FLO"/  .IK UliuH

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                                           TABLE OF CONTENTS
                                                                                PAGE


            I.   INTRODUCTION


                A.   Purpose rnd Scope                                            I -  1


•              B.   Aciaiov.'ledgeinentf                                              I -  1
           II.   SUMMARY /-ND CONCLUSIONS                                         II -  2
          III."  ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS                                           III _  1


           IV.   W.ATER SUPPLY                                                    IV -  1


            V.   WATER QUALITY STANDARDS


           VI.   UPPER JAMES RIVER FLOW-REQUIREMENTS                             VI -  1


                A.   Covington-Clifton Forg« Area                                VI -  7


                B.   LexingLon-Buena Vista Ar«a                                  VI - 10


                C.   Lynchburg Area                          .                    71-10


         VII.   JAMES RIVER ESTUARY                                            VII -  1


                A.   Flow Requirements:                                          VII -  2


                B.   Mathematical and Physical Models                           VII -  5


         VII.   BIBLIOGRAPHY                                                  VIII -  1
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                                                               U.S. EPA Region HI
m                                                             Regional Center for Environmental
•                                                               Information
"                                                             1650 Arch Street (3PM52)
                                                               Philadelphia, PA 1910S       ^;.



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                                                                I - 1


                           I.   INTRODUCTION


     Thie report vise prepared  rt tho request of the U.'£. Army Corps cf


ar^-inoers, Norfolh District under Authority o:  the Federc-.l Wf ter Pollution


Control Act  (33 U.£.C.  466 et.seq).   The report presents results of rtudiee


rnfo^ to determine streom  flow  requirements for weter supply  '-nc3 •water


qu-'lity control in the  James River.   These stream ilows v/ill be discussed


v.'i'i.h >c'tptc -rid Federal  agencies  pf.rticipating in the Jr.mee River Stuay in


ordor to orteblish s base  from which pollution control meaturcc eon be evsl-


u.;"l?j nnd r basin v/ide  water quality management program developed.
•            The purpose of this report is to determine need for  stream  flow  aug-


^       Kieircr.tion in the Jpckson end James Rivers tc meet water supply needs  end


™       w;itor quality rtnndprds.  Stream flov; needs are presented for various


fl       Jegrees  of  waete treatment ranging (Ton conventions! secondary treatment


         of  rj/r Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) removal to Advanced waste treatment


B       (95f- BOD removal).  Future needs through year 2020 are determined loosed


^       on  Leonciiic projections of population ;jnd industrial output.


™            The study is limited to the main stem of the Jara*s and Jackson


M       Ri/c-rc from Covington to the estuary below Hopewell.  Consideration is  plso


         £:'.vn to Ihe Maruy River below Lexington.


•            The four principal areas considered were Covington,  Lynchburg,


 -       Richnionu end Hopewell.  Future studies will evaluate cost of advanced


•       v«T;:Le treo-Lment versus cost of providing flow augmentation; other methods


•       for  achieving water quality standards and meeting water supply needs  will

         Dire bo  considered.

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            n.   Ackno'.vledgement£


•               The  r'EFistance  oi  many individuels and agencies in supplying


   ,         inform; Lion  for  this  report is  gratefully acknowledged .   Special


9          nontion if mrue  of  the  following  agencies;


•               U. £ . Geological Survey


                 U. S. Army  Corps of Engineers,  Norfolk District


•               Virginia  Division  of Industrial Planning and Dev«lopment


                 Virginia  Division  of Water Resources


<•               Virginia  State Water Control Board


f               Virginia  Department of Health


                 Virginia  Institute of  Marine Science


I               VMI  Research Laboratories


                 National  Council for Stream  Improvement (Of the Pulp, Paper,


V                P::perboard Industries),  Inc.
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                                                      II  - 1

          II.   £UMM/-RY AND CONCLUSIONS
.low necor  : or the Jc^ier,  River in mr:jor urbrn ."nd  inr-ur-
iir vf otvi:  ..ft^ri.iinr:1 \hrough ye; r 2020.  Tire b;\'~,  on ecoiiOir.ic  prc-
I       .irr.lonr  .--:  population  rnu Indurtrirl  output.  Mathonr'ticcl n'ouelc,
         ji  r_>, J ON  ny  iiel'l drt'1 vere ure;1  ' o  compute etre;-j,;  flowf  needed  1,0 nvnir
•       L:  in  .':  r-onIhl;  rverrre  dicsolveL1  o.o.Agen of 5.0 ng/l .
—             Th<-  , .,1]ov/ing conclurion:-' \:<*rr  rerched:
*             1.   Jv. it; Ling rninimur. 6trer.jr  i'lov;£  rre ndequotr  j'or rll projecTed
                   I\ ;• Lr>r :-ur»p]/'  reouirei.ientc.  except nt Covinrton.   Inlurtric]
                    .
                   requirenentc  ct Coving'con  v:il"i  require storage  _'or water  supply,
 •                 r duitional reuse oa  procrc.'. voters, or development ot other
 ^                 ; uurcer ol supply.
 ™            '^.   I-, conbinrtior  of storrge id1  I^,\ flov; ?ugrnentetion en  vTKte
 •                 r./ertrnent beyond cecond."r,- treatment (^,'5^  BOD raraovrl) will be
                   net Jed 10 ir.f inti.in  water quality t'tandnrJc.
 •            3.   /.t  Covington,  the proposed  G;.thright Rorervoir  lr .Jef.igued  ."c/r
 ^                 •• , dnimuia j lov releare of  31-'5  c; c during the  critical .f:iu;uaer
 9                 nonthc.  Tnir,  ilow  v/ill be  t u. ficient through yesr 1980 vith
 •                 ;-f-eori.;<"ry 1 rerxjiient.   By year  2000, 90^ treatment or '-u^i lion: ]
                    lov:  (555 cff. )  v/ill be needed..   By yerr 2020  either 95/e trert-
 •                i.ient  or higher  flov.c  (up to i.-30  cic) vith  trc.°tr::ent betvepn
                  90 end  94% BOD  removal v;i]l OP needed.

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                  .  ; L.yncnbiu-;.  ihr-  •'•:;;'  r-: c ?_v- 1±'.'- ni,u ooin^; plrrmed v/ill p/'.—

V                •':!•:- <  uini:.;oi.  flow of about 1100 cfs, vhich  ir  r dequeue

                   ho prr-: oi\t \vith 90/o BOD reiricval (only prli:i;;ry  treatnieni -?xi.r it

H                '""•• present); by yerr 2020 over 95^  trectaient  v.'ill  be nccottrry

—                unless additionPl  I'lov: can be provided.  At leact  1C50 cfc

"                \vould be desirable se r- minimum to meet needr; both at Lynchburg

•                end Hopewell.   Flew requirements tt I^>mchburg end  Hopewell rre

                  rhov/n in Table  II  - 1.

•            5.  In the Richjr,onc-Hopa\vell ?ref, the chemical industry et Hope-

                  v/ell ii; the control!ling wPSte discharge.  Tlirough  yee:r 1980,

™                90^ removal will be adequate if minimum flow  of  2050 ci's is

 •                mtintained (1650 cfs £t I#richburg plus 400 cfs added below

                  Lynchburg).  By year 2020 a flow of 4350 off  would be needed

 I                rt Hopev;ell oven w ith 95^ BOD removal.  Thus  after 1980 additional

                  t; to rage will be desirable at rites either above  I^mchburg

 9                (if available)  or  on tributaries between lynchburg and Hopewell.

 •                After costs of  storage are calculated, the optimum costs of

                  flow augmentation  versus advanced waste treatment  will be

 •                determined.
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                                                                  III - 1



                      III  -  ECONOMIC PROJECTIONS


     The population oi  i-he  J'mef,  B"ria *;.rt  c.raime1c^ :t 1, GOO, 000 in


30-'',, rn increase of'  200,300  fro::. .^O.  ~  medium projection for the


miji1'1 river br;jin would  inerearo th'1 population lo 2,000,000 in


i/->;!0, 2,;'.00,000  in 2000,  and  4,000,000 in 2020.  Thir  it- more then e


i.vo; old increase from 1968  to 2020.  The growth rate is about the Li-rap


;;   the nation's medium growth rate.  This seemingly Average growth


i-; t,e Tor the entire J; mes River Basin canouf leges the declining rural


-]•(-;•;; ; nd  Lhe r-bove nveroge grwoth rcte of  the urben center:, in the


Jcmen River Bcu:in.  Richmond-Peterfburg-Hopewell "re pert of the


urbcn crercent that will  extend from Washington, D.C., to Norfolk,


Virginia.  Virginia's greatest growth will  occur in this urban


corridor and the urben areas  of Richmond nnd Petercburg-Hopewell are


projected to increa.se more  than 3 time? from now to 2020.  Table


III-l £:hov.T population projections for each eree of the Basin.


     The overall view of  employment ior the basin is 3Q% manufacturing


an i agriculture, and  70%  spresd among the services—2J^% ir> business


service, \rj% in retail trede,  5$  in wholesale trade, and 9% in Government


The above dittribution i" similar to the  national distribution.
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               Within the manufacturing sector,  the  James  River Basin hap ninny

•        large water users and pollutors.  The  only large employment group that

          ir not considered a large water user  is  transportation equipment with

™        over 5^ of the basin's employment.  Food processing is 3%,  chemicals

          are 2 1/2%, primary metal is 1%,  and pulp  and  paper under 2%.  The

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                                                                              III - 5
             projection of employment in chemicals is to increase  threefold for
    •       1900 to 2020; pulp, paper and allied products ore to  have e two-
             fold increase; primary metals v/ill double; food and kindred products
    •       v.'ill hove only a small increase.  The above do not seem to be sig-
             nificant increases} but when the outputs associated with the employment
    •       in these large water-using industries are considered, they are large.
    •       While food and kindred products show little rise in employment, the
             output per employee will increase six times.  In chemical the increase
    •       vail be over ten times; pulp end paper, three times;  and primary metal::,
             riv times.  Indexes of output for each major industry »r« shown in
    I       Tnblc III-2.
    •            It is the combination of increases in employment and output per
             employee that v/ill add tremendously to the water used and waste pro-
    •       (iuced in the future.  This increase is in addition to the population
             increase already mentioned .  To further compound the  size of the prolb-
    |       leui,  both the industrial output ; nd population increases will be
    M       concentrated in the four areas of Covington-Clifton Forge, lynchburg,
             Richmond,  and Petersburg-Hopewell.
    
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    1
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    J . Plant
    Location
    p i Covington
    ^ i Glasgow
    I
    m ;
    • Big Island
    Lynchburg
    1 Richmond
    
    
    1
    Chesterfield
    1
    Hbpewell
    1
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    • :
    • * Index of Output
    1
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    1
    TABLE III - 2
    III - 6
    PROJECTED INDEXES OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT
    
    Name of Plant
    WESTVACO
    James Lee and Sons
    
    (Burlington Industries)
    Ow ens- Illinois Co.
    Mead Corporation
    Standards Paper Mfg.
    Federal Paper Board Co.
    E.I. duPont de Nemours - (Film Plant)
    
    S.I.C.
    2621
    2271
    
    
    2631
    2631
    2621
    2621
    2821
    E.I. duPont de Nemours - (Fibers Plant)2824
    American Tobacco Co.
    Allied Chemical Co. (Fibers)
    Continental Can Co.
    Allied Chemical Co. (Nitrogen Div.)
    Allied Chemical Co. (Fibres Div.)
    Hercules , Inc .
    
    
    - 100 for year 1967
    
    
    
    
    2141
    2824
    2631
    2818
    2819
    2821
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    Index
    1980
    200
    350
    
    
    300
    200
    200
    200
    400
    400
    200
    of Output*
    2000
    300
    500
    
    
    400
    300
    300
    300
    900
    900
    300
    500 1100
    200
    350
    350
    350
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    300
    700
    700
    700
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    2020
    500
    700
    
    
    600
    500
    500
    400
    1400
    1400
    500
    1500
    400
    1100
    1100
    1100
    
    
    
    
    
    
    
    

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                                                                             IV - 1
    
                                        IV.   WATER SUPPLY
                   V/fiter  cupply values  in the Joiner River Basin for the veer 1967
              .".re  shov.ii in  Tnble  IV - 1.   The water use  figures Pnri water service
              populations were  obtained from an  inventory by the Virginia Depart-
              ment of  Health.   The  municipal water uses  in gals/cap/day were
              crlculated  for projection purposes.
                   The projected water  use values  in the James  River Basin for the
              yecrs 1980, 2000, and 2020 are shown in Tfbles IV - 2,  3,  4.
                   Municipal water  needs  were calculated by adding 1% per year to
              the  reported  1967 water use and multiplying the results by the pro-
              jected water  service  populations.  The value of 1% per year increase
              in gal/cap/day wet. obtained from statistical evaluation of municipal
                                          2/
              w?ter systems in  the  Natioa.     In cases where municipalities  did
              riot  hsve water meters in  1967,  the 1967 gal/cap/day use was decreased
    •        by 35% end  the resulting  value was used in 1980.   The 35# decrease
    —        in gal/cap/da.y use was an average  obtained from records in various
    '        areas.    The assumption  that  all  the municipalities would have water
    •        meters by 1980 was made.
                   Industrial water uses,  which  are more unpredictable than municipal
    •        uses, were estimated  using  a combination of many  information sources.
              The  sources include the State  of Virginia,  Dr.  Howard Edde of the National
    •        Council  for Stream Improvement (of the Pulp,  Paper,  and Paperboard
                                                             3/
    •        Industries) Inc., industrial waste inventories,    conversations with
              industrial representatives,  and  several others.   After  assembling
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                                                                     IV  -  (•
    
    
    
     ' 11  the.available information on the  industrial water uses in  the
    
    
     Basin, each industry was considered separately.  The general pro-
    
    
     rfMurc vss  to directly apply the 19'':-0 index of output projections for
    
    
     rr'ch  industry to obtain the 19^0 wptr>r use  projection.  For the
    
    
     Years 2000  and 2020, the industrial water supply needs were staenucte
    
    
     to reflect  such fcctors as expected process changes, avail?oillty or
    
    
     i ;.ter, and  rreater reuse of v/sete water.
    
    
          The  ;;:rjor industries considered  in the deterrraning ,-rler  roquire-
    
    
     ri-T'V.', v.-crs  VYer tvrco (formerly West Virginift Pulp nnc Paper Coarpa/iy)
    
    
     ;• b Covir!(-;tO3i;  James Lee pjid Cons Co.  at Glasgow; the Meau Corporation
    
    
     r.t I^mchbur^;  E.I. du Pont de Nemours, Federal Poper Board Co., and
    
    
     >--'urnd^rci  Pr.per Manufactures Co., Inc.  at Richmond;  Allied Chemicnl
    
    
     Corps. • nd  Continental Can Company ht  Hopewell;  'm Americcn Tobrccc
    
    
     C). in Chesterfield County.
    
    
         For  coinpcr&tive purposes tho recorded  morn and inini^iir. strearr.
    
    
     ;'lov/: f-rid the  calculated 7-day 10-year lov  i lows are shown belov .
    
    
    
                                            Mean             10-Ye-  r
                                  River     Flow   Miniir.iun   Lo\; Fl .?v
    	Arcr	Gagea     .MOD	MOD 	IvJGD
    
    
     J •/.in^ton-Clifton Forge   Jackson       /,!<;      /2         :0
    
    
     ', •. .!i •,;,~.                   M ur\^         2:0       5         ^0
    

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                                            -- ;nPP:.7
    '.i\ ;t.i: T.;I-: - j   ;i .  .:.unicip; ":
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    •                 1:  ' :• "~7. r xrrc iT:  ,"lov;;. 'pp^rr to be adequate for all  rauni.-ipel
    _           'nd indn"irirl  \voter requirements in -.he  ^.'..-in l.hrouph ycr r ,.02(J
    "           ('"•  '•!-  IV - .;),  0,'cept !..•!' Covirrl.-. .   F^  • .ura--'r-:  '  ;;•   J:i u:  ' rl
    
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                   \  :r ' uppi"  p.- occ<"5ion.
    •                 IT V.'estvr-'CO increases v/rter urfige ir the  :7uturo, ac  the pro-
                   >-1ionr'  rufjprrt, the  company ;,ill  neod 7,0 purchcrc stnrcge ii; tl:e
    •           '  .."rir'ht Rrrervoir  cr develop ether sources T,G nieet the  edai i,i..;r.r;l
                  Inquire- •"•••;.
                              '
                      - •:, Hopovvoll, nmrt 01 the inductri^l water eupp.'y can ( «-> rom ea
    I           •  - ,;( -L,i!.,c;, as  the river .t low ppcf:cs dovmctrefm cinco induttrist err
                 •.•;Jcly spaced  r.lonn  "the River.   Neturr.l flew pluc  reservoir flow?
     •            J ready planned  appear adequate  for v/cter supply needs.
    
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                                      7    J/J'JK  RIVER  v;/rJ& "DALIT!  b"IAND/REt,
    
    
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                 •  ,-  t _ t'~-r:   .r "ix  f L/e; n .
    
    
                       V,1 ;,c r qu' lit;,r r; ; ..a^crdc  hnvo  be-:r.  rjopi.^.-  • ^,iv  o  L:i p ir;.":on.:
    
    
                  ,.   • ijilc?1' "t;  :,e rt''T::irr'l-  !arjvo o'ior.  • pprove ',  :>   !• ,o  ' oci'J.-"i\  •.;:. oil f>.:cep'L.ionr:  note,;  en  -erne jre^t,  in: iluain/' i :f; 'i^nr1.
    
    
    
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    •            -      \d: • i;   Lemper.*" Lure  I,: c)';'   T   (•   pr?r^"tj.
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                                          VI. UPPER JAf.CE,: RIVER
    •
                                                                                         VI - 1
     I              Iii  I1!.- Upper J-i.iof  River  B-'.;li:,  11"" principal  rourcct  o. v,.'.,;,e
    
    
    
    
     «        ,   :• r . re  l.hrp^  pulp ' nu paper in:'.!!; ,  one ,1;.  Co--. •> ;;!.or :  n.)  tv e  1r,
    
    
    
    
              'h.' i, :'.t'hl>'nv i rr~: .   Tfie::e pulp '  .: paper i..J1~U  'I'?' expect'"   U< ^r>
    
    
    
    
     •        ,T'-T- their output  tonnage by ^ j rotor oi'  2-" ey  lvv:-0 and  h\ r, , -T icr
    
    
    
    
              c  .   -.  bj  'h,- yvir 2020.  V-a;-:te l">auiii/jf 1,0 ti f Kly--^ vo'll  :  : •/  : n-
    
    
    
    
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                    In  -jr'icr  L,C,  -.ie Ermine ncaru'.  of r.r i'ntaining the en op tec! rater
    
    
    
    
    I        qu; Li.:,-'  .' >/ndarvr ,  •. iiia thematicrl rrio;:ei cone Trucked by J.L. Y,;orle;y
    
    
    
    
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    •         ,i; ; i • 1  c'^ripiiut.r  npp] ico Lien  L>    i.b.o '' i.r^e^ei-Phelpr equrti'ni .'or
    
    
    
    
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                                                                                 VI - 3
    i or C'trcr.m  Improvement  (Of  the  Pu'ip,  Paper,  and Pcperboaro , Inutirvrics
                                    ies     a
               Pic.,  ir.uuctriel waste inventories,   and converrationc v;ith  indus-
    _         tri-- 1  representatives.  /.ll flows v/ere converted  to  cubic  feet per
    ™         ;'ecc,nd (el's) and nil load,0 were converted to ultimate  BOD  in  ppm
    •         i'or use in the math model.
                   Projected waste loadings (prior to treatment) end HOWE  viced  in
    •         i,ar? the Worley Model for the years 1980, 2000, nnd 2020 ;?re fiinrwn  in
               Tables VI - 2. 3, and L, .  Basically the waste flows  are the rprne as
    ™         VIP water rupply needs discussed in section IV.   The waste floxi/,^ v/ern
    •         r^nridered approximately equal to \vater supply flows,  lees industrial
               cooling './ater.  It wet- assumed that consumptive losses v/ere offset cy
    •         ini'iltration into the sewerage system.  Municipal waste loads were
               computed using xhe populetion equivalents of 0.21 (ibs/cap/day) y-dsy
    •         BOD in 1980, 0.2^ (ibs/cap/day) 5-day BOD in 2000, end 0.25 (ibs/crp/day)
    •         !,--dny  in 2020 in conjugation v-ith projected weter service  populations.
               Indur-'tricil v.'aste loads in pounds of BOD v/ere computed  using the pro-
    I         joctea inde^cc of output and the reported waste loads  in 1967 Tor  each
               Industry.
    •             The loads shown in Tables VI - 1 through VI  - 4 were  then applied
    •         U,  the Worley Math Model end dilution flows necessary  to maintain
               three,  j our, five and six rog/1 dissolved oxygen were calculated for
    ''.'%. ()Q%, and 95% BOD removal  at  eight,  twelve,  twenty, twenty-live,
    i.v;cnt\-eight, and thirty-two degrees  centigrade.  Table YI - 5 showf;
    t..e flov/ requirements obtained from the  Worley Model runs necessary
    t<  maintain a monthly average  of  5.0  ppm D.O.  at Covington and Lynchburg
    

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     •                                                                             VI - 7
    
                (i.li-  Lvo  MO t crii/ic'l areas  in U:c Upper Jn. of  Rivtr) I'or xiv  .r; r-
     ™         i,..v  '-cars, BCD roi:iovsl: ,  -nd vr:rpor"turec.   Figures VI - 1 through
     [fe         VI  -  '•'  ; ho;. .,MC ay pt-io"]  represent,- i.ions o   Table VI - ''•,  ITU..
                !',e:e Figures the fluv; requirenenbe presented  ir. Tf b] c: VI - >   and
     I         VI  - '/  sere ob tained .
    
     •         (x '.'.iiv:lo_i:-Cl.ifton /'oi'ge Area
                    In UK Covington ?rea, the principal v/acte  .'-ource ic be: !//<' co
     |         (  .morl;.1  V/ert Virginia Pulp  rna Paper Coiapar;/).   Thi;  plant IL r.ov;
     ^        pr^r/i lirg  ^ecnndar;,1' treetrrient of itr: \vactec,  but tv;o Lovns ^ov/ii£tr°ara
     ™         (Govington and Clifton Forge) need  ^o adu additional treetir.ent  ic
     H         uheir present primciy plants.
                    I.'lininuh1. river Llow at  Ccvington ic: C5 cfr;  average lloi; i: -'3?
     I         e ';  .  Secondary treatment  (o5 percent BOD removal) '-.ill be a jequate
     _         '-.r ron bj/i ion;  expected in  19-'0; v/ii,h a flov/  relea.ae oi' J(o cTr-
     "         ;
    -------
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    Tf-BLX VI - .
    FLOW REQUIREMENTS - GFS (ft /sec)
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    90
    95
    
    85
    90
    95
    85
    90
    95
    85
    90
    95
    85
    90
    95
    
    85
    90
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    85
    90
    95
    85
    90
    95
    
    
    
    
    
    8
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    89
    89
    
    181
    181
    181
    181
    181
    181
    257
    188
    181
    374
    257
    142
    
    529
    358
    225
    844
    473
    266
    1400
    820
    354
    
    
    
    
    
    12
    93
    93
    93
    
    186
    186
    186
    216
    186
    186
    332
    233
    186
    488
    335
    182
    
    698
    457
    254
    1089
    604
    331
    1804
    1063
    449
    
    
    
    
    
    20
    116
    100
    100
    
    239
    201
    201
    360
    249
    201
    553
    393
    216
    786
    546
    290
    
    1119
    733
    397
    1795
    962
    518
    2984
    1759
    714
    
    
    
    
    
    25
    159
    113
    107
    
    336
    234
    214
    512
    354
    214
    858
    586
    321
    1037
    730
    386
    
    1587
    989
    528
    2475
    13^1
    691
    4155
    2425
    963
    
    
    
    
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    206
    142
    113
    
    U35
    296
    227
    662
    459
    254
    1057
    714
    364
    1255
    882
    471
    
    2011
    1219
    644
    3157
    1693
    848
    5661
    3113
    1190
    
    
    
    
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    300
    198
    128
    
    613
    405
    258
    927
    648
    338
    1557
    1062
    544
    1581
    1112
    594
    
    2731
    1573
    868
    4266
    2273
    1092
    84 16
    4201
    1538
    
    
    
    
    

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                                                                                  VI - 10
    
                'will be nade to determine the optimum' combine tion  of  advanced waste
                treatment  (beyond b5% BOD removal) and flow  augmentation;  other
                porrjib] e methods o:'  maintaining water quality  include alternate
                .sources of water rupply for Weetvaco, ;md additional  reuse of process
                ;
    -------
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                                                                                 VI -  11
    I
                     There are several run-of-the-rivcr hydroelectric projects in the
    •          L/nchhurg area.  These projects hrve  limited storage and are used
                j or peaking power, which causes periods  of little or no flow in the
    •          J, iiies during wrought seasons.  In  order to obtain maximum benefit from
    •          the flov; augmentation, arrangements should be made to pass augmented
                i lov/s v;ithouL storage for peaking.
    •               Flov: required for various treatment levels is summarized in Table
                VI -7.   It appears that a combination  of treatment beyond S5 percent
    m          BOD removal cmd additional reservoir  storage will be needed.  For
                ev.arplc, by year 1980, 90 percent  remove 1 ur.d 1,540 c:"s -would Giro
                •  fia/y  the need.
    •               Costs of various combinations oi treatment levels and flow rele? set
                i \11 be  studied to determine an optimum.
    |               Ho1, ever , minimum cummer I'lov:s in excess of the average stream Clew
    •          r   3 ,--'00 cis -will be  iifiicult to  : ..v-.ir,  rr.d a pr"cruicr"!  limit -,,i'Jl
                 Jot: to  .n a ^ \ror trout levels between 90 an. -'/} percent BOD i'^-: 'ov; 1
    •          - Lll OL.  :. •; :.  ' . trr 1930 if grr-  ,7:  ;.   he p/poi' :':i.'u."1 r,'  :;/• -,h'  Cat;
    
    I               L:"- r.'hbu.-'g no  IK c a prii arn/ -,,rstc  treatment plant and the two
    •          paper mills in the area have "in plant" treatment processes.  Secon-
                dary ircr tment or its equivalent ,i hould be provide- .or these- r-.ajor
    •
    
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    ,OW REQUIRED TO MAINI/MI*
    
     J W.K'I  D.C.
                  TEMPERATURE  °C
           RIVEP  AT COVU.nTO!,   —   1 >
                                       FICRJRS VI - 1
    

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                     FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
                     5.0 mg/1 D.O.
         700
         600 --
         500 --
         koo --
         301
         200
         100 --
                                                                   March 26,  1969
                          10          15          20
    
    
                                      TEMPERATURE °C
    
                             JAMES RIVER AT COVINGTON
          25
    
    
    
    
    1Q80
    
    FIGMRI  VI -  2
    30
    

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        1200
        1000
         800--
         600 --
         Uoo - -
         200--
                    FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
                    5.0 fflg/1 D.O.
                                                                March 26, I96c;
                        H	1	H-
                         10          15          20
    
                                     TEMPERATURE °C
    
                            JAMES RIVER AT COVINGTON
          25
    
    
    
    
    2000
    
      FIQURJ VI -  3
    

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       1000
    CO
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        1400 --
        200 --
                 FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
                 5.0  mg/1 D.O.
                                                                  March 26, 1969
    10          15          20
    
    
                TEMPERATURE °C
    
    
       JAMES RIVER AT COVINGTON
                                                                         30
                                                       2020
    
                                                        FIODHE  VI
    

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       1000  --
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    s
        800  --
        600  --
        IfOO  --
        200  --
                   FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
                   5.0  Mg/1 D.O.
                                                                 March 26, 1969
    10          15          20           25
    
    
                TEMPERATURE  C
    
    
       JAMES RIVER AT LYWCHBURG - 196?
                                                                         30
                                                                 - 5
    

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                FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
                5.0 fflg/1 D.O.
    2600  --
    2200  - -
    l800 --
    ll»QO --
    1000 --
     600 --
     200 --
                                                             March 26,  1969
                     10          15          20
    
                                 TEMPERATURE °C
    
                         JAMES RIVER AT LYNCHBURG
         25
    I960
     FIGHHX 71-  6
    30
    

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    3900 --
    3300
    2700 --
    2100 --
    1500 --
     900 --
     300 --
                 FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
                 5.0 mg/1 D.O.
                                  March 26, 1969
                     10
    15
    20
                                   TEMPERATURE  C
    
    
                          JAMES RIVER AT LYNCHBURG
    25
                        2000
    
                         FIGURX ₯1-7
                                                                     30
    

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    7800 --
    6600 --
    5^00 - -
       b
           1800 --
    I   i   U200
    
    •      3000
    
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            600 --
                 FLOW MEQUIIttD TO MAIHTAIN
                 5.0 w*/l D.O.
                                                                   March 26, 1969
                           H	1	1	1	
                            10          15          20          25
    
                                           TW1RATURE °C
    
                                  JAMBS RIVBR AT LIMCHBU16 - 2020
    
                                                               PIGUIH TI - 8
                                                                    4-
                                                                    30
    

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    I
                                                                              VII -  1
    
                                      VII.  JAMES RIVER ESTUARY
    
                A.  Flow ReauireHieqts
    •               Domestic end industrial waste loads in the James River Estuary
                for 1980, 2000, and 2020 were computed from date shown in Table /
    |          VII - 1 and the Waste Discharge Inventory of the Richraond-Peters-
    _          burg-Hopewell Metropolitan Area compiled by the Virginia State
                Wster Control Board.
    •               DOMESTIC.  A population equivalent factor, expressed re pounds
                of ultiuinte biochemical oxygen aerend per capitc, wes applied to the
    |          projection;' to determine the quantity of domestic wastes requiring
    —          treatnerit and/or assimilation by the estuary during the selected
    *          time intervals.  All discharge points were assumed to remain in
    flj          their present locations with the exception of those in Chesterfield
                County.  Wastes from this area, including the City of Petersburg,
    J          vere predicted to be piped to the James for discharge by the yecr
    _          1980.
                     INDUSTRIAL.  Wrste loads frorr1 industries, using the Jemes et F
     •          ri'Ceivinc stream, were derived by escalating present eutput of ultimate
                BOD at the fame rote es production.  No f-.llowr.nces were mane lor
     •          f'i; Cancer in technology or chenge in processes to reduce the rrtio
                of waste to finished product.  Induetrie1 wastes in this section of
     •          the -estuary are primarily from chemical plants with approximately
     •          five percent from paper related operations.
    
     I
    
     I
    

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    ''II - /"
    _                Ii  :h'  .  ii ."v  .  i.hc Hopovoj]  ':.,  ustriO.  coi..plcv will ccir( '. ".•
    
    
    ™            •.;•,-•-'   '/'  prv, •:]', ,.;,'. ~Cnc- '  i • ' o'   ),?inf-- ."ifchrivrr • 10  Mi--  C'.'iuf?
    
    
    8           Via- I.;! ••LOO '  1 ] 1 er.'ie ^ ron ir m: tri.or rp-' population center;  'ocrl
    
    
                 up.' (rr>.- r;..  .Doi'.est ic  v; sle-t rill  compri.rf5 rppro-cimr t)i   Uv- lotrl load.
    
    
                      T;;ble VII - ] shov/s the projected v;ac-te production for  the .opip
    
    
    •           pf-riou.   Tl'iry r.rc pyprc-fcseci r.,'   pounds c. ultimrtc- BOD t' r<"j loci
    
    
    •           -heir o-'fecL  in thri  estuary r-£   .'  result of fid
      e neede • T'ir,y' vore ''-l.l.rineJ by ^pplyir^j J.hr projected locidf to the estufrine • i th model ;:nd operating it ;. t the treeiment levels indies Led. Figures VII -I, 2} nnd 3 Tiry b^ deployed to determine required I i TOY,5. j or tcirper;.1 turec other then tae mern maximum monthly volues C'Uf:en for the preapration of the table. For flov/t less than those • crlled ; or ir the table, Figures VII - 4 .-nd VII - 'j csji be consulted • ior tlie degree of treatment necessary to satisfy the established ; tnnd;"• rd.' . The prrcticnl and ecorori-.icnl feasibility of providing • ,.] c require-".1 'lows war; not considered in this fnflysis. I/ynchbun;" flov/ requirement; corresponding to 85 and 90 percent | tre.-i-orient t re shown in Table VII - 7. With #5 percent treatment at M Lvnch.lrunj rnd 90 percent treatment in the estuary, the stream stan- .(F riif> ern re] iobly be maintained in 19^0. Maximum flows for the • c-riticni months of June, July, tnd /upust during this period vail I

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                                                                      VII -  5
    
    
    
    !>e 2730 "nd 2050 cfs  respectively.   By the year 2000,  remove 1
    
    
    efficiencies rney need  to be increof-e-J  above 90 percent in the
    
    
    e::tuary,  during t:everol  months of  the  year to mnintnin the DO i.rln-
    
    
    iuur::.   V/ithout thir procedure, flov.'E of 4260 and 5600  cir rru^t be
    
    
    provided.  Il  flows of 8416 and 8650 cfs cannot be lurnished ;,t
    
    
    Lynchburp nnd Hopcv;ell for the period  beginning in the year 2020,
    
    
    i.rofitment in excesc of 90 percent for  discharger to the estuary
    
    
    luring  the critical months must be conciderea.
    
    
    ii.  L-!::•uheiiiGj,ica^r and Physical Models
    
    
          It it; dilficult to  predict Lhe reaction, O:' nny estuary, tc the
    
    
    • ;i'iition  of o'ygen demanding corntituents in municipal rnd inuut-
    
    
     ,il-l V, ;,c difch; rgpf.   Accurately describing the physical, chcr. ic:l,
    
    
    -'>>d biolofjicrl proccsrec1 in its dynmic environiiienl ic -c  forrniar.ble
    
    
     ' ,'r..   V'hen rrtionrl simplifying r rr:urnptionr ere t-.ppliecl,  it ic often
    
    
    poi-:f;ible  to fpproximete  the aiccolvca  o^rjen concenlrntion c'iv: bio-
    
    
    cJiciaic'']  o:cygen demcnd rer.u;inin,p in <':n,r section b;v eiiiployiivy i.iatJi-
    
    
    c'.fticr]  :.'ioJelling techniquoi..  Lc tho tiJe rn/ the pro"-:ijr.ity o:' the
    
    
    ' •"-•an v; rie:  \:ith crch csti\sr~r, it is  noceLT?ry to e; Liiurto th'^ir
    
    
    <,'  cc I  \ ith •"ij'l'ucion  coefficientf. .or the ucxh model  and  Lhen coirprre
    
    
    :,nc ]T':ii'l Lr- ".ith r^npling date . :-r i • the j.'iol i nn:I/or ;   phyt'icfj  i.iou^l.
    
    
    VM;. pvccc'fi-1.  knov:n rt verifier iiion. if ron.e tiinet lenchtv ?m.]
    

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    •
    mm
    
    
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                      L[t,_ JJ^.^LIc;^ .   TIVC im'rtheiMi Lie:..]  .'t.vel:  \,' re  rvploye"  ii:  thr-
    •          J; • ,(•-::  R'ivor • •£; UK ry inyertifTC i.ion .   The  jir;-t v;- ? Ihe DECC III
    •          ;  i.' -i   r .•••-lopc'-i , ui, ..r" cor. Irrcr; . b    lio  Genor' 1 E] or Lrie  Cc-'por1' ll< u.
                lY'u;  .'.I,  [he ii;:ie-'.:opcndent ch'r-'clori: lie.  CM  the i.I.ie  • ro :, Irani; to i
    •          i ;  Hi" Input '-'I/ .   Ii,r, prii.Ti1  iir\c.i':n  ar TO ucl/'i-iiiinc:  'Li'..   J'-
                j  i1 i /)  c:;:'"'.'''ici(vn'''."  Lhrou^jh ,u1   t'r   cturry.   ' nuirb^r c;i  tri' 1  ;.n 1 lone; ' nc'  the  phycic;.-! ;iye '.iata i'roin
                i.i;'.: !"(.-.lc"l : ', VieV;- i''UT-j, Mir rirrippt .
                      TIi-   :ori"C'; coefficients -.veri  then rpplieu in the Stet 'iy-w\r- tc
    
                .'!"';;.icnto.  ncUcl developcj by the I.LM lie /tlantic  Re::ion'£:  t^oi'i'.
    
                TiLr,  r.c.vicl  i;  siiro.l'-r in theor;,' to  the DECG III \,i'Lh the e:'cepHi"^;
    
                    1 h<  tii.0  iricrcr.on L ohoc^n.  The  ^tcr.h-otrte i;"u;clel orcume;; ;   tii'.c
    
                p-rj.od oi  r.ui'j. icieiiL  length  i'oi' f ] ].  eleir-entfi  in the c.rtur-ry to h^vo
    
                v-;  r-hc1. rrlrtivc equilibrium.  Using  arts  iTom the economic projections,
    
                .. :  i." lor  iingr  for 19CO, 2000,  iiru  2020 v.ere  corrpuxe,) ; iu>  vu ca in  the
    
                i  i  '•''  .'.IOIMJ  '.i'ch uhe  geometric  c:i'  h,/.!rfulic  a: t:  Lo predie .  v,he /low
    
                '"-".iuiivweritf-.  recdea vo maintc.in •  1  iniwui."  uonthly ^verege  ni:. r- olveu
    «
    
                :>  -^en concentrrtion  of '"• mg/1 ;  L •-i.fcrent  levels  of treatment.
    
    •          Proviouf r'Luiier. oj the Jsraes  by the  PTPC/ Che:;c-,pe;ike Field  otftior' P
    
                / an.- pulir , I>ir lylcn'J ,  inflected i  monthly rverage vrlue of  5  rag/l or
                •••ir :;.~,lv".  o^:ygen  v;>°r cornparRble  to c ninimuni drily of  4.0 mg/1  on
    
                1 hich the  \vr. ber quality  Gtrmd.' rd:: ''re baeecl.
    

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                                                                     VII - 7
    
    
    
         Physical.   D; Ir  ,'rom the phyrical model at Vicksburg, Ltu ; I; sippi
    
    
    v :. xis';-r'  almosL  exclusively in ".,hjc investigation cr  there res very
    
    
    1 ^ull-'  rol i-tbip  (U'tn  from Field studies.  Prior work  in  J-K-  Jrricr
    
    
    •>:,tu; ry '  ar  u. urlly confined lo a limited .-rot. ci interest an i  con-
    
    
    d-'ictc-u  during different periods, cj  I'.hc year.  As much prototype data
    
    
    i.. : igfdficcncp  that  could be obtained \vas applied or reviewed  for
    
    
    possible  application.  Primarily this v;as ci :  nature that could not
    
    
    bi- .lupl letted o'- ."imulated in Lhe i.iodel i.e., oxygen  uptaf.e  rates ,
    
    
    !'cnthal 'ierarnd.  and photosynthesis.
    
    
         The  physical model of the Jrraes River estuary, from the i all
    
    
    zone Lo the  /tlantic  Ocean,  was construe Led and is operated  by  the
    
    
    U.r. Army Corps  oi  Engineers'  Waterways Experiment Station in  Vicks-
    
    
    burg,  Mississippi.  Two tests model studies were conducted for  the
    
    
    I'VPCA in  addition to  those for ether state and lederal agencies.
    
    
         Thefirst, using  dye as  P tracer,  attempted to measure the
    
    
    diifusion rates.  Loadings and discharge points were  simulated  ior
    
    
    >: ,-j fix in/;  conditions.   Dye concentrations were determined at  selected
    
    
    •  ,rtioiu,  ior time intervals  equivalent to 2.5 days in the prototype.
    
    
    The model was; operated 120 tidal cycles for each floiv condition.
    
    
    Flows  simulated were  1000,  3200,  and 11500 cfs as v/ell as the
    
    
    hydrogreph as measured at Richmond  for July rnd August, 19t6.   The
    
    
    ,,.: ta gathered was presented  in tabular and graphical  form to be used
    
    
    to verify the math model.
    

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                                                                                     VII - 8
    
    
    
                       Rr"'dio: ctive  trrcer?'  were employee in the  ceconJ  tert to or-Lahjirh
                  l]i(  rcr rrrtior. rrte  icr eoch  rer^ch o: the eE'tuary.   The Eictiviiiee
    
    
    B            v.  r coiirpryftive trncer. Tritium, rnu  f,  non-conpcrvnt.iv'? irrcer,
    
    
                  K'^.'puO]! ,  r- ,  v/ci-C' iaonitorrJ for '  nnnvv.r c-i' "uiufl  cycle.1-:'.  The rppi'c>p-
    
    
    •            t'J'. Lc _'.••;.•>'•  oi  nuclorr phyricr  v.'cro thm "ppliea  to  r;etcmiiiC  the
    
    
                  '•; l.o u1' rv i r Lrrncfer L'roir. the r.iodel  ,,o the c'tr.;o:;phore .  Thir has
    
    
    B            )oon Joun )  to  be proportional  to the  transfer of  o'rrgen f rear1  the-
    
    
    •            ;• u:.o::phore  ohroufjh the air-v/ater interirce.  The  reeeratlon rcte:
    
    
                  - ^>y.: uri.1" experiment rppe; red  to •><:. lov;er then thoce previously cor—
                      -u vi i :;  hy< rr-ulic  r.nd f^eonetric pt'rr-ncterf: of  the  esturiy.
    
    
                       T'v.:  ?// t-3i rric phvricfl LIC'C":  r"vre Drecluled  the  neeo i or  ••!}
    
    
                      j.i'iv • rri. • pi'iff 5 bly inconclu:.j ve tiinc-constuning  Tiold tiirvc-y.
    

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                                                           .ovnl
              I     I
    10   12  14
     I    I     I
    ir.   20  22
                I
               24
    
    TEMPERATURE °C
    i    r
    26  28
     I    I    I
    30   32   34
                JAMES RIVER AT HOPEWELL - 2020
                                                                                  Figure VII -  3
    

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    rS
    r~i
                                           FLOW VJH TREATMENT TO MAINTAIN
    
    
                                       .0  mg/1  D.O.  JAMES RIVER AT HOPEWELL
    
    
                                                     YEAR 2000
                 opt..
                                               90
                                          PRESENT TREATMENT
     I
    95
                                                                        Fipuro VII -
    

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          10  _
                                              FLOW Vo TREATMENT TO MAINTAIN
    
    
                                           5.0 mg/1 D.O. JAMES RIVER AT HOPEWELL
    
                                                        YEAR 2020
                       ^  \      \  \\     \\\
                                                                      ul;" ,  August
                                                                     June
                                                                     Mry
                                                                     October
    
    
                                                                     Aprl 1
                                                                     November
    
                                                                     Mr- rob
                                                                     December1
     I    I    [     I    I     I
    #5                   90
                                       PERCENT TREATMENT
                                                              T   *
                                                               Figure VII - 5
    

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      FLOW REQUIRED TO MAINTAIN
    
    
             ~ .•>  f/ " ^.0 .
    BOD H
                                        n  BOP
                                        i     r
              Til;  T  HOPS^ELL - 19^
                                            Fij-:urc VII -
    

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    FLCM ^QUIRK^  TC  iW* INT/IN
    
    
          :.0 we/1 D.O.
                                  r-fo BOD Removal
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    If
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        20
        T^ffERATDRE °C
    RIVER AT HQPEV/ELL - 2000
    I     111
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                                       Fi/{ure VII -
    

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                             VIII.   BIBLIOGRAPHY
    
    •        1.   "The Cose For Water Meters,  "The American City Magazine,  December
    •             196/V, P. 97.
              2.   Select Committee on Nation?,! Water Resources,  United States Senate,
    •             "Water Resources Activities in  the United States," Committee
                   Print No. 7, I960.
    I        3.   U.S. Department of  the  Interior,  FWPCA,  "The  Cost of Clem W-ter,"
    •             Vol. Ill, Industrial Waste Profile No.  3  - Paper Mille,  U.S.
                   Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.,  196fi.
    •        4.   \Vorley, J.L., "A System Analysis  Methoc for Water Quelity M?nage-
                   iiient by Flow Augmentation in a  Conrplex  Paver  Basin," Masters
    •             Thesis, Oregon State University,  1963.
    •        t>.   Parker, Clinton E.  and  Knapp^ John W.,  "Report of Stream Pollution
                   .Surveys in the Jackson  and Jrs:es  Rivers," VMI  Research Laboratories
    •             Inc., November
    
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