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study area is defined as the Delaware
banks and tributaries within 1/2 mile o
ey or Pennsylvania shorelines. The study
from the Pennsylvania-Delaware state bord
e (RM) 79 north to just above Burli
at RM 120 or a total of approximatel
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ected toxic substances were also tnappt
3 because these substances can be lim
for aquatic vegetation and animal surv
centrations of these substances consi
able were taken from PADER or NJDEP re
r USEPA criteria. Areas where substrate
are impacted were also mapped on Overlay
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er quality is a major limiting factor ii
River Port area for fish passage and sur
as for benthos populations. The develo
ustrialization of the river waterfront
jajor impacts on water quality due to i
id municipal discharges and urban runoff.
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rlay water quality conditions are mapped.
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an influences in the Delaware River us
navigation or development through activ
g dredging, filling, creation of sed
structures such as bulkheads, and struc
piers. These activities often have a d
affect on the estuarine environment th
md indirect impacts on the shore zone,
and water quality. Consideration of
itivities or structures have occurred 01
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n normally is in an oxidized form in
i.e. forming ferric hydroxide). Fis
by iron compounds when: food supplit
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s in turbidity reduces ability to locate
iwning sites; or with the blanketing of
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y of the heavy metals such as lead and m
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^ence in fish, most adverse effects occu
t stores are utilized such as during mig
bryos when fatty yolk sacs are consumed.
i M r: to
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ge , et al. (1978) conducted embryo- larva
>n 11 elements that commonly affect a
The test organisms used during this
rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) , larg
Lcropterus salmoides) , and the marbled
Ambystoma opacum) ; results of the assa;
d in Table III-7. Largemouth bass are
tudy area and provide a good indicator
ations of the metals that could have
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lerance to these metals as can be se
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rgistic effects of other toxic compound
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:hat are safe for aquatic life (Kiry,
80). In addition to these metals,
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s of safe levels. Usually these are fo
s" where a single discharge or illegal d
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pipeline dredge is the most economical
ale projects since no rehandling of spoi
y. The dredge operates with a pipe
to the end of the suction line that ext
iposal area on shore. Pontoons buoy the p
tich can extend 5+ miles if booster pumps
(USACOE - Philadelphia District 1979b) .
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hopper and pipeline systems are the two
hydraulic dredges employed. The main dif
iween the hopper and pipeline dredge is
f disposal of excavated material. The ho
(most common in the study area) discha
directly into it's hull, or hopper.
.s used mainly in open-water areas, or a
lilization of pipelines would create nav
Lazards. The major drawback is that dred
p in order to transport spoil for disposal
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hydraulic dredge is the most commonly
f excavation in the study area. The hydra
tilizes a flexible pipe that is attached
pump. Plain suction head dredges are util
of soft substrate, where high pressure w
employed to loosen the sediment. The
laterial is then taken up through the sue
utterheads can be attached to the suction
.n the loosening of sediment. The cutter
e main functions: (1) excavation, (2) re
id (3) translation of material being dre
- Philadelphia District 1975a) . The typ<
ad employed is dictated by the compositio
e present.
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re are two major types of dredges util
he Delaware River study area: hydraulic
al. The type of dredge employed can ha'*
ant effect on the magnitude of impact of
activity in a given location. Descript
e types, along with their major characte
re presented in the following paragra
[1-10 summarizes the characteristics of
edge types.
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d structures are any struc
a waterway or marsh area util
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shoreline) , piers (perpendic;
>s , boathouses, camps, and m;
The pilings are made of wood,
Construction involves driving
e and then attachment of dec
orted structures consist main
riented wharves designed for
: private piers, camps, and m*
the study area.
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nt navigational obstruction and this
coating the pipeline with cement, us
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water jets also have been used
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there are many types of navigatio
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Dhey can be in the shape of a spar
can be a cluster of closely dri
is are mainly used as private perman
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lenders along wharves for commerc
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:horage areas. Dolphins are made
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t predominately of dredging, dike and bul
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cations have been discussed in a pre
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gure III-3 is a comparison of seasonal
m concentrations for 1980 and 1981 in the
Also indicated on Figure III-3 are the
ds expressed as maximum geometric averagi
oliform bacteria. For the study area thes
* S CO Hi
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e major source of fecal coliform bacterii
ns is municipal effluent. However, Vital
1974) have indicated that most cities co
Lgnificantly to fecal coliform (and ther
y pathogen) numbers through the untreated
of stormwater. In San Francisco Bay,
, they found that after every storm event
.r period, bacterial standards were tempor
d with an average recovery to acceptable 1
nimum of 5 days.
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w diseases or infections are attributab]
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from the digestive tracts of warmbl
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ors of pathogenic organisms present becau
al contamination of water bodies.
m 0.0 ป ST
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previously discussed, low DO concentra
ignificant adverse impacts on aquatic
impacts include a reduction in migratio
ous fish, reduced reproductive success, re
and feeding, lethargy, avoidance, incr
ibility to predation, direct mortality,
y synergistic reactions due to the low DO
ions in combination with toxic substa
organisms are affected similarly by Ic
rations and are often more severely imp
both their lack of mobility to avoid o
iters and the fact that these species in
waters where oxygen levels are usually
DO poor waters in the study area have h
the abundance and diversity of the be
ions except for the few low DO tolerant sp
s sludge worms and midges. This in
ly effects the higher trophic levels
upon these benthic species.
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REFERENCE
USEPA, 1981
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ry (1974) also reported that concentratioi
iron, manganese, and lead were found t
along the Pennsylvania shore than in the c
channel. He reported that Pennsylvania
with the maximum mean concentrations of
iluminum, and lead occurred at the Burl in
Bridge (mile point 117.8) and that the hi
rations of manganese were found at R.M.
teel) and R.M. 87.9 (Paulsboro).
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ry (1974) reported that the highest conce
phenolics occurred at R.M. 101.6 near thi
n Bridge with a concentration of 37 ug/1.
ration greatly exceeds the criteria for
irea (Table 111-19). Data from USEPA St
982) indicate that phenols throughout the
e less than 5 ug/1 except at R.M. 117.8 w
ration of 5.2 ug/1. Also Philadelphia
ent (1982) data for 1980-1982 at Torre
es concentrations in the Delaware River at
.re 1 ug/1 or below. The recent data ind
Lenol concentrations are below PA-DER cri
at R.M. 117.8 and that phenol removal m;
d before using the water in public
s as suggested by USEPA (1976). This poll
re does not have major adverse impacts ii
rea at its present concentrations.
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ere are a large number of other potent
>ollutants found in the study area inclu
pesticides, herbicides, oil and grease,
and organic chemicals. A thorough analys
icentrations of these is beyond the scoj
tudy, however their concentrations may
impacts in the study area.
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hwater flows in the study area are cri
existence of freshwater wetlands,
and aquatic biota. Maintained high
rease the flushing rate of pollutants,
itrations , reduce the concentration of
iware Bay, and are necessary to provide
ve uses of water and the basic condi
for aquatic biota survival. The DRBC
ed 3,000 cfs (cubic feet per second) ai
ow for the Delaware River at Trenton ii
later quality standards. DRBC (1981)
it a minimum of 2,800 cfs flow at Tr
necessary to meet 1980 depletive uses
he 30 -day average maximum chloride leve
at R.M. 98 and 250 mg/1 at R.M. 92.47.
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upstream from the study area which a
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and Northeastern New Jersey are allow
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ate of 1,400 cfs. At the same time a fl
must be maintained at Montague, New J
tely 95 miles upstream from the study
onal withdrawal of 119 cfs from the Del
to occur at Point Pleasant Pennsylvan:
iter to Bucks and Montgomery County (
'his project was begun 'in 1983 and shou
within several years .
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85 cfs is consumed. The major users of
the estimated volumes used are: munic
s; industrial, 221.2 cfs; steam ele
207.3 cfs; irrigation, 396 cfs;
on, 72.8 cfs.
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ughts causing periods of very low flov
>y the lack of precipitation in the De
ainage basin. The most severe drought
have been maintained, occurred betweei
i when the lowest monthly average flow;
for the Delaware River in the study
md the Schuylkill River (1966) . Whe
River has such a low flow, a number of
parameters are affected. Since there i
of wastes, the ratio of BOD to river
s and DO is depressed. Also water tempe
s both from the suns impact and, more
because industries and utilities use an
ore than the total flow of the Delaware
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.tside of the study area they can decrea
of water reaching the study area an
ly detrimental during prolonged dro
[1-24 indicates high, low, and average
ams flowing into the study area. In ge
ributions of tributaries to the Delaware
:he study area including the Schuylkill
r during low flow periods and the major
and dilution of wastes must come
supplies to the Delaware River (DRBC 19
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