903R99025
Commonwealth of Virginia
State of Maryland
District of Columbia Department of Recreation and Parks
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Chesapeake Bay Commission
Chesapeake Bay Area
Public Access
Technical Assistance
Report
(Second Edition)
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Acknowledgements
The "Chesapeake Bay Area Public Access Technical Assistance Report" was produced by
the Public Access Workgroup of the land, Growth and Stewardship Subcommittee composed
of staff members from the following agencies:
Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation;
Maryland Department of Natural Resources;
District of Columbia Department of Recreation and Parks;
Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission;
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
This report represents a true team effort. The Public Access Workgroup wishes to thank all
those who participated in its production. Thanks are due to:
local governments, state, and federal agencies who assisted in the review process;
staff members from each state and the District of Columbia;
and other participating federal agencies.
A special thanks to the Department of Landscape Architecture
at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for gathering and compiling most
of the material found in this report.
Though space does not allow us to name the many others who helped shepherd the report to
publication, our sincere appreciation to each and every one of them.
Regional Center for Envmnmental Infermat.on
US EPA Region III
1650 Arch St.
Philddelphia, PA 19103
Chesapeake Bay Program
The Chesapeake Bay Program is the cooperative partnership among the states of Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay Commission, a tri-state
legislative body; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, representing the federal government;
and participating citizen advisory groups.
For more information, please see our website: www.chesapeakebay.net/bayprogram
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Chesapeake Bay Area
Public Access
Technical Assistance
Report
!;'"" ;v;' "'Vjon III
Second Edition
report was originally published in 1990 through funds furnished by the Virginia
Department of Environmental Quality pursuant to the Coastal Resources Program and
the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The second printing is by the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program.
Reprinted July, 1999
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Table of Contents
I. Introduction Page Section
A. Background and Report Purpose 7 I-1
B. Report Organization and Planning Methodology 8 1-2
1. Types of Public Access Considered 8 1-2
2. Recommended Planning Process 8 1-2
a) Needs Assessment 10 1-3
b) Site Selection 10 1-3
c) Design Criteria 10 1-3
d) Site Management Considerations 11 1-4
e) Permitting and Regulations 11 1-4
f) Impact Assessment 14 1-7
3. Technical Report Limitations 17 1-10
n. Boating Access
A. Site Selection 19 II-l
1. User Considerations 19 II-l
2. Environmental Considerations 19 II-l
a) Topography 19 II-l
b) Soils and Substrate Materials 20 H-2
c) Surface Water Hydrology 20 II-2
d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 21 II-3
e) Water Quality 21 II-3
f) Wetland Delineation 21 II-3
g) Cultural Resources 21 II-3
h) Other Considerations 22 II-4
i) Site Limitations 23 II-4
j) Compatibility Issues 24 II-6
k) Boating Traffic Conflicts 24 II-6
B. Design Criteria 24 H-6
1. Site Plan Layout 24 II-6
2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 25 II-7
3. Land Requirements 28 II-8
a) Area Requirements 28 II-8
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 28 II-8
c) Vehicular Considerations 29 H-9
d) Pedestrian Considerations 35 11-10
e) Special Development Requirements 37 11-11
1) Unique Requirements 37 II-l 1
2) Electricity 37 11-11
3) Water Supply and Distribution System 38 11-12
4) Sewage Disposal/Pumpout Facilities/Restrooms 38 11-12
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If ^
11
Page Section
5) Stormwater Management 38 11-12
6) Estimated Design Cost 39 H-13
C. Management/Maintenance 39 11-13
1. Maintenance Concerns 39 11-13
2. Management Concerns 40 11-13
El. Beaches and Swimming
A. Site Selection 41 III-l
1. User Considerations 41 III-l
2. Environmental Considerations 41 in-1
a) Topography 41 III-l
b) Soils and Substrate Materials 41 III-l
c) Surface Water Hydrology 42 ffl-2
d) Vegetations/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 42 ffl-2
e) Water Quality 44 III-3
f) Wetland Delineation 44 III-3
g) Cultural Resources 44 III-3
h) Other Considerations 44 ffl-3
i) Site Limitations .45 III-4
j) Compatibility Issues 46 III-5
k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems 46 III-5
B. Design Criteria 47 III-6
1. Site Plan Layout 47 III-6
2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 47 III-6
3. Land Requirements 47 III-6
a) Area Requirements 47 III-6
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 50 IH-7
c) Vehicular Considerations 50 III-7
d) Pedestrian Considerations 50 IH-7
e) Special Development Requirements 52 III-8
1) Unique Requirements 52 III-8
2) Electricity 56 111-10
3) Water Supply and Distribution System 57 IE-11
4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms 57 III-l 1
5) Stormwater Management 57 III-l 1
C. Management/Maintenance 58 IH-12
1. Maintenance Concerns 58 111-12
2. Management Concerns 60 III-14
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w w w
ill
Page Section
IV. Pier and Bank Fishing
A. Site Selection 61 IV-1
1. User Considerations 61 IV-1
2. Environmental Considerations 61 IV-1
a) Topography 61 IV-1
b) Soils and Substrate Materials 61 IV-1
c) Surface Water Hydrology 62 IV-2
d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 62 IV-2
e) Water Quality 62 IV-2
f) Wetland Delineation 62 IV-2
g) Cultural Resources 63 IV-3
h) Other Considerations 63 IV-3
i) Site Limitations 63 IV-3
j) Compatibility Issues 64 IV-4
k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems 65 IV-5
B. Design Criteria 65 IV-5
1. Site Plan Layout 65 IV-5
2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 65 IV-5
3. Land Requirements 68 IV-6
a) Area Requirements 68 IV-6
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 69 IV-7
c) Vehicular Considerations 69 IV-7
d) Pedestrian Considerations 69 IV-7
e) Special Development Requirements 70 IV-8
1) Unique Requirements 70 IV-8
2) Electricity 72 IV-9
3) Water Supply and Distribution System 73 IV-10
4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms 73 IV-10
5) Stormwater Management 73 IV-10
C. Management/Maintenance 74 IV-11
1. Maintenance Concerns 74 IV-11
2. Management Concerns 74 IV-11
V. Natural Area Access
A. Site Selection 75 V-l
1. User Considerations 75 V-l
2. Environmental Considerations 76 V-2
a) Topography 76 V-2
b) Soils and Substrate Materials 76 V-2
c) Surface Water and Groundwater Hydrology 76 V-2
d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 76 V-2
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IV
Page Section
e) Water Quality 77 V-3
f) Wetland Delineation 77 V-3
g) Cultural Resources 77 V-3
h) Other Considerations 77 V-3
i) Site Limitations 78 V-4
j) Compatibility Issues 78 V-4
B. Design Criteria 78 V-4
1. Site Plan Layout 78 V-4
2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 78 V-4
3. Land Requirements 81 V-5
a) Area Requirements 81 V-5
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 81 V-5
c) Vehicular Considerations 81 V-5
d) Pedestrian Considerations 82 V-6
e) Special Development Requirements 82 V-6
1) Unique Requirements 82 V-6
2) Electricity 85 V-8
3) Water Supply and Distribution System 85 V-8
4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms 87 V-9
5) Stormwater Management ,. .87 V-9
C. Management/Maintenance 88 V-10
1. Maintenance Concerns 88 V-10
2. Management Concerns 88 V-10
Bibliography 89
Appendix A - State and Federal Government Resources 91 A-l
Appendix B - Cost Estimate 95 B-l
Appendix C - Requirements of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act . . .101 C-l
Appendix D - The Maryland Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Program . .103 D-l
Glossary .105
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List of Figures
Figure No. Title Page Section
1-1 Planning Process Chart 9 1-2
II-l Boating Access Schematic Plan 26 II-7
II-2 Concept Layout for Boating Access 27 II-7
n-3 Ramp Locations Related to Water Flow 30 H-9
11-4 45 Degree Parking 31 H-9
II-5 60 Degree Parking 32 II-9
H-6 90 Degree Parking 33 II-9
H-7 Boat Launch Ramps 34 II-9
n-8 Pedestrian Access for Boating Sites 36 11-10
ni-1 Surface Water Hydrology 43 HI-2
ffl-2 Beach/Swimming Access Schematic Plan 48 III-6
ni-3 Concept Layout for Beach/Swimming Access 49 HI-6
ni-4 Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 51 III-7
III-5 Pedestrian Access for Beach/Swimming Sites 53 III-8
III-6 Beach Construction 54 III-8
IV-1 Pier and Bank Fishing Access Schematic Plan 66 IV-5
IV-2 Concept Layout for Pier and Bank Fishing Access 67 IV-5
IV-3 Fishing Piers 71 IV-8
V-l Natural Area Access Schematic Plan 79 V-4
V-2 Concept Layout for Natural Area Access 80 V-4
V-3 Trail Construction 84 V-7
V-4 Trail Drainage 86 V-8
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List of Tables
Table No.
Title
Page Section
n-i
Parking Stall Dimensions 35 11-10
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L Introduction
The Chesapeake Bay watershed, including
the smaller surrounding bays and estuaries
cover almost 2,400 square miles in Virginia,
Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and the
District of Columbia. Although there is an
abundance of water and open space in the
region, public access opportunities are limited.
In fact, less than one percent of the Bay shore-
line is currently in the public domain. Public
recreational access to the Bay and its tribu-
taries consists primarily of marinas and other
private sites which are not in public ownership.
As user demand has risen over the last decade,
the inadequacy of access opportunities has dra-
matically increased. Consequently, federal,
state and local officials need to concentrate
their efforts to meet the need for public water
access sites.
A. BACKGROUND AND
REPORT PURPOSE
In 1987, the governors of the Bay states,
the mayor of Washington, D.C., the adminis-
trator of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, and the Chair of the Chesapeake Bay
Commission entered into the Chesapeake Bay
Agreement to restore and protect the Bay and
its tributaries. One of the major initiatives of
the Agreement involves the improvement of
public access to the waters of the Bay. It is
anticipated that this commitment will increase
resources for the improvement of water-depen-
dent and water- enhanced recreational opportu-
nities in the coming years. Increased public
awareness through expanded Bay access
opportunities is considered essential in gaining
public support and commitment for the preser-
vation of the Chesapeake Bay. The Agreement
outlines four general objectives to support the
initiatives:
Improve and maintain access to the
Bay, including public beaches, parks,
and forested lands.
Improve opportunities for recreational
and commercial fishing.
Secure shoreline acreage to maintain
open space and provide opportunities
for passive recreation.
Secure necessary acreage to protect
unique habitat and environmentally
sensitive areas.
This report will help meet these objectives
by providing a guide for use by localities for
locating and developing access sites. The report
will identify potential sources of technical
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assistance to aid the localities with the acquisi-
tion and development of public access. The
four types of public access to be considered
include beaches and swimming areas, boating
access, fishing pier and bank access, and
access to natural areas. For each type of access,
recommendations for site selection, design
criteria, and management considerations are
provided.
The first step in developing public access is
to determine the need for the various types of
access to the Bay. Once the needs have been
assessed, the site selection criteria, specific
design criteria, and site management consider-
ations should be evaluated for the type of site
to be developed. This report describes the plan-
ning process recommended in establishing the
four types of Bay access areas.
B. REPORT ORGANIZATION
AND PLANNING
METHODOLOGY
This technical report has been organized to
address various types of public access opportu-
nities. A consistent planning approach is rec-
ommended regardless of the type of site or area
considered for development. The planning
process and issues discussed for each type of
public access is intended to serve as a guide
and checklist for the successful planning and
development of Bay area access sites.
1. Types of Public Access Considered
Public access includes water-dependent
and water-related facilities which are located
along the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.
Marinas, boat launch ramps, beaches, and pub-
lic water-oriented recreation areas are consid-
ered water-dependent facilities. Water-related
activities could include picnicing, facilities for
education, camping, hiking, hunting, wildlife
observation, and other passive recreational
uses. For this report, types of public access
have been categorized as follows:
Boat-Related Access - Boat ramps,
cartop boat launches, and support
facilities.
Swimming Access - Includes beaches
and designated areas appropriate for
swimming.
Fishing Access - Piers, bank fishing,
and parking adjacent to the water.
Natural Area Access - Wildlife man-
agement areas, natural area preserves,
wildlife observation areas, nature
trails, and educational facilities con-
tiguous to the water.
Access areas may be established as one or
a combination of these types. Access points
may be developed by local, state, federal, or
private entities or a cooperative agreement
between two or more parties.
2. Recommended Planning Process
The diagram shown in Figure: 1-1 outlines
the recommended methodology for planning
public access. The initial component of the
process is assessment of the need and determi-
nation of the appropriate type of public access.
Following the needs assessment, the site
should be selected, design criteria established,
and potential management and maintenance
issues evaluated.
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Figure: 1-1
Planning Process Chart
State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan
Bay and River Public Access Guide
Chesapeake Bay Area Plan
Special Studies - Local and Regional Plans
User Considerations
Land Requirements
Site Analysis
Site Limitations
Regulatory Requirements
Essential Site Elements
Standard Structures and Facilities
Site Concept Plan
Preliminary Cost Estimate
Needs
Assessment
t
Site
Selection
I
Design
Criteria
Site Plan Layout
Construction Drawings
Final Permits and Approvals
Final Costs
Site
Development
Y
Maintenance Checklist
Management Plan
Cost Schedule
Site
Management
& Maintenance
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a) Needs Assessment
The assessment of public access needs
should be based on number of existing sites,
level of use along the waterways or river reach-
es, demographic considerations, carrying
capacity of the site/area, and trends in boat
ownership. Several sources of information
which are listed in the appendix are available
from the appropriate states and the District of
Columbia. These sources of information may
be useful in determining the need for addition-
al Bay access within a locality.
The Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna
River Public Access Guide was published in
1989 as a guide to publicly-owned access
points surrounding the Bay area, its tidal tribu-
taries, and the Susquehanna River. The guide
includes educational and conservation oriented
information, as well as location and facility
specific information for the identified access
points. The existing and future recreational
demands for Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia,
and the District of Columbia may be found in
each respective State Comprehensive Outdoor
Recreation Plan (SCORP).The SCORP for each
state is referenced in the appendix.
Additionally, the "Chesapeake Bay Area
Public Access Plan" was published in
December of 1990. This plan identified oppor-
tunities for public access in four major cate-
gories: boating facilities, fishing piers and
bank fishing, swimming areas, and natural
study areas. The plan is presented in a map for-
mat to provide localities and regional planners
with existing public and private access infor-
mation. The plan also identifies areas which
show a need for the development of a.ccess
sites and recognize potential access areas.
Localities are encouraged to incorporate the
public access plan recommendations into
their planning processes. The "Chesapeake
Bay Area Public Access Plan" should be con-
sulted when preparing local demand data.
b) Site Selection
User considerations, land requirements,
and environmental limitations should be
assessed during the site selection phase. User
considerations include the location of an ade-
quate transportation network to the proposed
site and its proximity to other similar types of
public access. Acreage and water quality con-
siderations should be assessed when evaluating
the land requirements necessary for the various
types of public access. The determination of
potential environmental impacts should
include an assessment of potential site limita-
tions, presence of environmentally sensitive
areas, and an evaluation of potential impacts
caused by the development of the particular
type of public access. Also, the compatibility
of adjacent land uses, potential boating and
vehicular traffic conflicts, and the possible
effect of development on nearby cultural
resources, natural areas, oyster beds, fishing
grounds, and other living resources should be
considered during the evaluation process.
c} Design Criteria
Design criteria will be specifically estab-
lished for each of the types of public access
being addressed. Elements to be considered
during the design phase of the various types of
public access should include the site layout,
vehicular and pedestrian access requirements,
site carrying capacity, and environmental man-
agement measures. Site layouts should include
the location of required facilities and site fea-
tures, a landscape scheme or planting plan
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if appropriate, the identification of sensitive
lands and designated protection areas, user
access and activity areas, and maintenance or
service areas. Vehicular and pedestrian access
considerations should address parking, rest-
rooms, pedestrian walkways, vehicular road-
ways, shelters, interpretive site enhancements,
and handicapped access. Environmental man-
agement may include erosion control options,
maintenance of water quality, replacement of
impacted wetlands, and special construction
techniques. Planning, design, and construction
details and drawings for the identified site fea-
tures should be prepared to show the require-
ments and recommended construction tech-
niques for the development of the public access
site. Finally, an estimate of the design cost for
site development should be based on the site
design selected for a specific site.
d) Site Management Considerations
Management of the site should be consid-
ered during the site selection and design phas-
es. Routine management and maintenance
efforts should be identified for the public
access site being developed. Management
techniques should be defined and a mainte-
nance plan including cost should be prepared
prior to site development.
e) Permitting and Regulations
Required permits and applicable regula-
tions for each state and the District of
Columbia vary. For example, Maryland and
Virginia have both enacted legislation and reg-
ulations which significantly effect land use and
development of the shoreline. Local public
access goals in these states should be consis-
tent with the water quality objectives of the
Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act and
Chesapeake Bay Critical Areas Program.
A brief summary of permitting require-
ments, the permitting process, and the agencies
overseeing these requirements as well as regu-
lations which affect the development of public
access within the Bay area follows.
Applications for all permits should precede
a project start date. Issuance of a permit will be
based on an impact evaluation of the proposed
work with regard to public interest.
of
Following is a sampling of the types
uses that need permits:
Proposed construction on-site
Filling on state-owned, sub-aqueous
bottom
Installation of shoreline erosion con-
trol structures
Construction of trails, piers, docks,
ramps, etc.
Removal of existing vegetation
Entranceways onto site
Impacts to wetlands or waterways
Permitting Process
Once permit applications are submitted to
the Corps of Engineers (COE), the COE will
determine if the project meets a general permit
criteria. If so, the applicant is notified and
instructed to pursue any necessary state and
local approvals. The affected state/local agen-.
cies may then prepare a Public Notice for the
project and place this notice in a local news-
paper at the applicant's expense. If the pro-
ject does not meet the COE's general permit
11
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criteria, it may go through a joint federal/state
permit application process and be circulated to
appropriate federal and state agencies for com-
ment before the project is approved.
Property owners adjacent to the proposed
project site and others who have asked to be
mailed any public notice involving work in
their area are sent a copy of the public notice.
Anyone may make a comment on a public
notice.
Public Hearings
At the close of the Public Notice comment
period, Public Hearings may be held by local,
state, or federal agencies. The applicant will be
contacted by those agencies when a Public
Hearing is scheduled.
Federal Hearing Procedure
Most projects usually affect the applicant
and the surrounding neighborhood. When
issues are raised, the COE staff discusses the
issues with the applicant. Attempts are made to
resolve the issues in question informally; in
most cases this is successful. Very few projects
require a public hearing. When a hearing is
required, a 30 day public notice is sent to the
public announcing the date, time, and place of
the hearing. A decision on the project will not
be made at the hearing. A 10 day comment
period will follow the hearing to allow for any
additional facts or information to be submitted
before the District Engineer makes a final (deci-
sion. The purpose of a Federal public he;iring
is to acquire information and provide the pub-
lic an opportunity to express their views and
opinions on the proposed project.
State and Local Hearing Procedures
Projects affecting state and locally protected
wetlands will fall under the laws and regula-
tions established by the local and state entities.
Finalization of Process
Each agency will make every effort to
process the application as quickly as possible.
If a project is approved, the necessary permit
will be forwarded the applicant. In some cases,
the applicant's notarized signature will be
required and fees and royalties paid before the
permit is validated by the appropriate regula-
tory agency.
The permitting process may vary by state.
If there are questions about processing proce-
dures, applications, or project drawings, the
permitting agency may be contacted for further
information.
VIRGINIA
After an access site has been located and
the facilities to be constructed have been deter-
mined, the next step in Virginia is to apply for
the necessary permits. To learn what permits
will be required contact the following:
Va. Marine Resources Commission
2600 Washington Avenue
P.O. Box 756
Newport News, VA 23607
(757) 247-2200
Fax (757) 247-2020
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Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Water Operation
629 E. Main Street
P.O. Box 10009
Richmond, VA 23240
(804) 698-4108
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Norfolk District
803 Front Street
Norfolk, VA 23510
(757) 441-7650
In addition, permits may be required by the
State Historic Preservation Office, local wet-
land board, and local building inspector.
MARYLAND
In Maryland, there are three main permit-
ting authorities associated with the types of
waterfront activities which are related to public
access. Some of the permitting and regulatory
issues pertinent to these agencies include tidal
wetlands; the harvesting, cutting, or removal of
submerged aquatic vegetation; water quality
regulations; boating facility pumpout require-
ments; on-site sewage disposal; and water sup-
ply systems. It must also be noted that local
governments are responsible for enacting the
Chesapeake Bay Critical Area regulations
within their jurisdiction.
For more information regarding permitting
and regulations contact:
Chesapeake Bay Critical Areas Commission
45 Calvert Street, 2nd floor
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 974-2418
Department of the Environment
Water Management Administration
Tidal Wetlands
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410)631-8075
Department of Natural Resources
Water Resources Administration
Tidal Wetlands Division
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410)974-3871
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Baltimore District
P.O. Box 1715
Baltimore, MD 21203
(410) 962-3670
PENNSYLVANIA
In Pennsylvania, a plan of mitigation will
be required if a proposed site is classified as a
regulated wetland. Other issues which may
require special action include erosion and^ sed-
imentation, water quality, impacts on historical
resources, and highway occupancy. The agen-
cies to contact concerning permitting and reg-
ulations are listed below.
Pennsylvania Historical and Museum
Commission
Bureau for Historic Preservation
P.O. Box 1026
Harrisburg, PA 17108
(717)787-3362
Susquehanna River Basin Commission
1721 Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17102
(717) 238-0424
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Cumberland County Conservation District
313 S.Hanover St. _ , _ .
Example Only
Carlisle, PA 17013 JEachComrtyhasa
District Manager C»aser*atkmlfetrkt-
i^iOLu^L iYj-uuctgiwi consult phone directory
(717) 249-8632 amier County name.
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection
Division of Waterways and Storm Water
Management
P.O. Box 8554
Harrisburg, PA 17120
(717)787-6826
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Department of Environmental Protection
Harrisburg Regional Office
909 Elmerton Avenue
Harrisburg, PA 17110-8200
Regional Water
Quality Manager
(717)705-4700
Commonwealth of Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania Department of Transportation
Engineering District
Harrisburg, PA 17103-1699
(717)787-6653
6 Regional Offices,
check local phone book
under Commonwealth of
PA.,J>EP
Check focal phone book
tinder Commonwealth of
PA., Department of
Transportation
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
Within the District of Columbia most of the
shoreline is in federal ownership. The principal
authority to contact for information concerning
permitting and regulation is:
Associate Director for Land Use
Coordination
National Park Service
National Capitol Region
1100 Ohio Drive SW
Washington, D.C. 20242
(202) 619-7025
f) Impact Assessment
In accurately assessing the impact of the
project, the following factors should be includ-
ed in the assessment report:
1) Description of the proposed action
State the major objective of the pro-
posed development.
State who is proposing the
development, the contact person, and
what is to be accomplished through
this project.
Identify location of the project, when
the development is to take place, and
its interrelationships with other feder-
al, state, or local recreation-oriented
projects or proposals.
Describe the demand for the project
and how it complies with the current
SCORP.
2) Description of the existing
environment
Describe the overall topography.
Identify name and location of any his-
toric or archaeological sites which will
be affected.
State whether or not the project is
located within the 100-year floodplain.
Describe the site's surface and subsur-
face geological characteristics.
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8
Describe the soil types in the area.
(Contact a local Soil Conservation
Service representative.)
Describe the area's flora and fauna
with special reference to rare, threat-
ened, and endangered species.
3) Environmental impact of the
proposed action
Identify any direct or indirect changes
to the existing environment, whether
beneficial or adverse.
Describe effects the proposed project
will have on adjacent land uses.
Identify potential impacts on wetlands
and aquatic resources.
Describe the waste management sys-
tem planned for the project and its
impact.
Describe how water resources will be
affected, e.g., increased runoff.
Discuss proposed management plan
for the project.
4) Mitigation measures included in the
proposed action
Discuss measures and methods which
are proposed or will be required to
mitigate adverse environmental
impacts.
5) Adverse environmental effects which
cannot be avoided
Analyze who or what is affected and
to what degree, e.g., wildlife or vege-
tation, adjacent properties, erosion,
compaction and sedimentation of soil,
etc.
6) Relationship between short-term and
long-term impacts
Identify short-term impacts such as
loss of wildlife habitat, changes in
traffic volumes and patterns, etc.
Identify long-term impacts such as
dedication of land to public recreation
and open space for present and future
use.
7) Irreversible and irretrievable
commitments of resources which would
be involved in the proposed development
Identify the extent to which the devel-
opment restricts or enhances the range
of resource uses.
Identify factors such as erosion,
destruction of archaeological or his-
toric sites, elimination of wildlife
habitat, particularly of threatened or
endangered species.
Identify significant changes in land
use with regard to natural resources
such as forest land, minerals, soils,
water, etc.
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8) Alternatives to the proposed action
Discuss modifications of the present
proposal with different approaches to
gaining the same result.
Describe beneficial and adverse effects
of the alternatives along with the
reasons for the rejections of the
alternatives.
Explain of the final choice of action
and the plan for achieving the initial
objective.
In preparing the environmental informa-
tion, narrative explanations should be written
for each category, and whenever possible,
impacts should be quantified. For example,
record the number of trees to be removed,
cubic yards of fill to be required, etc. All sub-
ject matter should be discussed in as much
detail as is relevant, especially when specific
facts or professional opinions are available.
Government agencies who are involved in the
project will be incorporating their comments
into the Assessment Report.
The impact assessment should involve a
comparison of the land requirements deter-
mined for a particular access site and the envi-
ronmental factors identified during the invento-
ry. A checklist of facility requirements and site
factors to be included in the site assessment
would vary depending on type of access being
considered. Following is a list of factors which
could be included:
Facility Requirements
. Access roads (internal and external)
Parking spaces
Dock facilities
Walkways
Service and maintenance areas
Adjacent recreation areas
Water depth
Subsurface conditions
Location of boating access within the
waterway
Electricity
Signage
Solid waste disposal
Public safety and emergency safety
facilities
Water supply and distribution
Sewage disposal
Pumpout facilities
Stormwater drainage
Restrooms
16
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10
Site Factors
Topography-avoid 15% or greater
slopes
Shoreline erosion - avoid areas with
erosion rates greater than 2 feet/year
Floodplains - when construction is
necessary, use appropriate design
Soils and substrate materials - locate
facilities on buildable soils
Surface water hydrology - needs vary
with projected use
Existing vegetation - preserve existing
vegetation to greatest extent possible
Cultural resources
Plant and wildlife habitat areas -
minimize disturbance
Existing water quality - monitor and
assess potential impact
Shellfish grounds - avoid location near
shellfish grounds/minimize impact
Wetlands - avoid/minimize impact
Submerged aquatic vegetation -
avoid/minimize impact
Scenic and visual opportunities -
preserve and enhance aesthetic
environment
Existing and potential noise - monitor
existing levels and project impact
based on planned uses
Existing and potential boating traffic -
avoid placing new access in highly
trafficked boating areas
Compatibility of adjacent land uses -
locate near population centers and ser-
vices which provide amenities to
access sites
Carrying capacity of site
Proximity to existing or potential
scenic resources such as designated or
candidate byways or scenic rivers.
3. Technical Report Limitations
The issues which should be addressed in
developing the various types of public access
are defined in this report. Each site must be
individually evaluated to determine its suitabil-
ity for development based on the anticipated
level of use, site-specific factors, and potential
environmental impacts to the site. There may
be issues and situations which are not directly
addressed in this report, but may become evi-
dent during the site investigation and analysis
which will need to be addressed. Site condi-
tions which are discussed and recommended in
this report are based on ideal conditions; how-
ever, optimum conditions should be sought
17
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11
during site selection and development so that
most critical factors are satisfied. This techni-
cal assistance report should provide localities
with a checklist of issues to consider, a plan-
ning methodology, and basic concepts for the
design and construction of the various types of
public access.
18
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II. Boating Access
A. SITE SELECTION
Environmental factors, suitability of the
water body for boat operation, and adequate
shore frontage must be considered when locat-
ing a boat launch ramp. With proper siting and
consideration of environmental factors, many
permitting problems and costly delays can be
avoided. Almost any site adjacent to a water
body can be made into an access area, but gen-
erally, the more extensive the required modifi-
cation, the greater the construction costs and
potential for adverse environmental impacts.
Whenever possible, alternative sites on a water
body should be evaluated.
In selecting a boat launch ramp site, sever-
al features must be met regardless of the size of
the launch ramp or where it is to be located.
The site must have safe navigational access to
boating waters, shoreline protection, adequate
access to the site, adequate interior access,
parking, and a launch ramp. Proximity of the
site to population centers, accessibility of the
launch ramp from the land side and easy access
to desired boating areas are important evalua-
tion and site selection factors.
1, User Considerations
The planning of public boating access sites
should consider public needs along with the
level of boating activity, facility requirements,
and management duties required to fulfill those
needs. Section I of this report described the
process and resources available for assessing
the need for public access.
2. Environmental Considerations
Potential environmental impacts due to
boating activity and related facility development
must be considered prior to the development of
access sites. The evaluation of environmental
factors should begin with a thorough inventory
of the potential access site. Data which relates
to the topography, soils, surface water hydrolo-
gy, vegetation, wildlife habitat areas and existing
wetlands should be collected. This information
should then be reviewed to verify the suitabili-
ty of a site for development. The results of the
assessment will likely be incorporated in the
permits required to pursue site development.
a) Topography
Shoreline areas with flat to rolling slopes of
less than 15% and with suitable soils based on
standard classifications related to proposed uses
are generally acceptable for facility development.
The 100-year storm criteria should be used
to define floodplains since this is the criteria
used in the federal flood insurance program in
which most local governments participate.
Floodplains are land areas that are occasional-
ly inundated by the overflow of streams and
rivers and have been determined to have a one
percent probability of flood occurrence in any
given year. Floodplains act as natural sediment
19
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n
traps which allow stormwater to disperse and
slow down, causing suspended materials that
have washed off upland areas to settle. Hence,
the development and disturbance of flood-
plains should be limited to properly designed
facilities necessary for the planned access.
b) Soils and Substrate Materials
Physical considerations at the site include
the assessment of soil geology and substrate
materials. The nature, extent, and cost of the
substructures necessary for site facilities must
be determined based on the soil types. Test
piles and direct soil evaluation tests are two
commonly used methods for determining the
resistive quality of subsoils. Soil conditions
should provide suitable foundation support and
wastewater treatment capacity, if^ existing
sewage facilities are not already available to
the site.
Shoreline erosion should be a major con-
sideration in siting boat ramp access.
Developments along shoreline areas should be
avoided where existing erosion rates exceed 2
feet/year. These areas are more susceptible to
boat wakes. Facility structures located within
or near these highly erodible shorelines are
probably impacted by wave action which will
require continuous maintenance and protective
measures.
To minimize the adverse effects of human
activities on access sites, a buffer area of vege-
tation is recommended. This buffer is effective
in retarding runoff, preventing erosion, filtering
nonpoint pollution, and reducing sediments.
c) Surface Water Hydrology
Normal precipitation presents no serious
problem in boat launch access site design, pro-
vided an adequate surface drainage plan is
adopted. A drainage plan must provide a facil-
ity with the capability of draining the waters
from a maximum probable rainfall without
eroding the adjacent land or causing additional
runoff in the Bay and its tributaries. Inflows
from surrounding lands may also be diverted as
a part of the drainage plan.
Wave characteristics are important to boat-
ing access sites. Larger waves are generated in
large water bodies by offshore storms, while
other waves are generated by winds, boat traf-
fic, and tides. Ideally, boating access sites
should be in a protected location (i.e., a cove,
tributary, boat basin, etc.) in order to decrease
the open water distance over which wind blows
unimpeded (fetch). This consideration will
help decrease wave action at the site and thus
reduce erosion at the facility. Waves can create
additional waves by reflecting and resonating
off waterside structures. Shoreline vegetation
is a good energy dissipater as well as a preven-
ter of wave-induced erosion along the shore-
line. Boat wakes can be controlled by proper
access site orientation, control of boat traffic
speed, and route regulation. Establishing
boundaries for speed limit zones may be criti-
cal to the control of boat wakes as wakes gen-
erated during acceleration and deceleration can
be significant.
20
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n
d) VegetationAVildlife/Habitat Areas
The Natural Heritage Programs within
each jurisdiction can help to identify signifi-
cant habitat areas and can provide land man-
agement recommendations for the protection
of these communities. Site selection should be
considered in areas that will not affect rare,
threatened or endangered plants, animals, or
unique natural communities or significant fm-
fish spawning and nursery areas. The protec-
tion of high quality habitats and the relation-
ships between biological communities may be
incorporated into natural areas or buffer zones
adjacent to the access site. Construction prac-
tices which avoid direct and indirect impacts to
sensitive habitats should be implemented.
Sensitive areas and the limits of construction
should be clearly marked prior to construction.
e) Water Quality
Boating related facilities such as bulk-
heads, jetties, or other structural measures may
encroach on narrow waterways. Water quality
may decrease when encroachment restricts
flushing and mixing of waters in small tribu-
taries or inlets. These changes affect wildlife
habitats and substrate conditions of marine
organisms which may cause a reduction in the
diversity of species.
The volume of the water body and tidal
action is significant to water quality. For exam-
ple, small bodies of water can take much less
contamination than larger ones. Existing and
projected water quality conditions within the
vicinity of the access site should be assessed to
determine the potential for adverse changes
being caused by access-related factors. The
thickness and the fineness of existing bottom
sediments is important as a thick layer of very
fine particles can be eroded away by prop-
wash from boat traffic and become suspended
in the water, thus deteriorating water clarity
and quality.
An understanding of sediment deposition,
littoral transport, and fetch is important to the
development of any site. A flushing study to be
submitted for review during the permitting
process is encouraged.
f) Wetland Delineation
The delineation of wetlands boundaries
should ordinarily be determined by an on-site
visit. In most cases, the local delineation map
or map series will be used in order to identify
the general location of wetlands. The National
Wetland Inventory maps produced by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service may also be useful in
the general location of existing wetlands. The
Combined Federal Wetland Delineation
approach should be followed for the site spe-
cific designation of wetland areas. This
approach is a systematic approach which con-
siders soils, hydrology, and vegetative charac-
teristics of a site.
g) Cultural Resources
Cultural resources should be evaluated on
each potential access site. A site may be listed,
nominated, or eligible for listing on the
National Register of Historic Places. The his-
toric or archaeological significance of a site
may not be obvious; therefore, during the site
evaluation the appropriate State Historic
Preservation Officer should be contacted.
Information regarding the National Register of
Historic Places may be obtained from the
National Park Service, National Registry
Programs (see Appendix A-4).
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II
h) Other Considerations
Other site features and related off-shore
conditions appropriate for inclusion in the
environmental inventory may relate to:
Sand Dunes
These are fragile resources and require
special planning so that points of access are well
defined and properly constructed. Foot and
vehicular traffic on dunes should be discouraged.
Shellfish Beds
The location of active shellfish beds should
be identified. The introduction of a boat ramp
facility could impact the water quality near
these areas enough to affect the productivity of
the beds.
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)
SAV areas near the shoreline of a proposed
boating access development site should be
delineated and avoided. SAV beds are gradual-
ly recovering after the precipitous decline in
the 1970's and 1980's. These areas are impor-
tant to marine life for shelter, propagation, and
food.
Scenic and Visual Opportunities
The identification of good and poor views
both on-site and off-site should be considered.
An overall visual analysis of the site may be
necessary for the ultimate preservation of visu-
al quality.
Noise
The existing and projected noise levels at
the development site and in the surrounding
area should be assessed, particularly in areas
with anticipated high increases in boating traf-
fic resulting from site development.
Storms
The history of storms, their frequency, and
intensity may be significant information in
considering a site for development, particular-
ly along unprotected waterways. The National
Weather Service may be contacted to deter-
mine the vulnerability an area has with regard
to storms. The state agency administering the
federal flood insurance program can also pro-
vide valuable information.
Wind
Predominant wind patterns and the orienta-
tion of the shoreline are extremely important,
as these factors can combine to create an area
that is not conducive for navigation of boats
and can also cause accelerated erosion or wave
damage to the boating facility.
i) Site Limitations
Site limitations should be identified based
on the inventory and analysis of natural, factors
and environmental considerations. The capa-
city a site has for the development of boating
access is also directly related to the conditions
and characteristics of the adjacent waterway.
For example, the constriction of narrow coves
and waterways by the encroachment of boat
slips, private piers, and open moorings or
anchorages can be a problem in developing
boating facilities.
22
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n
These facilities reduce the water surface
area available for boating activity, and in nar-
row passages may create a "bottleneck" situa-
tion. Careful siting and maintenance of boating
facilities can avoid or minimize this type of
problem.
A site analysis which outlines the physical
opportunities and constraints for a property
should be conducted to facilitate the assess-
ment of the site. This analysis may simply
involve overlaying the identified environmen-
tal factors and evaluating the overall conditions
of the site, noting areas which are not suitable
for development.
Desirable Site Characteristics Include:
Easy access to open water, population
centers, and necessary utilities.
Accessibility from existing roads and
waterways.
Location near existing state or federally
maintained channels.
High tidal range or flow and high
flushing rates along the cutting side
of the water body.
Location in areas free of severe
shoreline erosion or steep slopes.
Compatibility with existing land and
water uses.
Location away from shellfish beds
used for harvesting for human
consumption.
Access road that meets Department of
Transportation secondary road
standards.
Variable turn-around area (size deter-
mined by design but must be able to
accommodate a combined vehicle and
trailer length of 40')
Buffer zone at shoreline for facilities
which are not water-dependent.
4 foot minimum width for walkways
located apart from vehicular routes.
Compatibility with local comprehen-
sive plans.
Undesirable Site Characteristics Include:
Too shallow or with inadequate water
or land area for intended use, requiring
extensive dredging or filling.
Low tidal range or flow and low flush-
ing rates, such as dead-end canals or
the upper reaches of tidal creeks.
Location with poor water quality, mar-
ginally meeting state water quality
standards.
Location at the mouths of tidal creeks
and other tributaries may not be advis-
able due to lower water quality and
higher sedimentation rates at these areas.
Location near designated fish or
wildlife protection areas, shellfish
beds, or SAVs.
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II
Location which inhibits public access
to navigable waters or hinders safe
navigation by requiring structures that
would extend into existing channels.
Location near areas of heavy boating
traffic.
j) Compatibility Issues
External compatibility of boating access
facilities with adjacent land uses is an impor-
tant consideration. In general, boating access
should be located in areas convenient to popu-
lation centers. Support facilities, such as shop-
ping, restaurants, grocery stores, emergency
services, boating supply houses, repair shops,
service stations, and utilities, should be located
along the primary access route to the site or in
an accessible docking area off the waterway
being proposed for access.
Additional boating access should only be
introduced in areas where there is a demand or
an increased demand is projected based on cur-
rent user trends. Boating access can create con-
flicts in sensitive environmental areas; there-
fore, avoid placing boating access in areas with
identified concentrations of rare, threatened, or
endangered species.
Several passive recreational or access-
related uses may be planned for a single access
site within a boating access facility. However,
the compatibility of these uses with one anoth-
er should be considered to avoid potential on-
site activity conflicts. Compatibility of related
recreational activities is important during site
selection and planning for the appropriate site
facilities and amenities.
k} Boating Traffic Conflicts
Competition among boating participants
for use of the Bay is considerable at peak peri-
ods in certain areas. The characteristics of
recreational boats, including size, speed,
maneuverability and function may intensify
this boating conflict on the waterways. The
physical characteristics of the water body
along with environmental constraints such as
shoreline erodibility, fish and wildlife habitat,
and spawning areas contribute to the magni-
tude of these conflicts. As the number of
boaters increase, problems such as congestion
on the water surface and conflicts between dif-
ferent water-related activities competing for
the same water space may become more evi-
dent. Some small water bodies may be best
suited for cartop boat launches and pier fish-
ing, thus minimizing conflicts with larger,
faster boats.
B. DESIGN CRITERIA
1. Site Plan Layout
The site plan layout should be correlated
directly with the needs assessment or determi-
nation of facilities required to support the
desired user groups. The land requirements
determined for these proposed facilities may
then be appropriately applied to the site based
on the environmental considerations and site
limitations considered during the site inventory
and assessment.
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n
2. Essential Elements and Desired
Relationships
Because each site is unique and has differ-
ent environmental and natural features as well
as varying land requirements based on the
determined need, a standard site layout for
boating access sites is not feasible. The essen-
tial elements which will most likely be includ-
ed for all boating access sites include access to
the site, parking, a launch ramp, support facili-
ties, and direct access to the water. These ele-
ments and their preferred relationships are
depicted in Figure: II-l. Of these essential ele-
ments, it is necessary for only the boat launch
ramp to have direct access to the water. The
remaining elements may be lined by pedestrian
connections, vehicular connections or both
pedestrian and vehicular connections. For
example, pedestrian access from the support
facilities should be directly connected with the
parking and boat launch ramp and there should
be a direct pedestrian connection developed
between the boat launch and water access.
Vehicular connections are most important in
relation to the site access which generally leads
to designated parking areas. The parking area
and internal access should provide a direct
vehicular connection to the boat launch ramp.
Support facilities which are planned on a site
should be accessible to vehicles for service and
maintenance. Often this necessitates a limited
type of vehicular access.
A concept plan depicting the general rela-
tionship of the selected site elements may be
helpful to establish the overall site plan layout.
A concept plan which expresses preferred site
relationships is shown in Figure: II-2.
Recommendations which can enhance the
relationships between the essential elements
shown on the concept plan include:
Location of parking and support facili-
ties which are not water-dependent on
higher ground outside the recommend-
ed shoreline buffer areas.
For large and highly visible facilities,
parking areas can be enhanced by
shrub and tree islands with little loss
of storage capacity.
Where steeper slopes exist, locate
parking areas above the crests and
maintain or reestablish the natural
vegetation on the slopes. This will
preserve a natural shoreline
appearance and also will avoid
extensive regrading. The toe of the
slope must also be stabilized to
prevent further slope erosion.
The scale, species, and spacing of
plants should be compatible with those
of surrounding shoreline areas.
In grading of the site, the slope gradi-
ents and scale of mounds, swales and
berms should be appropriately
designed where possible to create
rounded earth forms compatible with
those of the natural shoreline. In gen-
eral, all development of access areas
shall be constructed in a way that will
protect and enhance views and visual
access to water and shorelines without
compromising the vegetated buffer.
25
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Entrance/exit
Boarding dock
2 Ramps
Water
Figure: II-l
Boating Access
Schematic Plan
Retain or plant vegetation to
create buffer between parking
and adjacent land
Recreation support area
Pedestrian crossing
clearly marked
Note: Pull through parking
at 60 and 90 degrees
Legend:
Buffer
Signage
Courtesy dock
Pedestrian
crossing
Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
26
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Figure: II-2
Concept Layout for Boating Access
Water
Launching
Ramp
Legend:
Access road
Vehicular traffic
Pedestrian path
27
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II
8
In developing an access site, the
effects of human interaction must be
considered. Pollution factors should be
examined and addressed as should the
availability of utilities to the site.
3. Land Requirements
The type of boating access facility planned
will determine the land requirements for the
facility. Site conditions, land availability, envi-
ronmental factors and regulations, and pro-
posed degree of use must be factored in the
final determination of land requirements for a
particular facility.
a) Area Requirements
Typical area requirements for boating
access facilities will vary with the number of
launch lanes and other recreational facilities
and amenities planned at the site. A boating
access facility may include access from the
main road, parking for trailered boats,
restroom facilities, launch ramp, courtesy pier,
turn around, buffer zone, and entrance area.
Additional amenities such as picnicking areas,
overflow parking, and other recreation-related
facilities may be desired at certain sites and
would require additional land.
If a site is identified for boating access
facilities that may have environmental impacts
on adjacent property, additional land may also
be required for a buffer. A single lane ramp will
require a site of approximately 2.5 acres For
each additional lane an additional 1.5 acres is
recommended. A single-lane boat launch ramp
may-have the following land requirements:
30-50, 10' x 40' perking spaces (pull-
through parking spaces are preferable).
Plan for a minimum of 35 parking
spaces.
Allow 400 square feet for each vehicle
and allow 25' for pull out.
20' wide aisles for one-way traffic
24' wide aisles for two-way traffic
Access road which meets secondary
road standards
Variable turn area (size determined by
design, but should accommodate a 40'
trailer and vehicle combination)
100' buffer zone at the shoreline
Maintenance and service areas
Minimum water frontage required for
a cartop boat/canoe launch is 50'
Minimum water frontage required for
trailable boat craft is 100'
b) Water Depth and Subsurface
Conditions
The area being considered for a launch
ramp should be a minimum of 3' deep at the
end of the ramp at mean low water (M.L.W.).
This will lessen the effects of prop-wash and
allow a wider variety of boats to use the ramp.
The proposed launching fairway and the chan-
nel should be clear of debris and have a mini-
mum depth of 4' and be approximately 30-50'
wide.
28
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n
A boat launch ramp should be located in an
area which will not accumulate debris and
cause maintenance problems (see Figure: II-3).
For example, it is most desirable for a ramp to
be located in a protected area off the main
water body. If this is not possible the outside of
a meander or the stretch of water immediately
following abend should be selected. The inside
of a bend should be avoided as this area gener-
ally accumulates the most debris.
c) Vehicular Consideration
The external access to a site should be less
than one mile from a maintained public road-
way, which has at least 13'6" of vertical clear-
ance. The external access road should meet
traffic flow generated by the access site. A 175'
minimum sight distance along the access road
and a 300' minimum sight distance should be
provided at intersections.
External access roads should meet sec-
ondary road standards providing a 20' to 22'
wide pavement with a 3' to 5' shoulder to
accommodate boat trailers. The entrance drive
should intersect the access road at a 90° angle.
If this is not possible, the angle should be no
less than 80° and no more than 100°. The
entrance drive and internal site access roads
should be 20' to 22' wide with a 3' to 5' shoul-
der to facilitate the movement of two-way traf-
fic and 18' to 20' with a 2' to 3' shoulder for
one-way traffic. Guardrails or posts should be
provided on 6' centers for embankments over
6' in height. The entrance drive should not be
directly aligned with the launch ramp and
should provide easy access to the parking
aisles. Proper traffic, informational, and direc-
tional signage should be posted.
It is important that the location of the
entrance road off of the public highway be
carefully coordinated with state highway offi-
cials. This will assure that adequate site dis-
tance can be provided. Also, if turning lanes
are needed, it will be known early in the
process and necessary land can be acquired.
Parking
Where possible, parking areas should be
located within convenient walking distance of
the launch ramp, but outside the buffer area.
There should be adequate parking spaces to
meet the expected demand on a peak day dur-
ing the boating season. Parking stalls for trail-
ered vehicles should be pull through in design
(see Figures: II-4 to II-6). Parking design may
vary with the use of 90°, 60°, or 45° parking
spaces, (see Table: II-l)
Parking lots should have a finished grade of
no less than 1% and no greater than 5%. A turn
around to accommodate a 40' combination of
vehicle and trailer should be provided at the
head of the ramp.
Ramps
The ramp for launching should ideally con-
sist of two or more lanes. The lanes should be
a minimum of 15' wide; the slope of the ramp
must be uniform and between 12% and 15%. A
smooth transition with a vertical curve should
be made between the head of the ramp and the
approach areas to the ramp. The pavement
should be concrete, scored for traction, and a
wheel stop placed at the toe of the ramp. All
ramps should have adequate erosion protection
to prevent undercutting by wave and current
action, (see Figure: II-7)
29
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Figure; II-3
Ramp Locations Related to Water Flow
Most Desirable Ramp Location
located off of main water body
Acceptable Ramp Location
located away from curve of
main water body
Least Desirable Ramp Location -
due to siltation accumulating at inside
curve of main water body
Source; Design Handbook for Recreational
Boating and Fishing Facilities.
State Organization for Boating Access (SOBA),
March, 1996.
30
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Figure: II-4
45 Degree Parking
Source: Design Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOB A, March, 1996.
31
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Figure: II-5
60 Degree Parking
Source: Pesign Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOBA, March, 1996.
32
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f-^+
Figure: II-6
90 Degree Parking
Pfsign
for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOBA, March, 1996.
33
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Water
Figure: II-7
Boat Launch Ramps
Concrete
slab
Erosion protection
Cross Section
12-15% Top of ramp
Rock and gravel
4 \5' 15" 4-
Boat ramp
12%"-15% slope
Water depth 3'
mean low water
-*"- Top of ramp 2'
^ above mean high
water
£ vBoarding Dock
Single Lane
Double Lane
Source: Design Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOBA, March, 1996.
34
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n
10
Parking Stall Dimensions-Table 11-1
Trailered Vehicle
Vehicle Only
Handicapped Trailered
Vehicle
No. for Single Each Additional
Lane Ramp Lane
35
8
2
20
Varies
4
90°
10' x40'
10' x20'
15' x40'
60°
10' x40'
I0'x20'
15' x40'
Size
45°
10' X40'
10' X20'
15' x40'
Source: Handbqok for the Location. Design. Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Boat Launching Facilities.
State Organization for Boating Access, Wilson, K., March 1989.
Access to the launching ramp should be
designed as a one-way system and will require
a separate turn-off from the approach onto the
ramp. Traffic control devices, such as barri-
cades, traffic islands, or berms, may be used to
ensure that access roads are not in direct align-
ment with the ramp. Overhead power and com-
munication lines are not permitted across boat
launching access roads, parking lots, or areas
where sailboats are rigged.
d) Pedestrian Considerations
Pedestrian access should be designated to
provide safe connections to site facilities.
Pedestrian walkways between service areas,
such as parking lots, restrooms, community
buildings, and courtesy docks are essential.
Those areas receiving high levels of pedestrian
use should be physically separated from vehic-
ular traffic as a safety precaution. Heavily
trafficked areas should be surfaced with
durable material (see Figure: II-8). The walk-
ways should be designed with well-defined
edges and should be a minimum of 4' in width.
Trails may be recommended in areas
receiving less use. Trails may have varying
widths and be constructed of several materials,
provided the resulting path has a suitable sur-
face for street shoes and is handicapped acces-
sible (see Figure: II-8).
Raised walkways and docks (see Figure:
II.8) are generally appropriate for courtesy
piers at boat launch facilities. These walkways
should be a minimum of 4' wide and con-
structed of treated wood or other marine-relat-
ed material such as fiberglass, aluminum, or
concrete. The walkways should also be handi-
capped accessible with railings. Walkways
should be sloped 5% or less for handicapped
access. When the on-site grade change is
greater than 5%, handicap ramps should be
provided to enhance accessibility to the site
facilities. Crosswalks should be constructed
with curb ramps on each side whenever they
cross vehicular roads.
35
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Figure: II-8
Pedestrian Access for Boating Sites
Concrete walk
Grass Walkway Road
Section
Raised walkway -
Handicapped accessible
2-5% slope with railings
Trail for hiking
Walkway
.-1
Grass ;/£
Plan view
Curb
Road
Picnic table
Existing vegetation
Gravel walk for hiking
Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
36
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11
e) Special Development Requirements
1) Unique Requirements
Each access site requires a different combi-
nation of development features which relate to
the uses planned and the anticipated level of
use for the site. The following elements should
be considered during site development:
Deck Construction
The use of pier and platform construction
for support facilities may be considered in
marshes and wetlands. This type of construc-
tion preserves marsh vegetation and allows
tidal circulation. All boat ramps should be
designed to withstand typical storm action for
the area, support vehicular loads, and facilitate
backing, turning, and emergency vehicle
access. Walkways, piers, and decks should be
designed to accommodate safe pedestrian pas-
sage and to withstand typical storms for the
area. Additionally, pier and platform construc-
tion for support facility walkways should be
located landward of mean high water.
Signage
Adequate signage should be posted to
inform the public of the layout and regulations
for the access site.
Solid Waste
Trash and garbage collection should be fur-
nished by the locality or by a privately-owned
refuse company. The provision of appropriate-
ly designed refuse containers and an adequate
maintenance program are essential.
Public Safety and Emergency Services
Local fire protection as well as local police
security and emergency medical services
should be available. Location of emergency
services along with emergency^ telephone num-
bers should be posted in a visible area on the
site and telephone service should be provided.
Traffic
The traffic generated by an access site
relates to the size of the facility. Projected traf-
fic volumes resulting from the access site
should not exceed acceptable levels on the
existing major highways or local secondary
street systems.
Handicapped Facilities
An evaluation of appropriate measures to
be taken for improved accessibility should be
made for sites related to boating access.
Contact appropriate state authorities for the
design of handicapped facilities. Any applica-
tion of federal funds in the design and/or con-
struction of launch ramps requires handi-
capped accessibility.
2) Electricity
A facility should be adequately lit for
public use and safety. In order to reduce the
impacts of night lighting on adjacent land uses,
a greater number of low-height lighting fix-
tures are recommended in the place of a small-
er number of taller fixtures. If higher standards
are used they should be well shielded to pre-
vent light spread, especially out over the water.
Lighting should be directed toward the facility
use areas, shielded from adjacent properties,
and vandal-proof.
37
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n
12
3) Water Supply and Distribution System
An adequate water supply and distribution
system may be desirable to provide public
drinking water and fire protection and for the
maintenance and operation of the access facil-
ity. It is recommended that the water supply,
treatment, and distribution be planned at the
same time as wastewater collection, treatment,
and disposal. This will avoid conflicts caused by
an increase in discharge into the sewer system.
It is recommended that wherever possible,
boating access facilities be connected to an
approved external public water system. This
feature will eliminate the development cost and
annual operational expenses of a water supply
facility and treatment plant. If public water
is not available at a site, an on-site well is
desirable.
The water supply and distribution system
should be planned under the direction of a san-
itary engineer and should meet local planning
and state health department requirements.
4) Sewage Disposal/Pumpout
Facilities/Restrooms
The installation and use of sewage pump-
out facilities at marinas and large boat ramp
facilities is important. The location of pump-
out facilities for boats is most desirable where
gas is sold or at sites where large boats may be
docked for extended periods of time, particu-
larly overnight. A pump-out facility should not
contribute more than 1/4 of the total volume
into a septic tank because of the chemicals
used in boats' toilet facilities. Another option
to a septic tank may be a 1000 gallon holding
tank which could be periodically emptied with
the wastes disposed at a treatment plant.
The provision of port-a-potty dumping sta-
tions is desired at boat ramps, and designers
should incorporate these features into their
development plans. Permanent restroom facili-
ties should be a priority at larger boat launch
access sites. The on-shore toilet facilities must
meet the public health requirements of local,
state, and federal agencies within the jurisdic-
tion they are to be built. A minimum of one toi-
let fixture and lavatory per sex for every 30
parking spaces is recommended. Restrooms
should be designed to meet all requirements
for access to and use by the handicapped and
should be located on-site according to the
appropriate state and local regulations. Waste-
water from these facilities may be (1) tied into
the local sewer system, (2) processed in an on-
site septic system, or (3) collected on site in a
holding tank and disposed off-site.
5) Stormwater Management
Parking areas and launching ramps may
create potential environmental problems relat-
ed to increased runoff and pollutant discharge.
Best management practices should be imple-
mented during site development and after con-
struction is completed to avoid or mitigate
these potential impacts. The following design
measures may be incorporated into the site
design for boating facilities to avoid or allevi-
ate site runoff.
Construction of a "crown" at the
top of the launching ramps to divert
parking lot runoff to suitable
collection points.
Installation of catch basins and
filters to trap pollutants.
38
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II
13
Avoidance of direct channeling of
runoff into tidal wetlands.
Use of porous gravel or a perforated
paving block surfacing.
Use of porous pavement in lieu of
traditional asphalt.
6) Estimated Design Cost
Specific design cost estimates will be
determined on a general outline form relative
to a general site design (see Appendix B -
"Cost Estimate").
C. MANAGEMENT/
MAINTENANCE
Management and maintenance refers to
agency actions needed to keep a facility in
desirable condition for public use. Legal liabil-
ities may be incurred in administering a boat
launching facility; therefore, the facility should
be maintained in a safe condition. The admin-
istering agency of a facility is obligated to
remove dangers and warn users of dangerous
conditions. The legal responsibilities of the
administrator should be researched and dis-
cussed with counsel when establishing or
expanding a boat access facility. Legal obliga-
tions may increase in proportion to potential
dangers and if user fees are charged.
1. Maintenance Concerns
Good maintenance practices should be
extended to the adjacent waters and shoreline
in addition to the access site facilities. The
maintenance plan may be established as a
matrix outlining the types of maintenance tasks
and the frequency with which a site would
require this maintenance. Categories of main-
tenance frequency generally include frequent
(weekly to daily), periodic (less than weekly),
and special (as needed). The following mainte-
nance duties should be considered in develop-
ing a maintenance plan:
Launch ramp, maneuvering and tie
down areas
Channel maintenance (may require
additional permits)
Removal of shoreline and beach debris
Restroom clean-up
Trash collection schedule maintenance
Shoreline erosion control
Parking surface/access lane
Signage maintenance
Lighting maintenance
Landscape maintenance/mowing
Stormwater facility upkeep
Seasonal upkeep - preseason
inspections, regular inspection
schedules, etc.
Post-storm cleanup plan
Removal of pumpout waste
39
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II
14
The level of maintenance anticipated at a
site is directly correlated with the use level at
the facility and the location of the site.
Maintenance at public sites is an extremely
important issue as it relates directly to the safe
use of the facility.
2. Management Concerns
The main objective for the efficient man-
agement of boating access facilities is to facil-
itate boater satisfaction and safety. This in turn
can be accomplished through the promotion of
diverse boating activity in specialized areas,
boating safety, and reduction of boating con-
flict with other users. Sensitive environmental
areas adjacent to or within a boating access
area may be managed in such a way that recre-
ational users and facilities do not adversely
affect the productivity or value of such areas. A
detailed explanation of management options
should be considered on a site specific basis.
Overall management and maintenance
requirements will be reduced through proper
site planning efforts which consider environ-
mental conditions and potential impacts to the
site. Issues which relate to management and
the cost of maintenance and management for a
site may include the frequency of maintenance
requirements, the types of facilities located on
the site, the surrounding vegetation and habi-
tat located in the vicinity of the site, and the
establishment and enforcement of rules and
regulations.
40
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HI, Beach/Swimming Access
A. SITE SELECTION
When selecting and evaluating a shoreline
area as a potential beach site, considerations
must be given to projected visitation, accessi-
bility, topography, soil composition and stabil-
ity, historical shoreline erosion rates, water
temperature, water quality, wind and wave
action, water level and tidal fluctuations, and
the currents and tides prevalent for the area.
The availability of land for parking, picnick-
ing, other activities, and other support facilities
should be considered during the evaluation,
selection, and development of a beach site.
1. User Considerations
The planning of public beach access sites
should consider public needs along with the
level of user activity, facility requirements, and
management duties required for the site.
Section I of this report describes the process
and resources available for assessing the need
for public access. For swimming and beach
access, the user considerations which are
important to the location of a public access
area include the existing transportation net-
work, the surrounding land uses, existing ser-
vices available near the potential site, and the
quality and size of the beach area.
2. Environmental Considerations
Beaches are natural landforms which serve
to absorb wave energy. Beaches are dynamic
and should be evaluated and treated according-
ly in planning public access. Natural forces and
elements which have a significant effect on
beaches include topography, wave action, soils
and substrate materials, vegetation, winds, and
storm activity.
a) Topography
The slope of the land both above and below
the waterline is one of the determining factors
in the selection of a good beach site.
Underwater conditions and slopes are dis-
cussed in Section IH.B.3.b. of this text. In gen-
eral, a site is difficult to develop if the gradients
exceed 15%. The beach area should gently
slope to the water's edge at a maximum of 5%
slope. A slope of 5% or less provides increased
land area available for use adjacent to the
water.
b) Soils and Substrate Materials
Although soil composition and stability
varies locally, the proposed beach site should
have a proper base for the beach sand or other
acceptable top material which allows swim-
mers adequate footing upon entering the water.
Beaches should not be located in areas where
extensive siltation occurs or is anticipated. To
avoid excessive siltation, a beach should not be
located at the confluence of two water bodies.
A detailed inspection of the underwater
portion of the beach will be necessary prior to
the beach opening to the public. The inspection
should reveal sinkholes, depressions, or dan-
gerous drift material which should be corrected
41
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m
prior to opening the beach and should be main-
tained during beach operation. All underwater
obstructions, such as tree stumps, should be
removed from the area. All swimming eireas
should be inspected for obstructions annually
prior to opening, after flood events, as well as
on a periodic basis.
c) Surface Water Hydrology
Shoreline erosion is the process of detach-
ment and transportation of sediment particles
from the shore, resulting in the retreat of the
shoreline (see Figure: III-l). Although this
process can be caused by the surface runoff of
water, the most significant erosion agent on the
shoreline is wave action.
The growth and height of waves is con-
trolled by four factors: the water distance over
which the wind is blowing, known as the fetch;
the speed of the wind; the duration of the wind;
and the depth of the water. Continued wave
action will eventually erode the silt and clay
material leaving the sand and gravel to fora a
beach deposit. The beach itself acts as a buffer
to wave action as the waves break along the
sloping shoreline. The size and shape of any
given beach changes continuously as the accu-
mulation of sand adjusts to the changing con-
ditions. For any particular segment of shore-
line, the source of sand is derived from an
updrift erosion site. This is an important factor
that must be considered in the planning of ero-
sion control along the shoreline.
The degree of shoreline recession is depen-
dent upon the following factors:
1) The intensity of wave action and the
exposure to strong tidal currents.
2) The character of the sediments at the site
and the amount of protection offered by vege-
tative cover, specifically marsh grass, at the
shoreline.
3) The amount of sand moving along the
shoreline from other eroding areas or from
streams along the shoreline.
4) The slope of the land adjacent to the
shoreline and the slope of the nearshore
bottom.
d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas
Areas selected for development need to be
assessed to determine if they contain rare,
threatened, or endangered species or other
species in need of conservation. Management
for these species should be incorporated into
the overall beach facility planning and devel-
opment. Areas that could serve as future habi-
tat or feeding, nesting, or resting areas for rare,
threatened, or endangered or other significant
species should be considered a potential
resource during the site evaluation process.
Marsh grasses along the shoreline play an
important role in stabilizing the shoreline and
protecting it from erosion. The root system of
the marsh grass binds the substrate soils while
the grass itself slows the water flow and traps
sand. Whenever possible, natural stands of
grass should be retained. Planting marsh grass
for erosion protection has proven successful in
areas not receiving intense wave attack. It
42
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Figure: III-l
Surface Water Hydrology
Wave action from prevailing wind
\
\ '.
Protected
beach area
Sunrise
Beach
Understand the existing shoreline conditions
and water conditions in swimming areas in terms
of prevailing winds, currents, tide and surf.
Source: Recreation Management of Water Resources. Rea & Warren, 1986.
43
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in
should be noted, however, that areas selected
for recreational beaches, where significant use
is anticipated, should not have marsh grasses
present on the beach face and intertidal zone.
e) Water Quality
The location of beach access and use as a
swimming area may not affect the existing
water quality if appropriate sanitary facilities
are incorporated in the development of beach
and swimming access areas. An assessment of
existing water quality based on its desirability
for swimming should be incorporated in the
analysis for the location of beach access. Water
samples should be analyzed by the local and/or
state health department. Beaches should be
located where there is adequate water circula-
tion to maintain acceptable water quality.
Adequate circulation frees the water of bacte-
ria and pollutants which occur when a large
number of swimmers use the beach. Well-cir-
culated water and periodic tidal flows normally
remove surface debris, such as weeds or other
floating objects that would normally tend to be
deposited on the beach.
If a beach is located near a major boat
ramp, marina, industrial site, or other potential
pollutant, it should be located such as to mini-
mize or avoid the potential effects of fuel spills
and other pollutants. Beaches should not be
sited near or adjacent to areas used as roosting
or nesting sites by waterfowl, since land and
water contamination is likely due to droppings
deposited in these areas.
f) Wetlands Delineation
Tidal and non-tidal wetlands should be
identified and delineated on a site. The poten-
tial impact on these areas should be limited. In
some cases this may require the construction of
bridges, raised decks, and raised walkways to
minimize the impact.
g) Cultural Resources
Many archaeological sites and some stand-
ing structures of historical significance may be
located along the water's edge. These cultural
resources should be evaluated for each poten-
tial beach and swimming access site. Although
the historic or archaeological significance of an
area may not be obvious, the State Historic
Preservation Officer can provide relevant infor-
mation relating to these resources.
h) Other Considerations
Other site features and related off-shore
conditions appropriate for inclusion in the
environmental inventory may relate to:
Sand Dunes
Sand dunes are primarily an accumulation
of sand, often supporting rooted vegetation,
formed by the interaction of wind and wave
action on the sandy material along the shore-
line. Sand moved on the beach during periods
of relatively low wave energy progresses land-
ward by the action of onshore winds.
Vegetation along the dune line acts as a baffle,
slowing wind speed and causing wind-borne
sand to settle and be trapped in the vegetation,
resulting in the growth of the dune. Sand dunes
ate protective buffers to the effects of flooding
and erosion caused by storms and wave action.
They also provide habitat for coastal fauna
and make up an integral part of the coastal
environment.
44
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ffl
Sediment Movement
Sediments are eroded soils and other mate-
rials that are transported from the land into
rivers and the Bay. The presence of sediments
in the water gives it a cloudy appearance and
causes turbidity. Turbid water blocks sunlight
which is vital to the growth and sustenance of
submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Shore-
line, areas composed of easily erodible sedi-
ments which are subject to high wave energy
will have the greatest susceptibility to erosion.
Also, shoreline areas subject to intense ground-
water seepage will experience greater erosion.
Characteristics affecting erosion differ through-
out the Bay; consequently, the physical envi-
ronment of each segment of shoreline must be
evaluated independently.
Waves
Waves are generated by wind velocity and
wind duration. Wave generation is generally
greater in areas that are exposed to the open
Bay than in tidal tributaries. A shallow bottom
near shore will more effectively reduce wave
energy than deep water near shore. Con-
sequently, less wave energy is received by a
shoreline if there is a shoal or tidal flat imme-
diately offshore. Also, a wide beach is better
than a narrow beach for wave energy dissipation.
Wind
Predominant wind patterns and the orienta-
tion of the shoreline are important considera-
tions in developing swimming and beach
access. These factors can combine to create an
area that is not conducive for swimming and
beach activities and can accelerate beach ero-
sion as well.
Scenic and Visual Opportunities
The identification of good and poor views
both on-site and off-site should be considered.
An overall visual analysis of the site may be
necessary for the ultimate preservation of visu-
al quality.
i) Site Limitations
Site limitations should be based on a spe-
cific site inventory and analysis of natural fac-
tors and environmental considerations. For the
development of a beach and swimming area,
the site capacity is directly related to the size
and condition of the beach resource. An inven-
tory of the physical opportunities and con-
straints for a property should be conducted and
summarized in a site analysis. The analysis
may involve the overlaying of identified fac-
tors, evaluation of the site conditions, and the
identification of areas which are conducive to
development of beach access facilities.
Desirable Site Characteristics Include:
Good transportation network and
secondary road system to the site
location.
Location near the population need.
Location near public water supply,
sewage treatment, and other utilities.
Accessibility from on-site to the beach
resource.
Beach areas receiving sand deposition.
Natural protection for the beach
resource such as a site protected by
existing dunes or a location in a cove.
45
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in
Tidal and water current conditions
which are safe for swimming.
Locations which have not historically
received severe storm activity.
Good water circulation and flushing.
Undesirable Site Characteristics Include:
Steep slopes (>15%) and areas receiv-
ing heavy drainage.
Areas with highly credible soils and
shorelines which erode at a rate
greater than two feet per year.
Beaches which require shoreline ero-
sion control structures as these struc-
tures may cause downstream impacts.
Wind and wave patterns which cause
erosion and/or hazardous swimming
conditions.
Areas which historically receive
intense storm activity.
Location near land uses or other con-
ditions which have adverse affects on
water quality.
Location adjacent to SAV and shellfish
beds.
Beaches which have underwater haz-
ards which cannot be corrected with-
out grading or dredging.
j) Compatibility Issues
The internal compatibility of a swimming
beach access site with other types of public
access is dependent on site characteristics and
resource values. Beaches and swimming areas
are most compatible with access areas which
have been designated as natural area access.
External compatibility of swimming beach
access facilities with adjacent land uses is also
an important consideration. In general, beach
access should be located in areas convenient to
population centers. Support facilities, such as
shopping, restaurants, grocery stores, emer-
gency services, service stations, and utilities
should be located along the primary access
route to the site.
k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems
The impact to the bottom of the shoreline
area needs to be assessed for various reasons.
When shore erosion control structures
are implemented for a beach site they
may have adverse impacts on fish
spawning areas or shellfish beds, etc.,
due to the filling of wetlands or the
placement of beach fill channelward of
mean low water.
The disturbance of bottom sediments
and introduction of additional beach
fill may adversely affect water quality
which may impact productive fishery
habitat and nearby SAV beds.
Deposited beach sediments may nega-
tively impact the sediment budget and
coastal geomorphologic processes.
46
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in
B. DESIGN CRITERIA
1. Site Plan Layout
Beach access sites will be provided at
water resource development locations
approved by state or local government agen-
cies. The priorities in the design of a beach site
include the safety of the user, the effects that
the physical features of the site will have on the
beach, and future operation and maintenance
considerations. Beaches may be designed in
support of multiple use activities or as a single
use area. Small beaches may best be designed
in conjunction with other facilities to disperse
visitor use. The aesthetic compatibility of a
facility with its surroundings, as seen from
adjacent areas, and the water are also important
considerations during the site layout and
design.
2. Essential Elements and Desired
Relationships
The essential elements for a beach access
area may include access to the site, parking,
picnicking areas, play areas, bath house, ade-
quate beach frontage, designated swimming
area, support and maintenance facilities, and a
buffer zone. The schematic plan shown in
Figure: III-2 depicts preferred relationships
for these elements. Of these essential site facil-
ities, the beach and swimming area is the only
water-dependent activity.
In Figure: HI-2, the beach area is located
directly adjacent to the water and is buffered
from the remaining site facilities. The beach
and activity areas are connected by pedestrian
walkways which are separated from vehicular
access and parking areas. Vehicular access is
provided to the parking area with a separate
service road to the maintenance facilities and
for emergency access.
A concept plan depicting the general rela-
tionship of the selected site elements may be
helpful to establish the overall site plan layout.
A concept plan which expresses preferred site
relationships is shown in Figure: 111*3.
3. Land Requirements
The land requirements for the development
of beach access are entirely resource depen-
dent. For example, the size and condition of the
beach being considered for development deter-
mines the number of visitors and the size and
type of support facilities which the site can
effectively serve. In determining the land
requirements for a potential beach access area,
it is not only imperative to assess the potential
capacity of the beach and adjacent support
lands but also the anticipated use of the beach,
i.e., as a "local" beach or a "tourist" beach.
a) Area Requirements
The anticipated visitation levels and user
patterns can be determined from visitation
records, observation of existing use, and user
survey data sources at existing beaches. For
new beach sites, the visitation trends at similar
areas in other locations could be used to deter-
mine the appropriate size requirements for the
beach site and support facilities. On the aver-
age, 50 square feet of sand and 50 square feet
of swimming area per person are ideal. Thirty
square feet per person for the swimming area is
minimal.
Parking spaces
Restroom facilities-
47
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Figure: III-2
Beach/Swimming Access Schematic Plan
Entrance/ parking
Trails/ walkways from
parking to bath house
Retained or planted
trees create buffer zone
between parking lot
and beach
Picnic tables located
on grass area
Lifeguard stand
Handicap walk to water
Buoy Line
fT3>
>->-uvr
Legend:
Buffer
Picnic tables
Trail walk
Signage
Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
48
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Figure; III-3
Concept Layout for Beach/Swimming Access
Water
Beach
aa
eaa
Access Road
Vehicular Traffic
Maintenance Road
Pedestrian Traffic
Natural Buffer
Signage
Area of Conflict
a
49
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in
1 service sink/facility
toilets - 1/50 men
1/50 women
sinks - 1/50 men
1/50 women
1 drinking fountain/1,000
Shower stalls -
for an outside shower,
1 per 50 visitors, or
for an inside shower,
1 per every 50 visitors of each sex
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions
Figure: III-4 shows the desired subsurface
conditions for swimming beaches. Slopes in
the underwater portion of beaches should ide-
ally range from 2% to 5%. Beach bottoms
should exist or be designed to eliminate sudden
changes in grade or drop-offs with depths of up
to 5 feet. Steeper slopes tend to crowd swim-
mers together, making it more difficult for life-
guards to watch individual swimmers.
c) Vehicular Considerations
Proposed beach sites should only be
developed where vehicle access is feasible and
where the entrances can be controlled or sepa-
rated from other area uses. Access to a beach in
a multi-use area should not interfere with the
other uses, create safety hazards, or adversely
impact the area. Access roads to beach parking
areas should meet appropriate secondary road
standards. Width of roads should be at least 20
feet and shoulders or berms at least 3 feet wide.
Guardrails or posts should be provided on
6 foot centers for embankments over six feet in
height. Proper traffic signs should be posted.
Vehicular access is also necessary to the life-
guard building and to beach areas for emer-
gency vehicles.
Parking
Parking areas should be located within 800
feet of the beach, with 500 feet being desirable
provided the water resource and vegetation
adjacent to the shoreline is protected. Parking
should not impact the beach resource or vege-
tation which protects the shoreline area. The
size of the parking area should be determined
from the projected visitor capacities and size of
site. In general, one parking space should be
provided for every three visitors. Additional
parking may be required where multiple use
activities are provided. The layout of the park-
ing area should minimize pedestrian conflict
with vehicular areas and circulation. The stan-
dard parking layout for compact and conven-
tional types of automobiles is 150 cars per
acre. The spacing of parking lanes should be
10 feet by 20 feet with a 25 foot turning strip
between the two parking lanes for a total of 65
feet from end of car to end of car. Parking areas
should be appropriately surfaced (use BMP)
and marked with bumper blocks and guardrails
or posts. An adequate number of parking
spaces should be provided for the physically
handicapped. These spaces should be connect-
ed to a walkway leading to the swimming area.
d) Pedestrian Consideration
Walkways, ramps, and stairs which are sepa-
rate from vehicular circulation patterns should
be provided between parking areas, other sup-
port facilities, and the beach area. Slope, width,
and handrails should be considered
50
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Figure: III-4
Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions
Underwater slopes should
range from 2-5%.
Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, July, 1989.
51
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in
8
when designing these features. Access for the
physically handicapped should be a walkway
at least 4 feet wide with a slope not greater than
5 percent. A handrail should be provided to aid
handicapped persons gain easy access to the
swimming area. If appropriate, a swimming
area for the physically handicapped should be
marked off at the end of the walkway (Figure:
III-5). To protect dunes along the shoreline, it
may be necessary to provide a series of ramp
walkways to accommodate pedestrian access
across the dunes without disturbing the dune's
natural features or the natural protection
offered by the dune buffer.
e) Special Development Requirements
1) Unique Requirements
The beach should be sited to ensure maxi-
mum solar exposure. Western exposures, how-
ever, should be avoided if possible to reduce
afternoon glare. Designated swimming areas
should be planned to provide protection
from boats, fuel spillage, and boat wakes.
Consideration should also be given to siting the
beach at an angle to the prevailing winds to
prevent the accumulation of debris. The beach
site should not be located in areas with strong
currents that may cause sand loss, deposit
silt, create drop-offs, or provide a hazard to
swimmers.
Beach Construction (Figure: Jll-6)
When a natural beach is not available, as a
last resort, a beach may be constructed on an
appropriate site. A detailed inspection of the
area is required to ensure that the site contains
no sensitive flora and fauna, and avoids other
environmental constraints. Trees and stumps
along the beach should be removed and holes
and depressions filled with granular materials,
such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone for ade-
quate filtration. The upper limits of graded areas
should be based on an analysis of the daily, sea-
sonal, or yearly water level fluctuations. The
lower limits should be 6 vertical feet below the
M.L.W. The beach and adjacent underwater
areas should be graded on a constant slope
ranging from 2% to 5%. Underwater slopes
should extend at least 10 horizontal feet beyond
the lowest placement of buoy lines. Any fill
required to bring the surface to proper grade
should be constructed with granular material.
Coarse sand shall be placed in areas that do not
have adequate natural beach within the desig-
nated site. Six inches of sand in excess of the
design thickness should be specified to control
final grades. Sand should be placed on a stone
base to a uniform thickness to reduce turbidity.
A layer of non-woven filter fabric may be
placed on the base prior to sand placement. A
minimum depth of 2 feet of sand should be
applied on all above water beach areas.
Beach Change Shelters
A minimum of one bath change shelter
should be provided for each swimming area.
These change houses should be between 200
and 500 feet from the water's edge and should
meet local and state regulations relating to Bay
development. Whenever possible, dressing
rooms should be combined with, or located
adjacent to sanitary facilities and showers.
Interiors of bathhouses should be constructed
of an easily cleaned material and floors should
have a non-slip surface, impervious to moisture
and sloped to drain. Open air or outdoor show-
ers should be used where practical to reduce
cost. If an open air facility is the only facility
provided, a 3 to 4 foot roof shelter may be con-
sidered for protection from rain. All bathhouses
or shelters should be designed for pressure
hose cleaning.
52
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Figure III-5
Pedestrian Access for Swimming/Beach Sites
Accessible Pathway From Parking to Beach
Pathways may be located
to one side of the beach
but should not be segre-
gated at the far end.
Boardwalk
Slip-resistant platform
or rubber mat
Accessible Swimming Platform
Height of handrails
\
Wheel stop
Source: Guidelines for the Design of Barrier-Free Recreational/Boating & Fishing Facilities. SOBA, February, 1992.
-------
Figure ffl-6
Beach Construction
Beach
2' Coarse sand
6" Stone base
Filter fabric
Water
Buoy
Underwater slopes
should range from 2-5%
Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
54
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Sports, Play Areas, and Pedestrian Walkways
Active play areas for all age groups, with
consideration for the handicapped, may be
desirable in conjunction with beaches. This
provision can best be accomplished by desig-
nating the necessary space for users to partici-
pate or spectate in an area that will minimize
impacts on the environment. Where feasible,
these play areas should be located in conjunc-
tion with other supporting facilities such as
parking, restrooms, water, and trash recepta-
cles. Additional support items to consider are
benches, water fountains, trails, fencing, etc.
Play areas should be designed and located
in areas which do not require the pedestrian to
cross vehicular roads to reach the facility. If
road crossings cannot be avoided, play areas
should be located so that necessary crossings
occur where there is adequate stopping dis-
tance along the roadway. Pedestrian crossings
should be adequately signed and well defined.
Speed control devices such as rumble strips or
speed bumps may be used if necessary. Deck
construction may be implemented to avoid
impact to environmentally sensitive areas par-
ticularly across vegetation, marshland, and
dunes adjacent to the beach area.
Buffer Zones
Beaches including turf sunbathing areas
should be separated from parking areas with an
adequate grass buffer. Trees should be left to
provide shade in the turf areas adjacent to sand
beaches. If surface runoff is anticipated to be
heavy, diversion contouring or ditches should
be designed to divert flow toward stormwater
management facilities. Picnicking facilities
should not be located in the buffer area; how-
ever, if these facilities are included within the
beach area, they should be located so as not to
interfere with beach activities. In general, plant
material should be used to effectively screen
parking areas as well as adjacent residential
and other potentially impacted land uses from
exposed facility areas, and to maintain and
enhance the natural character of the landscape.
Other Shelters/Lifeguard Stands
Lifeguard and first aid stations should be
incorporated at all public beach sites. Elevated
lifeguard stands should be located to provide a
complete view of swimmers. A lifeguard stand
or platform at least 6 feet high should be locat-
ed at 200 foot intervals along the beach. It
should be equipped with an umbrella and a
storage compartment for a first aid kit and
other supplies. Lifeguard facilities and first aid
stations should be located in the same building,
if possible. First aid equipment, a telephone,
and emergency numbers should be accessible
to the lifeguards and the public.
Buoys and Markers
The limits of the swimming area should be
designated with buoy lines or foam filled float-
ed pipelines where feasible. The PVC pipe
buoy is preferred in beach areas that will expe-
rience heavy traffic. Larger beaches may be
divided into one or two sections so that the
appropriate number of sections may be opened
as needed during peak use hours or days.
International orange colored floats should be
provided every 15 feet on buoy lines or at all
angles when PVC pipe is used. No lines should
be anchored to trees, rocks, or walls.
Hazardous areas such as shallow water should
be marked off-limits for swimmers by buoy
lines or floating pipelines.
55
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m
10
Ideally, buoy lines used to mark the limit of the
swimming area should be placed in water
depths of 5 feet or less. However, where the
water level fluctuates, the buoy line may need
to be placed in a deeper area so that swimming
areas would not be severely limited during low
tide. In areas where the water level fluctuates
significantly, buoy lines must be designed so
they can be adjusted as necessary. A minimum
of two warning marked buoys or floating signs
indicating the "boats keep out" symbol (dia-
mond shape and international orange) should
be spaced at a maximum of 200 foot intervals
to warn vessels approaching the swimming
area. The buoys should be located between 100
and 300 feet from the swimming area buoy
lines.
Signage
Signs should be provided only where need-
ed to regulate traffic, warn of hazardous condi-
tions, establish restrictions, or provide emer-
gency contact information.
Additional Safety Measures
Life-saving devices consisting of life jugs,
a ring buoy and line, and one 10 to 12 fooi: pole
(shepherd's hook) every 200 feet may be locat-
ed in beaches where lifeguards are not provid-
ed. In larger beach areas a small craft or raft
may also be located at the lifeguard station.
Depth gauge poles should be placed at regular
intervals along buoy lines. Bulletin boards or
signs should be located where swimmers can
see them before entering the area. Emergency
phone numbers and safety messages should
also be posted in conspicuous places.
2) Electricity
Electricity should be provided as necessary
to support the safe use of the beach and swim-
ming facility. The location of electrical lines
may affect the aesthetics, costs, and manage-
ment of the site. Consideration should be given
to the costs of installing, operating, and main-
taining the electrical systems. All proposed
systems must meet state and local codes and
standards for health and safety. Normally, all
utility lines should be placed underground
unless special conditions make such an instal-
lation prohibitive. Underground utilities should
be located outside the roadway to avoid any
disturbance to traffic during utility mainte-
nance activities. If electric and telephone lines
are located underground, they may be placed in
a common trench.
Lines between use areas and lines from site
boundaries to use areas can be placed above
ground only if they do not interfere with safe-
ty, maintenance, or aesthetics. Overhead power
lines should be aligned behind forest cover out
of view where feasible.
Lighting for safety and security should be
incorporated into the design of the facility. All
major road intersections and major facilities
such as parking areas, restrooms, group shel-
ters, and walkways should have adequate lights
when available.
Telephones should be available for emer-
gency use. Public pay phones may also be pro-
vided in public use areas. If the lines must be
located above ground and cross a road right-of-
way, this should be considered in location and
design of the road.
56
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ra
11
3) Water Supply and Distribution System
Water supply and distribution systems
should be provided at all beach sites. Water
supply systems serving recreational areas are
similar in some respects to rural communica-
tion systems. As a rule, they are rather com-
pact, have branching type distribution piping,
and must respond to widely varying water use
rates which may be affected by many variables
including state/local regulations, location, visi-
tation, and seasonal requirements. Water lines
should be located underground and should be
outside the road right-of-way. Water supply
and distribution systems must meet all federal,
state, and local requirements for health and
safety. Water lines should be placed in a sepa-
rate trench from power and telephone lines.
Potable water should be used in all supply
systems with municipal or public systems sup-
plying water whenever feasible. If municipal
systems are not available, the second most
desirable source of water is wells.
4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms
All beaches with an expected visitor use of
400 or more per weekend day should have
waterborne toilets. When such toilets are con-
sidered, a well or other water supply system
must be provided to supply 10 gallons per user
day. Where waterborne toilets and showers are
present, the water supply requirements will
increase to 25 gallons per user day. Sanitary
sewers or sewage containment or treatment
facilities should be adequately sized according
to visitation data. All designs for water supply,
sewer, and wastewater systems must be in
accordance with state and local health require-
ments. User safety and environmental impacts
should be considered in siting these structures
in order to minimize the need for the user to
cross roads.
The most desirable method for sewage dis-
posal is to tie into a public or municipal sys-
tem. Where municipal waste treatment systems
are not available, an on-site treatment and dis-
posal or a holding tank and pump-out facility
may be used. The design and specifications for
sewage disposal systems is site specific and
the selected system must be cost effective and
meet all current state and local standards.
Accurate visitation projections are necessary to
determine sewage flow levels. Sewage dispos-
al for beach access areas are generally associ-
ated with the capacity of restroom and shower
facilities.
5) Stormwater Management
Stormwater runoff must be given special
attention during the planning and design of a
beach site. Surface runoff must not be allowed
to drain across the beach area; therefore, the
runoff from any area including parking areas
upland of the beach must be diverted. Methods
of diversion might include grassed swales, ter-
racing, and inlets. The use of porous gravel or
perforated block surfacing for parking and
roadway areas is also encouraged. Any method
used to divert the surface runoff away from the
beach area should complement the beach
development and minimize impact to the site.
57
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Ill
12
Outfall of the diversion of the treated stormwa-
ter should be located downstream of the swim-
ming beach or contained in a holding pond and
allowed to percolate into the soil. The potential
runoff from agricultural activities within the
watershed should be considered when locating
a beach site as these activities may impact the
water quality for swimming.
C. MANAGEMENT/
MAINTENANCE
1. Maintenance Concerns
Beach areas, buildings, grounds, access
facilities, and utilities require pre-seasonal and
post-seasonal attention as well as periodic
maintenance during the bathing season. When
beaches and support facilities are subject to
frequent or sudden fluctuations of water level
or flooding, particularly in the winter or early
spring, the importance of regular maintenance
is magnified.
Swimming Areas
The following is typical of the kind of
maintenance performed at successful swim-
ming facilities:
Beach and swimming areas should be
checked each day before opening, with
areas that have been designated for
wading, diving, or for use by the phys-
ically handicapped given particular
attention.
The swimming area should also be
inspected at least weekly and after
each severe storm or flood to assure
safe slope and placement of sand and
that the area is free of holes, drop-offs,
58
or submerged debris which may
endanger bathers. Immediate steps
should be taken to remove a hazard or
to rope off or sign potentially danger-
ous areas. Swimmers should be pre-
cluded from using any area which is
not safe and should be notified of cur-
rents, waves, and storm conditions
which may be hazardous.
The swimming area facilities and
equipment, including the cable buoy
line or floating pipe line, depth indica-
tors, "No Swimming Zone" buoys,
first aid supplies, etc., should be
inspected at least weekly to ensure
they are in place and are in a safe
condition.
Seaweed and algae growth accumula-
tions, as well as floating logs and
other debris, should be removed from
the swimming area.
To prevent ice damage, floating struc-
tures should be removed from the
water during the off-season.
Water samples shall be taken periodi-
cally and analyzed as required by the
appropriate state and/or local health
department. Beaches should be
promptly closed when they are deter-
mined to be unsuitable for safe use.
A light coating of sand should be
placed on concreted swimming areas
(if they are provided) to improve foot-
ing and break up the algae.
-------
ffl
13
Buildings
Use non-slip coatings to treat floors of
bathhouses, concession areas, life-
guard stands, and offices.
Clean public use areas in buildings at
least daily during the recreation sea-
son. Bathhouse floors and sanitary
facilities should be cleaned near clos-
ing time each day.
Keep comfort stations equipped with
disposable supplies.
Periodically spray or otherwise treat
buildings, inside and out, using
Integrated Pest Management (IMP) to
control insects. Agents should not be
used in such a manner as to be harmful
to humans, pets, or the environment.
Inspect buildings periodically and life-
guard stands daily for structural
defects and have them repaired
promptly.
Food processing, drinking water sys-
tems, and sewage systems shall be
monitored and maintained to meet the
appropriate state and local health
requirements.
Grounds and Facilities
Clean up litter as required, but usually
not less than daily during the peak
recreation season.
Place trash containers at comfort sta-
tions and at convenient locations
throughout the beach area.
Provide and keep in place tight-fitting
lids on all trash containers.
Keep grass cut to a height of 2 to 2 1/2
inches in turf areas and use only
approved chemicals for weed control.
Any use of chemicals to control weeds
should be under the supervision of a
trained and licensed person, and part
of an approved IMP program.
Maintain and replenish sand beach
surface each year or as needed to
replace that which is washed away or
displaced.
Roads and parking lots shall be kept
clean and in good repair, parking
spaces defined, traffic regulatory signs
in place, and traffic appropriately
restricted from the beach area.
Provisions should be made for emer-
gency vehicles to be driven to the
beach area, if needed.
Ensure that the public is not endan-
gered by the operation of mechanical
beach cleaners, lawn mowers, or other
equipment used on the site.
Inspect warning and information signs
regularly, keeping them maintained, in
place, in good repair, and legible.
Ditching or contouring shall be
arranged to divert surface run-off away
from the beach.
All utilities should be inspected before
each season and regularly during the
season with repairs made promptly by
qualified personnel.
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in
14
2. Management Concerns
Managers should develop year-round oper-
ating procedures to ensure safe and healthful
beach conditions and to support facilities, such
as comfort stations, bathhouses, concession
buildings, parking areas, walkways, and access
roads. Trained staff, including maintenance
personnel and lifeguards (if provided), are
required to ensure that adequate supervision,
inspection, control, and enforcement are pro-
vided to ensure the safety of the public.
Competent beach supervisors are essential to
proper beach management. Periodic training
for supervisors in beach management is strong-
ly encouraged.
Perhaps the most critical factor in design-
ing for minimal grounds maintenance is the
selection of appropriate plant materials. Native
trees and shrubs should be chosen and allowed
to develop into their natural form without prun-
ing or shearing. Areas naturally vegetated on-
site should be retained as buffer areas which
will require minimal upkeep.
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IV, Pier and Bank Fishing Access
A. SITE SELECTION
The selection and evaluation of a site for
fishing activities should consider environmen-
tal factors including the existing fish habitat,
the amount of shore frontage, projected visita-
tion, accessibility, slope gradient, historical
shoreline erosion rates, wind and wave action,
water level and tidal fluctuations, and the cur-
rents and tides. The availability of land for
parking, picnicking, play areas, and other sup-
port facilities which are not water-dependent
should also be considered during the evalua-
tion, selection, and development of a fishing
access site. In selecting an access site for pier
and bank fishing, one of the most important
criteria is the availability of fish for catch in the
immediate vicinity of the site.
1. User Considerations
The planning of public fishing access sites
should consider public needs along with the
level of user activity, facility requirements, and
management duties required to fulfill those
needs. Section I of this report describes the
process and resources available for assessing
the general need for public access.
The user considerations in locating a fish-
ing access site include an evaluation of the site
to gain information on the extent, nature, loca-
tion and quality of the existing water body and
fish resources. Fish species, population, sizes,
and characteristics should be determined prior
to site development. An assessment is needed
to determine if there are enough fish in the area
and if the fish population may be sustained by
natural reproduction, or will require stocking.
2. Environmental Considerations
Potential environmental impacts due to
fishing activity and related facility develop-
ment must be considered prior to the develop-
ment of access sites. The evaluation of envi-
ronmental factors should begin with a thorough
inventory of the potential access site. Data
which relates to the topography, soils, surface
water hydrology, vegetation, wildlife habitat
areas, and existing wetlands should be collected.
This information should then be reviewed to
verify the suitability of a site for development.
a) Topography
Shoreline areas with flat to rolling slopes
of less than 15% and suitable soils based on
standard classifications related to proposed
uses are generally preferable for fishing access
development.
b1 Soils and Substrate Materials
Physical considerations at the site include
the assessment of soil geology and substrate
materials. The nature, extent, and cost of the
substructures necessary for site facilities must
be determined based on the soil types. Test
piles and direct soil evaluation tests are two
commonly used methods for determining the
resistive quality of subsoils. Soil conditions
61
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IV
should provide suitable foundation support and
wastewater treatment capacity, if existing
sewage facilities are not already available to
the site.
Shoreline erosion should be a major con-
sideration in siting locations for bank and pier
fishing. Access sites along shoreline areas
should be avoided where existing erosion rates
exceed 2 feet/year. In general, banks that are
composed of easily credible sediments and are
subjected to high wave energy will have the
greatest susceptibility to erosion. Facility
structures located within or near these highly
erodible shorelines may be impacted by wave
action and require continuous maintenance or
the implementation of erosion protection.
c) Surface Water Hydrology
Provided an adequate surface drainage plan
is adopted, normal precipitation presents no
serious problem in fishing access site design.
Waters from a maximum probable rainfall
should drain from the site without eroding the
adjacent land or causing additional runoff in
the Bay and its tributaries. Inflows from sur-
rounding lands may need to be diverted or
retained on-site for infiltration as a part of the
drainage plan.
dl Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas
The potential for adverse impact is directly
related to the proximity of the access point to
existing vegetation, waterfowl, and wildlife
habitat areas. State agencies dealing with
wildlife and rare, threatened, and endangered
species, as well as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service and the National Marine Fisheries
Service, can help to identify significant areas
of habitat.
Adjacent to the water body, a 100 foot
buffer area of vegetation is recommended. This
buffer is effective in retarding runoff, prevent-
ing erosion, filtering nonpoint pollution from
runoff, and reducing sediments which enter the
water. The buffer area can also help to maintain
established habitat on the site.
e) Water Quality
The location of a public fishing pier may
not affect the existing water quality if appro-
priate sanitary facilities and fish cleaning areas
are incorporated in the development of pier and
bank fishing access areas. However, the exist-
ing water quality should be assessed based on
its desirability for fishing prior to the develop-
ment of the fishing access site.
f) Wetland Delineation
To avoid potential impacts, the identifica-
tion and delineation of tidal and non-tidal wet-
lands should be determined by an on-site visit.
The National Wetland Inventory maps pro-
duced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
may also be useful in the general location of
existing wetlands. The Combined Federal
Wetlands Delineation Methodology should
then be followed for the site-specific designa-
tion of wetland areas. This approach is a sys-
tematic approach which considers soils,
hydrology, and vegetative characteristics of a
site.
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IV
g) Cultural Resources
For each potential access site, cultural
resources should be evaluated for historical
significance. A site may be listed, nominated,
or eligible for listing on the National Register
of Historic Places. The historic or archaeologi-
cal significance of a site may not be obvious;
therefore, the State Historic Preservation
Officer should be contacted prior to site
development.
fr) Other Considerations
Other site features and related off-shore
conditions appropriate for inclusion in the
environmental inventory may relate to:
Wading
Wading into the water creates a disturbance
for other fishermen and disrupts banks and
underwater surfaces, thus causing damage to
aquatic life. Wading in areas with shellfish may
also be hazardous to fishermen if they do not
wear hard soled shoes.
Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV)
S AV areas near the shoreline of a proposed
bank fishing access development site should be
delineated and avoided. These areas provide
shelter and food to marine life and should not
be disturbed.
Scenic and Visual Opportunities
The identification of good and poor views
both on-site and off-site should be considered.
An overall visual analysis of the site may be
necessary for the ultimate preservation of visu-
al quality.
Piers
Piers should be provided in high use areas
and in areas where the shoreline is inappropri-
ate for bank fishing due to shallow waters close
to the shoreline or to banks with concentrated
aquatic vegetation along the shoreline.
Storms
The history of storms, their frequency, and
intensity may be significant information in
considering a site for development, particular-
ly along unprotected waterways. The National
Weather Bureau may be contacted to determine
the vulnerability an area has with regard to
storms. The state agency administering the
National Flood Insurance Program can also
provide valuable information.
Wind
Predominant wind patterns and the orienta-
tion of the shoreline are extremely important,
as these factors can combine to create an area
that is not conducive for fishing and can also
cause accelerated erosion to the shoreline.
i) Site Limitations
In order to determine the fishing capacity
of a given area of the Bay, characteristics of the
water body and the spatial requirements of the
activity should be considered. Bank fishing
capacity is affected by the size of the water
body, depth closure, and shoreline configura-
tion. Shoreline configuration determines the
extent of usable space along the shoreline.
63
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IV
A site analysis which outlines the physical
opportunities and constraints for a property
should be conducted. This analysis may s imply
involve overlaying the identified environmen-
tal factors and evaluating the overall conditions
of the site, noting areas which are not suitable
for development.
Desirable Site Characteristics Include:
Good transportation network and
secondary road system to the site
location.
Location near the population need.
Location near public water supply,
sewage treatment, and other utilities.
Ease of accessibility from on-site to
the fishing resource.
Natural protection for the fishing
resource such as a site protected by
existing vegetation or a location in a
cove.
Tidal and water current conditions
which are acceptable for fishing.
Location which has not historically
received severe storm activity.
Good water circulation and flushing.
Location free of severe shoreline ero-
sion or steep slopes.
Natural buffer zone along shoreline for
facilities which are not water-dependent.
Undesirable Site Characteristics Include;
Location where the water is too shal-
low or the land area is unsuitable for
intended use.
Low tidal range or flow and low flush-
ing rates, such as dead-end channels or
the upper reaches of tidal creeks.
Steep slopes (>15%) and areas receiv-
ing heavy drainage.
Highly credible soils and shorelines
which erode at a rate greater than 2
feet/ year.
Wind and wave patterns which cause
erosion and/or unacceptable fishing
conditions.
Location near land uses or other con-
ditions which may contribute to poor
water quality.
Location which has underwater haz-
ards that cannot be corrected without
grading or dredging.
Locations near areas of heavy boating
traffic.
j) Compatibility Issues
The internal compatibility of a fishing
access site with other types of public access is
dependent on site characteristics and resource
values. Aquatic growth necessary for fish
64
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cover and sustaining the aquatic food chain
conflict with boating and swimming; therefore,
pier and bank fishing are often most compati-
ble with natural areas.
External compatibility of fishing access
facilities with adjacent land uses is an impor-
tant consideration. In general, fishing access
should be located in areas convenient to popu-
lation centers. Support facilities, such as shop-
ping, restaurants, grocery stores, emergency
services, bait and tackle shops, service stations,
and utilities, should be located along the pri-
mary access route to the site.
k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems
Impact to the bottom of the water body
adjacent to the shoreline area should be
assessed for the following reasons:
When shore erosion control structures
are implemented for a site they may
have adverse impact on fish spawning
areas or shellfish beds, etc., due to the
filling of wetlands or the bottom of the
shoreline.
The disturbance of the bottom sedi-
ments may adversely affect water
quality which impacts productive fish-
ery habitat and S AV beds if they are
located nearby.
B. DESIGN CRITERIA
1. Site Plan Layout
The priorities in the design and site layout
for a fishing site include the enjoyment and
safety of the user, the effects that the physical
features of the site will have on the environ-
ment, and future operation and maintenance
considerations. Provisions for preserving a
high quality aquatic habitat on the site should
include avoiding construction on or near the
habitat areas, maintaining vegetative buffer
strips along the waters, and revegetating dis-
turbed areas.
2. Essential Elements and Desired
Relationships
The essential elements which will most
likely be included for all fishing access sites
include access to the site, adequate shore
frontage, direct access to the water, adequate
parking, picnicking areas, and support and
maintenance facilities. These elements and
their preferred relationships are depicted in a
schematic plan, Figure: IV-1.
A concept plan depicting the general rela-
tionship of the selected site elements may be
helpful to establish the overall site plan layout.
A concept plan which expresses preferred site
relationships is shown in Figure: IV-2.
Recommendations which may enhance the
relationships between the essential elements
shown on the concept plan may include:
Location of parking and support facili-
ties which are not water-dependent
outside the recommended shoreline
buffer areas.
For large and highly visible facilities,
parking areas can be enhanced by
shrub and tree islands with little loss
of storage capacity.
65
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Figure; IV-1
Pier and Bank Fishing Access Schematic Plan
Bulkhead or barrier placed
well upland of marsh.
Retained or planted trees
increase compatibility of
parking and dry storage areas
with adjacent residences.
Porous parking and storage
surfaces and pollutant traps
permit filtered runoff to enter
the water table.
Fish cleaning area
Buffer
Legend:
Buffer
Signage
66
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Figure. IV-2
Concept Layout for Pier and Bank Fishing Access
Water
Buffer
(Vegetation)
Fish cleaning
shelter
Pier
Shoreline
Buffer
(Vegetation)
Legend:
Access Road
Vehicular Traffic
Pedestrian Path
Signage
Vegetation Buffer
67
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IV
Where steeper slopes exist, locate
parking areas above the crests to avoid
extensive regrading and maintain or
reestablish the natural vegetation on
the hillside. Also, stabilize the toe of
the slope to prevent erosion.
Where steep slopes to a water body
exist, use of pier access is recom-
mended.
The scale, species, and spacing of
plants should be compatible with those
of the surrounding, undisturbed shore-
line areas.
Site grading should be implemented to
create rounded earth forms compatible
with those of the natural shoreline
Development of fish access areas
should protect and enhance views and
visual access to water and shorelines.
Pollution along a water body should
be examined.
The availability of utilities to the site
should be considered on larger access
sites where facilities are essential for
site development.
3. Land Requirements
The land requirements for the development
of fishing access are entirely resource depen-
dent. For example, the size and physical char-
acteristics of the site being considered for
development determines the number of visitors
and the size and type of support facilities
which the site can effectively serve. In deter-
mining the land requirements for a potential
fishing access area, it is imperative to assess
the carrying capacity of the site and the adja-
cent lands to preserve the integrity of the fish-
ing resource.
The land requirements determined for pro-
posed facilities may be applied to a site based
on the environmental considerations and site
limitations considered during the site inventory
and needs assessment.
a) Area Requirements
The anticipated visitation levels and user
patterns can be determined from visitation
records, observation of existing use, and user
survey data sources at existing fishing sites.
For new fishing sites, the visitation trends at
similar areas in other locations could be used to
determine the appropriate size requirements
for the site and support facilities.
Generally, the minimum river width for
fishing is about 30 feet with a safe casting area
of 15 feet of clear space behind the angler. The
number of anglers able to use a stretch of water
at one time varies according to water quality
and type of fishing. An acceptable spacing for
recreational anglers along a bank is approxi-
mately 20 yards apart.
The site from which casting takes place
must be on firm, level ground covered with
short grass or sand. The casting area must be
clear of trees but some bushes and trees suit-
ably located near the water may provide ade-
quate cover. A surrounding woodland environ-
ment for fishing will tend to reduce the outside
noise and increase the seclusion of the area,
which is preferred by most anglers.
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IV
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions
An assessment of the water depth and sub-
surface conditions at a proposed fishing access
site is necessary.to determine fishing activity.
Water depth should be a minimum of 2 feet at
low tide. Different fish species prefer and are
attracted to specific habitats; therefore, various
characteristics for consideration include water
current, water clarity, water depth, numbers
and types of aquatic plants, and the nature of
subsurface material. A combination of these
characteristics affords fish protection, food,
and security and provides habitat diversity
needed for desirable fishing conditions.
Backwaters, marshes, and sandbars should
receive special management protection
because of their importance as fish spawning
and nursery grounds.
c) Vehicular Considerations
Vehicular entrances for proposed fishing
sites should be separated from and should not
adversely impact other uses. External access
roads to parking areas should meet appropriate
secondary road standards with the road width
of at least 20 feet and shoulders or berms at
least 3 feet wide. Guardrails or posts should be
provided on 6 foot centers along embankments
over six feet in height. Proper traffic signs
should be posted both inside and outside the
site with access available for emergency vehicles.
Parking
Parking areas should be located within 800
feet of the shoreline, with 500 feet being desir-
able provided the water resource or vegetation
adjacent to the shoreline is protected. Once the
visitor capacity of the site is determined, park-
ing should be provided at the rate of one park-
ing space for every three visitors. The layout of
the parking area should minimize pedestrian
conflict with vehicular circulation. The spacing
of parking lanes should be 10 by 20 feet with a
25 foot turning strip between the two parking
lanes. Based on these dimensions approxi-
mately 150 cars may be parked per acre of
land. Parking areas should be appropriately
surfaced (using BMP's) and have parking
stripes, bumper blocks, and guardrails or posts.
An adequate number of parking spaces should
be provided for the physically handicapped.
These spaces should be connected to a handi-
capped accessible walkway leading to the fish-
ing area.
$) Pedestrian Consideration
Separate pedestrian access should provide
safe access to the fishing facilities. Walkways,
ramps, and stairs which are separate from
vehicular circulation patterns should be provid-
ed from the parking areas and other support
facilities to the fishing area. Handicapped
accessibility considerations including appro-
priate slope, walkway width, and handrails
should be incorporated into the pedestrian
design. The walkways should be designed with
well defined edges and should be a minimum
of 4 feet in width. Access for the physically
handicapped should be a walkway constructed
of a durable material at least 4 feet wide and
have a slope not greater than 5 percent.
In cases of dune protection along the shore-
line, it may be necessary to provide a series of
raised walkways to accommodate access
across the site without disturbing the natural
dune. Raised walkways should be a minimum
of 4 feet wide and constructed of treated wood
and should be designed to provide handicapped
accessibility. When the on-site grade change is
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IV
8
greater than 5%, handicap ramps should be
provided to enhance accessibility to the site
facilities. Crosswalks should be constructed
with curb ramps on each side whenever they
cross vehicular traffic patterns. Trails may be
recommended in areas receiving less use.
Trails may have varying widths and be con-
structed of several materials, providing they
are constructed out of a suitable surface and are
handicapped accessible.
e) Special Development Requirements
1) Unique Requirements
Each access site requires a different combi-
nation of development features which relate to
the uses planned and the anticipated level of
use for the site. The following elements should
be considered during site development:
Fishing Pier Construction
Wood for piers should be treated to retard
decay. Pressure-treated (CCA) wood is pre-
ferred because it can be ordered with various
amounts of treatment and is durable over time.
CCA wood that is in continuous contact with
salt water should be treated to a level of 2.5
pounds of retention per cubic foot. Wood
which will occasionally be in salt water should
have 1.5 pounds per cubic foot retention, and
wood that is rarely in contact with salt.water
should have 0.6 pounds per cubic foot. All
hardware used in the pier construction should
be hot-dipped galvanized and, if in frequent
contact with salt water, should be stainless
steel to protect against rust.
The design and construction of the fishing
pier should be such that it will accommodate
safe pedestrian use and be able to withstand
typical storms for the area. One major consid-
eration for pier construction is how the pilings
will be installed. They can be driven with some
type of pile driver, or pumped into place using
high pressure jets of water from water pumps if
the bottom is free of large rocks. This proce-
dure is usually called "jetting" the pilings into
place. The piling is held upright and a high
pressure stream of water is used to loosen the
soil around and under the piling. The piling
continues to settle as the area is probed with
the end of the nozzle. Once the piling has set-
tled as far as it will go, or the proper depth has
been obtained, rocks may need to be tamped
around the piling to stabilize it.
Decking should overlap the stringers by no
more than 2 inches to help keep the decking
from flipping up in the event it comes loose
and someone steps on the end. Overlapping the
decking 2 inches also prevents most splitting of
the decking when it is nailed in place. Spacing
between planks on deck should be less than 1/2
inch apart.
Fishing piers should be designed to provide
shade, space for gear, and benches. Fishing
piers should be handicapped-accessible by
firm surfaced trails that are flush with the sur-
face of the pier. Piers should also provide a bait
shelf, 8 to 12 inches wide, and an arm/pole rest
inclined about 30°. They should provide a 4
inch kickplate along the edge of the pier for
safety, (see Figure IV-3)
70
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Bait shelf
Figure. IV-3
Fishing Piers
Graspable
rail
Shoreline
Firm path with
shaded seating area
Armres
Bait shelf
Kick plate
Source: Guidelines for the Design of Barrier-Free Recreational Boating & Fishing Facilities. SOBA, February 1992.
71
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IV
Signage
Adequate signage should be posted to
inform the public of the layout and regulations
for the access site.
Solid Waste
Trash and garbage collection should be fur-
nished by the locality or a privately-owned
refuse company. The provision of appropriate-
ly designed refuse containers and an adequate
maintenance program are essential. Fish clean-
ing facilities should also be incorporated into
these access areas.
Public Safety and Emergency Services
Local fire protection as well as local police
security and emergency medical services
should be available. Location of emergency
services along with emergency telephone num-
bers should be posted in a visible area on the
site and telephone service provided.
Play Areas
It is desirable, where possible, that other
activities such as picnicking or play areas be
provided near fishing areas. This provision can
best be accomplished by designating the nec-
essary space for users to participate or spec-
tate in an area that will minimize impacts on
the environment. These play areas should be
located outside the designated buffer area in
conjunction with other supporting facilities
such as parking, restrooms, and water.
Additional support items to consider are
benches, trash receptacles, water fountains,
trails, fencing, etc.
Play areas should be designed and located
in areas which do not require the pedestrian to
cross vehicular roads to reach the facility. If
road crossings cannot be avoided, play areas
should be located so that necessary crossings
occur where there is adequate stopping dis-
tance and appropriate signage along the road-
way. Speed control devices such as rumble
strips or speed bumps may be used if neces-
sary. Deck construction may be implemented
to avoid impact to environmentally sensitive
areas particularly across marshland, and dunes
adjacent to the shoreline.
2) Electricity
Electricity should be provided as necessary
to support the bank and pier fishing facility.
The location of electrical lines may affect the
aesthetics, costs, and management of the site.
Consideration should be given to the costs of
installing, operating, and maintaining the elec-
trical systems. Proposed systems must meet all
state and local codes and standards for health
and safety. Normally, all utility lines should be
placed underground unless special conditions
make such an installation prohibitive.
Underground utilities should be located out-
side the roadway to avoid any disturbance to
traffic during utility maintenance activities. If
electric and telephone lines are located under-
ground, they may be placed in a common
trench.
Lines between use areas and lines from site
boundaries to use areas can be placed above
ground only if they do not interfere with safe-
ty, maintenance, or aesthetics. Overhead power
lines should be aligned behind forest cover and
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IV
10
Lighting for safety and security should be
incorporated into the design of the facility. All
major road intersections and major facilities
such as parking areas, restrooms, group shel-
ters, and walkways, should have adequate
lights.
Telephones should be available for emer-
gency use and public pay phones should be
provided in public use areas.
3) Water Supply and Distribution System
An adequate water supply and distribution
system is desirable for providing public drink-
ing water, fire protection, and for the mainte-
nance and operation of the access facility. It is
recommended that the water supply, treatment,
and distribution be planned to correspond with
wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal.
Wherever possible, fishing access facilities
with high use levels should be connected to an
approved external public water system. This
feature will eliminate the development cost and
annual operational expenses of the water sup-
ply and treatment facilities. If public water is
not available, an on-site well is suggested.
The water supply and distribution system
should be planned under the direction of a san-
itary engineer and should meet local planning
and health department requirements.
4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms
The most desirable method for sewage dis-
posal is to tie into a public or municipal sys-
tem. Where municipal waste treatment systems
are not available, an on-site treatment and dis-
posal or a holding tank and pump-out facility
should be used. Land treatment should be eval-
uated as an alternative to any positive dis-
charge treatment system. The design and spec-
ifications for sewage disposal systems is site-
specific. The selected system must be cost
effective and meet all required state and local
standards. Accurate visitation projections are
required to determine sewage volumes. The
location and selection of sewage disposal
should be in accordance with state and local
regulations. Do not overlook the proper dispos-
al of waste at any fish cleaning stations.
5) Stormwater Management
Parking areas may create potential environ-
mental problems related to increased runoff
and polluted discharge. Best Management
Practices (BMP) should be implemented dur-
ing site development and after construction is
completed to reduce these potential impacts.
The following design measures may be incor-
porated into the site design for pier and bank
fishing facilities to avoid or alleviate site
runoff.
Installation of catch basins and filters
to trap pollutants.
Avoidance of direct channeling
of runoff water into adjacent water
bodies. Current BMP's must be used
to manage storm water.
Use of porous gravel or a perforated
paving block surfacing in place of
impervious surfaces on most parking
areas and walkways.
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IV
11
C. MANAGEMENT/
MAINTENANCE
Management and maintenance refers to
agency actions needed to keep a facility in
desirable condition for public use. Legal liabil-
ities may be incurred in administering a fishing
facility; therefore, the facility should be main-
tained in a safe condition. The administering
agency of a facility is obligated to remove dan-
gers and warn users of dangerous conditions.
The legal responsibilities of the administrator
should be researched and discussed with coun-
sel when establishing or expanding a fishing
facility. Legal obligations may increase in pro-
portion to the potential dangers and if user fees
are charged.
1. Maintenance Concerns
Good maintenance practices should be
extended to the access waters and shoreline in
addition to the access site facilities. The main-
tenance plan may be established as a matrix
outlining the types of maintenance tasks and
the frequency which a site would require this
maintenance. Categories of maintenance fre-
quency generally include frequent (weekly to
daily), periodic (less than weekly), and special
(as needed). The following maintenance duties
should be considered in developing a mainte-
nance plan:
Fishing pier maintenance
Removal of shoreline and beach debris
Restroom clean-up
Fish cleaning shelter clean-up
Maintain trash collection schedule
Shoreline erosion control
Parking/pavement access maintenance
Signage maintenance
Lighting maintenance
Landscape maintenance/mowing
Storm water facility upkeep
Seasonal upkeep - preseason inspec-
tions, regular inspection schedules,
etc.
Post-storm cleanup plan
The level of maintenance anticipated at a
site is directly correlated with the use level at
the facility and the location of the site.
Maintenance at public sites is an extremely
important issue as it relates directly to the safe
use of the facility. A public agency responsible
for the operation and maintenance of a pier and
bank fishing facility is responsible for any lia-
bility associated with safe maintenance prac-
tices at the site.
2. Management Concerns
The management of fishing access should
provide a safe, comfortable environment for
the angler. The management concerns for fish-
ing access are dependent on the level of devel-
opment and anticipated number of users at a
particular site. Less active use areas will gener-
ally involve fewer management requirements,
while larger, more active sites will require
greater amounts of upkeep and a more detailed
management plan.
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V, Natural Area Access
A. SITE SELECTION
A natural area is generally land which has
ecological or educational value. A designated
nature area is managed to ensure continued
preservation of the natural resources it sup-
ports. In many states, Natural Area Preserves
have been established to protect special natural
areas through formal recognition and articles
of dedication which provide stringent legal
safeguards for preservation. The preserve sys-
tem is usually managed by a federal or state
agency. Officials must carefully choose areas
which are important for long-term protection.
Many states use the state natural heritage
inventories to identify the areas possessing the
most significant natural values. Natural area
preserves are protected for their scientific,
ecological, research, interpretive, and scenic
values.
Encouraging proper public use of open
spaces protected for their natural resource val-
ues is an essential part of long-term steward-
ship. The fragility of various areas within a
preserve should be determined so that proce-
dures can be established to ensure that the most
important and vulnerable areas receive special
protection. In selecting a site for public access
on a natural area, the design and construction
of the access site should cause minimal distur-
bance of the natural environment. The access
developments should ensure the safety and
enjoyment or education of the users, protect
adjacent resources, consider the aesthetic qual-
ities of an area, and adequately function as a
tidal public access site. Public access and visi-
tation can occur with minimum damage to the
resource if access points and trails are designed
to control visitor activity.
1. User Considerations
Providing the public with quality passive
recreational and educational opportunities
while protecting and preserving the natural
resource is a major management concern and a
difficult balance to achieve. Mode of travel,
site access, trail environment or setting, loca-
tion of sensitive features, physical demands on
the user, imposed controls, expectations of the
user, and volume of use are factors which must
be considered as planning objectives and man-
agement criteria. Section I of this report
describes the process and resources available
for assessing the need for public access.
Natural areas and preserves are not public
parks or areas managed for their harvestable
resources such as state forests, wildlife areas,
or state parks; therefore, activities such as
camping, picnicking, and swimming, may not
be permitted. Natural area access is recom-
mended for passive recreational uses such as
nature study, birdwatching, hiking, and nature
photography. Encouraging the proper public
use of natural areas is an essential part of long-
term stewardship.
75
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V
2. Environmental Considerations
Anticipation of potential environmental
impacts should be considered during the plan-
ning phases and development of the public
access. This will minimize or eliminate the
adverse environmental effects on the site. The
evaluation of environmental factors should
begin with a thorough inventory of all sensitive
resource areas and potential access points to
the site. The design of the access into the nat-
ural area should reflect consideration of the
topography, vegetation, soil types, weather,
wetlands, drainage patterns and cultural
resources along and adjacent to the access site.
All of these factors should be evaluated to
determine site development suitability, how the
access should be located, and how the site will
function.
a) Topography
Terrain and elevation changes should not
be extreme at the point of access for a natural
area. Trail grades and other access roads
should run parallel to the contours as much as
possible. As a general rule, a slope should not
be steeper than 10 percent (10 foot rise in 100
linear feet). Slopes of less than 7 percent are
preferable.
b} Soils and Substrate Materials
Pedestrian access trails into natural areas
should be located on stable soils. Access to or
through wetlands is usually discouraged; how-
ever, the location of access facilities in these
areas may be desirable in certain circum-
stances. To best protect sensitive wetlands,
access point trails should be raised 3 feet above
mean high water on decked platforms.
c) Surface Water and Groundwater
Hydrology
The surface water drainage and circulation
of a site should not change upon development
of public access, particularly in wetland areas.
Whenever possible, access should be located
on an upland site with an adequate vegetated
wetland buffer. Strict erosion and sedimenta-
tion preventive measures should be taken. If
work is being done in wetlands, the structures
should be elevated on pilings and bottomless
arched culverts should be installed to maintain
natural drainage.
d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas
Access development for a natural area
should avoid potential impacts to plants, ani-
mals, and natural communities. The purpose of
the access should be to provide the public with
an appreciation of the environment; therefore,
trails should contain vistas, observation points,
or overlooks for observing wildlife at a dis-
tance and vegetation in its native context. State
Natural Heritage Programs focus on identify-
ing significant habitats for rare species, natural
communities such as freshwater tidal marshes,
and other natural features such as migratory
bird concentrations. The Natural Heritage
inventories provide information to public agen-
cies for making informed decisions and devel-
opment plans. Site selection for public access
to natural areas should consider only those
sites that, if developed, will not affect rare,
endangered, or unique biological communities.
The protection of high quality habitats or bio-
logical communities may be incorporated into
natural areas or buffer zones adjacent to the
access site. Construction practices which avoid
direct and indirect impacts to sensitive
76
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habitats should be implemented. The limits
of construction should incorporate sensitive
areas and should be clearly marked prior to
construction. .
e) Water Quality
Existing and projected water quality condi-
tions within the vicinity of the access site
should be assessed to determine the potential
for adverse changes being caused by access-
related factors. Strict erosion and sedimenta-
tion measures should be implemented as part
of the Best Management Practices to avoid
degradation of water quality during develop-
ment of the access site.
f) Wetland Delineation
The delineation of wetlands boundaries
should be determined by an on-site visit. In
most cases, the local delineation map or map
series will be used in order to identify the gen-
eral location of wetlands. The National
Wetland Inventory maps produced by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service may also be useful in
the general location of existing wetlands. The
Combined Federal Wetland Delineation
Methodology should be followed for the site-
specific designation of wetland areas. This
method is a systematic approach which consid-
ers soils, hydrology, and vegetative characteris-
tics of a site. The identification and delineation
of wetlands should be accomplished pursuant
to an objective to avoid or minimize impacts to
the resource.
g^ Cultural Resources
For interpretive and educational purposes,
the location of site features and access trails
within the natural area access site should pro-
tect and focus on natural, historical, cultural
and scenic resources.
Cultural resources should be evaluated at
each potential access site. A site may be listed,
nominated, or eligible for listing on the
National Register of Historic Places. The his-
toric or archaeological significance of a site
may not be obvious; therefore, during the site
evaluation the appropriate State Historic
Preservation Officer should be contacted.
Information regarding the National Register of
Historic Places and the National Natural
Landmark Program may be obtained from the
National Park Service (see Appendix A-4).
rO Other Considerations
Other site features and related off-shore
conditions appropriate for inclusion in the
environmental inventory may relate to:
Scenic and Visual Opportunities
The identification of good and poor views
both on-site and off-site should be considered.
An overall visual analysis of the site may be
necessary for the preservation of visual quality.
Noise
The existing and projected noise levels at
the development site and in the surrounding
area should be assessed. Special attention
should be given to the problems that traffic and
traffic-related noise could create for the user of
the access trail and for sensitive habitats with-
in the natural area.
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i) Site Limitations
Site limitations should be identified based
on the inventory and analysis of natural factors
and environmental considerations. A site
analysis which outlines the physical opportuni-
ties and constraints for a property should be
conducted to facilitate the assessment of the
site. This analysis may simply involve overlay-
ing the identified environmental factors and
evaluating the overall conditions of the site,
noting areas which are not suitable for devel-
oping.
Desirable Site Characteristics Include:
Natural areas which can provide edu-
cational and interpretive opportunities.
Natural areas already coexisting with
some level of human influence.
Undesirable Site Characteristics Include:
Sensitive plant and animal habitats
which would be disturbed by pass:ive
recreation activity.
Natural areas which are extremely
remote, and if developed as access,
points, would unnecessarily introduce
human influences.
j) Compatibility Issues
Several passive recreational or access-
related uses may be planned for a single access
site within a natural area. For example, multi-
use trails may be provided for walking, biking,
and horseback riding. Facilities for picnicking,
camping, fishing, and swimming may also be
considered. However, the compatibility of
these uses with one another and the resource
must be considered to avoid potential on-site
conflicts.
B. DESIGN CRITERIA
1. Site Plan Layout
A natural area access site should be
designed to produce minimum disturbance to
the environment, considering the safety and
enjoyment of the users, the volume and type of
traffic, the protection of adjacent resources,
and the aesthetic quality of an area. The site
plan layout should also incorporate features to
minimize adverse impacts on the environment
while providing passive recreation, education-
al opportunities, and interpretive features (see
Figure V-l). Such an access site should exhib-
it a quality environment with low maintenance
requirements.
2. Essential Elements and Desired
Relationships
Essential elements and their location with-
in natural areas include convenient access to
the site, designated trails, adequate parking,
picnicking areas, play areas, restroom facili-
ties, utilities, interpretive centers, and mainte-
nance facilities. A concept plan depicting the
general relationship of the selected site ele-
ments may be helpful to establish the overall
site plan layout; Figure: V-2 illustrates the pre-
ferred relationships for these elements.
Pedestrian access extends from the parking
area to the interpretive center and restroom
facilities. The trailhead for the natural area is
located at the interpretive center.
78
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Figure: V-l
Natural Area Access Schematic Plan
Retain or replant vegetation
to create buffer area between
adjacent land.
Facilities located for
easy access to parking
& trailhead
'> -vw . Water
Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
Legend:
Buffer
Signage
Raised Boardwalk
79
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Figure: V-2
Concept Layout for Natural Area Access
QQD DOQQQ Doacmana
Legend:
Access Road
Vehicular Traffic
* * * Pedestrian
Natural Buffer
Creek
80
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3. Land Requirements
Specific site conditions, including habitat
requirements, land availability, environmental
factors, regulations, and proposed degree of
use, must be assessed to determine the land
requirements and potential user capacity for a
particular access site. The land requirements
for the development of natural area access are
entirely resource dependent. For example, the
size and site conditions of a designated natural
area determines the visitor capacity of the site.
The determined visitor capacity relates direct-
ly to the size and type of support facilities
required for the site.
a) Area Requirements
Typical area requirements for natural area
facilities will vary according to other passive
recreational facilities and amenities planned at
the site. A natural area access may include
facilities such as raised boardwalks and trails;
observation platforms and blinds along water
resource areas for viewing unique natural fea-
tures, vegetation, and/or wildlife; access roads;
parking; an interpretive center; and restroom
facilities. Additional amenities such as picnick-
ing areas, camping areas, and other recreation-
related facilities may be desired at certain sites
and may require additional land.
b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions
The wafer depth, subsurface conditions,
and wetlands within a designated natural area
should be left undisturbed. Water depth and
subsurface conditions are not a consideration
for determining the suitability of a site to func-
tion as a natural area.
c} Vehicular Considerations
If natural area managers decide that roads
and parking areas are needed, these areas
should be designed to have minimum impact
on the natural resource. The use of any type of
motorized vehicles in areas other than on des-
ignated access roads should be prohibited in
natural areas. The destructive effects of vehi-
cles and soil compaction related to vehicular
use in these areas has been proven to harm
wildlife. Proposed access into a natural area
should only be developed where vehicle
entrances are feasible and where the roadway
does not interfere with other uses, create safe-
ty hazards, or adversely impact the area.
External access roads to the site should meet
secondary road standards with road widths of
at least 20 feet and shoulders or berms at least
4 feet wide. Guardrails or posts should be pro-
vided on 6 foot centers for embankments over
6 feet high on all internal and external access
roads. Proper traffic signs should be posted.
Parking
Parking areas should be located within
convenient walking distance of the pedestrian
access facilities, trailheads, interpretive centers
and observation areas. Parking areas serving
natural area access should be located in areas
which cause the least direct and indirect distur-
bance to significant habitats. The amount of
parking should be determined from the carry-
ing capacity of the access site. In general, one
parking space should be provided for every
three visitors. Additional parking may be
required where multiple use activities are pro-
vided. The layout of the parking area should
minimize pedestrian conflict with vehicular
areas and circulation. The standard parking
layout for compact and conventional types of
81
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V
automobiles is 150 cars per acre. The spacing
of parking lanes should be 10 feet by 20 feet
with a 25 foot turning strip. Bumper blocks and
guardrails or posts should also be installed
where necessary. In natural areas, gravel and
crushed stone surfaces are preferable to asphalt
or concrete paving. Slope and drainage factors
should be considered during the design of
these facilities. An adequate number of parking
spaces should be provided for the physically
handicapped. These spaces should be connect-
ed to a walkway suitable for handicapped
access which leads to the site's support
facilities and trails. Appropriate BMP's should
be used.
d) Pedestrian Considerations
*
Designated pedestrian access should pro-
vide safe connections to site facilities'includ-
ing maintenance areas, parking lots, restrooms,
interpretive centers, and trails. These areas
receiving high level of pedestrian use should be
physically separated from vehicular traffic as a
safety precaution. These heavily used areas
should also be surfaced with a hard material,
while trails and passive areas may be con-
structed using more natural materials. Access
walkways should be designed for handicapped
accessibility with well-defined edges and
should be a minimum of 4 feet in width.
Raised boardwalks are generally appropri-
ate for access into natural areas where trails at
grade are not feasible or appropriate. The
boardwalks should be a minimum of 4 feet
wide with railings constructed of treated wood
with a slope of 5 percent or less. When on-site
grade change is greater than 5%, handicap
ramps should be provided to enhance accessi-
bility to the site facilities. Crosswalks should
be constructed with curb ramps on each side
whenever they cross vehicular roads.
e) Special Development Requirements
1) Unique Requirements
Each access site requires a different combi-
nation of development features which relate to
the activities planned and the anticipated level
of use for the specific site. The following
elements should be considered during site
development.
Trails
Factors to consider when designing a trail
are alignment, topography, vegetative cover,
aesthetic value, points of interest, road cross-
ings or other potential dangers, and final desti-
nation. Trails should allow users to enjoy pas-
sive activities such as nature photography,
birdwatching, and natural history interpreta-
tion. The trail should begin and end near the
interpretive building. The entrance should be
clearly marked with a sign which includes a
trail map that marks the highlights of the area.
An interpretive trail could deal with the history
of an area, the natural resources, and the dif-
ferent habitats found on the land.
Trails can be designed for the visitor to
travel alongside, through, or over resource pro-
tected areas. This can be done by a raised
boardwalk or footbridge which permits maxi-
mum observation without destruction to the
protected areas. It is recommended that trails
lead to points of interest via routes carefully
chosen to minimize erosion, soil compaction,
and disturbance to wildlife.
82
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V
Foot trails should be designated for hiking
only. Motorized vehicles are not compatible
with non-motor uses. Barriers such as logs,
stairways, and narrow stream crossings can be
utilized to discourage non-pedestrian users.
However, some trails should be handicapped
accessible.
Trail Construction
Trail dimensions should be based on the
type and volume of use anticipated, on the sta-
bility of native soil, and on the type of terrain
along the proposed route. Generally, a pedes-
trian trail tread width should not be less than 2
feet wide for foot trails. Main trails should be
approximately 6 feet wide and fire trails a min-
imum of 8 feet wide. Additional width could be
considered to reduce impacts from heavy traf-
fic. As a rule of thumb, the width of the trail
varies according to its use. Short trails within
heavily used recreation areas will normally be
considerably wider than the trails designed for
an area that will not be used as often. Bushes
and trees that are in the route of the trail should
be cut flush with the ground. Trees and stumps
should be removed if the tree roots will inter-
fere with grading. Overhead limbs should be
removed to a height of 8 feet above the finish
grade of the trail.
Tread width - 2 feet minimum
Clearing width - 4 feet
Height of clearing - 8 feet minimum
Maximum sustained trail grades - 8-10%
Trail Layout
In general, the layout of the trail should be
inconspicuous. The trail should have a variety
of experiences taking advantage of views, open
spaces and forested areas, and whenever possi-
ble, it should run along water bodies and habi-
tat areas of interest.
Trail Base Preparation
In preparing the base for a trail, the subsur-
face material and slope of the land should be
considered. If the site is wet, the trail should be
raised six inches above the surrounding area.
This is done through the use of board walls or
grading, if environmentally acceptable. In
some situations trails may run along hillsides
where cuts must be made in order to achieve
level treads as shown in Figure: V-3.
The following characteristics should be
incorporated in trail surfacing:
Use of compacted materials.
Resistance to anticipated foot traffic
and erosive factors.
Usability when wet, and minimal dust
when dry.
Grade
Trails should be built to follow the contour
of the land if at all possible. A grade of 10 per-
cent or less is recommended for ease of hiking
and to prevent erosion.
Length
Trails should be of a loop design returning
to their point of beginning. Options to termi-
nate a hike or extend a hike for a greater dis-
tance along the trail are desirable for day users.
83
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Figure: V-3
Trail Construction
Width necessary to take
care of drainage
*Minimum excavation
and fill 3" for trail and
drainage
Pruning height 8'
Minimum 4'-0" desirable
Source: Trail Development and Management Standard Operating Procedures Manual, VA Dept. of Conservation &
Recreation (VA OCR), January, 1999.
84
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8
Drainage
Drainage is one of the most important
items in trail construction. Water must be kept
within manageable limits to prevent erosion
and maintain a trail throughout the year. To
facilitate surface runoff, the tread of the trail
should be graded so that the outside is three
inches lower than the inside edge along a hill-
side. This is referred to as outsloping. To pre-
vent excess water from accumulating along a
trail, water breaks or bars and grade dips may
also be used, (see Figure: V-4)
Surfacing
Surfacing is a costly item in trail construc-
tion and natural materials should be used wher-
ever feasible. Hard surface materials may be
used on walkways located at an interpretive
center or at points of concentrated use.
Otherwise, surfacing material that is durable
and blends with the environment should be
used.
Signage
Adequate signage is essential at the begin-
ning of a trail, at intersections, and at locations
on the trail where the direction is not readily
discernible. Trail signs should include dis-
tances to various points of interest along the
way. Frequent mileage markers along the trail
are helpful to the hiker and useful in the oper-
ations and maintenance of the park.
Interpretive markers and information are
desirable features on any type of trail. Trail
signs should conform with the standards of the
natural area.
Revegetation
During the design and construction process
adequate revegetation using native plant mate-
rials should be planned for areas where exist-
ing vegetation had to be removed.
2) Electricity
Public telephones should be placed where
they are easily found, generally at comfort sta-
tions, visitor information buildings, or near the
parking lot. All lines should be placed under-
ground, unless special conditions make such an
installation impossible.
Adequate lighting around the parking area
should be considered for safety if the natural
area will remain open after dusk. In order to
reduce the impacts of night lighting on adja-
cent land uses, low-height lighting fixtures are
recommended. Lighting should be directed
toward the facility use areas, shielded from
adjacent properties and vandal-proof.
3) Water Supply and Distribution System
An adequate water supply and distribution
system may be desirable to provide public
drinking water and fire protection, and for the
maintenance and operation of the access facil-
ity. It is recommended that the water supply,
treatment, and distribution be planned to com-
plement the wastewater collection, treatment,
and disposal system.
85
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Figure: V-4
Trail Drainage
Drainage
Remove loose earth and slide rock 2'
to 3' above edge of cut if it is obviously
about to slide into the trail.
Fill from
excavated material
Trail Construction
Trails should be sloped to the outside to permit
runoff. Do not gutter trails on the inside cut.
Slope trail to outside
Minimum Trail Slope
(DraftV. Trail Development and Management Standard Operating Procedures Manual. (VA OCR) January, 1999.
86
-------
V
Natural areas at remote sites which are
open as access sites on a limited basis would
not require restroom facilities. In high use
areas, however, restroom facilities should be
connected to an approved external public water
system or an on-site well.
The water supply and distribution system
should be planned under the direction of a san-
itary engineer and should meet local planning
and health department requirements.
4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms
If use of a natural area is such that dispos-
al and/or treatment of waste is necessary, all
designs for sewage disposal shall be in compli-
ance with state and local requirements.
The most desirable method for sewage dis-
posal is to tie into an existing system. If an
existing system is not available, on-site treat-
ment is required. Prior to the design of an on-
site treatment system, the proposed area for
treatment should be evaluated according to
local regulations. The design and specifications
for sewage disposal systems is site specific.
Permanent restroom facilities should be a
priority at larger heavily used natural area
access sites. The facilities should be sited con-
veniently to the access trailhead and other sup-
port facilities. The restroom facilities must
meet the public health requirements of local,
state, and federal agencies within whose juris-
diction they are to be built. A minimum of one
toilet fixture and lavatory per sex for every 30
parking spaces is recommended. Restrooms
should be designed to meet all requirements
for access to and use by the handicapped.
Wastewater from these facilities may be (1)
tied into the local sewer system; (2) processed
in an on-site septic system; or (3) collected on
site in a holding tank and disposed off-site.
5) Stormwater Management
Parking areas may create potential environ-
mental impact related to increase runoff on-
site. Best management practices should be
implemented during site development and after
construction is completed to avoid or mitigate
these potential impacts. The following design
measures may be incorporated into the site
design for natural area access facilities to avoid
or alleviate site runoff.
Installation of catch basins and filters
to trap pollutants. In natural areas
stormwater management devices
should be constructed of stone or
made to blend with the surrounding
environment.
Avoidance of direct channeling of
runoff water onto tidal wetlands or
other sensitive resource areas.
Use of porous gravel or a perforated
paving block surfacing for parking
areas and pedestrian walkways.
87
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10
C. MANAGEMENT/
MAINTENANCE
Management and maintenance refers to
agency actions needed to keep a facility in
desirable condition for public use. The objec-
tives of appropriate management are to provide
for user safety and convenient access and to
protect adjacent resources. Unsafe conditions
should be corrected, as legal liabilities may be
incurred if situations prove unsafe.
1. Maintenance Concerns
To ensure that the maintenance objectives
are met, the maintenance plan may be estab-
lished as a matrix outlining the types of tasks
and the frequency with which each would be
required. Categories of maintenance frequency
generally include frequent (weekly to daily),
periodic (less than weekly), and special (as
needed). The following maintenance duties
should be considered in developing a mainte-
nance plan:
Restroom cleanup (if applicable)
Maintaining a regular trash collection
Parking/surface access maintenance
and litter control
Maintenance of signage and interpre-
tive/ educational display
Lighting maintenance
Trail maintenance
Landscape maintenance/mowing
Stormwater facility upkeep
Seasonal upkeep - preseason inspec-
tions, regular inspection schedules,
etc.
Post-storm cleanup plan
The level of maintenance anticipated at a
site is directly correlated with the use level at
the facility and the location of the site.
Maintenance at public sites is an extremely
important issue as it relates directly to the safe
use of the facility.
2. Management Concerns
The primary objective for the management
of natural area access is to maintain the integrity
of the natural area being protected while allow-
ing public access for interpretive, educational,
and scientific purposes. The management con-
cerns for each natural area site will vary
according to the setting, use patterns, and nat-
ural features found there. Management plans
based on the preservation of the ecosystem and
biological requirements of rare species and
other special features are recommended for
each natural area site.
-------
Bibliography
Chesapeake Bay Program. Agreement Commitment Report. Chesapeake Bay Watershed
Development Policies & Guidelines. January, 1989.
Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department. Chesapeake Bay Preservation Area Overlay District:
A Model Ordinance. 1989.
Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department, Local Assistance Manual. November, 1989.
Chesapeake Bay Program. Agreement Commitment Report. Public Access Strategy. July, 1988.
Chesapeake Bay Program. Agreement Commitment Report. Technical Assistance & Incentives to
Local Governments. December, 1988.
Hooper, Lennon. NPS Trails Management Handbook. U.S. Department of the Interior, National
Park Service, 1988.
Lancaster, R. Recreation. Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines. National Recreation and
Park Association, 1987.
Maryland Office of Planning. Maryland Land Preservation and Recreation Plan. December, 1989.
Ware, Phillip R., senior ed. Means Building Construction Cost Data. 1998.
The National Water Safety Congress. Planning. Design. Operation & Maintenance of Inland Water
Swimming Beaches. 1988.
(Draft) Trail Development and Management Standard Operating Procedures Manual. Virginia
Department of Conservation and Recreation, January, 1999.
Rea, Phillip, and Roger Warren. Recreation Management of Water Resources. Publishing Horizons,
NC, 1986.
Simonds, John O. Earthscape: A Manual of Environmental Planning. McGraw-Hill Book Company,
1978.
State Organization for Boating Access. Guidelines for the Design of Barrier-Free Recreational
Boating and Fishing Facilities. Washington, D.C., February, 1992.
State Organization for Boating Access. Design Handbook for Recreational Boating & Fishing.
Washington, D.C., March, 1996.
89
-------
Bibliography
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Recreation Planning and Design CriteriaEngineering Manual.
Washington, D.C., July, 1987.
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV. Coastal Marinas Assessment Handbook. Atlanta,
Georgia, April, 1985.
U.S. General Services Administration, at. al. Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards. April, 1984.
Virginia Council on the Environment. Shoreline Management Options for Virginia Coastal
Localities Volume I. Institute for Environmental Negotiation, University of Virginia, August,
1988.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the
Chesapeake Bay & Tributaries & Chincoteague Bay. 1992.
Virginia Marine Resource Commission. Coastal Primary Sand Dunes/Reaches Guidelines. August,
1986.
90
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Appendix
A-l
STATE GOVERNMENT RESOURCES
The following is a list of state government agencies providing assistance to localities
planning public access.
VIRGINIA
Dept. of Conservation & Recreation
Division of Soil & Water Conservation
(804) 786-2064
Division of Planning & Recreation
Resources
(804)786-1119
203 Governor Street
Richmond, VA 23219
FAX (804) 786-6141
Department of Environmental Quality
629 East Main Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 698-4000
FAX (804) 572-5106
Division of Waste Operation
(804) 698-4155
Division of Water Operations
(804) 698-4108
Dept. of Forestry
P.O. Box 3758
Charlottesville, VA 22903
(540) 293-8605
Dept. of Game & Inland Fisheries
4010 West Broad Street
P.O.Box 11104
Richmond, VA 23230
(804) 367-1000
FAX (804) 367-9147
TDD 800-252-7717
Dept. of Health
Division of Wastewater Engineers
109 Governor St.
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 786-1755
Dept. of Transportation
Public Affairs Division
1401 East Broad Street
Richmond, VA 23219
(804)786-2715
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
The College of William & Mary
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
(804) 642-7000
Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Dept.
805 East Broad Street, Suite 701
Richmond, VA 23219
(804) 225-3440
FAX (804) 225-3447
(See Appendix C for Requirements of the
Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act.)
Virginia Marine Resources Commission
P.O. Box 756
Newport News,VA 23607
(757) 247-2200
FAX (757) 247-2020
91
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Appendix
A-2
MARYLAND
Dept. of Natural Resources
Tawes State Office Building
580 Taylor Avenue
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410)260-8710
Forest, Park and Wildlife Service
(410) 260-8402 Resource Planning
(410) 260-8403 Program Open Space
(410) 260-8523 Shore Erosion Control
(410) 260-8899 Engineering &
Construction
(410) 260-7250 Enterprise Development
Dept. of the Environment,
Water Management Administration
Tidal Wetlands
2500 Broening Highway
Baltimore, MD 21224
(410)631-8075
Dept. of Natural Resources
Tidewater Administration
Coastal Resources Division
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
1-800-688-3467
Dept. of Transportation
State Highway Administration
707 North Calvert Street
Baltimore, MD 21202
(410) 545-0300
Chesapeake Bay Critical
Area Commission
45 Calvert Street, 2nd Floor
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 974-2418
92
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Appendix
A-3
PENNSYLVANIA
Pennsylvania Fish
and Boat Commission
450 Robinson Lane
Bellefonte, PA 16823
(814)359-5155
FAX (814) 359-5153
Pennsylvania Department of
Environmental Protection
Division of Waterways & Storm Water
Management
P.O. Box 8554
Harrisburg,PA17120
(717) 787-6826
Pennsylvania Department of Conservation
& Natural Resources
P.O. Box 8767
Harrisburg, PA 17105-8767
General Information-
(717)787-2869
(800) 847-4872
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA
District of Columbia
Dept. of Recreation and Parks
3149 16th Street, N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20010
(202) 673-7692
District of Columbia
Dept. of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs
Environmental Control Division
5000 Overlook Drive, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20032
(202) 565-0040
National Park Service
National Capital Region
Land Use Coordination
1100 Ohio Drive, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20242
(202) 955-5890
93
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Appendix
A-4
FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RESOURCES
The following is a list of federal government agencies to contact for information about their
Chesapeake Bay Programs.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Virginia Office
400 North 8th Street, 9th Floor
Richmond, VA 23240-9999
(804)771-2463
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Natural Resources Conservation Service
Maryland Office
John Hanson Business Center
339 Revell Highway, Suite 301
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 757-0861
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region ffl Office
1650 Arch Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029
(215) 814-5000
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
401 M Street, S.W.
Washington, D.C. 20460
(202) 260-2090
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Chesapeake Bay Program Office
410 Severn Avenue
Annapolis, MD 21403
(410) 267-5700
Fax (410) 260-5777
National Park Service, National Registry
Programs
U.S. Department of the Interior
P.O. Box 37127
Washington, D.C. 20013-7127
(202) 343-9559
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Baltimore District
P.O. Box 1715
Baltimore, MD 21203
(410) 962-3070
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
U.S. Army Engineer District, CENAP
U.S. Custom House
Second and Chestnut Streets
Philadelphia, PA 19106-2991
(215) 597-0703
(215) 597-4848
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Norfolk District
803 Front Street,
Norfolk, VA 23510
(757) 441-7652
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Chesapeake Bay Field Office
177 Admiral Cochrane Dr.
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 573-4500
National Park Service
Chesapeake Bay Program Office
410 Severn Avenue
Annapolis, MD 21407
(410) 267-5747
94
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Appendix
B-l
COST ESTIMATE
The following provides general cost estimate information for the construction of items common-
ly used in access facilities. It is necessary to add up to 15 percent for architecture and engineering
costs and 10 percent for contingency events. The costs shown are for budget and preliminary cost esti-
mate only. In order to achieve a more accurate estimate, the estimator must consider quantities of
material, prices of material and labor within the area of the access site as well as the location of the
site itself (e.g., remotely located, near an urban area or a major highway, etc.), the anticipated length
of time of construction, bid preparation time, availability of contractors, and the complexity of the job.
95
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Appendix
B-2
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
COST (in 1998 $)
1. Site development
Clearing and grubbing
General: clean brash & saplings; Per acre
Select: handwork Per acre
Grading
Rough grade: furnish & spread topsoil C.Y.
4" deep & fine grade
Roads, parking spurs & parking lots
Asphalt surface 3" thick on 4" compacted
base & subgrade (over 10,000 S.F.) S.Y.
Crashed stone 4" thick compacted on
compacted subgrade (over 2,000 S.F.) S.Y.
Shoulders, 2" gravel L.F.
Curbs, 6" x 12" vertical concrete
cast in place, plus excavation & backfill L.F.
Parking, 2" gravel on prepared
compacted base Per space
Sidewalks
Concrete, 6" reinforced with
6" gravel base broom finish includes
expansion joints
(1,000 S.F. or less) S.F.
(Over 1,000 S.F.) S.F.
$1,300 -$2,950
$1,350-2,800
$3.20
$5.30
$3.43
$1.60
$5.80
$446
$2.25
$2.18
96
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Appendix B-3
DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $)
Brick pavers, 2 1/4" thick on
finished compacted subgrade
with dry joints and 2" sand base S.F. $7.60
Trails
Hiking, 4' wide, clearing & grading
includes drainage structures, prepared
4" base, 2" asphalt surfacing S.F. $1.76
Bicycle, 8' wide, clearing & grading
includes drainage structures, prepared
4" base, 2" asphalt surfacing S.F. $1.76
Fishing piers
Decking, pressure-treated wood, 30" above
grade; 2" x 6" decking; 4" x 8" beams;
2" x 8" joists @ 2' O.C.; 4" x 4" posts;
concrete footings S.F. $33.00
Railings, 2" x 4" posts pressure-treated
wood & galvanized hardware L.F. $11.00
Boat launching ramp
2 lane concrete ramp with courtesy dock Ea. $125,000 +/-
Picnic shelter Ea. $25,000 & up
Children's play areas
Depends on size, age group, and amount
of custom design $20,000 & up
Grass seeding
Hand seeding, fine grading, fertilizer
& mulching S.Y. $2.06
97
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Appendix
B-4
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
COST (in 1998 $)
Hydroseeding, fine grading, fertilizer
& mulching S.Y.
Swimming facilities
Beach areas, complete, including beach sand,
lifeguard chairs, buoy lines, beach house
(dressing rooms, restrooms, showers,
concession, lifeguard and first aid quarters,
storage, power, water & sewage), parking,
landscaping, plumbing and electricity, etc.
Buildings
Office, maintenance building, etc. S.R
$.43
+/- $1,500,000.00
$120.00
2. Utilities
Sewage systems
Sewage treatment plant (secondary treatment)
installed cost. The cost of treatment plants
will depend on type of units and degree of
treatment required. These costs assume that
there is no tertiary treatment required.
However, the standards and requirements are
established by the prevailing state federal
agencies for the particular site.
20,000 gal/day
100,000 gal/day
500,000 gal/day
$90,000 +
$800,000 +
$1,450,000 +
Source: Means Building Construction Cost Data. 1998.
98
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Appendix
B-5
DESCRIPTION
UNIT
COST (in 1998 $)
Water and sewage lines
Prices vary according to size and type L.F.
of pipe and the amount of excavation
involved; so if the total linear feet of all
types of pipe on a project is multiplied by
$10, a reasonably accurate figure should
be obtained for an overall estimate.
Sewage lines L.F.
Forced mains L.F.
Manholes Ea.
Hydrants Ea.
Water reservoir
50,000 gal. prestressed concrete including
mechanical equipment
50,000 gal. steel, including mechanical
equipment
Sewage pump station
Electric power lines & equipment
Overhead L.F.
Overhead lines (4 aluminum triplex
wire, per 1,000 ft.) M.L.F.
Underground, direct-burial cable L.F.
$10.00
$12.00- $15.00
$20.00- $25.00
$500 - $700
$600 - $700
$55,000- $70,000
$40,000- $55,000
$55,000 +/-
$350
$200 - $240
$8.00 - $10.00
99
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Appendix B-6
DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $)
Insulated direct-burial cable copper, M.L.F. $530
single-conductor (per 1,000 ft.)
30' class 3 wood poles, installed
(shipping not included) Ea. $250
Metering equipment & service equipment Ea. $300
NOTE: These are minimum figures. Estimating for utilities is highly variable as far as
costs are concerned. If extensive work is proposed, contractors and utility
companies usually are helpful in providing needed information.
ABBREVIATIONS
M.S.F = Thousand square feet
S.Y. = Square Yard
C.Y. = Cubic Yard
S.F. = Square Foot
L.F. = Linear foot
Ea. = Each
O.C = On Center
Source: Means Building Construction Cost Data. 1998.
100
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Appendix C-l
Requirements of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act
In 1988, the Virginia General Assembly passed the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act to address
the degradation of the waters of the Bay by nonpoint source pollutants such as sediment, nutrients,
and hydrocarbons. To implement the Act, the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department issued
regulations which Tidewater local governments must adopt into comprehensive plans, zoning ordi-
nances, and subdivision ordinances. The regulations apply to all land use and development activities
within Chesapeake Bay Preservation Areas (sensitive lands adjacent to the Bay and its tributaries).
The goal of the regulations is to achieve a no net increase of pollutants resulting from new develop-
ment activities, a 10% decrease in pollutants resulting from redevelopment activities, and a 40%
decrease hi pollutants resulting from land uses such as agriculture and forestry.
Under the Act, land use and development activities are stringently regulated within tidal shore-
lines, tidal wetlands, streamside wetlands, and the 100-foot vegetated buffer area landward of these
features. Redevelopment of existing structures and construction of water-dependent facilities are the
only two types of development activity allowed within these areas. "Water-dependent facilities" is
defined to include both public recreation areas and boat docking structures. However, development of
water-dependent facilities is nevertheless subject to certain performance standards which will ensure
the protection of water quality.
The first of these requirements is that the location of a proposed facility must be in accordance
with the local comprehensive plan. Thus, as part of the planning process associated with the Act,
Tidewater Virginia local governments must address the issue of water-dependent facilities in their
comprehensive plans. The plan must identify potential conflicts between increasing recreational
opportunities on the Bay and the protection of water quality.
To accomplish this, Tidewater local governments have identified areas where water quality/
resource protection should take precedence over the construction or expansion of boat related facili-
ties. The planning objective is to designate particular creeks and shorelines for intensive recreational
uses such as marinas and other areas for passive recreation and limited boat usage. In this way, pub-
lic access goals are achieved while protecting important living resources such as wetlands, submerged
aquatic vegetation, and shellfish grounds.
Under the Act, the construction of water-dependent facilities is subject to site design requirements
which are intended to minimize adverse water quality impacts. These requirements vary slightly from
locality to locality, since the state regulations are tailored to meet local conditions. Generally, howev-
er, the developer of a water-dependent facility has to prepare a water quality impact assessment as part
of the plan review process. This assessment should delineate the boundaries of all sensitive land fea-
tures and include ecological, hydrological, and landscaping considerations. The proposed facili-
ty will have to be designed so that all non-water-dependent components of the project are
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Appendix
G-2
located outside of the 100-foot buffer area. Land disturbance will be restricted to the minimum nec-
essary, and access ways through the buffer to the shoreline must be carefully planned. In addition,
construction of the non-water-dependent components will be subject to stringent erosion and sediment
control and stormwater management standards.
The Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department, the state agency responsible for the imple-
mentation of the Act, is providing Tidewater local governments with technical assistance in the adop-
tion of the water-dependent facilities requirements. The Department's Local Assistance Manual con-
tains planning and site design recommendations for water-dependent facilities. The Department may
be contacted at (804) 225-3440.
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Appendix D-l
The Maryland Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Program
(The following is excerpted from the brochure "CHESAPEAKE BAY CRITICAL AREA PRO-
GRAM...and how it affects you", prepared by the Governor's Office of Chesapeake Bay Public
Information and the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission.)
The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission was established by law in 1984 (Annotated Code
of Maryland, Natural Resources Article, §8-101-§8-1816) to develop a protection program for the
vitally important land and water resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries.
The "Critical Area" consists of all land within 1,000 feet of the mean high water line of tidal
waters or the landward edge of tidal wetlands or tributary streams. It also includes the tidal waters
themselves, and the lands under those waters. Sixty counties and towns in Maryland are affected by
the Critical Area Law.
The Critical Area Commission consists of 26 members appointed by the Governor. The members
represent a variety of public and private interest groups, including state and local governments, devel-
opers, environmentalists, foresters, and farmers. The Commission also has a Chairman, an Executive
Director, and staff who oversee implementation of the Critical Area Law.
The Commission was charged with developing a Critical Area Protection Program to meet the fol-
lowing three goals:
Minimize adverse impacts on water quality that result from pollutants that are discharged
from structures or conveyances that have run off from surrounding lands;
Conserve fish, wildlife, and plant habitat in the Critical Area; and
Establish land use policies for development in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which
accommodate growth and also address the fact that, even if pollution is controlled, the num-
ber, movement, and activities of persons in an area can create adverse environmental
impacts.
To carry out its goals, the Commission established criteria for the protection of the Critical Area.
These criteria were to be used by the 60 affected jurisdictions (16 counties and 44 towns) to develop
and implement their own Critical Area Programs.
FACILITIES IN THE
Water-dependent facilities, such as marinas, piers, or docks, are facilities that require location at
or near the shoreline. The Critical Area criteria, through the local jurisdictions, makes provisions for
the development of these facilities, but only if they meet certain criteria.
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Appendix D-2
COMMERCIAL MARINAS AND PIERS
Commercial marinas in the Critical /irea must meet guidelines that include the following:
No new marinas are allowed in Resource Conservation Areas unless they are part of a public
project.
New or expanded marinas are permitted in Intensely Developed and Limited Development
Areas under certain criteria.
Existing marinas in Resource Conservation Areas may be expanded if there are no adverse
effects on water quality as determined by the local jurisdictions.
Noncommercial piers, including community or neighborhood facilities, may be located in the
Critical Area under these conditions:
They may not offer food, fuel, or other sales of goods.
They must be community owned.
Certain guidelines for slip and mooring density for community piers are followed.
OTHER FACILITIES
Provisions are also made for the location of other types of water-dependent facilities in the Critical
Area. Water-dependent facilities are regulated as to their location and type of activity. For example:
Industrial- and port-related facilities are only permitted along the shoreline of Intensely
Developed Areas.
Public beaches and other public water-oriented recreation or education areas are permitted
provided adequate sanitary faciliti.es are provided, minimal disturbance to vegetation occurs,
and permeable surfaces are used.
Research facilities and fisheries activities can locate along the shoreline. However, structures
not considered to be water-dependent (e.g., parking lots) must be kept out of the 100 foot
buffer.
For more information please contact:
Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission
45 Calvert Street, 2nd Floor
Annapolis, MD 21401
(410) 974-2418
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Glossary
Berm - A narrow raised ridge of soil that provides a visual screen, absorbs sound, or channels
overland water flow.
Buffer - The separation of use areas at public facilities from neighboring properties consisting of
either natural or established vegetation.
Culvert - A drain or waterway structure, usually under a roadway.
Cutting side - The side, generally of a river, on which the current has an erosive effect.
Fetch - Open water distance over which wind blows unimpeded.
Floodplains - All lands that would be inundated by flood water as a result of a storm event of a
100 year return interval.
Impervious surface - Materials through which water will not pass (i.e., roofs, sidewalks, roads,
etc.).
Littoral drift - The movement of sand or other natural materials along a shoreline. The drift is the
direction toward which the material is moved.
Mean low water - An average of all measurements of low water over a given period.
Percent of grade - The rise or fall of a surface. The percent is determined by dividing the change in
vertical height by the horizontal distance and multiplying the results by 100.
Sediments - Eroded soils and other materials that are transported from the land into rivers and
the Bay.
Siltation - The deposition or accumulation of silt and sediment.
Wake - The track left by a ship or other body in the water usually in the form of waves moving
from and at an angle to the ship or other body.
Wetland - Land that under normal circumstances has sufficient water to support wetland vegetation
or aquatic life.
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Notes
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Chesapeake Bay Program
The Chesapeake Bay Program is the cooperative partnership among the states of Maryland,
Pennsylvania, Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay Commission, a tri-state
legislative body; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, representing the federal government;
and participating citizen advisory groups.
For more information, please see our website: www.chesapeakebay.net/bayprogram
Printed on recycled paper
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