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CBP/APR92 100
CHESAPEAKE BAY
PROGRAM
Annual Progress Report
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Chesapeake Bay
Striped Bass Fishery
Management Plan
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April 1992
Printed on Recycled Paper
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Regional Center for Environment*!) Information
US EPA Region III
1650 Arch St
Philadelphia, PA 19T03
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Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass
Fishery Management Plan
Annual Progress Report
U
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Introduction
Under the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement, the Bay jurisdictions
committed to developing a series of fishery management plans (FMPs)
for commercially, recreationally, and selected ecologically
valuable species. Striped bass was selected as an important species
and a management plan was completed in 1989. The plan was developed
by the Fisheries Management Workgroup under the Chesapeake Bay
Program's Living Resources Subcommittee. The workgroup is composed
of representatives from government agencies, the academic
community, the fishing industry, and public interest groups
representing the District of Columbia, Maryland, Pennsylvania, and
Virginia. The Striped Bass FMP contains biological information, a
discussion of problem areas, and recommended management actions.
The FMP also provides the framework for regulating an open striped
bass fishery.
Background
In order to counteract the severe decline in striped bass
landings and recruitment, Maryland enacted a moratorium on striped
bass fishing on January 1, 1985 and Virginia enacted size limits
and seasonal restrictions. Four years later the Potomac River and
the Virginia fisheries were also closed. The 1989 Maryland striped
bass juvenile index exceeded the Atlantic States Marine Fisheries
Commission's (ASMFC) trigger (a three year running average of 8.0)
for opening the fishery. The 1989 Maryland index was the highest
value since 1970 and a limited striped bass fishery was opened for
the 1990-1991 season. The ASMFC Interstate Striped Bass Management
Plan established measures to control and monitor fishing along the
coast. State management guidelines were to limit fishing mortality
(F) to 0.25 or about 18% of the legal size fish being harvested.
The ASMFC recommendations included measures at least as
conservative as the following: restriction of commercial fishing to
those months which accounted for 20% of the average commercial
catch from 1972 to 1979; a year-round recreational creel limit of
one fish per person per day; minimum size limits of 18 inches total
length (TL) for resident stocks in inland waters and 28 inches TL
for migratory stocks (generally in the Atlantic Ocean); and a
recommended prohibition on fishing striped bass on their spawning
grounds during the spawning season. Each state submitted fishery
plans describing how they would meet the criteria for ASMFC's
approval.
During the 1990-1991 Chesapeake Bay fishing season, the total
estimated striped bass harvest was 650,700 Ibs. for Maryland,
264,200 Ibs. for Virginia, and 249,870 Ibs. for the Potomac River.
The District of Columbia reported no recreational catch and
commercial fishing was prohibited. In addition, estimated losses
due to bycatch and poaching mortality from recreational and
commercial fisheries activities was 168,300 Ibs. for Maryland and
129,642 Ibs. for Virginia.
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The .primary objectives of striped bass management in the
Chesapeake Bay and along the Atlantic coast are to control fishing
mortality at F=0.25 and to continue rebuilding the spawning stock.
As part of the fishery management process, the Chesapeake Bay
Striped Bass Plan is annually reviewed and updated. This report
gives an overview of the regulations, enforcement, and harvest
pertaining to the 1991-1992 striped bass fishery in the Chesapeake
Bay. For specific information on the management plan, refer to the
1989 Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass Management Plan. For specific
information on the 1990-1991 striped bass fishing season, refer to
the April 1991 Annual Progress Report, Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass
Fishery Management Plan.
Stock Status
The Striped Bass Stock Assessment Subcommittee (SBSAS)
evaluated the current status of the Atlantic coast striped bass
stock. Their assessment of the 1991 fishing season was based on 1)
mortality estimates from the Chesapeake Bay, Hudson River and the
mixed coastal stock; 2) trends in relative spawning stock biomass
(weight of all sexually mature fish in the population) from the
Chesapeake Bay and Hudson River; and 3) trends in juvenile
production from various Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, and Hudson
rivers. Their analysis suggests that the current fishing mortality
rate (F) on legal and sublegal striped bass ranges from 0.09 to
0.26. Indices of spawning stock biomass from along the coast
suggest that striped bass spawning biomass is rebuilding at a
steady rate. From an examination of juvenile indices, dominant
year-classes are apparent in the last several years and support the
evidence of increasing spawning stock biomass (Crecco 1991).
Overall instantaneous rates of mortality (Z) from along the
Atlantic coast are stable with an average of 0.43 (SE=0.042). The
SBSAS conclusions suggest that striped bass exploitation is being
controlled and the stock is rebuilding. However, the stock is not
fully recovered and will require more time before current fishing
regulations can be relaxed to allow an exploitation rate of F=0.50.
The major fishing regulations adopted by each Chesapeake Bay
jurisdiction during the 1991-1992 fishing season are presented in
Table 1. In addition to seasons, creel limits, size limits, and
quotas or caps, there were also gear, area, and other types of
restrictions. These restrictions are included in Table 2 which
presents an overview of all actions taken in response to the
Chesapeake Bay Striped Bass Management Plan.
Fishery Dependent Monitoring Programs
Fishery dependent monitoring during the 1991-1992 season
consisted of collecting commercial and recreational catch and
effort data. For comparison, results from the 1990-1991 and the
1991-1992 fishing seasons are presented in Tables 3 and 4. The
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following, is a summary of the fishery dependent monitoring programs
for each jurisdiction during 1991-1992.
Maryland
A Maryland striped bass trophy fishery was held from May llth
to May 25th, 1991. During this period, a person could catch one
striped bass, 36" TL or larger. The fishing area was restricted to
the area south of the Chesapeake Bay Bridge to the Maryland-
Virginia state line excluding all bays, sounds, tributaries,
creeks, and rivers, except Tangier and Pocomoke Sounds. The area
restrictions protected the striped bass spawning grounds in
compliance with ASMFC recommendations. The use of gaffs and live
bait were prohibited. Each angler had to have a special permit and
45,800 trophy permits were issued. All harvested fish had to be
tagged and checked at a check-in station where a biological data
form was completed. The trophy fishery was monitored through a
combination of telephone and access/intercept surveys, reports from
check-in stations, and individual fishing permits. During the May
1991 trophy season, 149 fish were checked in with an average length
of 39.9" TL (101.3 cm) and an average weight of 23.8 Ibs. (10.8 kg)
Using information from the telephone survey, it was estimated that
43% of the trophy anglers failed to check-in their catch. Non
compliance was probably a combination of confusing the
access/intercept contact with the requisite check-in procedure and
intentionally disregarding the procedure. Based on the telephone
and access/intercept surveys, the 1991 trophy fishery harvested an
estimated 336 striped bass weighing 7,973 Ibs. Losses due to
illegal harvest and hook and release were estimated at 6,148 fish
or 49,184 Ibs. (Jones et al. 1991).
In order to regulate the striped bass fisheries and maintain
exploitation within ASMFC guidelines, particularly the limitation
of fishing mortality to 18% of the stock, the Maryland Department
of Natural Resources (MDNR) developed a harvest control model
(Rugolo and Jones 1989). The 1991-1992 quota for all fisheries was
1,071,700 Ibs. and was allocated as follows: 455,473 Ibs. (42.5%)
to the recreational fishery; 455,473 Ibs. (42.5%) to the commercial
fishery; and 160,754 Ibs. (15%) to the charterboat fishery.
The recreational fishery was monitored through telephone and
access-intercept surveys. The open season was October 9-26, 1991,
with a 2 fish per person per season creel limit. Since the quota
was not reached during the scheduled season, a supplemental season
was implemented. The recreational fishery was reopened on November
2-3 and 8-10 with a one fish per person per day creel limit and on
November 16-17 with a 2 fish per person per day creel limit. All
recreational fishermen were required to have a special fishing
permit and were given two tags. All landed striped bass had to be
tagged. The estimated 1991 harvest of striped bass (18"-36" TL) for
the recreational fishery was 460,866 Ibs. or 1.2% over the 455,473
pound quota (MDNR 1992). Recreational fishermen on Maryland's
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Atlantic coast were not included in the Bay quota. The Atlantic
coast season was the same as the Chesapeake Bay season but with a
28" TL minimum size limit and a 1 fish per person per day creel
limit.
Charter boat captains had to declare their intent to fish
before the season began and were required to record their daily
catch in logbooks. The fishery was monitored through the mandatory
logbook reporting and a creel survey conducted by MDNR. The charter
season was scheduled from October 9 - November 11, 1991 but was
closed on October 27th after an in-season projection of harvest
exceeded the charter boat quota. Upon further analysis, the charter
boat fishery was reopened on November 16-17. Charter boat anglers
were allowed 2 fish per person per day. The estimated 1991 harvest
of striped bass for the charter boat fishery was 159,218 Ibs. or
99% of the 160,754 Ib. quota (MDNR 1992).
The commercial fishery was monitored through a complete
enumeration. The quota was allocated by gear type and based on
historic averages. Pound nets, haul seines, and gill nets were
assigned 98% of the commercial quota. Each commercial fishermen was
required to file an intent to fish and specify the gear type.
Allocations were determined according to the number of individuals
fishing a particular gear type. All harvested striped bass had to
be tagged and passed through a check station. The check stations
certified the daily harvest for each fishermen and provided daily
tallies of striped bass harvest to MDNR. Check stations also
provided weekly reports of daily harvest. Fishermen were required
to report their striped bass harvest on individual permits and
monthly fishing reports. Data from individual permits, monthly
reports and check station reports were generally corroborative
(MDNR 1992) . Due to small catches, the pound net and haul seine
season was extended through October 18, 1991 and the Atlantic drift
gill net season was extended through January 31, 1992. The use of
fyke nets, fish pots, and hoop nets was prohibited. For the 1991-
1992 commercial fishing season, the total Maryland harvest from the
Chesapeake Bay was 327,590 Ibs. or 72% of the total commercial
quota. The total Atlantic harvest was 14,454 Ibs. or 58% of the
Atlantic quota (MDNR 1992). Biological monitoring occurred during
the commercial gill net and pound net fisheries. Fish were measured
(length and weight), sexed, and aged. Length frequency
distributions, mean lengths, age structure, and sex ratios are
being analyzed.
In addition to estimating fishing mortality, ASMFC requested
that each state also estimate losses due to bycatch and illegal
harvest. Maryland DNR estimated losses to the stock from 1)
recreational and charter boat angler-induced mortality; 2) bycatch
from the striped bass, white perch and American shad commercial
gill net operations; 3) bycatch from the commercial hook and line
striped bass fishery; 4) bycatch from the ocean trawl fishery; and
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5) angler*-induced mortality from the commercial striped bass hook
and line fishery. Estimated losses to the Maryland striped bass
stock in 1991 due to illegal fishing, hook and release mortality,
and bycatch were 952,142 Ibs. (MDNR 1992). Subtotals for each of
the sources are presented in Table 5.
Virginia
The recreational striped bass harvest was estimated using an
independent access/telephone survey similar to the Marine
Recreational Fisheries Statistics Survey (MRFSS). There was no
quota for the recreational fishery but two fishing periods (Oct.
11-27 and Nov. 21- Dec. 5, 1991) and a 2 fish per person per day
creel limit (18"-36" TL) . A permit was required for all striped
bass anglers and 52,309 permits were issued. Estimated trips by
area and fishing period were combined with area specific catch rate
data collected from the intercept survey to provide estimates of
the number of fish harvested (VMRC 1992). Statistics from charter
boats were combined with the angler survey. Charter boat captains
were required to report number of fishing trips and number of fish
harvested. Using an average weight of 5.9 Ibs. per fish, the
estimated recreational harvest for 1991 was 277,078 Ibs.
During 1991, there was a commercial harvest quota of 211,000
Ibs. which was distributed among the different gear types. In
addition to gear allocations, there were also daily harvest limits
to aid quota management. The commercial fishery was divided into
two fishing periods, Nov.5 - Dec. 5, 1991 for all gear types and
Dec. 6 - Dec. 20 for gill nets only. All fishermen and buyers were
required to obtain permits from the Marine Resources Commission,
report daily harvests by telephone, and mail weekly reports. From
the written reports, the commercial harvest for the 1991 season was
calculated at 201,831 Ibs. (VMRC 1992).
Biological characteristics were sampled from the commercial
harvest by VMRC. Approximately 5.4% (by weight) were sampled for
size characteristics (length and weight), 2.5% for sex
characteristics, and 1.8% for age. Mean length of the commercial
catch was 57.7 cm (22.7") with a mean weight of 2.0 kg (4.5 Ibs).
Of the 1,141 fish sexed, 69.3% were males. The fish ranged in age
from 2 to 8 (year-classes 1989-1983) with 80% from the 1985, 1986,
and 1987 year-classes.
Additional losses to the Virginia striped bass stock during
1991 were estimated using 1) bycatch from the commercial shad
fishery and Rappahannock gill net fishery; 2) illegal harvest from
the commercial fishery; 3) hook and release mortality from the
recreational and charterboat fishery; and 4) mortality due to
biological monitoring. The estimate of additional striped bass
losses in Virginia during 1991 was 198,349 Ibs. (VMRC 1992).
Subtotals for each of the sources is presented in Table 6.
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Potomac River
The striped bass recreational fishery on the Potomac River was
limited to 1 fish per person per day during a 30 day season with no
target cap or quota. The recreational season was comprised of two
fishing periods, Oct. 11-17 and Nov. 8-20, 1991. Each boat operator
was issued a permit with a log form to be returned at the end of
the season. An estimate of the recreational harvest was calculated
using the summation of the log sheets plus information gathered
from a follow-up telephone survey of the non-respondents. The
estimated 1991 striped bass recreational harvest from the Potomac
River was 109,960 Ibs. (PRFC 1992).
The charter fishery operated under a 14,000 Ib. cap and a
creel limit of 2 fish per paying passenger per day. Potomac River
charter boat captains are also licensed by MDNR and report their
catch to Maryland DNR. Virginia charter boat captains operating on
the Potomac report directly to the Potomac River Fisheries
Commission (PRFC). The Potomac charter fishery was monitored
through mandatory reporting to MDNR and PRFC. The charter fishery
opened Oct.11 and closed Oct. 30 when reports indicated the cap was
reached. The 1991 Potomac River charter fishery caught 14,193 Ibs.
of striped bass.
The PRFC established a commercial harvest of 158,619 Ibs. or
20% of the 1970's average commercial harvest of striped bass from
the Potomac River. Each gear type was allocated a proportion of the
target harvest. Season length and additional fishing restrictions
were determined according to gear type. The commercial fishery was
monitored through mandatory reporting. The 1991 commercial striped
bass harvest from the Potomac River was 216,755 or 37% over the
target harvest (PRFC 1992).
Estimates of additional losses to the striped bass stock due
to fishing on the Potomac River were calculated using a 15%
poaching rate. This calculation resulted in approximately 51,140
Ibs. added to the total estimated striped bass harvest from the
Potomac River during 1991.
The District of Columbia had a recreational season from Oct.
5- Nov. 15, 1991 with a 2 fish/person/day creel limit. There is no
estimate of recreational catch.
Fishery Independent Monitoring
Effective management of the striped bass stock is dependent on
the data collected through fishery independent projects. These
programs include spawning stock assessments, tagging, stock
discrimination research, and juvenile surveys.
Striped bass spawning stocks have been monitored in Maryland
waters since 1982. Data from 1990 and 1991 indicate a broader age
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class structure with eight year-classes represented. The relative
abundance of female striped bass in the upper Bay declined in 1991
but female abundance in the Choptank and Potomac Rivers has
remained relatively stable. During the 1990-1991 sampling season,
2,162 striped bass were tagged through the United States Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) Cooperative Coastal Striped Bass Tagging
Program. In addition, MDNR, in conjunction with the National Marine
Fisheries Service and the North Carolina Department of Marine
Fisheries, tagged 1,780 striped bass from the coastal migratory
stock off the coast of Virginia and North Carolina. Tagging results
will be used to evaluate striped bass stock dynamics. Although the
1991 Maryland juvenile index (4.4) was below the long-term average
of 8.6, it is an improvement from the 1990 index (Table 7).
From the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake Bay, brood stock
data from the York River suggests no change in the relative
abundance of female spawners between 1990 and 1991. Estimates of
egg abundance and female biomass from the ichthyoplankton survey,
however, decreased in 1991. Data from the York shows that
approximately 27% of the spawning stock was composed of age eight
and older females. Catch-per-unit-of-effort (CPUE) data from the
spring monitoring survey on the Rappahannock River also indicates
that the spawning stock is relatively stable and has a fair
representation of older females. The Virginia Institute of Marine
Science (VIMS) has successfully tagged close to 40,000 fish since
1987. From over 10,000 returns, only 3.8% have been from out-of-
state. Relatively high tag recoveries in Virginia indicate that
bycatch mortality from gill nets and hook and line, are potentially
large sources of mortality. The overall Virginia juvenile index
dropped to 3.8 fish per seine haul in 1991 (Table 7), the lowest
value recorded in the past six years (Loesch and Hill 1991).
Biological data on striped bass within the District of
Columbia was collected during 1991. Standardized gear and methods
of collecting data were adopted from Maryland DNR and Virginia.
Striped bass were tagged in conjunction with the USFWS tagging
program. Young-of-the-year (YOY) and adult striped bass were
collected during the 1991 survey. The 1991 YOY index of 4.4 was
almost identical to 1990. Striped bass older than age 5 (600 mm and
larger) were absent from the samples.
Since 1985, Maryland, Virginia and USFWS have conducted an
artificial propagation program to supplement the Chesapeake Bay
striped bass stock. The success of the hatchery program was
validated by the successful recapture and spawning of mature
females produced by the hatchery. From tag recovery data, over 12%
of the 1991 recreational catch was of hatchery origin. The
contribution of hatchery fish to the coastal striped bass stock was
estimated at 3%. In the future, the hatchery program will be used
to estimate stock abundance by examining the ratio between hatchery
and wild caught juveniles.
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Enforcement Program
The limited striped bass fall 1991 recreational season
generated heavy fishing activity. Increased effort and aggressive
enforcement of striped bass regulations were conducted by Natural
Resources Police officers and park rangers throughout the Bay area.
Natural Resources officers inspected approximately 27,000
recreational fishermen and 14,000 fishing boats. Most violations
were for fishing without a license (33), possession of undersized
fish (22), and exceeding the daily limit (17). Written warnings
were also given for untagged fish (201) and no license in
possession (30).
Enforcement of striped bass regulations during the commercial
fishing season consisted of checking boat and shoreside fishermen,
dockside boats, and wholesale/retail establishments. Fishing
activity in Maryland was light except in the northern section of
the Bay. Net fishermen were the major source of arrests due to
illegal nets, non-attended nets and nets set with the intent to
catch striped bass. The tagging system allowed the successful
tracking of commercially caught fish and made it difficult for
illegal activities. Virginia is considering a tagging system for
the commercial fishery to help alleviate enforcement problems.
Water Quality
The jurisdictions have continued to support water quality
goals developed by the 1987 Chesapeake Bay Agreement. Water quality
and habitat requirements for striped bass were defined (Setzler-
Hamilton and Hall 1991). Dissolved oxygen of at least 5 mglf1 is
required for all life stages of striped bass. Increasing dissolved
oxygen concentrations, especially in the upper Bay will increase
suitable summer habitat. Water quality improvements in spawning and
nursery areas need to be continued. Striped bass eggs and larvae
are adversely affected by low pH and high concentrations of
aluminum, cadmium, and copper. Concentrations of suspended
particles should be kept below 200 to 500 mgL"1. Higher levels
adversely affect larval feeding.
A critical issue that must be addressed, not just for striped
bass but for all finfish and shellfish in the Bay, is managing
population growth. The health and vitality of the Bay is directly
dependent on the management of the land that drains into it. As the
population has increased, land use has intensified. Balancing
growth with living resource protection is important. Failure to
address the situation will result in the weakening of Bay Program
water quality goals and continuing degradation of water quality in
the Bay.
8
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I
I
Conclusion
The striped bass stock in the Chesapeake Bay and along the
coast is rebuilding and current fishing rates are acceptable.
Monitoring and regulatory procedures for the 1991-1992 Chesapeake
Bay striped bass fishery were successful at keeping harvest close
to target goals. Fishery independent monitoring indicates that age
structure has broadened and spawning stock biomass is increasing.
Areas that need to be emphasized during 1992 to improve
management of striped bass are:
1) Continue the quota and monitoring systems during
the 1992-1993 recreational and commercial fishery seasons;
2) Develop an improved striped bass stock indicator and
trigger for management action;
3) Obtain more detailed information on current and historical
fishing rates, growth, maturation, and migration for
assessing spawning stock biomass.
References
Crecco, V. 1991. Current status of Atlantic coast striped bass.
Connecticut Marine Fisheries Division, Waterford, Connecticut.
15p.
Jones, P.W., L.J. Rugolo, C.M. Stagg, and H.T. Hornick. 1991.
Maryland's spring 1991 striped bass harvest and background
fishing losses. Maryland Department of Natural Resources,
Annapolis, Maryland. 21p.
Loesch, J.G. and B.W. Hill. 1991. Virginia juvenile striped bass
seining program 1991 summary results. Virginia Institute of
Marine Science. 4p.
Maryland Department of Natural Resources (MDNR). 1992. Maryland's
fall 1991 striped bass harvest and background fishing losses.
Annapolis, Maryland. 42p.
Potomac River Fisheries Commission (PRFC). 1992. 1991 Striped
bass harvest report. Colonial Beach, Virginia. 5p.
Rugolo, L.J. and P.W. Jones. 1989. A recruitment-based
interseason harvest control model for Chesapeake Bay striped
bass. Maryland Department of Natural Resources, Annapolis,
Maryland. 3Op.
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Setzler-Hamilton, E.M. and L. Hall, Jr. 1991. Striped bass,
Morone saxatilis. In "Habitat Requirements for Chesapeake Bay
Living Resources," S.L. Funderburk, S.J. Jordan, J.A.
Mihursky, an D. Riley (eds). Chesapeake Research Consortium,
Inc., Solomons, Maryland 13:1-31.
Virginia Marine Resources Commission (VMRC). 1992. Review of
striped bass fisheries and monitoring programs in Virginia for
1991. Fisheries Management Division, Newport News, Virginia.
49p.
10
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