903R92009
CBP/TRS 71/92
March 1992
Chesapeake Bay Citizen
Monitoring Program Report
Conestoga River
(October 1986 - June 1990)
Agency
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225
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1992
Printed on recycled paper
Program
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Chesapeake Bay
Citizen Monitoring Program Report
Conestoga River
(October 1986 - June 1990)
March 1992
1 n ejection Agency
.-, 1S107
Funded by EPA grants X003295-01, X-003351-01-0,
X-0035-02-0, X-00351-03-0, X-003455-01-1,
X-003455-02-01 and X-003455-03-0
Printed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program
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This study was funded by grants X-32395-01, X-003351-01-0, X-
003351-02-0, X-003351-03-0,X-003455-01-1, X-003455-02-1, X-003455-
03-0 from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and by a
contract with the Maryland Department of Natural Resources, #CB89-
01-023. The authors would like to acknowledge the assistance of
many people who have helped make the Chesapeake Bay Citizen
Monitoring Project on the Conestoga River a success. We
particularly commend the citizens who have volunteered their time
to collect the data presented in this report.
Cynthia A. Dunn and Gayla Campbell, Alliance for the
Chesapeake Bay, have made significant contributions to the success
of this project. Ms. Dunn recruited most of the original
volunteers and helped to plan and implement the quality control
sessions. Ms. Campbell helped with general management of the
project in 1989-90 and helped put together the site descriptions.
Linda Clews, Alliance Intern in 1986-87 contributed to the original
implementation of the project.
Mr. Samuel C. Wenger, Manheim Central High School, provided
invaluable historical perspectives and copies of the reports of the
data collected by Lancaster County students in the mid- 1970's.
Mr. Stephen J. Cummings, President of the Conestoga Valley
Association was particularly helpful during the planning and
recruiting phase of the project. Volunteer Monitors, Donna Bucher,
Bill Ebel, and Marylin Ebel have given many hours of project
coordinating time in addition to their diligent sampling. Ms. Ebel
currently serves as the Volunteer Project Coordinator.
U.S. Geological Survey, Harrisburg, PA personnel have donated
time and much needed advice on all aspects of this project. We
wish to thank Jerry Hollowell, Susquehanna River Basin Commission
for his support and for the use of their nitrate data. USEPA
Central Regional Laboratory personnel through their interest,
advice and time, made a unique contribution to the credibility of
this data. The assistance of the Potomac Edison Electric Company's
Chalk Point Monitoring Laboratory and staff in determining the
comparability of turbidity results is appreciated.
ENDORSEMENT
The Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Subcommittee has
reviewed the assumptions and methods of data analysis used in this
report and finds them appropriate for analysis conducted. The
findings of this report are consistent with and supported by the
analytical techniques employed.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
SUMMARY 1
INTRODUCTION 3
PURPOSE OF PROGRAM AND REPORT 4
BACKGROUND ON CONESTOGA WATERSHED 5
PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION 7
CONCLUSIONS 15
REFERENCES 17
DATA SUMMARY AND LISTING 19
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SUMMARY
The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Inc. (ACB) began a pilot
water quality testing project using volunteers in July 1985 as one
of the activities funded under its Chesapeake Bay Program public
participation grant from USEPA. This initial project was carried
out in the tidal portions of the James River in Virginia and the
Patuxent River in Maryland. Volunteers were recruited and trained
to test water quality in the Conestoga River in Pennsylvania in
October 1986.
The major objective of the Conestoga River Citizen Monitoring
Project is to track concentration of nitrate in the ambient waters
of the Conestoga River with the intent of answering the questions:
I) Has the level of nitrate in the river changed over time? and 2)
Is there a downward trend in observed nitrate?
Four water quality parameters are measured weekly at seven
sites located on the banks of the Conestoga River between
Brownstown and Safe Harbor: water and air temperature, dissolved
oxygen, nitrate + nitrite (N023), and turbidity. Monitors report
weekly accumulated rainfall if they have a sufficiently clear space
to install a rain gage near the site. In addition, monitors record
weather and general ecological observations about the site. Data
Collection Forms are sent to the Coordinator and the data are
stored on-line at the Chesapeake Bay Computer Center in Annapolis,
MD.
This report summarizes the water quality data collected by the
Conestoga River volunteer monitors with particular emphasis on the
concentration of nitrate. Although nitrate values appear to be
somewhat higher in the winter, there is not a consistent seasonal
pattern in the nitrate data for all stations or all years.
The nitrate concentrations measured by the Susquehanna River
Basin Commission (SRBC) during high flow periods at a site near
Conestoga, Pennsylvania were compared with results obtained by
volunteers at nearby sites during the same period. The citizen's
data and the SRBC guage data were averaged by week and then matched
in pairs. There were 37 weeks of data for the SRBC station and
citizen station 10; 19 weeks of data for SRBC and station 11; and
21 weeks that the SRBC station and citizen stations 10 and 11 both
had data. While the nitrate levels for sites 10 and 11 were highly
correlated, there was a relatively small correlation between either
site 10 or site 11 and the SRBC guage.
Lastly we compared seasonal means of nitrate concentrations in
the river measured by high school students in 1975-76 with those
measured by the Chesapeake Bay Citizen Monitoring Program (CBCMP)
in 1987-90. No change in nitrate mean concentration for the fall
sampling period is apparent. However, the nitrate concentrations
in the spring appear to have increased since 1976. This would be
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expected since animal numbers in Lancaster County have increased
during this period of time, while crop land acreage on which to
apply manure has decreased.
There appears to be a slight relationship between rainfall and
nitrate for the citizen monitoring data. The relationship was not
a strong one but it was consistent. There seems to a be a positive
relationship between turbidity and rainfall. Although it varied by
site, an increase in daily rainfall was associated with increased
turbidity values and vice versa.
Low dissolved oxygen (DO) was not observed at any of the
citizen monitoring sites. The DO remained at or above 5 milligrams
per liter (mg/1) at nearly all times.
The following recommendations are offered concerning the
direction and continuation of this project:
1. Discontinue the weekly determination of dissolved oxygen.
2. Emphasize the importance of consistency in data collection
so that fewer gaps in the data record occur. This will
greatly enhance the statistical power of the data to determine
trends.
3. Place more emphasis on carrying out the quality assurance
of the testing procedures paying particular attention to the
nitrate and turbidity kit reagents.
4. Obtain funding to document the field observations with
analyses by certified laboratories.
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INTRODUCTION
The Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Inc. (ACB) began a pilot
water quality testing project using volunteers in July 1985 as one
of the activities funded under its Chesapeake Bay Program public
participation grant from USEPA. This initial project was carried
out in the tidal portions of the James River in Virginia and the
Patuxent River Maryland. Volunteers were recruited and trained to
test water quality in the Conestoga River in Pennsylvania in
October 1986. The Chesapeake Bay Citizen Monitoring Program
(CBCMP) currently has volunteers monitoring in 14 watersheds in the
Chesapeake Bay drainage basin.
The establishment of such a program was suggested in
"Volunteer Monitoring Program, Chesapeake Bay: A Framework for
Action, Appendix F, Attachment 5" (USEPA 1983). In response to a
request from the Chesapeake Bay Program Monitoring Subcommittee,
ACB established an ad hoc committee to analyze and report on the
desirability and feasibility of citizen monitoring efforts and to
provide specific recommendations. The committee's proposal was
presented to and accepted by the Chesapeake Bay Program
Implementation Committee in February 1985 (CPB 1987a). A report on
the Chesapeake Bay Citizen Monitoring Program and analysis of data
collected on the James and Patuxent Rivers, July 1985 to October
1988 was published in 1989 (Ellett, et al. 1989).
Data collected by volunteers augments information gathered in
the Chesapeake Bay Monitoring Program begun in 1984. This program
collects data at over 165 stations Bay-wide. The Monitoring
Program's major objectives are to determine long-term trends and
the driving forces behind them, and to establish the link between
water quality and the health of the Bay's living resources. The
monitoring program should help to distinguish the effects on the
Bay from natural events (e.g., flows and salinities) and from man-
induced pollutants (such as excessive nutrients) (CBP 1987b) . It is
well documented that several years are necessary to separate trends
from natural variability in complex ecological systems like the
Chesapeake Bay. This program is making monitoring information
widely available so that it can be used to help managers make
decisions about the Bay's future.
Volunteer monitoring that delivers data of known quality can
augment the Baywide program and help to determine seasonal and
temporal changes in Bay waters and to evaluate the water quality
status of selected tributaries. Specifically, volunteers can
contribute by:
o providing long-term water quality data in areas which are
not routinely monitored (e.g. nearshore habitats, small tidal
creeks);
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o providing more frequent sampling to yield time-series data
with the large number of points required to establish response
and lag times in changes;
o capturing data on short-lived phenomena of interest (e.g.
storms);
o providing observational information on weather, living
resources, and site conditions, and
o answering short-term research questions.
A well-coordinated, long-term volunteer monitoring program can
also promote active stewardship of natural resources by local
residents; provide an early warning of problems in stormwater
management, sediment control, and sewage contamination; and further
educate the general public and concerned public officials regarding
the Bay.
USEPA believes citizen monitoring programs can help fill data
gaps and has promoted and supported this concept by:
o sponsoring two national workshops on volunteer monitoring;
(USEPA 1988 and USEPA 1990b)
o publishing a directory of volunteer monitoring organizations
(USEPA 1990a);
o sponsoring the publication of a national volunteer
monitoring newsletter;
o producing a volunteer water quality monitoring guide for
state managers (USEPA 1990c); and
o conducting on-site training for volunteers participating in
new monitoring programs in near coastal waters.
PURPOSE OF PROGRAM AND REPORT
The main objective of the Conestoga River Citizen Monitoring
Project is to track concentration of nitrate nitrogen in the
Conestoga River. We hope to answer questions such as:
o Has the level of nitrate in the river changed over the
sampling period?
o Is there a downward trend in observed nitrate?
o Is there any relationship between the recorded rainfall and
nitrate values?
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This report summarizes the water quality data collected by the
Conestoga River volunteer monitors with particular emphasis on the
concentration of nitrate. We also compared nitrate concentrations
measured by the Susquehanna River Basin Commission during high flow
periods at a site near Conestoga, Pennsylvania (about 2.6 miles
upstream from the mouth of the river) with results obtained by
volunteers at nearby sites during the same period. Lastly, we have
compared seasonal means of nitrate-N concentrations in the river
measured by high school students in 1975-76 with those measured by
CBCMP in 1987-90.
BACKGROUND ON CONESTOGA WATERSHED
The Conestoga River drains 477 square miles of Lancaster,
Lebanon, and Berks counties from its source near Elverson, Pa., to
its confluence with the Susquehanna River 60 miles west. In
colonial times, the Conestoga River was a clear, pristine river
abounding with a variety of organisms such as sponges, mollusks,
insect larvae, amphibians, reptiles, and fish of different species.
It was relatively pure and clear with minimal erodible material in
its waters even during occasional heavy rains. By the mid-1970's,
however, the Conestoga was plagued by pollutants from municipal
sewage treatment effluent, industrial waste, feed lot seepage, and
agricultural runoff (CVA 1976).
It was the apparent degraded condition of the Conestoga River
that prompted the organization of the Conestoga Valley Association
in 1956. The purpose of this organization was to improve the
environment and water quality of the Conestoga River basin by
eliminating stream pollution and reducing soil erosion.
Recognizing that the completion of such a task cannot be
accomplished without substantial data, observations and other
information, the Association took action in 1973 to engage junior
and senior high school faculty of Lancaster County schools in an
educational program for students concerning possible solutions to
water quality problems in the waters of the Conestoga River and its
feeder streams.
Actual monitoring of water samples began during the fall of
the 1973-74 school year with five schools participating. A report
of data collected on the Conestoga mainstem by students during
October through December in 1975 and March through April in 1976
was published by the Conestoga Valley Association in 1976 (CVA
1976) .
Most of the Conestoga River watershed is in Lancaster County
which has seen an increase in population of 50% since 1950.
Approximately two-thirds of the County is classified as
agricultural land with only 15 percent urban , residential, or
commercial. Farmers have grown corn, tobacco, and other crops here
since the early 1700's. In recent times, dairy and poultry farms
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have become a common feature. Between 1970 and 1980, the number of
livestock in Lancaster County increased by 260,000. By 1984,
livestock and poultry accounted for nearly two-thirds of all
agricultural production. In fact, Lancaster County now has more
dairy cows per acre than any other locale in the United States
(Alliance 1987; PA DER 1980; PA DER 1989).
Nitrogen is essential for plant growth, but the presence of
excessive amounts in water supplies presents a major pollution
problem. Nitrogen compounds may enter as nitrates or be converted
to nitrates from agricultural fertilizers, sewage, industrial and
packing house wastes, drainage from livestock feeding areas, farm
manures and legumes. Nitrates in large amounts can cause "blue
babies syndrome" (methemoglobinemia) in infants less than six
months of age (Fishel and Leitman 1986) . It is an important factor
to be considered in livestock production, where, in addition to
causing methemoglobinemia, it is responsible for many other
symptoms arising from the presence of high levels of nitrates in
water supplies. Nitrates in conjunction with phosphate stimulate
the growth of algae with all of the related difficulties associated
with excessive algae. (LaMotte)
In 1981, The U.S. Geological Survey and the Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Resources began evaluating stream and
ground water quality in the headwaters of the Conestoga. This study
is part of the nationwide Rural Clean Water Program designed to
promote and monitor the effects of agricultural management
practices on water quality. Data collected early in this project
indicate that high concentrations and large nonpoint source
discharges of nitrate occur in the Conestoga (Gerhart 1986 and
Fishel & Lietman 1986).
Comprehensive monitoring tests in the headwaters region have
also shown that more than 40 percent of private well water supplies
tested in 1986 have levels of nitrate in excess of the EPA standard
of 10 milligrams per liter (mg/1). These high concentrations are
closely associated with agricultural practices and geology.
Transport of nitrate through ground water in areas underlain by
carbonate rocks is rapid; therefore, proper management of soluble
nutrients is especially important in these areas (Gerhart 1986).
It is important to continue monitoring to determine the
effectiveness of these practices. Such information will help in
making proper management decisions that will protect agricultural
land, local water supplies, the Conestoga River, Susquehanna River,
and ultimately the Chesapeake Bay (Fishel & Lietman 1986; Gerhart
1986; USDA 1987).
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PROJECT ORGANIZATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
Administration
Representatives of several Pennsylvania agencies formed a
consensus planning group that provided guidance to the Alliance
while organizing the Conestoga Citizen Monitoring Project.
Individuals from the Susquehanna River Basin Commission, US
Geological Survey, PA Department of Environmental Resources Bureaus
of Water Quality Management, Soil and Water Conservation and State
Parks, PA Chesapeake Bay Education Office, and Pennsylvania State
University were present at the planning meeting that was held in
June of 1986.
The Conestoga Valley Association and the Chesapeake Bay
Foundation were helpful in locating individuals interested in
becoming volunteer monitors. A newspaper article and word-of-mouth
helped recruit enough people for ten sites between Hinkeltown and
Safe Harbor. The recruits were asked to commit to taking weekly
samples for at least one year and possibly longer. Sufficient data
to be included in this report has been collected from seven of the
ten sites. Six sites are currently being monitored.
Only one of the sites is monitored by volunteers who live
along the waterway, with the rest having to drive or walk to the
site each week. Monitoring sites were selected based on
convenience for the available volunteers as long as sites were
spaced out along the length of the river.
Previous experience with volunteer monitoring programs has
established that a successful program needs to have clearly
established data quality objectives (DQO's) identified at the
outset of the data collection effort. A Quality Assurance Project
Plan (QAPjP) was prepared and accepted by the Chesapeake Bay
Program Quality Assurance Officer (QAO) (USEPA 1986) . The initial
testing of methods for use in the CBCMP was conducted at the EPA
Central Regional Laboratory, Annapolis, MD under the supervision of
the CBP QAO and various other chemists and technicians.
Instruments and methods used were chosen based on simplicity of
use, cost, and accuracy. Every possible effort has been made to
use methods that are comparable to those employed by the CBP
Monitoring Program. Where methods are necessarily different,
methods comparison tests have been performed and degree of
comparability has been determined. The units reported are the same
as those in the CBP Monitoring Program.
The standard deviations (SD) for the values are reported in
Table 1. The precision reported in Table 1 is the range of values
expected from the volunteers versus a value determined by the
coordinator on the same sample. Accuracy is the range of values
expected from the field analysis versus a value determined
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by a qualified water-quality laboratory using a standard analytical
method.
The volunteers initially attend a 3-hour training session.
These sessions include the viewing of an introductory slide show
followed by a demonstration and carrying out of the test
procedures. Volunteers unable to attend a session are trained by
the coordinator individually. Each volunteer undergoes a quality
control check each year during which all volunteers test the same
water with their equipment in the way they do it at home and
results are compared to those of the coordinator. Their results
then provide a measure of how well they perform as a group or how
precisely they measure the characteristics and constituents
required.
Volunteer monitors are asked to collect data and samples once
a week year round a potential of 52 observations per site per
year. However, it is assumed that some weeks will be missed for
vacations, illness, and severe weather (i.e. wind, flooding, ice).
Therefore, 48 observations per year are considered to constitute a
complete data set for a given site.
Four water quality parameters are measured weekly at each
site: water (and air) temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), nitrate
+ nitrite (N023), and turbidity. Monitors report weekly
accumulated rainfall if they have a sufficiently clear space to
install a rain gage near the site. Rain gages are not installed at
sites that are not on private property because they might be
vandalized or tampered with.
The thermometers, DO titration, turbidity, and N03-N kits are
manufactured by LaMotte Chemical Products, Inc., Chestertown, MD.
Each volunteer monitor is supplied with a Citizen Monitoring Manual
which was prepared specially for this program (ACB 1986) . The
Manual gives step by step instructions for all sampling and
analysis procedures as well as brief background material on what
the test results mean.
In addition, information on weather and general observations
about the site (live or dead organisms, debris, oil slicks, ice,
odor, water color, anything unusual) is recorded on a Data
Collection Form (see Figure 1) and sent to the project coordinator.
Data are entered into a computer file stored in the Chesapeake Bay
Program Computer Data Base. SAS software is used to generate plots
and graphics of the various parameters versus time.
Surface water samples were obtained in a bucket from the
water's edge. Armored thermometers reading from -5.0° to +45.0° C
were used to determine air and water temperature. They were
calibrated with precision thermometers which had been calibrated
with NBS certified thermometers.
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10
The test for dissolved oxygen is made using a water analysis
kit which employs a modified Winkler method. We have determined
the bias in DO values to be -\+ 0.3 mg/1. Monitors titrate two
samples at each sampling time. If the difference between the first
two is greater than 0.6 mg/1, they do a third titration. The
average of the two closer values is recorded. If values differing
by more than 0.9 mg/1 are reported with no third test done, the
results are not entered in the file. Less than 25 (of over 4000
observations) DO measurements have been determined to be above the
upper control limit of 0.9 mg/1 difference.
The LaMotte nitrate + nitrite testing kit uses powdered
cadmium to reduce nitrate to nitrite. The nitrite that is
originally present plus reduced nitrate is determined by
diazotizing sulfanilamide and coupling with N-(naphthyl)-
ethylenediamine dihydrochloride to form a highly colored azo dye
which is measured colorimetrically using a color comparator. The
range of 0.25 to 10.0 ppm can be extended by dilution with de-
ionized water. Protocol requires that a diluted sample be run
whenever the first sample shows a concentration of 10.0 ppm.
In the winter of 1988-89 unusually low concentrations of
nitrate led a volunteer to question the test procedure. The
volunteer was issued new chemical reagents and a comparison with
results using old reagents indicated that the old reagents produced
significantly lower values. LaMotte subsequently determined that
the cadmium reducing reagent is very sensitive to humidity. This
reagent is now packaged in a bottle with a desiccant and the
monitors are cautioned to store the reagent in a dry place and to
avoid getting moisture in the container. All volunteers were
issued new reagents shortly thereafter with instructions to begin
using them. Nitrate concentrations lower than expected were
reported at Eden, Rockhill Dam, and Grofftown Road between October
1988 and March 1989. Concentrations at Safe Harbor drop in October
1988 and remain low until September 1989. The results are,
therefore, compromised making it difficult to draw strong
conclusions about the possible changes in nitrate concentrations in
the river.
Turbidity was estimated by a visual method in Jackson
Turbidity Units. The LaMotte turbidity kit uses a drop count of
standardized turbidity solution (Fuller's earth) over two ranges;
5-100 JTU in 5 JTU increments, 10-200 JTU in 10 JTU increments.
LaMotte calibrates the reagent with a Jackson Candle Turbidimeter.
Measured drops of the reagent are added to tap water in a test tube
with a black dot at the bottom until the appearance of the dot
matches that of a tube containing a sample of the river water to be
tested.
We attempted to install river height gages in order to
estimate flow and volume of water in the river at the time of
sampling. US Geological Survey donated staff gaging materials and
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11
personnel to install staff gages at the sites. USGS personnel then
trained Alliance staff and volunteers in measuring river profiles
at the monitoring sites. A subsequent flood washed out most of the
gages. River stage was recorded at the sites with gages for
several months. USGS personnel used this data to determine
discharge at time of sampling by the volunteer.
The error in estimating discharge at the sites without having
stream profiles at varying river stages, as well as more accurately
determined profiles, was approximately 20%. This level of
precision could probably be attained by developing an estimated
constant factor for flow and volume at a volunteer site for any
given time based on a proration of watershed area above the
volunteer site with the watershed area above either of two USGS
gaging stations in operation on the Conestoga. This may be done in
the future if the quality of the nitrate concentration data is
deemed sufficiently high to allow loading estimates to be
determined.
RESULTS
The major objective of this project is to track the
concentration of nitrate in the ambient waters of the Conestoga
River with the intent of answering the questions, "Has the level of
nitrate in the river changed over time? and Is there a downward
trend in observed nitrate?"
Figure 1 shows the location of the citizen monitoring sites,
Lancaster Co. School sites, the location of the US Geological
Survey and Susquehanna River Basin Commission (SRBC) gaging and
sampling station, and the location of two sewage treatment plants
(STP) . The upper plant was closed in 1988 and waste water from
Lancaster is now treated at the South Lancaster STP which opened in
May 1988 and has the capability of removing nutrients from the
effluent.
Nutrient monitoring of the Conestoga River by SRBC has
indicated no change in the nitrogen loading for the period 1985-
1989, but shows a slight decrease in the phosphorus load for 1988
and a significant decrease for 1989. This decrease is attributed
largely to the decreased phosphorus concentration in the Lancaster
STP effluent. The STP effluent monitoring data show a significant
decrease in ammonia concentration but the nitrate-nitrogen
concentration has concurrently increased. This is most likely due
to the oxidation of ammonia to nitrate nitrogen (Ott, 1990).
Although nitrate values reported by the Conestoga volunteer
monitors appear to be somewhat higher in the winter, there is not
a consistent seasonal pattern in the nitrate data for all stations
or all years. Visual inspection of the monthly average nitrate
data indicated that some stations might exhibit a downward trend in
-------
12
Figure 1.
CONESTOGA RIVER WATER QUALITY
MONITORING STATIONS
BROWNSTOWN
Little Conestoga Creek
GROFFTOVvN
OLD LANCASTER
SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT
NEW LANCASTER
SEWAGE TREATMENT
PLANT
LANCASTER SOUTH
ROCKHILL DAM
USGS GAGE
Mill Creek
C i t i z e n Mo n i t o r ing
S t a t ions
Student Monitoring
Sta t ions
Sewage Treatment
Plant
US Geological Survey
Gaging Stat ion
SAFE HARBOR
Confluence of Conestoga and Susquehanna Rivers
-------
13
nitrate over the period of record. A Seasonal Kendall
nonparametric test for trend was applied to each site and, in fact,
the observed trend at stations 8 and 10 was statistically
significant (p<.05). It must be emphasized that the period of
record is still too short and uneven to place much confidence in
our ability to measure trends. Since accurate flow measurements
were not available at each site, it was not possible to apply a
flow-adjusted Seasonal Kendall test. In addition, the measurement
problems in the nitrate data which were discussed earlier preclude
making inferences about these numbers. In future years when
adequate data are available, we should be able to determine if
nitrate levels are in fact decreasing. With the additional data,
a time series analysis which accounts for the serial correlation
should be applied.
There does appear to be a slight relationship between rainfall
and nitrate for the citizen monitoring data. Since these are
weekly time series data, some serial correlation is expected.
Therefore, an accurate significance test for the correlation
coefficient cannot be readily obtained. However, for all sites, an
increase in daily rainfall was associated with lowered nitrate
values and vice versa. The relationship was not a strong one
(Spearman rank order correlation approximately -0.20) but it was
consistent. We cannot conclude that increases in rainfall cause
reduction in nitrate concentrations without a more sophisticated
analysis, since other factors could be influencing this apparent
association. However, this correlation demonstrates the importance
of also examining rainfall patterns when testing for trends in
nitrate. It should be noted that even though nitrate
concentrations appear to be decreasing with increased rainfall, ,
the nitrate load may actually be increasing due to the increase in
streamflow.
Rainfall and turbidity values were also examined
simultaniously. As one would expect, there does seem to be a
positive relationship between turbidity and rainfall. Although it
varied by site, an increase in daily rainfall was associated with
increased turbidity values and vice versa. Across all sites the
Spearman rank order correlation was approximately .39 indicating a
moderate relationship.
The nitrate concentrations measured by the Susquehanna River
Basin Commission during high flow periods were compared to the
concentrations reported by the volunteers. The citizen's data and
the SRBC gauge data were averaged by week and then matched. There
were 37 weeks of data for the SRBC and station 10, and 19 weeks of
data for SRBC and station 11, and 21 weeks that station 10 and 11
both had data. While the nitrate levels for sites 10 and 11 were
highly correlated (Spearman rank order correlation, r=.75) there
was a relatively small correlation between either site 10 or site
11 and the SRBC gauge (r = .18 and r = .20 respectively).
-------
14
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-------
15
Figure 2 shows the comparison of seasonal means between
nitrite + nitrate concentrations measured by students involved in
the Conestoga Valley Association's Conestoga River Monitoring
Program and those measured by CBCMP volunteers. The student data
are from October-December 1975 and March-May 1976 (CVA 1976) . Hach
colorimeters were used to measure nitrate. The CBCMP data were
averaged by year for October through December 1987-89 and April
through June 1987 through 1990. For the comparison, four student
sites were chosen that were fairly close to CBCMP sites (see Fig.
1) . Although the measurements were taken by different methods, one
would not expect systematic differences to be observed.
No change in nitrate mean concentration for the fall sampling
period is apparent from the graph. However, the nitrate
concentrations in the spring appear to have increased since 1976.
This would be expected since animal numbers in Lancaster County
have increased dramatically during this period of time, while crop
land acreage on which to apply manure has decreased. Between 1960
and 1985, the number of dairy cows almost doubled, the number of
broilers increased almost six times, layers almost three times and
hogs over six times. In the same period of time, the number of
farms shrank from 7,210 to 5,210 (USDA 1985).
CONCLUSIONS
It is unclear whether the data collected by this project will
provide documentation of a significant change in the concentration
of nitrate-N in the surface waters of the Conestoga River. Because
of the relative insensitivity of the nitrate kit, the change in
concentration will have to be rather dramatic to show a down-trend.
If the group of citizens currently participating in the
volunteer monitoring project are able to continue sampling for
several more years and if many more nutrient management programs
are put in place on adjacent lands, one could hope to detect a
decrease in nitrate concentration in the river waters barring any
increases in contributions from STP's or the atmosphere.
Unfortunately, the increase in nutrient management programs may not
necessarily bring about a decrease in N023 concentration in the
river waters. The quality control procedures must be rigidly
adhered to and the collection of samples must be highly consistent,
with no lengthy data gaps, in order to detect a downward trend in
nitrate.
The problems encountered in measuring turbidity are similar to
those in measuring nitrate—the sensitivity of the method requires
dramatic changes in order to document a significant trend. Again,
quality control of the reagent has caused some doubt about the
validity of the quantities reported.
-------
16
Low dissolved oxygen (DO) was not observed at any of the
citizen monitoring sites. The DO remained at or above 5 milligrams
per liter (mg/1) at nearly all times. Only one site, Lancaster
South, reported DO below 5 on two occasions and then it was only
slightly lower.
In light of the above conclusions, the following
recommendations should be considered concerning the direction and
continuation of this project:
1. Discontinue the weekly determination of dissolved oxygen.
2. Emphasize the importance of consistency in data collection
so that fewer gaps in the data record occur. This will
greatly enhance the statistical power of the data to determine
trends.
3. Place more emphasis on carrying out the quality assurance
of the testing procedures paying particular attention to the
nitrate and turbidity kit reagents.
4. Obtain funding to document the field observations with
analyses by certified laboratories.
The majority of the volunteers have done a very credible job
of sampling and providing data on the state of their river's water
quality. They have and are providing the only water quality data
along the Conestoga River's course. The data being collected by
this group of dedicated citizens will be a very valuable record of
the efficacy of the efforts undertaken by the Commonwealth of
Pennsylvania and its citizens to restore and protect the waters of
the Conestoga and Susquehanna Rivers as well as the Chesapeake Bay.
-------
17
REFERENCES
Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Inc.(ACB). 1986. Citizen
Monitoring Manual. Baltimore, MD.
Alliance for the Chesapeake Bay, Inc.(ACB). 1987. The Conestoga
River, a fact sheet. Baltimore, MD.
Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP). 1987a. Implementation Committee
Resolution. Passed June, 1987. Annapolis, MD.
Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP). 1987b. The State of the Chesapeake
Bay, Second Annual Monitoring Report, 1984-85. Annapolis, MD.
26 pages.
Conestoga Valley Association. 1976. Conestoqa River Monitoring
Program Report. Lancaster, PA. 86 pages.
Ellett, Kathleen K., Susan Brunenmeister and Ricky H. Price.
Chesapeake Bay Citizen Monitoring Program Report. July 1985-
October 1988. USEPA CBP/TRS 27/89, June 1989.
Fishel, David K. and Patricia L. Lietman. 1986. "Occurrence of
Nitrate and Herbicides in Ground Water in the Upper Conestoga
River Basin, Pennsylvania." U.S. Geological Survey, Water-
Resources Investigations Report 85-4202. Harrisburg, PA.
Gerhart, James M. 1986. "Ground-Water Recharge and Its Effects on
Nitrate Concentration Beneath a Manured Field Site in
Pennsylvania." Ground Water. Vol. 24, No. 4. pp 483-489.
LaMotte Company. Laboratory Manual for Marine Science Studies.
Code 1587. Chestertown, MD.
Ott, Arthur N. 1990. Nutrient Loading Status of the Conestoga
River Basin, 1985-1989. Susquehanna River Basin Commission.
Pub. No. 133. September 1990. Harrisburg, PA. 11 pages.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER). 1980.
State Water Plan, Subbasin 7, Lower Susguehanna River. Office
of Resources Management. February 1980. Harrisburg, PA.
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER). 1989.
Pennsylvania Gazatteer of Streams. State Water Plan Division
in cooperation with U.S. Geological Survey. DER #456.
November 1989. Harrisburg, PA.
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). 1985 National Agricultural
Statistics Service.
-------
U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA) . 1987 Annual Progress Report.
Conestoga Headwaters: PN19 Rural Clean Water Program.
Harrisburg, PA.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1983. Chesapeake
Bay: A Framework for Action. Appendices. Chesapeake Bay
Program, Region 3, Philadelphia, PA. 554 pages.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1986. Quality
Assurance Project Plan (QAP-jP) for the Chesapeake Bay Citizen
Monitoring Program. USEPA QAMS 1980 Document. USEPA Region 3,
Chesapeake Bay Program. Annapolis, MD.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1988. Citizen
Volunteers in Environmental Monitoring: Summary Proceedings of
a National Workshop. Washington, D.C.: Office of Water and
the University of Rhode Island. EPA 503/9-89-001. September
1988.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990a. National
Directory of Citizen Volunteer Environmental Monitoring
Programs. Third Edition. Washington, D.C.: Office of Water
and the University of Rhode Island. EPA 503/9-90-004. April
1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990b. Citizen
Volunteers in Environmental Monitoring: Summary Proceedings of
the 2nd National Workshop. Washington, D.C.: Office of Water
and the University of Rhode Island. EPA 503/9-90-009. August
1990.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA). 1990c. Volunteer
Water Monitoring: A Guide for State Managers. Washington,
D.C.: Office of Water. EPA 440/4-90-010. August 1990.
-------
19
DATA SUMMARY AND LISTING
The following section presents a site by site data summary of
all verified data on the Conestoga river in the Citizen Monitoring
Program Data File through June 1990. The sites are in order
progressing down the river. They are identified by name and number
followed by the location and a description of the site as well as
the dates that data were collected at the site. This information
is followed by plots of each parameter value versus date of
collection.
The last section presents a site by site listing of all
verified data in order site by site. The date, time of sampling
(24 hour clock) and site name is followed by the measured values
for the following parameters:
Air temperature - in degrees centigrade
Water temperature - in degrees centigrade
Turbidity - in Jackson Candle Units (JTU)
Dissolved oxygen - in milligrams per liter (mg/1)
Rain - weekly accumulation in millimeters (mm)
Nitrate nitrogen - in milligrams per liter (mg/1)
-------
BROWNSTOWN #3
Monitor: Donna Bucher
20
Location: 40 07 14 76 12 50 Brownstown is located 48.00 km from the mouth of the Conestoga
River.
Sampling Site: Grab sample taken from the east riverbank in West Earl Community Park 200 yards .
upstream of road crossing.
Data Collection Dates: October 1986 to November 1989, January 1990 to February 1990, May 1990.
u
C/5
Id
W
a
o
5
40 -
30 -
20 '
10 '
BROWNSTOWN
o
WATER TEMP
,O«D
03
00«d
^O
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
T T 1 r T T r
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
20 -
15 -
£HM
5 -
ft
O DISSOLVED OXYGEN
I • ) ' I < I • { • I • I • I
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
BROWNSTOWN
21
100 -
™ 80 -
Qfi
I 60 ^
s
g 4o:
S 20 -
RAINFALL
***
***•**» *
*
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
198S
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
15 -I
o
NITRATE
o o
o -
"
5 -
Al
19
0^^> <|J fljft
°O O OOO3
O O CO o OO
0 ° 0
0 00^
JG FEB AUG
86 1987 1987
O
O
000
000
O 03
-A-, O 4
,O oOoSoTrfkO
0 0
FEB AUG
1988 1988
O O OEB
OOO O OQ3
O rt
T 0°
0 0
FEB
1989
0
D
0 0
O 4D
O
0& °QJD
O
AUG FEB
1989 1990
100 -
80 '
60 -
40 -
20 -
0
AUG
1986
TURBIDITY
» » »
* * » » *
*+ « * * *
«*» « « «
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
EDEN #4
Monitors: Marilyn and Bill Ebel
Location: 40 04 12 76 15 45 Eden is located 35.036 km from the mouth of the Conestoga River.
Sampling Site: Grab sample taken form the west riverbank on the Ebel's waterfront property 100
yards downstream of road crossing.
Data Collection Dates: February 1987 to August 1988, October 1988 to June 1990.
22
u
C/5
U
a
a
40 -
30 -
20 -
10 -
EDEN
0
WATER TEMP
o
-------
EDEN
23
100 n
en 80 '
en
a
fe 60 H
40 -
20 -
RAINFALL
* * *
n - ii r, ',, , LI ". .1 * t j . ... .11. .1; n. j . i . . ' .
U i '1 ^ I • • r • 1 'i "I 'I * I 'i" • I 'T '1 'I • i ™I ' I ' T^ T ' 1 ' 1 I ' i
AUG FEB AUG
1987 1987
FEB AUG
1988 1988
FEB AUG
1989 1989
FEB
1990
IS 1
-a
o
NITRATE
OOJOO
o -
'
5 -
AL
19J
anno oo c
o oo
003 O
o
O OD3 O
O
0 0
o
OOO
p
>G FEB AUG
K> 1987 1987
OOO
O
| 1 |U
FEB
1988
D
O
O
OO
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0
oo
O ^D^
°-f
1 • 1 • 1 ' 1 '
AUG
1988
00 JD
0 0 CP
O 97 CD
O O
OOOCD
OO
**P
FEB AUG
1989 1989
?O OO
) 0
O
O (
03
0
PUP
o
FEB
1990
O
O
O
OOO
5
GOO
O
100 -
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
0
*
TURBIDITY
* *
4 » + *
4* * * *
*«*>*«*** ** **
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
GROFFTOWN ROAD #5
24
Monitor: JeffMusser
Location: 40 02 54 76 16 40 Grofftown Road is located 31.447 km from the mouth of the Conestoga
River.
Sampling Site: Grab sample taken from the west riverbank just below a U.S. Geological Survey
gaging station and approximately 100 yards upstream from a sewage treatment plant effluent
discharge. The site is in a highly urbanized area. The sewage treatment plant was closed shortly
before the end of the sampling period.
Data Collection Dates: November 1986 to May 1988, August 1988, February 1989 to March 1989,
June 1989.
40 -
u 30 -
^n
Ed
« 20 ~\
c
Ed
0 10 H
GROFFl'OWN ROAD
o
WATER TEMP
0
°
0
°
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
20 -
15 -
5 -
O DISSOLVED OXYGEN
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
GROFFTOWN ROAD
25
cs
Ed
100 -
80 -
60 -
3 40 i
s 20 H
RAINFALL
» * * * * *
• * .. -V r.
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
o
NITRATE
is -i
10 -
5 -
o
o o
o oo oo
o o o o
o o o o
O O OO CO COCO CUJL)
000 O O
-------
LANCASTER SOUTH #7
Monitors: John Hanna and Judd Simonson
26
Location: 40 00 24 76 18 10 Lancaster South is located 20.632 km from the mouth of the Conestoga
River.
Samp line Site: Grab sample taken from the west riverbank of privately owned (Meadow Hills Restu-
rant and Knights of Columbus Hall) waterfront property. It is approximately .5 mile upstream of Route
324 road crossing; approximately .5 mile downstream of Lancaster sewage treatment plant.
Data Collection Dates: October 1986 to August 1988, October 1988 to June 1989, October 1989 to
January 1990.
Cfl
c=3
cfi
o
Cd
a
40 l
30 -
20 -
10 '
flP
8
LANCASTER SOUTH
o
WATER TEMP
5
6?
rf>
o
OP
off
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
15 i
10 -
5 -
O DISSOLVED OXYGEN
O
o
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
LANCASTER SOUTH
27
RAINFALL
100 -i
a so-i
td
£ 60 1
£
3 40 -
s 20 H
• . **«
' «« *
: ** •
• * . * *
* *
AUG
1986
FEB
1587
AUG
1587
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
o
NITRATE
15 1
10 -
5 -
oooo oo
O *DO O
oo
O 00
03
oo
OO O OflDOOflXXiniDO O
O O OO03
o o ooo o
ooo
o
0300000
o
OO OOO O
o o
o o o
o o
o
ooo
AUG
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
100 -
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
0
AUG
1986
*
TURBIDITY
«•«*•» «
* * « 4
* * » « «
»**»•» «•»«••
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AL'G
1989
FEB
1990
-------
28
LYNDON #8
Monitor: Hans Wenger
Location: 39 59 59 76 18 21 Lyndon is located 19.824 km from the mouth of the Conestoga River.
Sampling Site: Grab sample taken from the east riverbank of undeveloped shoreline in a suburban
area. It was approximately 300 yards downstream from the confluence of Mill Creek.
Data Collection Dates: November 1986 to July 1988, December 1988, January 1989.
u
w
a
40 I
30 -
2 20 H
10 -
LYNDON
o
WATER TEMP
o
o
0 0
P.tp.
AUG
1984S
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
20 -
15 -
'10 -
5 -
o
o
o
o
o DISSOLVED OXYGEN
O
o
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
LYNDON
29
100 -
80 '
60 '
40 -
20 '
RAINFALL
* ***
'«» *
• «
AUG
1984$
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
15 I
10 '
5 '
o
NITRATE
o o
OO OdDOO
o o
o
(DD043 OO
GO O O O O
OO O O
-------
ROCKHILL DAM #10
Monitors: Jeff Musser, Dave Dussinger and Naomi Levine, Jim and Barbara Ann Wiser, and Hams
Malkin
Location: 39 57 46 76 21 55 Rockhill Dam is located 4.574 km from the mouth of the Conestoga
River and 1/2 to 3/4 of a mile upstream from the Little Conestoga Confluence.
Sampling Site: Grab sample taken from slackwater just above and below an abandoned dam on the
west riverbank.
Data Collection Dates: November 1986 to May 1987, August 1987 to January 1988, March 1988 to
November 1988, January 1989 to May 1989, October 1989 to June 1990.
ROCKHILL DAM
o
WATER TEMP
40 i
30 -
<9
~
c
a
20 -
•
10 -
.
AU
198
0
0 *
00 ™
0°
P O
r\
FEB
1988
^O o O
o o <&
> 9 o° °
& % °°° 03 °
0 S* 00
&} O O
1 • i ' I'l'l'l • 1 • I'l'l '1*1 • 1 • 1 •
AUG FEB AUG FEB
1988 1989 1989 1990
20 -
15 '
5 "
o
o
o DISSOLVED OXYGEN
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
ROCKfflLL DAM
31
100 -l
RAINFALL
c/5
C6
U
a
2
3
j
i
80 -
60 -
•
40 -
20 -
o -
V
AU
198
*«
« *
«
* *
G FEB AUG FEB AUG FEB AUG FEB
6 1987 1987 1988 1988 1989 1989 1990
15 1
10 -
5 -
o
NITRATE
O O O O
o
o o o «
o
ooo o o o
033
O
«D
CD
O
oo
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4D O
00
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AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
TURBIDITY
100 '
80 -
60 -
40 -
20 -
0
«* «
« «
*• *
AUG
1986
FEB
1987
AUG
1987
FEB
1988
AUG
1988
FEB
1989
AUG
1989
FEB
1990
-------
SAFE HARBOR
32
Monitor Garry Kilgore
Location: 39 56 19 76 23 16 Safe Harbor is located 2.31 1 km from the mouth of the Conestoga River and
Safe Harbor Dam.
Sampling Site: Grab sample was taken from the west bank in Safe Harbor Park approximately 550 feet be-
low the bridge and 190 feet below the confluence with Witmer Run.
Data Collection Dates: June 1988 to October 1989.
40 l
SAFE HARBOR
o
WATER TEMP
C/3
30 -
20 -
10 -
™
AU
19
o0" o o0 cos
oo 0° °
00 9, °
-------
SAFE HARBOR
33
100 -
w 80 -
06 .
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