903R99025 Commonwealth of Virginia State of Maryland District of Columbia Department of Recreation and Parks Commonwealth of Pennsylvania U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Commission Chesapeake Bay Area Public Access Technical Assistance Report (Second Edition) ------- Acknowledgements The "Chesapeake Bay Area Public Access Technical Assistance Report" was produced by the Public Access Workgroup of the land, Growth and Stewardship Subcommittee composed of staff members from the following agencies: Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation; Maryland Department of Natural Resources; District of Columbia Department of Recreation and Parks; Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission; U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service; and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency This report represents a true team effort. The Public Access Workgroup wishes to thank all those who participated in its production. Thanks are due to: local governments, state, and federal agencies who assisted in the review process; staff members from each state and the District of Columbia; and other participating federal agencies. A special thanks to the Department of Landscape Architecture at Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University for gathering and compiling most of the material found in this report. Though space does not allow us to name the many others who helped shepherd the report to publication, our sincere appreciation to each and every one of them. Regional Center for Envmnmental Infermat.on US EPA Region III 1650 Arch St. Philddelphia, PA 19103 Chesapeake Bay Program The Chesapeake Bay Program is the cooperative partnership among the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay Commission, a tri-state legislative body; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, representing the federal government; and participating citizen advisory groups. For more information, please see our website: www.chesapeakebay.net/bayprogram ------- Chesapeake Bay Area Public Access Technical Assistance Report !;'"" ;v;' "'Vjon III Second Edition report was originally published in 1990 through funds furnished by the Virginia Department of Environmental Quality pursuant to the Coastal Resources Program and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. The second printing is by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency for the Chesapeake Bay Program. Reprinted July, 1999 ------- Table of Contents I. Introduction Page Section A. Background and Report Purpose 7 I-1 B. Report Organization and Planning Methodology 8 1-2 1. Types of Public Access Considered 8 1-2 2. Recommended Planning Process 8 1-2 a) Needs Assessment 10 1-3 b) Site Selection 10 1-3 c) Design Criteria 10 1-3 d) Site Management Considerations 11 1-4 e) Permitting and Regulations 11 1-4 f) Impact Assessment 14 1-7 3. Technical Report Limitations 17 1-10 n. Boating Access A. Site Selection 19 II-l 1. User Considerations 19 II-l 2. Environmental Considerations 19 II-l a) Topography 19 II-l b) Soils and Substrate Materials 20 H-2 c) Surface Water Hydrology 20 II-2 d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 21 II-3 e) Water Quality 21 II-3 f) Wetland Delineation 21 II-3 g) Cultural Resources 21 II-3 h) Other Considerations 22 II-4 i) Site Limitations 23 II-4 j) Compatibility Issues 24 II-6 k) Boating Traffic Conflicts 24 II-6 B. Design Criteria 24 H-6 1. Site Plan Layout 24 II-6 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 25 II-7 3. Land Requirements 28 II-8 a) Area Requirements 28 II-8 b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 28 II-8 c) Vehicular Considerations 29 H-9 d) Pedestrian Considerations 35 11-10 e) Special Development Requirements 37 11-11 1) Unique Requirements 37 II-l 1 2) Electricity 37 11-11 3) Water Supply and Distribution System 38 11-12 4) Sewage Disposal/Pumpout Facilities/Restrooms 38 11-12 ------- If ^ 11 Page Section 5) Stormwater Management 38 11-12 6) Estimated Design Cost 39 H-13 C. Management/Maintenance 39 11-13 1. Maintenance Concerns 39 11-13 2. Management Concerns 40 11-13 El. Beaches and Swimming A. Site Selection 41 III-l 1. User Considerations 41 III-l 2. Environmental Considerations 41 in-1 a) Topography 41 III-l b) Soils and Substrate Materials 41 III-l c) Surface Water Hydrology 42 ffl-2 d) Vegetations/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 42 ffl-2 e) Water Quality 44 III-3 f) Wetland Delineation 44 III-3 g) Cultural Resources 44 III-3 h) Other Considerations 44 ffl-3 i) Site Limitations .45 III-4 j) Compatibility Issues 46 III-5 k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems 46 III-5 B. Design Criteria 47 III-6 1. Site Plan Layout 47 III-6 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 47 III-6 3. Land Requirements 47 III-6 a) Area Requirements 47 III-6 b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 50 IH-7 c) Vehicular Considerations 50 III-7 d) Pedestrian Considerations 50 IH-7 e) Special Development Requirements 52 III-8 1) Unique Requirements 52 III-8 2) Electricity 56 111-10 3) Water Supply and Distribution System 57 IE-11 4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms 57 III-l 1 5) Stormwater Management 57 III-l 1 C. Management/Maintenance 58 IH-12 1. Maintenance Concerns 58 111-12 2. Management Concerns 60 III-14 ------- w w w ill Page Section IV. Pier and Bank Fishing A. Site Selection 61 IV-1 1. User Considerations 61 IV-1 2. Environmental Considerations 61 IV-1 a) Topography 61 IV-1 b) Soils and Substrate Materials 61 IV-1 c) Surface Water Hydrology 62 IV-2 d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 62 IV-2 e) Water Quality 62 IV-2 f) Wetland Delineation 62 IV-2 g) Cultural Resources 63 IV-3 h) Other Considerations 63 IV-3 i) Site Limitations 63 IV-3 j) Compatibility Issues 64 IV-4 k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems 65 IV-5 B. Design Criteria 65 IV-5 1. Site Plan Layout 65 IV-5 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 65 IV-5 3. Land Requirements 68 IV-6 a) Area Requirements 68 IV-6 b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 69 IV-7 c) Vehicular Considerations 69 IV-7 d) Pedestrian Considerations 69 IV-7 e) Special Development Requirements 70 IV-8 1) Unique Requirements 70 IV-8 2) Electricity 72 IV-9 3) Water Supply and Distribution System 73 IV-10 4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms 73 IV-10 5) Stormwater Management 73 IV-10 C. Management/Maintenance 74 IV-11 1. Maintenance Concerns 74 IV-11 2. Management Concerns 74 IV-11 V. Natural Area Access A. Site Selection 75 V-l 1. User Considerations 75 V-l 2. Environmental Considerations 76 V-2 a) Topography 76 V-2 b) Soils and Substrate Materials 76 V-2 c) Surface Water and Groundwater Hydrology 76 V-2 d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas 76 V-2 ------- IV Page Section e) Water Quality 77 V-3 f) Wetland Delineation 77 V-3 g) Cultural Resources 77 V-3 h) Other Considerations 77 V-3 i) Site Limitations 78 V-4 j) Compatibility Issues 78 V-4 B. Design Criteria 78 V-4 1. Site Plan Layout 78 V-4 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships 78 V-4 3. Land Requirements 81 V-5 a) Area Requirements 81 V-5 b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 81 V-5 c) Vehicular Considerations 81 V-5 d) Pedestrian Considerations 82 V-6 e) Special Development Requirements 82 V-6 1) Unique Requirements 82 V-6 2) Electricity 85 V-8 3) Water Supply and Distribution System 85 V-8 4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms 87 V-9 5) Stormwater Management ,. .87 V-9 C. Management/Maintenance 88 V-10 1. Maintenance Concerns 88 V-10 2. Management Concerns 88 V-10 Bibliography 89 Appendix A - State and Federal Government Resources 91 A-l Appendix B - Cost Estimate 95 B-l Appendix C - Requirements of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act . . .101 C-l Appendix D - The Maryland Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Program . .103 D-l Glossary .105 ------- List of Figures Figure No. Title Page Section 1-1 Planning Process Chart 9 1-2 II-l Boating Access Schematic Plan 26 II-7 II-2 Concept Layout for Boating Access 27 II-7 n-3 Ramp Locations Related to Water Flow 30 H-9 11-4 45 Degree Parking 31 H-9 II-5 60 Degree Parking 32 II-9 H-6 90 Degree Parking 33 II-9 H-7 Boat Launch Ramps 34 II-9 n-8 Pedestrian Access for Boating Sites 36 11-10 ni-1 Surface Water Hydrology 43 HI-2 ffl-2 Beach/Swimming Access Schematic Plan 48 III-6 ni-3 Concept Layout for Beach/Swimming Access 49 HI-6 ni-4 Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions 51 III-7 III-5 Pedestrian Access for Beach/Swimming Sites 53 III-8 III-6 Beach Construction 54 III-8 IV-1 Pier and Bank Fishing Access Schematic Plan 66 IV-5 IV-2 Concept Layout for Pier and Bank Fishing Access 67 IV-5 IV-3 Fishing Piers 71 IV-8 V-l Natural Area Access Schematic Plan 79 V-4 V-2 Concept Layout for Natural Area Access 80 V-4 V-3 Trail Construction 84 V-7 V-4 Trail Drainage 86 V-8 ------- List of Tables Table No. Title Page Section n-i Parking Stall Dimensions 35 11-10 ------- L Introduction The Chesapeake Bay watershed, including the smaller surrounding bays and estuaries cover almost 2,400 square miles in Virginia, Maryland, Delaware, Pennsylvania, and the District of Columbia. Although there is an abundance of water and open space in the region, public access opportunities are limited. In fact, less than one percent of the Bay shore- line is currently in the public domain. Public recreational access to the Bay and its tribu- taries consists primarily of marinas and other private sites which are not in public ownership. As user demand has risen over the last decade, the inadequacy of access opportunities has dra- matically increased. Consequently, federal, state and local officials need to concentrate their efforts to meet the need for public water access sites. A. BACKGROUND AND REPORT PURPOSE In 1987, the governors of the Bay states, the mayor of Washington, D.C., the adminis- trator of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, and the Chair of the Chesapeake Bay Commission entered into the Chesapeake Bay Agreement to restore and protect the Bay and its tributaries. One of the major initiatives of the Agreement involves the improvement of public access to the waters of the Bay. It is anticipated that this commitment will increase resources for the improvement of water-depen- dent and water- enhanced recreational opportu- nities in the coming years. Increased public awareness through expanded Bay access opportunities is considered essential in gaining public support and commitment for the preser- vation of the Chesapeake Bay. The Agreement outlines four general objectives to support the initiatives: Improve and maintain access to the Bay, including public beaches, parks, and forested lands. Improve opportunities for recreational and commercial fishing. Secure shoreline acreage to maintain open space and provide opportunities for passive recreation. Secure necessary acreage to protect unique habitat and environmentally sensitive areas. This report will help meet these objectives by providing a guide for use by localities for locating and developing access sites. The report will identify potential sources of technical ------- assistance to aid the localities with the acquisi- tion and development of public access. The four types of public access to be considered include beaches and swimming areas, boating access, fishing pier and bank access, and access to natural areas. For each type of access, recommendations for site selection, design criteria, and management considerations are provided. The first step in developing public access is to determine the need for the various types of access to the Bay. Once the needs have been assessed, the site selection criteria, specific design criteria, and site management consider- ations should be evaluated for the type of site to be developed. This report describes the plan- ning process recommended in establishing the four types of Bay access areas. B. REPORT ORGANIZATION AND PLANNING METHODOLOGY This technical report has been organized to address various types of public access opportu- nities. A consistent planning approach is rec- ommended regardless of the type of site or area considered for development. The planning process and issues discussed for each type of public access is intended to serve as a guide and checklist for the successful planning and development of Bay area access sites. 1. Types of Public Access Considered Public access includes water-dependent and water-related facilities which are located along the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. Marinas, boat launch ramps, beaches, and pub- lic water-oriented recreation areas are consid- ered water-dependent facilities. Water-related activities could include picnicing, facilities for education, camping, hiking, hunting, wildlife observation, and other passive recreational uses. For this report, types of public access have been categorized as follows: Boat-Related Access - Boat ramps, cartop boat launches, and support facilities. Swimming Access - Includes beaches and designated areas appropriate for swimming. Fishing Access - Piers, bank fishing, and parking adjacent to the water. Natural Area Access - Wildlife man- agement areas, natural area preserves, wildlife observation areas, nature trails, and educational facilities con- tiguous to the water. Access areas may be established as one or a combination of these types. Access points may be developed by local, state, federal, or private entities or a cooperative agreement between two or more parties. 2. Recommended Planning Process The diagram shown in Figure: 1-1 outlines the recommended methodology for planning public access. The initial component of the process is assessment of the need and determi- nation of the appropriate type of public access. Following the needs assessment, the site should be selected, design criteria established, and potential management and maintenance issues evaluated. ------- Figure: 1-1 Planning Process Chart State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan Bay and River Public Access Guide Chesapeake Bay Area Plan Special Studies - Local and Regional Plans User Considerations Land Requirements Site Analysis Site Limitations Regulatory Requirements Essential Site Elements Standard Structures and Facilities Site Concept Plan Preliminary Cost Estimate Needs Assessment t Site Selection I Design Criteria Site Plan Layout Construction Drawings Final Permits and Approvals Final Costs Site Development Y Maintenance Checklist Management Plan Cost Schedule Site Management & Maintenance ------- a) Needs Assessment The assessment of public access needs should be based on number of existing sites, level of use along the waterways or river reach- es, demographic considerations, carrying capacity of the site/area, and trends in boat ownership. Several sources of information which are listed in the appendix are available from the appropriate states and the District of Columbia. These sources of information may be useful in determining the need for addition- al Bay access within a locality. The Chesapeake Bay and Susquehanna River Public Access Guide was published in 1989 as a guide to publicly-owned access points surrounding the Bay area, its tidal tribu- taries, and the Susquehanna River. The guide includes educational and conservation oriented information, as well as location and facility specific information for the identified access points. The existing and future recreational demands for Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia, and the District of Columbia may be found in each respective State Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan (SCORP).The SCORP for each state is referenced in the appendix. Additionally, the "Chesapeake Bay Area Public Access Plan" was published in December of 1990. This plan identified oppor- tunities for public access in four major cate- gories: boating facilities, fishing piers and bank fishing, swimming areas, and natural study areas. The plan is presented in a map for- mat to provide localities and regional planners with existing public and private access infor- mation. The plan also identifies areas which show a need for the development of a.ccess sites and recognize potential access areas. Localities are encouraged to incorporate the public access plan recommendations into their planning processes. The "Chesapeake Bay Area Public Access Plan" should be con- sulted when preparing local demand data. b) Site Selection User considerations, land requirements, and environmental limitations should be assessed during the site selection phase. User considerations include the location of an ade- quate transportation network to the proposed site and its proximity to other similar types of public access. Acreage and water quality con- siderations should be assessed when evaluating the land requirements necessary for the various types of public access. The determination of potential environmental impacts should include an assessment of potential site limita- tions, presence of environmentally sensitive areas, and an evaluation of potential impacts caused by the development of the particular type of public access. Also, the compatibility of adjacent land uses, potential boating and vehicular traffic conflicts, and the possible effect of development on nearby cultural resources, natural areas, oyster beds, fishing grounds, and other living resources should be considered during the evaluation process. c} Design Criteria Design criteria will be specifically estab- lished for each of the types of public access being addressed. Elements to be considered during the design phase of the various types of public access should include the site layout, vehicular and pedestrian access requirements, site carrying capacity, and environmental man- agement measures. Site layouts should include the location of required facilities and site fea- tures, a landscape scheme or planting plan 10 ------- if appropriate, the identification of sensitive lands and designated protection areas, user access and activity areas, and maintenance or service areas. Vehicular and pedestrian access considerations should address parking, rest- rooms, pedestrian walkways, vehicular road- ways, shelters, interpretive site enhancements, and handicapped access. Environmental man- agement may include erosion control options, maintenance of water quality, replacement of impacted wetlands, and special construction techniques. Planning, design, and construction details and drawings for the identified site fea- tures should be prepared to show the require- ments and recommended construction tech- niques for the development of the public access site. Finally, an estimate of the design cost for site development should be based on the site design selected for a specific site. d) Site Management Considerations Management of the site should be consid- ered during the site selection and design phas- es. Routine management and maintenance efforts should be identified for the public access site being developed. Management techniques should be defined and a mainte- nance plan including cost should be prepared prior to site development. e) Permitting and Regulations Required permits and applicable regula- tions for each state and the District of Columbia vary. For example, Maryland and Virginia have both enacted legislation and reg- ulations which significantly effect land use and development of the shoreline. Local public access goals in these states should be consis- tent with the water quality objectives of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act and Chesapeake Bay Critical Areas Program. A brief summary of permitting require- ments, the permitting process, and the agencies overseeing these requirements as well as regu- lations which affect the development of public access within the Bay area follows. Applications for all permits should precede a project start date. Issuance of a permit will be based on an impact evaluation of the proposed work with regard to public interest. of Following is a sampling of the types uses that need permits: Proposed construction on-site Filling on state-owned, sub-aqueous bottom Installation of shoreline erosion con- trol structures Construction of trails, piers, docks, ramps, etc. Removal of existing vegetation Entranceways onto site Impacts to wetlands or waterways Permitting Process Once permit applications are submitted to the Corps of Engineers (COE), the COE will determine if the project meets a general permit criteria. If so, the applicant is notified and instructed to pursue any necessary state and local approvals. The affected state/local agen-. cies may then prepare a Public Notice for the project and place this notice in a local news- paper at the applicant's expense. If the pro- ject does not meet the COE's general permit 11 ------- criteria, it may go through a joint federal/state permit application process and be circulated to appropriate federal and state agencies for com- ment before the project is approved. Property owners adjacent to the proposed project site and others who have asked to be mailed any public notice involving work in their area are sent a copy of the public notice. Anyone may make a comment on a public notice. Public Hearings At the close of the Public Notice comment period, Public Hearings may be held by local, state, or federal agencies. The applicant will be contacted by those agencies when a Public Hearing is scheduled. Federal Hearing Procedure Most projects usually affect the applicant and the surrounding neighborhood. When issues are raised, the COE staff discusses the issues with the applicant. Attempts are made to resolve the issues in question informally; in most cases this is successful. Very few projects require a public hearing. When a hearing is required, a 30 day public notice is sent to the public announcing the date, time, and place of the hearing. A decision on the project will not be made at the hearing. A 10 day comment period will follow the hearing to allow for any additional facts or information to be submitted before the District Engineer makes a final (deci- sion. The purpose of a Federal public he;iring is to acquire information and provide the pub- lic an opportunity to express their views and opinions on the proposed project. State and Local Hearing Procedures Projects affecting state and locally protected wetlands will fall under the laws and regula- tions established by the local and state entities. Finalization of Process Each agency will make every effort to process the application as quickly as possible. If a project is approved, the necessary permit will be forwarded the applicant. In some cases, the applicant's notarized signature will be required and fees and royalties paid before the permit is validated by the appropriate regula- tory agency. The permitting process may vary by state. If there are questions about processing proce- dures, applications, or project drawings, the permitting agency may be contacted for further information. VIRGINIA After an access site has been located and the facilities to be constructed have been deter- mined, the next step in Virginia is to apply for the necessary permits. To learn what permits will be required contact the following: Va. Marine Resources Commission 2600 Washington Avenue P.O. Box 756 Newport News, VA 23607 (757) 247-2200 Fax (757) 247-2020 12 ------- Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Operation 629 E. Main Street P.O. Box 10009 Richmond, VA 23240 (804) 698-4108 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District 803 Front Street Norfolk, VA 23510 (757) 441-7650 In addition, permits may be required by the State Historic Preservation Office, local wet- land board, and local building inspector. MARYLAND In Maryland, there are three main permit- ting authorities associated with the types of waterfront activities which are related to public access. Some of the permitting and regulatory issues pertinent to these agencies include tidal wetlands; the harvesting, cutting, or removal of submerged aquatic vegetation; water quality regulations; boating facility pumpout require- ments; on-site sewage disposal; and water sup- ply systems. It must also be noted that local governments are responsible for enacting the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area regulations within their jurisdiction. For more information regarding permitting and regulations contact: Chesapeake Bay Critical Areas Commission 45 Calvert Street, 2nd floor Annapolis, MD 21401 (410) 974-2418 Department of the Environment Water Management Administration Tidal Wetlands 2500 Broening Highway Baltimore, MD 21224 (410)631-8075 Department of Natural Resources Water Resources Administration Tidal Wetlands Division Tawes State Office Building Annapolis, MD 21401 (410)974-3871 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District P.O. Box 1715 Baltimore, MD 21203 (410) 962-3670 PENNSYLVANIA In Pennsylvania, a plan of mitigation will be required if a proposed site is classified as a regulated wetland. Other issues which may require special action include erosion and^ sed- imentation, water quality, impacts on historical resources, and highway occupancy. The agen- cies to contact concerning permitting and reg- ulations are listed below. Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission Bureau for Historic Preservation P.O. Box 1026 Harrisburg, PA 17108 (717)787-3362 Susquehanna River Basin Commission 1721 Front Street Harrisburg, PA 17102 (717) 238-0424 13 ------- Cumberland County Conservation District 313 S.Hanover St. _ , _ . Example Only Carlisle, PA 17013 JEachComrtyhasa District Manager C»aser*atkmlfetrkt- i^iOLu^L iYj-uuctgiwi consult phone directory (717) 249-8632 amier County name. Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Division of Waterways and Storm Water Management P.O. Box 8554 Harrisburg, PA 17120 (717)787-6826 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Harrisburg Regional Office 909 Elmerton Avenue Harrisburg, PA 17110-8200 Regional Water Quality Manager (717)705-4700 Commonwealth of Pennsylvania Pennsylvania Department of Transportation Engineering District Harrisburg, PA 17103-1699 (717)787-6653 6 Regional Offices, check local phone book under Commonwealth of PA.,J>EP Check focal phone book tinder Commonwealth of PA., Department of Transportation DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA Within the District of Columbia most of the shoreline is in federal ownership. The principal authority to contact for information concerning permitting and regulation is: Associate Director for Land Use Coordination National Park Service National Capitol Region 1100 Ohio Drive SW Washington, D.C. 20242 (202) 619-7025 f) Impact Assessment In accurately assessing the impact of the project, the following factors should be includ- ed in the assessment report: 1) Description of the proposed action State the major objective of the pro- posed development. State who is proposing the development, the contact person, and what is to be accomplished through this project. Identify location of the project, when the development is to take place, and its interrelationships with other feder- al, state, or local recreation-oriented projects or proposals. Describe the demand for the project and how it complies with the current SCORP. 2) Description of the existing environment Describe the overall topography. Identify name and location of any his- toric or archaeological sites which will be affected. State whether or not the project is located within the 100-year floodplain. Describe the site's surface and subsur- face geological characteristics. 14 ------- 8 Describe the soil types in the area. (Contact a local Soil Conservation Service representative.) Describe the area's flora and fauna with special reference to rare, threat- ened, and endangered species. 3) Environmental impact of the proposed action Identify any direct or indirect changes to the existing environment, whether beneficial or adverse. Describe effects the proposed project will have on adjacent land uses. Identify potential impacts on wetlands and aquatic resources. Describe the waste management sys- tem planned for the project and its impact. Describe how water resources will be affected, e.g., increased runoff. Discuss proposed management plan for the project. 4) Mitigation measures included in the proposed action Discuss measures and methods which are proposed or will be required to mitigate adverse environmental impacts. 5) Adverse environmental effects which cannot be avoided Analyze who or what is affected and to what degree, e.g., wildlife or vege- tation, adjacent properties, erosion, compaction and sedimentation of soil, etc. 6) Relationship between short-term and long-term impacts Identify short-term impacts such as loss of wildlife habitat, changes in traffic volumes and patterns, etc. Identify long-term impacts such as dedication of land to public recreation and open space for present and future use. 7) Irreversible and irretrievable commitments of resources which would be involved in the proposed development Identify the extent to which the devel- opment restricts or enhances the range of resource uses. Identify factors such as erosion, destruction of archaeological or his- toric sites, elimination of wildlife habitat, particularly of threatened or endangered species. Identify significant changes in land use with regard to natural resources such as forest land, minerals, soils, water, etc. 15 ------- 8) Alternatives to the proposed action Discuss modifications of the present proposal with different approaches to gaining the same result. Describe beneficial and adverse effects of the alternatives along with the reasons for the rejections of the alternatives. Explain of the final choice of action and the plan for achieving the initial objective. In preparing the environmental informa- tion, narrative explanations should be written for each category, and whenever possible, impacts should be quantified. For example, record the number of trees to be removed, cubic yards of fill to be required, etc. All sub- ject matter should be discussed in as much detail as is relevant, especially when specific facts or professional opinions are available. Government agencies who are involved in the project will be incorporating their comments into the Assessment Report. The impact assessment should involve a comparison of the land requirements deter- mined for a particular access site and the envi- ronmental factors identified during the invento- ry. A checklist of facility requirements and site factors to be included in the site assessment would vary depending on type of access being considered. Following is a list of factors which could be included: Facility Requirements . Access roads (internal and external) Parking spaces Dock facilities Walkways Service and maintenance areas Adjacent recreation areas Water depth Subsurface conditions Location of boating access within the waterway Electricity Signage Solid waste disposal Public safety and emergency safety facilities Water supply and distribution Sewage disposal Pumpout facilities Stormwater drainage Restrooms 16 ------- 10 Site Factors Topography-avoid 15% or greater slopes Shoreline erosion - avoid areas with erosion rates greater than 2 feet/year Floodplains - when construction is necessary, use appropriate design Soils and substrate materials - locate facilities on buildable soils Surface water hydrology - needs vary with projected use Existing vegetation - preserve existing vegetation to greatest extent possible Cultural resources Plant and wildlife habitat areas - minimize disturbance Existing water quality - monitor and assess potential impact Shellfish grounds - avoid location near shellfish grounds/minimize impact Wetlands - avoid/minimize impact Submerged aquatic vegetation - avoid/minimize impact Scenic and visual opportunities - preserve and enhance aesthetic environment Existing and potential noise - monitor existing levels and project impact based on planned uses Existing and potential boating traffic - avoid placing new access in highly trafficked boating areas Compatibility of adjacent land uses - locate near population centers and ser- vices which provide amenities to access sites Carrying capacity of site Proximity to existing or potential scenic resources such as designated or candidate byways or scenic rivers. 3. Technical Report Limitations The issues which should be addressed in developing the various types of public access are defined in this report. Each site must be individually evaluated to determine its suitabil- ity for development based on the anticipated level of use, site-specific factors, and potential environmental impacts to the site. There may be issues and situations which are not directly addressed in this report, but may become evi- dent during the site investigation and analysis which will need to be addressed. Site condi- tions which are discussed and recommended in this report are based on ideal conditions; how- ever, optimum conditions should be sought 17 ------- 11 during site selection and development so that most critical factors are satisfied. This techni- cal assistance report should provide localities with a checklist of issues to consider, a plan- ning methodology, and basic concepts for the design and construction of the various types of public access. 18 ------- II. Boating Access A. SITE SELECTION Environmental factors, suitability of the water body for boat operation, and adequate shore frontage must be considered when locat- ing a boat launch ramp. With proper siting and consideration of environmental factors, many permitting problems and costly delays can be avoided. Almost any site adjacent to a water body can be made into an access area, but gen- erally, the more extensive the required modifi- cation, the greater the construction costs and potential for adverse environmental impacts. Whenever possible, alternative sites on a water body should be evaluated. In selecting a boat launch ramp site, sever- al features must be met regardless of the size of the launch ramp or where it is to be located. The site must have safe navigational access to boating waters, shoreline protection, adequate access to the site, adequate interior access, parking, and a launch ramp. Proximity of the site to population centers, accessibility of the launch ramp from the land side and easy access to desired boating areas are important evalua- tion and site selection factors. 1, User Considerations The planning of public boating access sites should consider public needs along with the level of boating activity, facility requirements, and management duties required to fulfill those needs. Section I of this report described the process and resources available for assessing the need for public access. 2. Environmental Considerations Potential environmental impacts due to boating activity and related facility development must be considered prior to the development of access sites. The evaluation of environmental factors should begin with a thorough inventory of the potential access site. Data which relates to the topography, soils, surface water hydrolo- gy, vegetation, wildlife habitat areas and existing wetlands should be collected. This information should then be reviewed to verify the suitabili- ty of a site for development. The results of the assessment will likely be incorporated in the permits required to pursue site development. a) Topography Shoreline areas with flat to rolling slopes of less than 15% and with suitable soils based on standard classifications related to proposed uses are generally acceptable for facility development. The 100-year storm criteria should be used to define floodplains since this is the criteria used in the federal flood insurance program in which most local governments participate. Floodplains are land areas that are occasional- ly inundated by the overflow of streams and rivers and have been determined to have a one percent probability of flood occurrence in any given year. Floodplains act as natural sediment 19 ------- n traps which allow stormwater to disperse and slow down, causing suspended materials that have washed off upland areas to settle. Hence, the development and disturbance of flood- plains should be limited to properly designed facilities necessary for the planned access. b) Soils and Substrate Materials Physical considerations at the site include the assessment of soil geology and substrate materials. The nature, extent, and cost of the substructures necessary for site facilities must be determined based on the soil types. Test piles and direct soil evaluation tests are two commonly used methods for determining the resistive quality of subsoils. Soil conditions should provide suitable foundation support and wastewater treatment capacity, if^ existing sewage facilities are not already available to the site. Shoreline erosion should be a major con- sideration in siting boat ramp access. Developments along shoreline areas should be avoided where existing erosion rates exceed 2 feet/year. These areas are more susceptible to boat wakes. Facility structures located within or near these highly erodible shorelines are probably impacted by wave action which will require continuous maintenance and protective measures. To minimize the adverse effects of human activities on access sites, a buffer area of vege- tation is recommended. This buffer is effective in retarding runoff, preventing erosion, filtering nonpoint pollution, and reducing sediments. c) Surface Water Hydrology Normal precipitation presents no serious problem in boat launch access site design, pro- vided an adequate surface drainage plan is adopted. A drainage plan must provide a facil- ity with the capability of draining the waters from a maximum probable rainfall without eroding the adjacent land or causing additional runoff in the Bay and its tributaries. Inflows from surrounding lands may also be diverted as a part of the drainage plan. Wave characteristics are important to boat- ing access sites. Larger waves are generated in large water bodies by offshore storms, while other waves are generated by winds, boat traf- fic, and tides. Ideally, boating access sites should be in a protected location (i.e., a cove, tributary, boat basin, etc.) in order to decrease the open water distance over which wind blows unimpeded (fetch). This consideration will help decrease wave action at the site and thus reduce erosion at the facility. Waves can create additional waves by reflecting and resonating off waterside structures. Shoreline vegetation is a good energy dissipater as well as a preven- ter of wave-induced erosion along the shore- line. Boat wakes can be controlled by proper access site orientation, control of boat traffic speed, and route regulation. Establishing boundaries for speed limit zones may be criti- cal to the control of boat wakes as wakes gen- erated during acceleration and deceleration can be significant. 20 ------- n d) VegetationAVildlife/Habitat Areas The Natural Heritage Programs within each jurisdiction can help to identify signifi- cant habitat areas and can provide land man- agement recommendations for the protection of these communities. Site selection should be considered in areas that will not affect rare, threatened or endangered plants, animals, or unique natural communities or significant fm- fish spawning and nursery areas. The protec- tion of high quality habitats and the relation- ships between biological communities may be incorporated into natural areas or buffer zones adjacent to the access site. Construction prac- tices which avoid direct and indirect impacts to sensitive habitats should be implemented. Sensitive areas and the limits of construction should be clearly marked prior to construction. e) Water Quality Boating related facilities such as bulk- heads, jetties, or other structural measures may encroach on narrow waterways. Water quality may decrease when encroachment restricts flushing and mixing of waters in small tribu- taries or inlets. These changes affect wildlife habitats and substrate conditions of marine organisms which may cause a reduction in the diversity of species. The volume of the water body and tidal action is significant to water quality. For exam- ple, small bodies of water can take much less contamination than larger ones. Existing and projected water quality conditions within the vicinity of the access site should be assessed to determine the potential for adverse changes being caused by access-related factors. The thickness and the fineness of existing bottom sediments is important as a thick layer of very fine particles can be eroded away by prop- wash from boat traffic and become suspended in the water, thus deteriorating water clarity and quality. An understanding of sediment deposition, littoral transport, and fetch is important to the development of any site. A flushing study to be submitted for review during the permitting process is encouraged. f) Wetland Delineation The delineation of wetlands boundaries should ordinarily be determined by an on-site visit. In most cases, the local delineation map or map series will be used in order to identify the general location of wetlands. The National Wetland Inventory maps produced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may also be useful in the general location of existing wetlands. The Combined Federal Wetland Delineation approach should be followed for the site spe- cific designation of wetland areas. This approach is a systematic approach which con- siders soils, hydrology, and vegetative charac- teristics of a site. g) Cultural Resources Cultural resources should be evaluated on each potential access site. A site may be listed, nominated, or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The his- toric or archaeological significance of a site may not be obvious; therefore, during the site evaluation the appropriate State Historic Preservation Officer should be contacted. Information regarding the National Register of Historic Places may be obtained from the National Park Service, National Registry Programs (see Appendix A-4). 21 ------- II h) Other Considerations Other site features and related off-shore conditions appropriate for inclusion in the environmental inventory may relate to: Sand Dunes These are fragile resources and require special planning so that points of access are well defined and properly constructed. Foot and vehicular traffic on dunes should be discouraged. Shellfish Beds The location of active shellfish beds should be identified. The introduction of a boat ramp facility could impact the water quality near these areas enough to affect the productivity of the beds. Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) SAV areas near the shoreline of a proposed boating access development site should be delineated and avoided. SAV beds are gradual- ly recovering after the precipitous decline in the 1970's and 1980's. These areas are impor- tant to marine life for shelter, propagation, and food. Scenic and Visual Opportunities The identification of good and poor views both on-site and off-site should be considered. An overall visual analysis of the site may be necessary for the ultimate preservation of visu- al quality. Noise The existing and projected noise levels at the development site and in the surrounding area should be assessed, particularly in areas with anticipated high increases in boating traf- fic resulting from site development. Storms The history of storms, their frequency, and intensity may be significant information in considering a site for development, particular- ly along unprotected waterways. The National Weather Service may be contacted to deter- mine the vulnerability an area has with regard to storms. The state agency administering the federal flood insurance program can also pro- vide valuable information. Wind Predominant wind patterns and the orienta- tion of the shoreline are extremely important, as these factors can combine to create an area that is not conducive for navigation of boats and can also cause accelerated erosion or wave damage to the boating facility. i) Site Limitations Site limitations should be identified based on the inventory and analysis of natural, factors and environmental considerations. The capa- city a site has for the development of boating access is also directly related to the conditions and characteristics of the adjacent waterway. For example, the constriction of narrow coves and waterways by the encroachment of boat slips, private piers, and open moorings or anchorages can be a problem in developing boating facilities. 22 ------- n These facilities reduce the water surface area available for boating activity, and in nar- row passages may create a "bottleneck" situa- tion. Careful siting and maintenance of boating facilities can avoid or minimize this type of problem. A site analysis which outlines the physical opportunities and constraints for a property should be conducted to facilitate the assess- ment of the site. This analysis may simply involve overlaying the identified environmen- tal factors and evaluating the overall conditions of the site, noting areas which are not suitable for development. Desirable Site Characteristics Include: Easy access to open water, population centers, and necessary utilities. Accessibility from existing roads and waterways. Location near existing state or federally maintained channels. High tidal range or flow and high flushing rates along the cutting side of the water body. Location in areas free of severe shoreline erosion or steep slopes. Compatibility with existing land and water uses. Location away from shellfish beds used for harvesting for human consumption. Access road that meets Department of Transportation secondary road standards. Variable turn-around area (size deter- mined by design but must be able to accommodate a combined vehicle and trailer length of 40') Buffer zone at shoreline for facilities which are not water-dependent. 4 foot minimum width for walkways located apart from vehicular routes. Compatibility with local comprehen- sive plans. Undesirable Site Characteristics Include: Too shallow or with inadequate water or land area for intended use, requiring extensive dredging or filling. Low tidal range or flow and low flush- ing rates, such as dead-end canals or the upper reaches of tidal creeks. Location with poor water quality, mar- ginally meeting state water quality standards. Location at the mouths of tidal creeks and other tributaries may not be advis- able due to lower water quality and higher sedimentation rates at these areas. Location near designated fish or wildlife protection areas, shellfish beds, or SAVs. 23 ------- II Location which inhibits public access to navigable waters or hinders safe navigation by requiring structures that would extend into existing channels. Location near areas of heavy boating traffic. j) Compatibility Issues External compatibility of boating access facilities with adjacent land uses is an impor- tant consideration. In general, boating access should be located in areas convenient to popu- lation centers. Support facilities, such as shop- ping, restaurants, grocery stores, emergency services, boating supply houses, repair shops, service stations, and utilities, should be located along the primary access route to the site or in an accessible docking area off the waterway being proposed for access. Additional boating access should only be introduced in areas where there is a demand or an increased demand is projected based on cur- rent user trends. Boating access can create con- flicts in sensitive environmental areas; there- fore, avoid placing boating access in areas with identified concentrations of rare, threatened, or endangered species. Several passive recreational or access- related uses may be planned for a single access site within a boating access facility. However, the compatibility of these uses with one anoth- er should be considered to avoid potential on- site activity conflicts. Compatibility of related recreational activities is important during site selection and planning for the appropriate site facilities and amenities. k} Boating Traffic Conflicts Competition among boating participants for use of the Bay is considerable at peak peri- ods in certain areas. The characteristics of recreational boats, including size, speed, maneuverability and function may intensify this boating conflict on the waterways. The physical characteristics of the water body along with environmental constraints such as shoreline erodibility, fish and wildlife habitat, and spawning areas contribute to the magni- tude of these conflicts. As the number of boaters increase, problems such as congestion on the water surface and conflicts between dif- ferent water-related activities competing for the same water space may become more evi- dent. Some small water bodies may be best suited for cartop boat launches and pier fish- ing, thus minimizing conflicts with larger, faster boats. B. DESIGN CRITERIA 1. Site Plan Layout The site plan layout should be correlated directly with the needs assessment or determi- nation of facilities required to support the desired user groups. The land requirements determined for these proposed facilities may then be appropriately applied to the site based on the environmental considerations and site limitations considered during the site inventory and assessment. 24 ------- n 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships Because each site is unique and has differ- ent environmental and natural features as well as varying land requirements based on the determined need, a standard site layout for boating access sites is not feasible. The essen- tial elements which will most likely be includ- ed for all boating access sites include access to the site, parking, a launch ramp, support facili- ties, and direct access to the water. These ele- ments and their preferred relationships are depicted in Figure: II-l. Of these essential ele- ments, it is necessary for only the boat launch ramp to have direct access to the water. The remaining elements may be lined by pedestrian connections, vehicular connections or both pedestrian and vehicular connections. For example, pedestrian access from the support facilities should be directly connected with the parking and boat launch ramp and there should be a direct pedestrian connection developed between the boat launch and water access. Vehicular connections are most important in relation to the site access which generally leads to designated parking areas. The parking area and internal access should provide a direct vehicular connection to the boat launch ramp. Support facilities which are planned on a site should be accessible to vehicles for service and maintenance. Often this necessitates a limited type of vehicular access. A concept plan depicting the general rela- tionship of the selected site elements may be helpful to establish the overall site plan layout. A concept plan which expresses preferred site relationships is shown in Figure: II-2. Recommendations which can enhance the relationships between the essential elements shown on the concept plan include: Location of parking and support facili- ties which are not water-dependent on higher ground outside the recommend- ed shoreline buffer areas. For large and highly visible facilities, parking areas can be enhanced by shrub and tree islands with little loss of storage capacity. Where steeper slopes exist, locate parking areas above the crests and maintain or reestablish the natural vegetation on the slopes. This will preserve a natural shoreline appearance and also will avoid extensive regrading. The toe of the slope must also be stabilized to prevent further slope erosion. The scale, species, and spacing of plants should be compatible with those of surrounding shoreline areas. In grading of the site, the slope gradi- ents and scale of mounds, swales and berms should be appropriately designed where possible to create rounded earth forms compatible with those of the natural shoreline. In gen- eral, all development of access areas shall be constructed in a way that will protect and enhance views and visual access to water and shorelines without compromising the vegetated buffer. 25 ------- Entrance/exit Boarding dock 2 Ramps Water Figure: II-l Boating Access Schematic Plan Retain or plant vegetation to create buffer between parking and adjacent land Recreation support area Pedestrian crossing clearly marked Note: Pull through parking at 60 and 90 degrees Legend: Buffer Signage Courtesy dock Pedestrian crossing Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 26 ------- Figure: II-2 Concept Layout for Boating Access Water Launching Ramp Legend: Access road Vehicular traffic Pedestrian path 27 ------- II 8 In developing an access site, the effects of human interaction must be considered. Pollution factors should be examined and addressed as should the availability of utilities to the site. 3. Land Requirements The type of boating access facility planned will determine the land requirements for the facility. Site conditions, land availability, envi- ronmental factors and regulations, and pro- posed degree of use must be factored in the final determination of land requirements for a particular facility. a) Area Requirements Typical area requirements for boating access facilities will vary with the number of launch lanes and other recreational facilities and amenities planned at the site. A boating access facility may include access from the main road, parking for trailered boats, restroom facilities, launch ramp, courtesy pier, turn around, buffer zone, and entrance area. Additional amenities such as picnicking areas, overflow parking, and other recreation-related facilities may be desired at certain sites and would require additional land. If a site is identified for boating access facilities that may have environmental impacts on adjacent property, additional land may also be required for a buffer. A single lane ramp will require a site of approximately 2.5 acres For each additional lane an additional 1.5 acres is recommended. A single-lane boat launch ramp may-have the following land requirements: 30-50, 10' x 40' perking spaces (pull- through parking spaces are preferable). Plan for a minimum of 35 parking spaces. Allow 400 square feet for each vehicle and allow 25' for pull out. 20' wide aisles for one-way traffic 24' wide aisles for two-way traffic Access road which meets secondary road standards Variable turn area (size determined by design, but should accommodate a 40' trailer and vehicle combination) 100' buffer zone at the shoreline Maintenance and service areas Minimum water frontage required for a cartop boat/canoe launch is 50' Minimum water frontage required for trailable boat craft is 100' b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions The area being considered for a launch ramp should be a minimum of 3' deep at the end of the ramp at mean low water (M.L.W.). This will lessen the effects of prop-wash and allow a wider variety of boats to use the ramp. The proposed launching fairway and the chan- nel should be clear of debris and have a mini- mum depth of 4' and be approximately 30-50' wide. 28 ------- n A boat launch ramp should be located in an area which will not accumulate debris and cause maintenance problems (see Figure: II-3). For example, it is most desirable for a ramp to be located in a protected area off the main water body. If this is not possible the outside of a meander or the stretch of water immediately following abend should be selected. The inside of a bend should be avoided as this area gener- ally accumulates the most debris. c) Vehicular Consideration The external access to a site should be less than one mile from a maintained public road- way, which has at least 13'6" of vertical clear- ance. The external access road should meet traffic flow generated by the access site. A 175' minimum sight distance along the access road and a 300' minimum sight distance should be provided at intersections. External access roads should meet sec- ondary road standards providing a 20' to 22' wide pavement with a 3' to 5' shoulder to accommodate boat trailers. The entrance drive should intersect the access road at a 90° angle. If this is not possible, the angle should be no less than 80° and no more than 100°. The entrance drive and internal site access roads should be 20' to 22' wide with a 3' to 5' shoul- der to facilitate the movement of two-way traf- fic and 18' to 20' with a 2' to 3' shoulder for one-way traffic. Guardrails or posts should be provided on 6' centers for embankments over 6' in height. The entrance drive should not be directly aligned with the launch ramp and should provide easy access to the parking aisles. Proper traffic, informational, and direc- tional signage should be posted. It is important that the location of the entrance road off of the public highway be carefully coordinated with state highway offi- cials. This will assure that adequate site dis- tance can be provided. Also, if turning lanes are needed, it will be known early in the process and necessary land can be acquired. Parking Where possible, parking areas should be located within convenient walking distance of the launch ramp, but outside the buffer area. There should be adequate parking spaces to meet the expected demand on a peak day dur- ing the boating season. Parking stalls for trail- ered vehicles should be pull through in design (see Figures: II-4 to II-6). Parking design may vary with the use of 90°, 60°, or 45° parking spaces, (see Table: II-l) Parking lots should have a finished grade of no less than 1% and no greater than 5%. A turn around to accommodate a 40' combination of vehicle and trailer should be provided at the head of the ramp. Ramps The ramp for launching should ideally con- sist of two or more lanes. The lanes should be a minimum of 15' wide; the slope of the ramp must be uniform and between 12% and 15%. A smooth transition with a vertical curve should be made between the head of the ramp and the approach areas to the ramp. The pavement should be concrete, scored for traction, and a wheel stop placed at the toe of the ramp. All ramps should have adequate erosion protection to prevent undercutting by wave and current action, (see Figure: II-7) 29 ------- Figure; II-3 Ramp Locations Related to Water Flow Most Desirable Ramp Location located off of main water body Acceptable Ramp Location located away from curve of main water body Least Desirable Ramp Location - due to siltation accumulating at inside curve of main water body Source; Design Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. State Organization for Boating Access (SOBA), March, 1996. 30 ------- Figure: II-4 45 Degree Parking Source: Design Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOB A, March, 1996. 31 ------- Figure: II-5 60 Degree Parking Source: Pesign Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOBA, March, 1996. 32 ------- f-^+ Figure: II-6 90 Degree Parking Pfsign for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOBA, March, 1996. 33 ------- Water Figure: II-7 Boat Launch Ramps Concrete slab Erosion protection Cross Section 12-15% Top of ramp Rock and gravel 4 \5' 15" 4- Boat ramp 12%"-15% slope Water depth 3' mean low water -*"- Top of ramp 2' ^ above mean high water £ vBoarding Dock Single Lane Double Lane Source: Design Handbook for Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. SOBA, March, 1996. 34 ------- n 10 Parking Stall Dimensions-Table 11-1 Trailered Vehicle Vehicle Only Handicapped Trailered Vehicle No. for Single Each Additional Lane Ramp Lane 35 8 2 20 Varies 4 90° 10' x40' 10' x20' 15' x40' 60° 10' x40' I0'x20' 15' x40' Size 45° 10' X40' 10' X20' 15' x40' Source: Handbqok for the Location. Design. Construction, Operation and Maintenance of Boat Launching Facilities. State Organization for Boating Access, Wilson, K., March 1989. Access to the launching ramp should be designed as a one-way system and will require a separate turn-off from the approach onto the ramp. Traffic control devices, such as barri- cades, traffic islands, or berms, may be used to ensure that access roads are not in direct align- ment with the ramp. Overhead power and com- munication lines are not permitted across boat launching access roads, parking lots, or areas where sailboats are rigged. d) Pedestrian Considerations Pedestrian access should be designated to provide safe connections to site facilities. Pedestrian walkways between service areas, such as parking lots, restrooms, community buildings, and courtesy docks are essential. Those areas receiving high levels of pedestrian use should be physically separated from vehic- ular traffic as a safety precaution. Heavily trafficked areas should be surfaced with durable material (see Figure: II-8). The walk- ways should be designed with well-defined edges and should be a minimum of 4' in width. Trails may be recommended in areas receiving less use. Trails may have varying widths and be constructed of several materials, provided the resulting path has a suitable sur- face for street shoes and is handicapped acces- sible (see Figure: II-8). Raised walkways and docks (see Figure: II.8) are generally appropriate for courtesy piers at boat launch facilities. These walkways should be a minimum of 4' wide and con- structed of treated wood or other marine-relat- ed material such as fiberglass, aluminum, or concrete. The walkways should also be handi- capped accessible with railings. Walkways should be sloped 5% or less for handicapped access. When the on-site grade change is greater than 5%, handicap ramps should be provided to enhance accessibility to the site facilities. Crosswalks should be constructed with curb ramps on each side whenever they cross vehicular roads. 35 ------- Figure: II-8 Pedestrian Access for Boating Sites Concrete walk Grass Walkway Road Section Raised walkway - Handicapped accessible 2-5% slope with railings Trail for hiking Walkway .-1 Grass ;/£ Plan view Curb Road Picnic table Existing vegetation Gravel walk for hiking Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 36 ------- 11 e) Special Development Requirements 1) Unique Requirements Each access site requires a different combi- nation of development features which relate to the uses planned and the anticipated level of use for the site. The following elements should be considered during site development: Deck Construction The use of pier and platform construction for support facilities may be considered in marshes and wetlands. This type of construc- tion preserves marsh vegetation and allows tidal circulation. All boat ramps should be designed to withstand typical storm action for the area, support vehicular loads, and facilitate backing, turning, and emergency vehicle access. Walkways, piers, and decks should be designed to accommodate safe pedestrian pas- sage and to withstand typical storms for the area. Additionally, pier and platform construc- tion for support facility walkways should be located landward of mean high water. Signage Adequate signage should be posted to inform the public of the layout and regulations for the access site. Solid Waste Trash and garbage collection should be fur- nished by the locality or by a privately-owned refuse company. The provision of appropriate- ly designed refuse containers and an adequate maintenance program are essential. Public Safety and Emergency Services Local fire protection as well as local police security and emergency medical services should be available. Location of emergency services along with emergency^ telephone num- bers should be posted in a visible area on the site and telephone service should be provided. Traffic The traffic generated by an access site relates to the size of the facility. Projected traf- fic volumes resulting from the access site should not exceed acceptable levels on the existing major highways or local secondary street systems. Handicapped Facilities An evaluation of appropriate measures to be taken for improved accessibility should be made for sites related to boating access. Contact appropriate state authorities for the design of handicapped facilities. Any applica- tion of federal funds in the design and/or con- struction of launch ramps requires handi- capped accessibility. 2) Electricity A facility should be adequately lit for public use and safety. In order to reduce the impacts of night lighting on adjacent land uses, a greater number of low-height lighting fix- tures are recommended in the place of a small- er number of taller fixtures. If higher standards are used they should be well shielded to pre- vent light spread, especially out over the water. Lighting should be directed toward the facility use areas, shielded from adjacent properties, and vandal-proof. 37 ------- n 12 3) Water Supply and Distribution System An adequate water supply and distribution system may be desirable to provide public drinking water and fire protection and for the maintenance and operation of the access facil- ity. It is recommended that the water supply, treatment, and distribution be planned at the same time as wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal. This will avoid conflicts caused by an increase in discharge into the sewer system. It is recommended that wherever possible, boating access facilities be connected to an approved external public water system. This feature will eliminate the development cost and annual operational expenses of a water supply facility and treatment plant. If public water is not available at a site, an on-site well is desirable. The water supply and distribution system should be planned under the direction of a san- itary engineer and should meet local planning and state health department requirements. 4) Sewage Disposal/Pumpout Facilities/Restrooms The installation and use of sewage pump- out facilities at marinas and large boat ramp facilities is important. The location of pump- out facilities for boats is most desirable where gas is sold or at sites where large boats may be docked for extended periods of time, particu- larly overnight. A pump-out facility should not contribute more than 1/4 of the total volume into a septic tank because of the chemicals used in boats' toilet facilities. Another option to a septic tank may be a 1000 gallon holding tank which could be periodically emptied with the wastes disposed at a treatment plant. The provision of port-a-potty dumping sta- tions is desired at boat ramps, and designers should incorporate these features into their development plans. Permanent restroom facili- ties should be a priority at larger boat launch access sites. The on-shore toilet facilities must meet the public health requirements of local, state, and federal agencies within the jurisdic- tion they are to be built. A minimum of one toi- let fixture and lavatory per sex for every 30 parking spaces is recommended. Restrooms should be designed to meet all requirements for access to and use by the handicapped and should be located on-site according to the appropriate state and local regulations. Waste- water from these facilities may be (1) tied into the local sewer system, (2) processed in an on- site septic system, or (3) collected on site in a holding tank and disposed off-site. 5) Stormwater Management Parking areas and launching ramps may create potential environmental problems relat- ed to increased runoff and pollutant discharge. Best management practices should be imple- mented during site development and after con- struction is completed to avoid or mitigate these potential impacts. The following design measures may be incorporated into the site design for boating facilities to avoid or allevi- ate site runoff. Construction of a "crown" at the top of the launching ramps to divert parking lot runoff to suitable collection points. Installation of catch basins and filters to trap pollutants. 38 ------- II 13 Avoidance of direct channeling of runoff into tidal wetlands. Use of porous gravel or a perforated paving block surfacing. Use of porous pavement in lieu of traditional asphalt. 6) Estimated Design Cost Specific design cost estimates will be determined on a general outline form relative to a general site design (see Appendix B - "Cost Estimate"). C. MANAGEMENT/ MAINTENANCE Management and maintenance refers to agency actions needed to keep a facility in desirable condition for public use. Legal liabil- ities may be incurred in administering a boat launching facility; therefore, the facility should be maintained in a safe condition. The admin- istering agency of a facility is obligated to remove dangers and warn users of dangerous conditions. The legal responsibilities of the administrator should be researched and dis- cussed with counsel when establishing or expanding a boat access facility. Legal obliga- tions may increase in proportion to potential dangers and if user fees are charged. 1. Maintenance Concerns Good maintenance practices should be extended to the adjacent waters and shoreline in addition to the access site facilities. The maintenance plan may be established as a matrix outlining the types of maintenance tasks and the frequency with which a site would require this maintenance. Categories of main- tenance frequency generally include frequent (weekly to daily), periodic (less than weekly), and special (as needed). The following mainte- nance duties should be considered in develop- ing a maintenance plan: Launch ramp, maneuvering and tie down areas Channel maintenance (may require additional permits) Removal of shoreline and beach debris Restroom clean-up Trash collection schedule maintenance Shoreline erosion control Parking surface/access lane Signage maintenance Lighting maintenance Landscape maintenance/mowing Stormwater facility upkeep Seasonal upkeep - preseason inspections, regular inspection schedules, etc. Post-storm cleanup plan Removal of pumpout waste 39 ------- II 14 The level of maintenance anticipated at a site is directly correlated with the use level at the facility and the location of the site. Maintenance at public sites is an extremely important issue as it relates directly to the safe use of the facility. 2. Management Concerns The main objective for the efficient man- agement of boating access facilities is to facil- itate boater satisfaction and safety. This in turn can be accomplished through the promotion of diverse boating activity in specialized areas, boating safety, and reduction of boating con- flict with other users. Sensitive environmental areas adjacent to or within a boating access area may be managed in such a way that recre- ational users and facilities do not adversely affect the productivity or value of such areas. A detailed explanation of management options should be considered on a site specific basis. Overall management and maintenance requirements will be reduced through proper site planning efforts which consider environ- mental conditions and potential impacts to the site. Issues which relate to management and the cost of maintenance and management for a site may include the frequency of maintenance requirements, the types of facilities located on the site, the surrounding vegetation and habi- tat located in the vicinity of the site, and the establishment and enforcement of rules and regulations. 40 ------- HI, Beach/Swimming Access A. SITE SELECTION When selecting and evaluating a shoreline area as a potential beach site, considerations must be given to projected visitation, accessi- bility, topography, soil composition and stabil- ity, historical shoreline erosion rates, water temperature, water quality, wind and wave action, water level and tidal fluctuations, and the currents and tides prevalent for the area. The availability of land for parking, picnick- ing, other activities, and other support facilities should be considered during the evaluation, selection, and development of a beach site. 1. User Considerations The planning of public beach access sites should consider public needs along with the level of user activity, facility requirements, and management duties required for the site. Section I of this report describes the process and resources available for assessing the need for public access. For swimming and beach access, the user considerations which are important to the location of a public access area include the existing transportation net- work, the surrounding land uses, existing ser- vices available near the potential site, and the quality and size of the beach area. 2. Environmental Considerations Beaches are natural landforms which serve to absorb wave energy. Beaches are dynamic and should be evaluated and treated according- ly in planning public access. Natural forces and elements which have a significant effect on beaches include topography, wave action, soils and substrate materials, vegetation, winds, and storm activity. a) Topography The slope of the land both above and below the waterline is one of the determining factors in the selection of a good beach site. Underwater conditions and slopes are dis- cussed in Section IH.B.3.b. of this text. In gen- eral, a site is difficult to develop if the gradients exceed 15%. The beach area should gently slope to the water's edge at a maximum of 5% slope. A slope of 5% or less provides increased land area available for use adjacent to the water. b) Soils and Substrate Materials Although soil composition and stability varies locally, the proposed beach site should have a proper base for the beach sand or other acceptable top material which allows swim- mers adequate footing upon entering the water. Beaches should not be located in areas where extensive siltation occurs or is anticipated. To avoid excessive siltation, a beach should not be located at the confluence of two water bodies. A detailed inspection of the underwater portion of the beach will be necessary prior to the beach opening to the public. The inspection should reveal sinkholes, depressions, or dan- gerous drift material which should be corrected 41 ------- m prior to opening the beach and should be main- tained during beach operation. All underwater obstructions, such as tree stumps, should be removed from the area. All swimming eireas should be inspected for obstructions annually prior to opening, after flood events, as well as on a periodic basis. c) Surface Water Hydrology Shoreline erosion is the process of detach- ment and transportation of sediment particles from the shore, resulting in the retreat of the shoreline (see Figure: III-l). Although this process can be caused by the surface runoff of water, the most significant erosion agent on the shoreline is wave action. The growth and height of waves is con- trolled by four factors: the water distance over which the wind is blowing, known as the fetch; the speed of the wind; the duration of the wind; and the depth of the water. Continued wave action will eventually erode the silt and clay material leaving the sand and gravel to fora a beach deposit. The beach itself acts as a buffer to wave action as the waves break along the sloping shoreline. The size and shape of any given beach changes continuously as the accu- mulation of sand adjusts to the changing con- ditions. For any particular segment of shore- line, the source of sand is derived from an updrift erosion site. This is an important factor that must be considered in the planning of ero- sion control along the shoreline. The degree of shoreline recession is depen- dent upon the following factors: 1) The intensity of wave action and the exposure to strong tidal currents. 2) The character of the sediments at the site and the amount of protection offered by vege- tative cover, specifically marsh grass, at the shoreline. 3) The amount of sand moving along the shoreline from other eroding areas or from streams along the shoreline. 4) The slope of the land adjacent to the shoreline and the slope of the nearshore bottom. d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas Areas selected for development need to be assessed to determine if they contain rare, threatened, or endangered species or other species in need of conservation. Management for these species should be incorporated into the overall beach facility planning and devel- opment. Areas that could serve as future habi- tat or feeding, nesting, or resting areas for rare, threatened, or endangered or other significant species should be considered a potential resource during the site evaluation process. Marsh grasses along the shoreline play an important role in stabilizing the shoreline and protecting it from erosion. The root system of the marsh grass binds the substrate soils while the grass itself slows the water flow and traps sand. Whenever possible, natural stands of grass should be retained. Planting marsh grass for erosion protection has proven successful in areas not receiving intense wave attack. It 42 ------- Figure: III-l Surface Water Hydrology Wave action from prevailing wind \ \ '. Protected beach area Sunrise Beach Understand the existing shoreline conditions and water conditions in swimming areas in terms of prevailing winds, currents, tide and surf. Source: Recreation Management of Water Resources. Rea & Warren, 1986. 43 ------- in should be noted, however, that areas selected for recreational beaches, where significant use is anticipated, should not have marsh grasses present on the beach face and intertidal zone. e) Water Quality The location of beach access and use as a swimming area may not affect the existing water quality if appropriate sanitary facilities are incorporated in the development of beach and swimming access areas. An assessment of existing water quality based on its desirability for swimming should be incorporated in the analysis for the location of beach access. Water samples should be analyzed by the local and/or state health department. Beaches should be located where there is adequate water circula- tion to maintain acceptable water quality. Adequate circulation frees the water of bacte- ria and pollutants which occur when a large number of swimmers use the beach. Well-cir- culated water and periodic tidal flows normally remove surface debris, such as weeds or other floating objects that would normally tend to be deposited on the beach. If a beach is located near a major boat ramp, marina, industrial site, or other potential pollutant, it should be located such as to mini- mize or avoid the potential effects of fuel spills and other pollutants. Beaches should not be sited near or adjacent to areas used as roosting or nesting sites by waterfowl, since land and water contamination is likely due to droppings deposited in these areas. f) Wetlands Delineation Tidal and non-tidal wetlands should be identified and delineated on a site. The poten- tial impact on these areas should be limited. In some cases this may require the construction of bridges, raised decks, and raised walkways to minimize the impact. g) Cultural Resources Many archaeological sites and some stand- ing structures of historical significance may be located along the water's edge. These cultural resources should be evaluated for each poten- tial beach and swimming access site. Although the historic or archaeological significance of an area may not be obvious, the State Historic Preservation Officer can provide relevant infor- mation relating to these resources. h) Other Considerations Other site features and related off-shore conditions appropriate for inclusion in the environmental inventory may relate to: Sand Dunes Sand dunes are primarily an accumulation of sand, often supporting rooted vegetation, formed by the interaction of wind and wave action on the sandy material along the shore- line. Sand moved on the beach during periods of relatively low wave energy progresses land- ward by the action of onshore winds. Vegetation along the dune line acts as a baffle, slowing wind speed and causing wind-borne sand to settle and be trapped in the vegetation, resulting in the growth of the dune. Sand dunes ate protective buffers to the effects of flooding and erosion caused by storms and wave action. They also provide habitat for coastal fauna and make up an integral part of the coastal environment. 44 ------- ffl Sediment Movement Sediments are eroded soils and other mate- rials that are transported from the land into rivers and the Bay. The presence of sediments in the water gives it a cloudy appearance and causes turbidity. Turbid water blocks sunlight which is vital to the growth and sustenance of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV). Shore- line, areas composed of easily erodible sedi- ments which are subject to high wave energy will have the greatest susceptibility to erosion. Also, shoreline areas subject to intense ground- water seepage will experience greater erosion. Characteristics affecting erosion differ through- out the Bay; consequently, the physical envi- ronment of each segment of shoreline must be evaluated independently. Waves Waves are generated by wind velocity and wind duration. Wave generation is generally greater in areas that are exposed to the open Bay than in tidal tributaries. A shallow bottom near shore will more effectively reduce wave energy than deep water near shore. Con- sequently, less wave energy is received by a shoreline if there is a shoal or tidal flat imme- diately offshore. Also, a wide beach is better than a narrow beach for wave energy dissipation. Wind Predominant wind patterns and the orienta- tion of the shoreline are important considera- tions in developing swimming and beach access. These factors can combine to create an area that is not conducive for swimming and beach activities and can accelerate beach ero- sion as well. Scenic and Visual Opportunities The identification of good and poor views both on-site and off-site should be considered. An overall visual analysis of the site may be necessary for the ultimate preservation of visu- al quality. i) Site Limitations Site limitations should be based on a spe- cific site inventory and analysis of natural fac- tors and environmental considerations. For the development of a beach and swimming area, the site capacity is directly related to the size and condition of the beach resource. An inven- tory of the physical opportunities and con- straints for a property should be conducted and summarized in a site analysis. The analysis may involve the overlaying of identified fac- tors, evaluation of the site conditions, and the identification of areas which are conducive to development of beach access facilities. Desirable Site Characteristics Include: Good transportation network and secondary road system to the site location. Location near the population need. Location near public water supply, sewage treatment, and other utilities. Accessibility from on-site to the beach resource. Beach areas receiving sand deposition. Natural protection for the beach resource such as a site protected by existing dunes or a location in a cove. 45 ------- in Tidal and water current conditions which are safe for swimming. Locations which have not historically received severe storm activity. Good water circulation and flushing. Undesirable Site Characteristics Include: Steep slopes (>15%) and areas receiv- ing heavy drainage. Areas with highly credible soils and shorelines which erode at a rate greater than two feet per year. Beaches which require shoreline ero- sion control structures as these struc- tures may cause downstream impacts. Wind and wave patterns which cause erosion and/or hazardous swimming conditions. Areas which historically receive intense storm activity. Location near land uses or other con- ditions which have adverse affects on water quality. Location adjacent to SAV and shellfish beds. Beaches which have underwater haz- ards which cannot be corrected with- out grading or dredging. j) Compatibility Issues The internal compatibility of a swimming beach access site with other types of public access is dependent on site characteristics and resource values. Beaches and swimming areas are most compatible with access areas which have been designated as natural area access. External compatibility of swimming beach access facilities with adjacent land uses is also an important consideration. In general, beach access should be located in areas convenient to population centers. Support facilities, such as shopping, restaurants, grocery stores, emer- gency services, service stations, and utilities should be located along the primary access route to the site. k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems The impact to the bottom of the shoreline area needs to be assessed for various reasons. When shore erosion control structures are implemented for a beach site they may have adverse impacts on fish spawning areas or shellfish beds, etc., due to the filling of wetlands or the placement of beach fill channelward of mean low water. The disturbance of bottom sediments and introduction of additional beach fill may adversely affect water quality which may impact productive fishery habitat and nearby SAV beds. Deposited beach sediments may nega- tively impact the sediment budget and coastal geomorphologic processes. 46 ------- in B. DESIGN CRITERIA 1. Site Plan Layout Beach access sites will be provided at water resource development locations approved by state or local government agen- cies. The priorities in the design of a beach site include the safety of the user, the effects that the physical features of the site will have on the beach, and future operation and maintenance considerations. Beaches may be designed in support of multiple use activities or as a single use area. Small beaches may best be designed in conjunction with other facilities to disperse visitor use. The aesthetic compatibility of a facility with its surroundings, as seen from adjacent areas, and the water are also important considerations during the site layout and design. 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships The essential elements for a beach access area may include access to the site, parking, picnicking areas, play areas, bath house, ade- quate beach frontage, designated swimming area, support and maintenance facilities, and a buffer zone. The schematic plan shown in Figure: III-2 depicts preferred relationships for these elements. Of these essential site facil- ities, the beach and swimming area is the only water-dependent activity. In Figure: HI-2, the beach area is located directly adjacent to the water and is buffered from the remaining site facilities. The beach and activity areas are connected by pedestrian walkways which are separated from vehicular access and parking areas. Vehicular access is provided to the parking area with a separate service road to the maintenance facilities and for emergency access. A concept plan depicting the general rela- tionship of the selected site elements may be helpful to establish the overall site plan layout. A concept plan which expresses preferred site relationships is shown in Figure: 111*3. 3. Land Requirements The land requirements for the development of beach access are entirely resource depen- dent. For example, the size and condition of the beach being considered for development deter- mines the number of visitors and the size and type of support facilities which the site can effectively serve. In determining the land requirements for a potential beach access area, it is not only imperative to assess the potential capacity of the beach and adjacent support lands but also the anticipated use of the beach, i.e., as a "local" beach or a "tourist" beach. a) Area Requirements The anticipated visitation levels and user patterns can be determined from visitation records, observation of existing use, and user survey data sources at existing beaches. For new beach sites, the visitation trends at similar areas in other locations could be used to deter- mine the appropriate size requirements for the beach site and support facilities. On the aver- age, 50 square feet of sand and 50 square feet of swimming area per person are ideal. Thirty square feet per person for the swimming area is minimal. Parking spaces Restroom facilities- 47 ------- Figure: III-2 Beach/Swimming Access Schematic Plan Entrance/ parking Trails/ walkways from parking to bath house Retained or planted trees create buffer zone between parking lot and beach Picnic tables located on grass area Lifeguard stand Handicap walk to water Buoy Line fT3> >->-uvr Legend: Buffer Picnic tables Trail walk Signage Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 48 ------- Figure; III-3 Concept Layout for Beach/Swimming Access Water Beach aa eaa Access Road Vehicular Traffic Maintenance Road Pedestrian Traffic Natural Buffer Signage Area of Conflict a 49 ------- in 1 service sink/facility toilets - 1/50 men 1/50 women sinks - 1/50 men 1/50 women 1 drinking fountain/1,000 Shower stalls - for an outside shower, 1 per 50 visitors, or for an inside shower, 1 per every 50 visitors of each sex b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions Figure: III-4 shows the desired subsurface conditions for swimming beaches. Slopes in the underwater portion of beaches should ide- ally range from 2% to 5%. Beach bottoms should exist or be designed to eliminate sudden changes in grade or drop-offs with depths of up to 5 feet. Steeper slopes tend to crowd swim- mers together, making it more difficult for life- guards to watch individual swimmers. c) Vehicular Considerations Proposed beach sites should only be developed where vehicle access is feasible and where the entrances can be controlled or sepa- rated from other area uses. Access to a beach in a multi-use area should not interfere with the other uses, create safety hazards, or adversely impact the area. Access roads to beach parking areas should meet appropriate secondary road standards. Width of roads should be at least 20 feet and shoulders or berms at least 3 feet wide. Guardrails or posts should be provided on 6 foot centers for embankments over six feet in height. Proper traffic signs should be posted. Vehicular access is also necessary to the life- guard building and to beach areas for emer- gency vehicles. Parking Parking areas should be located within 800 feet of the beach, with 500 feet being desirable provided the water resource and vegetation adjacent to the shoreline is protected. Parking should not impact the beach resource or vege- tation which protects the shoreline area. The size of the parking area should be determined from the projected visitor capacities and size of site. In general, one parking space should be provided for every three visitors. Additional parking may be required where multiple use activities are provided. The layout of the park- ing area should minimize pedestrian conflict with vehicular areas and circulation. The stan- dard parking layout for compact and conven- tional types of automobiles is 150 cars per acre. The spacing of parking lanes should be 10 feet by 20 feet with a 25 foot turning strip between the two parking lanes for a total of 65 feet from end of car to end of car. Parking areas should be appropriately surfaced (use BMP) and marked with bumper blocks and guardrails or posts. An adequate number of parking spaces should be provided for the physically handicapped. These spaces should be connect- ed to a walkway leading to the swimming area. d) Pedestrian Consideration Walkways, ramps, and stairs which are sepa- rate from vehicular circulation patterns should be provided between parking areas, other sup- port facilities, and the beach area. Slope, width, and handrails should be considered 50 ------- Figure: III-4 Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions Underwater slopes should range from 2-5%. Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, July, 1989. 51 ------- in 8 when designing these features. Access for the physically handicapped should be a walkway at least 4 feet wide with a slope not greater than 5 percent. A handrail should be provided to aid handicapped persons gain easy access to the swimming area. If appropriate, a swimming area for the physically handicapped should be marked off at the end of the walkway (Figure: III-5). To protect dunes along the shoreline, it may be necessary to provide a series of ramp walkways to accommodate pedestrian access across the dunes without disturbing the dune's natural features or the natural protection offered by the dune buffer. e) Special Development Requirements 1) Unique Requirements The beach should be sited to ensure maxi- mum solar exposure. Western exposures, how- ever, should be avoided if possible to reduce afternoon glare. Designated swimming areas should be planned to provide protection from boats, fuel spillage, and boat wakes. Consideration should also be given to siting the beach at an angle to the prevailing winds to prevent the accumulation of debris. The beach site should not be located in areas with strong currents that may cause sand loss, deposit silt, create drop-offs, or provide a hazard to swimmers. Beach Construction (Figure: Jll-6) When a natural beach is not available, as a last resort, a beach may be constructed on an appropriate site. A detailed inspection of the area is required to ensure that the site contains no sensitive flora and fauna, and avoids other environmental constraints. Trees and stumps along the beach should be removed and holes and depressions filled with granular materials, such as sand, gravel, or crushed stone for ade- quate filtration. The upper limits of graded areas should be based on an analysis of the daily, sea- sonal, or yearly water level fluctuations. The lower limits should be 6 vertical feet below the M.L.W. The beach and adjacent underwater areas should be graded on a constant slope ranging from 2% to 5%. Underwater slopes should extend at least 10 horizontal feet beyond the lowest placement of buoy lines. Any fill required to bring the surface to proper grade should be constructed with granular material. Coarse sand shall be placed in areas that do not have adequate natural beach within the desig- nated site. Six inches of sand in excess of the design thickness should be specified to control final grades. Sand should be placed on a stone base to a uniform thickness to reduce turbidity. A layer of non-woven filter fabric may be placed on the base prior to sand placement. A minimum depth of 2 feet of sand should be applied on all above water beach areas. Beach Change Shelters A minimum of one bath change shelter should be provided for each swimming area. These change houses should be between 200 and 500 feet from the water's edge and should meet local and state regulations relating to Bay development. Whenever possible, dressing rooms should be combined with, or located adjacent to sanitary facilities and showers. Interiors of bathhouses should be constructed of an easily cleaned material and floors should have a non-slip surface, impervious to moisture and sloped to drain. Open air or outdoor show- ers should be used where practical to reduce cost. If an open air facility is the only facility provided, a 3 to 4 foot roof shelter may be con- sidered for protection from rain. All bathhouses or shelters should be designed for pressure hose cleaning. 52 ------- Figure III-5 Pedestrian Access for Swimming/Beach Sites Accessible Pathway From Parking to Beach Pathways may be located to one side of the beach but should not be segre- gated at the far end. Boardwalk Slip-resistant platform or rubber mat Accessible Swimming Platform Height of handrails \ Wheel stop Source: Guidelines for the Design of Barrier-Free Recreational/Boating & Fishing Facilities. SOBA, February, 1992. ------- Figure ffl-6 Beach Construction Beach 2' Coarse sand 6" Stone base Filter fabric Water Buoy Underwater slopes should range from 2-5% Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 54 ------- Sports, Play Areas, and Pedestrian Walkways Active play areas for all age groups, with consideration for the handicapped, may be desirable in conjunction with beaches. This provision can best be accomplished by desig- nating the necessary space for users to partici- pate or spectate in an area that will minimize impacts on the environment. Where feasible, these play areas should be located in conjunc- tion with other supporting facilities such as parking, restrooms, water, and trash recepta- cles. Additional support items to consider are benches, water fountains, trails, fencing, etc. Play areas should be designed and located in areas which do not require the pedestrian to cross vehicular roads to reach the facility. If road crossings cannot be avoided, play areas should be located so that necessary crossings occur where there is adequate stopping dis- tance along the roadway. Pedestrian crossings should be adequately signed and well defined. Speed control devices such as rumble strips or speed bumps may be used if necessary. Deck construction may be implemented to avoid impact to environmentally sensitive areas par- ticularly across vegetation, marshland, and dunes adjacent to the beach area. Buffer Zones Beaches including turf sunbathing areas should be separated from parking areas with an adequate grass buffer. Trees should be left to provide shade in the turf areas adjacent to sand beaches. If surface runoff is anticipated to be heavy, diversion contouring or ditches should be designed to divert flow toward stormwater management facilities. Picnicking facilities should not be located in the buffer area; how- ever, if these facilities are included within the beach area, they should be located so as not to interfere with beach activities. In general, plant material should be used to effectively screen parking areas as well as adjacent residential and other potentially impacted land uses from exposed facility areas, and to maintain and enhance the natural character of the landscape. Other Shelters/Lifeguard Stands Lifeguard and first aid stations should be incorporated at all public beach sites. Elevated lifeguard stands should be located to provide a complete view of swimmers. A lifeguard stand or platform at least 6 feet high should be locat- ed at 200 foot intervals along the beach. It should be equipped with an umbrella and a storage compartment for a first aid kit and other supplies. Lifeguard facilities and first aid stations should be located in the same building, if possible. First aid equipment, a telephone, and emergency numbers should be accessible to the lifeguards and the public. Buoys and Markers The limits of the swimming area should be designated with buoy lines or foam filled float- ed pipelines where feasible. The PVC pipe buoy is preferred in beach areas that will expe- rience heavy traffic. Larger beaches may be divided into one or two sections so that the appropriate number of sections may be opened as needed during peak use hours or days. International orange colored floats should be provided every 15 feet on buoy lines or at all angles when PVC pipe is used. No lines should be anchored to trees, rocks, or walls. Hazardous areas such as shallow water should be marked off-limits for swimmers by buoy lines or floating pipelines. 55 ------- m 10 Ideally, buoy lines used to mark the limit of the swimming area should be placed in water depths of 5 feet or less. However, where the water level fluctuates, the buoy line may need to be placed in a deeper area so that swimming areas would not be severely limited during low tide. In areas where the water level fluctuates significantly, buoy lines must be designed so they can be adjusted as necessary. A minimum of two warning marked buoys or floating signs indicating the "boats keep out" symbol (dia- mond shape and international orange) should be spaced at a maximum of 200 foot intervals to warn vessels approaching the swimming area. The buoys should be located between 100 and 300 feet from the swimming area buoy lines. Signage Signs should be provided only where need- ed to regulate traffic, warn of hazardous condi- tions, establish restrictions, or provide emer- gency contact information. Additional Safety Measures Life-saving devices consisting of life jugs, a ring buoy and line, and one 10 to 12 fooi: pole (shepherd's hook) every 200 feet may be locat- ed in beaches where lifeguards are not provid- ed. In larger beach areas a small craft or raft may also be located at the lifeguard station. Depth gauge poles should be placed at regular intervals along buoy lines. Bulletin boards or signs should be located where swimmers can see them before entering the area. Emergency phone numbers and safety messages should also be posted in conspicuous places. 2) Electricity Electricity should be provided as necessary to support the safe use of the beach and swim- ming facility. The location of electrical lines may affect the aesthetics, costs, and manage- ment of the site. Consideration should be given to the costs of installing, operating, and main- taining the electrical systems. All proposed systems must meet state and local codes and standards for health and safety. Normally, all utility lines should be placed underground unless special conditions make such an instal- lation prohibitive. Underground utilities should be located outside the roadway to avoid any disturbance to traffic during utility mainte- nance activities. If electric and telephone lines are located underground, they may be placed in a common trench. Lines between use areas and lines from site boundaries to use areas can be placed above ground only if they do not interfere with safe- ty, maintenance, or aesthetics. Overhead power lines should be aligned behind forest cover out of view where feasible. Lighting for safety and security should be incorporated into the design of the facility. All major road intersections and major facilities such as parking areas, restrooms, group shel- ters, and walkways should have adequate lights when available. Telephones should be available for emer- gency use. Public pay phones may also be pro- vided in public use areas. If the lines must be located above ground and cross a road right-of- way, this should be considered in location and design of the road. 56 ------- ra 11 3) Water Supply and Distribution System Water supply and distribution systems should be provided at all beach sites. Water supply systems serving recreational areas are similar in some respects to rural communica- tion systems. As a rule, they are rather com- pact, have branching type distribution piping, and must respond to widely varying water use rates which may be affected by many variables including state/local regulations, location, visi- tation, and seasonal requirements. Water lines should be located underground and should be outside the road right-of-way. Water supply and distribution systems must meet all federal, state, and local requirements for health and safety. Water lines should be placed in a sepa- rate trench from power and telephone lines. Potable water should be used in all supply systems with municipal or public systems sup- plying water whenever feasible. If municipal systems are not available, the second most desirable source of water is wells. 4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms All beaches with an expected visitor use of 400 or more per weekend day should have waterborne toilets. When such toilets are con- sidered, a well or other water supply system must be provided to supply 10 gallons per user day. Where waterborne toilets and showers are present, the water supply requirements will increase to 25 gallons per user day. Sanitary sewers or sewage containment or treatment facilities should be adequately sized according to visitation data. All designs for water supply, sewer, and wastewater systems must be in accordance with state and local health require- ments. User safety and environmental impacts should be considered in siting these structures in order to minimize the need for the user to cross roads. The most desirable method for sewage dis- posal is to tie into a public or municipal sys- tem. Where municipal waste treatment systems are not available, an on-site treatment and dis- posal or a holding tank and pump-out facility may be used. The design and specifications for sewage disposal systems is site specific and the selected system must be cost effective and meet all current state and local standards. Accurate visitation projections are necessary to determine sewage flow levels. Sewage dispos- al for beach access areas are generally associ- ated with the capacity of restroom and shower facilities. 5) Stormwater Management Stormwater runoff must be given special attention during the planning and design of a beach site. Surface runoff must not be allowed to drain across the beach area; therefore, the runoff from any area including parking areas upland of the beach must be diverted. Methods of diversion might include grassed swales, ter- racing, and inlets. The use of porous gravel or perforated block surfacing for parking and roadway areas is also encouraged. Any method used to divert the surface runoff away from the beach area should complement the beach development and minimize impact to the site. 57 ------- Ill 12 Outfall of the diversion of the treated stormwa- ter should be located downstream of the swim- ming beach or contained in a holding pond and allowed to percolate into the soil. The potential runoff from agricultural activities within the watershed should be considered when locating a beach site as these activities may impact the water quality for swimming. C. MANAGEMENT/ MAINTENANCE 1. Maintenance Concerns Beach areas, buildings, grounds, access facilities, and utilities require pre-seasonal and post-seasonal attention as well as periodic maintenance during the bathing season. When beaches and support facilities are subject to frequent or sudden fluctuations of water level or flooding, particularly in the winter or early spring, the importance of regular maintenance is magnified. Swimming Areas The following is typical of the kind of maintenance performed at successful swim- ming facilities: Beach and swimming areas should be checked each day before opening, with areas that have been designated for wading, diving, or for use by the phys- ically handicapped given particular attention. The swimming area should also be inspected at least weekly and after each severe storm or flood to assure safe slope and placement of sand and that the area is free of holes, drop-offs, 58 or submerged debris which may endanger bathers. Immediate steps should be taken to remove a hazard or to rope off or sign potentially danger- ous areas. Swimmers should be pre- cluded from using any area which is not safe and should be notified of cur- rents, waves, and storm conditions which may be hazardous. The swimming area facilities and equipment, including the cable buoy line or floating pipe line, depth indica- tors, "No Swimming Zone" buoys, first aid supplies, etc., should be inspected at least weekly to ensure they are in place and are in a safe condition. Seaweed and algae growth accumula- tions, as well as floating logs and other debris, should be removed from the swimming area. To prevent ice damage, floating struc- tures should be removed from the water during the off-season. Water samples shall be taken periodi- cally and analyzed as required by the appropriate state and/or local health department. Beaches should be promptly closed when they are deter- mined to be unsuitable for safe use. A light coating of sand should be placed on concreted swimming areas (if they are provided) to improve foot- ing and break up the algae. ------- ffl 13 Buildings Use non-slip coatings to treat floors of bathhouses, concession areas, life- guard stands, and offices. Clean public use areas in buildings at least daily during the recreation sea- son. Bathhouse floors and sanitary facilities should be cleaned near clos- ing time each day. Keep comfort stations equipped with disposable supplies. Periodically spray or otherwise treat buildings, inside and out, using Integrated Pest Management (IMP) to control insects. Agents should not be used in such a manner as to be harmful to humans, pets, or the environment. Inspect buildings periodically and life- guard stands daily for structural defects and have them repaired promptly. Food processing, drinking water sys- tems, and sewage systems shall be monitored and maintained to meet the appropriate state and local health requirements. Grounds and Facilities Clean up litter as required, but usually not less than daily during the peak recreation season. Place trash containers at comfort sta- tions and at convenient locations throughout the beach area. Provide and keep in place tight-fitting lids on all trash containers. Keep grass cut to a height of 2 to 2 1/2 inches in turf areas and use only approved chemicals for weed control. Any use of chemicals to control weeds should be under the supervision of a trained and licensed person, and part of an approved IMP program. Maintain and replenish sand beach surface each year or as needed to replace that which is washed away or displaced. Roads and parking lots shall be kept clean and in good repair, parking spaces defined, traffic regulatory signs in place, and traffic appropriately restricted from the beach area. Provisions should be made for emer- gency vehicles to be driven to the beach area, if needed. Ensure that the public is not endan- gered by the operation of mechanical beach cleaners, lawn mowers, or other equipment used on the site. Inspect warning and information signs regularly, keeping them maintained, in place, in good repair, and legible. Ditching or contouring shall be arranged to divert surface run-off away from the beach. All utilities should be inspected before each season and regularly during the season with repairs made promptly by qualified personnel. 59 ------- in 14 2. Management Concerns Managers should develop year-round oper- ating procedures to ensure safe and healthful beach conditions and to support facilities, such as comfort stations, bathhouses, concession buildings, parking areas, walkways, and access roads. Trained staff, including maintenance personnel and lifeguards (if provided), are required to ensure that adequate supervision, inspection, control, and enforcement are pro- vided to ensure the safety of the public. Competent beach supervisors are essential to proper beach management. Periodic training for supervisors in beach management is strong- ly encouraged. Perhaps the most critical factor in design- ing for minimal grounds maintenance is the selection of appropriate plant materials. Native trees and shrubs should be chosen and allowed to develop into their natural form without prun- ing or shearing. Areas naturally vegetated on- site should be retained as buffer areas which will require minimal upkeep. 60 ------- IV, Pier and Bank Fishing Access A. SITE SELECTION The selection and evaluation of a site for fishing activities should consider environmen- tal factors including the existing fish habitat, the amount of shore frontage, projected visita- tion, accessibility, slope gradient, historical shoreline erosion rates, wind and wave action, water level and tidal fluctuations, and the cur- rents and tides. The availability of land for parking, picnicking, play areas, and other sup- port facilities which are not water-dependent should also be considered during the evalua- tion, selection, and development of a fishing access site. In selecting an access site for pier and bank fishing, one of the most important criteria is the availability of fish for catch in the immediate vicinity of the site. 1. User Considerations The planning of public fishing access sites should consider public needs along with the level of user activity, facility requirements, and management duties required to fulfill those needs. Section I of this report describes the process and resources available for assessing the general need for public access. The user considerations in locating a fish- ing access site include an evaluation of the site to gain information on the extent, nature, loca- tion and quality of the existing water body and fish resources. Fish species, population, sizes, and characteristics should be determined prior to site development. An assessment is needed to determine if there are enough fish in the area and if the fish population may be sustained by natural reproduction, or will require stocking. 2. Environmental Considerations Potential environmental impacts due to fishing activity and related facility develop- ment must be considered prior to the develop- ment of access sites. The evaluation of envi- ronmental factors should begin with a thorough inventory of the potential access site. Data which relates to the topography, soils, surface water hydrology, vegetation, wildlife habitat areas, and existing wetlands should be collected. This information should then be reviewed to verify the suitability of a site for development. a) Topography Shoreline areas with flat to rolling slopes of less than 15% and suitable soils based on standard classifications related to proposed uses are generally preferable for fishing access development. b1 Soils and Substrate Materials Physical considerations at the site include the assessment of soil geology and substrate materials. The nature, extent, and cost of the substructures necessary for site facilities must be determined based on the soil types. Test piles and direct soil evaluation tests are two commonly used methods for determining the resistive quality of subsoils. Soil conditions 61 ------- IV should provide suitable foundation support and wastewater treatment capacity, if existing sewage facilities are not already available to the site. Shoreline erosion should be a major con- sideration in siting locations for bank and pier fishing. Access sites along shoreline areas should be avoided where existing erosion rates exceed 2 feet/year. In general, banks that are composed of easily credible sediments and are subjected to high wave energy will have the greatest susceptibility to erosion. Facility structures located within or near these highly erodible shorelines may be impacted by wave action and require continuous maintenance or the implementation of erosion protection. c) Surface Water Hydrology Provided an adequate surface drainage plan is adopted, normal precipitation presents no serious problem in fishing access site design. Waters from a maximum probable rainfall should drain from the site without eroding the adjacent land or causing additional runoff in the Bay and its tributaries. Inflows from sur- rounding lands may need to be diverted or retained on-site for infiltration as a part of the drainage plan. dl Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas The potential for adverse impact is directly related to the proximity of the access point to existing vegetation, waterfowl, and wildlife habitat areas. State agencies dealing with wildlife and rare, threatened, and endangered species, as well as the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Marine Fisheries Service, can help to identify significant areas of habitat. Adjacent to the water body, a 100 foot buffer area of vegetation is recommended. This buffer is effective in retarding runoff, prevent- ing erosion, filtering nonpoint pollution from runoff, and reducing sediments which enter the water. The buffer area can also help to maintain established habitat on the site. e) Water Quality The location of a public fishing pier may not affect the existing water quality if appro- priate sanitary facilities and fish cleaning areas are incorporated in the development of pier and bank fishing access areas. However, the exist- ing water quality should be assessed based on its desirability for fishing prior to the develop- ment of the fishing access site. f) Wetland Delineation To avoid potential impacts, the identifica- tion and delineation of tidal and non-tidal wet- lands should be determined by an on-site visit. The National Wetland Inventory maps pro- duced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may also be useful in the general location of existing wetlands. The Combined Federal Wetlands Delineation Methodology should then be followed for the site-specific designa- tion of wetland areas. This approach is a sys- tematic approach which considers soils, hydrology, and vegetative characteristics of a site. 62 ------- IV g) Cultural Resources For each potential access site, cultural resources should be evaluated for historical significance. A site may be listed, nominated, or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The historic or archaeologi- cal significance of a site may not be obvious; therefore, the State Historic Preservation Officer should be contacted prior to site development. fr) Other Considerations Other site features and related off-shore conditions appropriate for inclusion in the environmental inventory may relate to: Wading Wading into the water creates a disturbance for other fishermen and disrupts banks and underwater surfaces, thus causing damage to aquatic life. Wading in areas with shellfish may also be hazardous to fishermen if they do not wear hard soled shoes. Submerged Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) S AV areas near the shoreline of a proposed bank fishing access development site should be delineated and avoided. These areas provide shelter and food to marine life and should not be disturbed. Scenic and Visual Opportunities The identification of good and poor views both on-site and off-site should be considered. An overall visual analysis of the site may be necessary for the ultimate preservation of visu- al quality. Piers Piers should be provided in high use areas and in areas where the shoreline is inappropri- ate for bank fishing due to shallow waters close to the shoreline or to banks with concentrated aquatic vegetation along the shoreline. Storms The history of storms, their frequency, and intensity may be significant information in considering a site for development, particular- ly along unprotected waterways. The National Weather Bureau may be contacted to determine the vulnerability an area has with regard to storms. The state agency administering the National Flood Insurance Program can also provide valuable information. Wind Predominant wind patterns and the orienta- tion of the shoreline are extremely important, as these factors can combine to create an area that is not conducive for fishing and can also cause accelerated erosion to the shoreline. i) Site Limitations In order to determine the fishing capacity of a given area of the Bay, characteristics of the water body and the spatial requirements of the activity should be considered. Bank fishing capacity is affected by the size of the water body, depth closure, and shoreline configura- tion. Shoreline configuration determines the extent of usable space along the shoreline. 63 ------- IV A site analysis which outlines the physical opportunities and constraints for a property should be conducted. This analysis may s imply involve overlaying the identified environmen- tal factors and evaluating the overall conditions of the site, noting areas which are not suitable for development. Desirable Site Characteristics Include: Good transportation network and secondary road system to the site location. Location near the population need. Location near public water supply, sewage treatment, and other utilities. Ease of accessibility from on-site to the fishing resource. Natural protection for the fishing resource such as a site protected by existing vegetation or a location in a cove. Tidal and water current conditions which are acceptable for fishing. Location which has not historically received severe storm activity. Good water circulation and flushing. Location free of severe shoreline ero- sion or steep slopes. Natural buffer zone along shoreline for facilities which are not water-dependent. Undesirable Site Characteristics Include; Location where the water is too shal- low or the land area is unsuitable for intended use. Low tidal range or flow and low flush- ing rates, such as dead-end channels or the upper reaches of tidal creeks. Steep slopes (>15%) and areas receiv- ing heavy drainage. Highly credible soils and shorelines which erode at a rate greater than 2 feet/ year. Wind and wave patterns which cause erosion and/or unacceptable fishing conditions. Location near land uses or other con- ditions which may contribute to poor water quality. Location which has underwater haz- ards that cannot be corrected without grading or dredging. Locations near areas of heavy boating traffic. j) Compatibility Issues The internal compatibility of a fishing access site with other types of public access is dependent on site characteristics and resource values. Aquatic growth necessary for fish 64 ------- cover and sustaining the aquatic food chain conflict with boating and swimming; therefore, pier and bank fishing are often most compati- ble with natural areas. External compatibility of fishing access facilities with adjacent land uses is an impor- tant consideration. In general, fishing access should be located in areas convenient to popu- lation centers. Support facilities, such as shop- ping, restaurants, grocery stores, emergency services, bait and tackle shops, service stations, and utilities, should be located along the pri- mary access route to the site. k) Impact on Off-Shore Aquatic Systems Impact to the bottom of the water body adjacent to the shoreline area should be assessed for the following reasons: When shore erosion control structures are implemented for a site they may have adverse impact on fish spawning areas or shellfish beds, etc., due to the filling of wetlands or the bottom of the shoreline. The disturbance of the bottom sedi- ments may adversely affect water quality which impacts productive fish- ery habitat and S AV beds if they are located nearby. B. DESIGN CRITERIA 1. Site Plan Layout The priorities in the design and site layout for a fishing site include the enjoyment and safety of the user, the effects that the physical features of the site will have on the environ- ment, and future operation and maintenance considerations. Provisions for preserving a high quality aquatic habitat on the site should include avoiding construction on or near the habitat areas, maintaining vegetative buffer strips along the waters, and revegetating dis- turbed areas. 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships The essential elements which will most likely be included for all fishing access sites include access to the site, adequate shore frontage, direct access to the water, adequate parking, picnicking areas, and support and maintenance facilities. These elements and their preferred relationships are depicted in a schematic plan, Figure: IV-1. A concept plan depicting the general rela- tionship of the selected site elements may be helpful to establish the overall site plan layout. A concept plan which expresses preferred site relationships is shown in Figure: IV-2. Recommendations which may enhance the relationships between the essential elements shown on the concept plan may include: Location of parking and support facili- ties which are not water-dependent outside the recommended shoreline buffer areas. For large and highly visible facilities, parking areas can be enhanced by shrub and tree islands with little loss of storage capacity. 65 ------- Figure; IV-1 Pier and Bank Fishing Access Schematic Plan Bulkhead or barrier placed well upland of marsh. Retained or planted trees increase compatibility of parking and dry storage areas with adjacent residences. Porous parking and storage surfaces and pollutant traps permit filtered runoff to enter the water table. Fish cleaning area Buffer Legend: Buffer Signage 66 ------- Figure. IV-2 Concept Layout for Pier and Bank Fishing Access Water Buffer (Vegetation) Fish cleaning shelter Pier Shoreline Buffer (Vegetation) Legend: Access Road Vehicular Traffic Pedestrian Path Signage Vegetation Buffer 67 ------- IV Where steeper slopes exist, locate parking areas above the crests to avoid extensive regrading and maintain or reestablish the natural vegetation on the hillside. Also, stabilize the toe of the slope to prevent erosion. Where steep slopes to a water body exist, use of pier access is recom- mended. The scale, species, and spacing of plants should be compatible with those of the surrounding, undisturbed shore- line areas. Site grading should be implemented to create rounded earth forms compatible with those of the natural shoreline Development of fish access areas should protect and enhance views and visual access to water and shorelines. Pollution along a water body should be examined. The availability of utilities to the site should be considered on larger access sites where facilities are essential for site development. 3. Land Requirements The land requirements for the development of fishing access are entirely resource depen- dent. For example, the size and physical char- acteristics of the site being considered for development determines the number of visitors and the size and type of support facilities which the site can effectively serve. In deter- mining the land requirements for a potential fishing access area, it is imperative to assess the carrying capacity of the site and the adja- cent lands to preserve the integrity of the fish- ing resource. The land requirements determined for pro- posed facilities may be applied to a site based on the environmental considerations and site limitations considered during the site inventory and needs assessment. a) Area Requirements The anticipated visitation levels and user patterns can be determined from visitation records, observation of existing use, and user survey data sources at existing fishing sites. For new fishing sites, the visitation trends at similar areas in other locations could be used to determine the appropriate size requirements for the site and support facilities. Generally, the minimum river width for fishing is about 30 feet with a safe casting area of 15 feet of clear space behind the angler. The number of anglers able to use a stretch of water at one time varies according to water quality and type of fishing. An acceptable spacing for recreational anglers along a bank is approxi- mately 20 yards apart. The site from which casting takes place must be on firm, level ground covered with short grass or sand. The casting area must be clear of trees but some bushes and trees suit- ably located near the water may provide ade- quate cover. A surrounding woodland environ- ment for fishing will tend to reduce the outside noise and increase the seclusion of the area, which is preferred by most anglers. 68 ------- IV b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions An assessment of the water depth and sub- surface conditions at a proposed fishing access site is necessary.to determine fishing activity. Water depth should be a minimum of 2 feet at low tide. Different fish species prefer and are attracted to specific habitats; therefore, various characteristics for consideration include water current, water clarity, water depth, numbers and types of aquatic plants, and the nature of subsurface material. A combination of these characteristics affords fish protection, food, and security and provides habitat diversity needed for desirable fishing conditions. Backwaters, marshes, and sandbars should receive special management protection because of their importance as fish spawning and nursery grounds. c) Vehicular Considerations Vehicular entrances for proposed fishing sites should be separated from and should not adversely impact other uses. External access roads to parking areas should meet appropriate secondary road standards with the road width of at least 20 feet and shoulders or berms at least 3 feet wide. Guardrails or posts should be provided on 6 foot centers along embankments over six feet in height. Proper traffic signs should be posted both inside and outside the site with access available for emergency vehicles. Parking Parking areas should be located within 800 feet of the shoreline, with 500 feet being desir- able provided the water resource or vegetation adjacent to the shoreline is protected. Once the visitor capacity of the site is determined, park- ing should be provided at the rate of one park- ing space for every three visitors. The layout of the parking area should minimize pedestrian conflict with vehicular circulation. The spacing of parking lanes should be 10 by 20 feet with a 25 foot turning strip between the two parking lanes. Based on these dimensions approxi- mately 150 cars may be parked per acre of land. Parking areas should be appropriately surfaced (using BMP's) and have parking stripes, bumper blocks, and guardrails or posts. An adequate number of parking spaces should be provided for the physically handicapped. These spaces should be connected to a handi- capped accessible walkway leading to the fish- ing area. $) Pedestrian Consideration Separate pedestrian access should provide safe access to the fishing facilities. Walkways, ramps, and stairs which are separate from vehicular circulation patterns should be provid- ed from the parking areas and other support facilities to the fishing area. Handicapped accessibility considerations including appro- priate slope, walkway width, and handrails should be incorporated into the pedestrian design. The walkways should be designed with well defined edges and should be a minimum of 4 feet in width. Access for the physically handicapped should be a walkway constructed of a durable material at least 4 feet wide and have a slope not greater than 5 percent. In cases of dune protection along the shore- line, it may be necessary to provide a series of raised walkways to accommodate access across the site without disturbing the natural dune. Raised walkways should be a minimum of 4 feet wide and constructed of treated wood and should be designed to provide handicapped accessibility. When the on-site grade change is 69 ------- IV 8 greater than 5%, handicap ramps should be provided to enhance accessibility to the site facilities. Crosswalks should be constructed with curb ramps on each side whenever they cross vehicular traffic patterns. Trails may be recommended in areas receiving less use. Trails may have varying widths and be con- structed of several materials, providing they are constructed out of a suitable surface and are handicapped accessible. e) Special Development Requirements 1) Unique Requirements Each access site requires a different combi- nation of development features which relate to the uses planned and the anticipated level of use for the site. The following elements should be considered during site development: Fishing Pier Construction Wood for piers should be treated to retard decay. Pressure-treated (CCA) wood is pre- ferred because it can be ordered with various amounts of treatment and is durable over time. CCA wood that is in continuous contact with salt water should be treated to a level of 2.5 pounds of retention per cubic foot. Wood which will occasionally be in salt water should have 1.5 pounds per cubic foot retention, and wood that is rarely in contact with salt.water should have 0.6 pounds per cubic foot. All hardware used in the pier construction should be hot-dipped galvanized and, if in frequent contact with salt water, should be stainless steel to protect against rust. The design and construction of the fishing pier should be such that it will accommodate safe pedestrian use and be able to withstand typical storms for the area. One major consid- eration for pier construction is how the pilings will be installed. They can be driven with some type of pile driver, or pumped into place using high pressure jets of water from water pumps if the bottom is free of large rocks. This proce- dure is usually called "jetting" the pilings into place. The piling is held upright and a high pressure stream of water is used to loosen the soil around and under the piling. The piling continues to settle as the area is probed with the end of the nozzle. Once the piling has set- tled as far as it will go, or the proper depth has been obtained, rocks may need to be tamped around the piling to stabilize it. Decking should overlap the stringers by no more than 2 inches to help keep the decking from flipping up in the event it comes loose and someone steps on the end. Overlapping the decking 2 inches also prevents most splitting of the decking when it is nailed in place. Spacing between planks on deck should be less than 1/2 inch apart. Fishing piers should be designed to provide shade, space for gear, and benches. Fishing piers should be handicapped-accessible by firm surfaced trails that are flush with the sur- face of the pier. Piers should also provide a bait shelf, 8 to 12 inches wide, and an arm/pole rest inclined about 30°. They should provide a 4 inch kickplate along the edge of the pier for safety, (see Figure IV-3) 70 ------- Bait shelf Figure. IV-3 Fishing Piers Graspable rail Shoreline Firm path with shaded seating area Armres Bait shelf Kick plate Source: Guidelines for the Design of Barrier-Free Recreational Boating & Fishing Facilities. SOBA, February 1992. 71 ------- IV Signage Adequate signage should be posted to inform the public of the layout and regulations for the access site. Solid Waste Trash and garbage collection should be fur- nished by the locality or a privately-owned refuse company. The provision of appropriate- ly designed refuse containers and an adequate maintenance program are essential. Fish clean- ing facilities should also be incorporated into these access areas. Public Safety and Emergency Services Local fire protection as well as local police security and emergency medical services should be available. Location of emergency services along with emergency telephone num- bers should be posted in a visible area on the site and telephone service provided. Play Areas It is desirable, where possible, that other activities such as picnicking or play areas be provided near fishing areas. This provision can best be accomplished by designating the nec- essary space for users to participate or spec- tate in an area that will minimize impacts on the environment. These play areas should be located outside the designated buffer area in conjunction with other supporting facilities such as parking, restrooms, and water. Additional support items to consider are benches, trash receptacles, water fountains, trails, fencing, etc. Play areas should be designed and located in areas which do not require the pedestrian to cross vehicular roads to reach the facility. If road crossings cannot be avoided, play areas should be located so that necessary crossings occur where there is adequate stopping dis- tance and appropriate signage along the road- way. Speed control devices such as rumble strips or speed bumps may be used if neces- sary. Deck construction may be implemented to avoid impact to environmentally sensitive areas particularly across marshland, and dunes adjacent to the shoreline. 2) Electricity Electricity should be provided as necessary to support the bank and pier fishing facility. The location of electrical lines may affect the aesthetics, costs, and management of the site. Consideration should be given to the costs of installing, operating, and maintaining the elec- trical systems. Proposed systems must meet all state and local codes and standards for health and safety. Normally, all utility lines should be placed underground unless special conditions make such an installation prohibitive. Underground utilities should be located out- side the roadway to avoid any disturbance to traffic during utility maintenance activities. If electric and telephone lines are located under- ground, they may be placed in a common trench. Lines between use areas and lines from site boundaries to use areas can be placed above ground only if they do not interfere with safe- ty, maintenance, or aesthetics. Overhead power lines should be aligned behind forest cover and 72 ------- IV 10 Lighting for safety and security should be incorporated into the design of the facility. All major road intersections and major facilities such as parking areas, restrooms, group shel- ters, and walkways, should have adequate lights. Telephones should be available for emer- gency use and public pay phones should be provided in public use areas. 3) Water Supply and Distribution System An adequate water supply and distribution system is desirable for providing public drink- ing water, fire protection, and for the mainte- nance and operation of the access facility. It is recommended that the water supply, treatment, and distribution be planned to correspond with wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal. Wherever possible, fishing access facilities with high use levels should be connected to an approved external public water system. This feature will eliminate the development cost and annual operational expenses of the water sup- ply and treatment facilities. If public water is not available, an on-site well is suggested. The water supply and distribution system should be planned under the direction of a san- itary engineer and should meet local planning and health department requirements. 4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms The most desirable method for sewage dis- posal is to tie into a public or municipal sys- tem. Where municipal waste treatment systems are not available, an on-site treatment and dis- posal or a holding tank and pump-out facility should be used. Land treatment should be eval- uated as an alternative to any positive dis- charge treatment system. The design and spec- ifications for sewage disposal systems is site- specific. The selected system must be cost effective and meet all required state and local standards. Accurate visitation projections are required to determine sewage volumes. The location and selection of sewage disposal should be in accordance with state and local regulations. Do not overlook the proper dispos- al of waste at any fish cleaning stations. 5) Stormwater Management Parking areas may create potential environ- mental problems related to increased runoff and polluted discharge. Best Management Practices (BMP) should be implemented dur- ing site development and after construction is completed to reduce these potential impacts. The following design measures may be incor- porated into the site design for pier and bank fishing facilities to avoid or alleviate site runoff. Installation of catch basins and filters to trap pollutants. Avoidance of direct channeling of runoff water into adjacent water bodies. Current BMP's must be used to manage storm water. Use of porous gravel or a perforated paving block surfacing in place of impervious surfaces on most parking areas and walkways. 73 ------- IV 11 C. MANAGEMENT/ MAINTENANCE Management and maintenance refers to agency actions needed to keep a facility in desirable condition for public use. Legal liabil- ities may be incurred in administering a fishing facility; therefore, the facility should be main- tained in a safe condition. The administering agency of a facility is obligated to remove dan- gers and warn users of dangerous conditions. The legal responsibilities of the administrator should be researched and discussed with coun- sel when establishing or expanding a fishing facility. Legal obligations may increase in pro- portion to the potential dangers and if user fees are charged. 1. Maintenance Concerns Good maintenance practices should be extended to the access waters and shoreline in addition to the access site facilities. The main- tenance plan may be established as a matrix outlining the types of maintenance tasks and the frequency which a site would require this maintenance. Categories of maintenance fre- quency generally include frequent (weekly to daily), periodic (less than weekly), and special (as needed). The following maintenance duties should be considered in developing a mainte- nance plan: Fishing pier maintenance Removal of shoreline and beach debris Restroom clean-up Fish cleaning shelter clean-up Maintain trash collection schedule Shoreline erosion control Parking/pavement access maintenance Signage maintenance Lighting maintenance Landscape maintenance/mowing Storm water facility upkeep Seasonal upkeep - preseason inspec- tions, regular inspection schedules, etc. Post-storm cleanup plan The level of maintenance anticipated at a site is directly correlated with the use level at the facility and the location of the site. Maintenance at public sites is an extremely important issue as it relates directly to the safe use of the facility. A public agency responsible for the operation and maintenance of a pier and bank fishing facility is responsible for any lia- bility associated with safe maintenance prac- tices at the site. 2. Management Concerns The management of fishing access should provide a safe, comfortable environment for the angler. The management concerns for fish- ing access are dependent on the level of devel- opment and anticipated number of users at a particular site. Less active use areas will gener- ally involve fewer management requirements, while larger, more active sites will require greater amounts of upkeep and a more detailed management plan. 74 ------- V, Natural Area Access A. SITE SELECTION A natural area is generally land which has ecological or educational value. A designated nature area is managed to ensure continued preservation of the natural resources it sup- ports. In many states, Natural Area Preserves have been established to protect special natural areas through formal recognition and articles of dedication which provide stringent legal safeguards for preservation. The preserve sys- tem is usually managed by a federal or state agency. Officials must carefully choose areas which are important for long-term protection. Many states use the state natural heritage inventories to identify the areas possessing the most significant natural values. Natural area preserves are protected for their scientific, ecological, research, interpretive, and scenic values. Encouraging proper public use of open spaces protected for their natural resource val- ues is an essential part of long-term steward- ship. The fragility of various areas within a preserve should be determined so that proce- dures can be established to ensure that the most important and vulnerable areas receive special protection. In selecting a site for public access on a natural area, the design and construction of the access site should cause minimal distur- bance of the natural environment. The access developments should ensure the safety and enjoyment or education of the users, protect adjacent resources, consider the aesthetic qual- ities of an area, and adequately function as a tidal public access site. Public access and visi- tation can occur with minimum damage to the resource if access points and trails are designed to control visitor activity. 1. User Considerations Providing the public with quality passive recreational and educational opportunities while protecting and preserving the natural resource is a major management concern and a difficult balance to achieve. Mode of travel, site access, trail environment or setting, loca- tion of sensitive features, physical demands on the user, imposed controls, expectations of the user, and volume of use are factors which must be considered as planning objectives and man- agement criteria. Section I of this report describes the process and resources available for assessing the need for public access. Natural areas and preserves are not public parks or areas managed for their harvestable resources such as state forests, wildlife areas, or state parks; therefore, activities such as camping, picnicking, and swimming, may not be permitted. Natural area access is recom- mended for passive recreational uses such as nature study, birdwatching, hiking, and nature photography. Encouraging the proper public use of natural areas is an essential part of long- term stewardship. 75 ------- V 2. Environmental Considerations Anticipation of potential environmental impacts should be considered during the plan- ning phases and development of the public access. This will minimize or eliminate the adverse environmental effects on the site. The evaluation of environmental factors should begin with a thorough inventory of all sensitive resource areas and potential access points to the site. The design of the access into the nat- ural area should reflect consideration of the topography, vegetation, soil types, weather, wetlands, drainage patterns and cultural resources along and adjacent to the access site. All of these factors should be evaluated to determine site development suitability, how the access should be located, and how the site will function. a) Topography Terrain and elevation changes should not be extreme at the point of access for a natural area. Trail grades and other access roads should run parallel to the contours as much as possible. As a general rule, a slope should not be steeper than 10 percent (10 foot rise in 100 linear feet). Slopes of less than 7 percent are preferable. b} Soils and Substrate Materials Pedestrian access trails into natural areas should be located on stable soils. Access to or through wetlands is usually discouraged; how- ever, the location of access facilities in these areas may be desirable in certain circum- stances. To best protect sensitive wetlands, access point trails should be raised 3 feet above mean high water on decked platforms. c) Surface Water and Groundwater Hydrology The surface water drainage and circulation of a site should not change upon development of public access, particularly in wetland areas. Whenever possible, access should be located on an upland site with an adequate vegetated wetland buffer. Strict erosion and sedimenta- tion preventive measures should be taken. If work is being done in wetlands, the structures should be elevated on pilings and bottomless arched culverts should be installed to maintain natural drainage. d) Vegetation/Wildlife/Habitat Areas Access development for a natural area should avoid potential impacts to plants, ani- mals, and natural communities. The purpose of the access should be to provide the public with an appreciation of the environment; therefore, trails should contain vistas, observation points, or overlooks for observing wildlife at a dis- tance and vegetation in its native context. State Natural Heritage Programs focus on identify- ing significant habitats for rare species, natural communities such as freshwater tidal marshes, and other natural features such as migratory bird concentrations. The Natural Heritage inventories provide information to public agen- cies for making informed decisions and devel- opment plans. Site selection for public access to natural areas should consider only those sites that, if developed, will not affect rare, endangered, or unique biological communities. The protection of high quality habitats or bio- logical communities may be incorporated into natural areas or buffer zones adjacent to the access site. Construction practices which avoid direct and indirect impacts to sensitive 76 ------- habitats should be implemented. The limits of construction should incorporate sensitive areas and should be clearly marked prior to construction. . e) Water Quality Existing and projected water quality condi- tions within the vicinity of the access site should be assessed to determine the potential for adverse changes being caused by access- related factors. Strict erosion and sedimenta- tion measures should be implemented as part of the Best Management Practices to avoid degradation of water quality during develop- ment of the access site. f) Wetland Delineation The delineation of wetlands boundaries should be determined by an on-site visit. In most cases, the local delineation map or map series will be used in order to identify the gen- eral location of wetlands. The National Wetland Inventory maps produced by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service may also be useful in the general location of existing wetlands. The Combined Federal Wetland Delineation Methodology should be followed for the site- specific designation of wetland areas. This method is a systematic approach which consid- ers soils, hydrology, and vegetative characteris- tics of a site. The identification and delineation of wetlands should be accomplished pursuant to an objective to avoid or minimize impacts to the resource. g^ Cultural Resources For interpretive and educational purposes, the location of site features and access trails within the natural area access site should pro- tect and focus on natural, historical, cultural and scenic resources. Cultural resources should be evaluated at each potential access site. A site may be listed, nominated, or eligible for listing on the National Register of Historic Places. The his- toric or archaeological significance of a site may not be obvious; therefore, during the site evaluation the appropriate State Historic Preservation Officer should be contacted. Information regarding the National Register of Historic Places and the National Natural Landmark Program may be obtained from the National Park Service (see Appendix A-4). rO Other Considerations Other site features and related off-shore conditions appropriate for inclusion in the environmental inventory may relate to: Scenic and Visual Opportunities The identification of good and poor views both on-site and off-site should be considered. An overall visual analysis of the site may be necessary for the preservation of visual quality. Noise The existing and projected noise levels at the development site and in the surrounding area should be assessed. Special attention should be given to the problems that traffic and traffic-related noise could create for the user of the access trail and for sensitive habitats with- in the natural area. 77 ------- i) Site Limitations Site limitations should be identified based on the inventory and analysis of natural factors and environmental considerations. A site analysis which outlines the physical opportuni- ties and constraints for a property should be conducted to facilitate the assessment of the site. This analysis may simply involve overlay- ing the identified environmental factors and evaluating the overall conditions of the site, noting areas which are not suitable for devel- oping. Desirable Site Characteristics Include: Natural areas which can provide edu- cational and interpretive opportunities. Natural areas already coexisting with some level of human influence. Undesirable Site Characteristics Include: Sensitive plant and animal habitats which would be disturbed by pass:ive recreation activity. Natural areas which are extremely remote, and if developed as access, points, would unnecessarily introduce human influences. j) Compatibility Issues Several passive recreational or access- related uses may be planned for a single access site within a natural area. For example, multi- use trails may be provided for walking, biking, and horseback riding. Facilities for picnicking, camping, fishing, and swimming may also be considered. However, the compatibility of these uses with one another and the resource must be considered to avoid potential on-site conflicts. B. DESIGN CRITERIA 1. Site Plan Layout A natural area access site should be designed to produce minimum disturbance to the environment, considering the safety and enjoyment of the users, the volume and type of traffic, the protection of adjacent resources, and the aesthetic quality of an area. The site plan layout should also incorporate features to minimize adverse impacts on the environment while providing passive recreation, education- al opportunities, and interpretive features (see Figure V-l). Such an access site should exhib- it a quality environment with low maintenance requirements. 2. Essential Elements and Desired Relationships Essential elements and their location with- in natural areas include convenient access to the site, designated trails, adequate parking, picnicking areas, play areas, restroom facili- ties, utilities, interpretive centers, and mainte- nance facilities. A concept plan depicting the general relationship of the selected site ele- ments may be helpful to establish the overall site plan layout; Figure: V-2 illustrates the pre- ferred relationships for these elements. Pedestrian access extends from the parking area to the interpretive center and restroom facilities. The trailhead for the natural area is located at the interpretive center. 78 ------- Figure: V-l Natural Area Access Schematic Plan Retain or replant vegetation to create buffer area between adjacent land. Facilities located for easy access to parking & trailhead '> -vw . Water Source: Recreation Planning & Design Criteria. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Legend: Buffer Signage Raised Boardwalk 79 ------- Figure: V-2 Concept Layout for Natural Area Access QQD DOQQQ Doacmana Legend: Access Road Vehicular Traffic * * * Pedestrian Natural Buffer Creek 80 ------- 3. Land Requirements Specific site conditions, including habitat requirements, land availability, environmental factors, regulations, and proposed degree of use, must be assessed to determine the land requirements and potential user capacity for a particular access site. The land requirements for the development of natural area access are entirely resource dependent. For example, the size and site conditions of a designated natural area determines the visitor capacity of the site. The determined visitor capacity relates direct- ly to the size and type of support facilities required for the site. a) Area Requirements Typical area requirements for natural area facilities will vary according to other passive recreational facilities and amenities planned at the site. A natural area access may include facilities such as raised boardwalks and trails; observation platforms and blinds along water resource areas for viewing unique natural fea- tures, vegetation, and/or wildlife; access roads; parking; an interpretive center; and restroom facilities. Additional amenities such as picnick- ing areas, camping areas, and other recreation- related facilities may be desired at certain sites and may require additional land. b) Water Depth and Subsurface Conditions The wafer depth, subsurface conditions, and wetlands within a designated natural area should be left undisturbed. Water depth and subsurface conditions are not a consideration for determining the suitability of a site to func- tion as a natural area. c} Vehicular Considerations If natural area managers decide that roads and parking areas are needed, these areas should be designed to have minimum impact on the natural resource. The use of any type of motorized vehicles in areas other than on des- ignated access roads should be prohibited in natural areas. The destructive effects of vehi- cles and soil compaction related to vehicular use in these areas has been proven to harm wildlife. Proposed access into a natural area should only be developed where vehicle entrances are feasible and where the roadway does not interfere with other uses, create safe- ty hazards, or adversely impact the area. External access roads to the site should meet secondary road standards with road widths of at least 20 feet and shoulders or berms at least 4 feet wide. Guardrails or posts should be pro- vided on 6 foot centers for embankments over 6 feet high on all internal and external access roads. Proper traffic signs should be posted. Parking Parking areas should be located within convenient walking distance of the pedestrian access facilities, trailheads, interpretive centers and observation areas. Parking areas serving natural area access should be located in areas which cause the least direct and indirect distur- bance to significant habitats. The amount of parking should be determined from the carry- ing capacity of the access site. In general, one parking space should be provided for every three visitors. Additional parking may be required where multiple use activities are pro- vided. The layout of the parking area should minimize pedestrian conflict with vehicular areas and circulation. The standard parking layout for compact and conventional types of 81 ------- V automobiles is 150 cars per acre. The spacing of parking lanes should be 10 feet by 20 feet with a 25 foot turning strip. Bumper blocks and guardrails or posts should also be installed where necessary. In natural areas, gravel and crushed stone surfaces are preferable to asphalt or concrete paving. Slope and drainage factors should be considered during the design of these facilities. An adequate number of parking spaces should be provided for the physically handicapped. These spaces should be connect- ed to a walkway suitable for handicapped access which leads to the site's support facilities and trails. Appropriate BMP's should be used. d) Pedestrian Considerations * Designated pedestrian access should pro- vide safe connections to site facilities'includ- ing maintenance areas, parking lots, restrooms, interpretive centers, and trails. These areas receiving high level of pedestrian use should be physically separated from vehicular traffic as a safety precaution. These heavily used areas should also be surfaced with a hard material, while trails and passive areas may be con- structed using more natural materials. Access walkways should be designed for handicapped accessibility with well-defined edges and should be a minimum of 4 feet in width. Raised boardwalks are generally appropri- ate for access into natural areas where trails at grade are not feasible or appropriate. The boardwalks should be a minimum of 4 feet wide with railings constructed of treated wood with a slope of 5 percent or less. When on-site grade change is greater than 5%, handicap ramps should be provided to enhance accessi- bility to the site facilities. Crosswalks should be constructed with curb ramps on each side whenever they cross vehicular roads. e) Special Development Requirements 1) Unique Requirements Each access site requires a different combi- nation of development features which relate to the activities planned and the anticipated level of use for the specific site. The following elements should be considered during site development. Trails Factors to consider when designing a trail are alignment, topography, vegetative cover, aesthetic value, points of interest, road cross- ings or other potential dangers, and final desti- nation. Trails should allow users to enjoy pas- sive activities such as nature photography, birdwatching, and natural history interpreta- tion. The trail should begin and end near the interpretive building. The entrance should be clearly marked with a sign which includes a trail map that marks the highlights of the area. An interpretive trail could deal with the history of an area, the natural resources, and the dif- ferent habitats found on the land. Trails can be designed for the visitor to travel alongside, through, or over resource pro- tected areas. This can be done by a raised boardwalk or footbridge which permits maxi- mum observation without destruction to the protected areas. It is recommended that trails lead to points of interest via routes carefully chosen to minimize erosion, soil compaction, and disturbance to wildlife. 82 ------- V Foot trails should be designated for hiking only. Motorized vehicles are not compatible with non-motor uses. Barriers such as logs, stairways, and narrow stream crossings can be utilized to discourage non-pedestrian users. However, some trails should be handicapped accessible. Trail Construction Trail dimensions should be based on the type and volume of use anticipated, on the sta- bility of native soil, and on the type of terrain along the proposed route. Generally, a pedes- trian trail tread width should not be less than 2 feet wide for foot trails. Main trails should be approximately 6 feet wide and fire trails a min- imum of 8 feet wide. Additional width could be considered to reduce impacts from heavy traf- fic. As a rule of thumb, the width of the trail varies according to its use. Short trails within heavily used recreation areas will normally be considerably wider than the trails designed for an area that will not be used as often. Bushes and trees that are in the route of the trail should be cut flush with the ground. Trees and stumps should be removed if the tree roots will inter- fere with grading. Overhead limbs should be removed to a height of 8 feet above the finish grade of the trail. Tread width - 2 feet minimum Clearing width - 4 feet Height of clearing - 8 feet minimum Maximum sustained trail grades - 8-10% Trail Layout In general, the layout of the trail should be inconspicuous. The trail should have a variety of experiences taking advantage of views, open spaces and forested areas, and whenever possi- ble, it should run along water bodies and habi- tat areas of interest. Trail Base Preparation In preparing the base for a trail, the subsur- face material and slope of the land should be considered. If the site is wet, the trail should be raised six inches above the surrounding area. This is done through the use of board walls or grading, if environmentally acceptable. In some situations trails may run along hillsides where cuts must be made in order to achieve level treads as shown in Figure: V-3. The following characteristics should be incorporated in trail surfacing: Use of compacted materials. Resistance to anticipated foot traffic and erosive factors. Usability when wet, and minimal dust when dry. Grade Trails should be built to follow the contour of the land if at all possible. A grade of 10 per- cent or less is recommended for ease of hiking and to prevent erosion. Length Trails should be of a loop design returning to their point of beginning. Options to termi- nate a hike or extend a hike for a greater dis- tance along the trail are desirable for day users. 83 ------- Figure: V-3 Trail Construction Width necessary to take care of drainage *Minimum excavation and fill 3" for trail and drainage Pruning height 8' Minimum 4'-0" desirable Source: Trail Development and Management Standard Operating Procedures Manual, VA Dept. of Conservation & Recreation (VA OCR), January, 1999. 84 ------- 8 Drainage Drainage is one of the most important items in trail construction. Water must be kept within manageable limits to prevent erosion and maintain a trail throughout the year. To facilitate surface runoff, the tread of the trail should be graded so that the outside is three inches lower than the inside edge along a hill- side. This is referred to as outsloping. To pre- vent excess water from accumulating along a trail, water breaks or bars and grade dips may also be used, (see Figure: V-4) Surfacing Surfacing is a costly item in trail construc- tion and natural materials should be used wher- ever feasible. Hard surface materials may be used on walkways located at an interpretive center or at points of concentrated use. Otherwise, surfacing material that is durable and blends with the environment should be used. Signage Adequate signage is essential at the begin- ning of a trail, at intersections, and at locations on the trail where the direction is not readily discernible. Trail signs should include dis- tances to various points of interest along the way. Frequent mileage markers along the trail are helpful to the hiker and useful in the oper- ations and maintenance of the park. Interpretive markers and information are desirable features on any type of trail. Trail signs should conform with the standards of the natural area. Revegetation During the design and construction process adequate revegetation using native plant mate- rials should be planned for areas where exist- ing vegetation had to be removed. 2) Electricity Public telephones should be placed where they are easily found, generally at comfort sta- tions, visitor information buildings, or near the parking lot. All lines should be placed under- ground, unless special conditions make such an installation impossible. Adequate lighting around the parking area should be considered for safety if the natural area will remain open after dusk. In order to reduce the impacts of night lighting on adja- cent land uses, low-height lighting fixtures are recommended. Lighting should be directed toward the facility use areas, shielded from adjacent properties and vandal-proof. 3) Water Supply and Distribution System An adequate water supply and distribution system may be desirable to provide public drinking water and fire protection, and for the maintenance and operation of the access facil- ity. It is recommended that the water supply, treatment, and distribution be planned to com- plement the wastewater collection, treatment, and disposal system. 85 ------- Figure: V-4 Trail Drainage Drainage Remove loose earth and slide rock 2' to 3' above edge of cut if it is obviously about to slide into the trail. Fill from excavated material Trail Construction Trails should be sloped to the outside to permit runoff. Do not gutter trails on the inside cut. Slope trail to outside Minimum Trail Slope (DraftV. Trail Development and Management Standard Operating Procedures Manual. (VA OCR) January, 1999. 86 ------- V Natural areas at remote sites which are open as access sites on a limited basis would not require restroom facilities. In high use areas, however, restroom facilities should be connected to an approved external public water system or an on-site well. The water supply and distribution system should be planned under the direction of a san- itary engineer and should meet local planning and health department requirements. 4) Sewage Disposal/Restrooms If use of a natural area is such that dispos- al and/or treatment of waste is necessary, all designs for sewage disposal shall be in compli- ance with state and local requirements. The most desirable method for sewage dis- posal is to tie into an existing system. If an existing system is not available, on-site treat- ment is required. Prior to the design of an on- site treatment system, the proposed area for treatment should be evaluated according to local regulations. The design and specifications for sewage disposal systems is site specific. Permanent restroom facilities should be a priority at larger heavily used natural area access sites. The facilities should be sited con- veniently to the access trailhead and other sup- port facilities. The restroom facilities must meet the public health requirements of local, state, and federal agencies within whose juris- diction they are to be built. A minimum of one toilet fixture and lavatory per sex for every 30 parking spaces is recommended. Restrooms should be designed to meet all requirements for access to and use by the handicapped. Wastewater from these facilities may be (1) tied into the local sewer system; (2) processed in an on-site septic system; or (3) collected on site in a holding tank and disposed off-site. 5) Stormwater Management Parking areas may create potential environ- mental impact related to increase runoff on- site. Best management practices should be implemented during site development and after construction is completed to avoid or mitigate these potential impacts. The following design measures may be incorporated into the site design for natural area access facilities to avoid or alleviate site runoff. Installation of catch basins and filters to trap pollutants. In natural areas stormwater management devices should be constructed of stone or made to blend with the surrounding environment. Avoidance of direct channeling of runoff water onto tidal wetlands or other sensitive resource areas. Use of porous gravel or a perforated paving block surfacing for parking areas and pedestrian walkways. 87 ------- 10 C. MANAGEMENT/ MAINTENANCE Management and maintenance refers to agency actions needed to keep a facility in desirable condition for public use. The objec- tives of appropriate management are to provide for user safety and convenient access and to protect adjacent resources. Unsafe conditions should be corrected, as legal liabilities may be incurred if situations prove unsafe. 1. Maintenance Concerns To ensure that the maintenance objectives are met, the maintenance plan may be estab- lished as a matrix outlining the types of tasks and the frequency with which each would be required. Categories of maintenance frequency generally include frequent (weekly to daily), periodic (less than weekly), and special (as needed). The following maintenance duties should be considered in developing a mainte- nance plan: Restroom cleanup (if applicable) Maintaining a regular trash collection Parking/surface access maintenance and litter control Maintenance of signage and interpre- tive/ educational display Lighting maintenance Trail maintenance Landscape maintenance/mowing Stormwater facility upkeep Seasonal upkeep - preseason inspec- tions, regular inspection schedules, etc. Post-storm cleanup plan The level of maintenance anticipated at a site is directly correlated with the use level at the facility and the location of the site. Maintenance at public sites is an extremely important issue as it relates directly to the safe use of the facility. 2. Management Concerns The primary objective for the management of natural area access is to maintain the integrity of the natural area being protected while allow- ing public access for interpretive, educational, and scientific purposes. The management con- cerns for each natural area site will vary according to the setting, use patterns, and nat- ural features found there. Management plans based on the preservation of the ecosystem and biological requirements of rare species and other special features are recommended for each natural area site. ------- Bibliography Chesapeake Bay Program. Agreement Commitment Report. Chesapeake Bay Watershed Development Policies & Guidelines. January, 1989. Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department. Chesapeake Bay Preservation Area Overlay District: A Model Ordinance. 1989. Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department, Local Assistance Manual. November, 1989. Chesapeake Bay Program. Agreement Commitment Report. Public Access Strategy. July, 1988. Chesapeake Bay Program. Agreement Commitment Report. Technical Assistance & Incentives to Local Governments. December, 1988. Hooper, Lennon. NPS Trails Management Handbook. U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, 1988. Lancaster, R. Recreation. Park and Open Space Standards and Guidelines. National Recreation and Park Association, 1987. Maryland Office of Planning. Maryland Land Preservation and Recreation Plan. December, 1989. Ware, Phillip R., senior ed. Means Building Construction Cost Data. 1998. The National Water Safety Congress. Planning. Design. Operation & Maintenance of Inland Water Swimming Beaches. 1988. (Draft) Trail Development and Management Standard Operating Procedures Manual. Virginia Department of Conservation and Recreation, January, 1999. Rea, Phillip, and Roger Warren. Recreation Management of Water Resources. Publishing Horizons, NC, 1986. Simonds, John O. Earthscape: A Manual of Environmental Planning. McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1978. State Organization for Boating Access. Guidelines for the Design of Barrier-Free Recreational Boating and Fishing Facilities. Washington, D.C., February, 1992. State Organization for Boating Access. Design Handbook for Recreational Boating & Fishing. Washington, D.C., March, 1996. 89 ------- Bibliography U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Recreation Planning and Design CriteriaEngineering Manual. Washington, D.C., July, 1987. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IV. Coastal Marinas Assessment Handbook. Atlanta, Georgia, April, 1985. U.S. General Services Administration, at. al. Uniform Federal Accessibility Standards. April, 1984. Virginia Council on the Environment. Shoreline Management Options for Virginia Coastal Localities Volume I. Institute for Environmental Negotiation, University of Virginia, August, 1988. Virginia Institute of Marine Science. Distribution of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the Chesapeake Bay & Tributaries & Chincoteague Bay. 1992. Virginia Marine Resource Commission. Coastal Primary Sand Dunes/Reaches Guidelines. August, 1986. 90 ------- Appendix A-l STATE GOVERNMENT RESOURCES The following is a list of state government agencies providing assistance to localities planning public access. VIRGINIA Dept. of Conservation & Recreation Division of Soil & Water Conservation (804) 786-2064 Division of Planning & Recreation Resources (804)786-1119 203 Governor Street Richmond, VA 23219 FAX (804) 786-6141 Department of Environmental Quality 629 East Main Street Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 698-4000 FAX (804) 572-5106 Division of Waste Operation (804) 698-4155 Division of Water Operations (804) 698-4108 Dept. of Forestry P.O. Box 3758 Charlottesville, VA 22903 (540) 293-8605 Dept. of Game & Inland Fisheries 4010 West Broad Street P.O.Box 11104 Richmond, VA 23230 (804) 367-1000 FAX (804) 367-9147 TDD 800-252-7717 Dept. of Health Division of Wastewater Engineers 109 Governor St. Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 786-1755 Dept. of Transportation Public Affairs Division 1401 East Broad Street Richmond, VA 23219 (804)786-2715 Virginia Institute of Marine Science The College of William & Mary Gloucester Point, VA 23062 (804) 642-7000 Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Dept. 805 East Broad Street, Suite 701 Richmond, VA 23219 (804) 225-3440 FAX (804) 225-3447 (See Appendix C for Requirements of the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act.) Virginia Marine Resources Commission P.O. Box 756 Newport News,VA 23607 (757) 247-2200 FAX (757) 247-2020 91 ------- Appendix A-2 MARYLAND Dept. of Natural Resources Tawes State Office Building 580 Taylor Avenue Annapolis, MD 21401 (410)260-8710 Forest, Park and Wildlife Service (410) 260-8402 Resource Planning (410) 260-8403 Program Open Space (410) 260-8523 Shore Erosion Control (410) 260-8899 Engineering & Construction (410) 260-7250 Enterprise Development Dept. of the Environment, Water Management Administration Tidal Wetlands 2500 Broening Highway Baltimore, MD 21224 (410)631-8075 Dept. of Natural Resources Tidewater Administration Coastal Resources Division Tawes State Office Building Annapolis, MD 21401 1-800-688-3467 Dept. of Transportation State Highway Administration 707 North Calvert Street Baltimore, MD 21202 (410) 545-0300 Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission 45 Calvert Street, 2nd Floor Annapolis, MD 21401 (410) 974-2418 92 ------- Appendix A-3 PENNSYLVANIA Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission 450 Robinson Lane Bellefonte, PA 16823 (814)359-5155 FAX (814) 359-5153 Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection Division of Waterways & Storm Water Management P.O. Box 8554 Harrisburg,PA17120 (717) 787-6826 Pennsylvania Department of Conservation & Natural Resources P.O. Box 8767 Harrisburg, PA 17105-8767 General Information- (717)787-2869 (800) 847-4872 DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA District of Columbia Dept. of Recreation and Parks 3149 16th Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. 20010 (202) 673-7692 District of Columbia Dept. of Consumer and Regulatory Affairs Environmental Control Division 5000 Overlook Drive, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20032 (202) 565-0040 National Park Service National Capital Region Land Use Coordination 1100 Ohio Drive, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20242 (202) 955-5890 93 ------- Appendix A-4 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT RESOURCES The following is a list of federal government agencies to contact for information about their Chesapeake Bay Programs. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Virginia Office 400 North 8th Street, 9th Floor Richmond, VA 23240-9999 (804)771-2463 U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Natural Resources Conservation Service Maryland Office John Hanson Business Center 339 Revell Highway, Suite 301 Annapolis, MD 21401 (410) 757-0861 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Region ffl Office 1650 Arch Street Philadelphia, PA 19103-2029 (215) 814-5000 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 401 M Street, S.W. Washington, D.C. 20460 (202) 260-2090 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Chesapeake Bay Program Office 410 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD 21403 (410) 267-5700 Fax (410) 260-5777 National Park Service, National Registry Programs U.S. Department of the Interior P.O. Box 37127 Washington, D.C. 20013-7127 (202) 343-9559 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Baltimore District P.O. Box 1715 Baltimore, MD 21203 (410) 962-3070 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers U.S. Army Engineer District, CENAP U.S. Custom House Second and Chestnut Streets Philadelphia, PA 19106-2991 (215) 597-0703 (215) 597-4848 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Norfolk District 803 Front Street, Norfolk, VA 23510 (757) 441-7652 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Chesapeake Bay Field Office 177 Admiral Cochrane Dr. Annapolis, MD 21401 (410) 573-4500 National Park Service Chesapeake Bay Program Office 410 Severn Avenue Annapolis, MD 21407 (410) 267-5747 94 ------- Appendix B-l COST ESTIMATE The following provides general cost estimate information for the construction of items common- ly used in access facilities. It is necessary to add up to 15 percent for architecture and engineering costs and 10 percent for contingency events. The costs shown are for budget and preliminary cost esti- mate only. In order to achieve a more accurate estimate, the estimator must consider quantities of material, prices of material and labor within the area of the access site as well as the location of the site itself (e.g., remotely located, near an urban area or a major highway, etc.), the anticipated length of time of construction, bid preparation time, availability of contractors, and the complexity of the job. 95 ------- Appendix B-2 DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $) 1. Site development Clearing and grubbing General: clean brash & saplings; Per acre Select: handwork Per acre Grading Rough grade: furnish & spread topsoil C.Y. 4" deep & fine grade Roads, parking spurs & parking lots Asphalt surface 3" thick on 4" compacted base & subgrade (over 10,000 S.F.) S.Y. Crashed stone 4" thick compacted on compacted subgrade (over 2,000 S.F.) S.Y. Shoulders, 2" gravel L.F. Curbs, 6" x 12" vertical concrete cast in place, plus excavation & backfill L.F. Parking, 2" gravel on prepared compacted base Per space Sidewalks Concrete, 6" reinforced with 6" gravel base broom finish includes expansion joints (1,000 S.F. or less) S.F. (Over 1,000 S.F.) S.F. $1,300 -$2,950 $1,350-2,800 $3.20 $5.30 $3.43 $1.60 $5.80 $446 $2.25 $2.18 96 ------- Appendix B-3 DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $) Brick pavers, 2 1/4" thick on finished compacted subgrade with dry joints and 2" sand base S.F. $7.60 Trails Hiking, 4' wide, clearing & grading includes drainage structures, prepared 4" base, 2" asphalt surfacing S.F. $1.76 Bicycle, 8' wide, clearing & grading includes drainage structures, prepared 4" base, 2" asphalt surfacing S.F. $1.76 Fishing piers Decking, pressure-treated wood, 30" above grade; 2" x 6" decking; 4" x 8" beams; 2" x 8" joists @ 2' O.C.; 4" x 4" posts; concrete footings S.F. $33.00 Railings, 2" x 4" posts pressure-treated wood & galvanized hardware L.F. $11.00 Boat launching ramp 2 lane concrete ramp with courtesy dock Ea. $125,000 +/- Picnic shelter Ea. $25,000 & up Children's play areas Depends on size, age group, and amount of custom design $20,000 & up Grass seeding Hand seeding, fine grading, fertilizer & mulching S.Y. $2.06 97 ------- Appendix B-4 DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $) Hydroseeding, fine grading, fertilizer & mulching S.Y. Swimming facilities Beach areas, complete, including beach sand, lifeguard chairs, buoy lines, beach house (dressing rooms, restrooms, showers, concession, lifeguard and first aid quarters, storage, power, water & sewage), parking, landscaping, plumbing and electricity, etc. Buildings Office, maintenance building, etc. S.R $.43 +/- $1,500,000.00 $120.00 2. Utilities Sewage systems Sewage treatment plant (secondary treatment) installed cost. The cost of treatment plants will depend on type of units and degree of treatment required. These costs assume that there is no tertiary treatment required. However, the standards and requirements are established by the prevailing state federal agencies for the particular site. 20,000 gal/day 100,000 gal/day 500,000 gal/day $90,000 + $800,000 + $1,450,000 + Source: Means Building Construction Cost Data. 1998. 98 ------- Appendix B-5 DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $) Water and sewage lines Prices vary according to size and type L.F. of pipe and the amount of excavation involved; so if the total linear feet of all types of pipe on a project is multiplied by $10, a reasonably accurate figure should be obtained for an overall estimate. Sewage lines L.F. Forced mains L.F. Manholes Ea. Hydrants Ea. Water reservoir 50,000 gal. prestressed concrete including mechanical equipment 50,000 gal. steel, including mechanical equipment Sewage pump station Electric power lines & equipment Overhead L.F. Overhead lines (4 aluminum triplex wire, per 1,000 ft.) M.L.F. Underground, direct-burial cable L.F. $10.00 $12.00- $15.00 $20.00- $25.00 $500 - $700 $600 - $700 $55,000- $70,000 $40,000- $55,000 $55,000 +/- $350 $200 - $240 $8.00 - $10.00 99 ------- Appendix B-6 DESCRIPTION UNIT COST (in 1998 $) Insulated direct-burial cable copper, M.L.F. $530 single-conductor (per 1,000 ft.) 30' class 3 wood poles, installed (shipping not included) Ea. $250 Metering equipment & service equipment Ea. $300 NOTE: These are minimum figures. Estimating for utilities is highly variable as far as costs are concerned. If extensive work is proposed, contractors and utility companies usually are helpful in providing needed information. ABBREVIATIONS M.S.F = Thousand square feet S.Y. = Square Yard C.Y. = Cubic Yard S.F. = Square Foot L.F. = Linear foot Ea. = Each O.C = On Center Source: Means Building Construction Cost Data. 1998. 100 ------- Appendix C-l Requirements of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act In 1988, the Virginia General Assembly passed the Chesapeake Bay Preservation Act to address the degradation of the waters of the Bay by nonpoint source pollutants such as sediment, nutrients, and hydrocarbons. To implement the Act, the Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department issued regulations which Tidewater local governments must adopt into comprehensive plans, zoning ordi- nances, and subdivision ordinances. The regulations apply to all land use and development activities within Chesapeake Bay Preservation Areas (sensitive lands adjacent to the Bay and its tributaries). The goal of the regulations is to achieve a no net increase of pollutants resulting from new develop- ment activities, a 10% decrease in pollutants resulting from redevelopment activities, and a 40% decrease hi pollutants resulting from land uses such as agriculture and forestry. Under the Act, land use and development activities are stringently regulated within tidal shore- lines, tidal wetlands, streamside wetlands, and the 100-foot vegetated buffer area landward of these features. Redevelopment of existing structures and construction of water-dependent facilities are the only two types of development activity allowed within these areas. "Water-dependent facilities" is defined to include both public recreation areas and boat docking structures. However, development of water-dependent facilities is nevertheless subject to certain performance standards which will ensure the protection of water quality. The first of these requirements is that the location of a proposed facility must be in accordance with the local comprehensive plan. Thus, as part of the planning process associated with the Act, Tidewater Virginia local governments must address the issue of water-dependent facilities in their comprehensive plans. The plan must identify potential conflicts between increasing recreational opportunities on the Bay and the protection of water quality. To accomplish this, Tidewater local governments have identified areas where water quality/ resource protection should take precedence over the construction or expansion of boat related facili- ties. The planning objective is to designate particular creeks and shorelines for intensive recreational uses such as marinas and other areas for passive recreation and limited boat usage. In this way, pub- lic access goals are achieved while protecting important living resources such as wetlands, submerged aquatic vegetation, and shellfish grounds. Under the Act, the construction of water-dependent facilities is subject to site design requirements which are intended to minimize adverse water quality impacts. These requirements vary slightly from locality to locality, since the state regulations are tailored to meet local conditions. Generally, howev- er, the developer of a water-dependent facility has to prepare a water quality impact assessment as part of the plan review process. This assessment should delineate the boundaries of all sensitive land fea- tures and include ecological, hydrological, and landscaping considerations. The proposed facili- ty will have to be designed so that all non-water-dependent components of the project are 101 ------- Appendix G-2 located outside of the 100-foot buffer area. Land disturbance will be restricted to the minimum nec- essary, and access ways through the buffer to the shoreline must be carefully planned. In addition, construction of the non-water-dependent components will be subject to stringent erosion and sediment control and stormwater management standards. The Chesapeake Bay Local Assistance Department, the state agency responsible for the imple- mentation of the Act, is providing Tidewater local governments with technical assistance in the adop- tion of the water-dependent facilities requirements. The Department's Local Assistance Manual con- tains planning and site design recommendations for water-dependent facilities. The Department may be contacted at (804) 225-3440. 102 ------- Appendix D-l The Maryland Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Protection Program (The following is excerpted from the brochure "CHESAPEAKE BAY CRITICAL AREA PRO- GRAM...and how it affects you", prepared by the Governor's Office of Chesapeake Bay Public Information and the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission.) The Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission was established by law in 1984 (Annotated Code of Maryland, Natural Resources Article, §8-101-§8-1816) to develop a protection program for the vitally important land and water resources of the Chesapeake Bay and its tributaries. The "Critical Area" consists of all land within 1,000 feet of the mean high water line of tidal waters or the landward edge of tidal wetlands or tributary streams. It also includes the tidal waters themselves, and the lands under those waters. Sixty counties and towns in Maryland are affected by the Critical Area Law. The Critical Area Commission consists of 26 members appointed by the Governor. The members represent a variety of public and private interest groups, including state and local governments, devel- opers, environmentalists, foresters, and farmers. The Commission also has a Chairman, an Executive Director, and staff who oversee implementation of the Critical Area Law. The Commission was charged with developing a Critical Area Protection Program to meet the fol- lowing three goals: Minimize adverse impacts on water quality that result from pollutants that are discharged from structures or conveyances that have run off from surrounding lands; Conserve fish, wildlife, and plant habitat in the Critical Area; and Establish land use policies for development in the Chesapeake Bay Critical Area which accommodate growth and also address the fact that, even if pollution is controlled, the num- ber, movement, and activities of persons in an area can create adverse environmental impacts. To carry out its goals, the Commission established criteria for the protection of the Critical Area. These criteria were to be used by the 60 affected jurisdictions (16 counties and 44 towns) to develop and implement their own Critical Area Programs. FACILITIES IN THE Water-dependent facilities, such as marinas, piers, or docks, are facilities that require location at or near the shoreline. The Critical Area criteria, through the local jurisdictions, makes provisions for the development of these facilities, but only if they meet certain criteria. 103 ------- Appendix D-2 COMMERCIAL MARINAS AND PIERS Commercial marinas in the Critical /irea must meet guidelines that include the following: No new marinas are allowed in Resource Conservation Areas unless they are part of a public project. New or expanded marinas are permitted in Intensely Developed and Limited Development Areas under certain criteria. Existing marinas in Resource Conservation Areas may be expanded if there are no adverse effects on water quality as determined by the local jurisdictions. Noncommercial piers, including community or neighborhood facilities, may be located in the Critical Area under these conditions: They may not offer food, fuel, or other sales of goods. They must be community owned. Certain guidelines for slip and mooring density for community piers are followed. OTHER FACILITIES Provisions are also made for the location of other types of water-dependent facilities in the Critical Area. Water-dependent facilities are regulated as to their location and type of activity. For example: Industrial- and port-related facilities are only permitted along the shoreline of Intensely Developed Areas. Public beaches and other public water-oriented recreation or education areas are permitted provided adequate sanitary faciliti.es are provided, minimal disturbance to vegetation occurs, and permeable surfaces are used. Research facilities and fisheries activities can locate along the shoreline. However, structures not considered to be water-dependent (e.g., parking lots) must be kept out of the 100 foot buffer. For more information please contact: Chesapeake Bay Critical Area Commission 45 Calvert Street, 2nd Floor Annapolis, MD 21401 (410) 974-2418 104 ------- Glossary Berm - A narrow raised ridge of soil that provides a visual screen, absorbs sound, or channels overland water flow. Buffer - The separation of use areas at public facilities from neighboring properties consisting of either natural or established vegetation. Culvert - A drain or waterway structure, usually under a roadway. Cutting side - The side, generally of a river, on which the current has an erosive effect. Fetch - Open water distance over which wind blows unimpeded. Floodplains - All lands that would be inundated by flood water as a result of a storm event of a 100 year return interval. Impervious surface - Materials through which water will not pass (i.e., roofs, sidewalks, roads, etc.). Littoral drift - The movement of sand or other natural materials along a shoreline. The drift is the direction toward which the material is moved. Mean low water - An average of all measurements of low water over a given period. Percent of grade - The rise or fall of a surface. The percent is determined by dividing the change in vertical height by the horizontal distance and multiplying the results by 100. Sediments - Eroded soils and other materials that are transported from the land into rivers and the Bay. Siltation - The deposition or accumulation of silt and sediment. Wake - The track left by a ship or other body in the water usually in the form of waves moving from and at an angle to the ship or other body. Wetland - Land that under normal circumstances has sufficient water to support wetland vegetation or aquatic life. 105 ------- Notes 106 ------- Chesapeake Bay Program The Chesapeake Bay Program is the cooperative partnership among the states of Maryland, Pennsylvania, Virginia; the District of Columbia; the Chesapeake Bay Commission, a tri-state legislative body; the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, representing the federal government; and participating citizen advisory groups. For more information, please see our website: www.chesapeakebay.net/bayprogram Printed on recycled paper ------- |