
speed is approximately 5.2 miles per hour. Average monthly wind velocities
range from 3.5 mph to 6.9 mph, with stronger winds generally evident during
2-136
-------
Figure 2-22
CLIMATOUOGICAL MONITORING STATIONS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER
BASIN (adapted from NOAA 1977, WVAPCC 1978)
I
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2-] 37
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winter and early spring. General air circulation patterns in the Basin are
interrupted by the mountainous terrain. This results in localized
variations in wind direction and speed due to blockage and/or channelization
of winds. Strong damaging winds occur infrequently within the Basin (NOAA
1977).
2.4.2.5. Mixing Heights
Warming of air near the surface produces convection currents which mix
air of different characteristics and disperse air pollutants. On sunny
days, the mixed layer may reach a height of 3,000 to 6,500 feet, above which
occurs an inversion layer of stable air. The distance between the bottom of
the inversion layer and the ground is called the mixing height. The depth
of this layer of turbulent air affects the volume of air in which pollutants
are diluted, and therefore their ground-level concentrations. An inverse
relationship exists between the depth of the mixed layer and pollutant con-
centrations; greater mixing heights are associated with lower pollutant con-
centrations. Mixing heights are generally greatest in the afternoon, when
surface temperatures are likely to be highest.
Low-level inversions occur in the Appalachian Region 30 to 45% of the
time (NAPCC and WVAPCC 1970). During these inversion episodes, pollutants
become concentrated near the surface and potentially can violate air quality
standards.
2.4.3. Ambient Air Quality
An Air Quality Control Region is the functional unit for which the air
pollution control regulations are designed pursuant to the Clean Air Act.
The US is subdivided into approximately 250 AQCR's, each of which consists
of five to twenty counties. These AQCR's originally were established to
represent geographical areas that include similar sources of air pollution
in an urbanized area as well as the receptors that were affected
significantly by them. In later reorganization, some of these AQCR's were
altered for administrative convenience. Some AQCR's, however, continued to
reflect similar air pollution concentrations and problems.
2.4.3.1. Air Quality Control Regions and PSD Areas
There are ten AQCR's in West Virginia, four of which are interstate and
six of which are intrastate. The intrastate AQCR's in West Virginia were
designated on the basis of similarity of topography and/or land use, and on
the basis of political or natural boundaries (Figure 2-23). Federal
interstate AQCR's were established to help simplify the problem of
controlling excessive pollution in the individual States (WVAPCC 1978).
The Monongahela River Basin includes parts of three Air Quality Control
Regions (AQCR's) that have been established by EPA in accordance with the
Clean Air Act (Figure 2-23). These regions, whose boundaries generally
follow county lines, are described in the following paragraphs. There are
2-145
-------
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4 ambient air quality monitoring stations in the Basin that report standard
temperature, precipitation, and related surface meteorological data.
The AQCR's that are wholly or partially within the Monongahela River Basin
follow.
Allegheny Region (AQCR 231)
The Basin section of Region 231 includes Tucker County, most of
Randolph County, and part of Pocahontas County. The climatology of the
Region is typified by cold to moderately cold winters, cool (mountains) to
warm (lower elevations) summers, stormy springs, and fair autumns.
Precipitation averages as much as 67 inches per year on the windward side of
the ridges in the higher mountains and 30 inches per year on the leeward
slopes and valleys. Prevailing winds are from west through southwest. Wind
speeds are greater over the higher mountain areas than in the intermountain
valleys in the eastern section of the Region.
Stagnation conditions with poor dispersion that last 4 days or more
occur once or twice each year. About once in 7 years a 7-day stagnation
occurs. The City of Elkins, for which extensive information was just
presented, is located near the geographical center of the Region. There are
no ambient air quality monitoring stations in the AQCR, but some information
is available from Clarksburg in Harrison County and Weston in Lewis County,
the nearest stations to Region 231.
Central West Virginia (AQCR 232)
The Basin section of Region 232 includes sections of Lewis and Upshur
Counties. The climatology of the Region is typified by moderately cold to
cold winters, warm and humid summers, stormy springs, and fair autumns.
Precipitation averages 42 to 60 inches per year and is fairly evenly spread
throughout the years. Winds are most frequent from the west through south.
The highest speeds occur during the colder months. Dense fog is frequent in
the valleys. Stagnating conditions with poor dispersion lasting four days
or more occur about twice per year. About once in 5 years a 7-day
stagnation occurs.
The nearest appropriate local meteorological data are available from
Parkersburg, Elkins, and Charleston. Ambient air quality is monitored at
Weston within the Region and at Montgomery and Smithers in Fayette County,
Fallsview and Clarksburg in Harrison County, and Parkersburg in Wood County.
North Central West Virginia (AQCR 235)
The northern half of the Basin consists of Region 235. It includes
Barbour, Harrison, Marion, Monongalia, Preston, and Taylor counties. The
climatology of the region is typified by moderately cold to cold winters,
warm summers, stormy springs, and fair autumns. Annual precipitation
avera - 40 to 54 inches and is rather evenly distributed throughout the
year. Winds are most frequent from the southwest to west, with the higher
2-147
-------
wind speeds during the colder months. Winds are channeled and speeds
reduced in protected valley locations; temperature inversions are frequent m
in the deep valleys. Stagnation conditions with poor dispersion lasting 4
days or more occur once or twice each year. About once in 6 years a 7-day
stagnation occurs.
Meteorological data are not collected in the AQCR. The nearest
stations are at Elkins (Randolph County), Parkersburg (Wood County), and
Pittsburgh (Pennsylvania). Air quality is monitored in the AQCR at
Morgantown, Fairmont, and Clarksburg, as well as nearby in Weston (Lewis
County).
Air discharge permits are administered by WVAPCC (see Section 4.1.),
except for PSD reviews. The latter are performed by EPA Region III (see
Section 4.2.) .
2.4.3.2. Air Quality Data and Trends
The major pollutants in West Virginia ate total suspended particulates
(TSP) and sulfur oxides (SOX). Particulates include airborne liquid and
solid matter (i.e., smoke, acid mists, and fumes). The combustion of fuels
containing sulfur and other processes release sulfur dioxide (SC>2) into
the atmosphere. The major emitters of TSP and S02 are electric generating
facilities, metallurgical furnaces, and other fossil fuel burning processes
(WVAPCC 1978).
WVAPCC"s stations monitor concentrations of only total suspended M
particulates (TSP) and sulfur dioxide (SC-2). Carbon monoxide (CO), ™
oxidants (03), nitrogen dioxide (NC>2), and hydrocarbon concentrations
(HC) currently are not monitored. On the basis of previous monitoring, it
has been assumed that the airborne concentrations of these pollutants within
the Basin do not violate the secondary standards and are considered to have
air quality better than the National standards. Ambient air quality data
are presented in Tables 2-38 through 2-40 and station locations, are depicted
in Figure 2-24.
TSP concentrations have decreased in the Basin during the past decade,
but Fairmont, Weston, Piedmont, Morgantown, and Clarksburg reported
occasional concentrations during 1976 that exceeded the secondary standard
(150 ug/m3) during 1976 (Table 2-38). Weston reported two occasions on
which the primary TSP standard (260 ug/m3) was exceeded among its 67
sampling dates during 1976.
Settleable particulates are monitored at several stations, but no
standards for dustfall have been established. These data also reflect
improving conditions (Table 2-39).
Sulfur dioxide concentrations within the Basin did not exceed standards
during 1976 (Table 2-40). The primary S02 standard (365 ug/m3) was
exceeded once in Parkersburg out of 58 samples during n976.
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Figure 2-24
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING STATIONS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER
BASIN (WVAPCC 1977). Numbers relate to stations listed in tables
I
WAPORA.INC.
2-152
-------
Fossil fuel burning power plants are one of the major sources of
particulates and sulfur oxides in West Virginia. There are five generating
stations located in the Monongahela River Basin. These plants definitely
contribute to the TSP non-attainment status of the area. They also probably
exacerbate the S02 concentrations in the area,
2.4.3.3. Classification of AQCR's
An AQCR further is classified according to monitored or estimated air
pollution concentrations within the AQCR as Priority I, Priority II, or
Priority III. The most heavily polluted regions are Priority I; regions
with less pollution are Priority II; those with pollution levels below or
only slightly above standard levels are Priority III. A given AQCR may have
different classifications for different pollutants. For example, an AQCR
can be classified as Priority I for SOX and Priority III for CO.
The State air monitoring system provides a general overview of the
monitored air pollution concentrations in the AQCR1s in summary form. AQCR
classifications are based upon measured air quality where known, or, where
not known, on the maximum estimated pollutant concentration (WVAPCC 1978).
Each AQCR is classified separately with respect to sulfur oxides,
particulate matter, and other such pollutants as may have standards and
priority levels.
The most restrictive classification characterizes an AQCR wherever
there is a difference between the values for different parameters. For
example, if an AQCR is Priority I with respect to an annual average and
Priority II with respect to a 24-hour maximum value, the classification will
be Priority I. The ambient concentration limits that define this
classification system are presented in Table 2-41.
There is one air quality non-attainment area within the Basin. An air
quality non-attainment area is an area within an AQCR that is in
non-compliance with the NAAQS's. The non-attainment areas in West Virginia
and in the Basin are presented in Figure 2-25. In West Virginia the
secondary NAAQS's (see Section 4.O., Table 4-4) are used in determining
non-attainment areas.
The one air quality non-attainment area within the Monongahela River
Basin is located in Marion County. It is comprised of the City of Fairmont
and portions of Union and Winfield Magisterial Districts west of 1-90
(Figure 2-25). It has been assigned such a status due to its high levels of
ambient total suspended particulate concentrations.
2.4.3.4. Air Pollution Sources
The largest producers of particulates and sulfur oxides in West
Virginia are electric generating facilities, metallurgical furnaces, and
2-153
-------
Table 2-41. Ambient concentration limits that define the AQCR classification
system (g/nrj or ppm; State of West Virginia 1978). 4
Priority
Pollutant I II III
Greater Than From-To Less Than
Sulfur Dioxides (S02)
Annual arithmetic mean 100 (0.04) 60-100 (0.02-0.04) 60 (0.02)
24-hour maximum 455 (0.17) 260-455 (0.10-0.17) 260 (0.10)
Particulate matter (TSP)
Annual arithmetic mean 95 60- 95 60
24-hour maximum 325 150-325 150
2-154
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fossil fuel burning units. There are also three major industrial sources in
the State:
• Charleston - chemical industries
• Huntington - chemical industries
• Wheeling-Weirton - coal-related industries.
The locations of the principal fossil fuel power plants in West Virginia,
eastern Ohio, and eastern Kentucky, are presented in Figure 2-21.
Coal mining and coal processing operations may affect air quality by
generating fugitive dust. Fugitive dust may exacerbate existing TSP
concentrations in both attainment and non-attainment areas. Winds may carry
fugitive dust as far as 12.5 miles from the mine site in the arid regions of
the western US, where wind speeds tend to be high. In the eastern States
most fugitive dust settles close to its source. High humidity and low wind
speeds favor the settling of particles.
2.4.4. Noise
West Virginia has neither State nor regional noise monitoring programs,
and it lacks noise regulations. Thus, specific information regarding noise
levels in the Basin is not available. Ambient monitored noise data for West
Virginia are presented in Table 2-42.
One recent study regarding noise levels in Appalachia (WAPORA 1980)
provides some insight into typical noise levels found in the region. This
study found that the mean daytime noise level of all reported sites was
calculated to be 59.1 decibels (dBA) with a standard deviation of 7.4 dBA.
Mean nighttime levels were found to be 5.5 dBA lower than the daytime
levels. Noise levels did not differ significantly between different
land-use classes within the cities studied.
A Nationwide EPA program began in May 1977 pursuant to the Noise
Control Act of 1972. This program seeks to reduce 24-hour average noise
levels initially to no more than 75 decibels and eventually to 55 decibels
(EPA 1977) in order to reduce hearing loss resulting from noise exposure.
West Virginia has not yet availed itself of EPA assistance through the Quiet
Communities Program, which provides technical aid in developing noise
control ordinances and monitoring existing noise sources.
2-156
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Table 2-42. Ambient noise levels in West Virginia (dBA; WVDH 1979).
LOCATION
Leq
Large Metropolitan Center
Small Metropolitan Center
Rural Area
69
68
59
59
58
51
65
62
55
X:
That noise level which is exceeded 10% of the time, based on
statistical calculations using monitored data.
The average or mean of all the noise levels recorded during a
defined time period.
jeq The equivalent steady-state sound level which during a stated
period of time would contain the same acoustic energy as the
time-varying sound level actually recorded during the same time
period.
2-157
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2.5. CULTURAL AND VISUAL RESOURCES
Archaeological and historic sites (cultural resources) which are listed
on or are determined eligible for the National Register of Historic Places
are protected by several Federal regulations. Significant cultural
resources are considered to be valuable non-renewable manifestations of
cultural history. Cultural resources are considered eligible for the
National Register of Historic Places according to the following criteria:
• If they are associated with events that have made a
significant contribution to the broad patterns of our
history; or
• If they are associated with the lives of people
significant in our past; or
• If they embody the distinctive characteristics of a type,
period, or method of construction, or represent the work
of a master, or possess high artistic values, or represent
a significant and distinguishable entity whose components
may lack individual distinction; or
• If they have yielded, or may be likely to yield,
information important in prehistory or history (36 CFR
800 as amended).
The following sites ordinarily are not considered eligible for the
National Register: cemeteries, birthplaces, or graves of historical
figures; properties owned by religious institutions or used for religious
purposes; structures that have been moved from their original locations;
reconstructed historic buildings; properties primarily commemorative in
nature; and properties that have achieved significance within the past 50
years. However, such properties will qualify if they are integral parts of
districts that do meet the criteria or if they fall within the following
categories:
• A religious property deriving primary significance from
architectural or artistic distinction or historical
importance
• A building or structure removed from its original location
but which is significant primarily for architectural
value, or which is the surviving structure most
importantly associated with an historic person or event
• A birthplace or grave of a historical figure of
outstanding importance if there is no appropriate site or
building directly associated with the person's productive
life
2-159
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• A cemetery which derives its primary significance from
graves of people of transcendent importance, from age,
from distinctive design features, or from association with
historic events
• A reconstructed building when accurately executed in a
suitable environment and presented in a dignified manner
as part of a restoration master plan, and when no other
building or structure with the same association has
survived
• A property primarily commemorative in intent if design,
age, tradition, or symbolic value has invested it with its
own historical significance
• A property achieving significance within the past 50 years
if it is of exceptional importance (36 CFR 800 as amended).
Mandates and appropriate procedures for identification and protection
of significant cultural resources which may be affected by Federally funded,
licensed, permitted, or sponsored projects are contained in the National
Historic Preservation Act of 1966 (P.L. 89-665 as amended); Executive Order
11593; the Advisory Council Procedures for the Protection of Historic and
Cultural Properties (36 CFR 800 as amended); the Archaeological and Historic
Preservation Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-291); and the National Environmental
Policy Act of 1969 (P.L. 91-190). Compliance with Federal regulations
concerning consideration and protection of significant cultural resources is
required when a Federal agency conducts any administrative task whether or
not a NEPA review is indicated and whether or not an EIS is prepared for a
specific Federally-funded or endorsed undertaking.
2.5.1. Prehistory
Table 2-43 presents the prehistoric cultural groups which
archaeologists identify with West Virginia. It is with reference to these
groups, their associated technological assemblages, and a generally accepted
chronology that the incompletely known prehistory of the Monongahela River
Basin can be understood. This review relies primarily on the works of
JMA (1978), McMichael (1968), and Wilkins (1977).
The first evidence of human habitation in the Monongahela River Basin
relates to the Paleo-Indian period, perhaps as far back as 13,000 B.C.
However, no specific habitation sites or butchering stations attributable to
Paleo-Indians have been discovered in the Monongahela River Basin or in the
State of West Virginia. Such sites have been investigated in Pennsylvania
and Virginia. Gardner has investigated the earliest known structure in the
New World at the Thunderbird site in Virginia (1974) and has associated it
with a Paleo-Indian occupation. A nearby butchering station also has been
associated with a Paleo-Indian occupation. Both sites date to about 11,000
B.C.
2-160
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2-161
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Radiocarbon dates of 11,300 B.C. and 13,170 B.C. have been recovered
from Meadowcroft Rockshelter in Pennsylvania. This site in the Upper Ohio
Valley may also be attributable to Paleo-Indian occupation (Adavasio et al. m
1975; Wilkins 1977). While no camp sites or butchering stations
attributable to Paleo-Indians have been discovered in West Virginia,
isolated artifacts have been recorded in the lower Monongahela River Basin.
Paleo-Indian sites are frequently characterized by the presence of a
distinctive type of fluted, lanceolate projectile point. In West Virginia,
fluted points have been found on terraces of the Ohio River and the Kanawha
River and on Blennerhassett Island in the Ohio River near Parkersburg.
Fluted points have been found elsewhere associated with mammoth and mastodon
remains, and it is postulated that the Paleo-Indians lived in migratory
bands and subsisted by hunting large game. At the time of the Valders
maximum of the Wisconsin glaciation during the Pleistocene Epoch, the
continental ice sheet advanced to within several hundred miles of the
Monongahela River Valley. Game such as mammoth and mastodon grazed in open
areas not covered by ice or meltwater. The large herbivores followed
natural game trails along the watercourses to reach the level grazing areas.
It is believed that the Paleo-Indians utilized the game trails and ambushed
the large mammals at strategic passes and stream fords and at other areas of
game concentration, such as salt springs.
Typical artifact assemblages found at known Paleo-Indian sites include:
fluted, lanceolate projectile points; uniface, blade-like, snub-nosed
scrapers; uniface side blades; gravers; and other blade and flake tools.
Evidence from known occupation sites indicates that individual sites were
occupied temporarily or seasonally over a long period of time. M
Paleo-Indian occupation sites have been found on sandy alluvial hill-
ocks at elevations of about 100 feet above major river valleys as well as on
upland flats. Ridge tops, being presumed routes of travel for people as
well as game, have potential for Paleo-Indian sites. Saline springs and
salt licks on terraces attracted large herbivores, serving to draw in the
big game hunting Paleo-Indians. In historic times salt licks have been
associated with coal formations (Cunningham 1973). Additional Basin
Paleo-Indian sites have a high probability of being discovered in areas with
topography and environment similar to that described above.
By about 6000 B.C. the gradually changing climatic conditions resulted
in ecological changes that brought about the extinction of large herbivores
in West Virginia. Evidence from archaeological sites occupied after about
6000 B.C. indicates that a concurrent change occurred in human foodgathering
practices and settlement patterns. The several distinct modes of human
adaptation to changing conditions at this time are manifested in various
cultural assemblages at separate locations in West Virginia. It is likely
that the original inhabitants supplemented their diets with whatever small
game, vegetables, grains, and fruits they could gather. As the large game
became scarce, however, human populations became more and more dependent
2-162
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upon the full variety of food resources that could be collected in a given
area.
Habitation sites of Archaic cultural groups have been identified
following the Paleo-Indian period in West Virginia. Archaic sites have been
found on the lower terraces of the Ohio and Kanawha Rivers. Large mounds of
clam shells, fish bones, and other refuse were found on the east bank of the
Ohio River. Typical artifacts recovered from the shell middens included
broad stemmed and lanceolate spear points, grooved adzes, atlatl weights,
bone awls, and harpoon points. It is believed that because of their more
constant food supply, the Archaic peoples were able to live in larger, more
settled groups than the Paleo-hunters. They may have changed their
campsites seasonally.
Remains of Archaic cultural groups have been found at the St. Albans
site within the city of St. Albans, Kanawha County. This site was occupied
intermittently between 7500 B.C. and 6000 B.C. Seasonal flooding of the
river sealed each occupation. The site has been excavated to 18 feet below
the surface. Six different types of projectile points were uncovered, each
in a separate zone. In addition to projectile points, chipped flint hoes,
flint scrapers, drills, and fragments of faceted hematite were recovered.
Two Kanawha stemmed projectile points were found in the Cheat River Valley
during a 1969-1970 survey of the Rowlesburg Reservoir (Jensen 1970). These
are the earliest evidences of man known from the Monongahela River Basin.
Evidence of an Archaic tradition, known as the Montane Archaic
Tradition, occurs in the eastern extremity of West Virginia. Spearheads and
other tools ordinarily manufactured from flint elsewhere in the State were
shaped by the Montane groups from quartz, quartzite, hematite, and
sandstone. This tradition, the northern extension of a way of life more
widespread in the central and southern Appalachian Mountains, may have
extended into the eastern section of the Monongahela River Basin.
Remains of late Archaic cultural groups have been found at the East
Steubenville Site (46 BR 31) on the east bank of the Ohio River opposite
Steubenville Ohio in Brooke County. This site was occupied between 3000
B.C. and 2000 B.C. The most conspicuous feature here is the shell-midden
which contained one human and two dog burials and two different types of
projectile points. This site appears to have been occupied during Archaic
times by a small band of people.
The later Archaic sites contained evidence of increasing dependence on
grain and vegetables as food sources. Pigweed and goosefoot may have been
cultivated. Bowls of the mineral steatite were made prior to the intro-
duction of vessels made of clay. Grave offerings and red ochre often
accompany burials.
The Archaic culture evolved into several cultural forms collectively
referred to as Woodland culture. Pottery making and mound building were
associated with most of the Woodland sites. During the period between 1000
2-] 63
-------
B.C. and 1 A.D., several groups of mound builders occupied the State of West
Virginia. These diverse groups developed from and elaborated upon the late
Archaic cultural traits, such as plant cultivation and burial ceremonialism,
to form distinct cultural configurations. Early Adena groups occupied the
Ohio and Kanawha River Valleys between 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C. These were
essentially Middle Woodland groups who constructed mounds with such
artifacts as stemmed projectile points, plain tubular pipes, cord-marked
pottery tempered with grit, and whetstones. Settlements consisted of groups
of circular houses of pole and bark construction.
Late Adena sites contained evidence of cultural influences from groups
to the north and west, known as Hopewell cultural groups. Mounds covered
log tombs in which one or more burials had been placed, and many tombs were
destroyed during the later construction of a mound. Grave goods included
ornamental offerings such as effigy pipes, pendants, gorgets, copper
bracelets and rings, and grooved stone tablets. Late Adena houses were of
double-post side wall construction.
In the Kanawha Valley, cultural remains from the period between 1 A.D.
and 500 A.D. which contained a mixture of Adena and Hopewell elements have
been identified as the Armstrong Culture (McMichael 1968). Small earthen
mounds contained cremations. Scattered villages were composed of circular
houses, simple agriculture was practiced, and the tools included small flake
knives and corner and side-notched projectile points made of flint that came
from Flint Ridge, Ohio. In central West Virginia the Buck Garden Culture
succeeded the earlier mixed Adena-Hopewell-Armstrong culture. Burials of
the Buck Garden cultural group were found in rock shelters and overhangs in
central West Virginia. The Buck Garden people also built stone mounds and
introduced the cultivation of corn, beans, and squash. This new food
resource base permitted the Buck Garden people to live in compact villages.
By 1200 A.D. these people had been driven from the Kanawha Valley, but they
persisted in the hills to the north and south of the Kanawha River for some
time.
While the Armstrong people inhabited the Kanawha River Valley and
central West Virginia, another Middle Woodland group, known as the Wilhelm
Stone Cist Mound Builders lived in the Ohio River Valley section of northern
West Virginia. These people constructed earth mounds over a number of
individual stone-lined graves. Platform pipes, Flint Ridge flint knives,
and notched points were among the remains of the Wilhelm groups. Succeeding
the Wilhelm Stone Cist Mound Builders in the northern panhandle of West
Virginia were the Watson Farm Stone Mound Builders, who built stone mounds
with multiple burials. Individual graves or grave chambers (cists) were
absent from the Watson Farm remains. The mounds contained both flexed and
extended corpses, cremations, and secondary burials. Thes people lived in
compact villages and utilized pottery that was tempered for strength using
crushed linestone. Subsistence was based on corn-bean-squash agriculture.
There is abundant evidence of occupation by Watson Farm Mound Builders in
the Cheat River Valley of the Monongahela River Basin (Jensen 1970).
2-164
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During the Early and Middle Woodland periods, the mountainous sections
of the eastern part of West Virginia were inhabited by cultural groups whose
remains contain evidence of Hopewellian influences, and who built numerous
small mounds. Such mounds occur in the Tygart Valley of Randolph County.
The Romney Cemetery, the Hyre Mound, and the Don Bosco Mounds were built by
the Montane Mound Builders.
Hopewell influences occurred in the Ohio Valley by about 100 A.D. The
resultant mixture of Adena and Hopewell cultural elements has been
identified as the Wilhelm Culture (McMichael 1963). Scattered villages were
composed of circular houses. Simple agriculture was practiced, and the
tools included small flake knives and corner and side-notched projectile
points made of flint.
In the Monongahela River Basin of West Virginia, the Watson Farm
Culture succeeded the earlier mixed Adena-Hopewe11-Wilhelm culture
(Figure 2-26). Artifacts discovered at the Watson Farm Site (46 HK 34), and
the Fairchance Mount (46 MR 13) indicate influences stemming from Classic
Hopewell in Ohio, especially in such artifacts as banded slate gorgets and
pendants, bone awls and beamers, side and corner-notched projectile points,
and some mica and copper ornaments (McMichael 1968). At this time the
first compact villages with associated stone mounds appeared in the area.
Burial styles were highly varied and included grave goods.
In the Kanawha River and Ohio River valleys the final prehistoric
period of occupation between 900 and 1700 A.D. is represented by remains of
groups known as Fort Ancient people. Influences from the Mississippian
culture near St. Louis affected these cultures in West Virginia. The Fort
Ancient people lived in large, compact villages surrounded by stockades,
with rows of rectangular houses. The villagers farmed corn, beans, and
squash. There were open plazas in the centers of the villages, and as many
as 1,500 persons lived within the stockades. Burials were no longer made in
mounds. The dead were placed in pits inside the villages or inside house
walls. Artifacts included small, triangular projectile points, drills,
scrapers, blades, hoes, celts, awls, fish hooks, bird bone flutes, shell
beads, ear plugs, and pottery vessels and pipes. Some late Fort Ancient
sites contained European trade goods. Variations of the Fort Ancient
culture occurred at Parkersburg and in the New River-Bluestone River area.
Stockaded villages of Fort Ancient groups were constructed in the
northern and western sections of the State between 1000 and 1700 A.D. At
this time the Buck Garden people continued to manifest their separate
cultural identity in remote sections of central West Virginia. In the
eastern mountains Middle Woodland cultures, unaffected by Mississippian
traits, persisted much later than 1000 A.D. The Monongahela Culture
developed in the Monongahela River Valley of northern West Virginia (Figure
2-27). Villages of these cultural groups consisted of stockaded settlements
which contained circular huts of pole and bark construction. Burials were
in pits. Settlements of the Monongahela cultural groups were considerably
smaller than Fort Ancient villages.
2-165
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2-168
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European goods were found in some Fort Ancient and Monongahela sites.
As there was only one recorded incident of European contact with a Fort
Ancient village, it is believed that most European goods were obtained
through trade. By 1700, Fort Ancient and Monongahela villages were
abandoned (Figure 2-28). The fate of the former village occupants and their
historic tribal connections is unknown. There is some indirect evidence
that Fort Ancient villages were built by western Shawnee Indians, remnant
populations of which were discovered by Europeans in the Cumberland River
sections of Tennessee and Kentucky. It is also possible that eastern
Shawnees occupied the Monongahela villages of late prehistoric times. (The
Eastern Shawnees inhabited sections of the Carolinas at the time of earliest
European contact.) During historic times Susquehannocks from western
Pennsylvania entered West Virginia, and there is evidence of their presence
in the Eastern Panhandle between 1630 and 1677. Their sites occur on the
valley of the South Branch River in Hampshire County. Susquehannocks had no
apparent connection, however, with the indigenous prehistoric groups of West
Virginia. By 1700 A.D., except for the Eastern panhandle area where a few
aboriginal Algonkian-speaking tribes remained, West Virginia was devoid of
its indigenous Indian populations, and the State was utilized only as a
hunting ground. Later, Indian groups returned to or moved into West
Virginia. Many of these were vassals or subgroups of the Iroquois.
Shawnees and displaced Delawares were the primary groups to occupy sections
of West Virginia during historic times.
Thus, of the known prehistoric cultural groups which occupied West
Virginia between about 12000 B.C. and 1700 A.D., those identified in the
Monongahela River Basin included: Early Archaic peoples; Montane Archaic
groups present between 4000 and 2000 B.C.; Watson Farm Stone Mound Builders
who occupied the western section of the Basin between 1 A.D. and 500 A.D.;
Hopewellian-influenced Montane Mound Builders who occupied the eastern
section of the Basin during the same time period; and Monongahela cultural
groups which occupied the Basin between 900 and 1700 A.D.
2.5.2. Archaeological Resources
Archaeological remains of one or more groups of prehistoric inhabitants
may be found in virtually every type of environmental setting in the Monon-
gahela River Basin. Sites have been discovered in river valleys, on river
terraces, on hills and mountaintops, in rock shelters on mountainsides, and
on cliffs. Many archaeological sites remain to be discovered, because with
the exception of the Rowlsburg Reservoir surveyed by the Archaeology Section
of the West Virginia Geological and Economic Survey (WVGES) , the Monongahela
River Basin has not been subjected to professional reconnaissance. The
presenty recorded 318 archaeological sites in the Monongahela River Basin do
not reflect accurately the number of sites which probably are present. The
Archaeology Section of the WVGES presently is preparing a Cultural Resource
Overview of the Monongahela River Basin (Orally, Dr. Daniel Fowler, Archaeo-
logical Administrator, WVGES, October 5, 1977). Records of the known or
reported prehistoric archaeological sites are maintained by the Archaeology
Section. •
2-169
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During October 1977, Dr. Daniel Fowler, Archaeological Administrator,
WVGES (a position now replaced by the State Archeaologist, Mr. Roger Wise),
was consulted in order to obtain access to the State-maintained list of m
known archaeological resources of the Monongahela River Basin; the site
files of the Archaeological Section were not made available. Dr. Fowler
indicated that no archaeological resources known to be of sufficient import-
ance to be eligible for the National Register of Historic Places are listed
in the files of the Archaeology Section. Many of the sites reported to the
Archaeology Section have not been tested or evaluated, so their significance
currently is unknown. The Archaeology Section at present has no capability
or plans to undertake a comprehensive, basinwide inventory with field
reconnaissance, testing, and evaluation of known sites and reconnaissance of
potentially sensitive areas, although the agency has performed surveys of
specific areas on a contract basis. Because there are many gaps in the
record of prehistoric site distributions and culture types in the
Monongahela River Basin, it is virtually certain that many significant
resources remain to be discovered. Those prehistoric archaeological sites
in the Monongahela River Basin that are listed on the National Register of
Historic Places are included in Table 2-44.
In addition to prehistoric archaeological sites, many historic archaeo-
logical sites have been identified in the Monongahela River Basin, the
majority of which have not been mapped accurately or evaluted. Records of
historic archaeological sites, which are maintained at the Department of
Culture and History, Historic Preservation Unit, Charleston, West Virginia,
include the sites of Civil War battles, frontier forts, and early iron
furnaces. These sites are included in Table 2-44. Many more such sites are
likely to be found throughout the Basin, if detailed professional investiga- ^j
tions are undertaken. ™
Archaeological resources are highly susceptible to damage by the mining
of coal, and particularly by surface mining that entails a drastic modifica-
tion of surface deposits. Because the distribution of archaeological
resources is so poorly known, because professional expertise is necessary to
locate these resources and estimate their significance, and because these
resources are irreplaceable, routine professional archaeological reconnais-
sances of individual mine sites may be appropriate throughout the Basin
wherever past documentary research and field reconnaissance have not demon-
strated a lack of archaeological potential.
2.5.3. History
Until 1863 the present State of West Virginia was a part of the
Dominion of Virginia. During 1776 the Virginia General Assembly formed
Monongalia County by dividing the District of West Augusta. The District
formerly had included the territory that is presently the southeastern
section of Washington County, the eastern section of Greene County, and the
southwestern part of Fayette County, Pennsylvania; and in West Virginia, all
of the present areas of Monongalia, Preston, Marion, Harrison, Taylor,
Barbour Counties, the western half of Tucker County, all of Randolph County
2-170
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Table 2-44. Recorded National Register and West Virginia State Inventory
historic and archaeological sites in the Monongahela River Basin, West
Virginia (FR Files of the West Virginia Department of Culture and His-
tory, Charleston WV, 1977). National Register sites are also on the
State Inventory.
Number Name
1 Fort Martin
2 Fort Harrison
3 Fort Dinwiddie
4 Forks of Cheat
Baptist Church
5 J. J. Easton Mill
6 Fort Pierpont
7 Mason and Dixon
Survey Terminal
Point
8 Henry Clay
Furnace
9 Anna Furnace
10 Ice's Ferry
11 Moore Log House
12 Tenant Cemetery
13 Shriver Cemetery
14 Statler Stockade
Fort
15 Price's Cemetery
16 Baldwin Block-
house
17 Dean's House,
WV University
18 Ogleby Hall,
WV University
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register
of Historic Places
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Osage
Lake Lynn
Lake Lynn
Lake Lynn
Blacksville
Blacksville
Blacksville
Blacksville
Blacksville
Blacksville
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
2-171
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued).
Number Name
19 Seneca Glass
Company
20 Stalnaker Hall,
WV University
21 Stewart Hall
WV University
22 Purinton Hall
WV University
23 B&O Railroad
Depot
24 Monongalia County
Court House
25 Foulke's Pottery
26 Kern's Fort
27 South Morgantown
Bridge
28 Old Stone House
29 Woodburn Circle
WV University
30 Alexander Wade
House
31 Rock Forge Coke
Ovens
32 Sarver School
33 Carl Arnett House
34 Liming Log House
35 Catawba House
36 Price Log House
(vicinity of)
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
National Register of
Historic Places
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown North
Morgantown South
Masontown
Rivesville
Wadestown
Rivesville
Rivesville
2-172
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued).
Number Name
37 Burris Fort
38 Octagonal Barn
39 Cobun Stockade
Fort
40 Hamilton Petro-
glyphs
41 Dent's Run
Covered Bridge
42 Bruceton Mills
Country Store
43 Brandonville
Tavern
44 Brandonville
Academy
45 Hazelton Buck-
wheat Mill
46 Harrison Hagan's
Furnace
47 Muddy Creek Mill
48 Fort Butler
49 Reckart Grist
Mill
50 Cranesville Swamp
51 Irondale Furnace
52 Arthurdale
53 Ellis Hotel
54 Newburg Fire
Department
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Morgantown North
Rivesville
Morgantown South
Morgantown South
Rivesville
Bruceton Mills
Brandonville
Brandonville
Brandonville
Valley Point
Valley Point
Valley Point
Cuzzart
Sang Run
Gladesville
Newburg
Newburg
Newburg
2-173
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number
55
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
Name
First National
Bank
Kingwood Railroad
Tunnel
The Kingwood Inn
Kingwood Elementary
School
Dunkard Bottom
Stage Coach Inn
Troy Run Viaduct
Buckeye Run
Viaduct
Rowlesburg Bridge
Howard Commercial
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
WV
Status
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Newburg
Newburg
Kingwood
Kingwood
Kingwood
Fellowsville
Rowlesburg
Rowlesburg
Rowlesburg
Rowlesburg
65
66
67
68
69
70
71
72
Hotel
Cathedral State
Park
Red Horse Tavern
(Old Stone House)
Carl Beatty House
Paw Paw Creek
Covered Bridge
Barracksville
Covered Bridge
Montana Mines
Coke Ovens
Jacob Prickett
Jr. Cabin
Prickett's Fort
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
Aurora
Aurora
Mannington
Grant Town
Grant Town
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
2-174
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number Name
73 Marion County
Court House
74 Pierpont and
Watson Mine
Remnants
75 Monongahela River
Bridge
76 Sonnencroft
77 Western Maryland
Railroad Terminal
and Turntable
78 James Edwin
Watson House
(Highgate)
79 Watson Log
Cabin
80 Fairmont Farms-
LaGrange
81 Fairmont Railroad
Bridge
82 Rector College
83 Warder Chapel
84 Andrews Methodist
Church
85 Grafton Railroad
Station and McGraw
Hotel
86 Grafton Machine
Shop and Foundary
87 Grafton Railroad
Bridge
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Fairmont
Fairmont
Fairmont West
Fairmont West
Fairmont West
Fairmont West
Fairmont West
Fairmont West
Fairmont West
Grafton
Grafton
Grafton
Grafton
Grafton
Grafton
2-175
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
98
99
100
101
102
Name
Harbert Block-
house
Levi Shinn House
Salem College
Salem Block
House
Ten Mile Creek
Bridge
Corbin L. Dixon
Residence
B&O Railroad
Depot
Fourth Street
Bridge
House at 804
Locust Street
House at 529
W. Pike Street
Elk's Building
Davisson Block-
house
Waldomere
Waldo Building
Nathan Groff
Status
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WVA State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Shinnston
Shinns ton
Salem
Salem
Wolf Summit
Wolf Summit
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
House
103 Historical
Society Head-
quarters
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
Clarksburg
2-176
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number Name
104 Amy Roberts Vance
House
105 John W. Davis
House
106 Broaddus
107 Lowndes Hill
Civil War
Entrenchments
108 Water treatment
plant
109 Goff Mound
110 Nutter's Fort
111 Powder's Stockade
112 Bowstring Bridge
113 Paris Manor
114 Good Hope Indian
Cave Petroglyphs
115 Richard's Fort
116 Watters Smith
Farm
117 Rooting Creek
Covered Bridge
118 Randolph Mason
119 Templemoor
120 Alderson Civil
War Battle Site
121 B&O Railroad
Station
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Rosemont
West Milford
West Milford
West Milford
Mount Claire
Mount Claire
Mount Claire
Philippi
Philippi
2-177
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number Name
122 Philippi Covered
Bridge
123 Barbour County
Court House
124 Pitts Residence
Site
125 Old Mill at
Nestorville
126 Valley Iron
Furnace
127 Buckhannon River
Covered Bridge
128 St. George Log
House
129 Fort Minear
130 Court House Site
131 Broad Run Baptist
Church
132 Sycamore Methodist
Church
133 Jackson's Mill
134 McWorter Cabin
135 Butcher Cemetery
136 Weston Citizen's
Bank
137 Lewis County
Court House
138 Louis Bennett
Library
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Philippi
Philippi
Philippi
Nestorville
Colebank
Audra
St. Georges
St. Georges
St. Georges
West Milford
West Milford
Weston
Weston
Weston
Weston
Weston
Weston
2-178
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Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued).
Number Name
139 Gertrude Louise
Edwards House
140 Old Hill
Cemetery
141 B&O Railroad
Station
142 West Stockade
143 Harmony Church
144 Stone Coal
Creek
145 Cozad Lawson
House
146 Conrad Log
House
147 Covered Bridge
148 Blackwater Falls
Area
149 French Creek
Presbyterian
Church
149a Buckhannon
Settlement
149b Carpenter Family
Cemetery
150 v Dean Cabin-Ev Un
Breth Acres
151 Bush Fort
152 Buckhannon Fort
153 Thornhill's Cabin
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Weston
Weston
Weston
Weston
Weston
Weston
Berlin
Roanoke
Walkersville
Blackwater Falls
Adrian
Century
Sago
Century
Century
Berlin
Blackwater Falls
2-179
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number
154
155
Name
Upshur County
Court House
Indian Camp
Community
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Sago
Sago
156 Graceland (Henry
Gassaway Davis
Home)
157 Davis Memorial
Hospital
158 Western Maryland
Railroad Station
159 Randolph County
Court House and
Jail
160 Elkins Machine
Shop
* 161-180 = Beverly
Historic District
161 Logan House
162 Aggie Cursip Home
163 David Goff Home
164 1841 Randolph
County Jail
165 Judson Blackman
Home
166 1808 Randolph
County Court
House
167 Bushrod Crawford
Home
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
Elkins
Elkins
Elkins
Elkins
Elkins
Beverly East
Beverly East
Beverly East
Beverly East
Beverly East
Beverly East
Beverly East
2-180
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (continued)
Number Name
168 Beverly Public
Square
169 Blackman Bosworth
Store
170 1813 Randolph
County Jail
171 William Rowan
House
172 Adam Crowford
House
173 Lemuel Chenoweth
House
174 Jonathan Arnold
Home
175 Randolph Female
Seminary
176 Home of "The
Enterprise"
177 Peter Buckey Home
and Hotel
178 Andrew J. Collett
Home
179 Beverly Pres-
byterian Church
180 Edward Hart House
181 Rich Mountain
Battlefield
182 Town of Pickens
183 Elkwater Civil
War Site
Status
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Beverly East
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Beverly West
Pickens
Pickens
2-181
-------
Table 2-44. Recorded known historic and archaeological sites (concluded)
Number
184
185
186
187
188
189
190
Name
Hyer Mound and
Cabin
The Old Mill
E , Button House
Fort Milroy Cheat
Summit Camp
Hezekiah Bukey
Marshall House
Status
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
National Register of
Historic Places
WV State Inventory
WV State Inventory
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle
Lee's Headquarters WV State Inventory
Cass Scenic Rail-
road
National Register of
Historic Places
Pickens
Harman
Durbin
Durbin
Mingo
Mingo
Cass
2-182
-------
except for a small strip along the southwestern edge, and the eastern
two-thirds of Lewis County. In all, this was an area of approximately
5,000 square miles. Harrison County was the first to become separated from
Monongalia County in 1784. The remaining counties of the Monongahela River
Basin were formed between 1787 and 1856. By 1932 Monongalia County
contained about 369 square miles that is, about 7% of its original area.
An Act of the Virginia Assembly in 1782 made the home of Zackwell
Morgan (son of Morgan Morgan, the first permanent European settler in West
Virginia) the seat of justice for the County. A frame courthouse was
erected, and the town of Morgantown was established by law at a session of
The Assembly in 1785. The State College of Agriculture, established in
1867, resulted from the public purchase and consolidation of the Monongalia
Academy, the Morgantown Female Academy, and the Woodburn Female Seminary.
In 1868 the name of the college was changed to West Virignia State
University. Several buildings at the university are listed on the historic
sites inventory maintained by the West Virginia Department of Culture and
History in Charleston. The first pottery in West Virginia was established
during 1785 on the site of the present Courthouse Square in Morgantown.
Under President Lincoln's proclamation in 1863, West Virginia was
separated from Virginia and became the thirty-fifth state. The first
governor of the new state was inaugurated on June 20, 1863.
During the third quarter of the eighteenth century, many forts were
constructed in the Monongahela River Basin. Nutter's Fort in Harrison
County was built by Thomas Nutter in 1772, after a settlement had been
established in 1770. Nutter, a Captain in the continental Army, was buried
at the Fort. Other forts were constructed by James Powers on Simpson's
Creek (1771) and by Arnold Richards on the west bank of the West Fork of the
Monongahela River (1774). In Lewis County, members of the West family
erected a stockade to defend the settlement at Hacker's Creek from Indians.
The fort was destroyed in 1779; when it was rebuilt nearby in 1790, it was
known as Beech Fort. In 1774 John Minear built a log house in the Horseshoe
Bend in Preston County, but Indian raids forced him to abandon it. Two
years later, Minear returned and built a more substantial fort where the
village of St. George now stands. During subsequent Indian attacks in 1780
and 1781, John Minear and a number of settlers were killed.
The present town of Buckhannon in Upshur County is the site of a late
eighteenth century settlement, first established by John and Samuel Pringle,
who deserted the Royal Army in Fort Pitt and lived in the hollow trunk of a
sycamore tree. The town of Salem in Harrison County was chartered during
1794 by families from New Jersey. Here a blockhouse was erected to protect
the settlement from Indian attack.
Several early log houses are still extant in the Monongahela River
Basin. The Conrad Log House, constructed at Buck's Mill in Lewis County
about 1834 and used as a frontier post-office, has been restored by the West
2-183
-------
Virginia Department of Highways. At Ev Un Breth Acres in Upshur County, a
cabin constructed during 1828 stands on the site of a former cabin used as a
fort during the late eighteenth century.
The historic town of Beverly in Randolph County was laid out on lands
of Jacob Westfall and was named Edmonton. This town was a place of defense
against the Indians during the days of early settlement, and it was occupied
by both Union and Confederate forces at several periods during the Civil
War. In 1790, the town of Beverly was established legally, and its name was
changed to Beverly. The town today contains an historic district of twenty
structures constructed during the late eighteenth century arid the early part
of the nineteenth century. It became the County seat and a major town along
the Stanton-Parkersburg Turnpike. In 1900, the courthouse was moved to
Elkins.
Civil War forts in the Monongahela River Basin include Fort Pickens,
located on Route 50 2 miles east of Route 19 in Lewis County. Fort Pickens
was built by Company A of the Tenth West Virginia Infantry. The two-story
log barracks, which were 30 feet by 40 feet in dimension and surrounded by a
ditch, were burned during 1864. Along the Stanton-Parkersburg Turnpike on
White Top Mountain in Randolph County, Civil War Fort Milroy was erected.
Gun emplacements, trenches, and foundations of the fort are visible on the
site, which was occupied by US Army troops during 1861 and 1862. From its
elevation of 4,000 feet the fort commanded the Stanton-Parkersburg Trnpike
and effectively blocked General Lee's Confederate Army. South of Elkwater
at the confluence of Hamilton Run and Tygart Valley River, another Union
stronghold was established by General Reynolds during 1861. Nearby were the
Haddan Indian Forts, the scene of the eighteenth century Stewart and Kinnan
massacres.
On level ground near a pass on the Stanton-Parkersburg Turnpike at the
summit of Rich Mountain, General W. S. Rosecrans made a surprise attack on
Confederate troops to win a decisive victory during McClellan's Northwest
Virginia campaign.
After the Civil War, the Virginia Legislature tried to reunite the
State, but the West Virginia Legislature refused. An election to decide the
permanent site of the capital was held in 1877. Charleston won, so the
capital was moved from Morgantown in 1885 to that city.
It was the railroad that brought Western Virginia to life agricultural-
ly and industrially. The town of Pickens in Randolph County is presently
recognized as an historic railroad town. The Cass Railroad, a former
logging railroad, is operated as a scenic railroad in Cass State Park and is
listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
There are several technological sites in the Monongahela River Basin.
The Valley Iron Furnace was constructed during 1848 by Isaac Marsh near
Nestorville in Barbour County. The furnace airblast initially was powered
by water power, but it was replaced by a charcoal-fueled steam engine during
2-184
-------
the 1850's. The 4.5 short tons of iron produced daily were transported by
mule team and by barges on the Monongahela River.
The Irondale Furnace, near Victoria in Preston County, was the largest
and one of the most recently operated of pre-Civil War furnaces in Preston
County. The furnace was constructed by George Hardman shortly before the
Civil War, and after improvements were added by Felix Denemengi, Irondale
became a boom town. A spur of the B&O Railroad was constructed from
Independence to Irondale. Following extensive renovations and a strike in
1890, the furnace was forced to shut down permanently. Kingswood Tunnel of
the B&O Railroad, a 0.8 mile long tunnel constructed west of Tunnelton on
State Route 26, represented a major engineering feat for the mid-nineteenth
century. Constructed between 1848 and 1857 the tunnel required the
development of innovative techniques, including the use of prefabricated
iron and segments. The tunnel remained in use until the 1950's, when it was
abandoned and sealed.
The Troy Run Viaduct of the B&O Railroad, located northwest of
Rowlesburg, was a cast and wrought iron trestle with a 90 foot high mansonry
embankment. The original viaduct, which was replaced by a wrought iron
trestle in 1887, was a major work of Albert Fink and a prototype for later
cast and wrought iron construction.
The Seneca Glass Company in Morgantown is an exmaple of one of West
Virginia's early industries. It was founded after the discovery of
petroleum deposits attracted glass manufacturers to the area, where they
produced lead crystal. The original furnace and the factory of the Seneca
Glass Company still stand with some additions. The machinery and processes
used for blowing and cutting the lead crystal stemware are the same as those
used during 1897, when the Company was founded.
On State Route 20 in Arlington, Upshur County, the Fidler Mill ground
corn and wheat and carded wool until 1940. The original mill was
constructed by Daniel Peck on the site during 1821. It was later replaced
by the existing mill, erected by William Fidler.
Jackson's Mill was built about 1786 in Lewis County. It has been
standing in its present location and form since 1837. The three-story
building retains original poplar beams and studs, and oak floors. On the
Jackson homestead the first boys' and girls' 4-H Camp in West Virginia was
established.
Between 1836 and 1840 Professor William Bacton Rogers visited nearly
all of the mines in Western Virginia (presently West Virginia). His account
of mines in the territory which is not Monongalia County, provides the
earliest record of coal mining in the County. The Boyer Mine near the mouth
of Scott's Run was probably the first mine to produce Pittsburgh Coal in
Monongalia County. About 1856, J. 0. Watson formed the American Coal
Company with a mine located on the land of Governor Fancis Pierpont on
2-185
-------
Washington Street in Fairmont, Marion County. Miners used picks and shovels
and loaded the ore onto a two-ton car pulled by a horse. A
The State changed markedly during the 1890's from the self-sufficient
economy of the local community to dependence on labor wages in the awakening
industrial era. Of recent historical interest is Arthurdale, an innovative
modern homesteading project, one of one hundred such projects initiated
throughout the county. The community, established during 1933-34, had the
interest and support of Eleanor Roosevelt, who made several visits to the
c ommun i t y.
2.5.4. Identified Historic Sites
At present 20 historically and culturally significant: structures,
districts, sites, properties, or objects in the Monongahela River Basin have
been listed on or judged eligible for listing on the National Register of
Historic Places (Table 2-44). Additional historic resources are expected to
be nominated to the National Register as they are identified in accordance
with Executive Order 11593 and the National Historic Preservation Act of
1966 (P.L. 89-665).
The State of West Virginia also maintains an ongoing survey to identify
historically significant resources. An additional 172 historic cultural
resources in the Monongahela River Basin are listed on the West Virginia
State Inventory of Historic Places maintained by the Department of Culture
and History, Historic Preservation Unit, in Charleston, West Virginia (Table
2-44). The historic and architectural merits of about 60 of the resources ^
listed on the State Inventory had not been substantiated by field ^
observations as of mid 1978, according to the State personnel. It is likely
that many additional, presently unidentified, cultural resources of historic
importance are extant in the Monongahela River Basin. Expected additional
cultural resources include such resources as settler's cabin sites,
Revolutionary War and Civil War forts, nineteenth century industrial sites
and historic or architecturally significant residences and other buildings.
Archaeological and historical resources listed on the National Register
as discussed in Section 2.5.2. also appear in Figure 2-29. All resources
are mapped on Overlay 1. Site-specific identifications are not presented in
the SID because of the disclosure constraints imposed by the agency
providing the information.
2.5.5. Visual Resources
Visual resources in the Monongahela River Basin generally consist of
natural landscapes where development has not disturbed vegetation,
topography, and other landscape features. Visual resources are valuable for
their relationship to the overall quality of life for Basin residents, and
because of their special relationship to tourism, an important industry in
the Basin. Although current State and Federal mining regulations
2-186
-------
Figure 2-29
HISTORICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES (45FR525I, Cohen
1976, WAPORA 1980)
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-187
-------
effectively have reduced adverse effects of mining activity on these
resources to a large extent, unavoidable impacts during and after mining
operations may result. Evaluation of potential adverse effects on visual
resources is an appropriate NEPA concern which, therefore, must be
incorporated into the New Source permit process for mining activity.
Limited field investigations were undertaken by WAPORA, Inc. to
identify additional primary visual resources for an assessment of the
overall visual quality of the Basin and its landscapes and the effects of
currently regulated mining activity on visual resource types. Field
investigations were conducted from primary and secondary roadways throughout
the Basin, concentrating on views from the roadways and major access
points.
2.5.5.1. Resource Values
Visual resources include landforms, waterways, vegetation, and other
features that are visible in the landscape and to which scenic values can be
ascribed (USBLM 1980). In rural areas, generally, scenic values increase
with naturalness, with land use diversity, and with landform irregularity
(Zube 1973). Rugged, diverse topography typically is assigned high scenic
value, and agricultural areas also produce favorable visual impressions
because of their variety of land uses (Linton 1968). The USFS (1974) has
developed a system which classifies landscapes distinguished by features of
unusual and exceptional quality. USFS applies the term distinctive to this
highest order of visual resources. Distinctive visual resources by
definition are not commonplace and exhibit a variety in form, line, color,
and texture through land forms, vegetation, water courses, rock formations
and the like. Potential for adverse effects resulting from new mining
activities is most serious when dealing with these primary visual
resources.
Other types of visual resources also are valuable. Naturally forested
and mountainous landscapes, for example, offer impressive vistas and
contribute to the tourism potential of the Monongahela River Basin (see
Section 2.6.). These visual resources are quite common. They can be
affected adversely by new mining activity but because of their extent, they
are of secondary importance.
2.5.5.2. Primary Visual Resources
Primary visual resources in the Basin are based on existing lists of
public lands and other features of recognized scenic value as provided by
WVDNR-HTP and others. These resources are listed in Table 2-45, and
indicated on Figure 2-30. Significant visual resources in the Monongahela
River Basin include:
• Waterfalls
• Unusual geological features
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Figure 2-30
PRIMARY VISUAL RESOURCES IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(WVDNR - Parks and Recreation 1980, WVDNR-HTP 1980, WAPORA 1980)
64
IS7
WAPORA, INC.
2-198
-------
• Scenic overlooks within State Parks and along roadways,
providing major vistas throughout the Basin
• Recreational lakes and areas
• State Parks, Forests, and Public Hunting and Fishing Areas
providing protection for the naturalness of the Basin as
well as offering a variety of recreational opportunities.
All primary visual resources are mapped on the 1:24,000-scale Overlay
1. Figure 2-31 illustrates the types of visual resources considered to be
primary.
P.L. 93-87 also authorized the development of the Highland Scenic
Highway. The project currently is in the planning phase; the Draft EIS is
expected in Spring 1981, at which time alternative route locations will be
evaluated. Final route selection probably will not occur until 1982. Both
the Monongahela and Gauley River Basins may be affected. EPA will
incorporate Draft EIS findings into the New Source permit reviewing process
as soon as these findings are available.
2.5.5.3. Basin Landscapes-Secondary Visual Resources
Although Basin landscapes are secondary in importance when compared to
primary (usually site-specific) visual resources, landscapes are notable and
diverse. Much of the Basin, as seen from roadways, appears to be
undisturbed by mining or other development activity. The Basin is dominated
by rugged topography and dense vegetation with a mixture of agricultural
lands (see Sections 2.7.1. and 2.3.3.). Figure 2-32 illustrates the types
of visual resources considered to be secondary.
2.5.5.4. Visual Resource Degradation
Development activities already have affected adversely both primary and
secondary visual resources in the Basin. In the northern portion of the
Basin agricultural activities offer relatively pleasant visual experiences
that contrast with stands of forest. In the southern portion of the Basin,
however, coal mining activities are more extensive and visible. The
residential areas which line the valleys range from relatively attractive
rows and clusters of single family dwellings (including mobile homes) to
ill-kept settlements where no effort to maintain surroundings litter-free or
cleanly is in evidence. In some places, well kept and run-down habitations
alternate over short distances. Visible industrial activities in the Basin
include coal mines and preparation plants, electrical generating stations,
factories, and railroad facilities. The coal industry buildings generally
are strictly utilitarian and have no intrinsic aesthetic interest.
Preparation plants are sited in valley bottoms, and typically are sites for
the transfer of coal from trucks to rail cars. The surface facilities
associated with some active and abandoned underground mines also can be seen
along Basin roadways (see Section 2.5.4. for additional information on
development patterns).
2-199
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Figure 2-31 EXAMPLES OF PRIMARY VISUAL RESOURCES
Dramatic panoramas as seen from State Parks and other facilities
and scenic turnouts along public roads are of special value visually,
These primary visual resources contribute to the tourism potential
of the Basin.
Primary visual resources may consist of landscapes of exceptional
quality such as this picturesque grist mill situated on a rugged
mountain stream. If these resources are not publicly owned, coal
mine-related impacts may be substantial.
2-200
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Figure 2-32 EXAMPLES OF SECONDARY VISUAL RESOURCES
Basin landscapes such as this river and naturally vegetated bluffs
are common but, nevertheless, important to the overall visual quality
of the Basin.
This brook flowing through stands of laurel, rhododendron, and other
indigenous species is typical of upper reaches of watersheds through-
out the Basin.
2-201
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Road scars are characteristic features of the forests in the Basin and
generally detract from the natural appearance. These scars appear to result
chiefly from timbering activities and from the installation and maintenance ^
of oil and gas wells, pipelines, and electrical transmission lines. Except fl
for roads on regulated coal mining permit areas, there are no controls on
the proliferation of roads through private lands in the Basin.
In summary, Basin visual resources may be degraded by any of the
following:
• Past and current coal mining operations, predominantly
surface mining
• Manufacturing and industrial districts
• Clearcuts by the lumbering industry
• Clearcuts and structures for utilities
• Inadequately disposed solid waste
• Unplanned growth and poorly coordinated development
• Dilapidated housing
• Rusted and dilapidated structures from past oil and gas
well operations
• Streams and water quality rendered unattractive by litter
and wastes.
Figure 2-33 provides examples of visual resource degradation.
2-202
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Figure 2-33 EXAMPLES OF VISUAL RESOURCE DEGRADATION
Even modern mining reclamation practices as currently required have
an impact on Basin landscapes through the temporary and permanent
alteration of land forms and vegetation.
Visual degradation occurs in the Basin when coal preparation plants,
as shown here, are constructed in otherwise natural settings with no
buffering or special siting considerations taken.
2-203
-------
4
2.6 Human Resources and Land Use
-------
Page
2.6. Human Resources and Land Use
2.6.1. Human Resources
2.6.1.1,
2.6.2,
2.6.1.2.
2.6.1.3.
Population
2.6.1.1.1.
.6.1.1.2.
.6.1.1.3.
2,
2,
Economy
2.6.1.2.
2.6.1.2.
Housing
2.6.1.3.
2.6,
2.6.
3.5,
Population Size and Distribution
Social Characteristics
Trends in Population Size and
Migration
Projected Population Size
Relationships Between Population
Size and Mining Activity
General Characteristics
Special Economic Issues -
Tourism and Travel
Problems of Housing, Provision
General Housing Characteristics
Size, Age, and Crowding
Housing Value
Presence of Complete Plumbing
Facilities
Vacancy Rates
Owner-Occupancy Rates
2.6.1.4. Transportation
2.6.1.4.1. Special Needs of the Coal Mining
Industry and Availability of
Modes
2.6.1.4.2. Public Roads
2.6.1.4.3. Railroads
2.6.1.4.4. Waterways
2.6.1.4.5. Pipelines
2.6.1.5. Government and Public Services
2.6.1.5.1. Institutional Framework
2.6.1.5.2. Governmental Revenues and
Expenditures
2.6.1.5.3. Health Care
2.6.1.5.4. Education
2.6.1.5.5. Recreational Facilities
2.6.1.5.6. Availability of Water and
Sewer Services
2.6.1.5.7. Solid Waste
2.6.1.5.8. Planning Capabilities
2.6.1.5.9. Local Planning in the Basin
Land Use and Land Availability
2.6.2.1. Classification System
2.6.2.2. Land Use Patterns
2.6.2.3. Steep Slopes
2.6.2.4. Flooding and Flood Insurance
2.6.2.5. Forms and Concentration of Land Ownership
2.6.2.6. General Patterns of Land Use and Land
Availability Conflicts
2-205
2-207
2-208
2-208
2-208
2-208
2-214
2-214
2-226
2-226
2-227
2-230
2-230
2-230
2-234
2-235
2-235
2-236
2-236
2-236
2-236
2-237
2-243
2-246
2-246
2-247
2-247
2-247
2-255
2-258
2-260
2-275
2-276
2-278
2-279
2-279
2-279
2-283
2-283
2-284
2-289
2-293
-------
2.6. HUMAN RESOURCES AND LAND USE
Coal raining and related activities have a tremendous impact not only on
the natural environment, but also on the human environment. The human
environmental impacts of coal mining have been the subject of study, and of
National concern, for over half a century (President's Commission on Coal
1980). During the 1960s, concern over the plight of Appalachia, and
especially of coal miners in this region, led to the creation of the
Appalachian Regional Commission (ARC; Caudill 1962). The Monongahela
River Basin is located within the ARC region.
This section describes those aspects of the human environment that are
of particular importance in determining the impact of coal mining and relat-
ed activities. For the purposes of this study, the human environment is
defined broadly and includes population characteristics, economic condi-
tions, housing, transportation, governmental services, and the intensive
uses of land for urban development. The relationships between coal mining
and the various aspects of the human environment are complex and interactive
(Figure 2-34).
The baseline inventory presented in this section is designed to form
the basis for analysis of the following types of impacts of proposed mining
activities:
• Impacts on local population size and structure:
- Induced population growth
- Reduced out-migration
- Changes in the size and composition of the labor force
• Impacts on local economic conditions:
- Mining employment in excess of local labor supply
- Additional commuting and fuel consumption for
transportation of workers to the mine site
- Reduction of chronic local unemployment or
underemployment
- Diversification or concentration in the local economy
- Secondary impacts on local employment and income
- Impact on poverty level population and welfare
expenditures
- Short-term versus long-term economic benefits
• Impacts on local housing supply:
- Availability of standard quality housing in the existing
supply
- Availability and cost of new housing
• Impacts on transportation facilities:
- Availability of roads, railroads, and waterways with
coal haul capacity
2-205
-------
New Mining
Activity
Primary
Employment
Impact
I
Secondary
Employment
Impact
Demand for
Additional
Developed
Land
1
Population
Growth
U I
Demand for
Additional
Infrastructure
Facilities
I
Demand for
Additional
Public
Services
Demand for
Additional
Housing
i
Financial
Impact
on
Government
NOTE: All components also have local welfare impact. Feedback
effects are not specified here.
Figure 2-34 HUMAN RESOURCES AND LAND USE IMPACTS OF
NEW MINING ACTIVITIES (WAPORA 1980)
2-206
-------
- Deterioration of local roadways and governmental
expenditures for roads
• Impacts on governmental facilities and public services:
- Potential direct and secondary revenue generation for
local governments versus potential direct and indirect
costs to local governments
- Availability of emergency medical care in close
proximity to mining activity sites
- Availability of long-term medical care and physicians
for treatment of mining related accidents and illness
- Availability of public safety services
- Availability of sewer, water and solid waste disposal
services for additional population
• Compatibility with State, regional, and local
plans and ordinances:
- Capital improvements programs
- Zoning ordinances
- Housing plans and programs
- Comprehensive development plans
• Impacts on developed land uses:
- Direct adverse impacts on adjacent areas
- Availability of land with suitable site characteristics,
especially slope, for additional mine-related population
- Availability of land for purchase on the open market for
additional mine-related population
• Compatibility of proposed mitigative measures with the
character and social mores of the local population.
Most of the data used in this section were compiled on the basis of
entire counties with land in the Basin. County lines do not follow the
hydrology of the Basin. Therefore, unless data in this section are
specified as being for the hydrologic Basin, they apply to a. 10-county area
that includes all of the counties wholly within the hydrologic Basin and
that have a substantial portion of the county within the hydrologic Basin.
The counties included in the Monongahela River Basin are Barbour, Harrison,
Lewis, Marion, Monongalia, Preston, Randolph, Taylor, Tucker, and Upshur.
2.6.1. Human Resources
The human resources of the Basin are mentioned in five sections.
First, population size and distribution are summarized. Then employment and
income are addressed. Housing conditions are presented, and the transporta-
tion network is described. Finally, government and public services are
noted.
2-207
-------
2.6.1.1. Population
Population and overall demographic information for the Basin have been
taken from a variety of sources. Preliminary 1980 census counts have been
included, although in most cases data for detailed characteristics have not
been available beyond the 1970 US Census.
2.6.1.1.1. Population Size and Distribution. The population of the
Monongahela River Basin was approximately 362,000 in 1980. This represented
18% of the total population of the State of West Virginia. The population
distribution of the Basin is shown on Figure 2-35. The northwestern section
of the Basin is relatively densely populated as it contains the largest
urban areas. The southeastern section of the Basin is sparsely populated,
largely the result of few employment opportunities and relatively rugged
terrain.
The average population density in the Basin was approximately 39
persons per square mile in 1980. The population densities in the Basin
ranged from 12 persons per square mile in Tucker County to 122 persons per
square mile in Marion County (Figure 2-36).
2.6.1.1.2. Social Characteristics. The demographic profile of the
Monongahela River Basin is similar to the general profiles of West Virginia
and Appalachia (USDOC 1973; Table 2-46). Comparison of 1970 census data for
the ten counties in the Basin to data for all of West Virginia reveals that
the population of the Basin was slightly less rural, contained fewer racial
minorities, had similar overall levels of education and age and, in most
cases, had a larger proportion of persons below the poverty level than the
State (Table 2-46). The Basin was more similar to West Virginia than it was
to the US, which is far less rural, is decidedly more non-white, and has
considerably higher educational attainment ratings. There was, however,
considerable variation among the counties in the Basin. This variation
reflects a difference in underlying physical and economic conditions.
The dependency ratio is a rough indicator of the level of economic
strength in a community. A low ratio suggests a strong community because
the number of dependents is low relative to the working-age population. The
ratio for the Monongahela River Basin is slightly lower than that for the
State (0.428 versus 0.444), The fertility ratio in the counties of the
Basin is generally higher than in the State, with the exception of Barbour,
Harrison, Marion, Monongalia and Upshur Counties. The relatively high
fertility ratio in West Virginia has been offset by out-migration in the
past.
2.6.1.1.3. Trends in Population Sji^ze and Migration.
During the 1950-1975 period, West Virginia lost 10% of its population;
the Monongahela River Basin, 9%. The decline during the 1950's and 1960's
was replaced by an upturn during the 1970's (Tables 2-47 and 2-48). The
decline in West Virginia's population was related to the decline of the
State's coal mining industry. The industry began a rapid decline during the
late 1940's and has had a major impact on the State's economic and
2-208
-------
Figure 2-35
1970 POPULATION DISTRIBUTION IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (WVDH
1972) Scale not compatible with other basin maps because of source information
constraints.
^-il^iiiS^^
£^.\f;;c;;4;« •-. ...j
MXB
• DOT • 50 PEOPLE
Q CIRCLES • ALL IKCORPORATED PLACES, AND ALL
UDIICORPORATED PLACES OF 1,000 OR
MORE POPULATE (SEE SCALE)
nnrmrnm CORPORATIOI LIMITS OF LARCE KCTROPOLITAI AREAS
STATE LIKE
COUITT LIK
KAtlSTERUl WSTRJCT UK
2-209
-------
Figure 2-36
POPULATION DENSITY PER SQUARE MILE BY COUNTY AND MAJOR
POPULATION CENTERS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
GREATER THAN 25,000
O 5,000-25,000
• LESS THAN 5.OOO
2-210
-------
Table 2-46. Demographic profile of the Monongahela River Basin and its counties,
West Virginia, 1970 (USDOC 1973).
Charac teris tic
Population
Total
Percent In:
Places of 10,000-50,000
Places of 2,500-10,000
Rural Areas*-
Percent N'on-whites
Dependency Rat 10^
Ferti 11 ty Rat u^
Percenc Male 18 years and older
Median Age
E^plcnment, 16 \ears and older
Total
Mining
Ma 1 e
Mm ins, ns yercent of total
Male as netcent of total
Employment/Population Ratio
Civilian Labor Force - Percent Unemployed
Earnings - 1969 Median
Male 16 yeais and older
Female 16 years and older
Male/Female Ratio
Tamilies
Income - I9t>9 Median
Percent with 1969 income below poverty level
Percent of all workers who worked in
County of Residence
Percent of Population 5 years and older
who resided in same County in 1965
Median school years completed - 25 years
and older
22.5
12.5
.442
28.1
State
1,744,237
17.5
10.0
61.0
4.1
.444
336.0
47.1
30.0
533,372.0
48,426.0
371,974.0
8.8
67.2
.317
5.1
$6,995
$3,225
2.2
$7,415
18.0
Mononpahela
Basin
320,443
28.2
16.4
58.5
1.9
.428
47.5
—
104,740.0
10,257.0
68,521.0
9.8
65.4
.327
r
—
—
Barbour
14,030
0
21.4
78.6
1.3
.456
315.0
47.5
28.6
4,147.0
742.0
2,692.0
17.9
64.9
.296
7.0
$5,020
$2,522
2.0
$5,324
25.9
Harr ison
73,028
34.0
13.6
52.4
1.6
.440
323.0
46.4
33.7
24,604.0
2,092.0
16,549.0
8.5
67.3
.337
4.8
$7,005
$3,318
2.1
$7,717
13.2
Lewis
17,847
0
41.0
59.0
0.7
.453
337.0
46.0
37.2
5,260.0
332.0
3,267.0
6.3
62.1
.295
5.0
$5,333
$3,308
1.6
$5,919
22.4
Marlon
61,356
42.5
4.5
53.0
3.9
.425
318.0
46.0
33.5
21,129.0
2,992.0
13,721.0
14.2
64.9
. 344
3.7
$7.264
$3,482
2.1
$7,807
i:.6
12.1
76.6
83.0
10.6
82.8
80.2
66.9
81.3
8.9
87.5
84.1
12.0
82.0
83.9
8.9
87.2
87.0
11.7
Monongalia
Population
Total
Percent In:
' Places of 10,000-50,000
Places of 2,500-10,000
Rural Area -5^
Percent Non-whites
Dependency Ratio
Fertility Ratio3
Percent Male 18 years and older
Median AKe
Enplovnent, 16 years and older
Total
Mm ing
Ma 1 e
Mininp, as percent of total
Male as percent of total
Emp lovmcnt /Populat ion Ratio
Civilian labor Force - Percent I'nemployed
Earnings - 19'59 Median
Mate 16 years and older
Female 16 years and older
Male/Female Ratio
Fami lies
Income - 1969 Median
Percent with 1969 income below poverty level
Percent of all workers who worked in
County of Residence
Percent of Population 5 years and older
wiio resided in same County in 1965
Median school years completed - 25 years
and older
63,714
46.
8.
45
2,
266.
49.
24,
21,941
1,998
13,834
9
63
4
$6,325
$3,176
2
$7,758
13
87
65
12
.2
.0
.8
,3
.356
.0
.9
.5
.0
.0
.0
.1
.1
.344
.2
.0
.1
. 5
.8
.1
Preston
24,455
0
10.
90.
0.
397.
48.
29.
7,535.
994.
5,177.
13,
68.
4
$5,449
$3,160
1,
$5,626
26,
68.
87
9
0
.0
4
,479
0
, 5
.9
.0
.0
.0
,2
,7
.296
.8
.7
.8
2
.8
.1
Randolph
24,596
0
33.
66.
1.
352.
48.
29.
7,694.
405.
5,113.
5.
66.
5
$5,232
$2,775
1.
$5,870
24,
82.
81.
10.
7
3
0
451
0
5
8
0
0
0
3
5
.313
.6
9
0
,0
.0
.0
Tavlor
13,878
0
46.
53.
1.
364.
46.
33.
4,320.
178.
2,797.
4,
64.
6
$6,392
$2,976
2.
$6,644
18.
67.
81.
10.
4
6
2
474
0
4
6
0
.0
0
.1
.7
,311
.1
,1
9
.8
,4
,2
Tucker
7,447
0
0
100.
0.
413.
48.
32.
2,309
82
1,563,
3
67
4
$4,706
$2,944
1.
$5,243
24
78.
81.
9.
.0
3
,473
,0
,1
.6
.0
.0
.0
.6
.7
.310
.2
.6
.9
,5
,1
6
Upshur
19,092
0
38.
62
0.
305.
47.
27.
5,801.
442.
3,808,
7,
65,
5
$5,875
$2,632
2.
$6,228
23.
80.
74.
10.
0
0
6
.440
0
3
,0
0
0
,0
,6
.6
.304
.8
T
8
8
2
0
Incorporated and ['n incorporated Pl.ucs of 1,000 to 2,500; other rural areas
2
Population a^ed under 18 and over 65 divided bv total population
Children under 5 years per 1,000 women aged 15-49 years
2-211
-------
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2-213
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population growth rates. The moderate population growth rate in individual
Basin counties (Monongalia) is indicative of a more diverse economy not
solely dependent upon the coal industry. 4
Post-1970 population data from the US Bureau of the Census indicate
that the population of the Monongahela River Basin counties generally has
been increasing, in most cases contrasting sharply to the declines occurring
during the 1960 to 1970 period (Table 2-47). According to preliminary 1980
figures, the Basin population continues to increase, moving up 7.3% between
1975 and 1980 (the State increased by 7% during this same period). All
Basin counties increased in population between 1975 and 1980, except for
Lewis County which had a decrease of 6.3%. The largest increase was in
Tucker County (14.2%). The US Bureau of the Census data also indicate that
the increase in the State's population between 1970 and L980 had almost
replaced the number of persons lost between 1960 and 1970. The State's
recent population growth is related directly to the resurgence of the West
Virginia coal industry during this period. This resurgence can be expected
to trigger increased rates of in-migration as well as increased birth rates,
although to a lesser extent. Data on the components of population change
for the 1970 to 1978 period indicate that population growth in the Basin was
the result of natural increases (excesses of births over deaths) and
in-migration.
2.6.1.1.4,^ Projected Population Size. Official population projections
by county for the State of West Virginia are prepared by WVGOEDC. The most
recent series of projections for the Basin was compiled in 1980
(Table 2-49). These projections were prepared for 5-year increments through
1995. They are much higher than many previous projection series because M
they take into account post-1970 population estimates which indicate a ™
reversal of previous trends of population decline. The official State
projections are not tied to any National projection series developed by the
US Bureau of the Census (Verbally, Mr. Thomas E. Holder, WVGOECD to Dr.
Phillip Phillips, February 21, 1980). The total population of Monongahela
River Basin counties is projected to increase by 8.6% between 1980 and 1995.
Given the rather abrupt reversals in demographic trends experienced in the
recent past and the sensitivity of critical growth determinants such as
in-migration to fluctuating factors such as the coal industry, all
population projections must be used cautiously.
2.6.1.1.5. Relationships Between Population Size and Mining Activity.
To understand the dynamics of population change, it is necessary to
understand the manner in which population is affected by employment and
overall economic trends. US Census data, USBEA data, WVDM data, and WVDES
data on employment are shown for the State, the Basin, and its counties for
1950, 1960, and up to 1979 in some cases in Tables 2-50 through 2-55.
Several preliminary notes of explanation are in order. The major reason for
the difference between the US Census and the WVDES data in 1950 is that
WVDES does not include self-employed or unpaid workers, but only covered
employees. In 1950, such mining workers were relatively more numerous than
subsequently.
2-214
-------
Table 2-49. Population projections for the Monongahela River Basin (WVGOEDC
1980). Figures for 1970-1980 are derived from US Census data and are not
projections.
County
1970
1975
1980
1985
1990
1995
Barbour
Harrison
Lewis
Marion
Monongalia
Preston
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Upshur
14,030
72,038
17,847
61,356
63,714
25,455
24,596
13,878
7,447
19,092
15,402
75,103
20,166
62,805
67,116
26,844
25,934
15,188
7,578
21,006
16,623
77,488
18,894
65,525
75,240
30,468
28,784
16,616
8,657
23,541
18,630
78,200
17,951
67,619
71,663
30,997
28,370
16,391
8,436
24,996
20,179
79,942
18,001
69,732
74,433
32,917
29,662
17,234
8,765
27,033
21,752
81,708
18,041
71,875
77,289
34,893
30,983
18,087
9,098
29,124
Basin Total 320,433 337,142 361,836 363,253 377,898 392,850
2-215
-------
• In addition, the US Census reports the responses as of
April, but the WVDES figure is an annual average, and
employment declined during 1950 (Verbally, Mr. Ralph
Halstead, West Virginia Department of Employment Security,
Charleston WV, March 23, 1978).
• Census data were compared with USBEA data for 1970. The
main reason for the difference between the US Census and
the USBEA data is that the US Census reports employment by
place of residence, whereas USBEA reports it by place of
work.
• In some cases, USBEA deleted mining employment statistics
to avoid disclosure. In such cases, mining employment
data from the West Virginia Department of Mines were used
instead for this analysis.
Between 1950 and 1975, reported mining employment in West Virginia fell
by almost half as it did in the Basin. As a result, the Basin accounted for
19% of the State total in 1950 and for 20% in 1975. In both the State and
the Basin, a pronounced drop in mining employment occurred during the 1950's
and continued into the 1960's. An upturn began during the late 1960's, and
continued through 1975, although erratically. In 1975 a sharp increase in
mining occurred for the State as a whole which also was reflected in the
Basin.
Mining employment from year to year for the individual counties of the
Basin is erratic. The county having the largest number of mining employees
in 1950 was Marion, which accounted for 26% of mining employment in the
Basin, a pattern reflected also in the trends in coal production. Marion
County registered a decline in mining employment over the period from 6,747
in 1950 to 2,565 in 1979.
Tables 2-50 and 2-51 show that the State and the Basin gain and lose
mining employment together, although often to different degrees. The swings
in Marion and Monongalia Counties — the counties that produce the most coal
— were relatively modest. Individual counties show somewhat similar
long-run trends, but often quite different short-run trends. The counties'
somewhat similar long-run trends in mining employment reflect their common
response to changes originating from the National economy in the demand for
coal. Their often quite different short-run responses (across counties
comparing two consecutive years) reflect a host of local circumstances.
Given the long-run changes originating in the National economy, the
changing position over time of counties vis a vis each other in terms of
mining employment is explained partly by different rates in production of
coal and partly by different rates at which the mines increase productivity
by adopting more efficient technologies. Such technologies include the
shift from underground to surface mining and to continuous belt from hand
loading in underground mines. Thus, a county that had a constant level of
2-216
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coal production over time would lose employment because of increasing
productivity in each of the two methods (underground, surface), even if the
proportion of the total output accounted for by the two methods remained the
same over time. The loss of employment will be even greater if an
increasing proportion of the constant level of output is accounted for by
surface mining, for which output per employee is higher than for underground
mining.
According to 1970 US Census figures (Tables 2-52 and 2-53, and 2-47 and
2~48), the employment/population ratio is higher in the Monongahela River
Basin (0.329) than in the State as a whole (0.315). Also, mining employment
accounts for a much greater proportion of total employment in the Basin
(9.7%) than in the State as a whole (8.8%), although its importance varies
locally. Because mining employment is mostly male, the proportion of female
to total employment is lowered, in turn lowering the overall
employment/population ratio.
At the same time, the inter-industry multiplier effect of the mining
sector is limited in its effect on the local economy. Purchases by the
mining sector for purposes of producing coal in general are made outside the
area (except for labor). The coal is not primarily destined as a factor of
production for other industries in the area, hence there is a leakage out of
the local economy that is higher than in other economic sectors such as the
recreation sector. To the extent that such leakage occurs, employment in
the sectors providing the mining industry with goods and services is
reduced. This phenomenon thus to some extent offsets the stimulus provided
the local economy by the mining sector, in which earnings are relatively
high.
In 1975 the mining sector wae the fifth largest employment sector and
the second largest income generating sector in the Basin (Tables 2-54, 2-55,
and 2-56). The importance of mining activity within the economy of Basin
counties and the impact of mining on overall population trends can be
described in terms of location quotients and economic base analysis,
discussed below.
Location Quotients. A location quotient is a numeric indicator that
shows the degree to which an area is specialized in, and thus dependent
upon, a particular industry in comparison to a larger area. In the case of
the present analysis the larger area is the Nation. The location quotient
is derived by dividing the percentage of total employment in a selected
sector within the local area by the percentage of total employment in the
selected sector in the Nation. Thus, if 8.0% of local employment is in
mining and only 0.8% of national employment is in mining the location
quotient is 10. A location quotient of more than 1.0 for a particular
economic sector indicates a greater concentration in the local area than in
the US. A location quotient of less than 1.0 indicates a lesser concentra-
tion in the local area than in the Nation.
2-219
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All counties in the Monongahela River Basin have location quotients
greater than 1.0 for coal mining (except for Taylor County which had no
employment in coal mining in 1975). This indicates a greater concentration
in coal mining employment within the Basin than in the Nation. The location
quotient for the Basin (1975) was 33.3. This figure indicates that the
Basin was economically dependent on coal mining to a significant extent.
Location quotients for Basin counties are as follows: Barbour 87.3,
Harrison 22.0; Lewis 6.0; Marion 47.7; Monongalia 42.3; Preston 34.3;
Randolph 16.7; Taylor 0; Tucker 10.0; and Upshur 29.7.
Economic Base Analysis. The most common method used to describe quant-
itatively the relationship between population size and economic activity is
economic base analysis. Economic base analysis involves the delineation of
basic and non-basic employment sectors for a given area and the calculation
of a set of ratios known as multipliers. The basic sector, sometimes termed
the export sector, is comprised of employment that produces goods and
services to be used outside the local area, thus bringing money into the
local economy. Income generated by the basic sector circulates within the
local economy and supports non-basic sector industries, often referred to as
service industries, that provide goods and services for local use.
Exact determination of basic and non-basic employment is extremely
difficult. For the purposes of this study basic employment is considered to
be comprised of all persons employed in mining and manufacturing; all farm
proprietors and farm wage and salary employment; and 50% of all employment
in agricultural services, forestry, and fishing. Non-basic employment
includes all other employment. Employment in mining accounted for 39.7% of
all basic employment in the Basin in 1975. Manufacturing, however,
accounted for 58.5% of the Basin's basic employment (USDOC 1977).
Multiplier ratios describe quantitatively the amount of non-basic
employment, total employment, and total population growth that will be
generated by additional basic employment. The 1975 multiplier ratios and
their value for the Monongahela River Basin (calculated as described above)
are:
• Basic to non-basic employment ratio (B/N ratio) - 1:2.46
• Basic to total employment ratio (B/T ratio) - 1:3.46
• Total employment to population ratio (T/P ratio) - 1:3.02
• Basic employment to population ratio (B/P ratio) - 1:10.44
These ratios indicate that, overall, each basic job in the Basin generates
2.46 additional non-basic (service) jobs. The combination of basic and non-
basic employment results in a total of 3.46 jobs for each basic job. Each
employed person in the Basin supports a total of 3.02 persons because of
non-working dependents supported by the employed person. The combination of
basic to non-basic (B/N) and total employment to population (T/P) ratios
2-225
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produces an overall basic employment to population (B/P) ratio of 10.44.
Thus, each basic sector job supports, directly and indirectly, almost ten
people.
A number of factors may exert a "dampening" effect on employment and
population changes based on the multipliers calculated here. These dampen-
ing effects include the availability of additional workers who are currently
unemployed, commuting, changes in other basic employment sectors, availab-
ility of government welfare, and the limited life span of coal mines.
Because of these factors, an increase or decrease in mining employment will
not necessarily produce the changes in overall employment or population
indicated by the multiplier ratios, especially on a short-term basis (less
than five years). Increases in mining employment may be offset by declines
in employment in other basic sectors, and, likewise, decreases in mining
employment may be offset by increases in employment in other basic sectors.
Because of the life span of most mines, typically 20 years for an
underground mine and five years for a surface mine, coal miners frequently
commute long distances to work rather than moving closer to their current
places of employment (President's Commission on Coal 1980, see Section
5.6.4.). Thus employment and population increases associated with! an
individual mine may be diffused over a large area.
An important factor in the impact of increased mining activity on an
area is the availability of unemployed or partially employed miners in the
area. The coal industry is subject to pronounced cyclical phases of growth
and decline. As a result, many unemployed or underemployed miners may be
available during "slack" periods. Likewise, a decline in mining employment
will not necessarily produce a short-term population decline. Rather, most
of the miners and their families will remain in the area and will seek
alternative employment, accept welfare benefits, dip into savings, and/or
reduce expenditures while awaiting new mining employment opportunities.
This is especially the case with coal mining because of the specialized
skills required of miners and the relatively high wages paid to miners.
Areas of Greatest Mining Employment Impact. This analysis indicates
that long-term (five years or longer) changes in mining employment will have
the greatest impacts on counties most heavily dependent upon mining.
In the case of the Monongahela River Basin, Marion and Monongalia Counties
would be greatly impacted by changes in mining employment. Each new mining
job, in addition to those jobs needed to take up the slack of current high
unemplovment rates among miners, will generate approximately two new
non-mining jobs and a total population increase of about ten. Thus,
long-term cumulative effects of changes in mining employment: will have
significant impacts on those sections of the Basin in which mining is
currently or potentially a significant portion of the economic base.
2.6.1.2. Economy
2.6.1.2.1. General Characteristics. The Monongahela River Basin is
generally rural in nature and shares many of the economic characteristics
2-226
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generally associated with rural areas. Per capita income in the Basin is
well below National levels and the proportion of the population falling
below the Federal poverty level is above that found in the US. Per capita
income and employment increased rapidly in the Basin from 1970 to 1975,
however, reflecting the growth of the coal industry.
Tables 2-54 and 2-55 present a breakdown of jobs by industrial sector.
As stated previously, the most notable characteristic of the Basin and most
Basin counties is the significance of mining (excepting Lewis, Taylor, and
Tucker Counties). Sectors such as agriculture, manufacturing, contract
construction, trade, and services are not notable, although the small number
of finance, insurance and real estate jobs is indicative of the
non-urbanized nature of the Basin economic structure. Government is
particularly significant in Monongalia and Lewis Counties. As in most areas
manufacturing is an important component of the economic base. Unlike most
areas, mining rivals manufacturing in importance.
Given the breakdown between proprietors on the one hand, and wage and
salary earners on the other, the sectoral structure of employment
particularly among wage and salary earners, typically is an important factor
explaining differences in income per employee (Table 2-56). One anomaly is
that: Tucker County, which as the highest proportion of its wage and salary
employees engaged in the manufacturing sector (which is relatively well-paid
and a rough indicator of economic strength), is also the county having the
lowest income per employee in the Basin. This is true even when employment
and income refer only to wage and salary employment and income; that is,
when proprietors and their earnings are excluded. The explanation appears
to be that Tucker County has a lower proportion of its employees engaged in
the three sectors that are higher-paid than the manufacturing sector
(mining, construction, and transportation) than is true of the Basin as a
whole .
A major issue in the State in 1979 and 1980 has been the reduction of
the coal mining labor force because of reduced demand for coal. The West
Virginia Coal Association estimated that 10,500 jobs were eliminated in the
State in 1979 and 1980 as a result of mine closings and work force reduct-
ions. Ralph Halstead, Chief of Labor and Economic Research for WVDES,
estimated that 7,400 of these miners remained unemployed as of March 1980
(Douthat 1980). Many additional miners also are working less than full
time. As a result, a large pool of skilled coal mining labor is currently
available in the State. It is anticipated that these employment reductions
are relatively short term and that mining employment will begin to increase
again when the demand for coal rises. Specific data pertaining to the
number of unemployed miners in the Monongahela River Basin are not
available .
2.6.1.2.2. Special Economic Issues - Tourism and Travel. The tourism
and travel industry represents a major component in the economy of West
Virginia. As an industry, tourism encompasses a wide range of other employ-
ment and industrial sectors as mentioned above such as wholesale and retail
2-227
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trade, services, amusement, and recreation. Tourism and travel businesses
directly include public and private campgrounds, hotels, motels, restaur-
ants, gift shops, service stations, amusements, and other recreation facili-
ties. The indirect impact of the tourism industry has a positive effect on
virtually all economic sectors of the Basin and State. These positive tour-
ism impacts result from recreational activities of West Virginians
themselves as well as the recreational activities of non-State residents.
The effect of tourism and travel on income, employment, and State
revenues is significant (Table 2-57). The Bureau of Business Research at
West Virginia University (1977) estimated that tourism and travel in 1977:
• produced $715 million in total sales in the State
• employed 38,000 people Statewide
• generated $46 million in State tax revenues.
WVGOECn emphasizes that money spent on tourism and travel has propor-
tionately greater local economic impacts than expenditures in other
industries in West Virginia. Approximately 83% of tourism and travel
industry sales dollars remains in the State, compared with only 66% of total
coal mining receipts and 63% of chemical industry receipts. Tourism
dollars, therefore, tend to provide greater local economic benefit since
more of these dollars remain in the State (WVGOECD 1980).
In addition, a significant amount of the tourism industry receipts in
West Virginia is generated by non-resident travellers. Of the estimated 8.1
million visitors to West Virignia State Parks and State Forests in 1978,
over 2.9 million (36%) were non-State residents. There has been a signific-
ant increase in the total number of visitors in recent years. Between 1971
and 1978, visitation at State Parks increased from 4 million to 6.9 million,
while that at State Forests increased from less than 1 million to 1.2
million. Resident and non-resident tourists travel to Basin and State
recreational centers for camping, hunting, fishing, swimming, canoeing,
boating, hiking, and generally experiencing the visual, cultural, and
natural resources of the Basin and State. If these "outstanding opportuni-
ties for a primitive and unconfined type of recreation" and other recrea-
tional attractions are maintained, the tourism and travel industry is
expected to grow significantly and become an even more important part of the
overall economy (WVGOECD 1980).
Those counties which have the greatest tourist attraction in the Basin
(Tucker and Randolph) also have the least coal mining. Monongalia County
has extensive tourism also, together with substantial mining (chiefly
underground mining) of coal. There is relatively little tourism in the
western counties of the Allegheny Plateau in the Basin. Both surface and
underground mining are important in those counties.
2-228
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Table 2-57. Travel sales, wages and salaries, and employment in the Monongahela
River Basin, 1976-1977 (Rovelstad 1977).
State
Monongahela River Basin
Barbour
Harrison
Lav is
Marion
Monongalia
Preston
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Upshur
Total Sales
($1,000)
647,200
101,100
3,200
21,600
2,500
13,000
24,700
5,200
8,800
4,700
9,300
8,100
Wages &
Salaries
($1,000)
185,241
27,455
894
4,983!
678
3,691
6,990
1,466
2,488
1,331
2,643
2,291
Employment
36,425
5,891
184
1,253 2
146
760
1,439
302
512
'274
544
472
1
Not provided by source; estimated by multiplying 146 employees (see Footnote 2)
by the wages and salaries per employee for all other Monongahela River Basin
counties combined.
provided by source; estimated by multiplying $2,500,000 total sales by
the employment/total sales ratio for all other Monongahela River Basin
counties combined.
2-229
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Specific Basin recreational facilities and tourist attractions are
discussed in great detail in Section 2.6.1.5.5. Given the impressive array
of facilities in the Basin, recreational activity assumes special economic
importance. For those counties where Federal land forms a high proportion
of the Basin total, the common measures of the level of economic activity
(population, employment, median income) indicate that these counties have a
lower level of activity than the Basin as a whole. The Monongahela National
Forest, for example, may constitute an increasingly important factor in the
level of economic activity in the future by attracting increasing
recreational visitor use, visitor expenditures, and revenues for the
counties.
Annual use data for the period 1969-1973 for the Monongahela National
Forest, for the State Forests and State Parks systems, and for Tygart Lake
are presented in Table 2-58. Visitor use grew over the period by 43% for
those areas combined. Use of the Tygart Lake grew more rapidly than use of
the National Forest. Visitors to the National Forest may be represented
more heavily by out-of-state visitors than is true of the State facilities.
If so, the economic slowdown and the energy problems of the early 1970's may
be an important contributing factor in explaining the differential growth in
visitor use comparing Federal and State areas. The drop in visitor use
during 1972 for the National Forest and for Tygart Lake may have been caused
in part by Hurricane Agnes, which also may have kept the (slight) increase
in State visitor use at the State forests below what it would otherwise have
been. The Hurricane does not appear to have inhibited increasing visitor
use in the State Parks.
2.6.1.3. Housing
2.6.1.3.1. Problems of Housing Provision. The provision of adequate
housing is one of the most important problems facing the residents of West
Virginia and the Monongahela River Basin today. The Basin and the State
currently are experiencing a severe housing shortage, which is reflected in
a high proportion of residents that are housed in deteriorated or crowded
dwellings. Housing production in the Basin has lagged substantially behind
demand in recent years because of:
• Lack of developable sites as a result of the high
proportion of land with steep slopes and in flood-prone
valleys
• Lack of financing, especially for housing for low-income
persons
» High land and construction costs, particularly because of
the slope and flooding limitations.
2.6.1.3.2. General Housing Characteristics. Data comparing the hous-
ing characteristics of the Basin, the State, and the US are presented in
Table 2-59. Recent (post-1970) increases in population and personal income
2-230
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have resulted in construction of significant, though not sufficient, numbers
of new dwelling units. The majority of these new units are owner-occupied,
single-family, detached structures (including mobile homes). A large m
proportion of these new dwellings have been built outside any incorporated
city or village.
Mobile homes constituted 60% of all new home sales in West Virginia,
and an even higher proportion of new homes in non-metropolitan areas, in
1976. The reliance on mobile homes has resulted from current conditions of
the housing market, as mobile homes often represent the most readily avail-
able and affordable form of new housing. Regulation of mobile homes is
generally minimal. They are sometimes placed in mobile home parks, but they
often appear in conventional housing neighborhoods (commonly on substandard
lots), in unplanned mobile home villages, and scattered in rural areas.
West Virginia does not have State safety regulations or construction stand-
ards governing mobile homes. As a result, mobile homes are struck relative-
ly frequently by fire, often with injury or loss of life, and are frequently
damaged by windstorms because of the lack of adequate tie-downs.
Residential development in the past, whether traditional or mobile, has
occurred generally without regulation as to location, density, size, or
construction materials. The traditional preference for single-family,
detached homes is not likely to diminish significantly in the near future,
but existing constraints on housing production indicate that new housing
probably will include more multiple family structures, rental units, and
subsidized housing for low- and moderate-income persons. Recent declines in
average family size also favor multiple family units. Higher density hous-
ing is relatively new to the area, but is well-adapted to the steeply- M
sloping terrain. ™
Existing housing conditions in the Basin vary considerably between
urban and rural areas and among counties. Substandard housing accounts for
21% of all units in the Basin. Generally, lower percentages of substandard
housing are found in urban areas, reflecting higher incomes and more stable
economies. Housing quality generally has improved since 1970. Much of this
improvement resulted from higher family incomes and local efforts to extend
public sewer and water systems.
2.6.1.3.3. Size, Age, and Crowding. Housing unit size, age, and the
prevalence of crowded dwellings are important indicators of housing quality.
For the Monongahela River Basin these factors can be summarized as follows:
• The median number of rooms per dwelling unit in the Basin
is slightly higher than State or National averages
• Crowded dwelling units, generally defined as units with
more than one person per room, represent a slightly
smaller proportion of all units for the Basin compared to
the State or National averages. Crowding is an important
measure of the adequacy of housing and an indicator of
2-234
-------
overall housing quality, as crowded dwellings are
frequently substandard in condition and tend to
deteriorate more rapidly than non-crowded dwellings. A
unit with 1.5 or more persons per room is recognized as
being overcrowded by the State (WVHSA 1979).
• Almost 65% of the year-round dwelling units in the Basin
in 1970 were over 40 years old. This is a considerably
higher proportion of older dwellings than was found in the
Nation, and it is higher than the Statewide proportion.
The age of the housing supply is an indicator of its
condition and adequacy. Older housing more often is
deteriorated and may have obsolete plumbing, electrical,
and other facilities. The prevalence of a large number of
mobile homes in the Basin, which have a shorter economic
life than traditional dwellings, increases the problems of
housing deterioration.
2.6.1.3.4. Housing Value. The value of individual owner-pccupied
dwelling units and the monthly rental for non-owner-occupied dwellings are
important indicators of housing quality and of the ability of the local
population to pay for available housing. The ability of an occupant to
maintain a structure in sound condition is also closely related to the value
of the structure. Only one county had a median value of owner-occupied
dwellings that was above the State median, but every Basin county in 1970
had median values that were below the National median.
Unofficial figures indicate that the Basin is relatively an inexpensive
housing market, though no local statistics on the price of newly-constructed
homes are available. The low housing prices could reflect the fact that
proportionately more houses in the Basin are substandard or older than the
National average. In addition, the Basin traditionally has been character-
ized by extremely low median contract rents (Table 2-59). While no defini-
tive information on recent median rental rates was found, it appears that
rents have increased substantially since 1970, especially in areas that have
experienced population growth. The rental market generally has risen
commensurately with inflation (Luttermoser 1980).
2.6.1.3.5. Presence of Complete Plumbing Facilites. The presence or
absence of complete plumbing facilities is a major factor in housing
adequacy and value. The proportion of units in the Basin lacking some or
all plumbing facilities was substantially higher than the National average
and the Statewide average (Table 2-59). Significant variation existed among
individual counties in the Basin, however. The three measures of complete
plumbing facilities, as defined by the US Census, include:
• hot and cold piped water
• flush toilets
2-235
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• inside bath or shower facilities for exclusive use of the
dwelling occupants. j
2 .6 . 1.3.6. Vacancy Rates. The housing vacancy rate is defined as the
ratio of all vacant units available for occupany to the total number of
units in the housing stock. Excessively low vacancy rates hinder mobility
and are often associated with housing shortages. The following vacancy
percentages reflect a sufficient supply of available, vacant dwellings
(RPDC IV 1978):
• 1.0-1.5% for single-family dwellings
• 5.0% for rental units
• 3.0% for the overall housing stock.
The overall housing vacancy rate in the Monongahela River Basin was
4.4% in 1970, and is indicative of a sufficient housing supply throughout
the Basin in general (Table 2-59). Post-1970 population increases may have
reduced the vacancy rate somewhat.
2.6.1.3.7. Owner-Occupany Rates. Levels of owner-occupancy were lower
in the Basin in 1970 than those for the State (Table 2-59). The relatively
high level of owner-occupancy in the Basin reflects both the traditional
preference for single-family homes and the rural nature of much of the area.
In recent years, the high price of traditional single-family, owner-occupied
housing has forced many persons to utilize mobile homes rather than
traditional housing. M
2.6.1.4. Transportation
2.6.1.4.1. Special Needs of the Coal Mining Industry and Availability
of Modes. The conveyance of coal from mines or preparation plants to con-
sumption sites, principally electric power and steel industries, requires
transportation modes that are suitable for hauling high volumes of material
at low per ton-mile cost. Within these constraints three transportation
modes, rail, truck, and waterborne barge, currently are competitive and in
use. A fourth mode, pipeline, is potentially competitive and may be used in
hauling coal in the future. This section will describe the characteristics
of rail, truck, barge, and pipeline transport of coal. The analysis of road
haulage of coal presented here includes only public roads and does not
describe mine site roads built by the operator.
The selection of a transportation mode for hauling coal from any
individual mine site to a particular consumer depends largely upon the
availability and relative cost of the competing modes. The selection of
modes also has important consequences in terms of the magnitude and nature
of environmental and human impacts (see Section 5.6.).
2-236
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The extensive nature of the existing public road system and the rela-
tively low per-mile construction costs of mine site roads connecting mine
sites to existing public roads make truck hauling a widely available form of
coal transportation. Construction of mine site roads and purchase of
trucks, however, does represent a very large "front end" cost of coal
mining.
Major rail lines are located throughout the Basin. These rail lines
have not formed an extensive transportation network. Construction costs for
new rail lines are high, and right-of-way acquisition problems may be
severe. As a result, mines that are not located on existing rail lines
generally rely on truck transportation to haul coal to the nearest rail
loading facility.
Within the Monongahela River Basin, the entire length (37 miles) of the
Monongahela River is utilized for barge transportation. Because the length
of the waterway is not considerable, the role of barging in the movement of
coal in the Basin is not great. Generally, coal is transported from mine
sites or preparation plants to barge loading facilities by truck or rail.
Per ton-mile cost of coal hauling is the second major factor in select-
ion of a transportation mode for coal. Cost advantages in coal hauling
generally reflect limits on route availability and flexibility. Barge haul-
ing of coal generally is the least expensive mode per ton-mile, but is also
the least flexible in terms of route availability. Truck hauling, while
most flexible, is much more expensive per ton-mile than rail or barge
hauling. Extra rail tariffs are imposed when trains are switched from one
rail carrier to another. Therefore, coal generally is moved by a single
rail carrier once it enters the rail system.
2.6.1.4.2. Public Roads. The rugged terrain of much of the Basin has
imposed great limitations on the development of the road system. Both
valley and ridge top roads are found within the Basin. As of 1976, West
Virginia had almost 33,000 miles of highway (WVDOC 1976). The total
included 6,000 miles of expressway, trunkline, and feeder routes and 27,000
miles of local service roads. Interstate Highway 79 bisects the Monongahela
River Basin, running northeast-southwest from Morgantown to Charleston
(Figure 2-37). Appalachian Route E runs east-west from Morgantown; Route D
runs east-west from Clarksburg; and Route H runs east-west from Lewis County
through Upshur County into Randolph County (Elkins).
Local roads account for 79% of the total road length in the Basin, with
a low of 69% (Tucker County) and a high of 83% (Lewis and Marion Counties).
Principal arterial roads (the Interstate and Appalachian Route systems)
account for 4% of the mileage in the Basin; Tucker County has none; in
Harrison County local roads account for 10% (Table 2-6Q). Most road
maintenance in the State is performed by the West Virginia Department of
Highways.
2-237
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Figure 2-37
MAJOR HIGHWAYS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (WVDH 1977)
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-238
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The initial transport of coal from mines to coal preparation plants,
railroads, or barges usually is accomplished by truck. The State has
established maximum tonnage limits for coal trucks, and has the authority to
shut down mines served by trucks which carry overweight loads (Hittman
Associates, Inc. 1976).
Coal haul trucks in West Virginia are regulated on the basis of length,
height, and weight limitations that vary with public road classification.
On the principal primary roads, the maximum vehicle allowances are 55 feet
in length, 13 feet 6 inches in height, and 80,000 pounds in gross weight.
On many primary roads, however, height is limited to 12 feet 6 inches and
weight is limited to 73,500 pounds. On secondary roads, the maximum allow-
ances are 50 feet in length, 12 feet 6 inches in height, and 65,000 pounds
in gross weight. Special, posted weight and height restrictions are also
found on many roads .
Coal is the primary commodity transported by highway in West Virginia.
Intrastate coal traffic is not subject to economic regulation by either the
IISIGC or the WVPSC. Very little coal is hauled interstate by trucks. Coal
trucks may be operated either directly by the mining company or by a separ-
ate motor carrier under contractual agreement. In most cases, coal is moved
by truck for only a few miles from the mine site to the nearest rail trans-
fer point or to a nearby final consumer (e.g. power plant).
Existing public roads used as coal haul roads in the Basin were
identified in the 1979 Coal Haul Road Study, prepared by WVDH in cooperation
with the USDOT (Figure 2-38). Coal haul roads were identified in this study
on the basis of known locations of surface and underground mines, and known
location of customers, rail transfer points, barge transfer points, and
preparation plants serving each mine. The most direct haul roads between
these origins and destinations were designated as coal haul roads (WVDH
1979). Because of the short distance that coal is usually hauled by truck
and the terrain limitations on roads in the coalfield areas, only one
feasible route from mine to consumer generally exists. Data on origins,
destinations, and haul routes summarized in the 1979 Coal Haul Road Study
also were plotted on county highway maps (Scale 1:63,560).
The existence and nature of deficiencies in current coal haul roads of
West Virginia and the cost to remedy these deficiencies also were calculated
in the Coal Haul Road Study. A total of 2,562 miles (95%) of all coal haul
road mileage was found to have one or more deficiencies based on USFHA
standards. Major deficiency categories, in order of the number of miles of
deficient roadway, were lane or roadway width, shoulder width or type, and
alignment for safe speed. The deficiency data were used to determine types
and costs of needed improvements (Table 2-61). All construction and
maintenance costs for roads in West Virginia are paid for by the State.
An initial estimate of improvement needs for coal haul roads was calcu-
lated on the basis of criteria and standards established by the USFHA. This
produced a total cost estimate of approximately $2.7 billion of which 73.1%
2-240
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Figure 2-38
COAL HAULROADS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (adapted
from WVDH 1979)
\
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WAPORA, INC.
2-241
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Table 2-61. Alternative cost estimates for improving coal haul roads in
West Virginia (WVDH 1979).
A. Federal Highway Administration methodology
Improvement Type
Reconstruct roadway
Minor widening
Major widening
Reconstruct alignment
Construct on new location
Spot Improvements
Railroad protection and
other structures
TOTAL
B. West Virginia Highway Department
Improvement Type
Widen and pave unpaved roads
Stabilize or pave unpaved roads
to existing width
Widen and rebuild light or
medium duty paved roads
Rebuild light or medium duty
paved roads to existing width
Widen and resurface paved roads
Resurface paved roads to
existing width
Railroad protection and
other structures
TOTAL
Miles
134.5
256.5
60.8
1,812.7
86.4
115.3
212.0
2,678.45a
methodology
Miles
5.4
567.9
48.7
1,650.5
15.1
7.4
— b
2,295.0
Cost ($000)
54,000
100,000
131,000
1,976,000
299,000
54,000
88,000
2,702,000
Cost ($000)
1,737
81,054
42,357
524,569
7,682
340
496,710
1,154,499
% of
Total Cost
2.0
3.7
4.8
73.1
11.1
2.0
3.3
100.0
aDoes not add to total due to rounding error.
t>No mileage indicated.
2-242
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(nearly $2.0 billion) was for reconstruction of roads to improve alignment
for safe speed (Table 2-61). An alternative calculation of needed improve-
ments and costs also was made by WVDH. This alternative estimate was based
on the assumption that all of the reconstruction of roadway alignments for
higher than currently posted safe operating speeds required to meet USFHA
standards was not necessary. Rather, the WVDH alternative was based on the
assumption that the most necessary and economical improvements were in
strengthening and reconstruction of pavement sections to withstand coal
truck load weight. The total cost of improvements using the WVDH alterna-
tive methods of calculation was $1.15 billion, or 42.7% of the cost using
USFHA standards (Table 2-61).
2.6.1.A.3. Railroads. Coal is the major commodity transported by rail
in West Virginia. Approximately 74% of the coal transported in the State is
hauled by rail (WVRMA 1978). Two major types of rail freight traffic are
found in West Virginia. One major source of traffic is coal originating at
mines within the State and terminating at consumption sites and transloading
facilities within the State. The second major source of traffic is the
interstate hauling of industrial commodities including coal.
Most rail lines with the highest traffic density (over 30 million tons
per year) run through West Virginia in a general east-west direction. The
State is served by 5 Class I railroads (annual gross receipts $10 million or
more) and 9 Class II railroads (annual gross receipts less than $10
million). A total of 3,931 miles of rail lines are found in West Virginia.
The density of rail branch lines is greatest in the coalfield areas of the
State. The pattern of rail lines generally follows drainage patterns,
especially in the central and southern sections of the State.
Of the seven railroads in West Virginia in service during 1976, six are
Class I (the exception being the Nicholas, Fayette, and Greenbrier
Railroad). Only three have track within the Monongahela River Basin
(Figure 2-39). The Baltimore & Ohio is of greatest importance for the
Basin, with track in eight of ten counties (Table 2-62). The Western
Maryland Railroad is important in the eastern section of the Basin (Randolph
and Tucker Counties). The Monongahela Railway track parallels that of the
B&O in Monongalia County and has a spur in Marion County.
Some rail lines in West Virginia, as elsewhere in the United States,
are experiencing economic difficulties and are being proposed for discontin-
uation of service by their operators. Because rail line access is an
important factor in the transportation and marketing of coal, the potential
future use for coal hauling is an important aspect of West Virginia State
policy in determining whether a line should remain in active service, be
placed in a "rail banking" plan, or be completely abandoned. The 1978 State
Rail Plan stated that its major goals are to maintain a viable State rail
system through adequate return on investment for the railroads and to main-
tain essential rail services that will benefit economic development within
the State (WVRMA 1978).
2-243
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Figure 2-39
RAILROADS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (adapted from
WVRMA 1978)
\
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WAPORA, INC.
2-245
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Adequate maintenance of rail access to coal reserves is one of eight
major policy guidelines formulated by WVRMA. The Authority stated that it
would "plan to insure that railroad lines serving these [coalfield] areas
will not be abandoned if potential future use for movement of this resource
[coal] is indicated." In accordance with this policy, little rail mileage
has been abandoned recently.
Federal assistance funds (matched by State funds) are available to
retain the rights-of-way of abandoned rail lines ("rail banking") in West
Virginia. These funds are provided through Title VIII of the Federal Rail-
road Revitalization Regulatory and Reform Act of 1976.
2.6.1.4.4. Waterways. The Monongahela River is the only navigable
waterway within the Basin. The navigable section of the River extends 981
miles, from Pittsburgh PA to Fairmont WV. Channel depth is maintained from
seven to nine feet for the entire length and channel width is variable.
Three major locks are located along the river section within the Basin, each
with an annual capacity of 25 million tons. These locks include (RPDC VI
1978):
• Morgantown Lock: Located near downtown Morgantown with
current usage of 1.7 million tons per year (6.8% of
capacity).
• Hildebrand Lock: Located north of Lowesville with current
usage of 1.1 million tons per year (4.4% of capacity).
• Opekiska Lock: Located north of Fairmont with current
usage of .25 million tons per year (1.0% of capacity).
One rail-water terminal is located along the Monongahela River and is
involved in coal handling exclusively. It is located in Rivesville, WV and
is owned by the Monongahela River Co.
Total freight tonnage on the Monongahela River in 1975 was 37.2 million
tons. Of this tonnage, 30 million tons (80%) was coal. Current use of the
waterway is not great. To date, the waterway's potential has not been
exploited. If coal haulage were to increase significantly, capacity
problems could develop. Although overall water transportation needs will be
addressed by the National Waterway Study to be completed by the US Army
Institute for Water Resources in 1981, some specific needs can be identified
at the present time. For example, lock facilities must be
replaced/modernized if tonnage projected after 1985 is to be accommodated
efficiently and economically. Other potential traffic bottlenecks possibly
would be identified if comprehensive study of the waterways were to be
undertaken (this study is recommended in the 1981 State Development Plan;
WVGOECD 1980).
2.6.1.4.5. Pipelines. There are no coal slurry pipelines known to be
presently operating in the Monongahela River Basin. Currently, West
2-246
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Virginia is one of seven states that have granted the right of eminent
domain specifically for the construction of coal slurry pipelines. The
right of eminent domain allows potential pipelines to cross railroad rights-
of-way. Without the right of eminent domain, railroads could block the
construction of slurry pipelines, which serve as a competing transportation
mode.
2.6.1.5. Government and Public Services
This section is designed to provide an overall description of State and
local government in West Virginia, with particular emphasis on those aspects
of government structure and function that could be most significantly
impacted by new coal mining or processing facilities. Four major areas are
covered: the structure of State and local government in West Virginia;
local governmental revenues and expenditures; health care, education,
recreation, water and sewer, and solid waste disposal services and
facilities in the Basin; and planning capabilities in the Basin.
2.6.1.5.1. Institutional Framework. Five levels of government are
significant in assessing human resource and land use impacts in West
Virginia. These are:
• The State government
• Regional Planning and Development Councils (RPDC's)
• Counties
• Special districts and school districts
• Municipalities.
There are no general sub-county units of government in West Virginia similar
to the towns or townships found in other states. As a result, county
governments perform a wider range of functions in West Virginia than in many
other states. The general rural nature of most areas of the State and the
limited extent of incorporated municipalities also increase the importance
of counties as governmental units. Education is provided by county-unit
school districts, but these are separate from county government. Services
such as airports and public health facilities also can be provided by
special districts under the auspices of the county commissioners of the area
for which services are provided. All roads are financed at the State rather
than county level. Each county is further subdivided into magisterial
districts; however, powers of the districts are modest, in most cases being
limited to tax collection and other administrative tasks.
2.6.1.5.2. Governmental Revenues and Expenditures. Data on general
revenues and expenditures for the county units of government in the State
and the Basin for 1971-1972 (year ending 30 June 1972) are listed in
Table 2-63 and 2-64- These are not the same as local public revenues and
2-247
-------
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2-250
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expenditures within counties as geographical areas. For that, the revenues
and expenditures of local governments within the counties must be added.
Such data are not readily available.
The counties of the State as a whole have general revenues
approximating general expenditures in the Basin (Table 2-63). Expenditures
by the counties slightly exceed their revenues. The counties of the Basin
account for 18% of the general revenues and 19% of the general expenditures
of all counties of the State combined. In contrast, the counties of the
Basin accounted for 12% of all county capital outlay, and for only 3% of all
county debt outstanding in 1971-1972. Only two of the ten counties had debt
outstanding.
Until 1976 the US Forest Service transferred 25% of the net receipts of
the Monongahela National Forest to the State for redistribution to the
counties for school support and other public expenses. New legislation
during 1976 changed the formulas for calculating the funds transferred to
local governments (USFS 1977b).
Revenues and expenditures of counties in the Basin do not correlate
directly with the population indicated in Table 2-63. For example, Harrison
County had 16% of the general county revenue of the Monongahela River Basin,
but 23% of its population; Monongalia County had 34% of the county revenues
of the Basin, but 20% of its population.
Intergovernmental revenues account for 10% or less of total revenues
for all but three counties (Marion, 18%; Upshur, 25%; and Tucker 27%;
Table 2-64). In general, property taxes form a higher percentage of total
revenues in the more populous counties, although Monongalia and Preston
Counties are notable exceptions to this generalization. Conversely, charges
and miscellaneous revenues form a higher percentage of total revenues in the
less populous counties. Programmatic expenditures as a proportion of total
expenditures range from a high of 78% (Monongalia County) to a low of 22%
(Upshur County). There is no clear relationship between this percentage on
the one hand and the relative populousness or level of economic activity on
the other. It should be noted that highway expenditure, which frequently is
the single largest item of expenditure, is zero for these counties (except
for $1,000 each in Randolph and Tucker Counties). This is because the cost
of highway construction and maintenance is borne by the State (or Federal)
government and not by the counties in West Virginia.
General revenues and expenditures per capita in the counties of the
Basin are higher for the smaller counties than for the larger counties, with
the notable exception of Harrison County (Table 2-66). For example,
Monongalia County ranks first in per capita revenues and expenditures, and
second in population. Harrison County ranks eight in per capita revenues
and expenditures and first in population. The Basin as a whole has county
revenue per capita almost equivalent to the Statewide average. Monongalia
and Preston Counties have per capita revenues substantially in excess of the
2-251
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State average; the other counties have revenues lower than the State average
(Table 2-66 and Figure 2-40).
Per capita programmatic expenditures range from a high of $41
(Mcmongalia County) to a low of $5 (Harrison County). For eight of the ten
counties it amounts to less than $10 per person per year (as compared with
$13 for all counties in the State). Because programmatic expenditures form
the bulk of total expenditures, the relationship noted above for total
expenditures holds true also for programmatic expenditures: on a per capita
basis, the fewer the people, the higher the expenditures. This relationship
may result because if a program is to be made available, a certain minimum
expenditure is required for it to function.
Prior to 1975 (when the State business and occupation coal severance
tax was passed into law) revenues from coal did not form part of the
revenues of the counties, except that the counties themselves levied
property taxes on land and on other property owned by coal-producing
companies. Since 1975, the State has levied a coal severance tax at the
rate of $3.85 per $100 of gross sales of coal. Of this, $3.50 is retained
by the State as general revenue, and the remaining 35^ is distributed to
units of local government. The State Tax Commission returns 75% of the 35
-------
Figure 2-40
COUNTY GENERAL REVENUES PER CAPITA FOR THE MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN 1971 TO 1972
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2-254
-------
paid for by the State) but also opportunity costs (for example, the
agricultural, forestry, and tourist activity and earnings forgone because of
coal production activity). Such data are not readily available in a
compiled form.
The low level of tax revenues in the counties and municipalities of the
Basin, and the generally limited amount of taxable wealth present in the
Basin, will increase the difficulties faced by local governments in
supplying the needed facilities and services required by coal mining-induced
growth (see Section 5.6.). In many cases, however, counties have not
utilized all of the tax resources currently available to them. A program of
real estate tax reappraisal, especially for lands owned by coal mining
interests, was begun by the Internal Operations Group of WVDT's Division of
Local Government Relations in 1974. This reappraisal was designed to
produce more reasonable valuations of coal bearing lands on the basis of the
value of mineral resources. New mining facilities, increased income
generated by mining, and increased residential and commercial development
associated with mining also would increase the available tax base,
generating potential new revenue for additional services and facilities
provision. There is, however, a generally substantial lag-time between the
need for new services and facilities and availability of new tax revenue
(see Section 5.6.).
2.6.1.5.3. Health Care. West Virginia traditionally has fallen below
National norms both in the provision of health care facilities and personnel
and in health status indicators. Deficiencies in health care found in West
Virginia and the Monongahela River Basin are typical of Appalachia and
reflect the rural nature of much of the area, as well as low levels of
income and educational achievement. Problems of inadequate health care
facilities and personnel are compounded in many areas by rugged topography
and poor roads that hinder access to those medical services that are
available.
Recent measures designed to improve the level of health care in West
Virginia have been instituted as a result of the creation of the WVHSA,
formed to implement P.L. Law 95-641, the National Health Planning and
Resource Development Act of 1974. The mandate of the WVHSA is to plan a
health-care system that will improve the quality, accessibility, and
continuity of health care in West Virginia. To do this, the Agency gathers
information on State health care needs, financial barriers to meeting those
needs, and economic alternatives to achieve improved health care.
WVHSA issues a Health Systems Plan and Annual Implementation Plan in
order to help achieve its goals. This document describes the characterist-
ics of the existing health care system, determines goals for improvement of
the existing system, and describes alternatives and selected actions to
achieve improvement goals. Unless otherwise noted, the most recent (1980)
edition of the Plan serves as the basis for the following presentation. The
aspects of health care in West Virginia described are: general levels of
health service and status indicators; general deficiencies in the existing
2-255
-------
health care delivery system; and issues especially relevant to the coal
industry, particularly the availability of emergency care and the incidence
of coal workers pneumonoconiosis (black lung).
Health Status Indicators. Infant mortality, heart disease death rate,
and cancer death rate indicate that health care performance in West Virginia
generally falls below National norms. In 1975, the infant mortality rate
for West Virginia was 11.2% higher than the infant mortality rate for the
Nation.
Diseases of the heart are the leading cause of death in West Virginia,
accounting for approximately 40% of all deaths in 1976, more than twice the
proportion of the second leading cause of death, cancer. Heart diseases are
also the leading cause of death in the Nation, although the National death
rate (339 per 100,000 population) in 1975 was significantly lower than the
West Virginia rate (437 per 100,000 population). Cancer is the second lead-
ing cause of death in both West Virginia and the Nation. The cancer death
rate in West Virginia in 1975 (198 per 100,000 population) was considerably
higher than the cancer death rate for the Nation (174 per 100,000 popula-
tion). Health data specific to the Monongahela River Basin are not
av a i 1 ab 1 e .
Lung diseases were the seventh leading cause of death in West Virginia
in 1975, but were not among the ten leading causes of death in the Nation
for that year. Of the lung disease deaths in West Virginia in 1975, 69 were
due to pneumonoconiosis (black lung). Available information on disability
caused by lung disease is provided by the Workman's Compensation Fund. The
data for insured workers indicate that West Virginia has the highest dis-
ability rate for lung disease of any state, nearly twice that of the second
ranking state (Kentucky). The standards for receiving Workman's Compensa-
tion in West Virginia, however, are considered to be much more lenient than
in most other states, however, making interstate comparisons difficult.
Availability of Health Care Facilities and Personnel. The deficiencies
in the health care system are analyzed in several ways. The Health Systems
Plan annually compiles data on hospital beds available, current usage, and
other issues vital to demonstrations of facility shortages,. Manpower
(available doctors and dentists, for example) information also is
published. Health manpower shortage areas for primary care physician,
dental, pharmacy, and vision care, have been designated for West Virginia
under Sections 329(b) and 332 of the Public Health Service Act. Areas
requiring more than 30 minutes travel to reach a primary care physician also
have been designated by WVHSA. Basin counties differ substantially as to
the availability of these health care facilities and personnel
(Table 2-67). Clearly, counties such as Taylor, Preston, and Tucker appear
to have substantial deficits in their health care systems.
Availability of emergency medical care is especially important to the
coal mining industry because of the large number of accidental injuries and
deaths associated with coal mining. In 1977 there were 29 fatalities, 5,450
2-256
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non-fatal disabling injuries, and 3,415 non-disabling injuries at coal mines
in West Virginia. These incidences of death and injury, although high,
represent a significant improvement over historic death and injury rates.
The total number of injuries at coal mines declined from 11,197 in 1972 to
8,894 in 1977. During this same period fatal injuries declined from 48 to
29. Earlier in the State's history, coal mining was far more dangerous.
During 1908, when the total number of coal miners in the State was roughly
equal to 1977, 625 miners were fatally injured, as compared to 29 in 1977.
The objective of 0.30 deaths per million employee hours in coal mining,
established by the USMSHA, was achieved in West Virginia in 1977. West
Virginia's fatality rate of 0.30 deaths per million employee hours was
slightly below the US average (0.33) and substantially below the averages in
Kentucky (0.61) and Virginia (0.54).
2.6.1.5.4. Education. Education in West Virginia is divided into
three administrative categories. These are: kindergarten through grade 12
public schools (K-12), vocational education, and higher education (college
and university).
K-12 Public Schools. K-12 public schools are organized and operated by
separate county boards of education and are financed by local property tax
revenues. WVDE influences the quality of education by establishing
standards and by setting goals. West Virginia students scored at or above
the National median in all achievement areas measured by the "Comprehensive
Test of Basic Skills" at both the 3rd and 6th grade levels. In 5 out of 6
subject areas at the 9th grade level West Virginia students scored at or
above the National average. West Virginia high school students score
considerably above the National average on the Scholastic Aptitude Test
(SAT). SAT scores for the 1977-78 school year indicate that West Virginia
students scored well above the National average in both verbal and
mathematical ability. This above average performance occurred in every
school year from 1968-69 to 1977-78. This level of testing performance was
achieved despite the fact that West Virginia ranks 40th among states in
educational expenditures (WVDE 1978).
West Virginia had an actual increase in educational achievement test
scores from 1968-69 to 1977-78. This was in marked contrast to general
National trends of declining test scores. Moreover, West Virginia's above
average levels of educational achievement are in contrast to the low levels
of median years of education found among adults in the State and the
generally low educational levels found in Appalachia. The performance of
West Virginia appears to reflect an increased emphasis on education.
The high school dropout rate is also a significant measure of
educational achievement. West Virginia falls below the National rate by
this measure; 23.7% of West Virginia students fail to complete high school,
as compared to 25.0% of students in the Nation (WVGOECD 1979).
A comparison of seating capacity and net enrollment for public schools
in the Monongahela River Basin (Table 2-68) suggests that there is an excess
2-258
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seating capacity for students in every Basin county. These data appear to
indicate that overall there is an adequate number of school facilities to
meet the needs of existing students as well as reasonable future growth.
Within the Basin, however, localized shortages of necessary facilities have
occurred as a result of shifting population. Such shortages are indicated
by the fact that in most counties, few rooms were vacated, while additional
rooms (200) were needed, to accomodate local school-age children. The need
for additional facilities is especially notable in Preston and Lewis
Counties. Future population shifts caused by mining or other factors
potentially could create additional localized shortages.
Vocational Education. Vocational education includes technical and
adult education. County boards of education are assisted by the State's
Bureau of Vocational, Technical, and Adult Education in the provision of
existing programs and the development of new programs. These programs are
available at the secondary, post-secondary, and adult levels. Vocational
education facilities are located strategically throughout the State to
provide maximum program availability. In 1976-77, vocational education
programs were utilized by 125,000 persons and adult basic education programs
were utilized by an additional 16,000 persons. The placement rate for voca-
tional and technical graduates into the labor force is above 90% (WVGOECD
1979).
Higher Education. Higher education in West Virginia includes private
colleges and public colleges and universities that are regulated by the West
Virginia Board of Regents. Currently, the State has two public universi-
ties, fifteen public colleges, and ten private colleges. Both State
universities and several of the State colleges have developed programs that
are oriented toward serving the needs of the coal industry.
2.6.1.5.5. Recreational Facilities. This section discusses recrea-
tional facilities in the Monongahela River Basin which are administered by
Federal, State, local, and private agencies. Table 2-69 provides a summary
of recreational land by ownership type in the Basin. Land in the Mononga-
hela National Forest which is available for recreational use accounts for
87% of the almost 32,000 acres of Federal, State, and local recreational
land in the Basin. Two State forests and five state wildlife areas account
for 7%, eight state parks make up 3%, the Tygart Reservoir accounts for
0.9%, and local government facilities, mainly playgrounds, playfields, and
parks, make up the remainder. Private facilities provide an unknown amount
of recreational lands. Selected private facilities add less than 1,850
acres of recreational land to the public recreational land.
The Monongahela National Forest is concentrated in Randolph and Tucker
Counties. Six counties have no Federal land and, as a consequence, together
account for only 5% of the total public land in the Basin. Only two of the
counties have State Forest land, whereas seven have State Parks. The local
public land accounts for less than 1% of the total land in the Basin.
2-260
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Thus, the general pattern is: large areas of Federally-owned forest
concentrated in two counties; one sizable Federal reservoir; relatively
large blocks of State Forest Ln two counties; State Parks in most counties,
with a relatively small average size of 1,000 acres per county; a small
number of wildlife resource areas; a small amount of local public land for
which no county breakdown is available, but which may be assumed to be
widely distributed throughout the population centers Ln the Basin; and a
modest amount of privately-owned recreational land. No county or size
breakdown is available for the inventoried private recreational land, but it
may be assumed to be concentrated in a few large blocks of hunting
preserve.
Federal Faci1iti es. Within the Monongahela River Basin there are one
completed and two proposed USAGE lake projects, in addition to three
completed locks and dams on the Monongahela River (Table 2-70). The Bowden
Federal Fish Hatchery in the Monongahela National Forest is operated by
USDI-Fish and Wildlife Service. The remaining Federal recreational
facilities in the Monongahela National Forest are managed by the USDA-Forest
Service.
Tygart Lake on the Tygart Valley River in Taylor and Barbour Counties
was completed during 1938. Since that time it has been operated and
maintained by the USAGE to assure an adequate navigational water supply in
the Monongahela River. Tygart Lake also is one unit of a coordinated
reservoir system for flood protection in the Tygart Valley, Monongahela
River Valley, and Ohio River Valley (USAGE 1977:26). The picnic area in the
vicinity of the Tygart River Dam, about 2 miles upriver from Grafton in
Taylor County, also is administered by the USAGE. All other recreational
areas on Federally-owned lands of Tygart Lake are administered by the WVDNR
under a long-term license agreement with the Department of the Army.
Stonewall Jackson Lake and Rowlesburg Lake were aathorized by the Flood
Control Act of 1965 and are planned for the Monongahela River Basin.
Stonewall Jackson Lake, currently under construction, is located on the West
Fork River in Lewis County. The proposed dam will be situated at
Brownsville and will control a drainage area of 103 square miles. USAGE
anticipates acquiring 19,500 acres for the facility with related
recreational areas. "Project completion is estimated to be 1987. If the dam
is established, Rowlesburg Lake would be located on the Cheat River. The
dam would be constructed at Rowlesburg in Preston County to impound a
maximum winter pool of 6,780 acres. At the request of Governor Moore of
West Virginia and according to interpretation of the 1972 amendments to the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act, a re-evaluation oi: the Rowlesburg Lake.
project was undertaken by the USAGE. Governor Rockefeller requested that
the project be deferred. Because of this State action USAGE has classified
Rowlesburg as inactive (Verbally, Mr. George Cingle, USAGE Pittsburgh
District, to Mr. Wesley Homer, February 4, 1981).
Three USAGE dam sites provide recreational fishing facilities in the
Monongaheia River Navigation System. These sites include the Morgantown
Lock and Dam, completed in 1950; the Hildebrandt Lock and Dam, completed for
full operation in 1960; and the Opekiska Lock and Dam, completed in 1967
(Table 2-70).
2-262
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Table 2-70. Federal recreational facilities of the Monongahela River Basin,
West Virginia (WVGOSFR 1975, USDA-Forest Service 1977a, US Army Corps of
Engineers 1977). Facilities appear in Figure 2-30 in section 2.5.
NAME
Tygart Lake
Morgantown Locks and Dam
Opekiska Locks and Dam
Hildebrandt Locks and Dam
Dam Picnic Area
Bowden Federal Fish Hatchery
Rowlesburg Lake Planning Area
Stonewall Jackson Lake Planning Area
Spruce Knob Lake Recreation Area
Red Creek Recreation Area
Stuart Park Recreation Area
Bickle Knob Recreation Area
Bear Heaven Recreation Area
Aldena Gap Recreation Area
Horseshoe Recreation Area
Laurel Fork Recreation Area
Gaudineer Recreation Area
ADMINISTRATIVE OR
AUTHORIZING AGENCY
USAGE
USAGE
USAGE
USAGE
USAGE
USAGE
USAGE
USAGE
USFS
USFS
USFS
USFS
USFS
USFS
USFS
USFS
USFS
2-263
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USAGE facilities, including areas of surface and fee-simple ownership,
are considered to be important resources in the Basin and have been
designated as PSIA's. Exact ownership boundaries are complex, vary over
time, and have not been mapped on the 1:24,000-scale environmental inventory
map sets. The approximate boundaries have been mapped by EPA on Basin-scale
maps available at EPA Region III offices in Philadelphia; this mapping is
reflected as the PSIA designations shown in Figure 2-59 (see Section 2.8).
Exact boundary information can be obtained from USAGE on a case-by-case
basis through EPA's use of coordinating procedures employed during the
permit application process.
Clearly the most notable Federal facility in the Basin is the
Monongahela National Forest (also in the Elk and Gauley River Basins; Figure
2-41). The authorized boundary includes one third of Tucker County and one
fourth of Randolph County. According to the Land Management. Plan for the
National Forest (USFS 1977) the 1.9 million authorized acres of the National
Forest are to be used for flood prevention, watershed protection, recreation
(dispersed and developed areas), timber management, wilderness, and mineral
extraction. Since 1920, the Federal Government has acquired two kinds of
ownership within the authorized boundary of the Forest . In some areas only
surface rights have been acquired, excluding mineral rights. Elsewhere full
fee-simple and subsurface rights are Federally-controlled. A substantial
part of the land within the authorized boundary of the Forest still is
partly or completely in private ownership. The National Forest defined by
its authorized boundary has been designated a PSIA by EPA.
The nine recreation areas managed by the US Forest Service in the
Monongahela National Forest provide public facilities for camping,
picnicking, fishing, swimming, and boating. Recreation is one of the uses
recognized by the US Forest Service in its multiple use management of the
forest generally, outside specifically designated recreational areas.
Annual visitor use of the Monongahela National Forest as a whole increased
24% from 1969 to a 1973 total of more than 1.2 million visitors (WVGOSFR
1975).
The Fernow National Experimental Forest also located in the National
Forest, consists of 3,640 acres for research on deciduous forest management
and watershed relationships (Verbally, Mr. Gilbert B. Churchill, USFS RARE
II Coordinator, Elkins WV, June 21, 1978). Ther Fernow Forest was
established in 1934, and it maintains its own administrative station and
personnel who conduct research on cable logging and silvicultural
techniques .
The US Secretary of the Interior established the National Natural
Landmarks Program in 1962 "...to identify and encourage the preservation of
the full range of ecological and geological features that are nationally
significant examples of the Nations natural heritage" (45 FR 232, Dec. 1,
1980). Federal agencies are directed to consider the existence and location
of natural landmarks when a°sessing the impact of any proposed action,
although the manner in whicn National natural landmarks will be considered
2-264
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Figure 2-41
LOCATION OF THE MONONGAHELA NATIONAL FOREST IN THE
MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
MONONGAHELA NATIONAL
FOREST
FERNOW NATIONAL
EXPERIMENTAL FOREST
2-2G5
-------
is not specified. In the Basin, several National Natural Landmarks have
been identified, including the Gaudineer Scenic Area, Canaan Valley, Shavers
Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand, Blister Run Swamp, Big Run Bog, and Fisher
Spring Run Bog, all of which are within the Monongahela National Forest.
The Cathedral Park, owned by the State, also has been designated as has the
Cranesville Swamp Nature Sanctuary, privately owned (Table 2-71). All
National Natural Landmarks receive PSIA stations (see Section 2.8.). In
most cases, these areas have been identified as PSIA's because of the
expense of other values as well. It should be noted that recently
promulgated rules and regulations (45 FR 238, December 9, 1980) dictate that
the US Secretary of the Interior prepared a special environmental report
when mining activity (surface) impinges upon a landmark, as authorized by
Section 9 of the Mining in National Parks Act of 1976. This report must be
prepared regardless of the ownership of the landmark and is to be submitted
to the US Advisory Council on Historic Preservation. This procedure is
compatible with, and should reinforce EPA's PSIA designation.
Two existing wilderness areas have been designated under the Wilderness
Act of 1964 in the Monongahela River Basin. Established by Congress on
January 3, 1975, the Otter Creek Wilderness Area comprises 20,000 acres in
Randolph and Tucker Counties; the Dolly Sods Wilderness Area contains 10,215
acres in Randolph, Grant, Tucker, and Pendleton Counties. both are located
within the National Forest. The Laurel Fork area (11,656 acres) was
proposed as a Wilderness Area.
A wilderness area is defined by the Wilderness Act of 1964 as an area
of undeveloped federal land retaining its primeval character and influence,
without permanent improvements or human habitation, which is protected and
managed so as to preserve its natural conditions and which 1) generally
appears to have been affected primarily by forces of nature, with the
imprint of man's work substantially unnoticeable; 2) has outstanding
opportunities for solitude or a primitive and unconfined type of reaction;
3) has at least 5,000 acres of land or is of sufficient: size as to make
practicable its preservation and use in an unimpaired condition; and 4) may
also contain ecological, geographical, or other features of scientific,
educational, scenic, or historical value. The definition of "wilderness"
was subsequently modified in the Eastern Wilderness Act of 1975 to include
certain eastern lands (WVGOECD 1980).
The Otter Creek Wilderness includes most of the drainage basins of
Otter Creek and Shavers Lick Run. Most of the Otter Creek Wilderness is
forested with second growth timber that developed subsequent to logging
activities of the period between 1890 and 1914. Parts of the area were
logged between 1958 and 1972. Impenetrable stands of rhododendron cover
large sections of the Otter Creek Wilderness. Wildlife in the area includes
black bear, white-tailed deer, turkey, grouse, snowshoe hare, cottontail,
numerous birds, snakes including timber rattlers, salamanders, and a popula-
tion of brook trout. There are more than 40 miles of trails suitable for
hiking. Two shelters in the Wilderness each will accommodate six people.
Camping is permitted.
2-266
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Table 2-71. National Natural Landmarks in the Monongahela River Basin
(45 FR 232 December 1, 1980).
1. GAUDINEER SCENIC AREA (Randolph County) — Monongahela National
Forest, five miles north of Durbin. The best of the remaining
virgin red spruce forest in the State. (December 1974)
Owner: Federal.
2. CATHEDRAL PARK (Preston County) — Four miles west of US 219 on US
50. Contains a remnant virgin hemlock forest and dense thickets of
great rhododendron. A cool, poorly drained site. (October 1965)
Owner: State.
3. CRANESVILLE SWAMP NATURE SANCTUARY (Preston County) — Nine miles
north of Terra Alta WV. Occupies a natural bowl where cool, moist
conditions are conducive to plant and animal communities of more
common northern locations. (October 1964) Owner: Private.
BLISTER RUN SWAMP (Randolph County) — Monongahela National Forest,
four miles northwest of Durbin. A good, high altitude balsam fir
swamp, probably the southernmost extension of this type forest,
providing habitat for several uncommon and rare plants. (December
1974) Owner: Federal.
SHAVERS MOUNTAIN SPRUCE-HEMLOCK STAND (Randolph County) — Mononga-
hela National Forest, seven miles northwest of Harman. An old-
growth red spruce-hemlock stand called a "spruce flat", a disjunct
component of the more northern Hemlock-White Pine-Northern Hardwood
forest region. (December 1974) Owner: Federal.
6. BIG RUN BOG (Tucker County) — Seven miles east of Parsons. The
area contains a relict Pleistocene high altitude northern sphagnum-
red spruce bog far south of its normal range, with large numbers of
rare plants and animals. (December 1974) Owner: Federal.
CANAAN VALLEY (Tucker County) -- Five miles east of Davis. A
splendid "museum" of Pleistocene habitats. The area contains an
aggregation of these habitats seldom found in the eastern United
States, and is unique as a northern boreal relict community at this
latitude by virtue of its size, elevation and diversity. (December
1974) Owner: Private.
8. FISHER SPRING RUN BOG (Tucker County) — Monongahela National
Forest, 11 miles southeast of Davis. An excellent example of a
sphagnum-red spruce bog illustrating vegetation zonation.
(December 1974) Owner: Federal.
2-267
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Dolly Sods Wilderness in the Allegheny Plateau highlands is located in
Tucker and Randolph Counties. The headwaters area of Red Creek, a tributary
of the Dry Fork River, was named for the pioneer Dahle ("Dolly") family, who
formerly owned a section of the Wilderness which they cleared for
pastureland ("Sod"). The rugged, mountainous area of the Dolly Sods
Wilderness includes dense stands of rhododendron scrub, deciduous forest,
spruce forest, bogs, streams, beaver ponds, and formerly cleared
pasturelands. Many of the plants are indigenous to the Canadian zone, as
well as the Arctic Circle. The Wilderness contains about 25 miles of trails
suitable for hiking. Camping is permitted, but not within 100 feet of
permanent streams or trails.
In 1977 the US Department of Agriculture initiated a study of existing
roadless areas within the National Forests to identify additional land that
should be added to the Wilderness Preservation System. The study, known as
RARE II, proposed that four additional areas totalling 68,370 acres be
designated as wilderness in West Virginia:
1. Cranberry Backcountry — 35,550 acres (Gauley River Basin)
2. Seneca Creek — 20,780 acres (South Branch Potomac River Basin)
3. Laurel Fork North — 6,120 acres (Monongahela River Basin)
4. Laurel Fork South — 5,920 acres (Monongahela River Basin)
Cheat Mountain (7,720 acres in Randolph County) also was recommended for
study and possible designation as a Wilderness Area. Following the EIS
process, President Carter approved study recommendations and sent the bill
to the US House of Representatives where it was passed (November 1980) and
sent to the Senate. Action there is pending (Verbally, Mr, Gill Churchill,
USDA-Forest Service, to Mr. Wesley Horner, February 4, 1981). Wilderness
Areas are mapped as PSIA's by EPA.
In 1968 the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System was instituted
(P.L. 90-542). The purpose of the legislation was "...to preserve and
protect rivers..., with their immediate environments, (which) possess
outstandingly remarkable scenic, recreational, geologic, fish and wildlife,
historic, cultural, or other similar values...". As of 1980, no river or
river segment in the Basin or the State had been designated officially under
the National Wild and Scenic Rivers Act. However, several rivers (none in
this Basin) have been designated by Congress as Study Rivers (16 USC 1276,
Sec. 5a), preliminary to their incorporation into the Wild and Scenic Rivers
System. These rivers are being studied by the US National Park Service
regarding permanent Wild and Scenic status. During Study River status,
these rivers have been protected by Congress under the Wild and Scenic
Rivers Act (the Draft EIS on the Greenbrier River proposed designation is
expected in March 1981).
The US Heritage Conservation and Recreation Service conducts a program
which is ancillary to the USNPS Wild and Scenic Rivers System. USHCRS is
one of the agencies authorized by P.L. 90-542 to investigate rivers for
potential inclusion in the National Wild and Scenic Rivers System. Such
rivers ultimately are placed on a National Inventory by USHCRS. In
accordance with the President's Environmental Message of August 2, 1979,
"all Federal agencies shall avoid or mitigate adverse effects on rivers
2-268
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identified in the National Inventory." Further supporting this Presidential
directive, the US Office of Environmental Project Review issued an August
15, 1980 memorandum to all heads of government bureaus and offices, stating
that inter-agency cooperation shall be extended whenever appropriate so that
adverse effects in National Inventory rivers will be mitigated. No river
segments in the Monongahela River Basin were included in the National
Inventory following the completion of Phase One of the USHCRS program
(USHCRS 1979).
On August 15, 1980, the Office of Environmental Project Review issued
Memorandum No. ES80-2 stating how this interagency coordination could best
be accomplished.
The second, and final phase of the USHCRS program was completed as of
August 1980. A final list of potential rivers being considered for
inclusion in the National Inventory under this phase of the program includes
the following rivers in the Monongahela River Basin (USHCRS 1980):
• Cheat River, from Headwaters to Lake Lynn to Albright
• Dry Fork of Cheat River, from Blackwater River to Gladwin
• Glady Fork of Cheat River, Dry Fork of Cheat River to
headwaters above Glady
• Middle Fork River, from Tygart Valley River to Lantz
• Shavers Fork at Cheat River, Faulkner to headwaters above
Spruce
• Tygart Valley River, from Monongahela River to Tygart
Junction
• Tygart Valley River, from Tygart Junction to Bellington.
These rivers possess no special Federal protection until such time as they
are officially placed on the National Rivers Inventory List.
The West Virginia Legislature enacted the Natural Streams Preservation
Act during 1969 (West Virginia Code 20-5B). This Act established the
preservation and protection in their natural condition of streams that
possess outstanding scenic, recreational, geological, fish and wildlife,
botanical, historical, archaeological, or other scientific or cultural
values as a public policy of the State. The Act also established a permit
procedure for the impounding, diverting, or flooding of any streams within
the natural stream preservation system. In the Monongahela River Basin,
no streams were protected under this Act as of mid-1978. The West Virginia
Governor's Office of State-Federal Relations and the WVDNR have established
preliminary criteria and currently are evaluating other streams for possible
inclusion in a new system of State wild, scenic, and recreational rivers
2-269
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(WVGOSFR 1975). Several streams in the Basin have potential for inclusion
in this State system: Cheat River, Blackwater River, Shaver's Fork of Cheat
River, Blackfork River, Dry Fork River, Glady Fork of Dry Fork River, Laurel
Fork of Dry Fork River, Red Creek, and Gandy Creek.
According to a study conducted by the Ohio River Basin Commission
(1975:57) which utilized information from the 1970-1975 State Comprehensive
Outdoor Recreation Plans of Maryland and West Virginia, the Monongahela
River Basin is expected to have a deficit of 7,041 boatable acres and 1,500
fishing acres by 1985. Demand for canoeing sites and Whitewater streams was
not computed separately from general boating and was considered difficult to
define. The USBOR (now USHCRS) estimated a need on the
Monongahela-Youghiogheny River Basin for 2,600 to 2,800 miles of stream
suitable for canoeing by the year 2000. At present, of the 11,000 miles of
streams and rivers in the Basin, about 500 miles are rated as canoeable.
The Ohio River Basin Commission identified high quality canoeing,
Whitewater, and fishing streams for future reference for planning and
detailed study (ORBC 1975): Cheat River, Shaver's Fork of Cheat River,
Muddle Fork River (from Gandy to confluence with Tygart Valley River), and
the Monongahela River from Fairmont to Pittsburgh PA.
State Facilities. There are two State Forests in the Monongahela River
Basin (Table 2-72). Coopers Rock State Forest is near the commercial and
cultural center of Morgantown. It contains 12,698 acres with facilities for
camping, picnicking, hiking, playground recreation, and winter sports.
Public hunting and fishing areas also are provided. Out-of-state visitors
to Coopers Rock State Forest constituted 58% of the total of nearly 2.5
million visitors from 1973 to 1977 (WVDNR 1978). "
The Kumbrabow State Forest contains 9,431 acres near the western
boundary of the Monongahela National Forest. It was named for three
families who contributed to establishment of the Forest: The Kump, Brady,
and Bowers families. The Forest contains five rustic cabins, twelve tent or
trailer campsites, and facilities for picnicking, hiking, and playground
recreation. Hunting and fishing areas also are available. Out-of-state
visitors to Kumbrabow State Forest accounted for 19% of the total 99,000
visitors between 1 January 1973 and 31 December 1977. The distance to the
more densely populated areas of West Virginia and major highways partly
explains the relatively low visitation at Kumbrabow. The relative lack of
facilities is an additional factor (Tablff 2-72).
There are twenty State Parks and related facilities in the Monongahela
River Basin. Facilities provided at State Parks may include cabins, lodge
rooms, campsites, restaurants, refreshment stands, hiking trails, picnicking
sites, playgrounds, horseback riding facilities, hiking trails, ski areas,
tennis courts, hunting areas, fishing areas, facilities for swimming and
boating, golf courses, and places of historic interest. Although none of
the State Parks provides all of the above facilities, Canaan Valley,
Blackwater Falls, and Tygart Lake State Parks offer most of them. These are
the most popular State Parks, and each has more than 300 thousand visitors
2-270
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annually. They also have the greatest appeal to out-of-state visitors, who
account for more than 40% of total attendance (Table 2-72).
The Canaan Valley Scenic Area and Blackwater Falls Scenic Area are
located in the Monongahela National Forest near the State Parks of the same
name (see Section 2.5.). They are administered by the West Virginia
Department of Natural Resources. Canaan Valley, a mountain valley situated
at an elevation of 3,400 feet, supports a diverse flora and fauna, some of
which are uncommon in the region. Blackwater Falls descends a distance of
57 feet from a resistant limestone ledge to Blackwater Canyon. This scenic
area is partially on private land, partially on State land, and partially
within the Cheat Ranger District of the Monongahela National Forest. It
contains a narrow, 525 foot deep gorge strewn with massive boulders. The
waters of the Blackwater River descend at a rate of 136 feet per mile
through the Canyon. There are several scenic overlooks in the Monongahela
National Forest that are managed by the US Forest Service.
This scenic area is partially on private land, partially on State land,
and partially within the Cheat Ranger District of the Monongahela National
Forest. It contains a narrow, 525 foot deep gorge strewn with massive
boulders. The waters of the Blackwater River descend at a rate of 136 feet
per mile through the Canyon. There are several scenic overlooks in the
Monongahela National Forest that are managed by the US Forest Service.
Local Facilities. Counties and municipalities in West Virginia actively are
involved in the provision of outdoor recreation areas and facilities for
public use. State legislation enables both county and municipal governments
to provide recreational services (West Virginia Code 10-2). Those in the
Monongahela River Basin, which have an established park and recreation
commission, are listed in Table 2-73.
Additional public and semi-public recreation facilities exist in almost
every county of the Monongahela River Basin (Table 2-74). Most are located
in Randolph and Tucker County.
Private Facilities. Privately-operated facilities provide a significant
portion of the recreational resources of West Virginia. Their importance is
highlighted in the State Recreation Plan (WVGOECD 1979) as follows:
The State recognizes the necessity and desirability for
private enterprise to complement and supplement public
outdoor recreation services and areas. Private investments
not only increase the opportunity for participation in
outdoor recreation experiences but also have the secondary
benefit of broadening the economic base of the State through
the development of a tourist industry.
Specific data on private facilities are not available for every county.
Available information suggests that there is a wide variance in the
distribution of privately-owned recreation facilities in the Monongahela
2-272
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2-273
-------
Table 2-74. Counties and municipalities in the Monongahela River Basin
which have established a Park and Recreation Commission (WVGOECD 1975)
Counties
Barbour
Harrison
Marion
Monongalia
Taylor
Upshur
Municipalities
Clarksburg
Elkins
Kingwood
2-274
-------
River Basin. Private facilities in the Basin include camps, campgrounds,
golf clubs, hunting and fishing clubs, swimming pools, tennis clubs, and
trails.
2.6.1.5.6. Availability of Water and Sewer Services. Studies and
plans made by Federal, State, and local governmental agencies have consist-
ently identified improved water and sewage systems as a basic necessity for
furthering economic development in West Virginia. Nearly all of the State's
priority needs, such as improved housing, industrial/ commercial expansion,
and economic diversification, are contingent on provision of adequate water
and sewer service.
The rural portions of the Monongahela River Basin are faced with a
two-pronged problem: existing systems are inadequate to accommodate future
growth, and a large proportion of the population is unserved by existing
facilities. In the more urbanized sections of the Basin such as Morgantown,
a higher proportion of the population is served by existing water and sewer
facilities, but these facilities are often obsolete and inadequate to
support the demands imposed by population growth and industrial expansion.
Several factors contribute to the problems of wastewater treatment and
water supply availability in the Basin, including:
• Limitations on the use of septic tank systems.
Excessive slopes of mountains and hillsides, shallow soils
in many areas, prevalence of clay soils, and minimal
alluvial deposits in valleys make a high percentage of the
land unsuitable for septic tank systems. Despite this,
approximately 50% of the State's population presently is
served by septic tank systems, by sanitary pit privies, or
by discharge directly into streams. In an effort to
overcome the problems associated with unsewered areas, the
West Virginia Board of Health instituted a major revision
in its requirements for small sewage disposal systems in
1971. Included was a requirement that all new
subdivisions be served by a sewer system, unless the West
Virginia Department of Health determines that such systems
are not feasible because of rugged topography, low
population density, geographical barriers, or other
overriding factors. This requirement has resulted in a
shift by real estate developers in West Virginia to the
use of package treatment plants (WVGOECD 1979).
• Water supply needs of additional and high-density housing
developments. Most existing piped water systems in the
Basin are small, with little capacity for additional
loading. Many persons obtain water from private wells.
Coal mining activity has aggravated water supply problems
locally by degrading both surface and groundwater quality,
and, in some cases, by greatly reducing groundwater
2-275
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quantity. Reduction in groundwater quantity occurs also
as a result of the disruption of aquifers and the lowering
of the water table as a result of underground mining.
• Lack of funding. The rugged topography of much of the
Basin often requires elaborate pumping systems which, in
turn, increase the cost of such systems. EPA has
estimated that the cost of facilities construction in
West Virginia is twice the National average (WVGOECD
1979). Also, multiple sources of funding, including
USHUD, USFMHA, USEDA, EPA, and ARC, each with its own
criteria and priorities, have caused delays and cost
increases in facilities provision. Specific problems in
dealing with multiple agency requirements include
differences in funding requirements, differences in
regulations, and lack of synchronization in the timing of
applications.
• Low population densities in many sections of the Basin.
The rural nature of many communities often prevents
development of cost-effective service. Regional systems
designed to serve clusters of communities often encounter
geographical barriers that make such alternatives
prohibitively expensive.
• Lack of management and maintenance personnel. Although
package treatment plants often are a viable solution to
service the needs of small communities or subdivisions,
inadequate maintenance of these facilities frequently
reduces their operating life and effectiveness. Small
towns often have difficulty in finding and supporting a
trained operator to maintain technologically sophisticated
systems adequately. In some areas, these problems have
been alleviated by the implementation of regional
management systems with costs shared among several
jurisdictions. In other areas, countywide public service
districts have been established.
In those areas where water and wastewater treatment service is not
provided and where substantial additional induced growth can be expected as
the result of proposed large-scale New Source mining, water and wastewater
treatment needs can be a serious issue.
2.6.1.5.7. Solid Waste. There is solid waste collection service for
approximately 55% of the residents of West Virginia (WVGOECD 1979). This
includes approximately 110 towns that provide refuse collection, as well as
nearly 180 private haulers that offer services in both urban and rural
areas. Additional services and technical assistance are supplied by a
variety of other agencies and institutions including WVDH, WVDNR, WVGES,
boards of education, hospitals, and universities.
2-276
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Much of the State has no solid waste collection service at present. In
these unserviced areas, waste accumulates in backyards and vacant lots or is
deposited at informal dumps along roadways. In addition to a lack of
collection facilities, disposal practices for solid waste that is collected
are often inadequate. The West Virginia Department of Health estimated that
75 permitted landfills and over 150 other authorized landfills serve only a
small portion of the State's need. Consequently, much of the solid waste is
disposed of on other lands, often in an unsatisfactory manner. Open dumps
and burning contribute to air and water pollution and provide havens for
insects, rodents, and other disease-carriers. Moreover, these illegal dumps
are noisome and unsightly, and very often reduce neighboring property
values.
Several constraints exist to the development of effective measures to
address solid waste problems. One major constraint is the incomplete and
fragmented levels of authority and responsibility among State and local
authorities. Another institutional constraint is public opposition to
treatment, recovery, and disposal facility siting. Concern about illegal
dumping seems largely limited to only those who are directly affected.
Also, because of the implementation of environmental control requirements,
land disposal costs will increase in the future. The willingness and
ability to pay for these additional costs may be an additional constraint to
the development of an effective management system. Finally, because of the
rugged terrain, weather conditions, and low population density throughout
much of the State, transportation of solid waste is complicated and time
consuming. This creates a barrier to an efficient solid waste disposal
system and to the operational resource recovery systems which are cost
effective only when large amounts of refuse are delivered to a central
facility for processing into useful commodities.
Legislation has been passed at the Federal and State levels to aid in
the development of satisfactory disposal practices and to plan for all
aspects of solid waste management. The Federal Solid Waste Disposal Act, as
amended by the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act, and the West Virginia
Resource Recovery and Solid Waste Disposal Authority Act, are two major
stimuli to improve solid waste management in the State. These laws provide
guidelines and financial assistance for development and implementation of
State and regional comprehensive solid waste plans and for developing
criteria for identification of unacceptable disposal facilities. The Solid
Waste Authority, as mandated by the State Act, designated interim solid
waste sheds in June 1978. Under this designation, solid waste planning
areas follow the administrative boundaries of RPDC's. These sheds will
serve as the base for all Statewide planning and management activities, with
emphasis to be placed on coordination of existing systems and programs.
Land for solid waste disposal in sanitary landfills generally is avail-
able in the Basin. The use of abandoned surface mines for disposal is a
common practice. Private ownership of solid waste disposal operations is
encouraged by State and local governments. The West Virginia Solid Waste
Act requires that prior to the opening of a sanitary landfill, a plan for a
2-277
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solid waste site, including a site survey and operating plan, must be
prepared under the supervision of a registered professional engineer and
approved by the Sanitary Engineering Division of the West Virginia Depart-
ment of Health. Not all currently operating disposal facilities comply with
this regulation, and enforcement of the regulation is sometimes inadequate
(Regional Intergovernmental Council 1977). In rural areas, open dumping is
a common practice, and open dumps are used and tolerated by many residents.
Open dumps are difficult to control because of the remoteness of many rural
areas and because of the lack of practical disposal alternatives.
2.6.1.5.8. P1anning Capabi1ities. The planning function in West
Virginia has usually been carried out by ad hoc boards and commissions which
are not integrated into local policy development or decision making. Their
members are typically private citizens who have earned a reputation in the
local business community, and who usually act on the premise that planning
and development essentially means increased business growth. Elected city
officials traditionally are only peripherally involved as ex-officio members
on these planning boards (Brown 1974).
Planning has not been internalized as a central policy or program
concern of local government. There is, in fact, little orientation toward
institutional or social change among the traditional planning organizations.
Community concern usually is manifested only when highly sensitive issues
are involved, such as zoning, land use regulations, and annexation
referenda. Sectionalism is encouraged, and an overall planning strategy is
neglected. This lack of objectivity results in haphazard development and
piecemeal projects. Consequently, it is important for each community to
formulate and adopt a plan which reflects the goals and objectives of the
local residents.
The Department of Planning and Development consists of two divisions,
State Planning and Community Affairs. State Planning provides technical
advisory services to local and RPDC personnel in the preparation of their
respective development plans. Also, it assists in the establishment of
Statewide planning practices and programs. Community Affairs functions as
the liaison between the RPDC's and the State. Also, it performs research
functions, providing the RPDC's with materials in the preparation of their
programs.
The Regional Planning and Development Act (RPDA) was passed in 1971 and
represented the first regional effort by the West Virginia Legislature for
Statewide planning and development. The Act may be analyzed on the basis
of the:
• Responsibilities of the Governor
• Establishment of regional councils (RPDC's)
• Functions, powers, and responsibilities of the councils.
2-278
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The Legislature designated the Governor as having overall
responsibility for planning and development. He delineates the boundaries
of RPDC's and provides for their organization. By law, he is charged with
the responsibilities of preparing an Annual State Plan (submitted to the
Legislature), providing technical assistance to RPDC's, and coordinating the
State's participation in Federal programs. The most significant event
following the enactment of the RPDA was the defining of the regional
boundaries and RPDC's, and the attendant public hearings. These hearings
provided the first opportunity for public feedback on the regional program
in West Virginia. Reactions ranged from enthusiastic support to passive
acceptance to high opposition (Brown 1974). Parts of the Monongahela River
Basin are located within RPDC Regions VI and VII.
2.6.1.5.9. Local Planning in the Monongahela River Basin.. Local
planning generally is lacking in the Basin. A summary of the status of
planning in the counties and major cities within the Basin is presented in
Table 2-75.
2.6.2. Land Use and Land Availability
Potentially serious conflicts exist between mining land uses and urban
land uses in the Monongahela River Basin due to competition for the limited
amounts of developable land and also from induced population growth
resulting from mining activity. These indirect impacts are made more severe
by steep slopes and floodprone areas found in many parts of the Basin.
These two factors intensify the competition for available, developable land.
This section describes the distribution of land uses, land use constraints,
and potential conflicts within the Basin and indicates where problems are
likely to be most severe.
2.6.2.1. Classification System.
Mapping (see front pocket, Land Use/Land Cover Map and Table 2-18 in
Section 2.3.) of land use-land cover patterns in the Monongahela River Basin
in this report are based on a 12-category classification system. The system
used here is a modification of the Level II land use-land cover
classification system developed by USGS (Anderson 1976). The USGS system
has been simplified in two ways in order to facilitate the interpretation of
coal mining and related impacts. First, categories of land use that do not
occur in the Basin (e.g., glaciers and dry salt flats) have been eliminated.
Second, the 22 Level II categories that do occur within the Basin have been
combined into 12 more general categories.
The land use categories used in this study, the USGS category or
categories to which they are equivalent, and brief definitions of these
categories are presented below. A more detailed description of the Level II
classification system and its uses is provided by Anderson (1976).
Residential (USGS category 11, Residential). Uses within this category
range from high density urban core areas to low density suburban areas.
2-279
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Table 2-75. Status of planning in the counties and cities in the Monongahela River
Basin, West Virginia (WVGOECD 1979).
Key:
Status of Planning Commission — x-None «-Yes, staff o-Yes, no staff.
Status of Comprehensive Plan, Zoning Ordinance, and Subdivision Regulation —
x-None o-Not adopted/under review ^-Adopted p-Partially adopted.
Status of Capital Improvements Program — x-None o-Yes, prepared «-Yes, adopted
p-Yes, not adhered to.
Status of Housing Authority — x-None »-Yes
Capital
Counties/ Planning Comprehensive Zoning Subdivision Improvements Housing
Cities Commission PlanOrdinance Regulation Program Authority
Barbour County
Harrison County
Anmoore
Bridgeport
Clarksburg
Lost Creek
Lumberport
Nutter Fort
Salem
Shinnston
Stonewood
Lewis County
Weston
Marion County
Fairmont
West Milford
Monongalia County
Morgantown
Westover
Preston County
Kingwood
Terra Alta
Randolph County
Elkins
Taylor County
Grafton
Tucker County
Upshur County
Buckhannon
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2-280
-------
Linear residential developments along transportation routes, commonly found
in the Basin, are included in this classification. Rural recreational and
residential subdivisions also are included.
Commercial (USGS category 12, Commercial and Services). These areas
are devoted primarily to the sale of products and/or services. Included are
central business districts, shopping centers, and commercial "strip" devel-
opments along highways. Educational, religious, health, correctional, and
military facilities also are included in this category.
Industrial, Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (USGS
categories: 13, Industrial Land; 14, Transportation, Communication, and
Utilities; and 15, Industrial and Commercial Complexes).
• Industrial Land includes both light and heavy industry.
Surface structures associated with mining operations are
assigned to this category. These include access roads,
processing facilities, stockpiles, and storage sheds.
• Transportation, Communication, and Utilities uses include
highways, railways, airports, pipelines, and electric
transmission lines. These uses are often linear in nature
and are of such a small scale that they are included with
other urban and non-urban uses with which they are
associated.
• Industrial and Commercial complexes include industrial
parks and closely associated warehousing and wholesaling
facilities.
Mixed and Other Developed Areas (USGS categories: 16, Mixed Urban or
Built-up Land and 17, Other Urban or Built-up Land).
• Mixed Urban or Built-up Land includes other developed uses
(described above) where the pattern of individual uses is
too complex to be portrayed at the mapping scale
• Other Urban or Built-up Land includes urban parks,
cemeteries, golf courses, and waste dumps.
Agricultural (USGS categories: 21, Cropland and Pasture; 22, Orchards,
Groves, Etc.; 23, Confined Feeding Operations; and 24, Other Agricultural
Land).
• Cropland and Pasture includes harvested cropland, idle
cropland, land on which crop failure has occurred, pasture
land, and land in pasture-crop rotation
• Orchards, Groves, Etc., includes fruit and nut crop areas,
vineyards, and nurseries
2-281
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• Confined Feeding Operations are large, specialized
livestock production enterprises
• Other Agricultural Land includes farmsteads, farm roads
and ditches, corrals, small ponds, and similar uses.
Deciduous Forest (USGS category 41, Deciduous Forest Land) includes
forested areas with a crown closure of 10% or more in which most of the
trees lose their leaves during winter.
Evergreen Forest (USGS category 42, Evergreen Forest Land) includes all
forested areas in which trees are predominantly those that retain their
leaves all year. This includes both needleleaf evergreens (e.g., pines and
spruce) and broadleaf evergreen shrubs (e.g., rhododendron).
Mixed Forest (USGS category 43, Mixed Forest Land) includes areas where
more than a one-third intermixture of either evergreen or deciduous trees
occurs within a given forested area (see Section 2.3.).
Water (USGS categories: 51, Streams and Canals; 52, Lakes; and 53,
Reservoirs). Included are all persistently water-covered areas at least
600 feet wide and 40 acres in area.
Wetlands (USGS categories: 61, Forested Wetlands and 62, Nonforested
Wetlands) includes areas where the water table is at, near, or above the
land surface for a significant part of most years. Aquatic or hydrophytic
vegetation is usually established (see Section 2.3.).
Surface Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits (USGS category 75, Strip ^
Mines, Quarries, and Gravel Pits)includesactive strip mines.
Transitional Areas (USGS category 76, Transitional Areas) includes all
areas in transition from one use to another. This transition phase includes
clearance of forest lands for agriculture or urban development. This
category also includes surface mines after mining activity has ceased and
before revegetation has been accomplished.
USGS utilized aerial photographs and other remote sensing data as the
primary source in compilation of the land use-land cover maps and acreage
tabulations. The maps were prepared at a scale of 1:250,000. The minimum
parcel size that could be interpreted for inclusion in these maps was 10
acres in developed areas (residential; commercial; industrial; transporta-
tion, communication, and utilities; mixed and other developed) and in
surface mined areas. The minimum parcel that could be interpreted in other
areas was 40 acres (USGS 1978). As a result of this scale of resolution,
the land use maps presented in the Land Use/Land Cover Map should be
considered to be generalized. Many small scale features, especially those
representing urban development and water areas, are not included.
Consequently, the data in Table 2-18 probably underrepresent the extent of
urban uses and water area in the Basin to some extent.
2-282
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2.6.2.2. Land Use Patterns
This section describes land use patterns associated with intensive
human occupance. These uses include residential; commercial; industrial,
transportation, communication, and utilities; and mixed and other land uses
in urban areas. Also discussed in this section are surface mining use and
transitional uses. Transitional uses generally represent an intermediate
phase in the development of urban or surface mine uses. All land use
patterns not associated with intensive human occupance (woodlands, wetlands,
water areas, etc.) are described in Section 2.3. These non-intensive uses
often are termed land cover. The county-specific data presented in Table
2-18, and referred to below, represent the entirety of the 10 Basin counties
which are wholly or primarily within the boundary of the Monongahela River
Basin.
A total of approximately 83 square miles (53,022 acres) of the Basin
is classified as having urban land uses (Table 2-18). This represents only
1.9% of the Basin area. Residential uses are the predominant developed land
use. Most of the urbanized areas are located in the central portion of the
Basin, in and around the Morgantown-Fairmont area. Urban uses include 14.5
square miles (9,281 acres) of industrial, transportation, communication, and
utilities area. An unknown proportion of this area is coal mine access
roads, processing facilities, material stockpiles, and storage warehouses.
Surface mining use occupies 25,788 acres of the Basin (approximately 40
square miles, or 0.9% of the total area. The majority of surface mine uses
are located in Preston, Lewis, Harrison, Barbour, and Upshur Counties. The
measurements of surface mined area do not include mines with areas of under
10 acres or mine areas that have been revegetated. Revegetated mine areas
are included in the appropriate category describing current use (e.g.,
deciduous forest). Transitional uses represent a small portion (7,553
acres) of the Basin area.
2.6.2.3. Steep Slopes
Potential negative impacts of mining on urban land uses and urban popu-
lations are increased in some areas of the Monongahela River Basin by the
predominance of steep slopes. Steep slopes not only limit the amount of
land available for urban development, but also increase the potential for
negative impacts of mining activity upslope from urban development. Among
those negative impacts that become more severe are those resulting from
downslope runoff (flooding and sedimentation), blasting, and landslides.
The potential of various classes of slopes in the Monongahela River
Basin for urban development have been described as follows (RPT3C VII 1978):
Level Land (0 to 8% slope) can accommodate any type of development with a
minimum amount of earth moving. This slope class is necessary for typical
industrial or manufacturing methods using one-story, single-line production
2-283
-------
methods. Periodic flooding and poor drainage are problems associated with
this slope class in the Basin.
Rolling Land (9 to 16% slope) can be developed for residential and, in some
cases, commercial use without severe difficulty. This slope class also is
suited generally to pasture, forage crops, and some grain plantings.
Hilly Land (17 to 24% slope) is land suited for residential uses if careful
site planning is used to fit the development to the topography. This slope
class is generally uneconomical for high density development because of the
high costs of providing basic public services and utilities.
Steeply Sloping Land (greater than 25% slope) generally is considered
unsuitable for any type of urban development or for cultivation. Permanent
tree cover should be established or maintained to prevent erosion. Optimum
uses of this slope class are outdoor recreation, wildlife management, and
watershed protection. This slope class is valued for its scenic quality.
General slope class data (Table 2-76) do indicate that seven of the ten
counties within the Monongahela River Basin have at least one-half of their
land area with more than a 20% slope, thereby constraining future land
development. Monongalia, Lewis, Marion, and Harrison Counties appear to
have extremely large proportions of land in steep slopes.
Much of the gently sloping land in the Basin is found in valley floors.
As a result, most of the settlement is concentrated in valley floors. Also,
much of this gently sloping land that is available is highly prone to
flooding.
2.6.2.4. Flooding and Flood Insurance
The scarcity of buildable land in many sections of the Monongahela
River Basin has resulted in development on the floodplains of the
Monongahela River and its tributaries. Concentration of settlement in
floodplain areas increases the potential for flood disasters such as
occurred at Buffalo Creek (Logan County), West Virginia, in February 1972.
The relationship of surface mining land use to flooding is an issue
that has been debated heatedly. Those who believe that surface mining does
promote flooding state "rapid runoff and sedimentation generated by strip
mining operations have been the cause of numerous floods in the Appalachian
Region. ...areas of the Country which are floodprone should be permanently
protected against the practice of strip mining for coal" (Statement of Jack
Spadaro, representing the Appalachian Alliance, to hearings of the Committee
on Government Operations, US House of Representatives, 1977).
Representatives of the coal industry disagree. They contend that
increased surface infiltration allowed by surface mining, especially in
steeply sloping areas with thin soils, reduces runoff. They conclude that
"surface mining substantially reduces, rather than aggravates, water runoff
2-284
-------
Table 2-76. Percentage of land by slope class in the Monongahela River
Basin (Cardi 1979).
COUNTY
Barbour
Harrison
Lewis
Marion
Monongalia
Preston
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Upshur
SLOPE CLASS
0-10%
13.6
5.9
2.9
7.4
7.5
19.0
8.5
10.1
29.0
11.0
10-20%
41.9
22.1
11.6
22.3
27.6
35.6
28.7
28.1
22.0
36.7
20-30%
27.9
39.6
34.6
28.5
34.4
24.8
34.0
42.5
21.9
33.9
>30%
16.6
32.4
50.9
41.8
30.5
20.6
28.8
19.3
27.1
18.4
2-285
-------
during heavy rainfalls" (statement of Michael T. Heenan, on behalf of the
National Independent Coal Operator's Association, to hearings of the ^
Committee on Government Operations, US House of Representatives, 1977). fl
Empirical studies have indicated that surface mining does result in
increased storm runoff peaks (Curtis 1977).
Construction of houses, commercial, industrial, and other facilities in
floodplain areas is discouraged by Executive Order 11988, "Floodplain
"Management." As a result of this order, all Federal agencies are mandated
to work to reduce flood losses and minimize the impacts of flooding on human
safety, health, and welfare (42 FR 101, May 25, 1977). Guidelines for
implementing Executive Order 11988 have been promulgated by the US Water
Resources Council (43 FR 29, February 10, 1978). The basic thrust of these
guidelines is to require all Federal agencies to avoid construction within
at least the 100 year floodplain unless there is no other practicable
alternative.
Insurance for flooding losses is provided by the National Flood
Insurance Program (NFIP). This Program was administered by the Federal
Insurance Administration of USHUD until 1979. Since 1979, it has been
administered by the Federal Insurance Administration of FEMA.
Participation in the NFIP is voluntary. All counties in the
Monongahela River Basin participate, providing coverage for unincorporated
areas. Incorporated communities within the Basin that participate in the
NFIP are listed in Table 2-77. Participation is divided into two phases,
"emergency" and "regular." Under the emergency program, limited flood
insurance protection is available to local property owners. After a mk
community applies for flood insurance, FEMA compiles and publishes a Flood ^
Hazard Boundary Map. Residents of the flood hazard areas delineated on this
map are eligible for flood insurance.
A community also must adopt and enforce floodplain management measures
designed to reduce flood hazards in order to maintain insurance eligibility
for local property owners under the emergency program. Floodplain manage-
ment measures typically include:
• Zoning, subdivision, or building requirements, or a
special floodplain ordinance to assure that construction
sites are reasonably free from flooding
• Proper anchoring of structures
• Use of construction materials and methods designed to
minimize flood damage
• Provision of adequate drainage for new subdivisions.
When a community moves from the emergency to the regular flood insur-
ance program, additional insurance coverage becomes available. The basis
2-286
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Table 2-77. Communities in the Monongahela River Basin which are
participants in the National Flood Insurance Program (FEMA 1979)
County
Barbour
Harrison
LewLs
Marion
Monongalia
Preston
Community
Belington
Junior
Philippi
Anmoore
Bridgeport
Clarksburg
Nutter Fort
Salem
Shinnston
Stonewood
West Milford
Jane Lew
Weston
Baurackville
Fairmont
Fairview
Farmington
Grant
Mannington
Monongah
Riversville
Worthington
Blacksville
Granville
Morgantown
Osage
Star City
Westover
Albright
Bruceton Mills
Kingwood
Newburg
Reedsville
Rowlesburg
Terra Alta
2-287
-------
Table 2-77. Communities in the Monongahela River Basin which are
participants in the National Flood Insurance Program (concluded)
County Community
Randolph Beverly
Coalton
Elkins
Barman
Huttonsville
Mill Creek
Montrose
Taylor Flemington
Graf ton
Tucker Davis
Hambleton
Hendricks
Parsons
Thomas
Upshur Buckhannon
2-288
-------
for entry into the regular program is the preparation by FEMA of a Flood
Insurance Rate Map (FIRM). The FIRM shows flood elevations and outlines
flood risk zones. The regular program also requires more comprehensive
floodplain management measures than the emergency program. These include
elevation or floodproofing of structures in the floodplain and measures
designed to prevent obstruction of the floodway (FEMA 1980).
2.6.2.5. Forms and Concentration of Land Ownership
The separation of surface and subsurface land ownership in many
sections of the Monongahela River Basin could have a significant impact upon
urban development and settlement patterns. Information regarding ownership
(fee-simple, surface, mineral, etc.) can be obtained at the respective
county tax assesor's office. Three forms of land ownership are found in
West Virginia:
• Fee simple (absolute) ownership, which includes all legal
rights to surface use, subsurface use, subsurface
activities, and timber
o Surface ownership, which applies to surface uses such as
housing, agriculture, etc.
• Mineral or timber rights, which can include one owner for
all resources, or separate owners for each of a variety
of resources.
In many coal producing areas, the surface and subsurface ownership
rights are held by different individuals and/or corporations. This
characteristic of "overlapping ownership" has caused numerous conflicts as
to the right of use for property. Before 1960, surface mining was uncommon
in West Virginia. Coal rights that were sold or leased were assumed to be
intended for underground mining. Since 1960, surface mining has become
common in many areas, leading to conflict between surface and subsurface
owners because removal of coal and other minerals entailed destruction of
surface uses and structures. The Federal Surface Mining Control and Reclam-
ation Act definitively has established that the permission of the surface
owner must be obtained as a prerequisite to the processing of a surface mine
permit application by USOSM (see Section 4.0).
Statewide concentration of land ownership is a significant issue Figure
2-42J. It also is a problem in some parts of the Monongahela River Basin
(Figure 2-42). In seven counties (Barbour, Harrison, Marion, Monongalia,
Taylor, Tucker, and Upshur) over 50% of the land is owned by fewer than 20
companies or individuals. In Harrison County, six companies own 91% of all
land (Table 2-78).
Two important factors in the issue of concentration of land ownership
are the scarcity of developable land in some sections of the Basin and the
dominance of coal mining interests in ownership of land that is developable.
2-289
-------
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-------
It is in the interest of coal mining concerns to own or control large blocks
of land in order to justify future large scale investments for mining.
Also, in most cases the value of underlying coal is greater than the
possible return from surface development of land for industrial, commercial,
or residential uses (Miller 1974). Thus, companies or individuals owning
mineral rights to a parcel of land frequently will seek to prevent surface
development.
Conflicts between coal companies wishing to preserve subsurface rights
and residents of areas with highly concentrated land ownership have become
very intense in many areas of West Virginia. In Mingo County, the State of
West Virginia has sued the Cotiga Land Company in order to develop a housing
project. The State has won initial court judgements in this case, which has
been appealed to Federal District Court. A bill was introduced by Governor
Rockefeller in the 1980 session of the State Legislature to give WVHDF the
right of eminent domain for development of housing projects (Grimes 1980).
2.6.2.6. General Patterns of Land Use and Land Availability Conflicts
As described above, various areas of the Monongahela River Basin are
subject to land use and availability constraints. The major constraints
described are:
• extent of current surface mining activity
• extent of current urban development
• extent of steeply sloping land
• extent of concentrated land ownership
• concentration of buildable land in floodplain areas.
Of the five constraints listed above, all except concentration of
buildable land in floodplain areas can be summarized in numerical form.
Table 2-79 indicates how the counties in the Basin compare in terms of
percentage of land devoted to surface mining, urban development, steep
slopes, and concentrated ownership. Of the Basin counties, Harrison and
Taylor Counties ranks highly in four of the four constraints. Marion and
Monongalia Counties rank highly in terms of three of the four constraints.
Six of the counties rank highly in half of the constraints listed.
2-293
-------
Table 2-79, Summary of land development characteristics in the Monongahela
River Basin. See text for explanation of characteristics.
Proportion of Area
>1% active
County surface mining
>3% urban
development
>20% steeply
sloping*
>25% in concen-
trated ownership
Barbour
Harrison
L ewi s
Marion
Monongalia
Preston
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Upshur
*Defined as >20% slope
2-294
-------
2.7 Earth Resources
-------
Page
2.7 Earth Resources 2-295
2.7.1. Physiography, Topography, and Drainage 2-295
2.7.2. Steep Slopes and Slope Stability 2-298
2.7.2.1. Steep Slopes 2-298
2.7.2.2. Unstable Slopes . 2-298
2.7.3. Floodprone Areas 2-305
2.7.4. Soils 2-305
2.7.5. Prime Farmland 2-311
2.7.6. Geology 2-312
2.7.6.1. Geology of the Basin 2-320
2.7.6.2. Structural Features of the Basin 2-325
2.7.6.3 Stratigraphy 2-325
2.7.6.4. Coal Measures 2-329
2.7.6.5. Toxic Overburden 2-332
-------
2.7. EARTH RESOURCES
This section first describes the physiography and topography of the
Monongahela River Basin. The most recent available information on
landslides and unstable slope areas, floodprone areas, prime agricultural
land, and soils is presented in the following sections. Finally, the
general geology of the Basin is discussed with special attention to coal
resources and their occurrence and distribution within the Basin. The areal
extent of toxic or potentially toxic overburden associated with minable coal
seams in the Basin also is discussed.
2.7.1. Physiography, Topography, and Drainage
The Monongahela River Basin is located in the Appalachian Plateaus
Province of the Appalachian Highlands. In West Virginia, the Appalachian
Plateaus Province includes the Allegheny Mountain section to the east and
the Unglaciated Allegheny Plateau section to the west. The boundary between
these two sections in the Basin is approximately coincident with the
ridgelines of Rich Mountain, Laurel Mountain, and Briery Mountain (Figure
2-43).
The highest elevation in the Basin occurs near Mace in Pocahontas
County (4,850 feet above mean sea level). The lowest elevation in the Basin
in West Virginia occurs where the Monongahela River flows across the State
boundary (800 feet; Figure 2-44).
The Allegheny Mountain section includes parts of the drainage basins of
the Tygart Valley River, the Cheat River, and the Youghiogheny River. This
section includes most of the higher altitude land of the Basin, as well as
most of the Monongahela National Forest within the Basin.
Ridgelines in the Mountain section generally trend northeastward and
decrease in altitude toward the north and west. They also broaden to
rolling plateaus in Preston, Tucker, and northeastern Randolph Counties,
especially along Backbone Mountain and Allegheny Mountain. Stream valleys
throughout the section generally are broad. Steeply sloping valley walls
locally flatten to more gently sloping terraces that are elevated above
valley bottoms, especially along Shavers Fork and Glady Fork.
The Unglaciated Allegheny Plateaus section of the Basin generally
contains less steeply sloping land at lower elevations than is common in the
Mountain section. Drainage divides (ridgelines) in the Plateau section,
including the western boundary of the Monongahela River Basin, are broader
and flatter than drainage divides in the Mountain section.
Steep slopes in the Mountain section are likely to consist of resistant
rock strata that erode to abrupt escarpments and cliffs. Gentle slopes in
the Plateau section generally consist of poorly consolidated soil and
colluvium, and no bedrock generally is exposed at the surface under natural
conditions.
2-295
-------
Figure 2-43
PHYSIOGRAPHY OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
Quadrangles are those in which landslide-prone areas have been identified
(Lessing et al. 1976). Spot elevations are in feet above sea level (USGS1956).
I
4350
2-296
-------
Figure 2-44
GENERALIZED TOPOGRAPHY OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(adapted from Ward and Wilmoth 1968)
ALTITUDE IN FEET ABOVE
SEA LEVEL
OVER 4,000
3,000 TO 4,000
2,000 TO 3,000
1,000 TO 2,000
I I UNDER 1,000
2-297
-------
2.7.2. Steep Slopes and Slope Stability
2.7.2.1. Steep Slopes
Steep slopes are the places where the mass movement of earth material
is most likely to occur following mining or other disturbances. Landslides
along West Virginia highways are most common where slopes range between 20%
and 35% (Hall 1974, Lessing et al. 1976). In many areas, more severe slopes
already have been stabilized through slides and other earth movements,
whereas these lesser slopes (20% to 35%) remain unstable and sensitive to
mine-related disturbances. Furthermore, a steep slope has been defined by
EPA as an area where the average slope is greater than 25% (14°).l
In the Monongahela River Basin, nearly 25% of the land surface exceeds
25% slope. Most of the steep slopes in the Basin are located in its eastern
half. The largest concentrations of steep slopes occur in Tucker County
where about 30% of the county is comprised of steep slopes. Also, 20-25% of
Randolph County and 15-20% of Preston County are comprised of steep slopes.
On Figure 2-45 slopes of 25% or greater are identified where they extend
over a distance of at least 160 feet (on maps with a 20 foot contour
interval) or 320 feet (on maps with a 40 foot contour interval).
2.7.2.2. Unstable Slopes
In West Virginia, most slope failures are confined to the thin layer of
soil and weathered rock (colluvium) that develops on the steep valley
slopes. Rockfalls usually are associated with excavation activities, but
they also may occur on natural cliff faces where meandering streams erode
soft rocks which underlie more resistant sandstone bluffs. Any construction
activity that involves:
• removal of vegetation
• increased loading on a slope
• undercutting the slope, or
• alteration of the hydrologic balance (surface water and
groundwater)
J-As defined in "Best Practices for New Source Surface and Underground Coal
Mines," issued in a September 1, 1977 Memorandum to Regional Administrators
that provides interim guidelines on the application of NEPA to New Source
coal mines. These guidelines are expected to be updated in the near future
and made compatible with USOSM regulations.
2-298
-------
Figure 2-45
STEEP SLOPES OF 25% AND OVER IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER
BASIN (WAPORA I960)
\
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-299
-------
may induce slope failure. Coal raining and its related activities commonly
involve all of these. Other factors which increase the potential for slope
failure are (Lessing et al. 1976):
• Bedrock Factors - The red shales of the Monongahela and
Conetnaugh Groups are naturally weak and incompetent
(see Section 2.7.6.). These red shales weather rapidly,
especially when exposed, and are the rock type most
commonly associated with landslides in West Virginia.
• Soil Factors - Easily erodible soils are thin, clayey
soils weathered from shales. These soils are usually on
steep inclines, impede groundwater infiltration, and are
easily erodible.
• Slope Configuration - Naturally occurring or artificial
concave slope configurations concentrate water, which
lubricates joints to cause slope failure. Of the
landslides studied in Virginia, 69% occurred on concave
slopes .
• Climate - West Virginia typically experiences numerous
heavy precipitation events of limited duration during the
winter and spring. High soil moisture content, frozen
ground, and steep slopes add to surface runoff problems by
reducing the infiltration rate.
• Groundwater saturation as a result of precipitation events
increases the load on the slope, increases water pressure,
and lowers soil cohesion.
Rockfalls (Figure. 2-46), recent landslides (Figure 2-46), old
landslides, slide-prone areas, and relatively stable ground have been mapped
(scale 1:24,000) on nine USGS topographic quadrangles in the Monongahela
River Basin by the West Virginia Geologic and Economic Survey (Figure 2-43).
Landslide-prone areas were mapped in and near urban centers where the
potential future losses from landslides are greatest. The maps were
prepared to convey an appraisal of land stability at the regional scale.
The plateau landforms of the northern and western partt: of t le Basin
generally are more susceptible to landslides than the mountainous eastern
and southern sections (Figure 2-47). The numbers of landslides recorded
over a 16-year period along highways illustrate this general tendency
(Figure 2-48). Most landslides occur along slopes between 17% and 33%.
Nearly two thirds of the mapped land area in the nine quadrangles are
classified as landslide-prone (61%; Table 2-80).
Long, continuous precipitation events or sudden heavy rains may reduce
the shear strength of soils and colluvium and load these materials
sufficiently to produce landslides on steep dip and talus slopes in the
2-300
-------
DIAGRAM OF TYPICAL ROCKFALL (Lessing et al. 1976)
B
Figure 2-46
DIAGRAM OF A TYPICAL LANDSLIDE WITH A SLUMP AT THE HEAD AND AN
EARTHFLOW AT THE TOE (Lessing et al. 1976)
2-301
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Basin (Springfield and Smith 1956). Future New Source coal mining activity
is likely to occur on steep slope areas (see Section 3.3.). During coal
mining on 25% to 36% slopes, spoil placed on the downs lope, even
temporarily, is highly susceptible to slope failure, especially during the
spring rainy season (Lessing et al. 1976).
WVDNR-Reclamation (1975) reported that the uncontrolled placement of
spoil on mine sites historically produced slopes ranging from 65% to 100%.
In tVie Coal River Basin the maximum stable (uncontrolled) spoil outslopes
were about 66% on sandstone and 50% on shale. As discussed at length in
subsequent sections, current regulations do not allow the uncontrolled
placement of spoil.
2.7.3. Floodprone Areas
Floodprone areas are the lands bordering a stream that are expected to
be inundated during a flood at least once every hundred years. The major
streams in the Basin have floodplains of limited areal extent. In general,
floodplains comprise less than 10% of the total area in the Basin and narrow
valley floors less than 600 feet wide are typical (Cardi et al. 1979). The
occurrence of flash floods in the Basin is likely in areas of steep slopes
with thin and erodible soils, narrow valley floors, development on the
floodplain, and timbering and coal mining activity (Cross and Schemel 1956,
Tug Valley Recovery Center 1979). The lower or mainstem areas of the
Basin's streams generally experience a more gradual rise in flood water
levels rather than the flash flooding which occurs in the narrow tributary
valleys (Cardi et al. 1979).
The Federal Emergency Management Administration has contracted with the
USGS to map the floodprone areas of West Virginia on 1:24,000-scale
topographic quadrangles for use in administering the Federal Flood Insurance
Program. Pursuant to the Flood Disaster Protection Act of 1973, USAGE and
other private and public agencies also have delineated special flood hazard
areas in many communities that participate in the Federal Flood Insurance
Program (see Section 2.6., Table 2-77). Quadrangles in which floodplains
have been mapped are listed in Table 2-81.
2.7.4. Soils
Throughout West Virginia, soils have developed on the land surface as a
result of the interactions between climate, vegetation, bedrock type, and
slopes. A summary table of the major soils series mapped by USDA-SCS for
the Monongahela River Basin is included in Table 2-82. The status of the
soil survey publications for each county in the Basin is listed in Table
2-83.
Soils and soil associations vary in different areas of the Basin. The
major soils on the gently sloping to steep uplands in the western half of
the Basin aie the Allegheny, Clarksburg, Culleoka, Linside, Monongahela,
Upshur, Vandalia, Westmoreland, and Zoar Series. Westmoreland and Gilpin
2-305
-------
Table 2-81. USGS 7.5 minute quadrangles in the Monongahela River Basin,
West Virginia, for which flood prone areas have been mapped, 15 October
1977.
Audra
Belington
Beverly East
Beverly West
Bowden
Brucetown Mills
Century
Davis
Elkins
Fairmont East
Fairmont West
Glady
Harman
Hopeville
Junior
Kingwool
Morgantown North
Morgantown South
Mount Clare
Mozark Mountain
Nestorville
Orlando
Parsons
Philippi
Riversville
Roanoke
Rowlesburg
Shinnston
St. George
West Milford
Weston
Whitmer
2-306
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2-309
-------
Table 2-83. Status of soil survey publications for the Monongahela River
Basin, West Virginia (as of January 1977).
County
Complete, Complete, In Progress, Areas Surveyed
Published Not Published Not Complete By Request
Barbour
Harrison
Lewis
Marion
Monongalia
Pocahontas
Preston
Randolph
Taylor
Tucker
Upshur
X (partial)
X
X
X
X
X
X
2-310
-------
soils are characterized by coal seams in the Basin. In the eastern portion
of the Basin where the steeper slopes occur, the dominant soils are the
Barhour, Berks, Buckhannan, Calvin, Dekalb, Ernest, Meckesville and Weikert
Series. The bottomland or gentle slope areas include numerous remnant
stream terraces and floodplain areas. The dissected stream terraces are
dominated by the Allegheny, Monongahela and Westmoreland Series.
2.7.5. Prime Farmland
USDA-SCS defines prime farmland as agricultural land on gentle slopes
with textural, chemical, and organic characteristics such that, given a
proper growing season and moisture supply, sustained high yields of economic
crops can be produced. Prime farmland is best suited for producing food,
feed, fiber, oilseed, and forage. EPA deems this land worthy of protection
from long-term conversion to non-farmland uses (EPA 1979).
According to the 1979 WVDNR Surface Mining and Reclamation Regulations
(Section 20-6.11.), land is not to be considered prime farmland with respect
to topsoil management and post-mining land use requirements if the New
Source permit applicant can show that at least one of the following
conditions exists:
• Cultivated crop production on the land has occurred during
fewer than five of the last 20 years preceding the date of
the application
• The slope of the land is greater than or equal to 10%
• The land is not irrigated or naturally sub-irrigated or
lacks a developed water supply of suitable and dependable
quality and the average annual rainfall is 14 inches or
less
• The land is rocky, is frequently flooded, or has other
conditions that exclude it as a prime agricultural
resource
• Soil analysis or USDA-SCS Soil Survey information shows
that the land does not qualify as prime farmland.
These provisions for prime farmland were developed to implement the USOSM
permanent program regulations pursuant to SMCRA.
Agricultural lands are scarce generally in West Virginia because of the
prevalent steep slopes. Several categories of agricultural land are
recognized by EPA as worthy of protection from conversion to non-farm land
uses. These include prime and unique farmlands of National, Statewide, or
local significance in agricultural production. They also include farmlands
within or contiguous to environmentally sensitive areas, farmlands that may
be used for land treatment of organic wastes, and farmlands with significant
2-311
-------
capital investments that help control soil erosion and non-point source
water pollution.
A program to define prime and unique farmlands in West Virginia was
undertaken by the USDA's Soil Conservation Service. The 125 soil types that
physically qualify as prime or unique are listed in Table 2-84. They were
selected in conformance with the definitions in the USDA-SCS Important
Farmlands Inventory proposal (42 FR:42359, January 31, 1978). Published
final soil surveys are available for Barbour, Preston, and Tucker Counties.
Interim soil surveys are available for Harrison, Marion, Monongalia, and
Randolph Counties. At the time of this assessment, soil survey maps and
descriptions of soil types were not available for Taylor County (By letter,
Mr. Robert B. Lough, USDA-SCS, Grafton WV, January 29, 1978), although
modern soil mapping was completed as of January 1977 (USDA-SCS 1977f). Soil
mapping is in progress in Upshur County. Soils are mapped locally in Lewis
and Pocahontas Counties at the request of landowners, but no comprehensive
maps are available. None of the farmlands, other than prime farmlands,
have been identified by any agency.
2.7.6. Geology
The Appalachian Basin of the eastern United States was a site of
sediment accumulation for most of the Paleozoic geologic era (approximately
570 to 225 million years ago; Figure 2-49). During this time, a large
accumulation of sediments was deposited in the Basin. The coal-bearing or
carboniferous rocks of the central Appalachian Mountains (including West
Virginia) accumulated from approximately 300 to 250 million years ago,
during the Pennsylvanian and early Permian periods.
These carboniferous rocks were deposited in the coastal and nearshore
environments of an inland sea that covered sections of the several eastern
and southern states. The present distribution of the coalbearing rocks is
shown in Figure 2-50.
The carboniferous rocks include beds of coal, limestone, shale,
sandstone and conglomerate. The coastal and nearshore environments
responsible for deposition of these rocks included rivers, deltas, marshes,
swamps, backbarrier lagoons, and barrier island sequences where large
accumulations of carbonaceous material occurred (Figure 2-51). Each of
these depositional environments produced a characteristic sequence of
sedimentary rocks, or facies (Table 2-85). Figure 2-52 is a schematic
representation of the spatial relationships between various rock types that
are laid down in a typical modern backbarrier coastal environment.
It is theorized that the ancient coastline migrated in response to
fluctuations in sea level and tectonic activity. As sea level rose (or as
the Basin slowly settled), the coastal environments would migrate
southeastward (a transgression of the sea over the land). As sea level
fell, the coastal environments would migrate northwestward (a regression).
2-312
-------
Table 2-84.
(By letter
Types are:
cl, cobbly
shaly silt
silt loam;
clay loam;
Soils considered to be indicative of prime farmland in West Virginia
Mr. William Hatfield, USDA-SCS, Morgantown WV, 17 July 1978).
1, loam; fsl, fine sandy loam; sil, silt loam; si, sandy loam;
loam; csil, gravelly sandy loam; gsl, channery silt loam; shsil,
loam; gl, gravelly loam; gsil, gravelly silt loam; ctsil, cherty
ctfsl, cherty fine sandy loam; ctl, cherty loam; sicl, silty
Is, loamy sand. U indicates undifferepitiated slopes.
Series
Allegheny
Ashton
Barbour
and Pope
Braddock
Calvin
Calvin-Berks
Captina
Chagr Ln
Chavies
Cheat
C lyme r
Type
1
fsl
sil
si
cl
fsl
1
sil
fsl
fsl
gsl
gsl
gl
csil
csil
sil
sil
shsil
sil
sil
1
1
fsl
fsl
gsl
1
sil
sil
fsl
gl
1
Slope
(%)
3-8
3-8
0-3,3-8
0-3,3-8
U
U, 0-3, 3-8
U
U, 0-3, 3-8
3-10
U
U
U
U
3-8
3-10
3-10
3-8,3-10
3-8
3-8
0-3
U
U
3-8
U
0-3,3-8
U
U
U
3-8
U, 3-8, 3-10
3-8,3-10
0-3,3-8
3-10
Other
Character-
istics
Shale
substrate
High bottom
High bottom
Neutral
substrate
Neutral
substrate
Gravelly
variant
Slope
Series
Type
Other
Character-
istics
Cookport
Cotaco
Culleoka
Culleoka-
Westmore-
land
DeKalb
Duffield
Dunmore
Franks town
Frederick
Gilpin
Gilpin-
Berks
Hackers
Hagerstown
Hagerstown
&Frederick
Hartsells
Wellston
Holston
Huntington
1
1
sil
sil
sil
fsl
gsil
sil
sil
ctsil
ctfsl
sil
shsil
gl
sil
ctsil
ctl
sil
sil
shsil
1
sil
sil
sil
sicl
ctsil
&
fsl
sil
sil
fsl
1
sil
sil
2-8
U
0-3
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
2-6
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
2-6,3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
0-3,3-8
3-8
0-3,3-8
0-3,3-8,3-10
0-3,2-6,3-8
3-8
3-8
2-6
3-8
2-8
U
U, 0-3, 0-5
U
0-3,3-10
U
Thick surface
Soft shale
substrate
Karst
Local alluvit
2-313
-------
Table 2-84. Soils considered to be indicative of prime farmland in
West Virginia (conclusion).
Series
Huntington
Kanawha
Laidig
Landes
Lily
Linden
Lindside
Lobdell
Markland
Neckers-
ville
Monongahela
Monongahela
and Tilsit
Mo shannon
Murrill
Muskingum
Nolin
Philo
Type
sil
sicl
gfsl
sil
1
fsl
chl
fsl
1
fsl
sil
sil
sil
csil
sil
sil
sil
sil
sil
gsil
gsl
gl
chl
sil
csil
sil
gl
1
fsl
sil
sil
Other
Slope Character
(%) istics
U Low bottom
0-3
U
U
U
0-3,3-8
3-8
U
U.3-8
U
U
U
0-2,2-6
3-8
3-8
0-2,0-3
0-3
0-3,3-8
3-10
U Coarse
subsoil
U
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8,3-10
3-8
U
U
U
U
U
U High
bottom
Series
Pope
Pope and
Linden
Rayne
Scioto-
ville
Seneca-
ville
Sensa-
baugh
Sequatchie
Shelocta
Shouns
Summers
Teas and
Calvin
Type
fsl
fsl
gsl
si
si
1
Is
sil
gsil
fsl
sil
sil
sil
sil
sil
sil
cl
sil
1
cfsl
sil
Other
Slope Character-
(%) istics
U, 0-3, 0-6
U Sandy subsoil
U
U
U Variant
U
U
U
U-
U
3-8,3-10
U,0-3
U.0-3
u (
U
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
3-8
Teas-Calvirv-
Litz
Westmore-
land
Wheeling
Zoar
sil
sil
fsl
si
sil
sil
3-8
3-8
0-3,3-8
0-3
0-3,3-8
0-3,2-6
2-314
-------
ERA
PERIOD
EPOCH
DURATION
IN MILLIONS
OF YEARS
(APPRQX.)
MILLIONS
OF
YEARS AGO
(APPROX.)
CENOZOIC
o
o
M
O —
in
UJ
CJ
HH
q
LU
_)
Q-
Recent
Quaternary
Pleistocene
Pliocene
Tertiary Miocene
Oligocene
Eocene
Paleocene
Cretaceous
Jurassic
Triassic
Permian
Pennsy 1 vani an
Mississippian
Devonian
Silurian
Ordovician
Carrbrian
Precarrbrian
. 7 O
3.2 ,.
17-5 „
15.0 „
16-°
11.5
71
l "'fi
54-59
1Q0 195-
30-35 90C.
55 9Rn
40
25
50
35-45
>4 on /i /in
60-70 5Q
70
c;7n
Figure 2-49
GEOLOGIC TIME SCALE
2-315
-------
O
LU
CO
Oc\j
a:
cc
co
LJ
cow
CD
i
h-
00 CC
D
cc ,
O co UJ
CD LU _J
(J -1 UO
LJ 2 UJ
<:^ uj
O
D
CC
O»
a
2-316
-------
AREA INFLUENCED BY
.MARINE TO BRACKISH WATER-
AREA INFLUENCED
BY FRESH WATER—
BAR-1 BACK- |
RIERI BARRIER |
" I
LOWER
DELTA PLAIN
I I
(TRANSITIONAL)
I LOWER ,
DELTA PLAIN
UPPER
DELTA PLAIN-
FLUVIAL
SCALES
ORTHOQUARTZITE
SANDSTONE
GRAYWACKE
SANDSTONE
SHALE 30i
METERS!
COAL
0 10
KILOMETERS
mmaHrmnf-t*j
MILES
10
Figure 2-51 DEPOSITIONAL MODEL FOR PEAT-FOR MING (COAL)
ENVIRONMENTS IN WEST VIRGINIA. UPPER PART OF
FIGURE IS PLAN VIEW SHOWING SITES OF PEAT
FORMATION IN MODERN ENVIRONMENTS-, LOWER
PART IS CROSS-SECTION SHOWING, IN RELATIVE
TERMS, THICKNESS AND EXTENT OF COAL BEDS
AND THEIR RELATION TO SANDSTONES AND
SHALES IN DIFFERENT ENVIRONMENTS (Home et
al. 1978, after Ferm 1976)
2-317
-------
Table 2-85. Criteria for recognizing depositional environments (Perm 1974),
DEPOSITIONAL ENV IROXMENTS
CRITERIA FOR RECOGNITION'
I. Coarsening upward
A. Shale and Siltstone
sequences
1. Greater than 50 feet
2. 5 to 25 feet
B. Sandstone sequences
1. Greater than 50 feet
2. 5 to 25 feet
II. Channel Deposits
A. Fine grained abandoned
fill
1. Clay and silt
2. Organic debris
B. Active sandstone fill
1. Fine grained
2. Medium and coarse
grained
3. Pebble lags
4. Coal spar
III. Contacts
A. Abrupt (scour)
B. Gradational
IV. Bedding
A. Cross beds
1. Ripples
2. Ripple drift
3. Festoon cross beds
4. Graded beds
5. Point bar accretion
6. Irregular bedding
V. Levee Deposits
VI. Mineralogy of sandstones
A. Lithic greywacke
B. Orthoqtiartzites
VII. Fossils
A. Marine
B. Brackish
C. Fresh
D. Burrow structures
FLUVIAL AND
UPPER DELTA
PLAIN'
C-R
N
C-R
R-N
N
R
R
R
R
A
C
A
A
A
A
C-R
A
C
C-A
A
R
A
A
A
A
N
N
R
C-R
R
TRANSITIONAL
LOWER DELTA
PLAIN
C
R-N
C-A
R-C
N
R-C
C-R
C-R
C-R
C
C
C-R
A
A
A
C
A
C-A
C
A-C
R
C
C
A-C
A
N
R-C
C
R-C
C
LOWER DELTA
PLAIN
A
C-A
C-A
C-A
C-A
C-A
A-C
A-C
A-C
C-R
C-R
R
C
C
C
C-A
A
A
C-R
C-A
C-A
R-N
R-C
R-C
A-C
N-R
C-A
C
R-N
A
BACK-BARF IER
C-A
C-A
C-A
C
R
C
C
C
C-R
C-R
C-R
R
C-R
C-R
C
C
A-C
A
R-C
C
R-C
R-N
R-C
R
R
A-C
A-C
C-R
N
A
BARRIER
R-C
R-C
R-C
C-A
C-A
C
R-C
R-C
R
C
C
C-R
R-C
R-C
C-A
C
A-C
A
R-C
C-A
R-C
R-N
R-C
N
R
A
A-C
C-R
N
A
A .
C .
R .
. Ahuml mi
. Common
. Ran-
. Not Present
2-318
-------
2-319
-------
The sediments deposited during the migrations of the shoreline were
preserved in the rock record. They were preserved in a cyclical sequence of
rocks including, from oldest to youngest, coal, siltstone, clay, limestone,
conglomerate, sandstone, siltstone, coal, etc. Figure 2-53 is a generalized
vertical sequence of the water-laid rock types found in southern West
Virginia.
Large, contiguous sections of the coastline were subjected to varying
rates of sedimentation and subsidence, changes in sediment sources, and sub-
sequent folding and faulting. Roof rock stability, concentrations of
pyritic material, and coalbed thickness and quality were affected by this
history of deposition. Folding of the pre-Pennsylvanian rocks produced
northeast trending ridges.
A northeast-southwest trending zone known as the Hinge Line separates
the Dunkard and Pocahontas Geologic Basins of West Virginia. These Basins
are characterized by differences in the total thickness of their rocks, as
well as by the orientation and distribution of their ancient swamps,
lacustrinemarine environments, and alluvial deposits (Arkle 1974). The
Dunkard and Pocahontas Basins approximately coincide with the Northern and
Southern Coalfields (younger and older mining districts, respectively) of
West Virginia. The Dunkard Basin is characterized by a relatively stable
platform, in contrast to the Pocahontas Basin's relatively rapid subsidence.
The dashed line in Figure 2-54 indicates the location of the Hinge Line with
respect to the Monongahela River Basin.
2.7.6.1. Geology of the Monongahela River Basin
The Monongahela River Basin lies primarily in the Northern Coalfield of
West Virginia, although a small area lies in the Southern Coalfield (Figure
2-54). The Southern Coalfield includes the Pennsylvanian-age and younger
rocks of the Pocahontas Basin. These rocks occur in recognizable sequences,
called Formations and Groups (two or more Formations with similar lithologic
units) both of which represent discrete depositional events that are
separated from one another by long periods of time. The rocks of the
Northern Coalfield comprise the Dunkard Basin, which is characterized by a
thinner sequence of coal-bearing formations in comparison to the Pocahontas
Basin. The combined sequence of Formations in the Monongahela River Basin
comprises the stratigraphic column described in Section 2.7.6.3.
The rocks of the Basin were folded and faulted after deposition. The
major structural features of the Basin trend to the northeast and most of
the ridge and valleys bisect the structural fold axes (Figures 2-55 and
2-56). Most of the younger coal-bearing rocks (Dunkard and Monongahela) are
present in the Basin because of their location in the downwarped Dunkard
Basin. Some older coal-bearing rocks are exposed along the central portions
of the Basin due to the elliptical shape of this geologic Basin. Thicker
sections of younger coal bearing strata have been preserved in minor
down-folded synclinal troughs.
2-320
-------
COAL WITH CLAY SPLIT
SEATROCK,CLAYEY
SANDSTONE AND SILTSTONE,
CLIMBING RIPPLES,ROOTED
SANDSTONE MEDIUM TO COARSE
GRAINED, FESTOON CROSS-BEDDED
COAL WITH SEATROCK SPLITS
SEATROCK, SILTY
SANDSTONE AND SILTSTONE,
CLIMBING RIPPLES,ROOTED
SANDSTONE MEDIUM TO COARSE
GRAINED, FESTOON CROSS-BEDDED
CONGLOMERATE LAGSIDERITE PEBBLES
SLUMPS
SUTSTONE THIN-BEDDED
COAL WITH CLAY SPLITS
BACKSWAMP
LEVEE
CHANNEL
FLOOD PLAIN
BACKSWAMP
LEVEE
CHANNEL
^"T\ LAKE
FLOOD PLAIN
BACKSWAMP
Figure 2-53 GENERALIZED VERTICAL SEQUENCE THROUGH
UPPER DELTA PLAIN AND FLUVIAL DEPOSITS OF
SOUTHERN WEST VIRGINIA (Ferm 1978)
2-321
-------
DUNKARD/ BASIN
r..... SOUTHERN • ••.•-•-.-•••y-:
COALFIELD
POCAHONTAS BASIN
100
WAPORA, INC.
Figure 2-54 NORTHERN AND SOUTHERN COAL FIELDS OF WEST VIRGINIA
(Mining Informational Services 1977)
2-322
-------
Figure 2-55
GENERAL GEOLOGY IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(WVGES 1973)
MAJOR GEOLOGIC UNITS
I QUATERNARY ALLUVIUM
2 DUNKARD GROUP
3 MONONGAHELA GROUP
4 CQNEMAUGH GROUP
5 ALLEGHENY FORMATION
6 POTTSVILLE GROUP
7 MISSISSIPPI SYSTEM
9 CHEMUNG GROUP
10 BRALLIER FORMATION
2-323
-------
Figure 2-56
STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY OF THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(WVGES 1968)
Amity Ant.
\
0 10
WAPORA.INC
2-324
-------
2.7.6.2. Structural Features of the Monongahela River Basin
Sedimentary rocks which range in age from Devonian through Permian
(Figure 2-49), underlie all of the Monongahela River Basin. The Allegheny
Mountain section of the Basin includes rocks of Devonian and Mississippian
ages which are exposed on northeast-trending upwarps called anticlines.
Elsewhere in the Basin, rocks of Pennsylvanian and Permian age generally are
covered with a veneer of residual soil, except where Mississippian rocks are
exposed or covered by alluvium in deeply incised stream valleys
Over long periods of time, the originally horizontal strata of the
Basin were thrust gently upward and folded into northeast-trending anti-
clines and synclines (Figure 2-56). The intensity of the folding generally
decreases westward and upward through the strata in the Basin. The hinge
line fold separating the Northern and Southern Coalfields trends
east-northeast through southern Lewis, Upshur, Barbour, Tucker, and Preston
Counties. The intermittent folding, upwarping, and downwarping affected
rates of erosion, sediment transport, and deposition, resulting in numerous,
small, structurally controlled basins of deposition containing thinner, less
extensive strata of coal and other sedimentary rocks more often in the
Mountains than in the Plateaus. Upheaval and erosion of horizontal strata
in the Plateau Section set the stage for development of the deeply incised
valleys and rolling hills of the modern landscape.
The coal bearing rocks were deposited in one broad geologic basin of
minor structural relief which is bounded on the southeast by an uplifted
region through Randolph, Tucker, and Preston Counties, West Virginia, and
Garrett and Allegheny Counties, Maryland. The Pennsylvanian strata display
steplike, gentle, symmetrical folds, of comparatively slight disturbance.
The coal bearing strata are nearly horizontal except for the flanks of the
major folds axes. Here, the maximum dip of the strata may reach 20° locally
(Cross and Schemel 1956, Arkle 1979).
2.7 . 6.3. Strat igraphy
The various formations of sedimentary rocks of the Monongahela River
Basin exhibit local differences in strata in teponse to different
depositional environments. For example, the Allegheny Formation and
Conemaugh Group in the Dunkard Basin represent a sequence of marine and
coastal environments, including deltaic, offshore, and alluvial depositional
conditions (Figure 2-57). In the Pocahontas Basin, these formations
predominantly include the alluvial facies of non-marine sandstone, shales,
and channel deposits that generally include only limited coal seams. The
distribution, quantity, and quality of the coal measures are directly
related to their depositional environments and subsequent tectonic history.
The general stratigraphy of the Monongahela River Basin may be
addressed in terms of a unified stratigraphic column (Table 2-86) keyed to
the geologic map of the Basin (Figure 2-55). Local depositional
environments and regional compressive forces, however, typically modified
2-325
-------
ULm^^
Twrr^ .
\
\xi
2-326
-------
o
4-1
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X X X X X
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S TJ
n 4-1
"2 TO
XXX
X
X X
X X X X X
X
X X
X
X
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60
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03
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the details of local stratigraphy. The geologic formations are described in
the sections that follow, beginning with the oldest. •
Thick accumulations of sand, silt, and clay formed the majority of
sedimentary rocks in the Appalachian River Basin. Non-coal bearing strata
may be hundreds of feet thick near the periphery of the ancient swamps. The
major water-bearing rocks in the Monongahela River Basin include thick,
continuous sandstones which are confined by impermeable shales and clay
stones. Clay stones also are confining strata for the coal seams which
generally contain significant amounts of water.
The sedimentary rocks of the Monongahela River Basin include strata of
Permian age and younger. Devonian and Mississippian rocks contain important
water-bearing strata locally, but are devoid of coal, which is found only in
rocks of Pennsylvanian and Permian age. The stratigraphy of the coal
bearing rocks is described in more detail in the subsequent section. The
water-bearing rocks of Devonian and Mississippian age are described in
Section 2.1.
Pottsville Group
The Pottsville Group occurs at the surface in the Shavers Fork Valley
(Randolph County), in western Randolph County, and in north-central Tucker
County. It crops out as a thin band in Preston and Monongalia Counties
(Figure 2-55). The Pottsville Group sediments were deposited on an
irregular surface of Mississippian age sediments. Within the Monongahela
River Basin, the Pottsville Group ranges in thickness from 200 to 300 feet. ^
It consists of a series of conglomerates, quartzose sandstones, including ™
sandstones that contain abundant clay and rock fragments (subgraywacke),
shale, clay, and thin coal beds (Arkle 1974). The Group probably is mostly
non-massive and contains little carbonate where it is exposed. Coarser
sediments predominate in the southeastern part of the Basin and become finer
grained in a northwesterly direction. Eleven minable coals have been
identified by Lotz (1970), but of these only the Sewell, Bradshaw, Peerless,
and Alma were mined during 1976 in the Basin (Table 2-86).
Allegheny Formation
The Allegheny Formation ranges in thickness from less than 100 feet in
the southern part of the Basin to 300 feet along the northern border of
Monongalia County. It crops out in two synclines (downwarps) in Tucker
County and in large areas of Upshur, Barbour, Monongalia, and Preston
Counties. It generally is composed of non-marine sandstones and sandy
shales with a few thin limestone beds, coal seams and cherty clay beds. The
thick, freshwater, lacustrine, clayey limestones occur below coal beds that
include the Upper Kittanning, Lower Freeport, and Upper Freeport coals. The
coal beds of the Allegheny Formation are irregularly developed and vary in
thickness throughout the Basin. Of the six coal seams that are minable,
five of them produced coal during 1976 (Table 2-86). Typically, the
overburdens associated with these coal seams include the sandstones which
contain pyrite.
2-328
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Conemaugh Group
The thickness of the Conemaugh Group ranges from 500 feet in the
southwestern part of the Basin to 800 feet in the northeast. The group
generally consists of sandstone, red sandy shale, shale, thin clayey
limestone, and coal seams. Redbeds (shale and sandy shale beds which are
indicative of non-marine deposition) dominate the southwestern part. Marine
sandstones and limestones become more abundant in a northeasterly direction.
Sandstone constitutes 15 to 38% of the Conemaugh Group in the Allegheny
Mountain Section, and this percentage decreases northwestward into the
Monongahela Basin. Coal production occurred from three of the four minable
seams during 1976, including the Mahoning, Bakerstown, and Elk Lick seams
(Table 2-86).
Monongahela Group
The Monongahela Group varies in thickness from 350 feet to 450 feet in
the Basin. The Group includes red and gray shale, sandstones with clay and
rock fragments (Graywackes), coal, shale, and lacustrine limestones.
Sandstone comprises only 29 to 15% of the rocks. Lacustrine sandstones,
which contain significant proportions of clay, are thick, and they occur
over the minable coals. Locally, three coal beds have been identified in
the Group, all of which produced significant quantities of coal during 1976
(Table 2-86).
Dunkard Group
The Dunkard Group crops out along the northeastern part of the Basin in
Lewis, Harrison, Marion, and Monongalia Counties, where it reaches a
thickness of 1,180 feet. The lower 300 feet of the Dunkard Group are
similar to the underlying Monongahela Group and contain gray shale,
limestones, and minable coals (Waynesburg and Washington seams; Table 2-86).
The upper 800 feet of the Dunkard Group contain beds of red shale, clayey
sandstones, some of which are massive, and impure coal beds.
2.7.6.4. Coal Measures
Coal seams were formed by the accumulation and burial of dying plant
material to form peat. The physical and chemical properties of the coals
and surrounding sedimentary rocks are related directly to the depositional
environment in which peat beds accumulated, and to the structural stresses
exerted on the peat beds during and after their deposition and burial.
Numerous swamps, river deltas, tidal deltas, and backbarrier marshes
existed in the coastal area of the ancient inland sea. The thickness and
lateral extent of the swamp was partially dependent on the topographic
surface on which the swamp developed (Home et al. 1978). The extent and
duration of each swamp determined the regional extent and thickness of
individual coal seams (EPA 1978). Discrete depositional events lasting
millions of years, coupled with local and regional uplift, folding, and
2-329
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erosion, produced numerous discontinuous seams. Influxes of clastic
sediments formed the shaly partings, impure coals, and want areas commonly •
found in the Basin coal seams. Stream channel migration within the shifting
fluvial and deltaic drainage systems eroded part of the swamp deposits.
Other ancient stream channels were filled with fine- to coarse-grained
clastic sediments. These ancient areas of erosion and deposition in the
swamp are represented by local thinning and interruption of the coal seams
laterally. Differential compaction and slumping of the newly deposited
clastic sediments also formed irregularities in the underlying swamp
deposits. Such irregularities in coal seams often determine the mining
methods used at a location and also are associated with unstable mine roof
conditions.
The heating and compaction produced by the depth and duration of burial
of the swamp deposits also affected the quality of the coal seam and
overlying material. The acid-forming, iron disulfide minerals known as
pyrite and marcasite and various trace elements occur chiefly in
depositional environments which were associated with slowly subsiding delta
plains and back bays. Most of the coal seams and overburden in the Northern
Coalfield of the Monongahela River Basin were deposited under these
conditions and frequently are associated with acid forming overburden (Table
2-86).
The Northern Coalfield seams in West Virginia are generally thin,
medium to high sulfur (>1.5%), medium to high ash (>6%), and medium to high
volatile coals (ASTM values for volatility, Btu content, and fixed carbon
ratings appear in Table 2-87). Some of these coals may occur locally as low ^k
sulfur, low volatile coals. Coal seams in the Southern Coalfield of West ™
Virginia generally are thicker and of higher quality (low sulfur and low
ash) and frequently are podshaped and less regular than the Northern
Coalfield seams.
Localized areas of low to medium sulfur coals are an exception in the
Basin. The principal coal seams that have had localized areas of low sulfur
coal mined within the Basin are the Lower Kittanning, Upper Freeport,
Bakerstown, Pittsburgh, and Redstone (West Virginia University, College of
Agriculture and Forestry 1971). The irregular occurrence of the Lower and
Upper Kittanning, Lower and Upper Freeport, Mahoning, and Bakerstown Coals
in the Basin has hindered mining activity in the past.
Some Basin coals are of metallurgical grade and can be used as coking
coals. These high-rank coals are most abundant in the Allegheny and
Conemaugh Formations (Table 2-86). Byproducts such as fly ash and clinker
coal also are associated with these coals.
The underlying Kanawha Formation, the youngest formation of the
Pottsville Group, contains more coal seams than any other coal-bearing
geologic formation in West Virginia. However, many of these coals are
considered unminable in the Basin (Table 2-86). In the Allegheny Formation
the Lower Kittanning and Upper Freeport Coals are extensively mined (surface
2-330
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Table 2-87. ASTM classification of coal by rank (WVGES 1973).
Fixed
Carbon %
Volatile
Matter %
Btu
> < > < > <
Class
Anthracitic Semianthracite 86 92 8 14
Bituminous Low vol. 78 86 14 22
Med. vol. 69 78 22 31
High vol. A -- 69 31 — 14,000
High vol. B — — — — 13,000 14,000
High vol. C — — — — 11,500 13,000
10,500 11,500
2-331
-------
and underground) in the Basin (Arkle 1979). The mined portions are usually
more than eight feet thick in the Basin. These seams commonly are separated m
into benches by shaly partings of irregular thickness. In the Basin, they
are blocky, bright, high volatile (greater than 29%), high sulfur (greater
than 2%) and have a thermal rating of 14,000+ Btu.
The Conemaugh Group coals also have been extensively mined in the
Basin. Like the underlying Allegheny coals, they show differential contents
of volatile matter (Arkle 1979). The Mahoning and Bakerstown coals which
normally are less than 6 feet thick have been mined underground, and the
Mahoning, Bakerstown, and Elk Lick coals have been surface rained in the
Basin. Conemaugh Group coals of northern West Virginia are characterized as
blocky, bright and dull banded, high volatile (greater than 35% volatile
matter), medium to high sulfur (greater than 2%) and rated at 14,000 Btu
(Lotz 1970, Arkle 1979). Elsewhere in the Basin the sulfur content:
generally is medium to high with local areas of low sulfur coal (Lotz 1970,
Cross and Schemel 1956).
In the Basin, the Monongahela Group coals are characterized as blocky,
bright, and dull banded. The Pittsburgh and Redstone coals are usually high
volatile and high sulfur (greater than 2%) coals rated at 14,000+ Btu. In
the Monongahela River Basin, both seams plus the Sewickley and Waynesburg
coals are widespread in the northern part of the Basin. The Pittsburgh coal
is thick and uniform in the Dunkard Basin (Arkle 1979). The younger and
similar Sewickly coal generally has a high sulfur content (greater than 3%).
The Waynesburg coal tends toward high ash (>8.0%) and high sulfur (>2.0%)
content in the Basin. ^
2.7.6.5. Toxic Overburden
Toxic overburden is earth material situated above a coal seam that has
the potential to produce adverse chemical and biological conditions in the
soil, surface water, or groundwater if it is disturbed by mining. Toxic
overburden has a deficiency of five tons CaC03 equivalents or more for
each 1,000 tons of material or has a pH of 4 or less (West Virginia Code
20-6). Toxic overburden also may contain elements that are poisonous to
plants and animals, acid-producing, or both. Excessive amounts of sodium,
salt, sulfur, copper, nickel and other trace elements in the water or the
soil derived from mined overburden have a detrimental effect on aquatic
organisms or plants and may hinder revegetation (Torrey 1978). Arsenic,
boron, and selenium are other elements that may be present in overburden.
If they enter the food chain in low concentrations, these elements may be
concentrated to toxic levels in the tissues of animals at higher levels of
the food chain. Extremely acidic material or material with the potential of
becoming acidic upon oxidation (pH 4.0 or less; chiefly the minerals pyrite
and marcasite) have the capability to cause water pollution by chemical
reactions resulting in increased acidity, low pH, and the presence of
dissolved iron and other metals.
2-332
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Iron disulfides (FeS2) occurring as marcasite or pyrite in the coal
and associated strata are exposed to the atmosphere during mining opera-
tions. These iron compounds readily oxidize to form a series of
water-soluble hydrous iron sulfates. Only framboidal pyrite, one of several
forms in which the mineral is found, oxidizes and decomposes rapidly enough
to produce severe acid mine drainage problems (Caruccio 1970). The other
types of pyrite dissolve at a slower rate. Relatively small amounts of
calcium carbonate in the overlying strata generally can neutralize the
amount of acidity produced by the non-framboidal types of pyrite.
Coal itself has the potential for producing acid water independent of
the overburden material (Table 2-88). Acid-producing coal seams are
especially troublesome when they function as aquifers, and this condition is
fairly common in the Basin. The problem is compounded if the strata
underlying the coal are relatively impermeable or toxic or both. Any one of
these conditions either separately or in combination may require special
mining and drainage control practices. They also may require special
handling, placement, or blending of overburden during surface mining, back-
filling, and reclamation operations. Most of the severe acid mine drainage
problems associated with these coals occur in the Ohio, Elk, Monongahela,
and North Branch Potomac River Basin in West Virginia.
An example of the variability in the potential toxicity of a coal seam
and associated overburden is the Pittsburgh Coal. Wherever bone coal
underlies the Pittsburgh Coal and the overlying massive Redstone Limestone
is absent or thin, there are serious acid drainage problems when the
underlying bone coal is disturbed by mining, especially by underground
mining. Where the Pittsburgh Coal is surface mined, and the massive
Redstone Limestone is present, however, there rarely are acid mine drainage
problems, provided that the operator employs overburden blending techniques
and appropriate drainage control.
The knowledge and experience of the WVDNR-Reclamation, West Virginia
University Department of Agronomy Staff, West Virginia Surface Mining and
WVSMRA, and the WVDNR-Reclamation/Acid Mine Drainage Task Force were relied
upon to identify which of the 14 coal seams associated with toxic overburden
are known to have toxic overburden in the Monongahela River Basin.
Information also was supplied on the variability and trend of the toxic
overburden in the Basin. Other essential data were supplied by USGS and
WVGES published reports and maps.
Acid mine drainage is a potential problem anywhere in the Basin,
because alkaline overburden with high buffering capacity is scarce and
discontinuous, and unweathered zones in the massive sandstones overlying the
coal seams appear to have a high potential for acid production (Smith et al.
1976). In the Basin, mining practices as well as local variability of the
thickness and lateral extent of limestones and other carbonate rich
materials affect mine drainage quality. The variability in acid drainage
problems may be compounded when
2-333
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Table 2-88. West Virginia coal seams commonly associated with acid-
producing overburden, listed youngest to oldest (WVDNR Surface Mining
Regulations, 2.04, 1978).
Geological Unit
Dunkard Group
Monongahela Group
*Conemaugh Group
Allegheny Formation
Kanawha Formation
Coal Seams
Washington Coal
Waynesburg
Sewickley
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Elk Lick
Freeport Coals
Upper Kittanning
Middle Kittanning
Lower Kittanning (No. 5 Block)
Stockton-Lewis ton
Peerless
Campbell Creek (No. 2 Gas)
Upper Eagle
*Conemaugh Group - The Bakerstown Coal Seam is a potentially acid-producing
coal seam, especially in the Northern Coalfield (Renton et al. 1973).
2-334
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• More than one coal seam is mined
* T'ue coal seam splits into two or more benches locally
• The material separating the two splits or seams may be
toxic, whereas the material overlying the upper coal is
neutral or alkaline
• Concentrations of sulfur including the framboidal form of
pyrite may occur even if the parting or interval is 20
feet thick (Smith et al. 1976). This probably occurs
because the parting material includes the roof of the
lower coal, which was the dying swamp, and the root zone
of the upper coal swamp. Both of these environments were
places where sulfur became concentrated as the coal seams
and associated rocks were laid down.
The Monongahela River Basin lies mostly in the mining province of the
Northern Coalfield and partially in the province of the Southern Coalfield.
In the Northern Coalfield potentially toxic overburden is widespread (Figure
2-58). However, sufficient occurrences of alkaline material may be
sufficient to neutralize potentially acid-producing seams and overburden
caused by pyritic materials, if blended properly. The minable coal in the
Basin is considered to be discontinuous. Water quality and other
reclamation problems sometimes occur in the Allegheny Formation and basal
sections of the Conemaugh and Monongahela Groups in the Basin. The
overburden usually contains medium sulfur (pyrite) concentrations and the
minable coals in the Basin should be regarded as potentially acid-producing
seams and overburden (Smith et al. 1976). Severity of AMD problems,
however, decreases moving west across the Basin.
The potentially acid-producing coal seams in the Northern Coalfield, in
order of decreasing acid potential, appear to be: the Pittsburgh Coal,
Upper Freeport Coal, and Bakerstown Coal. The acid-producing poter"--'r;l of
the Upper Freeport Coal is more variable in the Northern Coalfield than that
of the other seams. Therefore, acid drainage problems associated with this
coal are especially difficult to predict (Renton et al . 1973, Table 2-88).
In the Northern Coalfield of West Virginia, the proportions of carbonate,
pyrite, and alkaline materials generally increase where the sandstone beds
and size of the sand grains decrease, the limestone deposits incre-;--e, and
the carbonate content of the more numerous shale and mudstone units
increases. In the Basin, calcareous shales and limestones generally
increase to the west and northwest.
Toxic overburden distribution in the Southern Coalfield of the
Monongahela River Basin is laterally discontinuous, highly irregular in
toxicity, and concentrated in the Kanawha and Allegheny Formations. The
coal facies of the Kanawha Formation in the Basin commonly are low in
sulfur. Pyrite is not a ubiquitous mineral in this formation, but
2-335
-------
Figure 2-58
GREATEST POTENTIAL FOR TOXIC OVERBURDEN IN THE
MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN (WAPORA 1980)
WAPORA, INC.
2-336
-------
concentrations of fratnboidal pyrite in the coal and associated rocks occur
locally.
In the experience of WVDNR-Reclamation, acid mine drainage problems
associated with Freeport coals are ubiquitous in West Virginia, including
parts of the Monongahela River Basin. Where the Redstone coal is mined
underground, acid mine drainage problems occur in many locations, regardless
of mining techniques used. Bakerstown and Sewickley coals also may be
associated with AMD in underground mining.
The potential problems of acid mine drainage in the Basin are usually
in the areas where the coal seams are overlain by medium to coarse grained,
weakly cemented, pyritic sandstones (e.g., Mahoning and Homewood Sandstone).
The weathered zones of these pyritic sandstones usually are devoid of
significant amounts of acid-producing pyritic minerals. It is the
unweathered zones of these sandstones that pose a serious problem of acid
mine drainage (Smith et al. 1976).
In the case of non acid-producing calcareous sandstones, the alkaline
cement or grain countings generally are insufficient to neutralize any
significant amount of acid material. WVDNR's experience has been that
typical acid-base counts which show alkaline sandstones as having sufficient
neutralizing potential are misleading. Apparently, the alkaline material in
sandstone either 1) reacts too quickly and quickly dissipates its
usefulness, 2) does not react with acid solutions, or 3) reacts too slowly.
In any case, the calcareous sandstones with potentially high alkaline
neutralizing capabilities, do not function as neutralizing agents under
actual reclamation conditions. WVDNR does not consider calcareous
sandstones as suitable neutralizing overburden in the Northern Coalfield of
West Virginia (Verbally Ms. Joanne Erwin, WVDNR-Reclamation, to Mr. John
Urban, August 7, 1980).
Other environmental and mining conditions in the Basin which add to the
occurrence of acid drainage are:
• Insufficient alkaline overburden (e.g., calcareous sand-
stone) available to blend in order to neutralize the acid
or toxic material
• Excessively large volumes of potentially toxic material
that must be blended, isolated and buried, or disposed of
as excess spoil
• Interception of old abandoned underground mine by new
surface mining activity, exposing acid producing materials
to air and water and creating portals for untreated AMD to
flow from the site
• Long exposure of potentially toxic materials to air and
water due to delays in reclamation
2-337
-------
• Interception of old abandoned underground mines by new
surface mining activity, exposing acid producing materials
to air and water and creating portals for untreated AMD to
flow from the site.
• Where surface and underground mining occurs below seasonal
high water or interrupts a perched water table, the sand-
stone or other potentially toxic overburden .acts either as
an aquifer or a confining layer for groundwater.
In the Monongahela River Basin, coal has been mined by many small
underground mines and some old shoot and shove surface mines which have
ceased operations and left numerous piles of spoil, including toxic
overburden, exposed to the air, surface water, and groundwater. The
drainage from these mine operations was not controlled or treated to avoid
the production of acid mine water. Many old, abandoned, acid-producing mine
sites still contribute to the poor water quality in parts of the Basin.
However, it is difficult to ascertain the present or potential toxicity of
surface and underground mining of the coal seams and overburden under
current regulations and mining methods. Site specific information must be
available for each permit application in the Basin.
2-338
-------
2.8 Potentially Significant Impact Areas
-------
Page
2.8 Potentially Significant Impact Areas 2-339 4
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2.8. POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT AREAS
Based on the available inventory information, EPA has identified
Potentially Significant Impact Areas (PSIA's) in the Monongahela River
Basin. These are the areas where there is the greatest potential for
adverse impacts as a result of New Source coal mining activity, taking into
account the mining methods used (see Section 3.O.), the current regulatory
controls on new mining (see Section 4.O.), and the likely remaining impacts
(see Section 5.0.) on Basin resources (see Section 2.O.). Consequently
these are the areas where EPA expects to conduct the most detailed NEPA
review of permit applications (see Sections 1.0. and 6.0). The decision
whether a full EIS is necessary prior to permit issuance will be made on a
case-by-case basis. EIS's are expected to be needed most frequently on
applications from PSIA's.
Various resources in the Basin have given rise to PSIA designations
(Figure 2-59). Federal land holdings dedicated to multiple or recreational
use such as the Monongahela National Forest, the Tygart Lake Recreation
Area, and other Federal land holdings and interests in fee-simple or surface
ownership have been assigned PSIA status. Included in the National Forest
are the Otter Creek and Dolly Sods Wilderness Areas, the Fernow National
Experimental Forest, the Bowden Federal Fish Hatchery, the Sinks of Gandy,
the Blackwater Falls Scenic Area, and other resources. Several National
Natural Landmarks (the Gaudineer Scenic Area, Canaan Valley, Shavers
Mountain Spruce-Hemlock Stand, Blister Run Swamp, Big Run Bog, and Fisher
Spring Run Bog) also are included in the National Forest. The Cranesville
Swamp Nature Sanctuary, a National Natural Landmark not located within the
Forest, also has been designated a PSIA. EPA in all cases intends to
maximize input from the respective Federal managing agencies (US Forest
Service for the National Forest and US Army Corps of Engineers for the
Tygart Valley Recreation Area, for example) when issues regarding New Source
mining impacts arise. Regardless of other agency involvement and
coordination, however, EPA will assure that detailed site-specific
evaluations are conducted when New Source mining is proposed in or adjacent
to these special Federal land holdings and interests.
PSIA's also are based on BIA Category II zones which, in turn, reflect
the existence of a wide variety of significant and sensitive aquatic and
water resources (Figure 5-2 and Table 5-5 in Section 5.2.). In many areas,
BIA Category II designations overlap with other PSIA criteria.
2-339
-------
Figure 2-59
POTENTIALLY SIGNIFICANT IMPACT AREAS IN THE MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN (WAPORA 1980)
I
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
2-340
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Chapter 3
Current and Projected Mining Activity
-------
3.0. CURRENT AND PROJECTED MINING ACTIVITY
3.1. PAST AND CURRENT MINING ACTIVITY IN THE BASIN
As stated in Section 2.7., the Monongahela River Basin is located
primarily in the Northern Coalfield of West Virginia. Its reserve base is
characterized by higher sulfur, ash, and volatility ratings in contrast to
those of the Southern Coalfield. The Northern Coalfield coals are more
continuous and thicker than those in the Southern Coalfield, characteristics
which are related to the depositional environmental and tectonic setting
explained in Section 2.7. An example of this is the Pittsburgh coal which
is very continuous and ranges between 7 and 9 feet in thickness over large
areas in northern West Virginia. Sulfur ranges are between 2.4% and 3.8%
and ash content is above 6% whereas coals in the Southern Coalfield
generally have less than 1.5% sulfur and less than 6% ash. Even though
these seams are not as high quality, their continuity makes it possible to
plan large underground mines with very high annual production. Most
production in the Basin is from the Pittsburgh coal, where average
production per mine is higher than in the Southern Coalfield, especially for
underground mines. Historically there has been significant mining of the
Pittsburgh coal seam in the Basin. Furthermore, it is believed that this
coal seam, even though heavily mined in the past, will continue to be the
major seam mined in the future.
Recent coal production data have been tabulated by quadrangle, permit
number, coal seam, and seam thickness (underground only) to provide an
indication of where mining and mine-related effects have been substantial in
the Basin. Also, mine and preparation plant locations have been plotted on
the 1:24,000-scale Base Maps, and other more generalized Basin maps. This
mapping was performed to delineate areas currently disturbed by mining as
well as the mining method used in each area. Current mining has been used
as an indicator of where coal seams occur in sufficient quality and quantity
to be mined economically. These areas, if extrapolated on the basis of
quantity and quality of remaining reserves, also can provide an indication
of where future mining will occur. A discussion of the variations in coal
quality and quantity is presented in Section 2.7.6.4. Coal reserve base
data have been compiled by county, mining method, and sulfur content to
determine areas with large amounts of high quality reserve bases.
Data on mining activity are available from several sources, including
WVDM, WVDNR, WVGES, WVHD, USBM, USDOE, and USMSHA. These data vary in
quality, quantity, and currency. To maximize the utility of these data, the
most current data were used, provided that all of the necessary data were of
comparable quality.
3-1
-------
Table 3-1 lists the data sources and types of data available for the
analysis of mining activity in the Basin. The data marked with an asterisk
were used for analysis in this section. USMSHA data on location of surface
and deep mines were found to be incorrect too often to be useful, and the
number of mines and locations reported by USMSHA were less than the number
which had been reported by WVDNR. Some of the WVHD data were compared to
other available data but were found to provide no additional information.
However, the types of loading and transportation facilities at preparation
plants was determined from WVHD maps. Production data from USDOE were
tabulated but were not used because these data were in a preliminary form
and were not available for publication.
Trends in West Virginia and in the Basin have moved together: a drop
between 1950 and 1960 (which continued through the early sixties), an upturn
during the late 1960's which caused the 1970 total to approximate the level
of production in 1950, and severe declines in the early 1970"s followed by a
sharp increase in 1975. By 1975 the production level in the State and in
the Basin was about 75% of the production level in 1950 (Figure 3-1). The
level of coal production is volatile from year to year, and its short- and
long-term trends reflect events in the National economy.
Comparing counties, the three largest producers in 1950 were
Monongalia, Harrison, and Marion, which together accounted for about three
quarters of the total produced in the Basin. In 1975, the same three
producers still accounted for about two-thirds of the total (Table 3-2).
Monongalia County increased its share of the Basin total to about one-third,
but production in the other two leading counties declined both relatively
and absolutely (Table 3-3).
Generally, surface mining production in the Basin has accounted for a
larger proportion of total production than is true of the State (Table 3-4).
Over the period, surface production has accounted for a growing percentage
of total production in the State (9% in 1950, 19% in 1975) and in the Basin
(20% and 30% in those years, respectively). Within the period, the relative
importance of surface mining declined during the 1950's, but increased
significantly during the 1960's.
In general, surface mining production is a larger proportion of total
production in the counties that produce least coal, and conversely. For
example, surface mining production accounted for over 50% of total
production in three counties whose total production was the least (Taylor,
Lewis, and Tucker). In Taylor and Tucker Counties there was no underground
coal production in 1975. By contrast, surface mining accounted for a much
smaller percentage in the counties having the largest production:
Monongalia, 5%; Harrison, 34%, and Marion, 0.5% (Table 3-4).
Both the tonnage and the number of surface mines increased from 1971 to
1975 by 14.3% and 40.8%, respectively (Table 3-5). On the county level
during this time period, large increases were reported in Monongalia,
Preston, Randolph, and Upshur Counties; decreases were reported in Barbour,
3-2
-------
Table 3-1. Sources of data used to analyze mining activity in the Basin.
Type of Data Source
USDA-
WVDM WVDNR WVGES WVHD USGS SCS USBM USDOE USMSHA
Location of:
surface mines * * + *
deep mines * * + *
preparation plants + * *
refuse piles * *
Production and permitting:
surface mines * *
deep mines *
Reserve Base:
surface mines
deep mines
+ available but not used
* data used in analysis.
3-3
-------
Figure 3-1
COAL PRODUCTION IN MILLION OF SHORT TONS IN MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN 1950-1975 (WVDOM 1951-1976)
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Harrison, Marion, Taylor, and Tucker Counties. There appeared to be a very
strong correlation between changes in production levels and the number of
mines in operation.
During 1976, the combined coal production of all counties in the Basin
reached 27 million MT (30 million short tons; Table 3-6). The data in Table
3-6 were reported by county and not by river basin, so the allocations to
counties only partly in the Monongahela River Basin are approximate. Except
for Taylor, Tucker, and the parts of Lewis and Randolph Counties that occur
within the Basin, production in each county of the Basin exceeded one
million MT. Three-quarters of the total coal produced in the Basin was from
underground mines, but surface mine production exceeded underground
production in Preston, Taylor, Barbour, Tucker, Lewis, and Randolph
Counties. All of the production in Tucker and Taylor Counties was from
surface mines.
Two-thirds of the coal produced in the Basin was from the Pittsburgh
seam. Most of this coal was mined underground in Monongalia, Marion, and
Harrison Counties. The Pittsburgh and Redstone coals accounted for 51% of
the coal produced from 17 seams mined by surface methods in the Basin.
Surface mine production from the Lower Kittanning, Upper Kittanning, Lower
Freeport, Mahoning, Bakerstown, and Waynesburg seams approached 7 million MT
in the Basin.
An evaluation of the coal reserves of West Virginia has been underway
recently by the USGS. The extent of past mining in individual coal seams is
being determined from maps, cross sections, and field mapping (Verbally, Mr.
Thomas Arkle, USGS, Morgantown WV, November 1, 1977). The estimated
original Statewide coal reserve totalled greater than 106 billion MT (117
billion short tons), about one-fifth of which was located in the Pittsburgh
and Lower Kittanning (No. 5 Block) coal seams (Mining Informational Services
1977). These two coal seams have been mined extensively, and the Pittsburgh
seam is considered to be exhausted in several parts of the Basin.
Trends in mining previously were discussed in the context of economic
relationships. This discussion identifies the most recent conditions in the
industry. Coal mining activities include surface mines, underground mines,
and coal preparation plants. Surface and underground coal mines both are
divided into two categories: (l) classified mines for which WVDNR permit
numbers and other mine-specific data are available; and (2) unclassified
mines for which WVDNR permit numbers are not available. Coal preparation
plants are divided into two categories: (1) mine-linked operations that are
integrated with permitted mining activity and therefore do not require
individual NPDES or other permits; and (2) freestanding preparation plants
that operate apart from specific mines, and therefore probably require their
own NPDES permits.
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3.1.1. Surface Mining
Data on the location and production of surface mines are available from
WVDNR and WVGES. The location of surface mines permitted since 1971 are
plotted on the 1:24,000-scale Base Maps based on data that were updated to
1977 by the WVGES. WVDNR-Reclamation permit numbers are used to identify
lands currently or previously mined. Mines not permitted but shown as
surface mines on USGS topographic maps also have been outlined on the Base
Maps. Surface mines locations have been generalized in Figure 3-2.
There were 487 surface mines in the Monongahela River Basin for which
WVDNR permit numbers and locational data were available (Figure 3-2 and
Table 3-7). These mines are listed individually in Table 3-8. Fewer than
half of these surface mines were active during the third quarter (July
through September) of 1977. The remainder either are undergoing reclamation
or have been reclaimed. For this report compilation of classified surface
mine data, the outline of each surface mine was traced onto a 7.5-minute
USGS topographic quadrangle from similar maps on file at the Morgantown
office of the WVGES (WVGES 1977a). The file maps show outlines and permit
numbers of active and inactive surface mines, and are based on the
individual maps submitted to WVDNR with permit applications. Surface mine
permit numbers thus traced were reconciled with the October 1, 1977 index of
surface mining activity (Dugolinski and Cole 1977). The mines are shown in
Figure 3-2.
Those surface mines with permit numbers listed in the index were active
during the third quarter of 1977, and thus were listed as active in Tables
3-7 and 3-8. Reclaimed surface mines are those for which final bonds have
been released. Bond data are on file at the Beckley and Philippi offices of
WVDNR (Staten 1978, Beymer 1978). Inactive surface mines have permit
numbers that are not otherwise listed as active or reclaimed, These mines
did not report coal production during the third quarter of 1977, and may or
may not have been undergoing reclamation during that period.
These surface mine data were supplemented from the surface mining
library of the WVGES (1977b). The additional surface mines were located by
Universal Transverse Mercator coordinates as points on maps instead of as
outlined areas at the 1:24,000 scale. The status of each mine was confirmed
as previously described. Production data for calendar year L976 were
obtained from the Directory of Mines (WVDM 1976).
Many surface mined areas of the Basin cannot be identified readily by
permit number (Figure 3-3). Unclassified mines are shown on USGS 7.5-minute
topographic maps as stippled areas, and usually are labeled thereon as strip
mines. Such mines may or may not be partly covered by vegetation and may or
may not be important sources of water pollution. No specific data other
than the locations of these mines were compiled for this inventory.
3-12
-------
Figure 3-2
SURFACE MINE LOCATIONS IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER BASIN
(adapted from WVGES 1979)
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
3-13
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-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia (WVGES
1977a). Status data (A-Active; I-Inactive; R-Reclaimed) are current through
1 October 1977 (Dugolinsky and Cole 1977; Letter, Miss Carrol Staten, WVDNR,
Beckley WV, 8 January 1978, 11 p.; Letter, Mr. Joe L. Meymer, WVDNR, Philippi
WV. 13 January 1978, 6 p.). Seam and production data are for calendar year
1976.
Quadrangle
Adrian
Audra
Belington
Berlin
WVDNR
Permit No.
198-74
200-74
3-77
219-73
65-74
169-73
257-76
141-77
444-70
P-170-74
194-74
233-74
146-76
92-76 & 1-77
82-77
198-74
226-74
179-75
194-75
78-76
265-76
21-77
91-77
133-71
171-71
302-71
49-73
140-73
185-74
193-74
8-75
111-75
186-75
242-75
Production
Status
A
I
A
I
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
County
Upshur
Lewis
Upshur
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Upshur
Lewis
Lewis
Harrison &
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Upshur
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Harrison
Lewis
Harrison
Seam
Redstone
U. Freeport &
U. Kittanning
Redstone
Bakerstown
U. Freeport
U. Freeport
Bakerstown
U. Freeport
Bakerstown
U. Freeport
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone.
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Short Tons
29,936
17,190
13,292
23,409
29,936
47,457
24,280
17,565
10,523
4,547
1,420
29,150
22,115
3-18
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Berlin
(continued)
Beverly W.
Black Water
Falls
Brandonville
Brownton
WVDNR
Permit No. Status
50-76
105-74
171-74
201-74
252-75
79-76,
142-71, 73-73
97-73
224-73
17-74
98-74
109-74
136-74
226-75
172-72
109-73
97-74
85-75
36-72
129-74
79-76
48-76
138-72
87-75
93-75
158-75
215-75
206-76
214-76
231-76
31-77
210-73
139-74
221-74
98-75
181-75
157-76
100-75
314-71
321-71
54-72
188-73
205-73
65-74
I
R
R
R
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
R
A
A
I
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
County
Lewis
Lewis
Upshur
Lewis
Upshur
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Production
Seam Short Tons
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Lower Kittanning
Lower Kittanning
Sewell
Sewell
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Lower Kittanning
Upper Freeport
Lower Freeport
Lower Freeport
Upper Freeport
Ben's Creek, Upper
& Lower Kittanning
Mahoning
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Mahoning
Upper Kittanning
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
7,402
26,324
14,137
6,649
9,566
25,837
73,987
64,910
20,894
10,043
6,014
18,842
20,246
57,635
19,455
116,649
184,652
3-19
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Browntown
(continued)
Bruceton
Mills
WVDNR
Permit No.
114-74
144-74
146-76 &
248-74
246-75
112-76
131-76
136-76
173-76
227-76
255-76
51-72
146-72
169-72
141-76
102-74
213-74
130-74
37-74
192-74
75-75
9-75
199-75
221-75
235-75
214-73
166-76
10-74
168-72
47-76
18-74
114-75
236-75
18-76
214-76
Status
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
A
A
A
A
A
County
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Harrison &
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Barbour
Ba rbo ur
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Production
Seam Short Tons
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone &
Pittsburg
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Lower Freeport
Bakerstown
Ben's Creek, Upper
23,409
2,886
11,732
4,219
18,730
106,512
297,330
8,200
24,462
9,897
171,514
6,560
58,748
124,123
32,047
7,921
167,114
44,956
38,797
2,061
and Lower Freeport
201-73
304-71
18-73
143-74
240-74
I
R
R
R
R
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
3-20
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Camden
Century
WVDNR
Permit No.
28-76
202-76
169-72
91-73
188-73
57-74
248-74
45-75
129-75
41-76
171-76
173-76
227-76
239-76
12-77
222-71
257-71
116-72
6-73
63-73
117-73
120-73
11-74
5-74
53-74
57-74
95-74
140-74
241-74
56-75
60-75
62-75
192-75
199-75
223-75
244-75
25-76
10-77
Production
Status
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
County
Lewis
Lewis
Barb our
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Upshur
Barbour
Barbour
Upshur
Upshur
Seam
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Barbour
Barbour
Upshur
Upshur
Preston
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Barbour
Harrison
Barbour
Harrison
Upshur
Barbour
Barbour
Second Little
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Elklick
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Short Tons
3,009
297,330
116,649
23,409
1,110
1,212
4,219
18,730
68,911
787
4,734
2,885
22,564
28,820
264,711
124,123
113,359
32,417
19,848
3-21
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
WVDNR
Permit
Production
Status County
Clarksburg
Cuzzart
341-71
58-72
86-73
43-74
120-74
131-74
21-75
258-75
62-76
207-76
262-76
49-77
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
A
A
A
A
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Seam
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Elklick
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
78-77
85-77
99-77
124-77
138-77
124-74
65-75
122-75
170-75
182-75
71-76
91-76
55-76
4-75
148-75
191-76
65-72
87-73
211-73
35-74
127-74
205-74
249-74
20-75
103-75
106-75
158-75
4-76
56-76
110-77
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Kittanning
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Mahoning
Upper Freeport
Lower Freeport
Mahoning
Upper Kittanning
Mahoning; Upper &
Lower Freeport
Short Tons
30,416
21,457
24,448
133,327
49,361
1,341
44,477
5,437
22,945
2,068
390
3,383
66,244
96,779
22,572
31,700
5,552
50,552
73,987
88,287
8,389
337-71
Preston
3-22
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Production
Quadrangle
Cuzzart
(continued)
Davis
Durbin SW
Fairmont W.
WVDNR
Permit No. Status County
187-71 R Preston
15-71 R Preston
134-74 R Preston
284-71 A Tucker
25-72 A Tucker
129-74 A Tucker
169-74 A Tucker
96-75 A Tucker
74-76 A Tucker
110-76 A Tucker
175-76 A Tucker
146-77 A Tucker
24-72 I Tucker
72-73 I Tucker
63-74 I Tucker
110-74 I Grant & Tucker
48-76 I Tucker
2-76 A Randolph
Seam
Short Tons
3-76
28-77
SMA-977
214-71
270-75
SMA-1208
A
A
A
I
I
I
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
225-74
142-75
140-76
168-76
243-76
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Ben's Creek &
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Elklick
Upper Freeport
Eagle, Gilbert,
laeger, Castle
Eagle
Sewell
Sewell
Bradshaw
Gilbert
Gilbert & laeger
A
A
A
A
A
Harrison &
Marion
Harrison
Harrison
Marion
Marion
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
93,270
73,761
26,324
4,966
14,137
26,409
44,766
157
6,649
22,948
12,350
39-75
143-75
169-75
195-75
216-75
100-76
46-72
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Waynesburg &
Waynesburg
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
"A"
6,541
41,737
24,128
3-23
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Production
Quadrangle
Fellowsville
Friendsville
Gladesville
Grafton
Junior
Kingwood
Lake Lynn
WVDNR
Permit No.
122-74
16-76
129-76
22-74
268-74
22-71
93-75
98-75
188-74
315-71
126-75
260-71
153-74
219075
Status County
A Preston
A Preston
A Preston
I Nicholas
I Preston
R Preston
A Preston
I Preston
R Preston
A Preston
A Monongalia
I Monongalia
I Monongalia
I Monongalia &
Preston
160-75
37-77
60-77
7-76
230-74
17-75
346-70
342-71
43-76
133-76
4-77
28-72
92-74
112-74
157-74
52-75
123-75
157-75
174-76
52-74
63-73
16-74
56-74
233-75
A
A
A
I
R
R
I
R
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
I
I
I
I
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Randolph
Randolph
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Seam
Bakerstown
Pittsburgh
Cedar Grove
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Lower Freeport &
Upper Kittanning
Lower Kittanning
Lower Freeport
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
Lower Freeport
Upper Freeport
Short Tons
8,771
3,149
9,251
25,837
6,995
17,618
3,825
32,640
7,409
13,802
19,445
Redstone
7*289
3-24
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Production
Quadrangle
Leadmine
Masontown
Mingo NE
Mount Clare
WVDNR
Permit No .
138-73
169-74
102-75
74-76
231-74
40-73
132-73
246-74
188-75
239-75
5-76
13-77
36-77
57-77
76-75
243-71
32-75
35-73
216-73
51-74
109-75
232-76
Status
A
A
A
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
R
A
I
I
A
A
A
County
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Tucker
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Pocahontas
Randolph
Randolph
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
247-76
32-77
40-77
331-71
59-73
126-74
161-74
97-75
40-76
272-76
Morgantown S. 64-74
236-74
171-75
42-76
245-76
17-77
48-77
13-69
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Seam
Bakerstown
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Short Tons
4,966
74,267
14,137
70,411
325
111,984
45,643
17,567
11,275
42,695
Sewell
22,823
Redstone 37,780
Upper Kittanning 22,393
Sewickley &
Redstone
Sewickley, Redstone
& Pittsburgh
Redstone & Pittsburgh
Sewickley
Sewickley 56,542
Sewickley
Redstone 18,265
Sewickley, Redstone
& Pittsburgh
Redstone 18,822
Pittsburgh 9,275
Pittsburgh 10,710
Pittsburgh 5,486
Redstone & Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
3-25
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Mount Clare
(continued)
WVDNR
Permit No.
175-70
252-74
58-75
59-75
111-75
144-75
269-75
261-75
103-76
176-77
156-71
83-75
Production
Status County
Seam
Short Tons
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Pittsburgh 32,426
Pittsburgh 7,781
Pittsburgh 12,476
Pittsburgh 12,889
Redstone
Redstone & Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh 19,460
Pittsburgh 5,896
Pittsburgh 6,066
Redstone
Mount Storm
Lake
Mozark Mtn.
Nestorville
Newburg
Oakland
73-69
72-70
106-70
74-76
224-74
226-76
128-74
277-71
315-71
11-74
122-74
179-76
224-76
25-77
112-77
28-72
44-74
121-75
123-75
127-76
9-73
165-73
223-73
15-75
116-76
I
I
I
A
A
I
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
R
A
A
Grant
Grant
Grant
Tucker
Harbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Upper Freeport
Upper & Lower
Kittanning
Bakerstown
Pittsburgh
14,317
5,703
6,995
Upper Freeport 4,734
Pittsburgh 37,092
Bakerstown
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh & Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Bakerstown
Bakerstown
9,474
14,819
5,790
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
80,116
58,451
3-26
-------
Table 3-8. Surface Mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Osage
WVDNR
Permit # Status County
Production
Philippi
Pickens SE
Pickens NW
Pickens SE
Pickens SW
338-71
57-73
117-75
LOC//8 5607
124-73
103-74
222-75
58-76
35-75
217-72
232-72
191-75
54-76
63-76
112-76
102-70
205-72
102-74
130-74
158-74
192-74
75-75
164-75
193-75
196-75
110-71
5-72
13-73
16-73
213-73
210-74
47-76
211-74
190-75
181-74
273-74
143-75
145-76
89-77
35-73
216-73
114-75
68-76
211-74
113-75
89-77
181-74
143-75
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
A
I
I
I
I
A
A
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
I
I
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Taylor & Barbour
Taylor
Taylor
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Taylor
Barbour
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Seam
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Upper Kittanning
Pittsburgh
Upper & Middle
Kittanning
Redstone & Pittsburg
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Lower Kittanning
Redstone
Redstone & Pittsburgh
Pittsburg
Pittsburg
Pittsburg
Short Tons
36,378
38,391
41,522
25,546
Pittsburg
Sewell
Peerless
175,536
42,809
2,886
35,925
24,462
171,514
36,320
6,560
23,081
66,900
4,550
Filbert, Laeger & Castle
Sewell & Welch
Sewell
Bradshaw
Sewell
Peerless
Sewell-Welch
22,823
41,091
66,900
3-27
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Rivesville
Roanoke
Rosemont
Sago NE
Sago NW
Sago SE
WVDNR
Permit No .
57-73
6-77
101-77
39-73
234-74
255-74
51-75
202-75
211-75
121-72
45-73
84-75
208-76
137-77
142-73
144-76
99-71
21-76
219-76
324-69
157-71
45-74
91-74
29-75
65-75
217-75
207-71
69-75
190-74
101-75
147-76
185-76
252-76
27-77
124-75
112-73
69-74
147-76
252-76
63-77
Production
Status
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
A
A
A
I
I
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
R
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
R
R
A
A
A
County
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Marion
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Taylor
Harrison
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Taylor
Harrison
Harrison
Taylor
Taylor
Harrison
Upshur
Randolph
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Randolph
Upshur
Randolph
Randolph
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Seam
Waynesburg
Wayne sburg
Waynesburg
Sewickley
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Waynesburg
Elklick
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone & Pittsburgh
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Upper Kittanning
Upper Kittanning
Middle Kittanning
Upper &
Lower Kittanning
Middle Kittannning
Upper Mercer
Upper Kittanning
Middle Kittanning
Middle Kittanning
Upper, Middle &
Lower Kittanning
Short Tons
38,391
1,400
116,742
412,505
7,897
38,821
7,691
27,642
851
69,565
6,963
89,115
14,911
20,800
14,873
14,911
20,800
97-73
109-74
101-75
79-76
142-76
27-77
A
A
A
A
A
A
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Lower Kittanning
Upper Kittanning
Lower Kittanning
Sewell
Upper Kittanning
390,000
89,115
14,911
3-28
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quandrangle
Sago SE
Sago SW
Shinnston
Terra Alta
Thornton
Valley Point
WVDNR
Permit No.
73-73
109-73
97-74
85-75
23-76
163-76
254-76
58-77
138-74
71-75
77-73
170-74
142-75
60-76
66-76
132-76
216-76
228-72
55-74
153-76
162-76
43-73
26-76
15-75
116-76
315-71
40-73
18-74
75-74
246-74
178-75
53-76
130-76
137-76
33-77
565-70
81-72
192-73
201-73
216-74
254-74
94-75
183-75
24-77
Production
Status County
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
I
I
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
R
R
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Upshur
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Marion
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Seam
Short Tons
Upper Mercer
Lower Kittanning
Middle Kittanning
Middle &
Lower Kittanning
Middle &
Lower Kittanning
Peerless
Alma
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Peerless
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Lower Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper &
Lower Freeport
68,412
48,600
63,338
4,296
22,948
15,562
19,285
3,800
11,071
80,116
58,451
6,995
70,411
4,420
111,984
23,070
10,799
77,063
Elklick
Upper Freeport
2,972
25,140
3-29
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Valley Point
(continued)
Wallace
West Milford
Weston
Whitmer
Wolf Summit
WVDNR
Permit No.
187-71
304-71
33-72
34-72
61-72
1-73
13-74
38-74
134-74
240-74
30-75
111-71
219-71
259-71
118-75
292-70
398-70
66-72
2-73
133-73
176-74
25-75
2-76
119-75
31-76
36-76
21-77
139-77
137-73
182-74
250-74
232-75
Status
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
I
I
R
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
County
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis &
Harrison
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Lewis
Production
Seam
Short Tons
313-70
207-75
62-76
190-76
263-76
73-77
96-77
99-77
144-73
39-74
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
Randolph
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Upper Freeport
Bakerstown
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Redstone &
Pittsburgh
9,275
2,968
17,868
4,912
19,046
177,482
8,004
4,073
3,942
Redstone
Pittsburgh 2,058
Pittsburgh 49,367
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone & Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh 6,993
Redstone 25,202
3-30
-------
Table 3-8. Surface mines of the Monongahela River Basin (concluded).
WVDNR Production
Quadrangle Permit No. Status County Seam Short Tons
Wolf Summit 162-74 I Harrison
(continued) 70-75 I Harrison Pittsburgh 8,410
220-75 I Harrison Pittsburgh 13,297
249-75 I Harrison Pittsburgh 19,734
130-75 R Harrison Pittsburgh 15,452
3-31
-------
Figure 3-3
UNCLASSIFIED SURFACE MINES IN THE MONONGAHELA RIVER
BASIN (adapted from WVGES 1979)
0 10
WAPORA, INC.
3-32
-------
3.1.2. Underground Mines
There are 188 classified underground coal mines in the Basin that are
identifiable by permit number and location from available and usable
information. Approximately 72% of these mines were active during the months
of January through June 1977 (Table 3-6). Most of the classified
underground mines listed in Table 3-9 were identified from the coal company
master file (WVDM 1977a). The location of underground mines is shown on the
1:24,000-scale Base Maps and in Figure 3-4.
Additional mines were identified from US Bureau of Mines data (USBM
1977). Names of operators and mines thus identified were used to extract
appropriate permit numbers from a preliminary updated list of underground
mine data (WVDM 1977b). The USBM data do not show the locations by latitude
and longitude for approximately half of the listed mines. Location and
status data for unidentified mines were retrieved from the master file (WVDM
1977a). Production data listed in Tables 3-6 and 3-9 are for calendar year
1976 (WVDM 1977a). Unclassified underground mines are those for which
permit numbers and location data were not available.
Two additional sources of underground mine data were identified, but
such data are not in readily available or usable form. EPA Region III
recently compiled maps and summary data on discharges for 7,000 mines in the
Basin, but no results were reported (Verbally, Mr. Scott McFalmy, EPA,
Wheeling WV, January 23, 1978). The WVDM has approximately 30,000 maps of
abandoned underground mines on file at Charleston. No effort is planned by
WVDM to compile these data (Verbally, Mr. David Kessler, WVDM, Charleston,
WV, December 12, 1977).
3.1.3. Preparation Plants
This inventory identifies only those freestanding coal preparation
plants that are not within the permit areas of classified mines (Figure 3-5
and Table 3-10). Not all such preparation plants in the Basin are
identified, because the base document (USBM 1977) from which these
preparation plant data were compiled does not list locations for
approximately half of its entries. No information was available from the
data source as to whether the nine identified coal preparation plants were
active or not.
3-33
-------
Table 3-9. Underground mines of the Monongahela River Basin, West Virginia
(WVDM 1976, 1977a). Status is current through October 1977 (WVDM 1977a;
USBM 1977; A-Active, I-Inactive). Coal seam and production data are for
1976 (WVDM 1976).
Production
~~~ Short Tons
209,941
74,052
Quadrangle
Adrian
Audra
Audra
Berlin
Beverly W
Blacksville
Blacksville
Blacksville
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Brownton
Bruceton
Mills
Century
Century
Century
Century
Century
Century
Century
Century
Century
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Clarksburg
Cuzzart
Cuzzart
Durbin SW
Durbin SW
Durbin SW
Fairmont E
Fellowsville
WVDNR
Permit No.
D-8291
D-8959
D-5045-S
D-9519-S
D-9499
D-413
D-414
D-6159
D-6338
D-6436
D-8760
D-9721
D-9788
D-8968-S
D-9693
D-9694
D-9819
D-9820
D-10109-S
D-8554
D-505
D-7080
D-8553-S
D-8849-S
D-9471
D-8123-S
D-8178-S
D-8360
D-8989
D-8493
D-9659
D-9902
D-10032-S
D-10043
D-9437
D-9482
D-9686
D-9003
D-8185-S
D-8677
D-9525-S
D-9592
D-8507
D-8935
Status
A
A
I
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
A
I
I
I
I
A
A
County
Upshur
Barbour
Barbour
Lewis
Randolph
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour .'
Barbour
Barbour
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Barbour
Preston
Barbour
Barbour
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Upshur
Barbour
Upshur
Upshur
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Preston
Preston
Randolph
Randolph
Randol ph
Marion
Preston
Seam
Uppe
Midd
Uppe
Reds
Lowe
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Reds
Reds
Reds
Reds
Camb
Reds
Pitt
Reds
Pitt
Pitt
Reds
Uppe
Reds
Pitt
Reds
Pitt
Lowe
Pitt
Reds
Reds
Reds
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Pitt
Uppe
Uppe
Gilb
Gilb
Brad
Lowe
Uppe
300
1,314,618
1,410,931
1,045,986
53,124
26,380
Middle Kittanning
Upper Kittanning
Redstone
Lower Kittanning
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Cambell Creek &- Peerless
ie
argh 3,949
ie 7,296
irgh 1,814
irgh 2,902
91,128
347,133
650,903
47,575
22,341
31,976
939
2,949
32,192
814
Lower Kittanning
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Gilbert
Gilbert
Bradshaw
Lower Kittanning
8,616
779,676
24,470
3-34
-------
Table 3-9. Underground mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Gladesville
Gladesville
Glady
Graf ton
Graf ton
Grant Town
Grant Town
Junior
Junior
Kingwood
Kingwood
Kingwood
Lake Lynn
Mannington
Mannington
Mannington
Mannington
Masontown
Masontown
Masontown
Masontown
Masontown
Masontown
Masontown
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown jj
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Morgantown N
Mt. Clare
Mt. Clare
Mt. Clare
WVDNR
Permit No.
D-8940
D-8941
D-8060
D-9649
D-9735
D-406
D-408
D-5301
D-9527
D-609
D-8733
D-9921
D-8391
D-403
D-405
D-6368
D-404
D-460
D-4893
D-6203
D-6606
D-9052
D-9053
D-9639
D-375
D-376
D-400
D-413
D-415
D-4467
D-5927
D-6798
D-8087-S
D-8223
D-8934
D-9376
D-9494
D-9633
D-9666
D-9687
D-9753
D-4992
D-9688
D-7097
D-9647
D-9783
Production
Status
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
A
A
A
County
Monongalia
Monongalia
Randolph
Barbour
Harrison
Marion
Marion
Barbour
Barbour
Preston
Preston
Preston
Monongalia
Marion
Marion
Marion
Marion
Monongalia
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Seam
Upper Kittanning
Upper Kittanning
Sewell
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Lower Kittanning
Lower Kittanning
Upper Freeport
Bakers town
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Sewickley
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Sewickley
Pittsburgh
Sewickley
Sewickley
Sewickley
Redstone
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Sewickley
Sewickley
Sewickley
Sewickley
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Short Tons
301
17,222
65,207
896,113
302,455
13,790
1,989,929
431,104
364,748
108,070
43,260
31,412
218,701
72,898
1,314,618
2,054,984
73,917
72,262
37,521
96,727
7,203
7,868
161
3-35
-------
Table 3-9. Underground mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Mt. Clare
Mt. Clare
Mt. Clare
Mt. Clare
Nestorville
Nestorville
Newburg
Newburg
Newburg
Newburg
Newburg
Newburg
Osage
Osage
Philippi
Philippi
Philippi
Philippi
Philippi
Pickens NE
Pickens NE
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens NW
Pickens SW
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
WVDNR
Permit No.
D-9784
D-9856
D-9866
D-8664
D-9974
D-9975
D-6200
D-9017
D-9451
D-9602
D-9777
D-5891
D-416
D-8937
D-502
D-4692
D-8827
D-1219
D-6611
D-9298
D-9478
D-8939
D-8958
D-9163
D-9383
D-9524
D-9636
D-8721
D-9209
D-9367
D-9409
D-9415
D-9508
D-9578
D-9635
D-9637
D-9644
D-9769
D-9149
D-8716
D-405
D-4277
D-4846
D-8798
D-9252
Status
A
A
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
County
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Barbour
Barbour
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Monongalia
Monongalia
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Barbour
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Randolph
Marion
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Production
Seam Short Tons
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone 87,814
Redstone
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport 28,020
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport 26,375
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport 4,370
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh 562,482
Sewickley 46,879
Lower Kittanning
Middle Kittanning 223,659
Pittsburgh 1,200
Lower Kittanning 81,910
Upper Kittanning 59,198
Sewell 71,443
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Sewell 91,792
Sewell 27,060
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek &
Peerless 2,395
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Cambell Creek &
Peerless 570
Sewell "B"
Sewell "B" 892
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Sewell "B" 7,482
Cambell Creek & Peerless
Pittsburgh 431,104
Sewickley
Sewickley 46,391
Sewickley 92,200
Sewickley 81,106
3-36
-------
Table 3-9. Underground mines of the Monongahela River Basin (continued).
Quadrangle
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rivesville
Rosemont
Rosemont
Rowlesburg
Sago SW
Sago SW
Sago NE
Sago NW
Salem
Shinnstoa
Shinnston
Shinnstoa
Shinnston
Shirmston
Shinnston
Shinnston
Shinnston
Shinnston
Thornton
Valley Point
Valley Point
Valley Point
Valley Point
Valley Point
Valley Point
Valley Point
Wadestown
Wadestown
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
Wallace
West Milford
West Milford
Weston
Weston
Wolf Summit
Wo1f S ummi t
Wolf Summit
Wolf Summit
Wolf Summit
Wolf Summit
WVDNR
Permit No.
D-9331
D-9541
D-449
D-7041
D-9009
D-9808
D-9157-S
D-8991
D-9581
D-9015
D-9764
D-9014
D-8994
D-657
D-4786-S
D-6169
D-6402
D-9500
D-9501
D-9778
D-9809
D-9894
D-2979
D-4893
D-8182
D-9288-S
D-9509
D-9733
D-9734
D-10168
D-4563
D-5744
D-671
D-4786-S
D-8838
D-9723
D-9722
D-9953
D-8947
D-9691
D-8234
D-8994
D-9305
D-9615
D-9810
D-9903
Production
Status
A
A
I
I
I
A
I
A
A
I
I
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
A
County
Marion
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Monongalia
Harrison
Taylor
Preston
Upshur
Upshur
Randolph
Upshur
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Marion
Marion
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Preston
Monongalia
Monongalia
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Lewis
Lewis
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Harrison
Seam Short Tons
Sewickley
Waynesburg
Pittsburgh
Sewickley
Sewickley
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Mahoning
Middle Kit tanning
Middle Kittanning
Lower Kittanning
Middle Kittanning
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Sewickley
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Upper Freeport
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Redstone
Redstone
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
Pittsburgh
1,500
12,377
7,638
28,300
78,136
508,867
2,869,470
742,100
14,299
43,260
65,120
113,551
92,027
1,030,406
1,636,238
2,869,470
79,325
415
20,360
41,193
78,136
21,061
3,222
3-37
-------
Table 3-9. Underground mines of the Monongahela River Basin (concluded).
WVDNR Production
Quadrangle Permit No. Status County Seam Short Tons
Wolf Summit D-9998 A Harrison Pittsburgh
Wolf Summit D-10001 A Harrison Pittsburgh
Wolf Summit D-10002 A Harrison Pittsburgh
Wolf Summit D-670 I Harrison Pittsburgh
Wolf Summit D-9665 I Harrison Pittsburgh 2,841
Wolf Summit D-9669 I Harrison Pittsburgh 1,894
Wolf Summit D-9670 I Harrison Pittsburgh
3-38
-------
Figure 3-5
LOCATION OF COAL PREPARATION PLANTS IN THE MONONGAHELA
RIVER BASIN (adapted from USGS, USMSHA 1979)
0 10
WAPOFU, IMC.
3-40
-------
Table 3-10. Selected coal preparation plants in the Monongahela River Basin,
West Virginia (USBM 1977).
Operator
Maidsville Coal Co.
Route 7 Box 123-H
Morgantown WV 26505
Cheyenne Sales Co.
P. 0. Box 297
Bridgeport WV 26330
Ann-Lorentz Coal Co.
P. 0. Box 695
Buckhannon.WV 26201
Plant
Maidsville Tipple
Colt Tipple
Ann-Lorentz Tipple
USGS 7.5'
Quadrangle Name
Osage
Rosemont
Berlin
Upshur Redstone Coal Co.
Box 666
Buckhannon WV 26201
Electro Tipple
Sago N.W.
GHB Coals, Inc.
P. 0. Box 630
Clarksburg WV
26301
Dexcar Queen Coal Co.
P. 0. Box 8
Buckhannon WV 26201
Ann-Lorentz Coal Co.
P. 0. Box 695
Buckhannon WV 26201
Kano Tipple
Queen Tipple
Ann-Lorentz #2 Tipple
Century
Century; Sago N.W
Century
Badger Coal Co.
P. 0. Box 472
Philippi WV 26416
Kingwood Mining Co.
Box 596
Kingwood WV 26537
Central Preparation Plant
Philippi
Albright Preparation Plant Kingwood
3-41
-------
3.2. MINING METHODS IN THE BASIN
This section briefly describes the predominant mining methods currently
used in the Basin with emphasis on environmental considerations. Several
constraints affect the selection of coal mining methods and techniques to
minimize environmental degradation. Because coal mining traditionally has
been a hazardous occupation, the primary concern in the mining of coal is
the health and safety of the individual coal miner, according to Federal law
(Federal Mine Safety and Health Act of 1977, as amended, Section 2 (a); P.L.
95-164, effective March 9, 1978). Environmental effects of the various
methods and techniques also are of major concern because of past destructive
practices. Other important concerns include the use of mining methods and
abandonment practices which will achieve the maximum recovery of the coal
resource with the least expenditure of energy and labor.
The decision to mine coal by surface or underground techniques gener-
ally is based on site-specific factors. Among the most important site fac-
tors are the depth of cover and coal seam thickness across the proposed
permit area. Development costs for underground mines are significantly
higher than for surface mines. This differential, together with higher
labor inputs, results in a higher cost per ton for coal mined by underground
methods as compared to surface mined coal. To amortize the higher develop-
ment costs, underground mines generally produce coal over a longer term than
surface mines. Surface mining techniques are appropriate where overburden
is too fragmented and weak to form a safe roof above underground tunnels and
the seam is at a relatively shallow depth (generally <150 feet).
The following discussion of mining methodologies currently employed in
the Basin is intended to establish the connection between sensitive environ-
mental resources and mining in the Basin. For more detailed descriptions of
surface mining methods, the reader is referred to Chironis (1978); Grim and
Hill (1974); and Skelly and Loy (1975, 1979). For more detailed descrip-
tions of underground mining methods, the reader is referred to EPA (1976)
and NUS Corporation (1977). The President's Commission on Coal (1980), EPA
(1979a, 1979b), Schmidt (1979), and USOTA (1979a) also provide general
information.
3.2.1. Surface Mining Methods
As described in Section 2.7., West Virginia coal frequently occurs as
more or less horizontal bands of varying thickness between layers of various
kinds of rock. The coal seams may be exposed at the surface along mountain-
sides, where they can be mined using surface methods. To remove the coal by
surface methods, access roads must be built to get equipment to the coal.
Then the vegetation on the surface, the soil, and the associated rock must
be removed, before the coal itself can be transported to a preparation plant
or user. The mine site then must be placed in a suitable long-term condi-
tion by regrading and the reestablishment of vegetation. Throughout the
opeiat ion, environmental standards pursuant to SMCRA and WVSCMRA must be
met .
3-43
-------
Contour surface mines typically are long, narrow operations that undu-
late through the landscape in response to topography, often high above the
valley bottoms. Historically, contour mining involved the "shoot and shove"
technique where overburden, blasted loose by explosives, was bulldozed down-
slope from the coal outcrop. Coal then was loaded onto dump trucks by
shovels and bucket loaders, as the mine operation continued around the
mountain, following the outcrop along the contour. Often the mine operation
was abandoned with little or no post-mining reclamation (EPA 1979a).
Contour surface methods at present have grown more sophisticated and
can be categorized by the manner in which overburden, rock, and coal are
moved about. In the Basin several different mining methods are employed due
to the varied topography. Haulback is the principal method for new contour
mining in steeply sloping areas. Augering also is practiced. Mountaintop
removal involves cross-ridge mining and head of hollow fills. Regardless of
the method employed, some overburden material generally must be placed down-
slope from the mine pit in a controlled manner. Current regulations
prohibit uncontrolled downslope overburden dumping. Because of the import-
ance of overburden disposal, current practices are discussed separately in
Section 5.7.
3.2.1.1. Box Cut and Block Cut Contour Mining Methods
Box cut and block cut methods are traditional forms of contour surface
mining. In a box cut operation, after the timber and soil have been
removed, an initial cut is made into the uppermost rock material with dozers
to form a drill bench (Figure 3-6). The consolidated overburden then is
drilled, blasted, and removed to storage areas. The cut is a rectangular
area that extends to the limits of the highwall (Figure 3-7). No outcrop
barrier of coal typically is left behind in West Virginia. After the
initial "box" has been cut, the pit can be expanded outward.
If the coal on both sides of the pit then is mined and the spoil is
placed in the middle, the method is labeled block cut mining (Figure 3-8).
In this case the sequence of operations is more complex (Figure 3-9).
The final USOSM permanent program regulations, and some States such as
Pennsylvania, require that a band of undisturbed coal be left along the out-
crop as an aid in water retention on the bench and to reduce the potential
for downslope movement of regraded overburden after the mine is reclaimed.
Under West Virginia conditions, the weathered coal has been found to be a
poor road base for trucks and to break down under traffic. Hence operators
frequently remove the weathered outcrop coal (the "blossom"), even though it
generally is not marketable, and replace it with controlled fill material
that provides greater stability and a superior road base.
3.2.1.2. Haulback Methods
The haulback technique, also termed lateral movement or controlled
placement mining, can be adapted effectively to the steep slopes of the
3-44
-------
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3-45