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stem and the River's West Branch. One lower basin site monitors
contributions from upstream of the three major hydroelectric power
pools, which act as major sediment sinks. The other lower basin
site, the Conestoga River, is the largest contributor of nutrients and
sediment to the Susquehanna River, per square mile of watershed.
year period and these trends continued in the more recent period.
The Potomac River showed decreases in suspended sediment over
both periods, while the Patuxent showed decreases only since 198
*.
significant decline in nitrogen over both periods. Total phosphoru
concentrations decreased in the Potomac and Patuxent over the 16
1 C/3
sites in Pennsylvania. The northernmost Susquehanna site captures
the inflow from New York. Two mid-basin sites monitor the main
the entire 1978 to 1993 period, but the concentrations appeared to
level off between 1984 and 1993. The Patuxent River has shown
P
rivers.
The Susquehanna River, which drains 27,100 square miles, is the
Bay's largest tributary. It alone contributes 47 percent of the Bay's
river flow and is monitored at its mouth in Maryland, and at five
at each river for some constituents. Total nitrogen concentrations
showed an increasing trend in the Potomac and Choptank rivers o
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programs during both base flow and storrn flow conditions on the
Bay's major rivers. Monitoring programs, designed to assess trends
in pollutant concentrations and loads, began in 1984 in Maryland,
1985 in Pennsylvania, and 1988 in Virginia. Historic data, collected
since 1970 and 1978 in Virginia and Maryland, respectively, were
also used to interpret trends as part of these programs. The goal of
the trend analyses is to establish a link between nutrient loadings at
the monitoring stations and the nutrient reduction strategies. The
most recent results are presented here for total nitrogen, total
phosphorus, and suspended sediment concentrations in each of the
the Potomac, the second largest Bay tributary, covers the drainage
coming from 1 1,800 square miles in Maryland, Virginia, Pennsyh
nia, West Virginia, and the District of Columbia, and contributes :
percent of the total fresh water to the Bay. The Patuxent River
drains only 348 square miles above the monitoring site. The wate
shed is rapidly becoming urbanized, however, and is the focus of i
specific nutrient control strategy developed cooperatively by state
and local governments. The Choptank River has the smallest of tl
four drainage areas, 113 square miles, and is typical of many basi
on the Eastern Shore or eastern Coastal Plain Province.
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the Susquehanna River Basin Commission's Surface Water Monitor-
ing Program.
Nutrients, sediments, and flow are monitored as part of these
In addition to the mouth of the Susquehanna, Maryland monitors
three other rivers for their inputs to the Bay. The monitoring site <
w
3
trations decreased over the 16-year period.

^ers and the Bay
The aiialirv of river water entering the Chesaneake Rav frnm the
surrounding non-tided tributaries is an important factor in the water
and habitat quality of the estuary. Point and nonpoint source
pollution control measures have been, and will continue to be,
applied in the basins discharging to the Bay. To evaluate the effec-
tiveness of such measures, the River Input Monitoring Program was
established as a cooperative effort by the U.S. Geological Survey,
Maryland Department of the Environment, the Virginia Department
of Environmental Quality, and the Washington Metropolitan Council
of Governments. In Pennsylvania, additional data are supplied by
total nitrogen concentrations showed an increasing trend over the
entire 1978 to 1993 period, but the concentrations appeared to lev
off between 1984 and 1993. Total phosphorus and sediment cone
n> rt.
rivers. Decreasing trends in total phosphorus and suspended sedi-
ment were observed in the lower Susquehanna River. At the moul
&
1985 and 1993 in Pennsylvania and for the periods 1978 to 1993,
and 1984 to 1993 at the site near the mouth in Maryland. In Penr
sylvania, decreasing trends in total nitrogen were found in the
northern to middle reaches of the Susquehanna and Conestoga
1
Trenrk for the Smrmphanna River watershed were analvyeH hetwe
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id refinement of the basic Ches
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contamination by toxic algae.
presence of these organisms and close any shellfish harvesting areas
where dangerous levels are detected. In the Chesapeake Bay, no
shellfish producing areas have ever been closed due to the threat of
Chesapeake Bay but common along the East Coast, can be toxic to
shellfish, fish, and even people. As a consequence, shellfish produc-
ing states such as Maryland and Virginia must monitor for the
phytoplankton blooms are composed almost exclusively of non-toxic
algal species and have no direct ill effects on people or aquatic life.
However, certain species of dinoflagellates, which are uncommon in
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phytoplankton monitoring program have been used to show the
success of Bay cleanup efforts, explain important linkages between
water quality and living resources, and provide an early warning of
potentially harmful exotic species.
Bay's water quality over time, test for the presence of exotic organ-
isms or toxic algae, and develop environmental indices that reflect
the relative "health" of different areas of the Bay. Results from the
phytoplankton biomass, abundance, and community composition.
Managers and scientists use this information to track changes in the
monitored to provide managers and scientists with estimates of
Bay's nutrient enrichment problem, they are monitored as part of the
Chesapeake Bay Water Quality Monitoring Program. Thirty-two
stations, located in the mainstem Bay and its major tributaries, are
Because phytoplankton are a critical component of the Chesapeake
Bay ecosystem and represent the first biological response to the
decomposition of algae from the annual spring bloom causes the
bottom waters to become hypoxic (very low dissolved oxygen levels)
or even anoxic (no dissolved oxygen) during the middle of the
summer. Consequently, the amount of suitable habitat available to
fish may be greatly reduced and bottom-dwelling organisms
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and survive. One of the primary goals of the Chesapeake Bay
restoration is to improve conditions in the Bay so that enough light
reaches underwater Bay grasses and at least some dissolved oxygen
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