903R89005
United States Environmental Protection Agency
CBP/TRS 26/89
April 1989
Bay Barometer Series
April 1987 - March 1989
U.S. Erwiionmental Protection Agency
Region III Information Resource
Center (3PM52)
841 Chestnut Street
Philadelphia, PA 19107
TD
225
.C54
B19
f^~-
Chesapeake
Bay
Program
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THE CHESAPEAKE BAY BAROMETER:
A REPORT ON THE WATER QUALITY AND ENVIRONMENTAL
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
The Chespeake Bay Barometer is a monthly environmental publication of the federal/state
Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP). The Barometer depicts the current water quality of the
Bay in terms of water clarity and dissolved oxygen. Additionally, each Bay Barometer
highlights a different issue or problem concerning the dynamics or history of the Bay and
its surrounding lands.
Initiated by the Monitoring Subcommittee in April 1987 and produced by Computer
Sciences Corporation under contract to the Environmental Protection Agency, the Bay
Barometer is distributed for publication to 1 1 newspapers and one magazine in the Bay
region as well as numerous citizen newsletters. Several high schools and at least one
college use the publication as a source of information for their students. Upon request,
other organizations (including law firms, consultants, government offices, conservation
groups) and private citizens may receive copies of the Barometer free of charge.
Currently, there are over 220 organizations and citizens on the distribution list. Most
recipients are in the Bay region; however, the Barometer is distributed to organizations as
far away as Wisconsin, Illinois, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Maine, Texas and
Washington. Other Estuary Projects have expressed interest in using a similar format for
publications on their own areas.
The Chesapeake Bay Program created the Bay Barometer because no other publication
was providing Bay water quality information to the public in a timely fashion. The
extensive water quality data collected under the auspices of the Monitoring Subcommittee
take months to collect, process, analyze, and publish. Using a subset of these data,
information on the two most basic water quality characteristics of the Bay now reaches
the public through the Barometer only a month after data collection. The graphs of water
clarity and dissolved oxygen are the aquatic equivalent of the well-known air quality
index.
In addition to the water quality indices, the CBP recognized that there are few
scientifically rigorous publications that address issues and problems of the Bay at the
layman level. The Bay Barometer, which is reviewed by members of the Bay's scientific
community prior to publication, provides up-to-date written and visual information on the
Bay at a level the majority of people living in the Bay region can easily understand.
This technical report compiles the first 24 issues of the Bay Barometer. The graphs of
dissolved oxygen and water clarity in the Bay provide a look back through time at the
seasonal changes in these two variables. The environmental highlights offer a brief view
of the character of the Chesapeake Bay as well as the problems which plague it. We will
address other issues in the future and from time to time take a new look at old problems.
If you would like to be on the Bay Barometer mailing list or know of a newspaper,
magazine or newsletter that would like to publish the Barometer, contact:
Nina Fisher
Computer Sciences Corporation
U.S. Envi»tal Protection Agenc, Qesapeate Bay Program - Suite 1 12
Ream,*
(301)266-6873
Philadelphia, PA 19107
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JANUARY 1989 - MARCH 1989
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T: THE OSPREY |
ffi
| JULY HIGHLIG]
aerial dive, crashing into the water and grasping the fish in its talons. Although
the osprey may be completely submerged by. its dive, it quickly regains flight,
pausing a moment to shake the water from its oily body. The fish is usually
carried back to the nest; it is not uncommon for the bird to display its food to
other ospreys in the area on its way to the nest.
In the Chesapeake Bay, menhaden are the primary source of nourishment for
the osprey. Large schools of these fish make their way up the Bay in spring.
The distribution of the menhaden is not homogeneous throughout the Bay and
while some areas may have abundant supplies of older, larger fish, others may
be impoverished. Ospreys in the food-rich area tend to have more surviving
young due to less starvation. The age of the fish in the schools is also impor-
tant, with 2-year old menhaden providing much more food per fish than the 1-
year olds.
The Barometer map shows estimated numbers of nesting osprey pairs in
summer 1987 in selected areas. The actual number of ospreys around the Bay is
much higher as these numbers represent only major groupings: there are many
smaller groupings as well as numerous non-nesting birds. The numbers do not
indicate whether the young will survive. Dr. Paul Spitzer of the University of
Maryland's Horn Point Biological Lab, studying ospreys on the Eastern Shore,
thinks that the success rate of nests in Maryland's Broad Creek area will be the
best of the past five years. In the Mobjack Bay area on the lower western shore,
however, Dr. Mitchell Byrd of the College of William and Mary has found
development of abnormal young and high rates of nestling mortality. He is
investigating contamination by toxics as a possible cause. Alarmingly, the
The osprey: at once, a symbol of the plight of the Chesapeake Bay and the
potential for its recovery. In the 1960s, osprey numbers decreased dramatically
as a result of the widespread application of persistent pesticides such as DDT
which caused thinning of eggshells resulting in lowered hatch rates. With the
U.S. ban on DDT use in 1972, along with a reversal of the Coast Guard's
policy of dismantling osprey nests on channel markers, osprey numbers began
to rebound. Now, ospreys are a common sight, and it is estimated that well
over 1500 pairs currently nest throughout the Bay area.
The osprey is a large bird with a body 2 feet in length and a wingspread of 5
feet. Its back and long, arched wings are brown with white plumage covering
its chest and upper legs. The characteristic crook in its wings, wrist patches
and dark bands on the underside of the tail identify an osprey in flight. Its
distinctive shrill cry wards invaders away from its nest.
As the weather warms, ospreys migrate as far north as Alaska and Canada for
the summer breeding period after wintering in Central or South America. The
osprey makes its seasonal appearance in the Bay in March. It often returns to
the river of its birth, re-establishes the bond with its mate, and together they
begin the task of creating or rebuilding a nest. The nests are bulky affairs
composed of carefully interwoven branches. They are unconcealed and situated
high in trees, on channel markers, duck blinds, and specially constructed
nesting platforms: in short, the osprey will locate a nest near or on the water
where a suitable base is available and predators (such as racoons) are
uncommon.
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The osprey has become a visible symbol of the Bay's ability to recover. The
Chesapeake Bay has indeed regained its status as the "osprey garden."
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