-------
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION PROGRAM AREAS
Srbmergod Aquatic Vegetation (SAV) occupies an important position in
the ecology of the Chesapeake Bay system, SAV provides food, shelter,
habitat and breeding ?.r':».
vtth thi overall ecological health of the Bay and may be an indicator of
significant environmental daroaga to the Bay system.
A aaripgament plan for SAV must await a clear definition of the cause~and-
effect relationships that bear upon the problem. To this end, the Chesapeake
Bay Program is addressing the. impact of water quality factors upon SAV and
those lining resources known or suspected to be dependent upon SAV, Study
oroducf::? will identify, and where possible quantify, important ecosystem
f'^cf.ioris th»t EA~"* perform." ir» the P^y system. These results will provide
^.b<2 knowledge base from which water quality taa-agsment alternatives will be
rjev?.!.r>p~:d for the enhancement of SAV and associated living resources.
SAV 1.1
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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: A FEASIBILITY STUDY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER:
Grace S. Brush R805962
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Department of Geography & Thomas Nugent
Environmental Engineering
The Johns Hopkins University
34th and Charles Streets
Baltimore, MD 21218
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $134,675 Begin - 07/01/78
Performing Organization End - 10/31/79
Share 7,088
TOTAL $141,763
OBJECTIVES:
The project investigates the feasibility of obtaining scientific infor-
mation for Chesapeake Bay management from stratigraphic analysis of sediments,
Changes in SAV populations, eutrophication, and sedimentation rates are
defined over past time periods of a few hundred years or more and correlated
with natural events and human activity.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Core samples of Bay sediments, 5 centimeters in diameter and up to
2 meters in length, are collected from undisturbed locations in three parts
of the Bay; Susquehanna flats and Furnace Bay in the Upper Bay, Eastern Bay
in the mid-Bay region, and Hungar's Creek on the Eastern Shore at the Lower
Bay. The cores are examined to determine the most appropriate fossil indica-
tors- of SAV and eutrophication. Cores are split for analyses which will
provide for extraction of SAV fossils, and for analyses for total organic
carbon, sedimentary chlorophyll, pollen and diatoms. Cores taken from the
Bay proper are split and analyzed by pollen and Pb2io to compare the dating
methods. Historical and meteorological dates are compiled for correlation
with data obtained from the core analyses. The present study is considered
to be a feasibility study for a more detailed program, grant number R806680 .
The effort also includes the design of a statistically reliable
sampling procedure for further work.
PRODUCTS;
Results of the project include vertical profile descriptions of SAV
populations, biomass and sedimentation rates for the period- of time covered
by the extracted cores. There will be a report describing methodologies and
correlating the data on long-term changes in SAV, eutrophication and sedimen-
tation rates to natural events (such as hurricanes) and to man's impact on
the Bay during these periods.
SAV 2.1
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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
Grace S. Brush R806680
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Geography & Thomas Nugent
Environmental Engineering
The Johns Hopkins University
34th and Charles Streets
Baltimore, MD 21218
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $ 99,285 Begin - 11/01/79
Performing Organization End - 08/31/81
Share 5,225
TOTAL $104,510
OBJECTIVES:
This project expands the work done by the feasibility study conducted
under grant number R805962)*. The project will study the natural
cycles of SAV and diatom populations over several hundred years, and correlate
deviations from these cycles resulting from human impacts or natural events.
Sedimentation rates will be studied and relationships to the natural events
and land use changes will be established.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Core samples of Bay sediments, 5 centimeters in diameter and up to
2 meters in length, collected from undisturbed locations in four areas of the
Bay are to be examined for fossil indicators of SAV and eutrophication. The
cores are split for analysis of SAV fossils, total organic carbon, pollen and
diatoms. Historical and meteorological data are to be compiled for correlation
with'core data. Bay sediment samples will be collected from the Patuxent and
Choptank subestuaries in the Upper Bay, and the York and Ware subestuaries in
the Lower Bay. Additional long cores (~12 m) will be analyzed from two
locations - one in the Upper Bay and one in the Lower Bay - to compare
changes in pre- and postsettlement core sections.
PRODUCTS:
There will be a report describing methodologies and relating the data
on long-term changes in SAV, eutrophication and sedimentation rates to
natural events and to man's impact on the Bay during these periods. Data
will be computerized showing vertical profile descriptions-of SAV populations,
eutrophication and sedimentation rates for the time periods" covered by the
extracted cores.
SAV 2.2
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BIOSTRATIGRAPHY OF CHESAPEAKE BAY
AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
A Feasibility Study
(Final Report)
ABRIDGED
by
Grace S. Brush, Frank W. Davis, and Sherri Rumer
Department of Geography and Environmental Engineering
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland 21218
R 805962
Thomas Nugent
Environmental Protection Agency
Chesapeake Bay Program
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106
SAV 2.3
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ABSTRACT
Seeds of submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV), diatoms and pollen of
terrestrial plants extracted from sedimentary cores 1 to 1.5 m long, in
estuarine tributaries, yield information regarding changes in SAV popula-
tions, eutrophication and sedimentation since European settlement.
Cores taken from undisturbed depositional areas represent regional
conditions with -respect to eutrophication and sedimentation, because dia-
toms and pollen are affected by estuarine transport processes in such a
manner that local patchiness is erased but regional differences are not
obliterated. Vertical (historical) changes in diatom and pollen distri-
butions therefore can be described for a whole region with only a few
cores because the data from 1 sample at a locale is representative of the
whole locale.
SAV seeds, hoic-ever, are not transported as far because they are
laiger and have a low buoyancy. Hence their spatial distributions are
•highly variable representing local rather than regional populations.
This requires that, in reconstructing the history of SAV, a few locales
where environmental changes are well documented be studied in detail,
thus allowing generalizations about the effect on SAV populations of
changes in turbidity and water chemistry.
SAV seeds extracted from cores in the Upper Bay, even though highly
variable, reflect consistently the demise of SAV after the 1972 Hurricane
Agnes, and show major changes in populations of some species since Euro-
pean settlement.
SAV 2.4
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Pollen of terrestrial plants extracted from 12 cores in 5 tribu-
taries and 1 from the Bay proper indicate that sedimentation rates vary
from approximately .2 cm/yr to approximately 2 cm/yr between cores in
different areas and vary within a core from .3 cm/yr to 1.9 cm/yr indi-
cating a high degree of variability in sedimentation rates both spatially
and temporally. This variability appears to be related to land use, but
is influenced also by the size of the drainage area and the morphometry
of the tributary.
Diatoms extracted from cores in the Upper Chesapeake Bay show a de-
crease in the total number of taxa, the number of epiphytic species, and
in abundance with the onset of agriculture. The number of species pre-
ferring organically enriched water increased from the 1820's to the
present, reflecting the influence of increased human occupation of the
watershed on the aquatic environment.
Key words: agriculture, biostratigraphy, Chesapeake Bay, core* diatom,
estuary, eu-^rophication, pollen, sedimentation, seed, settlement, sub-
merged aquatic vegetation, tributary.
SAV 2.5
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
The vegetation occupying a watershed, its land use and the transport and
rate of sediment deposition have an important influence on the biological
and chemical composition of the receiving water body, determining in large
t
measure the amount and frequency of runoff, chemical and nutrient input
and turbidity. Any assessment of the effects of current land use, runoff
and sedimentation is difficult to evaluate without a comparison of present
land use and existing biological and chemical conditions of the estuary
with conditions of land use and concurrent biological and chemical condi-
tions of the system prior to human disturbance and when influences other
than current usage were dominant.
There are very few historical data, unfortunately, that can be used
for such comparative studies. Even where biological and chemical para-
meters have-been monitored, standard procedures have not been used in all
cases, coverage has been limited to a few specific problem areas and in
very few instances have the data been collected for more than a decade.
Even where the records are reasonably complete for a particular tributary,
the information cannot be generalized to all other tributaries because the
soils and drainage of the watershed and the morphometry of the tributary
are specific to the tributary and its watershed. Very few tributaries
are sufficiently similar so that interpretations based on data collected
from one can be applied to others, much less to the main stem of the Bay.
Nevertheless, a compilation of changes or trends in watershed use
SAV 2.6
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and the biology and chemistry of tributaries over long time intervals
would provide an overall view of the effects of watershed use on the es-
tuarine system, and would indicate whether present conditions are unique,
a repetition of recurrent conditions or are continuous with the past.
Although historical records are not adequate for such an evaluation,
the stratigraphic method can be used to provide such a data base. The
stratigraphic method is valuable also because the sediments can extend
the record beyond the time of human settlement so that it is possible to
compare conditions in the aquatic environment before and after human occu-
pation of the watershed.
The stratigraphic method should be feasible for compiling long his-
torical records of'the Chesapeake Bay because the Bay and its tributaries
are depositional basins in which are entrapped and preserved some aquatic
organisms (e.g., diatoms, cladocerans), parts of organisms (e.g., sponge
spicules, pollen and seeds of terrestrial and aquatic plants) and meta-
bolic products of organisms (e.g., chlorophyll degradation products,
amino acids). These fossil organisms and remains of organisms represent
a portion of the estuarine biota at the time of deposition. Historical
changes in the composition of the biota as well as in biomass can be
quantified by identifying and enumerating the fossil remains. Thus changes
in the presence or absence and in the species composition of submerged
aquatics preserved at different stratigraphic horizons represent changes
in submerged aquatic vegetation at the time of deposition. Similarly,
changes in concentrations of chlorophyll products where preserved can
yield estimates of biomass or productivity and hence are potential indicators
SAV 2.7
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of eutrophic conditions. Changes in species composition and quantity of
algae that lend themselves to preservation also provide quantitative
data on eutrophication and water quality, because many of those species
are sensitive to changes in water chemistry. Changes in terrestrial
pollen composition are an indicator of watershed land use, e.g., a change
from high percentages of oak to high percentages of ragweed pollen indi-
*
cates that the land has been cleared of forests. In many watersheds this
results in increased runoff. Such changes in terrestrial pollen composi-
tion can be dated from historical records. Sedimentation rates can then
be calculated from dated sedimentary horizons to provide a measure of
turbidity and siltation at different times. Rates of sedimentation are
necessary also for"calculating the quantity of organisms deposited per
unit time.
In addition to providing sedimentation, rates, pollen of terrestrial
plants can be used to measure the distance some sediment is transported
in estuaries_. Pollen, as a particle, falls within the range of Stokes
law of resistance and can be expected to behave in water like particles
with small Reynolds numbers, such as fine-grained sand and silt. Where
the vegetation adjacent to the river differs fundamentally in generic
composition with distance downstream, the pollen produced by these dif-
ferent genera can be considered labeled particles, because they are dis-
tinguishable. Direct measurements can be made of the distance these pollen
grains are moved in the tributary from their source, by observing their
distributions in the surface sediments. One can infer that particles
similar hydrodynamically will be transported approximately the same distance.
SAV 2.8
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The path, distance and rate of sediment transport and deposition
provide necessary information for estimating the rate of transport and
ultimate fate of toxic and other substances that associate with fine-
grained sediments in the aquatic environment.
The stratigraphic method has met with reasonable success in describ-
ing the effects of land use and human disturbance on lakes (e.g., Davis,
1973, Birks et al., 1976; Brugam, 1977). The results however are compli-
cated due to variations imposed by differential sedimentation (Davis, 1973;
Davis and Brubaker, 1973). Similar studies have not been carried out for
reconstructing the history of estuarine systems even though estuaries too
are depositional basins. However, estuaries differ from lakes because the
sediment is transported fluvially and stratigraphic interpretations must
take into account the dynamics of estuarine transport.
This study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of the strati-
graphic method for describing changes in submerged aquatic vegetation,
eutrophicatiun and sedimentation rates in the Chesapeake Bay estuary over
long periods of time.
SAV 2.9
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SECTION 2
OBJECTIVES
The objectives of the study were:
(1) to identify the organisms and parts or products of organisms that are
the best fossil indicators of submerged aquatic vegetation and eutrophi-
cation by observing which fossils are present most consistently from
cores taken in several tributaries, and to identify the changes in pollen
populations that would serve to date stratigraphic horizons;
(2) to determine the number of cores necessary for obtaining representa-
tive data by observing variations in spatial distributions in closely
spaced samples taken in surface sediments of the fossils chosen as
indicators;
(3) to determine whether or not there are preferable depositional zones
for different fossils; and
(4) to defin~e che resolution of the information with regard to the spatial
area represented by a core (or series of cores) taken at a location by
studying one area in some detail.
The manner in which each of these questions is addressed is described
in the following sections on Submerged Aquatic Vegetation, Sediment Trans-
port and Deposition Rates and Eutrophication. Laboratory methods that
are the same as those described in the Quality Assurance report for this
project are not repeated here. However, methods which have been modified
are described in Appendix I.
SAV 2.10
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SECTION 3
STUDY AREA
Cores were extracted from Eastern Bay, Hungar's Creek, Susquehanna
Flats and Furnace Bay (Fig. 1 ). We decided to do a detailed study of
one .area in order to determine the resolution of the information contained
in the sediments. After examining cores from all of the areas listed above,
we chose the Susquehanna Flats-Furnace Bay area in the Upper Chesapeake Bay
because depositionally it comprises two entirely different zones, one an
undisturbed depositional basin and the other a zone characterized by scour-
ing and redeposition. We sought to determine whether the history of
changes in submerged aquatic vegetation, eutrophication, and sedimentation
in the Susquehanna Flats and the Upper Chesapeake Bay where the depositional
history is complicated by scouring and redeposition would be reflected accu-
rately in a small embayment such as Furnace Bay, where the sediments once
deposited remain essentially undisturbed.
Description
The Susquehanna Flats is a broad shallow estuary of roughly 90 km ,
located at the juncture of the Susquehanna River and Chesapeake Bay (Fig.
2 )•
The average depth of water at mean low tide is 1.2m. The Flats are
influenced very little by the tide and receive a large freshwater flow
from the Susquehanna River. Consequently, the water is essentially fresh
except during very dry periods. High flows from the Susquehanna River
SAV 2.11
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during storms result in periodic scouring and redcposition of sediments.
Since the Flats are dominated very much by the Susquehanna River, their
history should reflect the history of the effects of events in the Sus-
quehanna watershed or at least some part of it on the water of the Upper
Bay.
Furnace Bay is a small embayment on the northern edge of the Susque-
hanna Flats and is fed by Principco Creek, (Fig. 3 ). Unlike the Sus-
quehanna Flats, it is an excellent depositional basin with a substrate
consisting entirely of silt and clay. It experiences minimal scouring
and redeposition. The eastern side of Furnace Bay's watershed is forested
to a larger extent than the western side which is cleared mostly for agri-
culture (Fig. 3 ) .' The water is uniformly shallow, never deeper than 2
meters. Furnace Bay may be somewhat more enriched than Susquehanna Flats
because of local sewage discharge into Mill Creek and subsequently into
Furnace Bay.
History
In this section, we present synopses of trends and events in the Sus-
quehanna River Basin and Furnace Bay watershed which relate directly to
the stratigraphic records from Susquehanna Flats and Furnace Bay. Sources
of information are separated from the general bibliography for the report
and are listed at the end of this section.
SAV 2.12
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CONCLUSIONS AND DISCUSSION
The record left by organisms and parts of organisms in estuarine
sediments is sufficiently complete to provide adequate data for recon-
structing some of the chemical, physical and biological conditions of the
estuary over long time intervals. The fossils used as indicators of these
parameters must be chosen carefully in terms of their ability to preserve,
their sensitivity to environmental change and our knowledge of their ecol-
ogy. Once a particular indicator is chosen, sampling design must take
into account the variability characteristic of the population it represents
and the effects of estuarine transport processes on its final distribution
in the sediments. Core locations must be selected also from areas of un-
disturbed deposition so that the historical record is not distorted by
scouring, erosion and mixing, including resuspension and bioturbation.
In this" study we attempted to identify the fossil indicators and es-
tablish sampling designs to describe regional trerds or changes over long
time periods in submerged aquatic vegetation, eutrophication and sedimen-
tation rates. In order to accomplish this objective we used the Upper
Chesapeake Bay as a study area because it has a diverse depositional
environment, thereby allowing us to compare the biostratigraphy of dif-
ferent depositional basins in the same area.
The best fossil representatives of SAV are seeds and diatoms are a
useful indicator of chemical and eutrophic conditions. Pollen of terres-
trial plants are used to date stratigraphic horizons in order to obtain
SAV 2.13
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sedimentation rates and to calculate seed and diatom flux. The sediments
also contain fossil indicators of other populations, e.g., species of
sponges and carapaces of cladocerans. These populations can provide in-
formation with regard to salinity and the biology of the water. A more
detailed and complete history can be compiled by studying fossils of a
greater number of different populations. However, since the analysis of
a sedimentary core is time-consuming, careful consideration should be
given to the kind of information being sought and to our knowledge of the
ecology of the organisms represented by the fossils. If nothing is known
of the existing distributions and ecological requirements of a particular
organism, it will be difficult to interpret fossil distributions in terms
of their response to environmental change until their present day distri-
butions, requirements and limitations are understood.
Sedimentary layers dated thus far by pollen analyses indicate that
the sedimentation rates vary from .15 cm/yr to approximately 2 cm/yr. A
comparison Gf pollen distributions in surface sediments with distributions
of trees in a wide band adjacent to an estuary sampled for pollen suggest
that estuarine processes disperse the pollen in the estuary to a greater
or lesser extent depending on the settling velocities of the individual
pollen grains. Estuarine dispersion serves to erase some of the local
variation due to patchiness of tree distributions, uneveness of pollen
production, etc. that were not eliminated by atmospheric dispersion, but
it does not mask regional distributions of vegetation. Since pollen be-
haves in water similarly to particles with small Reynolds numbers such
as silt and clay, our results suggest that fine-grained sediments are
SAV 2.14
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transported similarly within the estuary. That is, sediments are not likely
to move very far from their source, except when and where conditions are ex-
tremely turbulent, such as during intense storms and at the mouths of the
tributaries. Consequently, in most cases, we can expect sedimentation rates
to be governed by drainage area and local land use. Our data, though pre-
liminary, substantiates this expectation. The large degree of variation in
sedimentation rates between cores suggest that local sediment inputs are not
homogenized into an even deposition of sediment throughout a tributary.
Within the cores we have studied, sedimentation rates are much higher during
agricultural periods in tributaries with large drainage areas than in tribu-
taries draining small areas; in the latter, there is little fluctuation in
rates.
The above observations are preliminary in that they are based on data
from a total of 12 cores from 5 tributaries and 1 core from the Bay proper.
It is necessary to measure the rates in most of the major tributaries in
order to delineate as precisely as possible the importance of all factors
involved in the transport and deposition of sediment in the estuary.
The similarity in vertical diatom assemblages between cores taken in
Susquehanna Flats and Furnace Bay indicates that water quality is governed
by regional conditions in the watershed. The settling velocities of dia-
toms are such that it is unlikely the populations of the 2 areas are mixed.
More likely, they represent in situ populations which may have been trans-
ported short distances within each area. Susquehanna Flats and Furnace
Bay are quite different from each "other hyclrologically. However, water
chemistry in both areas is probably influenced more by the character and
SAV 2.15
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use of the watershed and therefore may be similar in both places. The dia-
toms, which are sensitive to water chemistry, appear to be responding pre-
dominantly to a more regional pattern of water quality. Thus, we can
expect to obtain historical data representative of the effect of watershed
use on regional water quality by studying vertical diatom distributions in
1 of 2 cores from a good depositional area.
The dissimilarity between vertical profiles of SAV seeds in cores from
Susquehanna Flats and Furnace Bay as well as the variability between cores
within each area recognizes the high degree of patchiness characteristic of
SAV. SA'v is represented best in the sediments by seeds. Because of their
size (1 to 3 mm} and low buoyancy they usually are not transported far
from the parent beds. Since these beds can change position from year to
year, they are characterized by a temporal patchiness as well as spatial
patchiness. In contrast to diatoms and pollen, the variability that charac-
terizes SAV and the ineffectiveness of transport processes to erase this
local variability requires that a few strategic locations, where specific
impacts are documented clearly, be sampled intensively. Past regional
conditions can then be inferred from observations of changes in populations
in a few areas that are obtained from a sufficient number of samples that
regional changes can be separated from natural variability and local effects.
SAV 2.16
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NOTES
-------
DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMERSED AQUATIC VEGETATION
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY, MARYLAND - 1979
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Robert J. Macomber X-003202-01
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Chesapeake Bay Foundation Thomas Nugent
"The Church"
Prince George & East Streets
Box 1704
Annapolis, MD 21404
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD;
EPA Share $56,430* Begin - 6/15/79
Performing Organization End - 4/15/81
Share 2,970
TOTAL $59,400
OBJECTIVES!
This study largely continues the activities of grant number R805977.
The two project objectives are: (1) to establish a 1979 inventory
ot SAV distribution and species concentration in Maryland waters, and (2) to
compare 1979 with 1978 SAV inventory for identification of gross change in
SAV distribution and abundance. The companion study to this project is grant
number X-003201-01) .
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Aerial reconnaissance will be conducted to identify areas that are
significantly vegetated. Photographs will be taken of significantly vegetated
areas at a scale of 1:24,000. SAV distribution and abundance maps will be
developed for areas showing significant change from the 1978 inventory.
Quality control will be assured by consideration of the following factors:
(1) SAV growing season, (2) turbidity, (3) atmospheric haze, (4) wind conditions,
(5) sun angle, and (6) tide. Field samples will be collected to provide
ground verification of the photointerpretation process. The results of this
inventory and subsequent comparison with the 1978 study will assist in
designing the 1980 distribution and abundance project.
PRODUCTS:
Project results will include: (1) a current inventory of SAV in Maryland
waters in the form of maps with species annotation, of areas showing significant
distribution changes of SAV since 1978, and (2) an estimate of trends in SAV
populations from 1978 to 1979.
Represents Ist-year funding of a 2-year program.
SAV 3.1
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1979 DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMERSED AQUATIC VEGETATION
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY, MARYLAND
Principal Investigator:
Robert T. Macomber
Earth Satellite Corporation
Washington, D.C.
1.0 CURRENT WORK STATUS AND PROGRESS TO DATE
Work began on this investigation on July 12, 1979, with a preliminary
reconnaissance via seaplane of the Maryland waters of the Chesapeake
Bay, to determine/confirm what areas were "significantly vegetated" in
1979. The 1978 SAV distribution maps were used as a basis for compari-
son. Quad sheets that were significantly vegetated in both 1978 and
1979, and quads that showed obvious SAV distribution changes were in-
cluded for further study this year. Thirty-five (35) quads fell into
this category. Thirty (30) of the quads listed below will be selected
as per the budget (to be photographed and ground truthed).
Ground truth via the seaplane commenced on August 20, starting with
the western shore quads and proceeding south and to the Eastern Shore.
Approximately half of the quads were ground truthed as of September 4,
1979.
No aerial photography has been obtained due to persistently poor
weather conditions since the start date, and high turbidity levels
caused by Hurricane David. Flight!ines have been laid out to effi-
ciently cover the SAV area and will be flown in mid-September and early
October, as soon as suitable flying weather and low tidal windows
coincide with low water turbidity.
SAV 3.2
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2.0 PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED, AND REMEDIAL ACTIONS TAKEN
No unsolvable difficulties have been encountered, yet. A late
start date has placed some stress on the field crew to remain on sche-
dule. Additional delays have been caused by stagnant weather systems in
the Bay area through July and August. Low ceilings and visibility, and
southwesterly winds causing high turbidity, have slowed the ground truth
effort and prevented aerial photography. In order to maintain the
ground truth schedule, seaplane overflights are being conducted at a
slightly higher than normal air speed to maximize the shoreline covered
between the 11:00 a.m. to 6:30 p.m. VFR weather periods of the day.
Landings and subsurface samples of SAV are still required and are being
conducted, but at a slightly reduced frequency and with a shorter sur-
face residence time. More planning, selection, and mental notation of
the landing sites prior to descent and spot landing have reduced the
surface truth time by 25%. The field team, with more than two years
experience in viewing grasses from the air, is making greater use of
binoculars to reduce the landing frequency without affecting the accu-
racy of the survey.
In order to maximize efficiency of the aerial photo procurement,
the SAV areas were grouped and flight!ines were laid out in the most
efficient orientation to maximize coverage with a minimum number of
photographs and flightline miles.
Some difficulties have been encountered in obtaining clearance to
enter the Aberdeen and Patuxent restricted areas for ground truth and
aerial photography. A new FAA directive and a new chapter in the Air
SAV 3.3
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Traffic Controllers Handbook may ease the problems encountered by the
photo pilot in gaining entry to restricted air space when the fleeting
coincidence of proper photo conditions occurs.
3.0 PRELIMINARY DATA RESULTS
During seaplane reconnaissance for ground truth of SAV distribution,
the field team has encountered areas with increases in SAV areal extent
up to 50% (on the Chester, Magothy and Severn Rivers) and decreases of
only 10%. Thus, 1979 distribution may show a significant net increase
in SAV area over 1978. It is not possible to distinguish between short
term annual perturbations in SAV area and long term trends at this time.
A third point of reference, the 1980 distribution, may indicate the
presence (or absence) of a trend.
4.0 IDENTIFIABLE PRODUCTS TO-DATE
No final products are available.
5.0 ANTICIPATED ACTIVITIES FOR THE NEXT SIX MONTHS
By the end of October, 1979, the field reconnaissance and aerial
photo data will have to be complete as substantial diebacks will begin
to occur. Photointerpretation will begin in November and is scheduled
for completion by the end of March, 1980. Photo comparisons of the
amount of change in distribution in 1979 relative to 1978 will be made
for the 30 quads photographed and up to 20 new maps can be made within
the budget.
SAV 3.4
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6.0 SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS
Digitizing SAV bed delineations, area tabulations and comparison
with the 1978 areal extent by quad sheet and by watershed would provide
a more readily understood result than map products alone. Bay area
managers would be able to assess the short term trends on a baywide
basis and on a local basis more readily.
7.0 RECOMMENDED FUTURE RESEARCH
An early grant approval for the 1980 distribution and monitoring
survey would greatly increase the comprehensiveness of the study. This
year, a late start date and budget restrictions precluded early season
distribution mapping. Zanichellia palustris bed locations and early
season distribution for all other species was not mapped. Significant
distribution changes occur throughout the growing season that should be
documented. In 1980, an early start, i.e., May, and an early and late
season photo coverage is budgeted which will greatly increase the accuracy
of the end product.
SAV 3.5
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SELECTION LIST OF
1979 QUADS TO BE PHOTOGRAPHED AND GROUND TRUTHED
1
8
9
13
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
25
26
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29
32
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34
38
39
40
44
48
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66
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72
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74
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76
SAV 3.6
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DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMERGED VASCULAR PLANTS IN THE
CHESAPEAKE BAY, MARYLAND - 1978
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Richard R. Anderson R805977
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Department of Biology William Cook
The American University
Washington, D.C. 20016
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $137,397 Begin - 6/01/78
Performing Organization End - 1/31/80
Share 9,022
TOTAL $146,419
OBJECTIVES:
This study, a companion project of grant number R805951, seeks
to (1) establish an inventory of SAV distribution and species concentration
in Maryland waters, and (2) assess the usefulness of archival aerial photog-
raphy for estimating trends in distribution and abundance in the Bay.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Aerial photography and photointerpretation are utilized to establish a
data baseline. Photographs of the submerged aquatic vegetation are taken to
match the United States Geological Survey's quad sheet scale of 1:24,000
and quality control is assured by consideration of the following factors:
(1) SAV growing season, (2) turbidity, (3) atmospheric haze, (4) wind condi-
tions, (5) sun angle, and (6) tide stage. Field samples are collected to
provide ground truth verification of the photointerpretation process.
PRODUCTS:
Study products include: (1) a current inventory of SAV in Maryland
waters in the form of maps showing distribution of SAV with species annotation,
and (2) an assessment of trends in SAV populations in selected areas where
usable historic photography is available.
SAV 4.1
-------
Distribution of Submerged Vascular Plants, Chesapeake
Bay Maryland.
Richard R. Anderson, P. I.
The American University
Project Status Report
Sept. 15, 1979
Current Work Status.
All work has been completed on this project. Remaining effort
involves final report preparation.
Progress to Date
Maps have been produced showing SAV distrivution on 77
U.S.G.S. quad sheets of the Maryland portion of the Chesapeake
Bay. A comprehensive test of mapping methodology has been comple-
ted for a small study area on the eastern shore of the Bay.
Archival photography has been collected and evaluated for use-
fulness in determining trends in SAV distrivution. Two study
areas have been mapped and planimetered showing acreage esti-
mates by year.
Problems Encountered
No major problems were encountered during the project.
Approximately 14% of the Bay could not be photographed due to
military restrictions in the area. Field work was substituted
SAV 4.2
-------
for photography in these areas to produce maps.
Data Results and Evaluations
A. Aerial Photography.
Prior to the onset of the project 137 flight lines were
plotted on 1:250,000 U.S. Geological Survey maps. The lines
were plotted to give 20% side lap and 60% end lap. Approximate-
ly 1780 flight line kilometers were planned. It was not
possible to fly 14 flight lines totalling approximately 14% of
the planned coverage due to continued flying restrictions of
the Patuxent Naval Air Station. Sea plane time was utilized to
obtain distribution information where photographs were not
available. Supplemental Photography was obtained in the Poto-
mac River due to persistent water quality problems during good
photographic days.
Black and white photography was obtained at a scale of
1:24,000 commending on June 11, 1978 and continuing through
early October. Negatives were sent to Precision Photo Labora-
tories in Dayton, Ohio for processing, Negatives were annota-
ted and returned to the same laboratory for print production.
Negatives were exposed to bring out detail in the water for
optimum interpretation of SAV beds on the prints. The result
was over 1000 photographs annotated according to flight line
SAV 4.3
-------
number and photo number. These were found to be very useful in
plotting the distribution of SAV in much of the project area.
Another result of the aerial photography flown in early
June was the observation of a biomodal distribution pattern for
SAV when this photography was compared with field data collected
in July. The June photography shows full distribution of
Zannichellia palustris but not Ruppia maritima which achieved
full distribution in July. Those areas which contained
Z_. pallustris in June were deficient in that species in July.
B. Intensive study areas.
The result of the Intensive Study Area Project conducted
during the 1978 distribution inventory was that 1:6,000 scale
color photography flown during ideal tide, sun angle, turbidity
and wind conditions was required for management level mapping.
The Intensive Study Area Project was designed to determine which
film and scale would best provide percent cover and speciation
information. Color and black and white photography was flown
at three scales (1:3,000, 1:6,000 and 1:12,000) under suitable
sun angle, tidal and turbidity conditions in two areas where
maximum distribution was occurring and percent cover classes
and species associations were known (from seaplane ground truth),
The areas were Parsons Island and Queenstown. Interpretation
SAV 4.4
-------
of all six sets of photos have demonstrated that:
.Color photography is superior to black-and white at the
lower two altitudes for differentiation of SAV species.
At 1:12,000, speciation is not interpretable on color or
black-and-white.
.Percent cover classes are proportionately more interpre-
table as the scale increases.
.Distribution delineation accuracy increases as the scale
of the photography increases.
.The minimum mapping unit dimensions decrease as the scale
of^the photography increases.
.The minimum mapping unit dimensions decrease as the scale
of the photography increases. The minimum mapping unit
of 0.1 x 0.25 inches on the map ranges from 25 x 63 feet
to 75 x 188 feet on the ground depending upon scale.
Smaller beds are interpretable but percent cover and species
association information is not interpretable nor can it be
recorded without undue map clutter.
C. Map Production.
Submerged aquatic vegetation was mapped where established
as present by aerial photographer and/or field study. The map
base was U.S. Geological Survey 1:24,000 quad sheet mylars. A
total of seventy seven (77) sheets covered the project area.
5AV 4.5
-------
A photo-copy of one map is included in this report. The mini-
mum mappable bed size was approximately 0.25 hectares. There
were sixteen (16) quad sheets with no mappable vegetation present
and twenty four (24) sheets that had less than ten (10) hectares
of mappable vegetation. It was interesting to note that the
forty (40) sheets with less than ten (10) hectares of vegetation
eleven (11) vere north of the Chester/Magothy Rivers and twenty
one (21) were south of the Chaptank/upper Patuxent Rivers to
Smith Island on the eastern shore. This would indicate that the
mid-portions of tha Chesapeake Bay were relatively healthy with
regard, to distribution of submerged vegetation. This area of
the Bay also contained the highest diversity of submerged vege-
tation.
Diversity declined rapidly from eight to two or three
species in the southern portion of the eastern shore where 7L.
palustris and R, saaritima predominated. There were only a few
sinaLl areas of Zostera marina found in the lower Bay, those
being in the south marsh Island area.
U. Archival Photographic Study.
Aerial photographs were located which spanned a period of
3& years. These data were initially scanned to determine use-
fulness for SAV distribution. The lower portion of the Bay from
SAV 4.6
-------
the Choptank River down was eliminated for study due to lack of
consistently good data. Three sites were selected in the upper
bay for a more detailed investigation. These sites encompassed
the Chester River area, the Eastern Bay area and one site on the
Western shore to include the Gunpowder River, Salt Peter and
Seneca Creeks.
Table 1 shows trends in distribution of SAV at the three
sites. As can be seen the Eastern Bay site had the least useable
data and the Chester River site the most. Trends in the Chester
River area indicate fluctuation in distribution with time. The
1960-1970 time period shows a comparably higher distribution,
probably due to the "bloom" of Myriophyllum spjcatfrna over the , "
whole Bay. There was a decline after that period particularly
in the late 1972 data which show the effects of a huricane during
June. There is an encouraging increase in distribution shown
in the 1978 survey.
The Eastern Bay area site had very little data available
for ascertaining distribution. There does appear to be a down-
ward trend from 1970- to 1978. The Gunpowder River area site
was selected due to the presence of a thermal power generating
station which discharges heated water into Salt Peter Creek.
Operation began in 1962. SAV distribution data prior to (1960)
SAV 4.7
-------
and after beginning of operation (1964) indicate a relatively
stable situation. This was however, the time of Myriophyl-um
"blooms" and may mask the absence of other more thermally sen-
sitive species. There also appears to be a downward trend in
distribution from 1970-1978.
SAV 4.8
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Table 1. Shows trends in extent of submerged vegetation dis-
tribution (Acres) at three sites.
DATE CHESTER RIVER EASTERN BAY GUNPOWDER RIVER/
SALT PETER, SENECA
CRS.
1936 3478
1937 2170
1952 1900 926
1957 2548 802
1960 2890 2173
1963 3480
1964 2194
1965 2315
1969 3870
1970 4032 1470 734
1971
1972 1555
1978 3100 1215 568
SAV 4.9
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Identifiable Products to Date
1. Aerial photographic coverage for 86% of the Maryland portion
of the bay
2. Seventy seven (77) maps showing SAV distribution as of 1978.
3. Trends in distribution for three areas.
4. Archival photographic data banks for the upper Chesapeake Bay.
Anticipated Activities
Complete writing of final report
Suggested modifications
None are anticipated at this time due to the near termination
of the project.
Recommended Future Research
Based on the conclusions of this project, we could propose the
following as research that is needed regarding the distribution
of SAV in Chesapeake Bay.
1. A broad survey such as the one just completed should be sys-
tematically conducted probably on a three year cycle.
2. A system should be divised to choose high value areas where
SAV distribution could be conducted more frequently. More
detailed information on species composition, biomass and seasonal
growth characteristics should be obtained.
3. The environmental parameters of light and temperature should
be investigated at a number of locations to ascertain critical
SAV 4.10
-------
ranges of these variables for optimum SAV growth and reproduc-
tion.
SAV 4.11
-------
. -,.
.
'
SAV 4.12
-------
NOTES
-------
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF SUBMERGED AQUATIC
VEGETATION IN THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY - 1979
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Robert J. Orth X-003201-01
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Department of Invertebrate Ecology Thomas Nugent
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $18,436* Begin - 6/01/79
Performing Organization End - 5/31/81
Share 1,214
TOTAL $ 19,650
OBJECTIVES:
This project continues the research of grant number R805951
and will: (1) identify those areas in the Lower Chesapeake Bay that contain
stands of SAV with emphasis on the saline regions, (2) obtain high-quality
aerial imagery of those areas that contain significant SAV, (3) delineate SAV
species type and distribution in areas which have dense SAV, and (4) determine
if significant alterations have occurred in comparison to the similar study
conducted in 1978. This work is similar to work performed by the Chesapeake
Bay Foundation (grant number X-00-3202-01) for the Maryland portion
of the Bay.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The survey will be conducted in two phases. The initial phase will
survey the Lower Bay to identify areas containing SAV. Areas with significant
coverage (greater than 10 percent) will be noted for inclusion in the second
stag'e. The second stage will photograph the SAV in the significant zones at
an image scale of 1:24,000. Corroborative surface missions will be conducted
in areas shown to have SAV coverage in excess of 40 percent. Species present,
abundance, sediment type, and salinity will be recorded. Representative
specimens will be submitted to the National Herbarium for confirmation of
species. Data will be mapped on USGS topographic quadrangles, and the area
of SAV beds computed. The 1979 data will be compared to data collected in
1978 to identify changes in SAV distribution and will aid in the design of
the 1980 distribution and abundance project.
PRODUCTS:
Study products include maps of SAV for 1979 with supporting documentation
and changes in SAV that have occurred between 1978 and 1979.
Represents Ist-year funding of a 2-year project.
SAV 5.1
-------
DISTRIBUTION AND ABUNDANCE OF
SAV IN THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY, VIRGINIA - 1978
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s) ; PROJECT NUMBER;
Robert J. Orth R805951
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Invertebrate Ecology William Cook
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $68,681 Begin - 6/01/78
Performing Organization End - 8/15/79
Share 4,066
TOTAL $72,747
OBJECTIVES:
There are three project objectives: (1) to map the present distribution
of SAV beds in the saline portions of the Bay in Virginia, (2) to determine
changes in SAV distribution in parts of the Lower Bay over a 40-year period,
and (3) to map SAV distribution in selected freshwater portions of the
subestuaries. A companion study (grant number R8055977, page 35) is being
conducted by The American University.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Mapping of present distributions is performed from aerial photography
of all SAV beds in the saline Lower Bay at a scale of 1:24,000. A single
demonstration study of freshwater species of SAV in selected turbid freshwater
portions of the subestuaries is included. Species differentiations and
environmental conditions are verified through surface examinations of represen-
tative SAV beds utilizing skindiving observations on selected transects.
Historical aerial photography for a maximum of six saline areas and possible
freshwater areas, obtained for years from 1937 to 1977, is compared with the
new photography to assess trends.
PRODUCTS:
Products include a report and a series of maps of the Lower Chesapeake
Bay showing: (1) present distribution and abundance of SAV, (2) acres of SAV
in the Lower Chesapeake Bay, and (3) trends of historical SAV changes in
selected areas.
SAV 5.2
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Distribution and Abundance of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
(SAV) in the lower Chesapeake Bay (X-003201)
Robert Orth
Ken Moore
Hayden Gordon
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Objectives of Studies
- To identify those areas in the lower Chesapeake Bay that contain
stands of SAV with emphasis on the saline regions.
- To obtain aerial imagery of areas that contain significant stands of
SAV.
- To delineate SAV species type and distribution in areas which have
dense stands of SAV.
- To determine significant alterations in the distribution of SAV
compared with similar data collected in 1978.
1. Current Work Status
The major activity since the grant was started was some preliminary
overflights to identify those areas with significant stands of SAV as well
as obtaining surface information for specific areas.
2. Project Progress to Date:
The progress of the project is behind schedule because of delays in
obtaining aerial photography (see 3).
SAV 5.3
-------
3. Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Action Taken;
The major problem we have encountered has been the weather. Our
missions for obtaining the photography are governed by a series of general
guidelines outlining weather conditions that must be present before the
flight (e.g. low tide, sun angle, turbidity, wind, atmospherics, plant
growth). If any one condition presents serious complications for obtaining
adequate imagery of the SAV beds, the mission is aborted. These conditions
are generally optimum in early summer. Since the granting of this contract,
we have been in a standby mode because cloud cover or atmospheric haze have
been below acceptable levels during periods of low tidal stage and low sun
angle. Since the major portion of our work depends on this aerial photog-
raphy, we have only conducted aerial reconnaissance and surface field studies
to date.
4. Preliminary Data Results and Evaluations
The preliminary overflights have revealed beds of SAV to be located in
areas previously identified in 1978 to have large stands of SAV. Surface
information corroborated these facts as well as the presence of similar
species identified from 1978.
5. Identifiable Products to Date;
None.
6. Anticipated Activities;
Our objectives in the next six months will be to obtain aerial
photography as soon as weather conditions permit and complete the remainder
of the objectives of this contract. Historically, the weather clears up
considerably during the late summer - early fall period, while the density
of SAV allows for suitable delineation of the beds.
SAV 5.4
-------
7. Suggested Modifications;
We recommend that the granting agency be aware that the aerial
photography should be completed by June of each year to meet optimum
weather condition and that contracts be awarded in time to take this into
consideration.
8. Recommended Future Research;
Our major recommendation is that SAV be photographed on an annual basis,
primarily in the early summer period to coincide with maximum standing crop
of SAV. Mapping of all SAV, however, could be done every 2-3 years to detect
significant alterations of any stands of SAV and if any major alterations
were noted, the imagery from previous unmapped years could be checked.
We recommend that the distribution and abundance of SAV in the entire
York and Rappahannock rivers be mapped for historical data as indicated in
our previous report for only small sections. Related to this would be
investigations into fish and crab statistics for each river system as it
relates to the abundance of SAV and the possible implications of the
relationship between SAV abundance and abundance of blue crabs.
SAV 5.5
-------
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NOTES
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THE FUNCTIONAL ECOLOGY OF SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION
IN THE LOWER CHESAPEAKE BAY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS ) ; PROJECT NUMBER;
Richard L. Wetzel Donald F. Boesch R805974
Robert J. Orth Kenneth L. Webb
John V. Merriner
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Virginia Institute of Marine Science Thomas Nugent
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $649,409 Begin - 07/01/78
Performing Organization End - 12/31/80
Share 74,533
TOTAL $723,942
OBJECTIVES:
This project will qualitatively and quantitatively investigate the
functional ecological relationships in submerged seagrass communities in the
Lower Chesapeake Bay. The resulting data and experimental approaches should:
(1) enhance basic understanding, and (2) establish criteria for environmental
assessment.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The project is divided into 4 subgroups. These subgroups are: (1) pro-
ductivity, nutrient cycling and associated microbial metabolic activity
in eelgrass communitites, (2) interaction involving resident consumers,
(3) higher level consumer interactions, and (4) ecosystem modeling. The
approach is experimentally oriented to quantify and describe processes that
determine overall biotic community behavior. The research will use a team
approach concentrating on a single site for intensive study. The resulting
collection of studies will generate data to assist in designing simulation
studies. These, in turn, will be used to evaluate specific interactions in
relation to overall system dynamics.
PRODUCTS:
1 Anticipated products include: (1) quantification of the relative
resource value of SAV habitats, (2) knowledge of how SAV communities interact
with the entire Bay ecosystem, (3) determination of the use of SAV habitats
by fish and wildlife of importance to man, (4) understanding of the life-
support processes which underlie the resource values, and (-5) understanding
of the effects of loss of SAV habitats on Bay resources.
A final report will also include a detailed description in tabular and
graphic form of: (1) conceptual and simulation model versions, (2) data
requirements and output characteristics as well as sensitivity analysis of
each version, and (3) identification of controlling or governing parameters
and perturbation studies.
SAV 6.1
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Status Report (9/15/79)
Functional Ecology of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation in the lower Chesapeake
Bay (R805974)
R. L. Wetzel, K. L. Webb, P. A. Penhale, R. J. Orth, D. F. Boesch, G.
Boehlert, and J. V. Merriner
Subproject: Productivity, Nutrient Cycling and Metabolic Activity in
Eelgrass Communities in the Lower Chesapeake Bay
Co.-Principal Investigators: K. L. Webb, R. L. Wetzel and P. A. Penhale
Current Work Status: The current activities of this project are included in
the following tasks:
1. Determination of the net flux of nitrogen and phosphorus between
the water column and benthic community in seagrass systems with
comparison to non-vegetated control areas.
2. Estimation of total seagrass community metabolic activity.
3. Estimation of sediment microbial activity (both heterotrophic and
autotrophic).
4, Determination of the environmental factors which affect seagrass
productivity and distribution.
Progress to Date (9/15/79); The field work involved in tasks 1 and 2
(see above) is about 75% complete. Field work for tasks 3 and 4 is nearly
50% and 25% complete, respectively. Our major effort in the project has
been in field sampling and field analysis whenever possible. However, many
of our analyses (C:N ratios, ATP estimates, sediment analysis, sample
combustion, etc.) can only be done in the laboratory and are extremely
SAV 6.2
-------
time consuming. Samples have been archived and will be analyzed during the
winter season; they are approximately 20% completed.
Problems and Difficulties: General problems have been encountered in
logistical/weather and technical areas. The principal one being logistics
and weather problems during our routine and intensive field sampling efforts,
To solve this persistent problem we have, as of June 1979, gone to a land,
rather than ship, based operation using the laboratory facility operated by
VIMS at Wachapreague on the Eastern Shore. This necessary change has
significantly increased personnel demands to accomplish our original goals
as the laboratory is located approximately 60 miles round-trip from the
study site and the effort more physically demanding. To alleviate the
current difficulty we need additional personnel support; the problem
remains unsolved. Other problems have been technical in nature; equipment
and supply delays, equipment failures and down-time, and high turnover in
technical help. Although unavoidable, they do reduce time devoted to
research generally and specifically hinder sample processing and data
analysis.
A second major area of concern among all has been the unanticipated
and therefore unscheduled time required of principal investigators for
grant related administrative demands. The principal and most time consuming
being the development of the technical plan, quality assurance document,
attending meetings both in-house and outside relative to these requests and
the several requests for responses to GBP data management needs. In our
attempt to meet these requests in a timely maimer, time devoted to the
research has been affected and our overall progress reduced.
SAV 6.3
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Preliminary Data-Results and Evaluations to Date (9/15/79); Due to the
integrative nature of our study, it is necessary to combine several data
sets in order to interpret results. The completed water column oxygen and
nutrient data for example, must be matched with our as yet incomplete
sediment nutrient, plant biomass and productivity data. As many of our
samples await analysis, data interpretation at this time is only oartly
completed.
Identifiable Products to Date (9/15/79); We have, to date, completed a
years study of seasonal community metabolism studies, dissolved inorganic
nutrient uptake experiments, sediment sampling for profiles of ATP, organic
matter, interstitial (pore water) nutrients and particulate organic carbon
and nitrogen. Seasonal measures of the environmental parameters light,
temperature, salinity, oxygen and dissolved inorganic nitrogen and
phosphorus have also been completed.
Anticipated Activities for Next Six Months (9/15/79-3/15/80); With our
October intensive sampling activities, we will complete our field work on
tasks 1 and 2. Further community metabolic work will be limited to
experiments designed to answer specific questions. Tasks 3 & 4 will continue
during the next six months. A task on one particular aspect of the nitrogen
cycle, i.e. nitrogen fixation in both the phytosphere and rhizosphere, will
be initiated. Method development will continue with a focus on sediment
nitrification techniques and plant gas content analyses. During the winter
months with the sessation of field activities an intensive effort will be
made to complete sample analysis and focus on data interpretation.
Suggested Modifications; None, at the present.
SAV 6.4
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Recommended Future Research; Future research should deal with more specific
aspects of nutrient and metabolic relationships in seagrass systems. For
example, the role of the seagrass itself in the sediment-water column
transfer of nutrients is undefined. Also, experiments should be designed to
determine the system's response to nutrient loading. A major effort should
be directed to the sediment environment in seagrass systems. The physio-
logical responses of the plant to environmental factors such as light regimes,
interstitial nutrient concentrations reduced sediment environment should be
investigated.
SAV 6.5
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Interactions Involving Resident Consumers (R805974)
Co-Principal Investigators: Robert Orth, Donald Boesch, Robert Diaz and
Jacques van Montfrans
The general importance of seagrass beds in the marine and estuarine
environment has been well documented. Although much work has been done on
the structural components of eelgrass beds in the Chesapeake Bay, little
work has been done on the functional ecology of these beds.
Our efforts from July 1978 to the present have been directed at deter-
mining the relative importance of SAV beds and at understanding the trophic
role of resident consumers in such systems by: a.) determining the bases of
secondary production; b.) quantifying secondary production of important
consumers; c.) determining which resident consumers are trophically important
to migratory consumers and d.) determining the degree to which migratory
consumers control populations of resident consumers. Based on preliminary
field observations on waterfowl activity during the winter of 1978-79, we
also designed a field study for the 1979-80 winter to quantitatively assess
the utilization of SAV by migratory waterfowl and their impact on faunal
communities.
Extensive field sampling efforts and field experiments have been
conducted to address the objectives outlined above. Infaunal and/or epi-
faunal samples were collected seasonally from a dynamic offshore sandbar
system, from sandy patches within the grassbed and from the grassbed proper
to assess the relative importance of vegetated and nonvegetated areas to
resident consumers. Collections from all four sample dates (July & Oct.,
1978; April & June, 1979) with the exception of meiofaunal samples, have
been processed and the animals identified. Data is currently being computer
SAV 6.6
-------
coded for statistical analysis. Preliminary interpretations indicate
approximately a two-fold increase in the number of infaunal species found in
SAV beds over adjacent unvegetated areas. The additional vertical component
of the seagrass adds greater sediment stability for the infauna and a
habitat for an epifaunal assemblage which even further enhances grassbed
faunal diversity and productivity. The degree to which Zostera and Ruppia
provide protection from predators will be examined during 1980. A series of
laboratory experiments are being designed in which the effects of varying
densities of artificial or living seagrasses on predation foraging effect-
iveness (i.e. grass refuge value) will be tested. These experiments should
elucidate the trends in seasonal abundance of invertebrates as they relate
to in situ grass densities and predator abundances.
The impact of predators on epifauna and infauna is being examined in
part by stomach analysis of major migratory and resident consumers, primarily
fish and blue crabs. Approximately 500 fish stomachs and 100 crab stomachs
have been examined from 1978 and 1979 collections and the contents identified
to species. Initial indications are that the three primary resident fish
species (Leiostomus xanthurus, spot; Balrdiella chrysura, white perch;
and Syngoathus fuscus, pipefish) fed mainly on epifaunal and infaunal
mollusks and epifaunal barnacles. Gut content work is continuing in
collaboration with the higher consumers interaction subproject research
group. Special attention is being devoted to determining food resource
switching with regard to age of the fish.
Further clarification of trophic interactions and the impact of resident
consumers on structuring grassbed communities is being evaluated by predator
exclusion experiments. The two primary habitats for manipulative caging
SAV 6.7
-------
experiments include a mixed Zostera-Ruppia stand and an adjacent unvegetated
sand patch. An experimental design was instituted to answer several questions
pertaining to the physical effects of caging as well as to answer questions of
2
biological significance. Large pens enclosing 25 m of bottom were construct-
ed in each habitat. Triads of experimental treatments were randomly
arranged in triplicate both within and outside of the pens in each of the
two habitats. Triads consisted of three experimental treatments: a.)
2
square cages %mx%mx^m enclosing % m of bottom area; b.) open sided
cages with two % m x % m sides placed parallel to each other % m apart, and
c.) an uncaged control area. One of the three triads per experimental
condition (sand; sand plus pen; grass; grass plus pen) was designed to be
destructively sampled after an appropriate time interval. All pens and
cages were covered with 5 mm plastic netting to exclude predators.
Predators which entered the cages and pens as larvae or juveniles are
being removed by hand or by trapping in crab and minnow pots. Sampling for
predator exclusion work was scheduled to take spring and fall larval sets
into account.
Some difficulty with predator exclusion work has been encountered. A
storm front caused extensive damage to both pens two days prior to the June
sampling date. Pens have since been reconstructed and reinforced to minimize
storm damage. In addition, occasional predators, particularly blue crabs,
seem to be attracted to the pens and cages, possibly due to the abundance of
food within. Additional cages have been deployed and modifications have been
made by placing a 35 cm wide skirt of netting around each cage in sandy areas
to discourage crabs from burrowing underneath. Fouling by algae, hydroids and
bryozoans is also a problem and requires that pens and cages be cleaned on a
SAV 6.8
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regular basis. Such activity may have an effect on the animals within.
Despite these problems, initial processing and analysis of the June
caging samples, which is 50% complete, indicates that excluding predators
has a profound effect on the benthos.
Both the cage in the open sand area and in the sand-pen area had
significantly more animals than any other treatment. This difference was
due primarily to the presence of large numbers of the bivalve Mya arenaria.
Other species of bivalves were present only in the cage treatments.
Bivalves are one of the preferred food items of the blue crab and previous
caging work in the Bay area yielded similar responses.
Broad scale trophic relationships are being examined by tissue analysis
of important resident consumers for 13r/12 ( 13_) ratios. Such analyses
L* lj U
provide an indication of the possible origins of organic matter present in
consumers. Although this work is only about 25% complete, the tissue of 9
species has been analyzed. The results of these analyses are consistent
with those found by other workers indicating that the majority of the
organisms analyzed may be more directly linked to a plankton-carbon food
chain than to a seagrass-carbon system. Further collecting of tissues is
in progress and will continue into next year.
The trophic relationships in the seagrass bed which is currently being
investigated will be clearer when all field experimentation, gut analyses and
13C analyses are complete. This information will then be utilized for
modeling the seagrass system.
Based on initial sampling for the structural components of the SAV
benthos and an analysis of fish and crab gut contents, a total of 24 important
invertebrate species were identified for potential use in determining
SAV 6.9
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secondary production estimates. Because of time constraints 9 of these
(mysid: Neomysis americana; shrimp: Crangon septemspinosa, Palaemonetes
vulgaris; crab: Callinectes sapidus; amphipods: Caprella penantis,
Gammarus mucronatus, Microportopus raneyi; isopods: Erichsonella attenuata,
Edotea triloba) were selected for immediate processing with the remainder
being saved for possible future analysis. Presently, 5 quantitative monthly
collections have been made beginning in April, 1979. The 9 species in
collections from April, May and June have been sorted, identified and
measured. Up to 85 individuals of each species have also been dried and
weighed. Length-weight regressions are being generated for these species
and data for each species is being graphed as it becomes available. Sample
processing will proceed more rapidly when regression equations have been
determined for these species. Production work is scheduled to terminate in
April, 1980. Estimates generated in this phase of research when interpreted
with information from other subprojects on predator feeding habits, energy
requirements and abundance and the calorific content of food items will
provide meaningful and more accurate input for modeling the Chesapeake Bay
SAV ecosystem.
Utilization of the SAV bed by waterfowl was initially investigated during
the winter of 1978-79. Based on 140 hrs of field observations, an extensive
field effort has been designed to describe and quantify the impact of water-
fowl on SAV and associated invertebrates. Thirteen waterfowl species were
observed to occur in the bed with Canada geese far outnumbering other species.
Exclosures measuring 2m x 2m x 0.5m will be used to assess the impact of
waterfowl foraging and predation. In addition regular censuses will be made
in the area and the location of each bird censused will be noted to examine
SAV 6.10
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grassbed partitioning. Time lapse photography might also be used to provide
a more continuous record of grassbed utilization by waterfowl. Feeding
observations, gut analyses and monitoring stable carbon isotope ratios in
liver tissues will be employed to provide greater insight into the
importance of SAV to waterfowl.
In addition to experiments designed to investigate the refuge value of
SAV to the benthos, work scheduled for 1980 will include an evaluation of the
degree to which resident consumers control epiphytic primary producers.
Such experimental work is in the planning stages and will be done both in
the field and in the laboratory.
The final results of all field and laboratory research will provide
input into a modeling effort for Chesapeake Bay SAV systems which will have
considerable predictive value. Model inputs can be varied to provide
predictive effects on other model compartments. The end result will be a
more comprehensive and accurate understanding of Chesapeake Bay SAV eco-
systems.
SAV 6.11
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Subproject: Higher Level Consumer Interactions (R805974)
Co-Principal Investigators: J. V. Merriner and G. W. Boehlert
Current Work Status; The basic objectives within this subtask of the grant
are to analyze the structural and functional ecology of fish communities in
submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) and to assess the importance of SAV to
the production and maintenance of important commercial fish populations.
Our approach has been to combine a program of field sampling with laboratory
study. Areas to be addressed include the processes of recruitment and
emigration from the SAV areas, the relative benefit of SAV from trophic
and refuge standpoints, the effects of major predators which may frequent
the SAV areas, biomass estimates of the components of the fish community,
the sources of production consumed by the fish populations, and ultimately,
the levels of secondary production by the fishes.
Our activities in the past year have included both field and laboratory
work. After choice of the study site and its subdivisions, effort was
expended in assessment of the most suitable gear types for collection of the
fishes. Sampling conducted in 1978 was largely comparative and preliminary;
many of the collections were used for the study of stomach contents for
trophic analysis of fish feeding behavior. Monthly, quantitative sampling
has been conducted since March 1979 as described below. Our laboratory
work has centered in several areas, including sample sorting and analysis,
analysis of stomach contents for feeding studies, and set up of wetlab and
aquarium facilities for experimental work.
Project Progress to Date; Field sampling began in 1978 with otter trawls to
capture fishes for stomach content analysis. During this time, a portable
2
dropnet was developed and deployed. This gear covered an area of 9.3 m ;
SAV 6.12
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the small sampling area, long deployment times, and instability in rough
weather resulted in the decision to abandon this gear in favor of a 40 meter
haul seine (3.2 mm square mesh) for sampling fishes in a quantitative
fashion. Initial development of gear for sampling ichthyo- and zooplankton
involved a plankton sled and a variety of towed ring nets; towed gears were
unacceptable in shallow water due to prop wash. We have therefore developed
a pushnet, deployed over the bow of a 19 foot outboard craft for shallow
water sampling. This gear is equipped with aim ichthyoplankton net (505
um mesh) and two 18.5 cm zooplankton nets (202 urn) fitted with flowmeters
to allow quantitative sampling.
Field sampling has been conducted monthly since March 1979. Sampling
is divided to Ruppia maritima and Zostera marina areas; a third sampling
site is located in an adjacent unvegetated area. Gill netting to sample
large, migratory predators is conducted over a 24 hour period with the
nets fished every four hours. Duplicate or triplicate haul seine collections
are conducted at night; duplicate pushnet collections are taken at high tide
at night. For day-night comparisons, day samples have also been taken in
May and August (pushnet) and in June and September (haul seine). Otter
trawl samples are taken sporadically to obtain selected specimens for
analysis of stomach contents. Twenty-four hour trawling stations have been
conducted in May and August for feeding periodicity studies.
The monthly gill net and haul seine samples have been sorted; data
are currently being coded for data processing cards. The ichthyoplankton
samples are 70% sorted and 50% identified. Zooplankton samples have been
curated; from each habitat, four samples are taken monthly; two will be
sorted and two will be used for estimation of plankton biomass per unit
SAV 6.13
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volume. Sorting, identification, and weights will be determined commencing
in October. We are currently determining feeding periodicity of the major
species in the SAV areas and are continuing work on taxonomic analysis of
stomach contents.
In the laboratory, wetlab facilities have been set up and preliminary
experiments run for predator-prey studies, respiration studies, and analysis
of evacuation rates. The predator-prey studies will examine the effect of
artificial grass density on the feeding behavior and predator success of
two species from the Vaucluse Shores study site which have been shown to
feed on important resident fishes in SAV areas. Summer flounder
(Paralichthys dentatus) and weakfish (Cynoscion regalis) have been
successfully maintained and induced to feed on prey fishes in holding tanks;
recent preliminary experiments suggest that bluefish (Pomatomus saltatrix)
may serve as excellent predators in the experiments if they survive
holding in captivity. Tanks for the experiments are three feet deep by
twelve feet in diameter. Artificial Zostera marina (polypropylene ribbon)
2
in an area of 1 m is placed in the center of the tank in densitities of
2 2
875 blades/m and 1750 blades/m . Primary prey species in these experiments
will be spot, Leiostomus xanthurus, and silver perch, Bairdiella chrysoura,
as available.
Temperature-controlled acclimation tanks have been set up to examine
the respiratory and digestive physiology of Bairdiella chrysoura as it
relates to temperature and developmental stage. Chambers have been developed
to determine respiration rates, nitrogen excretion, and digestive efficiency
of this important species.
SAV 6.14
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Problems and Difficulties; The remoteness of the study site has presented
a logistic problem in transfer of personnel and gear on a monthly basis.
Sampling trips generally take one week per month; during this time operations
are based at the VIMS Eastern Shore facility, approximately a 45 minute
drive from the study site (which is 2^ hours by vehicle from the main
laboratory). Quarterly VIMS research vessel-based sampling proved infeasible
and all sampling is conducted from small boats towed to the study site
monthly. The highly variable weather conditions have necessitated delays or
repeated sampling trips, which are most costly in personnel time. There is
little which can be done to alleviate the logistic problems encountered.
Weather in itself may be a factor inducing biological variability in
the shallow water of the SAV area. Although the Vaucluse Shores study site
is afforded some protection from the open stretches of bay water by a sand-
bar, there have been storms which may severely affect the fish fauna in the
bed through water turbulence and flushing. In the month of April, for
example, pushnet samples taken the night after a storm lasting approximately
18 h showed densities considerably different than those from a single
sample taken at night four days later. Fish eggs and larvae were relatively
rare in both collections, which were dominated by postlarval menhaden
(Brevoortia tyrannus) and spot (Leiostomus xanthurus) and adult bay anchovy
(Anchoa mitchilli) and rough silverside (Membras martinica). Densities of
anchovy, rough silverside, and menhaden postlarvae were approximately one
order of magnitude less after the storm than the values taken four nights
later, whereas the values for postlarval spot were about 30% less after the
storm. All of these species are important members of the community, however,
and weather-induced variability in the Vaucluse Shores study site may present
SAV 6.15
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a problem in comparison of month to month sampling. More specific attention
is being paid to weather in current and future sampling efforts.
Preliminary Data and Results; Fish stomachs have been collected throughout
the study. At present, stomachs from 335 specimens representing 11 species
of resident fishes have been sorted for taxonomic analysis of prey items.
Ninety-seven stomachs from eight of the migratory predator species have been
sorted. Weights of the prey items have been determined for approximately
60% of the stomachs analyzed. Stomachs of migratory predators are routinely
checked at all times of capture; relatively high percentages of empty stomachs
have been observed for some species suggesting regurgitation or rapid
digestion during the time in the net.
Haul seine samples have been processed from March through August. The
number of species captured in the nets increased with temperature in the
spring months. The Zostera marina sampling area contained the largest
number of species, followed by the Ruppia maritima and unvegetated areas.
Fish densities were initially low in March and were dominated by catches of
the Atlantic silverside, Menidia menidia; in April there was a dramatic
increase in fish density due to recruitment of spot, Leiostomus xanthurus,
to the Chesapeake Bay. Size at recruitment was approximately 13-18 mm SL.
This species was the numerical dominant during the month of April but showed
a rapid decrease in abundance during subsequent months. In May the dominant
species in the SAV areas was the menhaden, Brevoortia tyrannus; since that
time the dominant species has been the bay anchovy, Anchoa mitchilli, both
in the SAV areas and in the adjacent unvegetated area.
Abundance of the migratory predators as sampled by the gill nets was
insignificant in March and April; during May increases in the abundance of
SAV 6.16
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bluefish, weakfish, spotted seatrout, and cownose rays were apparent mostly
in the unvegetated area. In June, the sandbar shark, Carcharinus milberti,
first appeared in the samples and remained through July and August as the
dominant species. In contrast with the other species, which were generally
as abundant in the unvegetated as in the SAV areas, the sandbar shark is
taken much more frequently in the vegetated areas.
Identifiable Products to Date; The field part of this grant naturally
breaks down to seasonal units for the two years of the study. As an entire
season of sampling has been neither completed nor analyzed, specific
products cannot be identified which have a bearing on management. Laboratory
work is currently in progress.
Anticipated Activities for the Next Six Months; Field sampling for
October and November will continue the monthly pattern initiated in March.
For December through February, however, only pushnetting will be conducted,
comprising duplicate samples in each habitat for ichthyoplankton, zooplankton,
and zooplankton biomass determinations. Complete sampling with all gears
will recommence in March 1980. During the next six months we will complete
ADP coding and verification of collections taken through the end of November
as well as the pushnet samples to be taken in the winter months. We will
complete weight determination of fish stomach prey items which have been
identified through the present time and code the data for computer analysis.
We will also develop the computer programs necessary for 1) biomass estimation
(incorporating gear catchability coefficients) and 2) analysis of secondary
production of fishes. Finally, in conjunction with the initiation of
funding of the amendment for zooplankton work, we will commence sorting and
identification of the zooplankton samples taken during the current season.
SAV 6.17
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Laboratory work will continue on the measurement of food consumption
and evacuation by Bairdiella chrysoura, as well as on the respiration and
carbon/nitrogen budget for this species. Predation experiments will be
continued in the laboratory contingent upon the maintenance of predatory
fishes and on a supply of suitably sized prey species.
Suggested Modifications; We have requested an amendment for the personnel
necessary to sort and identify zooplankton samples taken in SAV and un-
vegetated areas in conjunction with the ichthyoplankton samples. This
amendment has been granted by the EPA and will allow determination of the
flow of energy from the zooplankton community of the bay waters to the SAV
habitat and the relative abundance of zooplankton in the bed.
We also suggest that the estimation of density of migratory predators
be given less emphasis in the work. The gill net is a relatively selective
gear and is non-quantitative; our method of fishing in the three habitats,
however, allows estimation of the relative abundance and occurrence of the
different predatory species. Based upon the high degree of temporal
variability observed in catches, available gears and methods are impractical
for determination of absolute abundance of the different species. Our
suggested approach is instead to approximate the impact of these predators
upon the fauna of the SAV bed through analysis of stomach content and
estimation of daily ration required by the different species.
Future Recommended Research;
In the future it would be of interest to compare the results obtained
in the current contract to another, more protected SAV habitat. Fish
communities at Vaucluse Shores study site appear to be dominated by transient
species such as bay anchovy, silversides, and menhaden; from this standpoint
SAV 6.18
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it may be considered a relatively open SAV habitat as compared to those in
embayments, smaller channels, and protected by barrier islands from storms.
With respect to the fishes in particular it would be of interest to verify
the simulation model by comparison with a similar more protected system less
affected by weather.
SAV 6.19
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Subproject: Ecosystem Modeling
Principal Investigator: R. L. Wetzel
Current Work Status; Recent activities in this subproject have centered on
programming the mathematical structure of the conceptual model (FORTRAN IV),
setting up and establishing a remote interactive data communication terminal
(Texas Instruments Silent 700 Model 745) and a data storage/retrival system
(Columbia Model 300B Data Tape System) for time sharing with the College of
William and Mary IBM 360/158, and compiling the data necessary for model
simulation.
Progress to Date (9/15/79); By the end of the period, accomplishments of
the subproject will be:
1. A final, conceptual model version agreed upon by the various
participants in the functional ecology program.
2. A mathematical model structure for computer simulation that
incorporates the environmental forcing functions of temperature and
light and the feedback control functions for food-resource and
spatial limitation on biological components and interaction
pathways.
3. A working data communication and storage system for remote job
entry, job execution and off-line programming and editing.
4. A preliminary compilation of data gathered from on going studies
and the literature for model input and simulation.
The percentage of work accomplished to date is nearing 30% completion with a
significant fraction to be completed this winter prior to next years field
effort.
Problems and Difficulties; Our main problems have been technical:
SAV 6.20
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establishing the remote data communication termination and data tape set-up.
In part, because the system is new and required our learning procedures and
the interactive command language but also because of the typical delays
associated with equipment delivery, maintenance and installing a dedicated
data communication line. These problems have been resolved and we are
gradually getting back on schedule. No other major problems have been
encountered and work is progressing with few hinderances.
Preliminary Data-Results and Evaluations to Date (9/15/79): The subproject
is currently at the stage of developing the computer simulation version and
thus has no model output or simulation results to report at this time.
Identifiable Products to Date (9/15/79): A conceptual model and flow
diagram for food web interactions has been developed and the mathematical
structure decided to describe the various interactions. The flow diagram
illustrates, to the best of our current knowledge, the principal pathways
for the flow of energy through the SAV community and the high degree of
interaction with other lower Bay components.
Anticipated Activities for Next Six Months (9/15/79-3/15/80): The principal
activities of the subproject will be:
1. Program and de-bug the computer simulation version.
2: Simulate the model for periods of one to five years using nominal
parameter values.
3. Perform preliminary model sensitivity analyses to identify
controlling or significant parameters influencing model behavior.
4. Report the above results to participants in the program to aid in
planning research activities.
SAV 6.21
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Suggested Modifications; None, for the present.
Recommended Future Research; With regard to ecosystem modeling of SAV
communities, the effort at this point is considered preliminary and dynamic,
i.e. as model simulation results are made available, new experimental
questions are raised that on solution generally revise model structure and/or
conceptualization either in terms of compartmental interaction or mathemati-
cal structure. As we proceed to more valid or at least models having
fidelity, the effort should explore more thoroughly the ability to simulate
ecosystem perturbations and longer term behavior; i.e. the ability to a.
priori address specific environmentally related questions. This approach
would encompass both natural system's perturbation experiments (on a small
scale) and concurrent ecosystem modeling analysis. The subjects for
perturbation studies should address natural and induced stresses; e.g.
effects of altering light-temperature regimes and SAV community response,
altered nutrient regimes either qualitative or quantitative, etc.
Accepting this approach, we not only learn more about the natural history
and ecology of these areas, but progress more rapidly toward a priori
assessment of environmental alterations. Although many species specific
studies have addressed population response to physical, chemical or
biological stresses, few attempts have explored community and/or ecosystem
level response and even fewer with ecosystem modeling employed as a method
of analysis. In terms of future research this continued approach of
experimental analysis and modeling in terms of the community and ecosystem
should prove highly productive for both solution to basic and applied
problems. In fact, the necessary research to answer basic or applied quest-
ions at these levels of ecological organization are indistinguishable.
SAV 6.22
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Interactions Involving Resident Consumers (R805974)
Co-Principal Investigators: Robert Orth, Donald Boesch, Robert Diaz and
Jacques van Montfrans
Current Work Status; Our efforts from July 1978 to the present have
concentrated on determining the relative importance of SAV beds in comparison
with adjacent unvegetated habitats and on understanding the trophic role of
grassbed resident consumers by:
a) Determining the bases of secondary production.
b) Quantifying secondary production of important consumers.
c) Determining which resident consumers are trophically important to
migratory consumers.
d) Determining the degree to which migratory consumers control
populations of resident consumers.
Based on preliminary field observations of waterfowl activity during the
winter of 1978-79, an intensive field effort has been designed to quanti-
tatively assess the utilization of SAV by waterfowl during the winter of
1979-1980.
Progress to Date (9/15/79) : Extensive field sampling efforts and field
experiments have been conducted to address the objectives outlined above.
Infaunal and/or epifaunal samples were collected seasonally from a dynamic
offshore sandbar system, from sandy patches within the grassbed and from the
grassbed proper to assess the relative importance of vegetated and non-
vegetated areas to resident consumers. Collections from all four sample
dates (July & Oct., 1978; April & June, 1979) with the exception of
meiofaunal samples, have been processed and the animals identified. Data
is currently being computer coded for statistical analysis.
SAV 6.23
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The impact of predators on epifauna and infauna is being examined in
part by stomach analysis of major migratory and resident consumers, primarily
fish and blue crabs. Approximately 500 fish stomachs and 100 crab stomachs
have been examined from 1978 and 1979 collections and the contents identified
to species. Gut content work is continuing in collaboration with the higher
consumer interaction subproject research group. Special attention is being
devoted to determining food resource switching with regard to age of the
fish.
Further clarification of trophic interactions and the impact of resident
consumers on structuring grassbed communities is being evaluated by predator
exclusion experiments. The two primary habitats for manipulative caging work
include a mixed Zostera-Ruppia stand and an adjacent unvegetated sand patch.
An experimental design was instituted to answer several questions pertaining
to the physical effects of caging as well as to answer questions of biolog-
r\
ical significance. Large pens enclosing 25 m of bottom were constructed in
each habitat. Triads of experimental treatments were randomly arranged in
triplicate both within and outside of the pens in each of the two habitats.
Triads consisted of three experimental treatments: a.) square cages 1/2 m x
n
1/2 m x 1/2 m enclosing 1/4 m of bottom area; b.) open sided cages with two
1/2 m x 1/2 m sides placed parallel to each other 1/2 m apart, and c.) an
uncaged control area. One of the three triads per experimental condition
(sand; sand plus pen; grass; grass plus pen) was designed to be destructively
sampled after an appropriate time interval. All pens and cages were covered
with 5 mm mesh plastic netting to exclude predators.
Predators which entered the cages and pens as larvae or juveniles are
being removed by hand or by trapping in crab and minnow pots. Sampling for
SAV 6.24
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predator exclusion work was scheduled to take spring and fall larval sets
into account. Four sample times were designated (To - April; T^ - June;
T£ - September; 13 - November) and sampling has taken place as scheduled.
Sample processing for this phase of research is approximately 50% complete.
Broad scale trophic relationships are being examined by tissue analysis
of important resident consumers for ^C/^C ratios (6-"c) . Such analyses
provide an indication of the possible origins of organic matter present in
consumers. The tissue of 9 species has been analyzed and this phase of
research is about 25% complete. Further collecting of tissues is in
progress and will continue into next year.
Based on initial sampling for the structural components of the SAV
benthos and an analysis of fish and crab gut contents, a total of 24
important invertebrate species were identified for potential use in
determining secondary production estimates. Because of time constraints
9 of these (mysid: Neomysis americana; shrimp: Crangon septemspinosa,
Palaemonetes vulgaris; crab: Callinectes sapidus; amphipods: Caprella
penantis, Gammarus mucronatus, Microprotopus raneyi; isopods: Erichsonella
attenuata, Edotea triloba) were selected for immediate processing with
the remainder being saved for possible future analysis. Presently, 5
quantitative monthly collections have been made beginning in April, 1979.
The 9 species in collections from April, May and June have been sorted,
identified and measured. Up to 85 individuals of each species have also
been dried and weighed. Computer coding of these data is complete and
length-weight regressions are being generated for the 9 species. Sample
processing will proceed more rapidly when regression equations have been
determined. Production work is scheduled to terminate in April, 1980.
SAV 6.25
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Progress to date has proceeded as planned. With the termination of
extensive field sampling for routine habitat analysis and caging work the
backlog of samples to be processed should be eliminated by spring of 1980.
Problems and Difficulties: Administrative problems for upper level personnel
are the same as those discussed in the status report for Productivity,
Nutrient Cycling, and Metabolic Activity in Eelgrass Communities.
Technical problems have occurred but were minor.
Some difficulty with predator exclusion work was encountered. A storm
front caused extensive damge to both pens two days prior to the June sampling
date. Pens have since been reconstructed and reinforced and no further
problems have occurred. Occasional predators, particularly blue crabs, seem
to be attracted to the pens and cages, possibly due to the abundance of food
within. Modifications have been made by placing a 35 cm wide skirt of
netting around each cage in sandy areas to discourage crabs from burrowing
underneath and additional cages have been deployed. Fouling by algae,
hydroids and bryozoans is a problem and requires that exclosures be cleaned
on a regular basis. Such activity may have an effect on the animals within.
Attempts to quantify the abundance of vagile epifauna (crabs and shrimp)
and deep dwelling, widely spaced infauna (Mercenaria mercenaria) were
inadequate in 1978 but have since been resolved by using a suction dredge
o
to sample within a randomly dropped 0.9 m circular frame.
Preliminary Data Results and Evaluations to Date (9/15/79) : Preliminary
interpretations of routine sampling data indicate approximately a two-fold
increase in the number of infaunal species found in SAV beds over adjacent
unvegetated areas. The additional vertical component of the seagrass adds
greater sediment stability for the infauna and a habitat for an epifaunal
SAV 6.26
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assemblage which even further enhances grassbed faunal diversity and
productivity. Initial indications from gut analyses are that the three
primary resident fish species (Leiostomus xanthurus, spot; Bairdiella
chrysura, white perch; and Syngnathus fuscus, pipefish) fed mainly on
epifaunal peracarids, whereas blue crabs (Callinectes sapidus) fed on epi-
faunal and infaunal mollusks and epifaunal barnacles. Caging data show that
excluding these predators has a profound effect on the benthos. Both the
cage in the open sand area and in the sand-pen area had significantly more
animals than any other treatment. This difference was due primarily to the
presence of large numbers of the bivalve Mya arenaria. Other species of
bivalves were present only in the cage treatments. Bivalves are one of the
preferred food items of the blue crab and previous caging work in the Bay
area yielded similar responses. Our work suggests that SAV faunal communities
may be predator controlled.
I O
The results of <5 C analyses are consistent with those found by other
workers indicating that the majority of species analyzed to date may be more
directly linked to a plankton-carbon food chain than to a seagrass-carbon
system.
One hundred and forty hours of field observations on grassbed utilization
by waterfowl suggests that SAV and its associated invertebrate fauna is
trophically important to no less than 13 waterfowl species. Canada geese
were the most numerous waterfowl and were observed to feed extensively
throughout the grassbed.
Identifiable Products to Date (9/15/79) : Our initial sampling efforts
indicate that several commercially important species including blue crabs,
fish and waterfowl utilize SAV beds extensively. For species such as blue
SAV 6.27
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crabs, grassbeds provide both an important food source and a refuge from
predators during critical early life history stages when growth and molting
are most rapid. In addition, initial assessment of grassbed utilization by
waterfowl suggests that SAV is an important supplement to other food sources
(i.e.: commercially grown crops such as corn) utilized by Canada geese.
Redheads, a protected species, have been observed in the grassbed at night
and were probably feeding. The assessment of grassbed importance to these
species has inherent management applications and should be further clarified.
The trophic relationships in the seagrass bed which is currently being
investigated will be clearer when all field experimentation, gut analyses
and 6 -*C analyses are complete. This information along with data generated
during 1980 will be utilized for modeling the seagrass system. Such a model
will be predictive and will therefore be useful as a management tool.
Anticipated Activities (9/15/79-3/15/80); Utilization of the SAV bed by
waterfowl was initially investigated during the winter of 1978-79. Based on
140 hrs of field observations, an extensive field effort has been designed
to describe and quantify the impact of waterfowl on SAV and associated
invertebrates. Exclosures measuring 2mx2mx0.5m will be used to
assess the impact of waterfowl foraging and predation. In addition regular
censuses will be made in the area and the location of each bird censused
will be noted to examine grassbed partitioning. Time lapse photography
might also be used to provide a more continuous record of grassbed utili-
zation by waterfowl. Feeding observations, gut analyses and monitoring
stable carbon isotope ratios in liver tissues will be employed to provide
greater insight into the importance of SAV to waterfowl.
The degree to which Zostera and Ruppia provide protection from predators
SAV 6.28
-------
will be examined during 1980. A series of laboratory experiments are being
designed in which the effects of varying densities of artificial or living
seagrasses on predation foraging effectiveness (i.e. grass refuge value)
will be tested. These experiments should elucidate the trends in seasonal
abundance of invertebrates as they relate to in situ grass densities and
predator abundances.
In addition to experiments designed to investigate the refuge value of
SAV to the benthos, work scheduled for 1980 will include an evaluation of
the degree to which resident consumers control epiphytic primary producers.
Such experimental work is in the planning stages and will be done both in
the field and in the laboratory.
Suggested Modifications: None, at the present.
Recommendations For Future Research; An important consideration in our
current research approach is the question of trophic and refuge value to
resident consumers. This question will not be completely resolved by this
research project and merits more direct quantification from the perspective
of species resource importance. A prime species for evaluating this
question is the blue crab (Callinectes sapidus). We know from our research
to date that C_. sapidus has a major influence in structuring certain
components of the epifaunal and infaunal community. We do not yet under-
stand the degree to which these components trophically enhance blue crab
nutrition and growth. Furthermore we will be unable to exactly quantify
the degree to which SAV beds increase crab survival by providing an
important refuge during their early life history. Experiments designed to
evaluate the trophic support and refuge value of SAV beds versus nonveg-
etated areas will help in establishing guidelines for managing SAV habitats.
SAV 6.29
-------
It appears from an initial analysis that production rates of various
invertebrates differ with regard to the species of grass with which the
species were associated. Production in Zostera may be different than that
in either Ruppia or mixed Ruppi a- Zo s t e r a areas. A more detailed examination
of these relationships could have importance to management related decisions
regarding the two species of vegetation.
SAV 6.30
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ZOSTERA MARINA;
BIOLOGY, PROPAGATION AND IMPACT OF HERBICIDES
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s);
Robert J. Orth
PROJECT NUMBER;
R805953
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Department of Invertebrate Ecology
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Thomas Nugent
BUDGET;
EPA Share $321,815
Performing Organization
Share 41,699
TOTAL $363,514
PROJECT PERIOD:
Begin - 7/17/78
End - 1/15/81
OBJECTIVES;
This project is aimed at developing a technology for establishing and
propagating eelgrass (Zostera marina) and for determining the impact of
herbicides on the grass. A subobjective is the definition of biological and
cultural factors affecting eelgrass propagation.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Research into the biology and propagation of eelgrass is conducted
through field studies and sampling of beds on the eastern and western shore
of the Lower Bay, including biomass measurements and in-situ seed germination
experiments. Laboratory, greenhouse and field studies are made to determine
optimal procedures for storing and germinating seeds, culturing seedlings and
transplanting seedlings and wild plants. The effects of herbicides on eel-
grass are studied through field investigations of herbicide (atrazine in
particular) levels in selected Virginia Bay eelgrass areas, especially during
and after storm surges. There will be an investigation of controlled dosing
of eelgrass beds with herbicides in specially constructed enclosures. Rela-
tions between herbicide loadings and natural suspended sediments are also
investigated. Sublethal effects of herbicides will be investigated at the
physiological level.
PRODUCTS:
The project will result in a set of computer-stored data, compatible
with other SAV data in the Chesapeake Bay Program. A report will be prepared
containing a thorough discussion of methodologies, project results and the
implications of the results for the Bay ecosystem.
SAV6A.1
-------
Zostera marina; Biology, Propagation and Impact
of Herbicides (R805953)
Robert Orth
Ken Moore
Morris Roberts
Carl Hershner
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
This project has been divided into 2 major areas of research: Biology
and propagation with Robert Orth, Ken Moore and Morris Roberts and Impacts of
Herbicides headed by Carl Hershner.
I. Biology and Propagation
Objectives of Study
- To describe the vegetative and reproductive processes of eelgrass as
determined by sampling populations of eelgrass in the Bay.
- To define the physicochemical changes associated with the expansion of
existing eelgrass beds.
- To develop procedures for germinating seeds and culturing seedlings
produced from seed in the laboratory.
- To develop optimal procedures for storing seeds.
- To assess the feasibility of transplanting wild plants or seedlings
using existing techniques and to revegetate small selected areas
using the most feasible method.
SAV 6A.2
-------
1. Current Work Status:
The following activities have been undertaken since our last status
report.
- We have continued our routine monthly sampling program at the three
designated locations (Browns Bay in the Mobjack Bay, Guinea Marshes
and the mouth of the York River and Vaucluse Shores at the mouth of
Hungar's Creek on the Eastern Shore).
- Conducted transplant projects in March and June using two different
methods of transplanting whole plants at four different locations in
the York River and one in the Rappahannock River and testing the
effect of fertilizing transplants.
- Collected seeds from flowering shoots in late spring from three
locations and at different time intervals.
- Initiated seed experiments to test for timing of seed germination in
situ as well as temperature and salinity effects on seed germination.
2. Project Progress to Date;
The progress of the project is on schedule and we are working on some
aspect of each of the above stated objectives. We estimate we have completed
40% of our goals to date.
3. Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Actions Taken;
Three problems have been faced by personnel in this project. The first
involved one of the methodologies used for the transplanting: plastic mesh
net. The first transplant effort in March, 1979, used both the plug method
and mesh net. The mesh net involved far more time (see 4 below) than we
felt reasonable and decided to abandon this method for the remaining trans-
plant periods and concentrate solely on the plug method.
SAV 6A.3
-------
We still await the greenhouse to become fully operational. At present,
we are still awaiting installation of the seawater system and this is the
major holdup. Delays in getting proper pumps and plumbing supplies have
been the biggest problem.
We also feel that the time necessary to meet all quality assurance
requests as well as numerous other plans for data management, etc. have been
excessive and have necessitated time that would normally be committed to
research, be directed to handling the above plans.
4. Preliminary Data Results and Evaluations;
a) Biology
All areas being sampled for routine standing stock measurements showed a
rapid rise in both above-ground and below-ground biomass from March through
June and July, which represented the months of peak standing crop. Samples
collected in August showed a rapid drop in biomass, a result of the plants
sloughing off older leaves due to heat rigor. Eelgrass was observed to first
enter its reproductive phase in mid-March when only a few reproductive shoots
were observed. Mid-April through May represented peak periods of reproduc-
tive activity with mature seeds first observed during mid-May. Seed release
from the spathes proceeded through June. By the end of June the reproductive
phase had ended and almost no reproductive shoots were observed.
b) Propagation
The propagation work proceeded along two avenues of research: trans-
planting whole plants into denuded areas and exploring the potential of using
seeds and seedlings for revegetating areas.
The transplanting project had several objectives: to test the feasi-
bility of transplanting eelgrass using two different methods (plugs versus
SAV 6A.4
-------
individual plants woven into a mesh mat); to test the effect of light by
transplanting at two depths; to test the effect of season on the transplants;
to test the effects of fertilizing transplants.
The first transplanting effort was conducted in March at the Mumfort
Island site. The donor site was the Guinea Marshes. The plug method proved
more time effective than the use of mats, with plugging taking 15 man-hours
and mats taking 85 man-hours from equal number of transplants. The grass
initially survived much better with plugs and at the deeper sites; however,
after two months there was no survival of any transplants.
The second transplant effort was in June, with the Guinea Marshes again
being the donor site. Four additional sites were chosen for transplanting:
Guinea Marshes adjacent to where the donor plants were collected; Aliens
Island and Gloucester Point in the York River, and Parrott Island in the
Rappahannock River. Only one depth was chosen for transplants at these
sites. The sites on the York River (Guinea Marshes, Aliens Island,
Gloucester Point, and Mumfort Island) represent a gradient of salinities
running from the mouth of the river to roughly 10 km upriver. Success of
the transplants, to date, for the June transplants decreased as one proceeded
upriver with 0% surviving at Mumfort Island, the most upstream site. Light
readings taken along this gradient have revealed less light reaching the
bottom as one moves upriver, with the Mumfort Island site receiving the least
amount of light.
Work on the seed research commenced in May when we collected mature
reproductive plants from three locations (Browns Bay, Guinea Marshes and
Vaucluse Shores). Collections were made on several dates in May and June,
with each collection held separately in running water tanks until the
SAV 6A.5
-------
reproductive turions decayed and the seeds could be collected from the
holding bags. A total of 60,000 seeds were collected from these three
locations. Several experiments were initiated to test the effects of temper-
ature and salinity on seed germination. In one experiment, seeds from the
different locations as well as different collecting dates were placed in
eight different locations in the lower Bay in a salinity range of 10 to 33
°/oo. Examination of seeds on September 5-6 revealed only a few seeds to
have germinated from one collection. A second experiment was aimed at
looking at the interactive effects of temperature and salinity under lab-
oratory conditions. Seeds were placed at four temperatures (6, 10, 15, 20°C)
and five salinities (5, 10, 15, 20, 30 °/oo). Percent germination of seeds
will be used to measure optimal temperatures and salinities for seed germi-
nation. In addition, seeds were placed at 5°C and 20° and will be moved to
different temperatures at monthly intervals to test the effect of varying
temperatures on seed germination. Two different salinities were used in this
experiment. Another experiment tested the effects of seed storage at dif-
ferent temperatures. Seeds were placed at 5, 10, 15, 20°C, and at varying
intervals, will be moved to temperatures judged from the above experiments
to be the optimal germination temperature.
5. Identifiable Products to Date;
Products to date include quantitative data on standing stock measure-
ments for each of the three locations cited above as well as data on the
success of our transplant efforts to date.
6. Anticipated Activities:
Our activities in the next six months are geared into three aspects: 1,
continuing monthly sampling of SAV for standing crop measurements; 2,
SAV 6A.6
-------
conducting the third transplant test in October at all 5 sites listed above;
and 3, monitor all seeds in the different experiments for seed germination.
7. Suggested Modifications:
Modifications in the methodology have been made where appropriate.
8. Recommended Future Research;
The varying degrees of success of our transplants suggest investigation
into the factors that caused the decline of the SAV transplants. Laboratory
experiments coupled with physiological work with the plants in the field may
identify the reason for success or failure of particular transplants.
We also recommend testing of different fertilizers as well as ferti-
lizing the SAV after transplanting.
We recommend investigations into life-history strategies within Ruppia-
Zostera communities as well as possible efforts into transplanting Ruppia
into denuded areas.
Investigations into the possible implications of the physical efforts of
crab scraping on SAV would have definite management implications if intensive
crab scraping is detrimental to SAV.
Little information has been gathered on long term trends in environ-
mental parameters (temperature, rainfall) and their possible role in SAV
changes in the Bay. Correlations among these parameters and SAV abundance
would be particularly useful. Also, detailed information on catch data for
crabs and fish for the Rappahannock and York rivers where eelgrass has
declined substantially would yield useful information on possible impacts of
SAV changes on commercial fish abundance.
SAV 6A.7
-------
II. Effects of Herbicides
Objectives
- To identify seasonal or monthly levels of atrazine in the near-shore,
shallow waters of the lower Bay.
- To assess the impact of various levels of herbicides on mature plants
and seedlings of eelgrass under controlled laboratory conditions and
field experimentation.
1. Current Work Status
Since the last status report, work has involved selection of methodology
for analysis of atrazine, collection of samples from Virginia waters of the
Bay, and preparations for sampling during the 1980 growing season.
2. Project Progress to Date;
The first year's work has involved establishing the laboratory capabil-
ity to analyze for atrazine, selecting the methodology, and collecting survey
samples. At this time the laboratory has been completely outfitted. The gas
chromatograph and the two detectors selected for this project have been set
up and determination of detection limits has been accomplished. Sample
analysis has commenced.
The quality assurance program for the herbicide analyses is still under
development. Present plans call for us to split samples periodically with
two independent laboratories, Biodynamics in New Jersey and En-Cas Analytical
Laboratories in North Carolina. Letters have been sent to both labs to
formalize the arrangements. In addition, some samples may be split with the
research group in Maryland to provide cross checks within the Bay Program.
All analytical labs (including the contract labs) will be receiving "blind"
samples from the EPA laboratories in Cincinnati.
SAV 6A .8
-------
To date we have completed four circuits of the Virginia Bay collecting
water and sediment samples for herbicide analysis. Collections are being
made approximately every two months. Fifty stations have been selected
covering the Bay's periphery and some distance up each of the major
tributaries.
We have completed approximately 30% of our planned work and feel we are
about on schedule.
3. Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Actions Taken:
Only two problems have been encountered. The first is achieving the
levels of sensitivity we derived in the herbicide analyses. That problem
has been largely overcome. Minor difficulties with some of the more
sophisticated equipment are nearly solved. The second problem is the
establishment of a satisfactory quality assurance program for the herbicide
analyses. That problem is presently being remedied. The only remaining
difficulty will be the delay in reporting data until the QA plan is in
effect.
4. Preliminary Data Results and Evaluation;
No preliminary or other data will be reported until after the QA plan
is functional.
5. Identifiable Products to Date:
There are no identifiable products at this time.
6. Anticipated Activities:
During the next six months the majority of the work time will be devoted
to analysis of the backlog of samples from the survey. The survey sampling
will continue through the 1980 growing season. Other activities will be
geared toward preparation for field and laboratory dosing studies and
SAV 6A.9
-------
intensive spring sampling.
7. Suggested Modifications;
It appears at this point that some form of drainage basin study —
limited in scope to an agriculture dominated watershed — will be a highly
appropriate and useful extension of our scope at work. An intensive
monitoring program to describe the herbicide loadings occurring in the
adjacent water bodies would add much valuable information to this project
and increase the utility of the survey program.
8. Recommended Future Research
Research on possible synergistic effects of herbicides and other
stressors in the estuarine environment seems to be very appropriate.
SAV 6A.10
-------
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SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: ITS ROLE
IN THE BAY ECOSYSTEM AND FACTORS LEADING TO ITS DECLINE
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s): PROJECT NUMBER:
J. Court Stevenson R805932
W. M. Kemp
W. R. Boynton
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION; EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
University of Maryland Thomas Nugent
Center for Environmental and Estuarine Studies
Horn Point Environmental Laboratories
P.O. Box 775
Cambridge, MD 21613
BUDGET; PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $639,311 Begin - 07/15/78
Performing Organization End - 12/14/80
Share 170,371
TOTAL $809,682
OBJECTIVES:
Project objectives are: (1) to identify toxicity and stress levels of
herbicides, turbidity and their synergistic effects on SAV, (2) to examine
critical pathways and mechanisms of herbicides and turbidity in relation to
SAV, (3) to identify the ecological function of SAV, (4) to evaluate economic
and energetic costs and benefits of various watershead practices, (5) to
develop nutrient, sediment and herbicide budgets for the Patuxent and Choptank
subestuaries, and (6) to evaluate management options for controlling causative
factors in the decline of SAV.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH;
'"This project proceeds from microscale to macroscale studies at four
levels: (1) microcosmic laboratory studies of impacts of turbidity, herbicides
and nutrients on SAV, (2) similar studies in eight specially constructed
1/8-acre ponds, (3) field sample collection and investigation of SAV-environment
relations of representative Bay sites, and (4) regional studies to investigate
land use/pollutant interactions, simulating them mathematically in a model of
the environmetal decisionmaking process. The hierarchical approach of this
project allows for collection and interpretation of data and testing of
hypotheses in situations of increasing realism and increasing complexity.
PRODUCTS;
The project will attempt to: (1) determine the factors leading to the
decline of SAV in the Bay, (2) describe the dependence of commercially
valuable Bay animal species upon SAV," and (3) result in an ecological model
of SAV that accounts for changes in its distribution and abundance in the
Bay. SAV management options will be evaluated, based upon watershed utiliza-
tion practices in the Choptank and Patuxent subestuaries.
SAV 7.1
-------
Ref. No. UMCEES 79-136-HPEL
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY:
ITS ROLE IN THE BAY ECOSYSTEM AND FACTORS
LEADING TO ITS DECLINE1
Interim Report Covering the Period
March 1, 1979 through September 15, 1979
J. C. Stevenson2
W. M. Kemp2
W. R. Boynton3
Submitted to:
Thomas Nugent
Project Officer
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Chesapeake Bay Program
6th and Walnut Streets
Philadelphia, Penn. 19106
LWork Supported by the Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Research and Development, Chesapeake Bay
Program, Contract No. R805932010
2Horn Point Environmental Laboratories, Center for
Environmental and Estuarine Studies, University of
Maryland
3Chesapeake Biological Laboratory, Center for Environmental
and Estuarine Studies, University of Maryland
SAV 7.2
-------
MICROCOSM AND LABORATORY EXPERIMENTS
W. M. Kemp and J. C. Stevenson
T. Jones, D. Marbury, J. J. Cunningham, J. Metz
M. R. Lewis
Dose-Response Experiments
We are near completion of our first set of dose/response experiments
performed in 75 £ microcosms. In these experiments Potamogeton perfoliatus
and Myriophyllum spicatum were treated with atrazine at 5 concentrations
ranging from 5 - 1000 ppb (estimated aqueous). Other replicate microcosms
were treated with nutrient enrichments ranging from 10 - 100 yM of N in equal
parts NH^ and N03 , with N:P = 10:1. Measurements of community photosynthesis
and respiration for the 5 weeks prior to experimental treatment are sum-
marized in Fig. 1. Metabolism decreased slightly from first to second week
but then increased steadily (almost asymptotically) for the next 3 weeks.
There was significant metabolic differences (p < 0.05) between weeks 2 and
3; however, there was no difference over the last three weeks. Metabolism
estimates for Myriophyllum and Potamogeton were significantly different
throughout the experiment. There appeared to be a slight inverse correlation
between metabolism and temperature in the first 3 weeks; however, this was
not significant.
Environmental Kinetics of Atrazine
One issue which we have addressed in our microcosm studies is the
question of how rapidly atrazine is lost from estuarine water of varying
salinity when sediments are present. To determine the residence time of
atrazine in the water, 14C labelled atrazine was adsorbed to sediments and
SAV 7.3
-------
Figure 1. Apparent photosynthesis, night respiration and mean diel
temperature for microcosms prior to treatment (July-August
1979).
SAV 7.4
-------
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SAV 7.5
-------
introduced to flasks containing estuarine water from the Choptank River
(8 ppt) and Tangier Sound (15 ppt). In order to mimic bay conditions as
closely as possible, the flasks were maintained in a water bath at ambient
Bay temperatures in full sunlight. The water, sediment and suspended parti-
culate fractions were measured at 6 hrs., 24 hrs., 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 weeks
after treatment to determine llfC activity remaining using liquid scintilla-
tion counter (LSC) techniques outlined in our proposal. Flasks were main-
tained under aerobic and anaerobic conditions to determine whether low oxygen
concentrations affect the retention of atrazine in the water column.
In this experiment we found that atrazine adsorbed onto sediments goes
into solution almost immediately and then is slowly re-adsorbed. This
immediate desorption was also noted in our microcosm tanks and appears to
be a general phenomenon. Fig. 2 shows that atrazine "disappearance" from
the water column is most rapid under high salinity aerobic conditions (half
life of 5 days) while it is considerably slower under low salinity anearobic
conditions (half life of approximately 13 days). We are now in the process
of running Thin Layer Chromatography of water samples and LSC of sediment
extracts (now frozen in acetonitrite solution) to determine the amount of
degradation versus re-adsorption which has occurred during the course of
this experiment.
In order to determine whether atrazine degradation is as rapid in
estuaries as under field conditions another experiment was run concurrently
to the one above. lf*C ring labelled atrazine was adsorbed to Sassafrass
(well drained) and Metapeake (poorly drained) soils in early summer (at the
same time as atrazine is applied to fields). Samples have been taken at the
same time as estuarine samples above, and frozen in acetonitrile and will be
run when the CBL herbicide laboratory is functional.
SAV 7,6
-------
Figure 2. Disappearance of llfC - Atrazine from water in experimental
flasks under various environmental conditions.
SAV 7.7
-------
o
•x
1
FROM
WATSR
A noerobic, (_ 8 %» )
(8%o)
'0
-G
10
20 30
BAYS
Figure 2
SAV 7.8
-------
Nutrient Uptake/Trans!ocation Experiments
We have constructed 10 replicate chambers for performing our labelled
nitrogen and atrazine uptake and translocation experiments. We are cul-
turing experimental SAV in separate planters which will be placed into
the chambers. We are presently testing various techniques for obtaining
quasi-control of nutrients in the sediments of these planters. We are
also working out some final details preparing our Mass Spectrometer under
the guidance of Dr. Thomas Fisher (HPEL). These experiments will be com-
menced in late September.
Nutrient Dynamics of SAV Microcosms
We have followed the nutrient concentration in the water column of
our large (700 £) microcosms with SAV over a period of about 2 months from
the initiation of those aquaria. We also measured nutrient flux across
the sediment/water interface over about 30 days in these microcosms. In
Fig. 3 the mean flux rates and water column concentrations are provided
for ammonium in two experimental tanks. These flux rates are quite low
compared to values we have measured in situ; however, over the course of
this experiment they decrease from the initial values. Note the marked in-
verse relationship between concentration and flux apparent in this figure.
This suggests that the flux is limited by low concentrations in the inter-
stitial waters of the sediments, and we have previously speculated that
this may be a major factor controlling the longevity of these microcosms.
Presumably, decomposition rates in the sediments are low compared to natural
conditions. We are planning on developing a porous membrane sampler for
regular measurements of intestitial water concentrations, and we are
measuring the nitrogen content of plants and particulates to provide esti-
mates of mean uptake rates using our measurements of net photosynthesis.
SAV 7.9
-------
Figure 3. Water concentrations and sediment/water fluxes of ammonium
in microcosm communities with SAV.
SAV 7.10
-------
7 3
1
1
* r- •
TANK *F
r
Figure 3
SAV 7.11
-------
Predation Experiments
During the summer of 1979 we also used the larger microcosms to
attempt predator/prey experiments, addressing the question of the SAV
plants as a habitat for epifaunal invertebrates. We focused on the preda-
tion interaction between Fundulus diaphanus and several Gammarid amphi-
pods as possibly influenced by SAV abundance. The results of one such ex-
periment are summarized in Fig. 4. Measurements in the epifaunal habitat
alone (Fig. 4a) indicate that the addition of the predator significantly
reduced prey populations compared to controls with no predators. However,
upon examining the infaunal habitat we find that amphipod densities increased
in sediments with the presence of Fundu.lus. This, along with similar ex-
periments without SAV, suggest that for predation interactions such as this
one, the sediments may offer as good (or better) a refuge for amphipods
as does the structure of SAV plants.
Other Food Chain Studies
We are about to being some simple studies of trophic interactions in
these large microcosms. We will study the
-------
Figure 4. Amphipod abundance as infauna and as epifauna in experimental
microcosms with and without predators.
SAV 7.13
-------
|4 *-*
s
15
10
EPIFAUMAL
HABITAT
Xbn-
/
HABITAT
OF EXPERIMENT
Figure 4
SAV 7.14
-------
De-Nitrification Measurements
Work to evaluate de-nitrification in SAV areas has been characterized
by development of sampling and laboratory techniques, and preliminary
estimates of de-nitrification. Sediment cores were taken near laboratory
sites colonized by Zanichellia or El odea with Potamogeton perfoliatus.
Coring tubes (5 cm. dia.) were inserted by hand into the sediments, pro-
ducing a 25 cm deep sample. The cores were extruded under helium, sub-
sampled with a cork-borer and transferred to tubes in a manner that preserve
the micro-site structure. Tubes were incubated at ambient conditions in
the dark, and headspace gas was analyzed for N2 production using a thermal
conductivity detector GC. A major problem with the TCD is its lack of
sensitivity, requiring the use of long (24-48 hr.) incubation times.
Measurements of de-nitrification have been made at Todd's Point (Potamogeton
and Elodea), and in the Horn Point Marsh (Zanichellia). In addition, most
probable number microbial enumerations of denitrifers and nitrate-reducers
have been made on HPEL samples.
Techniques are still being evaluated for 15N calibration of de-nitrifi-
cation measurements. Our mass-spectrometer has been subject to several
mechanical failures, requiring the storage of calibration experiment samples
for later analysis. Tentative results from de-nitrification measurements
indicate that in some marsh areas de-nitrification is one the order of
several mg N03-N de-nitrified/m2 hr at typical summer temperatures (~ 30°C).
Verification of these tentative results is proceeding. The poor sensitivity
of the TCD-GC could be avoided by use of a 13N, ECD used in conjunction with
acetylene blockage/N20 production experiments. The blockage technique is
SAV 7.15
-------
being evaluated using the TCD. Moreover, negotiations are proceeding for
the purchase of a ECD. Expectations are that three orders of magnitude
in sensitivity and an order of magnitude increase in time-course measurements
sensitivity is expected from these improvements.
Comparison of Metabolism Methods
We have compared various commonly-used techniques for estimating pro-
ductivity of SAV, as well as other autotrophic components. These include
oxygen change, pH-C02 change, llf€ uptake, and biomass change. In general,
we have found reasonably good agreement among these techniques, with con-
siderable scatter throughout the range of measurements. A scatter-diagram
relating 02 production to IlfC uptake for macrophytes is given as Fig. 5.
Assuming a photosynthetic quotient (P.Q) of 1.0 - 1.25, we see that generally
oxygen techniques provided higher estimates of productivity than did ll*C
methods. Since most of the critiques of Oxygen methods would indicate that
it underestimates production, we tentatively conclude here that: either
these problems are not as severe as had been suggested; or the lf|C technique
involves problems of an even greater magnitude, leading to underestimates.
SAV 7.16
-------
Figure 5. Comparison of oxygen versus llfC productivity estimates for
macrophytes in microcosms.
SAV 7.17
-------
§
ex
0.
t
o
JU . -jm hjy iu. -j tei
SAV 7^8
-------
POND MESO-COSMS
J. C. Stevenson
R. Brinsfield
W. M. Kemp
In spring we completed excavations of the berms of the 8 ponds for
installation of the drain system leading into the two holding ponds. Work
is now also complete on the 8" diameter PVC pipe input system, as well
as the concrete block reservoir which supplies estuarine water to the ponds.
A Berkeley centrifugal pump with 60 HP BALDOUER electric motor has been
installed at the inlet which has a theoretical capacity of 1,200 gpm. We
have tested the flow rate of the reservoir and find that it is capable of
delivering 1000 gpm which is within our original design specifications. No
experimental data is expected until next year.
In order to plant SAV, 96 dump truck loads of sandy sediments pre-
viously dredged from the bottom of the Choptank were delivered to the ponds.
However, severe rainy weather in August and early September caused the
bottom of the ponds to be too muddy to spread the sediments with either
tractors or a bulldozer. A massive effort by SAV project staff to spread
the material by hand resulted in the completion of 1 pond. This has pre-
vented us from planting the ponds with SAV. Another problem is that our
half-time engineer who has supervised construction of the ponds is leaving.
A bulldozer is now at the site ready to take advantage of dry weather
to spread the sand. Also, another man is being added to our staff to super-
vise the planting effort and maintain the ponds.
SAV 7.19
-------
STRUCTURE AND FUNCTION OF SAV COMMUNITIES
W. R. Boynton, W. M. Kemp, J. C. Stevenson
L. Lubbers, K. Kaumeyer, S. Bunker, K. Staver
Six monthly cruises to the Eastern Bay study area were initiated on
the following dates: March 17, April 26, June 15, July 17, August 14 and
September 10. These cruises lasted from one to two weeks depending on
weather, logistics and etc. On each cruise the community structure of the
SAV was characterized by collecting samples of above and below ground bio-
mass with 0.25 m2 random quadrats at the Parson's Island bed. Table 1
shows the amount of biomass of the SAV species at the study site. The
dominant, Ruppia reaches a peak biomass in late July at 64.5 g m~2. De-
pending on the sampling date several other species were found in much less
abundance, including Potamogeton pectinatus, Zannichellia palustris and
Zostera marina. Transects (~ 2 m wide) across the SAV bed were established
in August to get a clearer picture of spatial variability within the
Parson's Island SAV community. Unfortunately, the area chosen at Turkey
Point as an unvegetated control ecosystem began to develop a significant
standing crop of grass early in the growing season. We coordinated an
overflight with Robert Macomber of Earth Satelite (also funded on the EPA
Bay Program) to find a better control area than at Turkey Point. A second
control area was established in August at Brians Bluff due east of
Parson's Island.
Further characterization of standing stocks of consumer populations
associated with SAV was carried out using techniques outlined in our pro-
posal. About 30% of the invertebrate samples have been processed to date.
The infaunal samples have been preserved for identification this winter.
SAV 7.20
-------
TABLE 1
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION BIOMASS1
Parson's Island, Eastern Bay
Date
March 17
May 1
June 15
July 17
August 1
August 14
Dominant
Species
Potamogeton pectinatus
Ruppia maritima
Ruppia maritima
Ruppia maritima
Ruppia maritima
Biomass, g
Above
2
33.1
69.5
66.8
27.1
Organic Matter m~2
Below
0
NA
NA
24.1
NT
14.6
1Above and below ground biomass as mean of 6 replicate samples
NA: Not yet available
NT: Below ground biomass not estimated during SAV vegetative survey
SAV 7.21
-------
Table 2
Species List of Finfish and Selected Macro
Parson's Island, SAV Study Site.
Invertebrates Collected from
Scientific Name
Anguilla rostrata
Apeltes quadracus
Brevoortia tyrannus
Callinectes sapidus
Cyprinus carpio
Fundulus diaphanus
Fundulus heteroclitus
Gobiosoma bosci
Leiostomus xanthurus
Lepomis microlophus
Lucania parua
Menidia beryl!ina
Menidia menidia
Menidra sp.
Morone americana
Morone saxatilis
Opsanus Tau
Palaemonetes pugio
Pseudopleuronectes americanus
Strongylura marina
Trinectes maculatus
Cynoscion nebulosus
Syngnathus fuscus
Pomatomus saltatrix
Rhinoptera bonasus
Micropogon undulatus
C
C
V
A
R
A
A
R
A
R
C
A
A
A
A
C
0
A
C
C
C
C
C
C
A
0
Common Name
American eel
Fourspine stickleback
Atlantic menhaden
Blue crab
Carp
Banded killifish
Mummichog
Naked goby
Spot
Redear sunfish
Rainwater killifish
Tidewater silverside
Atlantic silverside
Juvenile silverside
White perch
Striped bass
Oyster toadfish
Grass shrimp
Winter flounder
Atlantic needlefish
Hogchoker
Spotted seatrout
Northern pipefish
Bluefish
Cownoise ray
Atlantic croaker
From: Common and scientific names of fishes. Amer. Fish. Soc. special Pub!
#6, 3rd ed., 1970.
C = Common
A = Abundant
V = Variable but occasionally abundant
0 = Occasional
R = Rare
SAV 7.22
-------
The epifloral and epifaunal samples have been completed through the August
collections. The Finfish have been identified to species (see Table 3)
and length and weight data recorded through the June collections. Mean
abundance and biomass values for fish caught in two gear types are sum-
marized in Table 3. The stomach analysis of fish will begin after the last
cruise is over this fall.
Nutrient samples of water from the sediments and the water column as
well as community metabolism measurements have been worked up throughout;ithe
July cruise. The metabolism data presented in Table 4 indicate that as
the season progresses, there is more and more divergence between the highly
productive SAV beds and the control area. This indicates that although the
control area was sparcely vegetated in July it more closely resembles an
open bottom community.
In early September we have also begun preliminary predator exclusion
studies to determine what configurations of cages and type of gear will
be workable at the high wind/wave energy Parson's Island site. We expect
to have some data on this issue by the middle of October.
Additional field efforts not outlined in our original proposal were
initiated in order to fill information gaps. These include deployment of
sediment traps to determine sedimentation rates in different areas within
and around the SAV beds. Visual assessments indicate that this particular
beds seems ideal for this purpose. Another supplemental effort is our use
of a 5,000 m2 haul seine for measurement of fish stocks. This larger seine
now appears to be more efficient than original gear outlined in our proposal.
SAV 7.23
-------
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SAV 7.24
-------
TABLE 4
Comparative Productivities of SAV Beds and Control Areas in 1979 in Eastern Bay.
g02/rn2/day g02/m2/day
Community Metabolism Plankton Metabolism
Date Station Pa Rn P ^a Rn p _
24-25 April 79 Parsons South 1.47 0.35 1.96 0.00 0.14 0.127
24-25 April 79 Turkey South 1.16 1.60 3.40 0.15 0.11 0.406
05-06 June 79 Parsons East 3.99 2.09 6.92 1.61 0.00 1.61
05-06 June 79 Turkey South 2.41 1.28 4.20 1.66 0.10 1.91
16-17 July 79 Parsons East 7.02 7.51 19.53 0.67 0.96 2.86
16-17 July 79 Turkey West 1.81 1.91 4.99 0.72 0.90 2.91
SAV 7.25
-------
Our overiding problems in the field have been due to the relatively
exposed study areas in Eastern Bay where windy days causes choppy water con-
ditions. This factor, plus the problem that it is from one-two hours away
from our laboratories at Horn Point and Solomons has led to many logistical
difficulties. These have considerably increased the cost of the field study
over what could have been accomplished of a closer site by either laboratory.
This may force us to reconsider our study site selection for next year.
We have had continuing problems with Cownose rays which appear to be
reducing vegetation along the edge of the beds. Also large gill net opera-
tions have been hampered by horseshoe and blue crabs tangling in the gear
so even relative estimates of large fish in and out of beds are difficult
to make. A partial solution to this is to suspend nets off the bottom so
that they fish pelagically. However we are still underestimating the total
stock present. In order to sample crabs more effectively we are considering
establishing a large (~ 300 m2) enclosure and fishing them with numerous
crab pots and using DeLury population estimates. Additional problems of
vegetation patchiness are being addressed through marking specific areas
for resampling with permanent (?) stakes. We are now evaluating how well
these markers will hold up at the study area.
SAV 7.26
-------
REGIONAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
W. M. Kemp, W. R. Boynton, J. C. Stevenson
J. Kahn, T. Schueler, S. Lonergan
We are nearing completion of a general nutrient budget for the Patuxent
River watershed and estuary. This budget is summarized in Table 5, illustra-
ting the fact that, overall, diffuse and point sources of Nitrogen are
about equally important while point-sources of Phosphorus are more signifi-
cant. In a preliminary nutrient budget for the Choptank River watershed,
we estimated that diffuse sources were considerably higher for the Eastern
Shore basin. More recently, we have re-evaluated diffuse-source loading rates,
considering subsurface flux as an additional input. Here, over 100 pub-
lished values for runoff rates were synthesized and compared to the few
available estimates of subsurface flow. It appears that for nitrogen
our estimates of diffuse-source inputs could be elevated considerably con-
sidering this subsurface contribution.
We have collected historical data on SAV relative abundance and will
be doing statistical regression analysis of these data versus several environ-
mental and climatological variables, including insolation, temperature
patterns, rainfall and runoff, secchi disc, sediment discharge, herbicide
use, fertilizer use, land-use, and human population density. Additional
regressions will be done for SAV abundance versus fish and shellfish harvests,
waterfowl populations (in conjunction with F & W), and various indices of
recreational uses of the Bay.
We are in the processes of formulating appropriate equations and com-
piling necessary data to generate reasonable economic damage functions. The
SAV 7.27
-------
Table 5 . Budget of major nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) inputs to
and outputs from Patuxent River/Estuary system.
Summer
Nutrient Flows
(mT mo'1)
Point Sources9
Diffuse Sources'3
Transport toc
N
+ 48
+ 36
- 34
P
+63
+23
- 3
Winter
N P
UPPER BASIN
+ 48 +63
+ 50+4
-101 -18
Annual
N P
+48 +63
+31 +11
-67 -10
Lower Basin
Net
+ 50 +83
- 3 +49
+12 +64
LOWER BASIN
Transport from
Upper Basinc
Point Sources3
Diffuse Sources
Transport to Bayc
Net
+ 34
0
+ 10
-109
- 65
+ 3
0
+ 7
-62
-52
+101
0
+ 15
- 48
+ 68
+18
0
+ 1
-11
+ 8
+67
0
+10
-42
+35
+10
0
+ 4
-22
- 8
Discharge at sewage treatment plants, as reported by MD. Environ. Serv.
(1974).
^Calculated from runoff coefficients reported by Correll et al (197 )
and land-use data provided by
cComputed using one-dimensional dispersion model of Ulanowicz et al (1978)
and nutrient concentrations reported by Flemer et al (1970).
SAV 7.28
-------
rationale which we are using in this development is indicated in the flow
diagram of Fig. 6. The first half of this diagram (Fig. 6 (a)) deals with
the factors contributing to SAV decline, while Fig. 6 (b) considers the
importance of SAV for socio-economic utilities. Preliminary models for
these damage functions should be available by early spring 1980. We are
presently persuing additional funding sources which would enable us to
develop a regional simulation model for synthesizing these resource manage-
ment calculations into a dynamic framework.
SAV 7.29
-------
Figure 6. Flow chart illustrating rationale for development of economic
damage function for SAV communities.
SAV 7.30
-------
1 a ) Appl i cat 1 or,
1 >. ' iierui cl Uci
i . -a or icul tural
!
j { ijenera 1 1 ^n
of stCifnehls)
u j oenerati on
,0f nutru'nli,
i . 3fjrKul tura i
t i T u re s t s
J ; i ultuI'Dd f,
L'd ' run-off,
Jb; run- of r
3d) dispersion |
and dciidy i
1 H
i i
^
Si) ambient
(concentration
in
es tuarine
water
I of herbicides
by suspended
seainents
bb)
ID) dispersion
ana
settlement
*
\
ambient
concentration
in estuarine
r/ater
4b) fixation of
nutrients in
Suspended
sediments
3c) dispersion
and
6c) if
n u r 1 s
7
\
5c) ambient
concentration
in estuarint
water
creased
iinen t
i ,
6d) i
in ph
plank
bloon
ncrease
yto-
ton
s
— - — i
blocl aqt
7b)of iiqnt
of nutrients
nui Hlintnt 1
c)blockaue ^
Of liqlit
Us) duple liun
of SAV
'
^
\ see
\ Figure 2
8b) depletion
Of SAV
9) total '
J depletion [_J
r of iAV |
i
T
Cc! growth of
SAV
of SAV
Oglnet
effect
y on SAV
(depletion.
_^*
Set
8O Oxyutn Fiquie
depletion l_|
of estuariiir
water
1
Figure 6 (a)
SAV 7.31
-------
1
1 1 } Ju,. lei lOli
I i • i ' - ul j<-i'
* 1 i_ai rL ,
i
1
| trixn 1 i.jure
1
1
ll.a | flf |
Ual haouat trffcCi; un | oxyyen dup let IOM
ertec ilarval pLjulatiui waters
i
I
13s, j
i-.)rccru,iment mortality o. |
" ; uenth ic con nun i -
|nes
| 1
*
' i • i
\ e.fecu on shell- ^^jll^^
i ^IfiM andfiifish A
lOfl) food wrT' i r.-,"..il Al i fjn ,
rffeci ' lio) sportf uninu '
|
1
!Bb) connercial "fistiinn '
[lit
effect on water-
fowl populations ' a <
r— , _i '
ICic) direct mod '
source
16d) other recreational '
uses
13b
mortality of
clams anc
oysters
^
l£a
loss in value
a^inciotea w~. ;n
an iriCreinentol
reduction in
population
17
Jaii.agei aiiicioted
1.-.; t n aeplet ion of
SAV tnrOuO'
' hertu iae, n^u ier.1,
ano sediment
contami ria t 1 cr
"1"
1
/
16o
loss in value
associated with
an incremental
reduction in
population
/
Figure 6 (b)
SAV 7.32
-------
ECOSYSTEM MODELING
W. M. Kemp, S. Bellinger, M. Lewis, W. R. Boynton
We have developed two similation models which are presently fully doc-
umented and programmed and are exhibiting numerical stability in the
digital computation mode. The first of these is the "Autotroph Competition
Model" which simulates some of the salient features of our microcosm experi-
ments in 1978. This model is depicted in Fig. 7, showing competition among
macrophytes, phytoplankton and benthic microflora for light and nutrients.
This model is being calibrated and verified using the data from our SAV
microcosms, but the basic model structure will be further developed
(probably including epiphytes as a separate component) for simulating
in situ community interactions. We provide Fig. 8 as an example of the kinds
of calibration that we are striving for, where the model output agrees with
empirical observations within 1 standard deviation.
Our basic ecosystem simulation model of the SAV communities observed
in nature has been decomposed into 6 subsystem models: autotrophs, plankton;
benthos/sediments; nekton; predation; and epibiota. Of these the first and
last are presently programmed and functioning. The epibiota sub-model
examines the interactions among macrophytes, inorganic and organic sediments
on the SAV leaves, epiflora and epifauna. This model system ss illustrated
in Fig. 9, with the major subroutines being identified along with mechanisms
of connection to other SAV community sub-models. The general shape of some
of the model outputs is provided us Fig. 10, where epiflora exhibits a
bimodal pattern around the SAV late summer peak. Since we do not have our
SAV 7.33
-------
Figure 7. Diagram of autotroph competition model for microcosm SAV
ecosystems.
SAV 7.34
-------
WATER COLOMN
5EPIMENT5
Figure 7
SAV 7.35
-------
Figure 8. Example of output from model depicted in Figure 7, showing
macrophyte biomass behavior versus empirical data (x ± S.E.).
SAV 7.36
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SAV 7.37
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field data analyzed at present and since there is so little published
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American Atlantic coastal environments.
SAV 7.38
-------
Figure 9. Diagram of epibiota sub-model for SAV ecosystem.
SAV 7.39
-------
Figure 9
SAV 7.40
-------
Figure 10. Example of output from model depicted in Figure 9.
SAV 7.41
-------
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STUDIES ON THE VALUE OF VEGETATED HABITATS AND THEIR ROLES AS
NURSERY AREAS AND SHELTER FROM PREDATION WITH EMPHASIS ON
UTILIZATION BY COMMERCIALLY EXPLOITED SPECIES
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
Kenneth L. Heck, Jr. R806151
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Academy of Natural Sciences of Thomas Nugent
Philadelphia
Benedict Estuarine Research Laboratory
Benedict, MD 20612
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $48,726 Begin - 08/01/78
Performing Organization End - 12/31/80
Share „ .__2jJ565,
TOTAL „ ..$51,291
OBJECTIVES:
This project seeks to test, the hypothesis that beds of SAV (1) contain
significantly larger number of invertebrates than adjacent unvegetated areas,
(2) harbor significantly greater concentrations of juveniles of commerfially
valuable fishes and grass shrimp, and (3) serve as shelters for juvenile
fishes and grass shrimp where predator efficiency is lower than in unvegetated
areas.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The approach is divided into two categories: (1) repetitive day and
night field sampling of vegetated and nonvegetated sites and (2) laboratory
tank experiments using known numbers of grass shrimp and a predator in SAV
planted in bare sand (control) tanks.
- - \
Sampling locations and nearby control sites have been established in a
high salinity Zostera marina meadow near the mouth of the York River in
Virginia and in a lower salinity Ruppia maritima meadow near Parson's Island,
Maryland. Day and night trawls have been taken in the Maryland and Virginia
test and control sites.
The laboratory experiment utilizes two large (236 gallon) tanks to
establish predator efficiency. An additional series of identical experiments
will be carried out using artificial SAV to determine whether nonliving
sources may provide protection for grass shrimp.
PRODUCTS:
The products will include data and graphs of abundance, species richness
and size-frequency distributions at each of the sampling sites. Estimates of
the degree of protection from predation provided by different densities and
species of SAV will also be developed.
SAV 8.1
-------
This research effort consists of sampling and experi-
mental programs designed to evaluate the importance of sub-
merged aquatic vegetation as a nursery habitat in the Chesa-
peake Bay. The following discussion describes progress made
from October 1978 through September 1979 in both the sampling
and experimental programs.
Sampling Program
Sampling locations have been established in a high
salinity Zostera marina meadow near the mouth of the York
River, Virginia and in a nearby unvegetated area, as well as
in a lower salinity Euppia martima meadow near Parson's Island,
Maryland and a nearby unvegetated area. Six two-min trawl
samples were collected during the day at all four sites in
October-November 1978 and in March-September 1979. In addi-
tion, six two-min night time trawls were taken during October
at the two Virginia sites and in November at the two Maryland
sites. Night samples were taken at all four sites during
April, June and August 1979. Gill net samples were collected
at all four sites during October and at the two Maryland
sites in November 1978 and during March-September 1979.
Thus, all scheduled sampling has been successfully carried out.
Because of the enormous number of animals collected,
SAV 8.2
-------
identification of the April-September 1979 samples is not
yet completed. I do not anticipate that these data will
be available before the early part of 1980. October-November
1978 and March 1979 results will be presented in detail
here.
Appendix 1 presents the fishes collected during the day
in vegetation at the Maryland and Virginia sites. Thirteen
species have been taken at the Parson's Island station and
eight species at the York River station. Abundances were
much greater at Parson's Island than at the York River site
during October-November 1978 while both sites showed character-
istically low winter values in March 1979. These differences
in species richness and abundance are almost certainly due to
the fact that vegetation was very sparse at the York River
site while it was still very dense during these months at the
Parson's Island site. These differences essentially disappear-
ed by April 1979 as vegetation densities in the York River
began increasing.
In Appendix 2 fishes collected during the day at the
unvegetated sites are listed. Again the Maryland site pro-
duced more species and individuals than the Virginia sites.
Comparing vegetated and unvegetated fish data shows that fish
abundance is slightly greater at the unvegetated Maryland site
during October 1978. This surprising result is due to the
large number of spot (Leiostomus xanthurus} taken at the
unvegetated site. Because spot are schooling fish and are not
SAV 8.3
-------
restricted to any particular bottom type it is likely that a
school was encountered feeding over the sandy bottom. The
greater abundances of fish in vegetation during November at
the Maryland site and in Virginia during October-November 1978
are in accordance with expected results. The depauperate
March collections reflect low winter fish abundances.
Motile decapod crustaceans collected during the day at
the vegetated sites are listed in Appendix 3. Abundances are
much greater at Parson's Island during October and are
dominated by palaemonid shrimp. The relatively low inverte-
brate abundance in the York River is probably due to the small
standing crop of vegetation during October, Blue crabs are
present in only low densities at both sites since by this time
of year they had already begun moving out of the shallows to
wintering grounds. By November collections had declined at the
Maryland sites and March densities reflect low winter abun-
dances. Very few decapods were collected frora the unvegetated
sites (Appendix 4}.
Night collections taken in November in vegetation at
Parson's Island and in October at the York River site (Appendix
5) produced more species than daytime collections at both sites
and more individuals at the York River sites. These data
reflect the fact that more species were active in the vege-
tation at night as well as the possibility that the trawl is
more effective at night„ Decapod collections in vegetation at
Parson's Island and the York River site (Appendix 6) show much
SAV 8.4
-------
greater night time abundances (cf. Appendix 3), probably
reflecting the greater night time activity and catchability
of these species. The greater night time abundance at the
York River site is due to the fact that this sample was collect-
ed in October while the Parson's Island collections were made
in November after most animals had begun leaving the shallows.
Night time collections in unvegetated areas were only made in
November at the Parson's Island site (Appendix 7) but they
show reduced abundances compared to both daytime and night
time catches of invergebrates and fish from vegetated areas.
In Appendix 8 the results of the gill net samples are
presented. Very few large fish were present in the study
areas at the time of sampling. Of the most abundant fish, the
sandbar shark Caraharinus milberti, is a seasonal visitor to
the shallows, occurring there during summer and fall months
and menhaden are found throughout the Bay during most of the
year.
In summary the sampling program, with very few excep-
tions, has been carried out as planned. Because of the very
large size of collections from the vegetated habitats sample
processing has fallen behind collection. However, since no
samples are to be collected during December-February all
processing of back samples should be completed before collec-
tions begin again in March 1980. As the available data show,
and as the unanalyzed 1979 data will show more dramatically,
vegetated habitats support much greater concentrations of adult
SAV 8.5
-------
and juvenile fishes and blue crabs, as well as other decapod
crustaceans. If the 1980 data support the 1979 results there
should be no need to continue work on this portion of the study
beyond 1980.
Experimental Program
The experimental program is designed to evaluate
whether vegetation provides prey species with protection from
predators. Specifically, this program will manipulate differ-
ent densities of eelgrass (Zostera marina') , widgeon grass
(Ruppia mar-itima} and artificial plants to determine how this
affects the capture rate of fish predators.
Two experimental habitats have been installed and are
currently in operation. However, a number of unforeseen pro-
blems have delayed progress in the experimental program.
These problems included unforeseen difficulties in install-
ing the flow through water system, equipment failure, disease
problems in stocks of experimental animals, and other problems
of a biological nature. Thus, a closed seawater system is
now being used and the original predator (white perch) and
prey species (blue crabs) have been replaced by the killifish
(Fundulus hetevoalitus') and grass shrimp (Palaemonetes pugi-o} ,
respectively.
Experiments using killifish. and grass shrimp have been
carried out in artificial Zostera marina at low and high
densities, and on urivegetated bottoms. Ten replicates of each
of these three treatments have been carried out. Each
SAV 8.6
-------
replicate consisted of placing a pre-established number of
shrimp in the experimental habitats and then adding two starved
female killifish to the tanks. At the end of two days the
number of shrimp eaten was recorded.
The results of the experiments show significant (p.<.05)
differences between the percentage of shrimp consumed in high
density artificial eelgrass and that in low density artificial
eelgrass, and between the percentage consumed in high density
eelgrass and that on unvegetated bottoms. Surprisingly, there
was no significant difference between the percentage consumed
in low density artificial eelgrass and that on bare sand.
These results imply that there is a threshold density of vege-
tation which must be present before predation intensity is
adversely affected. Put another way, the mere presence of
sparse vegetation is not sufficient to provide protection for
small animals from actively foraging predators such as the
killifish. However, as many people have speculated; dense
vegetation does reduce the foraging efficiency of predators,
thereby providing a refuge for juvenile animals.
The experiments utilizing live plants will be begun
this fall and completed next spring and summer when eelgrass
and widgeon grass begin growing again and can readily be
obtained. The results obtained to date suggest that plants
with finely divided and complex leave morphologies ought to
provide prey more protection from predators than plants with
simple leaves. This means, for example, that a given biomass
SAV 8.7
-------
of a plant with thin leaves such as widgeon grass should
provide less protection from predators than the same biomass
of a plant with broader leaves such as eelgrass, and that
plants such as coontail (Ceratophyllom demersum) or many
species of red algae, which have finely divided leaves, ought
to provide more protection than either widgeon grass or eel-
grass. By making measurements of plant surface area/unit
weight one could rank all the Bay plant species in terms of
the amount of protection each species should provide. Then,
using experiments similar to those described above, one could
test whether these rankings were correct. The results of such
experiments could then have significant implications for
management decisions. For example, if a transplanting or
reseeding program were begun one would like to be able to
rank plant species in terms of their important functions.
Such data would allow plant species to be ranked in one
critical aspect of their nursery role in estuaries; namely,
their ability to provide hiding places and refuges; thereby
enhancing the chances of survival to adulthood for juvenile
fishes and invertebrates.
SAV 8.8
-------
Table 1. Fishes collected by daytime trawling at vegetated
sites during October-November 1978 and March 1979.
Parson's Island (Md.) York River (Va.)
Species Oct. Nov. Mar. Oct. Nov. Mar.
Syngnathus fuscus 7 16 31 20 1
Leiostomus xanthurus 12 -- -- 8
Bairdiella ohrysuYa 1 -- -- 1
Men-idia menida-i 92 265
M. beryllina 99 12
Apeltes quadvaous 87 165
Fundulus heteroclitus 32 3 ___.-_
F. diaphanus 44
F. majalis -- 4
Anguilla rostrata 21
Gobiosoma bosci 13
Opsanus tau 4
Morone amer-ioana 1
Anchoa mitchifii, -- -- -- 189 26 1
Synodus foetens -- -- -- 1
Hypsoblennius "hentzi 2 -- -- -- 2
Chilomycterus sehoepfi -- -- -- I
Lepomis maoroch-Lrus -- 1
M-ioropogon undulatus ~- -- -- -- 19
Mean number/trawl 126.3 77.7 0 23.1 11.2 0.33
SAV 8.9
-------
Table 2. Fishes collected by daytime trawling at unvegetated
sites during October-November 1978 and March 1979.
Parson's Island (Md.) York River (Va.)
Species
Leiostomus xanthurus
Hypsoblennius hentzi
Syngnathus fusous
Menidia menidia
M. beryllina
Apeltes quadraous
Opsanus tau
Synodus foetens
Anehoa mitchilli
Miaropogon undulatus
Oct. Nov. Mar. Oct. Nov. Mar.
757 -- -- -
1
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2
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Mean number/trawl 129.0 0.33 0.17 0.17 0.66 0
SAV 8.10
-------
Table 3. Decapod crustaceans collected by daytime trawling
at vegetated sites during October-November 1978 and
March 1979.
Parson's Island (Md.) York River (Va.)
Species
Palaemonetes pug-i-o 6
P. vulgaris
P. intermedius 1
Crangon septemsp-Lnosa
Call-ineotes sapidus
Rhithropanopeus harrisii
Leander tenuiaornis
Pagurus I on gi. carp us
Penaeus aztecus
L-ibin'ia dub-la
Oct. Nov. Mar.
,722 228 1
1
,181 23
2 8
2
89 11
5
_ _
_ _
Oct.
3
23
2
9
25
3
1
Nov. Mar.
1
14
153
5
_ _
4
1
Mean number/trawl 2,339.1 45.0 0.17 11.1 29.7
SAV 8.11
-------
Table 4. Decapod crustaceans collected by daytime trawling at
unvegetated sites during October-November 1978 and
March 1979.
Parson's Island (Md.) York River (Va.)
Species Oct. Nov. Mar. get. Nov? Mar.
Callineotes sapidus 5 1 -- 1
Palaemonetes pugio 2
Crangon septemspinosa 1 3-- -- 31
Libin-ia dub-La - - - - - - 1
Pagurus long-icarpus -- -- -- 1
R-ithropanopeus harrisi-i- -- -- 1
Mean number/trawl 1.33 0.66 0.17 0.5 0.6 0.17
*only 5 trawls taken
SAV 8.12
-------
Table 5. Fishes collected from night time trawling at
vegetated sites during October-November 1978.
Parson's Island (Md.) York River (Va.)
Species Nov. Oct.
Syngnathus fusous 24 177
Leiostomous xanthurus 18 69
Baird-iella ahvysura -- 30
Menid'La men-id-ia 2 2
M. beryll-ina 69
Apeltes quadracus 208 1
Fundulus hetevootitus 1
F. diaphanus 5
F. majalis 2
Angu-illa Tostvata 4
Gobiosoma boso-L -- 16
Opsanus tau -- 8
Morone americana 2
Anohoa mitch-illi -- 27
Tautoga on-it-is -- 1
Hypsoblennius hentzi, -- 13
Rissola marginata -- 5
Lepom-Ls macroeh-irus 2
Gobiosoma bosci -- 6
Brevoortia tyrannus 4
SAV 8.13
-------
Table 5. (Continued)
Nov. Oct.
Trineotes maculatus 1 2
Gobiesox strumosus -- 11
Paraliathys dentatus -- 1
Lagodon rhomboides - - 1
Chaetodon ooellatus -- 1
Mean number/trawl 53.7 61.8
SAV 8.14
-------
Table 6. Invertebrates collected by night time trawling at
vegetated sites during October-November 1978.
Parson's Island (Md.) York River (Va.)
Species Nov. Oct.
Palaemonetes pugio 1078 243
P. vulgaris -- 2,557
P. -Lntermedius 57 88
Crangon septemspinosa 47 1,764
Callineates sapidus 7 770
Rithropanopeas harrisii 30
Leandev tenu'icovni'8. - - 4
Pagurus long-icarpus -- 10
Penaeus asteaus -- 61
Neopanope sayi -- 2
Mean number/trawl 203.2 916.5
SAV 8.15
-------
Table 7. Fishes and invertebrates collected by night time
trawling at unvegetated sites during November 1978
Parson's Island (Md.)
Fish Species • Nov.*
Leiostomous xanthurus 104
menidia menidia 3
M. beryllina 81
Apeltes quadvaous 20
MoTone americana 1
Mean number/ trawl 41.6
Invertebrate Species
Palaemonetes pugio 3
Crangon septemspinosa 59
Callineetes sapidus 20
Ri,thropanopeus
Mean number/ trawl 16.6
*only five samples taken
SAV 8.16
-------
Table 8. Fishes collected by night time gill netting at
vegetated and unvegetated sites during October-
November 1978 and March 1979.
Parson's Island (Md.)
Grass Sand
Species Oct.
Leiostomus xanthurus 1
Pomatomus saltatrix I
Brevoortia tyrannus
Nov. Mar.
Oct. Nov. Mar,
34
Total
York River (Va.)
Grass Sand
34
Species
Leiostomous xanthurus
Pomatomus saltatrix
Brevoovti,a tyvannus
Carchapinus m-Llberti,
Oct. Nov.* Mar.
Oct. Nov.* Mar,
3
1
14
34
Total
*no samples taken
18
SAV 8.17
-------
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SAV 8.19
-------
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RATES IN RELATIONSHIP TO SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR!S);
Jerome Williams
Hermann Gucinski
PROJECT NUMBER:
EPA-78-D-X0426
Interagency Agreement
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Department of Oceanography
U.S. Naval Academy
Annapolis, Maryland 21402
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Thomas Nugent
BUDGET;
EPA Share $28,613
TOTAL $28,613
PROJECT PERIOD:
Begin - 07/01/78
End - 10/30/79
OBJECTIVES;
This project has two primary objectives: (1) to determine if small-craft-
induced water turbulence leads to measurable increases in suspended sediment
and to determine the preferred measurement techniques, and (2) to determine
the effects of recreational boating on suspended sediments.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Sediment resuspension due to small craft induced water motion was
measured by: (1) gravitation analysis of suspended sediment, (2) light
extinction as measured by photometer and (3) light scattering as measured by
transmissiomter. Effects due to vessel passage were compared to values
obtained prior to vessel passes at several locations, primarily on the Rhode
River, Upper Chesapeake Bay, and chosen to allow changing one variable at a
time. Variables include water depth, sediment type, and boar type.
"Laboratory measurements were made to determine average velocity and
turbulence intensity due to propeller effects alone, and results will allow
an estimate of the Reynold's stress. This stress, when combined with data on
critical stresses for sediment resuspension, may allow prediction of the
stress distribution as a function of depth and propeller immersion. Measure-
ments were made using open channel flume, a laser-Doppler anemometer, and
Fourier analyzer.
Recreational boating effects on suspended sediments were determined by
comparison of controlled and uncontrolled shallow estuarinc environments.
Water transparency was measured by: (1) gravimetric determination of suspended
solids, (2) determination of beam transmittance, and (3) use of the Sechi
Disc.
PRODUCTS:
The products include data correlating the effects of small craft passage,
recreational boating (waterskiing), weather, and tidal current on suspended
sediment, as well as the subsequent effect of suspended sediment on SAV.
SAV 9.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
Sediment Suspension and Resuspenslon from
Craft Induced Turbulence
EPA 78-D-X0426
by
Hermann Gucinski
Anne Arundel Community College
Arnold, Maryland
Current Work Status
Two significant activities have taken place in the effort to determine
the contribution of small craft induced turbulence to sediment resuspension
since the last report. One has been the near completion of field measure-
ments using suspended sediment, photometric, and transmission methods to
study the effects of a single pass of a boat. In the most recent field work
the following variables were changed one at a time: a) a speed boat hull was
run at planing speeds in waters of the same depth as previous trials,
b) trials with the boat initially used, the tugboat "Bottlenose", were
conducted in slightly greater water depths, and c) a single trial was con-
ducted under different sediment substrate conditions.
The second, and more significant, change has been the attempt, nearly
completed, to better understand the hydrodynamics of water motions due to the
propeller action of the passing vessel. In order to use the most reliable
measuring equipment it was decided to do laboratory model studies, which
SAV 9.2
-------
offered the advantage of having integrated electronic analysis available for
rapid data reduction and presentation. Since little prior work of such
nature is available, the laboratory experiments promise to answer some of
the initial questions, which can conceivably lead to more sophisticated
approaches in future field measurements. Measurement runs have been con-
ducted simulating various vessel speeds and propeller speed, and have
yielded mean velocity profiles and turbulent intensity profiles at various
depths and at various distances aft of the vessel. These lab measurements
have been nearly completed. Results of present laboratory work will allow
predicting spacial stress distributions. Work of other investigators has
led to knowledge of critical stresses sufficient to resuspend sediments of
a given size. These two approaches will be combined to gain insight into
the mechanics responsible for effects such as those observed in the field
studies.
Project Progress
The project, initiated during the summer of 1978, but then curtailed
because of funding delays, was aimed in getting field phases completed
during the summer months. Thus, the work involving vessel passes has been
continued during the summer of 1979, and is essentially complete. It is
possible that the data analysis may reveal that a few particular test runs
should be repeated or runs under slightly differing conditions be attempted,
but the nature of such experiments would be to primarily confirm the con-
clusions tentatively reached thus far.
Similarly, while the concept of making turbulence measurements in the
laboratory has only recently been developed and implemented, the data
gathering phase was designed to be accomplished by the end of August, 1979
SAV 9.3
-------
and is also essentially complete. The detailed analysis of the results and
the interpretation remains to be done, although here, too, work is in
progress and essentially on schedule.
It is anticipated that data analysis, especially the integration of
results from both lab and field phases be completed by the end of September,
and there are no indications that problems will develop.
Analysis of the field results has been started, with primary data
reduction about 50% completed. Lastly, a review of what possible effects
the sediment resuspension may have on the submerged vegetation has been
undertaken, primarily via consultation, in order to establish which if any
of three possible modes of biological impact may take place. The modes are:
1. the effects of increased turbidity, i.e. increased light reduction
and thereby reduced photosynthesis,
2. the possible deposition of resuspended sediments on leaf structures,
and
3. the potential exposure of plant root structures from erosive
effects.
Problems
Two main problems have emerged during this investigation. One is a
combination of measurement difficulty with inherent background fluctuations,
presumably due to environmental effects, while the other, perhaps not unre-
lated to the first, is the low rate of overall impact found in field
experiments. The first problem mentioned emerges primarily in the measure-
ments of suspended sediments, using the technique outlined in Strickland and
Parson's "Practical Seawater Analysis Handbook". Not only was the sample to
sample variation, both before and after boat passage, very high, but a shift
SAV 9.4
-------
to the use of replicates with every sample taken showed a very high rate of
variation for the replicates also.
Fears that the method of filter preparation was a factor, principly by
resulting in different degrees of removal of adsorbed water were ruled out
after comparison of different preparation techniques. Some of these compar-
isons are still in progress,but the inherent, and presently considered high,
measurement error was not reduced by changing techniques. At present the
reason for the high sample variation is not clear, especially since samples
are treated near identically. Presently, attempts are being made to compare
our results with work of other investigators to determine if overlooked
shortcomings exist in our method.
The second problem mentioned above is the low response seen when
vessel passes are made. During the initial studies, conditions were selected
deliberately to maximize impact so as to have some clear-cut "base-line"
impact. This was considered to be the pass of a displacement vessel,
travelling at hull speed in waters 2m deep or less. (Hull speed is taken
to be the speed found by multiplying the square root of the waterline
length of a vessel by 1.4, giving a speed in knots when the length units
are feet.) Initial laboratory test results suggest that propeller effects
are best mapped as the ratio Y/R where depths Y are compared to R the
distance of the propeller hub from the reference plane (see Figure 1). This
somewhat complicates interpretations when two vessels of different propeller
hub immersion are tested at one location of fixed depth. Some of the
figures shown and discussed below will bear this out.
As already mentioned in the previous trimester report, the fact that
the photometer inherently averages effects in the water column to the depth
SAV 9.5
-------
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SAV 9.6
-------
over which measurements are taken may reduce sampling variations such as is
introduced when only small volumes are sampled at discrete intervals. This
occurs when the sampling bottle is lowered for suspended sediment analyses,
or when the transmissometer is used, as it also has a small sampling "volume"
due to its short light path of a folded 5 cm, resulting in a 10 cm total path.
However, even the photometer showed little effect of vessel passes when
a) runs were made in slightly deeper water, or b) runs were made with a speed
boat in planing mode, even though total horsepower in that case was slightly
greater than that of the tugboat previously used. It appears from this that
depth to which stirring is a factor is quite limited, especially when
shallower propeller installations are used. It further appears that in the
vessel path it is the propeller action that leads to greater effects than
the wake effects. This is believed to show as a result by comparing a run
of the speed boat at 2000 engine rpm but at maximum wave making speed, to a
run at 4000 engine rpm, with the boat planing.
The result of these observations is to increase the difficulty in
assessing to what degree boat induced effects can be extrapolated for other
conditions, i.e. other boat types, differing vessel speeds, greater depths,
and other sediment conditions. At present it is believed that the laboratory
measurements may provide clues concerning these questions, and interpreta-
tions concerning the degree to which extrapolations may be made will be
offered when analysis is complete.
Sections below on suggested modifications and recommended future
research will seek to address these issues more fully.
Preliminary Data Eesults
During the field phase of the study, a total of 19 runs were made where
SAV 9.7
-------
data on light transmission, extinction, and suspended sediments were
collected before and after the passage of a vessel. Thirteen vessel passes
involved in the R/V Bottlenose, a 9 m tugboat of the displacement type,
while 6 runs were made using a 7 m planing boat, the R/V Osprey. The
majority of tests were conducted in Fox Creek, a tributary to the Rhode
River, totaling 14 runs, while a slightly deeper location was selected for
4 runs, namely Sellman Creek, another Rhode River tributary. One test was
conducted in even deeper water, about 2.5 meters deep, and also having
coarser sediment types. Figure 2 shows photometer results for the latter
case, indicating no measurable effects. Figures 3 and 4 slow the effect
of a speed boat travelling fast in the planing mode, and show in the wave-
making, displacement mode, respectively. Figure. 5 shows the results of a
similar test (boat planing, engine at 4000 rpm) conducted the following day,
in this case no impact can be discerned from these measurements. Such
variability can also be noted in figures 6 and 7 depicting measurements made
in slightly deeper waters but having similar sediment substrates, in this
case Sellman Creek. The apparent effect due to the vessel's pass, seen in
figure 6, becomes no different from the control in figure 7, both for
vessel passes close to the buoys, when stirring can be explained as due to
wake and propeller action both, as well as from a pass sufficiently far from
the buoys so that effects can be from the wake only and cannot be attributed
to propeller action. Similar interpretations are reflected in the trans-
missometer results for both the speed boat runs, as well as the tugboat
tests, and are shown in figures 8 and 9, respectively.
High variability of suspended sediment measurements does not allow
simple graphical representation, nor are ready interpretations possible.
SAV 9.8
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No attempt will be made at this time to give the extensive introduction
necessary for complete interpretation of the laboratory measurements.
Appendix A gives a short description of the method as well as the reasoning
that led to the selection of this measurement approach. The preliminary
data output from a series of measurements has three forms suitable for
graphical presentation, two of which are available and are therefore included,
labelled figure 10 and 11. Depicted are model run designed to simulate the
water disturbance produced by the propeller action of the tugboat used in
field trials, moving at a speed of somewhat less than 6 knots and having an
engine speed of 2000 rpm.
The principal dimensions of interest are the propeller diameter D, the
advance ratio J, which is the ratio of the boat's speed to the propeller tip
speed, and the ratio Y/R, which is the depth Y at any point divided by R,
the depth of the propeller hub, as measured from a reference plane beneath
the vessel. In other words, when Y/R equals one, we are at the hub when Y/R
is less than one, we are below, or deeper then the ship's prop. Figures 10
and 11 show the increases in mean velocity at several distances (labelled
X/R) astern of the propeller compared to the mean flow, labelled standard.
The lower advance ratio J shows the increased effect due to the higher
propeller speeds. Similarly, figures 12 and 13 show the turbulence intensity
for the same two advance ratios. In all cases shown, the depths Y/R where
values of mean velocity of turbulence intensity approach the mean flow, or
background turbulence, no effect due the ship's propeller can be expected.
The turbulent reynold's stress T can be estimated from the mean
xy
velocity information and the turbulence intensity using the following
relationship
SAV 9.17
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As already mentioned, the turbulent reynold's stresses can be compared
to the critical stresses required for sediment resuspension as measured by
other investigators. The combining of the two types of information will
allow a mapping, giving the distribution of critical stresses as a function
of depth.
Lastly, figure 14 gives the auto power spectrum for the same advance
ratio depicted in figures 10 and 12. The figure shows the distribution of
power for various frequencies, with a clear peak produced by the propeller
speed itself. The information presented here allows deductions about the
eddy size distributions produced, which in turn will affect the distribution
of differing concentrations of resuspended sediment.
Identifiable Products
None
Anticipated Activities
Anticipated activities involve four major steps. They are:
1. data analysis of field and laboratory measurements
2. integration of data results
3. assessment of impact on submerged aquatic vegetation, and
4. preparation of final report
At present it is expected that anlysis and data integration will be
completed by the end of September, 1979. Because the biological effects
SAV 9.22
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assessment involves answering some basic questions as well as interpretation
of the study data, some effort on this will be made concurrently. Prepar-
ation of a draft final report is expected to be done during the month of
October, providing no heretofore unforseen delays occur.
Suggested Modifications
Because of the advanced state of the program, no modifications are
suggested for the project at this time. Instead, the present analysis of
work done to date will be conducted in such a manner as to allow assessment
where additional work, new approaches, and a modified technique might have
yielded results subject to better interpretability. It has become clear in
retrospect that the information now being generated from the laboratory
studies should have preceeded any field phases. The reason for this is that
the model studies give a first approximation of the scales of motion
involved, delineate the extent, and themselves suggest the sampling schemes
necessary for field observation.
While the literature is not claimed to be complete, the information
found contained very little regarding measurements of small boat turbulence
that was helpful in experimental design. This project hence represents a
first effort in that direction, and thus probably incorporates those mistakes
that subsequent investigators may profitably avoid by using the experience
gained herein.
Recommended Future Research
Possible recommendations for a project assessing the impact boating
induced sediment effects may have can be grouped into two categories. The
first is the answer to the question: How can the sampling and analysis of a
study such as the one reported here be done better, based on the experience
SAV 9.24
-------
gained? Answers will mostly involve questions of technique. The second
category suggested answers to the wider question: What experimental approaches
are open to us to give a better insight to the problem? In part, the answers
will be modified by even tentative conclusions reached thus far, conclusions
that state whether significant biological effect is believed possible from
the modes of action characterized by the experimental tests.
Taking the first, and easier question, we suggest the following: Attempt
to overcome the difficulty producted by high natural variability of the
indicators chosen to show sediment resuspension by an increased net of
sampling stations. Data variability found so far suggested that at times a
"plume" of stirred material can move laterally or in some manner so as to be
sufficiently displaced before the sampling run subsequent to vessel passage
is begun. Simultaneous sampling by three samplers along parallel tracks
following the vessel's passage may disclose if plumes indeed are involved.
It appears, the best approach would be to attempt sampling over a network,
done after a uniform interval subsequent to vessel passage, thus giving only
spacial differences, allowing spacial averaging of the results without
introducing factors due to temporal effects. Obviously, this would require
far greater effort, and would be labor intensitive in nature. A more inten-
sive evaluation of which field instruments give the most reliable indication
of vessel induced changes would also be adviseable. This could conceivably
be done under controlled conditions such as a tank of sufficient size to
accomodate the use of both transmissometers as well as photometers. Known
additions of sediment to the system, while maintaining a high degree of
mixing may give some indications here.
The question of whether a device that gives average results over some
SAV 9.25
-------
portion of the water column is better than a device that spot samples small
volumes could then be answered.
However, we believe that the results obtained thus far suggest that
better progress may well be made by considering the implications of the
second question posed. It seems that since a phenomenon is being investi-
gated for which little prior information has direct bearing, a more cautious,
initially small scale, laboratory approach may prove more fruitful in the
long run. The procedure that suggests itself follows roughly these lines:
a. Establish the nature of the vessel induced motions to the best
possible degree, using model studies. Measurement techniques such as those
used in the present study provide a meaningful beginning and can be improved
by the use of two-dimensional turbulence measurements which allow calculation
of the reynold's stress, rather than estimates* as are now being calculated.
This means some upgrading of existing instrumentation, but is commercially
feasible, i.e. this requires no new research and development. Also desire-
able would be attempts at measuring the wake effects, which would allow
observation of the total boat induced impact on a laboratory scale.
b. Concentrate at least a phase of the above indicated work on the
water-sea floor boundary layer to learn about the modification of the
reynold's stresses near the bottom. This may have to be done for different
bottom types, and is not now possible with the experimental set-up available
to the present PI.
c. With the knowledge gained from work outlined in phase a. and b.
attempt to create laboratory conditions involving a sediment interface which
represents the real world, and verify the theoretical results obtained. A
good understanding of the phenomena would allow the choice of sampling
SAV 9.26
-------
parameters that will serve as the most reliable verifying tests on full
scale experiments. Such full scale tests would not be undertaken until
laboratory tests have resulted in good qualitative, or better, quantitative
understanding of how the turbulent intensities lead to actual sediment motion.
An area of further work would investigate concepts of how the presence
of submerged aquatic vegetation itself acts as a deterrent to sediment
resuspension, and what the erosive mechanisms are that might attack an
existing bed of limited area. The question of whether erosion that leads to
exposure of root structure is involved, or instead, as some have suggested,
the actual shearing of leaf structures by direct contact with vessel pro-
peller action is involved. The latter seems a likely mechanism mainly in
very shallow waters, and newly derived information on vegetative distribu-
tions would allow obtaining a perspective on the nature of that problem.
SAV 9.27
-------
APPENDIX A
Laboratory Measurements
of
Small Boat Induced Turbulence
Herman Gucinski - Anne Arundel Community College
Introduction
To determine if extensive boating activity may be one factor of
negative impact on submerged aquatic vegetation, three problems need to be
addressed. They are, one, to determine if boats contribute to sediment
resuspension or to significant prolongation of sediment settling times;
two, to see what factors affect the possible mechanisms involved, such as
sediment size distribution, water depth, boat types, vessel speeds etc;
finally, three, what the relationship between increased turbidity or
sediment deposition on leaf structure might be.
An empirical approach, as outlined in the proposal, is to use various
available tools to measure changes in the water column due to the passage
of a boat. Gravitational analysis of suspended sediments, changes in light
extinction, and changes in the light transmission coefficient, alpha, all
have been used and appear to be valuable indicators from tests conducted
thus far. To use the results of such measurement as predictive tools
requires multiple test runs holding all but one variable constant. Because
of the presence of unknown, and partially uncontrollable, factors that give
a distribution of values rather than a fixed change for a set of indenti-
cally conducted tests, one needs multiple runs that allow statistical
analysis.
Even when holding the number of variables to a minimum for purposes of
SAV 9.28
-------
a qualitative assessment to see if boats may at all be a factor in suspended
sediment changes, the number of necessary runs becomes large. At present
attempts are scheduled only for two, possibly three different water depths,
two different boat types—a displacement hull type and a high-speed,
planning boat types—and separation of propeller versus wake induced
effects. If speed is also altered, it becomes apparent that total experi-
ment time is large.
A second, supplementary approach to increase the reliability of any
predictions made, is to delineate the extent to which the water column
behind the passing boat is set into turbulent motion, and to use established
literature data for the minimum speeds necessary for sediment resuspension.
The distribution of the turbulent intensity sufficient to cause sediment
resuspension will allow assessment of water depth effects, while the time
decay rate at a point in space after the boat has passed will be signifi-
cant in assessing the contribution of boating activity to the maintenance
of turbidity affects.
The ideal way, and the way initially proposed, is to make such
measurements in the field, using devices developed for that purpose.
Extensive discussion with several experts in the field of turbulence
measurement disclosed the following points:
1. Few realistic, widely accepted measurements of turbulent
intensity have been made for ships.
2. No such measurements appear to have been made for small crafts.
3. Older devices, such as pitot tubes, hot filament anemometers, and
current meters all suffer from the defect of creating a distorted velocity
field due to their own wake.
SAV 9.29
-------
4. Newer devices, such as doppler laser anemometers have not been
adapted for use in water, especially turbid water, and would require new
research and development. Similarly, doppler, acoustic current meters at
present are designed the average out the effect presently wanted for study.
Laboratory Experiments
A third approach, and the approach presently advocated as yielding
possibly useful information on a smaller scale, is to do the tests envisioned
in the laboratory under appropriate scaling conditions. The objective would
be maintained under nearly indentical conditions, namely to measure the
distribution of turbulent intensity due to the passage of a boat, and
delineate the depths to which intensities sufficient for sediment resuspen-
sion will be affected. Secondly, measure of the decay of turbulent intensi-
ties away from the boat or propeller can readily be translated into time
decay effects if the vessel speed is known.
Given these objectives,the advantages and disadvantages can be
compared. A partial list follows:
Advantages:
1. For a given level of effort and time, many more measurements can be
taken to provide a far greater data base, and hence greater statistical
reliability.
2. Conversely, for a given data set, far less time and expense is
necessary for lab test.
3. Laser doppler anemometry is available that provides superior
reliability due to the absence of wake effects and sensor response lag.
4. Integral electronic data handling circuitry such as fourier analysis
equipment obviates the need for expensive data logging systems required for
SAV 9.30
-------
field tests.
5. Improvements in design of equipment or sampling parameters can be
achieved without costly repeat trials when vessels are used in field.
Disadvantages:
1. Use of existing flume and doppler laser equipment is limited to
2-dimensional turbulent intensity distribution.
2. Narrow flume width will allow little analysis of lateral extent of
turbulent wake.
3. The role of boundary layer effects on turbulent intensities near
the water-sediment interface is not well understood.
It should be said regarding points 1. and 2. that if the results of
this approach appear fruitful, an extension of the level of effort would
allow the utilization of equipment expressly modified for such experiments.
Hence I view the experiments at the level of effort of this grant as leading
to a decision whether more extensive, more vigorous experiments at a
significantly greater level of effort are warranted. Obviously, this would
require some definitive knowledge about all three of the problems posed in
the introduction, for even if the degree to which boats contribute to
increasing Chesapeake Bay turbidity levels is known, their ecological conse-
quences may not be significant as far as submerged aquatic vegetation is
concerned.
As far as point 3. is concerned, it is possible to design experiments,
presently beyond the scope of the attack, that address this problem specifi-
cally. It should be conceeded that sooner or later, a measurement with
equipment such as the laser anemometers will be necessary under field con-
ditions. It may be hoped that proper laboratory studies, such as we believe
SAV 9.31
-------
this one to be, can provide the necessary impetus for appropriate equipment
development.
Methods and Materials
An existing Armfield, Model 9097 rectangular, open channel flume will
be used to circulate the water at such speeds as to allow a stationary
propeller to simulate a moving boat. Two Froude Number scaling approaches
will be used, one using the boat dimension and speed for appropriate ratios,
the other using the propeller diameter, and propeller tip velocity for the
same ratios. The Froude number, which is the ratio of inertial forces to
gravity forces of interest, is the law of similitude tradionally selected
in ship modeling studies.-
The velocity profile will be measured using a DISA, Type 55L Laser
Doppler Anemometer electronically controlled to allow signal averaging
appropriate for the turbulent intensities actually present. Analog laser
signals will be automatically digitized and fed into a fourier analyzer to
obtain energy spectra of the turbulence, which in turn will yield the dis-
tribution of velocities sufficient to cause sediment re-suspension.
A single run, conducted at one propeller rpm, one boat speed and one
depth, will require about 15 velocity measurements at a fixed distance
horizontally from the propeller, taken at about 1 cm depth intervals, and
will require a minimum of three such profiles for a minimum of perhaps 45
measurements. Statistical reliability will be obtained by a repeat series
of three or four such runs, as will be determined from a trial series.
It is envisioned that under the presently allotted grant resources runs
at different boat speeds, rpm, and for two propeller types be conducted,
giving data on vessel effects under "worst" and "average" conditions of use.
SAV 9.32
-------
Results
Results from the laboratory studies will be used in conjunction with
accepted water velocities for given sediment sizes to arrive a predicted
"spere of influence" where sediment resuspension is likely. Results of
tests to determine spacial extent of the turbulent zone will be used to
arrive at a time decay rate used to assess what effect boats may have in
preventing sediment settling.
Assessments from laboratory measurements will be compared to empiri-
cally optained measurements, keeping in mind that field measurement problems,
such as the lack of knowledge of the exact location and extent of the
stirred sediment "plume" may be one of the uncontrollable variables of these
measurements.
To reiterate in conclusion, we believe that a laboratory approach will
furnish hitherto unknown information about the turbulent wake of a small
craft and how it might affect the resuspension of bottom sediment. While
the testing of models in hydrodynamic studies is well founded in long
standing laws of verisimilitude, it is clear that not all questions can be
answered. It is believed, however, that these small scale studies will
allow some valid conclusions in their own right, integration with data
gathered empirically, and perhaps even point the way toward better design
of sampling with real boat tests.
SAV 9.33
-------
The Effect of Recreational Boating on
Suspended Sediments
Status Report - 15 September 1979
by
Jerome Williams
U.S. Naval Academy
Annapolis, MD.
Types of Data
During the summer months of 1979, data to support this study were
obtained. A total of eleven parameters were recorded including the
following:
1. Beam transmittance of a 10cm path length using a Beckman
Envirotrans, a small beam transmissometer.
2. Secchi Disc readings using a 30cm white disc during daylight hours.
3. Suspended Solids, using a standard filtering and weighing technique
performed in the laboratory on water samples obtained simultane-
ously with other measurements.
4. Salinity, using the Beckman RS-5 salinometer.
5. Water Temperature, using the Beckman RS-5 salinometer.
6. Tide amplitude using the records of the National Ocean Survey.
7. Tidal Currents, using an implanted, continuous reading current
meter.
8. Wind, using weather bureau records.
SAV 9.34
-------
9. Precipitation, using weather bureau records.
10. Boat traffic counts.
11. Chlorophyll concentrations, using a simple spectrophotometric
technique performed in the laboratory. This measurement was made
on samples arriving in the laboratory a maximum of two hours after
collection. Of these eleven items it will be noted that only
measurements 3 and 11 are of a non in-situ type.
Sampling Frequency
These measurements were taken in such a manner as to provide data for
four basic experiments. The first of these was a continuous sequence.
Data were taken daily at all four stations and twice daily at station R2.
This sequence was to allow for the specification of any summer long trends,,
while supplying some sort of a base against which to measure the effect of
various events such as storms and weekend skiing activity. The four
stations used were one at the head of South River near the end of a popular
skiing area (R4), one in the middle of the ski area (R2), one farther down
stream in a wider and deeper portion of the river (Rl) and one at the head
of Broad Creek, an area of no weekend skiing (C-2).
The second experiment attempted to specify conditions during a
relatively low-use period for recreational boating. Data were taken every
six hours at station R2 over a twenty-four hour period during a mid-week
day.
The third experiment was designed to determine the environmental
effects of a typical summer storm. Data were taken every six hours for a
period of three days starting with the onset of the storm.
The fourth and last experiment attempted to quantify the effect of
SAV 9.35
-------
heavy boating on turbidity. Data were taken every six hours from 1400
Friday to 2200 Monday at station R2. This was the most difficult of all
experiments since so few weekends were free of muddling influences such as
rain.
Results to Date
As of 15 September, 1979, results are inconclusive as most of the data
analysis has not been accomplished, however a few preliminary conclusions
may be drawn.
1. There is a greater variation of turbidity with tide than had been
expected. This is shown in figure 1 where both tide level and
beam transmittance are plotted together.
2. As expected, runoff causes an increase in turbidity. This is
shown in figure 2 where the beam transmittance is seen to decrease
with the advent of rain and recover to higher values after the
rain stops.
3. The three measures of turbidity used i.e. beam transmittance
(10cm %T), suspended solids (Sussol), and Secchi Disc Reading
(SDR) al] agree reasonably well. In figure 3 the three parameters
are plotted together for the period 26 June to 3 July. The daily
variations in turbidity show up quite well for all three sets of
measurements.
In addition to the data acquired this summer, data obtained by the
Water Resources Administration of the State of Maryland wefe.also examined.
Measurements at the same stations used in the present study were found that
were taken during the four year period 1968-1971. These data are tabulated
in Table 1 for the month of July along with July data averages for 1979.
SAV 9.36
-------
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-------
Table 1
Comparison of average July data for 1969-71 with average July data for 1979
STATION SDR/// TEMP/// SAL///
Rl-79
Rl-69
R2-79
R2-69
R4-79
R4-69
C2-79
C2-69
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.48
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.73/4
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28.1/5
26.02/31
27.95/4
24.26/12
27.84/5
25.01/13
28.46/5
5.16/13
8.2/5
4.35/30
7.88/4
3.91/12
6.36/5
4.66/13
7.74/5
"69" is average of all July data from 1968,69,70 & 71 at the station
indicated.
"79" is average of all July 1979 data at the station indicated.
The number to the left of the slash is the parameter average while that to
the right is the number of data points that went into the calculation of
each average. Statistical analyses will be performed to determine the
significance of the differences indicated. It should be noted that the
water appears clearer in 1979 at two stations and dirtier at the other two.
It should also be noted that 1979 was apparently an unusually wet and warm
year as indicated by the salinities and temperatures at all stations.
Whether these anomalous conditions had any marked effect on the average
SAV 9.40
-------
July turbidity values is an interesting question that should be addressed.
Problems Encountered
The problems encountered in this study fell into three classes:
circumstantial, natural, and equipment. It is certainly a problem of
circumstances when the very year set aside to study the effects of recre-
ational boating turns out to be a year of short gasoline and therefore
decreased boat use. It is certainly a problem of Nature when this year is
also the wetest in a long time with most of the rain coming on weekends,
normally the period of maximum boat usage. This has made it difficult to
separate the two as causal agents in the increase of turbidity. The equip-
ment failures were, however, probably the most serious. Because of boat
down time and instrument down time, long hours were worked to obtain
sufficient data.
It is difficult to classify the problems produced by organizations
acquired by EPA to "help" the SAV project. This study was hindered
markedly by management consultants who were too lazy to read material that
would tell them what they were managing, data consultants who are just now
deciding that data is for real, and quality consultants who do not know
anything about environmental measurements and who want to be educated on a
personal basis at the expense of principal investigators. Perhaps to a
$500,000 project with large time and staff resources, this was a small
problem; but to a $13,000 project with very limited staff and time resources
the constant intrusion of these people was of major concern. There is no
doubt that project quality has suffered in this particular project due to
time wasted answering or attempting to answer questions that never should
have been asked.
SAV 9.41
-------
Work remaining
The tasks remaining for project completion involve data analysis and
interpretation and the preparation of a final report. At that time it
should be possible to make recommendations for future research. It appears
that this work is proceeding on schedule and the final report should be
available very close to the projected date of 31 October 1979.
SAV 9.42
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NOTES
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ASSESSMENT OF THE POTENTIAL IMPACT OF INDUSTRIAL EFFLUENTS ON
SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S);
Gerald E. Walsh
PROJECT NUMBER:
In-house
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Environmental Research Laboratory
Gulf Breeze, Florida 32561
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Thomas Nugent
BUDGET;
EPA Share $140,027
TOTAL $140,027
PROJECT PERIOD:
Begin - 7/10/78
End - 7/09/79
OBJECTIVES;
This project assesses the potential impact of industrial effluents and
the combination of industrial effluents and herbicides on SAV. Since little
is known about the toxicity of industrial wastes to marine organisms, the
study is to determine for selected effluents, what fraction, organic or
inorganic, contains the toxic factor.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Waste samples collected in the Bay were shipped by air and received at
the Gulf Breeze Laboratory the same day. Tests were begun immediately for
chemical and biological assays. Complex waste samples were passed through an
XAD resin column to remove dissolved organic matter. The purged, inorganic
fraction was then subfractioned into heavy and nonheavy metal portions using
Dowex strongly basic anion and cation exchange resins. Bioassays were
subfractionated into compounds extractable with acetone under acidic, basic
and neutral conditions.
- Test species were: Zostera marina, Thalassia testudinum, and Skeletonepia
costatum. SAV's were exposed to the toxicants in a 4-liter reaction kettle'
fitted with a false bottom. Seagrass planted in sand in the kettles were
then observed after exposure to waste concentrations of 25, 50, 75 and
100 percent.
PRODUCTS;
The project produces empirical data which will be useful in assessing
the impact of effluents on SAV.
SAV 10.1
-------
Gerald E. Walsh1
INDUSTRIAL WASTES FROM THE CHESAPEAKE BAY AREA: EFFECTS ON ESTUARINE
ORGANISMS
ABSTRACT: Liquid industrial wastes from industrial plants near Chesapeake
Bay were analyzed for toxicity to algae (Skeletonema costatum), plants
(Thalassia testudinum and Zostera marina), and tnysids (Mysidopsis bahia).
Of 11 outfalls tested, wastes from 10 were active against at least one
species. The alga was the most sensitive organism: its growth was stim-
ulated or inhibited by 10 wastes. Some bioactive wastes were fractionated
chemically and toxicity due to organic and inorganic substances was found.
It is suggested that toxic and stimulatory substances from industrial wastes
could have a function in degradation of Chesapeake Bay.
KEY-WORDS: Chesapeake Bay, industrial waste, pollution, inorganic pollu-
tants, organic pollutants, toxicity, growth stimulation, algae, plants,
seagrasses, mysids, Skeletonema costatum, Zostera marina, Thalassia
testudinum, Mysidopsis bahia
Liquid industrial effluents are usually composed of mixtures of organic
Environmental Research Laboratory, Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf
Breeze, Florida 32561.
SAV 10.2
-------
and inorganic substances dissolved in water [1]. Such effluents often
affect aquatic life by stimulating algal growth or by killing algae, plants,
and animals [2], The National Water Quality Inventory for 1974 [3] listed
33 sites of industries in Maryland and 88 sites in Virginia that discharged
wastes into the waters of those states. There were 12 plants in the
"Chemicals and Allied Products" category in Maryland. In Virginia, the
major categories and numbers of plants involved were: Chemical and Allied
Products (16), Electric and Gas Utilities (11), Meat Products (10), Paper
and Allied Products (11), and Textiles (13). Lesser categories included
Fabricated Metal Products, Iron and Steel, Lumber and Wood Products, and
others.
The 1974 Inventory listed 121 industrial plants that discharged liquid
effluents into water in the vicinity of Chesapeake Bay. The EPA's
Surveillance and Analysis Division of Region IV conducts surveys to deter-
mine compliance of the industries to National Pollution Discharge Elim-
ination System (NPDES) standards, but little is known about effects of
effluents on estuarine algae, plants, and animals. Analyses of industrial
effluents from the Chesapeake Bay area were begun in February 1978 by the
Annapolis Field Office of EPA and the Environmental Research Laboratory at
Gulf Breeze, Florida. The purposes of the research were to identify toxic
streams and to determine the chemical classes of their toxic substances.
Experimental Procedures
Personnel of the Annapolis Field Office sent samples of liquid wastes from
SAV 10.3
-------
11 outfalls in the Chesapeake Bay area to the Gulf Breeze laboratory between
February and September 1978. The samples, each approximately 19 liters
composited from subsamples taken during the work day at each plant, were
shipped by air in polyethylene containers that did not alter biological
properties of the wastes. Tests were begun immediately upon receipt on the
morning after the sampling day.
The work reported here was begun while methods for chemical analysis were
being developed. Consequently, sample analysis early in the program was not
as extensive as at the end.
Early samples were tested for toxicity and growth stimulation; chemical
fractionation was not done. Later samples were divided between the chem-
istry and bioassay laboratories and, after range-finding bioassays were
completed, wastes that were toxic were fractionated and tested further.
Wastes were stored in a refrigerator at approximately 4 C.
Chemical Methods
A simple chemical fractionation scheme was used in conjunction with
bioassay of some samples. If a complex waste was toxic, it was passed
o
through an XAD-4 resin column that adsorbed organic matter. Organic
compounds were desorbed from the resin with acetone and used in bioassays.
If the organic fraction was toxic, it was subfractionated into compounds
o
Registered trademark, Rohm and Haas Co., Philadelphia, PA. Mention of
trade names does not constitute endorsement by the Environmental Protection
Agency.
SAV 10.4
-------
that were extractable with acetone under acidic, basic, and neutral
conditions.
The liquid that passed through the XAD resin column was considered to be
the inorganic fraction. If this fraction was toxic, it was subfractionated
into the heavy metal portion by use of a Dowex (Dow Chemical Co., Midland,
MI) strongly basic anion exchange resin, and into the non-heavy metal
portion by use of a Dowex strongly basic cation exchange resin.
Organic and inorganic fractions and subfractions were reconstituted in
artificial seawater before use in biological tests.
Biological Methods
Methods for bioassay are given for jS. costatum by EPA [4], and for M.
bahia by the EPA Ocean Disposal Working Group [5]. Skeletonema costatum, a
chain-forming diatom, is known to respond to toxicants and growth-
stimulating substances [2], Growth was measured as increase in absorbance
of cultures at 525 nm (an estimation of biomass) and by cell counts. In
this report, the EC50 is the calculated concentration that would inhibit
growth by 50% as compared to control growth; the SC20 is the calculated
concentration that would stimulate growth by 20% as compared to control
growth [2].
Mysidopsis bahia, a mysid, was used to test for survival of animals in
some bioassays. Toxicity is expressed as the LC50, which is the calculated
concentration that would be lethal to 50% of the exposed animals [6].
Zostera marina, a seagrass from Chesapeake Bay, and Thalassia testudinum,
a seagrass that grows in abundance near the Gulf Breeze laboratory, were
SAV 10.5
-------
exposed to certain effluents in 4-liter volume reaction kettles fitted with
false bottoms. Seagrasses (10 plants per kettle) were planted in sand in
the false bottom, and the waste was stirred continuously by a magnetic
stirrer. Salinity of waste was increased to 30 parts per thousand by adding
artificial sea salts (Rila Products, Teaneck, NJ). The waste was diluted
with artificial seawater prepared with deionized water and concentrations
tested were 25, 50, 75, and 100% waste. Controls were prepared from
artificial sea salts and deionized water. Plants were considered dead when
the leaves turned brown and began to disintegrate.
Results ano Discussion
Each industrial plant is discussed separately because various organisms
and chemcial fractions were used and responses varied widely.
Creosoting Plant
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
A range-finding test indicated an EC50 of between 20 and 60% waste.
However, no toxicity was found in the definitive test. It is pos-
sible that toxicity was lost during storage.
Test Organism: Thalassia testudinum
There was no effect of this waste on seagrass in concentrations to
100%.
SAV 10.6
-------
Conclusion:
No definite toxicity was found, but the waste may have lost toxicity
during storage.
Steel Plant
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
Two definitive studies were done on unfractionated waste. EC50's
were 38.4% and 41.5% by measurement of total biomass.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
Whole waste was not toxic to mysid shrimp at concentrations to
100%.
Conclusion:
This waste was moderately toxic to the alga but not the mysid.
Steel Plant
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
The EC50 of unfractionated waste was 30.5% as measured by total
biomass.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
100% waste killed all mysid shrimp.
SAV 10.7
-------
Test Organism: Thalassia testudinum
Effects of waste on seagrass were:
1. Two plants dead in 50% waste
2. Three plants dead in 75% waste
3. Four plants dead in 100% waste
4. All surviving plants in 50, 75, and 100% waste were
chlorotic.
Conclusion:
This waste was toxic to algae, seagrass, and mysid shrimp.
Steel Plant
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
In a range-finding test the EC50 fell between 25 and 50%. In
two subsequent definitive tests, 50% waste reduced growth by 21.6%
and 14.5%. It appeared that if a toxicant was present in this
waste, it broke down during storage.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
100% waste caused 50% mortality.
Test Organism: Thalassia testudinum
No effect of whole waste was seen.
Conclusion:
This waste was toxic to algae and mysid shrimp, but waste that had
been stored was less toxic than fresh waste.
SAV 10.8
-------
Chemicals Plant _A
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
Unfractionated waste was not toxic to the alga but growth was stim-
ulated: SC20 = 2.3% by measurement of biomass.
Conclusion:
This waste was highly stimulatory to the algal species tested.
Chemicals Plant _B
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
The EC50 of unfractionated waste was 3.7% by measurement of
biomass.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
The waste was not toxic to mysid shrimp: there was no mortality in
100% waste.
Conclusion:
This waste was highly toxic to algae.
Oil Refinery
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
1. Unfractionated waste. Stimulation of growth at low concentra-
tion, inhibition at high concentration. SC20 = 7.5%; EC50 =
SAV 10.9
-------
45.0% by measurement of biomass.
2. Organic fraction. EC50 = 45.0% by measurement of biomass.
3. Organic subfractions.
a. Basic extract. Slightly toxic. When reconstituted to the
original concentration, 100% waste reduced growth by
29.7%.
b. Neutral extract. EC50 = 82.5%.
c. Acidic extract. Slightly toxic. When reconstituted to the
original concentration, 100% waste reduced growth by 20.0%.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
1. 100% waste killed all mysid shrimp.
2. All mysid toxicity was in the neutral and basic subfractions of
the organic fraction.
Conclusion:
This waste was toxic to algae and mysids, and toxicity was dis-
tributed among the organic subfractions. It was also stimula-
tory to algal growth at low concentrations.
Chemicals Plant _C
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
1. Whole waste. In two tests, the EC50 was 8.2 and 6.8% by esti-
mation of biomass.
2. Inorganic fraction. In two tests, the EC50 was 9.6 and 5.5%
SAV 10.10
-------
by estimation of biomass.
3. Organic fraction. No effect.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
1. There was 100% mortality of mysid shrimp in 50% waste.
2. The heavy metal subtraction of the inorganic fraction contained
the toxicity. The other inorganic subtraction was not toxic.
Test Organism: Thalassia testudinum
There was no effect at waste concentrations to 100% on seagrass.
Conclusion:
The waste was very toxic to algae and killed mysid shrimp.
Toxicity was in the heavy metal subfraction.
Chemicals Plant JD
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
1. Whole waste. No toxicity found.
2. Whole waste. The waste stimulated growth. SC20 = 16.8% by
biomass determination.
3. Inorganic fraction. SC20 = 25.0% by biomass determination.
4. Organic fraction. No effect on growth.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
There was no effect of waste on survival of mysid shrimp at
concentrations to 100%.
SAV 10.11
-------
Test Organism: Thalassia testudinum
There was no effect of waste on survival of seagrass at concentra-
tions to 100%.
Conclusion:
This waste was stimulatory to the algal species tested. The stim-
ulatory factor was in the inorganic fraction.
Chemicals Plant _D (Cooling Water)
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
There was no effect of unfractionated waste on growth of the alga.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
There was no effect of unfractionated waste on survival of
mysid shrimp.
Test Organism: Thalassia testudinum
There was no effect of unfractionated waste on seagrass.
Conclusion:
This waste was not toxic to the species tested.
Sewage Treatment Plant
Test Organism: Skeletonema costatum
SAV 10.12
-------
1. Unfractionated waste. EC50 by biomass determination = 13.5%;
EC50 by cell counts = 7.5%. Numerous abnormal cells.
2. Organic fraction. 100% reconstituted waste reduced growth by
24.4% as measured by biomass and 34.6% as measured by cell
counts. Therefore, toxicity in the organic fraction was
slight.
3. Inorganic fraction. EC50 by biomass determination = 20.3%;
EC50 by cell counts = 15.5%. Numerous abnormally elongated
cells present.
4. Inorganic subtractions. EC50 of the heavy metal subtraction =
16.5% by cell counts. An EC50 for the non-metal subtraction
could not be calculated, but 100% waste reduced growth by
26.7%.
5. Organic subtractions. Acidic, basic, and neutral subtractions
had no effect on growth.
Test Organism: Mysidopsis bahia
1. Unfractionated waste. In static tests,
a. 100% waste caused 100% mortality
b. 50% waste caused 50% mortality
c. 25% waste caused no mortality
2. The heavy metal subtraction, at the concentration in undiluted
waste, killed all mysid shrimp.
Test Organism: Zostera marina
Concentrations of 25 and 50% waste caused degradation of all
SAV 10.13
-------
exposed plants. Those exposed to 75 and 100% waste for three
weeks appeared dead.
Conclusion:
Toxicity of the sewage treatment plant effluent is in the heavy
metal subfraction.
Waste from only one plant had no effect on any organism tested.
Skeletonema costatum was the most sensitive organism, responding to 10 of
the wastes. Bioassay results are summarized in Table 1.
TABLE 1 - Number of industrial wastes that were bioactive
in marine assays.
Effect
Toxic to algae
Stimulatory to algae
Toxic to mysids
Toxic to seagrass
Number of Wastes
Tested
11
11
10
5
Number of Wastes
Showing Effect
8
3
5
2
These data support the assumption that industrial wastes may be causative
agents in the degradation of Chesapeake Bay. They contain organic and in-
organic substances that are toxic to estuarine algae, plants, and animals,
but they also contain substances that stimulate algal growth. Theoret-
ically, such a combination of factors could cause extensive changes in the
bay by elimination of desirable species and their replacement by undesirable
species.
SAV 10.14
-------
Conclusion
It is probable that industrial wastes have contributed to recent changes
in the flora, fauna, and water quality of Chesapeake Bay. A direct link
may be found between such wastes and Bay degradation by identification of
specific toxic substances that occur in both the wastes and aquatic
organisms. However, bioassays based on factorial combinations of waste
components might be needed to estimate potential effect because industrial
wastes are usually aqueous mixtures of organic and inorganic substances.
References
[1] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Source Assessment: Textile Plant
Wastewater Toxics Study, Phase I. No. EPA-600/2-78-004h. Research
Triangle Park, NC. 1978.
[2] Walsh, G.E., Horning, W.B., and Bahner, L.H. Environmental Pollution,
in press.
[3] U.S. Department of Commerce. National Water Quality Inventory. 1974
Report to the Congress. Volume II. PB-257 628. Washington, DC. 1974.
[4] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. IERL - RTP Procedures Manual;
Level J_. Environmental Assessment Biological Tests for Pilot Studies.
No. EPA-600/7-77-043. Research Triangle Park, NC. 1977.
[5] U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Bioassay Procedures for the Ocean
Disposal Permit Program. No. EPA-600/9-78-010. Cincinnati, OH.
[6] APHA-AWWA-WPCF. Standard Methods for the Examination of_ Water and
Wastewater. 14th edition. Washington, DC. 1975.
SAV 10.15
-------
NOTES
-------
FACTORS AFFECTING AND IMPORTANCE OF SUBMERGED
AQUATIC VEGETATION IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s);
Fant Martin*
Walter Valentine
PROJECT NUMBER;
EPA-78-D-X0391
Interagency Agreement
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Migration Bird and Habitat
Research Laboratory
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Laurel, MD 20811
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Thomas Nugent
BUDGET;
EPA Share $228 ,372
TOTAL $228,372
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 8/01/78
End - 9/30/80
OBJECTIVES;
The project will (1) determine the relationship of SAV to migratory
waterfowl in the Bay, and (2) prepare a synthesis of data on SAV and intepret
the role of SAV in the Bay ecosystem.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Historic data on migratory waterfowl habitat and feeding patterns will
be compiled. Current distribution and feeding patterns will be evaluated
through aerial surveys and surface verification. The approach for the second
objective will involve a variety of graphical and statistical analyses of
data collected by CBP/SAV researchers, detailed discussions of research
results, and comparisons of these results with current and past research done
outside the CBP.
PRODUCTS;
The project will result in: (1) an analysis of the historic and present
correlations between migratory waterfowl and SAV, (2) a synthesis, integration
and interpretation of the results of all the SAV projects, including: a
detailed description of the structure and dynamics of SAV-based ecosystems;
the ecological and economic importance of SAV; trends in the distribution and
abundance of SAV in space and time; likely causes of declines in SAV distribu-
tion and abundance and the conditions conducive to growth of SAV; management
implications of the research findings.
* Project Manager,
SAV 11.1
-------
FACTORS AFFECTING AND IMPORTANCE OF SUBMERGED AQUATIC VEGETATION
IN CHESAPEAKE BAY
ACTIVITY ONE
The Relationship of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
to Migratory Waterfowl in Chesapeake Bay
The overall purpose of Activity I is to determine the relationship
of SAV to migratory waterfowl in Chesapeake Bay. There are 5 objectives
and progress has been made on all objectives. The following is a summary
of major accomplishments.
Objective 1. Evaluate historical data on food habits of waterfowl in
Chesapeake Bay.
1. A taxonomic code for all plant and animal waterfowl food items
has been developed and is compatible for computer processing.
The code includes all organisms that have been found in the
gizzards of Bay waterfowl from 1885 to 1979. Organisms are
arranged in phylogenetic order and scientific names are those
found in the most recent references available.
2. All food habits records (approx. 1100) for waterfowl collected
in Chesapeake Bay from 1885 to 1959 have beei coded, placed on
computer tape, and have been verified. Tables have been generated
from the computer output that show the percent volume and
frequency of occurrence of all food items eaten by all diving
SAV 11.2
-------
duck species in Chesapeake Bay. Similar tables for puddle ducks,
geese, swans are presently being made.
3. All waterfowl food habits data from the 1960's and the 1970's
have been tabulated. These records total approximately 1500 and
are presently being put on computer tape in summary form.
4. Statistical analyses are now being conducted to determine
significance of changes in food habits that have been
demonstrated in the tabulated data. Species that appear to
have had significant declines in the amount of SAV in their
diet include bufflehead, canvasback, goldeneye, greater scaup,
and ruddy duck. The only species that is still feeding
predominantly on SAV is the redhead.
Objective 2. Evaluate winter survey data collected for waterfowl in
Chesapeake Bay since 1955.
1. Waterfowl population data based on mid-winter survey have been
coded, placed on computer tape, and verified for all diving
duck species in Chesapeake Bay. All population data for
puddle ducks, geese, and swans will be processed in a
similar manner.
2. Linear regression analyses have been conducted for the diving
ducks to show population trends during the 25 year period 1955
to 1979 and during the last 5 and 10 years of that period.
The population changes have been analyzed for Chesapeake Bay
in comparison to the Atlantic Flyway and North American
populations. Similar analyses will be conducted for all other
Chesapeake Bay waterfowl species.
SAV 11.3
-------
3. Population data for all waterfowl species in Chesapeake Bay are
now being coded for each of the 44 ecological survey areas
within Chesapeake Bay (Md. and Va.). Regression analyses will be
conducted on each of these areas and on various groups of these
areas to determine local population trends for waterfowl in
Chesapeake Bay.
4. Statistical analyses of data for diving ducks indicate that the
canvasback and ruddy duck populations have had significant declines
in Chesapeake Bay, while populations of buffleheads have signifi-
cantly increased in numbers. Goldeneye, redhead, scaup, and scoter
populations have not shown significant changes during the 25-year
period. Although nationwide counts of wintering canvasbacks and
redheads have suggested that these birds have declined in
abundance during the last decade, the rate of decline was
significantly greater in Chesapeake Bay than in other tradition-
ally important wintering areas. Reduced numbers of wintering
canvasbacks and re.dheads in the Bay thus suggest that a deterior-
ation of habitat quality has occurred.
Objective 3. Compare and relate distribution - abundance records of
waterfowl and SAV in Chesapeake Bay for the past 7 years.
1. Preliminary preparations have been made in regard to the coding,
punching, and the verifying of all SAV data obtained from boat
surveys since 1972. These data will be summarized for each of
the waterfowl survey areas.
SAV 11.4
-------
2. A regression model has been formulated which will compare the
volume of SAV in each area with the number of waterfowl in each
area. In addition, a canonical correlation will be conducted
to relate groups of waterfowl species to groups of vegetation
species.
Objective 4. Evaluate possible negative impacts of waterfowl on SAV.
1. This objective will be investigated mainly from a qualitative
perspective and little quantitative data will be collected.
2. Literature review has been started in an attempt to learn of all
known negative impacts of waterfowl on SAV. Emphasis is being
placed on the mute swan which is an exotic species that feeds
on SAV during the growing season.
3. The possibility of conducting limited exclosure studies in mute
swan areas has been considered and rejected based on the limited
return from a large investment. George Fenwick of Johns Hopkins
University has conducted a small exclosure study in two areas of
the eastern shore. His findings indicate that mute swans are not
having a major negative impact on SAV.
4. Assistance has been provided to VIMS on planning exclosure
studies with redheads and Canada geese.
5. This objective, as proposed, will continue to have lower priority
than the others.
SAV 11.5
-------
Objective 5. Document present-day winter waterfowl use of dense beds of SAV
in the Chesapeake Bay.
1. During the summer of 1978 an aerial photographic survey of the
Maryland portion of Chesapeake Bay was conducted by American
University. The beds of vegetation of the aerial photographs
produced from this survey were drawn on charts of the Bay.
An electronic planimeter was used by MBHKL personnel to determine
the total acreage of all SAV beds within the 29 FWS waterfowl
survey areas in Maryland.
2. During 29 Nov. - 7 Dec. 1978 a special waterfowl survey was
conducted in Maryland to determine the distribution of waterfowl
in relation to SAV. Regression analyses will be conducted on the
population and aerial survey data using the model employed in
Objective 3.
3. Aerial vegetative surveys of the Maryland and Virginia portions of
Chesapeake Bay will be conducted during summer 1979. Waterfowl
surveys of the same areas will be conducted in late November, 1979.
SAV 11.6
-------
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TOXICS PROGRAM AREA
Toxic substances represent an obvious threat to the stability and
continued use of Chesapeake Bay resources. Recognition of the role of
toxics in the ecological health of the Bay system requires a thorough
understanding of the chemical, physical, and biotic dynamics that form the
total estuarine system. Definitive information on sources, pathways, and
fate of toxic substances is scarce, and where available, is usually limited
to specialized problems in restricted areas. The Chesapeake Bay Program is
filling this information gap by studying toxic substances from industrial,
agricultural and aerial sources and their behavior within the estuarine
system.
Accumulation of toxics in food chains and the potential health/economic
effects are a primary concern. The toxics study effort is addressing this
concern by developing a baseline inventory of the abundance and distribution
of toxics in the sediments, pore water, water column, and biota. Comprehensive
research tasks are being conducted to assess both natural and anthropogenic
sources of toxic chemicals in sediments, water, and biota and to determine
their rates of transport and transformation within the Chesapeake Bay
system. Identified problem areas will receive intensive investigation, and
study results will serve to delineate management options to reduce environ-
mental hazards.
TOX 1.1
-------
TOXIC POINT SOURCE ASSESSMENT OF INDUSTRIAL DISCHARGES
TO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY BASIN
Contract No: 68-02-3161 Term: Sept, 1979 to Dec, 1981
Estimated Cost: $1,104,335 Date Prepared: Oct. 3, 1979
Contractor: Monsanto Research Corporation Location: Dayton, Ohio
Contractor Program Manager:
G.D. Rawlings
Contractor Principal Investigator:
S.C. Wilson
Contractor Business Representative:
F.J. Winslow
EPA Project Officer:
D.E. Francisco
PROGRAM OBJECTIVE AND SCOPE OF WORK
Phone: 513-268-3411 x 396
Phone: 513-268-3411 x 287
Phone: 513-268-3411 x 297
Phone: 919-541-2547
The two fundamental objectives of program are:
(1) To completely characterize 80 industrial effluents in terms of chemical
species present and toxicity of effluents to various biotest systems, and
to relate the effluent data with data being compiled on the bay.
(2) To develop in a decision-tree fashion a comprehensive but cost-effective
protocol to aid federal and state EPA authorities in collecting appro-
priate data necessary for decisions on discharge control strategies.
Data collected from fulfilling the first objective will identify the materials
being discharged into the Bay Basin from a broad range of industrial dis-
charges (and possibly selected federal and municipal dischargers) and indicate
the toxicity of the effluents. These data will be useful in supporting all
four areas of the Chesapeake Bay study and will assist Dr. R.J. Huggett in his
study of organic pollutants found in the bay ecosystem.
TOX 2.1
-------
The purpose of the 5-month Phase I study will be to initially recommend and
test at 10 outfalls the presurvey, sampling, chemical analysis, and bio-
test procedures necessary to completely characterize industry wastewater
effluents. Results of Phase I will be used in Phase II to refine the assess-
ment procedures and then completely characterize 40 additional effluents.
Results from the 50 effluent assessments will then be used to develop a
comprehensive but cost-effective assessment protocol designed to assist
federal and state EPA officials in making decisions on discharge control
strategies. In Phase III, the protocol will be tested and refined at 30
more effluents, and taught to appropriate state and federal personnel.
TECHNICAL APPROACH
PHASE I - SCREENING STUDY
Site Presurvey - The purpose of the 5-month Phase I study is to initially
recommend and test, at 10 preselected facilities, the presurvey, sampling,
chemical analysis, and biotest procedures necessary to completely and in a
cost-effective manner characterize industrial effluents. The first step in
the sequence of events will be an initial survey of the facilities selected
by the EPA for study.
MRC will first consult our extensive industry description data bases and
obtain a complete description of each of the plants on the EPA's list. For
each plant, we will collect data and information on process descriptions,
raw materials used, intermediate and final products, identification of
emission sources, chemical characterization of wastewater streams, wastewater
treatment facilities, and toxic, mutagenic, carcinogenic, and teratogenic data
on those chemical species found or suspected to be present in the effluent.
MRC will develop standard forms for compiling the data mentioned above in a
logical order beginning with a process description and ending with a list of
chemical species that may be present in the effluent. The next step will be
to list the 50 facilities to be visited in Phase I, focusing on the first 10
to be sampled under Phase I. The initial 10 facilities will be selected in
a manner that will cover a broad range of facility types to best challenge
the sampling and analytical methodologies.
The purpose of the on-site visit will be to validate and update the data
initially collected and to define the logistics and safety requirements in
advance of actual field sampling. Fifteen calendar days after visiting each
facility, we will submit an initial survey report to the EPA Project Officer.
The report will include (1) the industry description forms developed by MRC,
(2) a list of the chemicals expected to be found and the expected concentra-
tion range, with special attention to toxic and hazardous chemicals, (3) the
sampling and analytical protocol planned, (4) the logistics, (5) our quality
assurance program, and (6) the chain-of-integrity of samples.
Field Sampling -
As soon as the initial survey reports are approved by the EPA, MRC will begin
field sampling activities.
TOX 2.2
-------
We plan to collect at each outfall 24-hour flow-proportional samples using
automatic Isco or Manning samplers. The sampling protocol and logisitics will
be quite complex because of the extensive number of tests to be performed by
as many as seven different laboratories across the U.S. Various samples will
require different volumes, different preservatives, different sample con-
tainers, and thus must be shipped separately.
At this state of the proposed program, samples will be shipped to the follow-
ing locations for characterization:
-MRC, Dayton Laboratory - All chemical characterization, mutagenicity,
cytotoxicity, bioaccumulation, and bioconcentration experiments.
-EG&G Bionomics - Aquatic static marine and/or freshwater toxicity tests
-EPA Region III - NPDES permit pollutants, BOD, nutrients, and metals
-Battelle-Columbus - Organic fractionation/aquatic toxicology experiments
-Northrop RTF - Cytotoxicity experiments
-Litton Biometics - Mutagenicity experiments
-Commercial Testing and Engineering Co. - Spark source mass spectrometer
elemental analyses
Chemical and Physical Characterization - The purpose of this task will be to
prepare and test a chemical and physical analysis scheme that will compre-
hensively characterize each effluent sample in a cost-effective manner. The
scheme will be designed for (1) the semiquantitative analysis of those known
organic toxic and other compounds identified in the presurvey; (2) the quali-
tative analysis of other known organic chemicals also identified in the
presurvey; (3) qualitative analysis of all other unknown organic compounds
including volatiles and chromatographable and nonchromatographable components
which are present in the sample, and (4) providing data output that is
comparable with other Chesapeake Bay Program Studies, such as that under
Dr. R. J. Hugegett.
The purpose of the EPA's Level 1 chemical characterization scheme is to ini-
tially screen all samples to qualitatively and semiquantitatively determine
what type of organic compounds are present in order to prioritize streams for
further Level 2 comprehensive analysis. The needs of the Chesapeake Bay
Program, however, focus more on identifying individual organic compounds
instead of classes of compounds as in the Level 1 scheme. Therefore, MRC
will develop a scheme based on our extensive experience with the Level 1
protocol, our "widescan" protocol to identify unknown organic compounds, and
our knowledge of the needs of the proposed program. This scheme will be a
marriage of the Level 1 protocol and the needs of the Chesapeake Bay Program
Study. In general, the Level 1 scheme will be followed, but it will be
augmented with procedures designed to qualitatively identify as many unknown
organic compounds as possible. Using standards of the compounds identified
from the presurvey as suspected of being present in the effluent, these
known compounds can be easily analyzed and semiquantified using the proposed
analytical scheme.
TOX 2.3
-------
Acute Toxicity and Mutagenicity Assay - The purpose of this task will be to
supply data on the acute toxicity and mutagenicity of the outfalls from 10
facilities sampled in Phase I. MRC's approach in Phase I will be to provide
this type of data on neat effluent samples. Other research efforts under
other contracts will come from MRC, Battelle-Columbus, Litton Biometics, and
Northrop in the form of biotest results on concentrated samples and on
concentrated/fractionated samples. Results of all three types of data will be
used by MRC to recommend a comprehensive biotest protocol.
MRC's approach is patterned after the Level 1 bioassay scheme, but it is
supplemented to investigate the potential toxicity of chemical compounds
associated with suspended solids. Effluents that have suspended solids con-
centrations greater than 10 mg/L and those that are contaminated with micro-
organism must be filtered. In order to perform microbial and mammalian cell
cytotoxicity tests, the effluent must be sterilized by antibiotics or by
filtering through a series of microbe removing filters. The filtrates must
then be tested for bio-activity. Due to the adsorptive properties of particul-
ates and suspended solids, significant amounts of mutagenic and toxic compounds
could be tied up with the particles.
In addition to the health effects tests, we also will collect samples for
aquatic toxicity testing. These samples will be sent (at4°C) to EG&G
Bionomics Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory for biotesting. All aquatic toxico-
logy tests will be performed according to the Level 1 protocol, which basici-
ally involves placing the test species in various concentrations of effluent
and dilution water and counting the survivors and change in algal mass. For
aquatic vertebrates and invertebrates, the data are reported as LC50 (lethal
concentration at which 50% of the population die). For algal tests, the
data are reported as EC50 (effective concentration at which the sample algal
mass is 50% different [increase or decrease] from a control sample). Samples
can have both stimulatory as well as inhibitory effects on the growth of
algae, depending on the sample concentration.
Bioaccumulation- MRC will determine the bioaccumulation potential of organic
consitituents in each discharge by the octanol/water partition method as
described in the Federal Register (43:243; 18 December 1978). The EPA has
recognized that organic constituents in aqueous effluents having a log P of
3.5 partition coefficient designates the sample as bioaccumulative.
The resulting data will provide information on the potential for bioaccumula-
tion in fish. The data also will be used to (1) aid in the classification of
plant effluents, (2) correlate this approach with in vivo data acquired from
Dr. Huggett's research with oysters, and (3) aid in the estimation of the
severity of toxic effects of organic constituents; i.e., if compounds are
found to be toxic by bioassay techniques and also bioaccumulate, the severity
is compounded.
TOX 2.4
-------
PHASE II: VERIFICATION STUDY AND PROTOCOL DEVELOPMENT
Verification Study - Results of the Phase I screening study will be reported
in a draft report. The report will include results of the presurvey of the
50 facilities, and the methods used and results obtained for samples collect-
ed and characterized at the first 10 facilities. The final chapter of the
Phase I report will contain a discussion of the Phase I results and recom-
mendations regarding improvements and modifications to the sampling, chemical
characterization, and biotest protocols that are necessary to improve data
output and to be more responsive to the needs of the Chesapeake Bay Program.
Point Source Protocol Development - The second principal purpose of the pro-
posed program is to develop a protocol that can be used by state and regional
personnel to comprehensively characterize, in a cost-effective manner, waste-
water effluents discharged into the Chesapeake Bay Basin. The resulting data,
collected from this envisioned decision-tree type protocol will then be used
to support discharge control decisions.
In developing this protocol we will define what type of data and what degree
of accuracy are required by the state and Region III EPA officials to make
discharge control decisions necessary to protect the Chesapeake Bay Basin.
Drawing on the effluent characterization data resulting from the 50 facility
assessment reports, we will recommend a classification/categorization scheme
that will allow decisions to be made regarding the need for extensive effluent
characterization in order to make discharge control decisions. We will
consider several approaches when developing the scheme, such as a procedure
for industry type and subclassification based on effluent toxicity, or a
procedure for classifying facilities on the basis of common effluent toxicity
and chemical characterization. If it is determined, from the Toxic Point
Source Protocol, that an insufficient data base exists, then the protocol
will recommend a comprehensive effluent characterization scheme that will
provide data in a decision-tree fashion.
The characterization scheme will focus on the need to know whether effluents
discharged into the Chesapeake Bay contain pollutants toxic to the Bay
ecosystem or pose significant adverse health effects to humans. The exact
details associated with each major protocol activity will be defined from the
methods development and characterization results obtained from the assess-
ment of the 50 facilities.
PHASE III: TRAINING OF STATE PERSONNEL TO CONDUCT ASSESSMENTS
MRC's training program will actually begin in Phase I of the program in
which we will train the personnel in wastewater sampling and analysis
procedures. These personnel will receive copies of all facilities assess-
ment reports that describe these procedures, the problems encountered, and
recommend improvements. Therefore, when the total assessment protocol is
developed, these personnel will be familiar with such procedures.
TOX 2.5
-------
We will forward copies of the protocol to the state and Region III personnel.
As part of this task, we will implement the assessment protocol at an add-
itional 30 facilities (15 in Maryland, and 15 in Virginia). We will coord-
inate these field activities with the appropriate state personnel and will
instruct such personnel, first in a meeting and subsequently in the field.
Individual facility assessment reports will be prepared as in Phases I and II.
We will prepare a final report on the results of Phase III as soon as results
from the 30 assessments are completed.
Figure 1 details the program schedule for milestone achievements.
TOX 2.6
-------
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PHASE REPORTS
CONTRACT FINAL
TOX 2.7
-------
NOTES
-------
INVENTORY AND TOXICITY PRIORITIZATION OF INDUSTRIAL
FACILITIES DISCHARGING INTO THE CHESAPEAKE BAY BASIN
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s)! PROJECT NUMBER;
Thomas Hopper 68-02-2607
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
GCA Corporation/Technology Division Donald Francisco
Burlington Road
Bedford, Massachusetts 01730
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $ 83,356 Begin - 03/28/79
TOTAL $ 83,356 End - 09/30/79
OBJECTIVES:
The objective of this project is to identify industrial discharges of
toxic chemical effluents in the Chesapeake Bay Basin. A point source assess-
ment will be performed in order to determine the amount of wastewater effluent
discharged, and the identity and concentration of possible toxic materials in
respective effluent streams.
Both major and minor dischargers will be identified with respect to
industrial and chemical factors.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Industrial discharges into the Chesapeake Bay Basin in the states of
Virginia and Maryland will be studied. Each discharger will be identified by
NPDES permit number, location, basin, SIC code, discharge rate and mode of
discharge either direct or via a POTW.
~ A chemical inventory will be made of major dischargers located within
the "fall line of the Chesapeake Bay.
PRODUCTS;
A priority list of discharges will be developed. An inventory of
constituents of each major effluent will be compiled in hardcopy and computer
magnetic taoes.
TOX 3.1
-------
Inventory and Toxicity Prioritization of Industrial
Facilities Discharging Into The Chesapeake Bay Basin
(EPA 68-02-2607, Task 30)
Donald E. Francisco, Project Officer
Chemical Processes Branch
Industrial Processes Division
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina
The Chesapeake Bay Program (CBP) has delegated primary responsibility for de-
veloping the Toxic Point Source Assessment to the EPA Industrial Environmen-
tal Research Laboratory at Research Triangle Park, North Carolina (IERL/RTP).
IERL/RTP together with the CBP Environmental Source Assessment Work Group
has developed and phased a program with three objectives as follows:
1. To characterize the effluents of a broad range of industries discharging
into the Bay or its tributaries in order to assess the impact of these
discharges on the Bay ecosystem;
2. To develop a protocol for characterizing such effluents which may be im-
plemented by the States and EPA to support discharge control decisions;
and
3. To provide effluent source data of use to other CBP investigators.
This program is being conducted in two primary phases. The first phase which
has just been completed is the subject of this report. The second phase
TOX 3.2
-------
(characterization, protocol development and implementation) has just been
contracted and will be described in a subsequent report.
IERL/RTP contracted with GCA/Technology Division (Thomas Hopper, Project
Manager) to conduct the "Inventory and Toxicity Prioritization ..." phase.
The results of this study have been used provide the rationale for selecting
the specific outfalls which will be intensively sampled and characterized in
the next phase. In addition, these results have been used to establish the
preliminary list of potentially toxic chemicals in each discharge.
The objectives of the project were as follows:
1. To identify industrial sources potentially discharging hazardous or
toxic substances;
2. To characterize discharges on the basis of chemical species and concen-
trations;
3. To categorize facilities into groups exhibiting similar effluent
characteristics; and
4. To rank facilities according to potential degree of hazard.
In order to accomplish the above objectives, the project was organized into
5 tasks. The first task was to develop inventories of major and minor direct
dischargers to the basin, and of dischargers to the Baltimore and Hampton
TOX 3.3
-------
Roads publically owned treatment works, and to locate all dischargers on
basin maps. The second task was to identify the chemical constituents pre-
sumed to be in the discharge. Task 3 was to categorize the facilities into
genera with similar effluent characteristics. Task 4 required the ranking
of outfalls and facilities on the basis of relative potential loading of
toxic materials. Task 5 was to develop a^ computerized information system for
storage and manipulation of the data generated by the other 4 tasks.
The data for the inventory of dischargers and the inventory of chemical
constituents was derived primarily from NPDES computerized files, NPDES
application files (hard copy), and discharge monitoring reports. In addi-
tion, chemical constituent data was developed from the Hazardous Substances
Reports from Maryland and the Bureau of Toxic Substances Information file in
Virginia as well as a variety of general and specific process descriptions
from chemical engineering literature. The study did not involve chemical
analysis or contact with individual facilities. In many cases, the chemical
constituents list and projected concentrations were based on secondary sources
and engineering judgement.
After the chemical list for each outfall was determined, the Discharge Multi-
media Environmental Goal (DMEG) for each chemical was determined from pub-
lished lists or calculated according to the standard equations biased toward
ecological effects. The DMEG is the maximum concentration of the chemical
estimated to not be toxic. These estimates are based on available toxicity
information from any source; and, therefore, these are not necessarily
absolute toxicity limits in the systems of interest. The degree of hazard
TOX 3.4
-------
(DH) of each chemical is the ratio of the projected concentration of the
chemical and the DMEG for the chemical. As the DH increases, the chemical is
present in higher concentrations relative to an estimated non hazardous (DMEG)
concentration. The Toxic Units Discharge Rate (TUDR) for each chemical was
calculated according to established methods as follows:
TUDR = DH x discharge flow rate
The TUDR, therefore, is a number which indicates the mass loading of "degrees
of hazard". The TUDR values for each chemical estimated in an outfall were
summed to yield an outfall TUDR. Similarly, the individual outfall TUDR's
at a given facility were summed to give the facility TUDR. The TUDR values
are proportional to the estimated potential impact of a discharge on the re-
ceiving stream. Thus, the TUDR value was used to rank outfalls and facilities
on the basis of relative potential impact.
This study considered 102 major industrial facilities with 272 outfalls, 362
minor industrial facilities, and 550 specific chemicals. The outfalls were
ranked on the basis of the outfall TUDR. The State of Maryland, Common-
wealth of Virginia, EPA/Chesapeake Bay Program, and EPA/Region III selected
100 outfalls as candidates for specific testing. From this list, the
characterization-phase contractor (Monsanto Research Corporation) selected
80 outfalls whose TUDR and potential chemical constituents most appropriately
satisfy the objectives of the "Toxic Point Source Assessment, i.e. impact assess-
ment and protocol development. It is felt that the approach taken in the In-
ventory/Priori tizati on phase while based on secondary data and engineering
TOX 3.5
-------
judgement was a relatively inexpensive and efficient means of selecting the
most appropriate outfalls for the expensive characterization phase.
TOX 3.6
-------
NOTES
-------
BASELINE SEDIMENT STUDIES TO PFTRPMINK UIS'iKilJUIION, I'iuSICAL
PROPERTIES, SEDIMENTATION BUDGETS AND RATES
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
John M. Ziegler R806001
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Geological Oceanography Lowell Banner
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $600,517 Begin- 7/10/78
Performing Organization End - 7/09/80
Share 31,606
TOTAL $632,123
OBJECTIVES:
This is a companion project of work being performed by the Maryland
Geological Survey for Maryland waters under grant number R805965.
This project has three objectives: (1) determining the distribution and
physical properties of Bay sediments, (2) identifying sites of erosion and
deposition in the Lower Bay, and (3) developing a total sediment budget for
the Bay. This study is concerned with the Virginia portion of the Chesapeake
Bay. It provides a coordinating base for other Virginia Institute of Marine
Science efforts in the Toxics Program.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Surficial sediment samples are collected from a 1 kilometer grid network
that spans the Virginia portion of the Bay. These samples are analyzed for
various physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics. The field
program is separated into two simultaneous operations: nearshore (water
depths less than 3 meters), and offshore (water depths in excess of 3 meters).
Comparisons between historical and contemporary bathymetric data for
this portion of the Bay will help identify areas of erosion/deposition by
mapping changes in water depth due to accumulation/removal of material.
PRODUCTS:
Study products include baseline mapping of sediment features, mapping of
erosionnl/depositional patterns, and a total sediment budget for the Bay.
Detailed features are to be plotted at a scale of 1:20,000; regional effects
will be plotted at a scale of 1:40,000. Support documentation will be
available in both tabulated and computer-compatible forms.
TOX 4.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
September 1979
BASELINE SEDIMENT STUDIES TO DETERMINE DISTRIBUTION,
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES, AND SEDIMENTATION BUDGETS AND RATES
Robert J. Byrne, Carl H. Hobbs, III, and Michael J. Carron
This Status Report is submitted in partial fulfillment of the re-
quirements and conditions of Grant Number R806001, "Baseline Sediment Studies
to Determine Distribution, Physical Properties, Sedimentation Budget and
Rates" in the Virginia portion of Chesapeake Bay. The period covered by this
report extends from the time of preparation of the previous Status Report,
April 1979, to the end of August 1979. This report follows the format of the
earlier report and the proposal in that the two subtasks, l.la Sedimentology
and l.lb Sediment Budgets and Rates, are treated in separate sections. A
combined recommendation for future research follows the two primary sections.
A brief appendix of sedimentation budget and rate data concludes the report.
Sedimentology
A - Current Work Status; Since the previous progress report we have completed
sampling (2,172 samples), have completed the analyses for bulk water content,
and have stored a portion of all the samples in an archive. About 3070 of the
samples have been wet sieved and pipetted to determine gravel:sand:silt:clay
ratios. Coulter Counter analyses of the size distribution of the fine
TOX 4.2
-------
particles has progressed slowly. Size analysis of the sands in the Rapid
Sediment Analyzer (RSA) has just recently begun. All of the samples have
been dried and powdered in preparation for carbon and sulfur content anal-
ysis; however most of the samples of less than approximately 20% fines (silt
and clay) will not be so analyzed.
B - Project Progress to Date; As finally executed we collected 2,172 sample
sets from 2,018 locations. The "extra" 154 samples are replicates for quali-
ty assurance purposes. The samples were taken on an "offset" grid based upon
the Universal Transverse Mercator (UTM) 1,000 meter grid system. Approxi-
mately 1,000 samples or about 457» of the total have been digested and wet
sieved, pipetted, etc. to determine gravel:sand:silt:clay ratios. Coulter
Counter analyses have been made on approximately 200 of the samples and RSA
analyses on a lesser number. As previously stated all the samples have been
prepared for carbon and sulfur analyses and a few of the analyses have been
made. As Coulter Counter, RSA, and carbon and sulfur analyses do not need to
be made on all samples, it is difficult to judge the absolute status of the
various analyses. Computer listings of the sample station locations (sample
number, latitude, longitude, observed, average LORAN C readings) have been
made and a copy forwarded to the Virginia State Water Control Board.
C - Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Actions Taken; There
have been several sets of problems, most of which have now been remedied,
which have served to delay the various analyses. The digestion of the sam-
ples in hydrochloric acid and then in hydrogen peroxide prior to granula-
metric analysis has at various times been delayed due to a lack of reagents.
The problem has, we hope, been remedied through closer coordination with the
TOX 4.3
-------
suppliers who now expect heavy demand and should stock for our periodic orders
and through improved in-lab projections of use. Coulter Counter analyses were
significantly hindered by equipment problems which required extensive down
time waiting for service technicians or parts. A new Coulter Counter and a
second manometer stand have been ordered, bringing us to still closer con-
formity with the Maryland Geological Survey's equipment, and a temporary
leaner is in use pending delivery. The rate of sample analysis by Coulter
Counter is increasing and will increase more rapidly when the new equipment is
delivered. The acquisition of the second sample/manometer stand will signifi-
cantly decrease processing time. The calibration/verification of the Rapid
Sediment Analyzer took significantly longer than was originally anticipated as
did the writing and de-bugging of the computer programs used in digitizing the
RSA output strip charts and in making the various data reduction calculations.
Those problems have now been solved and the analyses are underway. The LEGO
carbon and sulfur analyzers have given us persistent problems, not completely
unexpected with new equipment. The two problem areas have been calibration
with standard samples and reproducibility. We think we have solved the cali-
bration problem with a careful program of trouble-shooting and adjusting the
equipment. The same program appears to have solved the reproducibility prob-
lem. At present we are running a small series of experiments to test both the
calibration of the equipment and the reproducibility of the data. If the re-
sults of the test experiments are satisfactory, we expect to be able to begin
full scale analyses of the field samples. The first subset of data (/^50 sam-
ples) will be used to test whether the number replications can be reduced
while still maintaining our quality assurance objectives.
TOX 4.4
-------
D - Preliminary Data Results and Evaluations to Date; As of the date of writ-
ing, the only complete set of data on the physical parameters of the samples
is water content which is summarized in Table 1. As the spatial distribution
of the water content has not yet been analyzed, it is difficult to hazard any
interpretations. It is obvious that there are a great number of samples with
water contents in the range of 15% to 25% whereas the remainder are near
evenly distributed.
Table 1
FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION BY CLASS OF WEIGHT PERCENT WATER CONTENT
FOR 2,169 SAMPLES FROM THE VIRGINIA CHESAPEAKE BAY
7. Water
Content
0- 4.9
5- 9.9
10-14.9
15-19.9
20-24.9
25-29.9
30-34.9
35-39.9
40-44.9
45-49.9
50-54.9
55-59.9
60-64.9
65-69.9
70-74.9
75-79.9
Frequency
Percent
0
0
1.34
29.28
27.11
6.96
5.90
6.08
4.66
3.64
3.04
4.02
4.10
2.81
0.78
0.09
Cumulative
Frequency
Percent
0
0
1.34
30.62
57.73
64.69
70.59
76.67
81.33
84.97
88.01
92.21
96.31
99.12
99.90
100.00
The very strong relationship, correlation R = 0.96260, of the
water content and percent fine-grained sediments is as expected and as dis-
cussed in the May 1979 Progress Report. It is interesting to note that the
values derived for the 503 samples reported upon in this report very closely
TOX 4.5
-------
approximate the values for the 80 samples discussed in the progress report
(Table 2).
Table 2
Progress Report Annual Report
number of samples
r
slope
y- intercept
80
0.98
1.95
-36.95
503
0.96
1.97
-34.04
Comparing the frequency distribution of the water contents to a
plot of water content and percent mud, it could be expected that the large
number of samples near 15% to 25% water are clean sands. It is possible that
they represent a group of sediments with a separate source of discrete iden-
tity from the remainder of the samples. Later analysis of their spatial dis-
tribution, depths, etc. will provide the evidence necessary for further and
more specific interpretations.
The Quality Control statistics for water content on the paired
samples were quite encouraging. In determining percent recovery (water con-
tent of the first sample divided by the water content of the second sample of
the pair, multiplied by 100) of 135 pairs all but one pair were within the
control limits and all but 5 were within the warning limits; where the con-
trol and warning limits are + 3 and + 2 standard deviations about the mean.
The data are summarized in Table 3.
TOX 4.6
-------
Table 3
WATER CONTENT QUALITY CONTROL SUMMARY
Percent recovery = (A/B) x 100
Number of pairs 135
Average % recovery 101
Standard deviation 8.36
Number of pairs within 1 standard deviation 100
Number of pairs between 1 and 2 standard deviations 30
Number of pairs between 2 and 3 standard deviations 4
Number of pairs outside 3 standard deviations 1
E - Identifiable Products to Date; As the project is still in the analysis
and reduction there are expected to be few "products". The Bias Correction
Factors for the LORAN C theoretical values are a by-product that should prove
useful to other investigators in the Lower Bay. Similarly the tabulated loca-
tions of our 2,018 stations should serve the program in enabling present and
future researchers to collect data from the same locations. The preliminary
data relating water content and percent fine sediments points toward a pos-
sible future product.
F - Anticipated Activities for the Next Six Months: By next March we expect
major advances toward the completion of the several sedimentological analyses.
Indeed they should be very nearly finished and interpretations of the data
will be underway. Preliminary maps of the completed data sets should be
available.
G - Suggested Modifications: Initially consideration was given to studying
the fecal pellets of a subset of the samples. Discussions with investigators
concerned with the Bay's biota indicates that fecal pellet analysis is not
feasible at the scale envisioned. Hence no further efforts will be made in
TOX 4.7
-------
this direction.
No significant modifications to the research program are neces-
sary.
Sediment Budget
A - Status of Work; The work of this subtask is proceeding on schedule. The
1850 and 1950 series bathymetric boat sheets have been completely digitized
and horizontal and vertical corrections have been applied to the 1850 series.
Comparison of the two series boat sheet data is completed. Preliminary sedi-
mentation and erosion maps of the Virginia Chesapeake Bay are complete and
are in the "proof" stage.
Determination of sediment volume changes and sedimentation rates
versus depth is complete. Advanced analysis and development of a comprehen-
sive sediment budget model is underway at this time.
All bathymetric and sedimentation data are stored in an easily
accessed magnetic tape data format.
B - Progress; Work is proceeding on schedule. No revised schedule of tasks
is necessary at this time.
C - Difficulties; None at present.
D - Preliminary Data and Evaluation; Although advanced analysis and sediment
budget model development is in its early stages it is evident that distinct
patterns of sedimentation and erosion exist as a function of location in the
Bay and of the depth of water.
E - Products: Raw sedimentation data will be available in the near future in
TOX 4.8
-------
both a tabular and graphic form (see following examples).
It is suggested that sedimentation and erosion maps be duplicated
for general distribution.
Recommendations for Future Research
During the current project year (2nd year) we will be using the
results of the assessment of rates and patterns of deposition with the spatial
patterns of grain size information to deduce the volumes of various size frac-
tions (sand, silt, clay) which have taken residence in the Bay during the last
100 years. The resulting deposition volumes will be a central variable in
determining the sediment budget for the system in that the sum of the sediment
sources must at least equal the volume found in the residual "sink". One of
the sources which will be evaluated will be that material contributed from
shoreline erosion. This is being derived by coupling known erosion rates
with sediment types found along the fastland fringe. Estimates of suspended
sediment inputs from the tributary estuaries, and the upper Bay will be eval-
uated from the literature and from some components of the EPA/Bay program.
While these will provide some estimates of the sources such information will
not disclose the pathways of movement. For example, such information will not
disclose whether the silts and clays coming out of the Potomac or Rappahannock
are dispersed throughout the lower Bay or whether their dispersal patterns are
more limited. Significant improvements in our understanding of the mechanics
of the system would result if we could decipher such information.
Consequently, we recommend research which will, or may,, shed light
on this problem. Specifically we feel the analysis of the grain shape of the
fine sand and silt size fraction using the Fourier shape analysis technique
TOX 4.9
-------
developed by Erlich and others may be very fruitful. To the extent that the
source quartz materials are shape differentiable the technique would deline-
ate pathways. The obvious first step is to test the source end members for
differentiability. VIMS is currently developing (Modestly with the aid of
Erlich) the capability for this analysis.
Some clay mineralogy work is planned within the present program in
support of the chemists. This data should also be examined for its value in
determination of source and routes of transport. If fruitful additional work
may be warranted. Although as noted in the original research proposal there
has been some work done with the distributions of heavy mineral suites in the
Bay, more detailed work particularly in concert with the clay mineralogy and
grain shape analysis would aid the program. Similarly a study of the dis-
tribution of Foraminfera throughout the sediments of the Bay might help to
further define various physical and biological environments found within the
estuary.
It is suggested that the information obtained during this past
year's research be used to determine the location of the most promising sites
for coring for sedimentological and stratigraphic interpretations.
Finally a not insignificant effort should be placed on snythe-
sizing the many research projects throughout the EPA/Chesapeake Bay Program.
The Bay itself does not recognize boundaries. The effort must be made to tie
the many projects together spatially and to snythesize their interrelation-
ships if the Bay Program is to realize its full potential.
TOX 4.10
-------
Appendix
AREA, SEDIMENTATION RATE AND VOLUME DATA FROM
BATHYMETRIC COMPARISONS 1850 SERIES TO 1950 SERIES
Nomenclature
L Segment number (1-66) each being 1 minute of latitude from
38000'N to 36°56'N (ex. L = 1 is 38°00'N to 37°59'N).
AYD2 Area in square yards.
£AYD2 Cumulative area in square yards.
M2 Area in square meters.
£M2 Cumulative area in square meters.
SRM Sedimentation rate in meters per 100 years.
SRF Sedimentation rate in feet per 100 years.
YD3 Volume change in cubic yards in 100 years.
£YD3 Cumulative volume change in cubic yards per 100 years.
M3 Volume change in cubic meters in 100 years.
EM3 Cumulative volume change in square meters per 100 years.
Exponential Notation
E signals exponent base 10 (i.e. 2.0 E 06 is equivalent to 2.0 x 106).
TOX 4.11
-------
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CHESAPEAKE BAY EARTH SCIENCE STUDY -
SEDIMENTOLOGY OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S): PROJECT NUMBER:
Randall T. Kerhin R805965
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Maryland Geological Survey Lowell Banner
Chesapeake Bay Earth Science Study
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 21218
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $247,613 Begin - 7/24/78
Performing Organization End - 7/23/80
Share 175,588
TOTAL $423,201
OBJECTIVES:
This is a companion project of work being performed by the Virginia
Institute for Marine Science for Virginia waters under grant number R806001.
This project has three objectives: (1) determining the distribu-
tion and physical properties of Bay sediments, (2) identifying sites of
erosion and deposition in the Upper Bay, and (3) developing a total sediment
budget for the Bay. This study is concerned with the Maryland portion of the
Chesapeake Bay, and also provides a coordinating base for other Maryland
Geological Survey efforts in the Toxics Program.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH;
Surficial sediment samples are collected from a 1 kilometer grid
network that spans the Maryland portion of the Bay. These samples are
analy-zed for various physical, chemical and mineralogical characteristics.
The field program is separated into two simultaneous operations: nearshore
(water depths less than 3 meters), and offshore (water depths in excess of
3 meters).
Comparisons between historical and contemporary bathymetric data for
this portion of the Bay will help identify areas of erosion/deposition by
mapping changes in water depth due to accumulation/removal of material.
PRODUCTS;
Study products include baseline mapping of sediment features, mapping
of erosional/depositional patterns, and a total sediment bu'dgct for the
Bay. Detailed features will be plotted at a scale of 1:20,000; regional
effects will be plotted at a scale of -1:40,000. Support documentation will
be available in both tabulated and computer-compatible forms.
TOX 5.1
-------
Sedimentology of Chesapeake Bay
Grant R805965
Randall Kerhin
Jeffrey Halka
The current work status since the last reporting period has mainly
dealt with the field operation relative to our primary objective of collec-
tion and analysis of the surficial sediments of Chesapeake Bay. Also, in
support of the Interstitial Water Chemistry and Animal-Sediment Interrela-
tionship Grants, we participated in a Bay-wide cruise during the month of
June and part of July. It was decided that to "balance out the information
collected by the Interstitial Water Chemistry and Animal-Sediment Interrela-
tionship grants, certain sedimentological parameters should be determined
for the gravity and box cores collected during this cruise. We, therefore,
participated in the cruise in order to collect the sediment samples for
sedimentological analysis.
Concurrent with the field operations, certain laboratory operations
were functioning to conduct the more critical analyses such as bulk water
determination and initial sample preparation. Also, as each sample was
received in the laboratory, the sediments were indexed and a data file
created to insure no lose of sediment samples during transport and handling.
Figure 1 is a chart of the completed work of the various phases of this
grant. The chart is indexed by natural oyster bar maps with the circles
representing work completed for the main Bay (M), nearshore (N), Retriever
cruise box cores (B), and gravity cores (G). The following section will
discuss in more detail the work completed to date.
TOX 5.2
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Field Operations
Retriever Cruise
As mentioned earlier, we participated in a Bay-wide cruise aboard the
R/V Retriever in support of the Interstitial Water Chemistry and Animal-
Sediment Interrelationship grants.For a detailed description of the objectives
of the cruise, the reader is referred to Interstitial Water Chemistry Status
Report. At each station, designated by the Principle Investigator of the
Interstitial Water Chemistry Study, a series of gravity and box cores were
collected. The gravity cores were collected in both the Maryland and
Virginia portions of the Bay whereas the box cores were collected only in
Maryland waters.
From the set of gravity cores, one core was selected for sedimentologi-
cal analysis. The core was extruded on deck, split open longitudinally and
photographed. Lithology, sedimentary structures, organisms, shells, and
any gross features were noted on field sheets. Sediment samples for grain
size and bulk water content were taken at intervals designated by the
Interstitial Water Chemistry Study. If a gravity core taken was not used
for pore water extraction, the sediment samples were based on lithological
changes in the cores. Sediment samples were also collected from the box
cores for grain size and carbon-sulfur analyses. The total number of
sediment samples collected to date in support of the Interstitial Water
Chemistry and Animal-Sediment Interrelationships is over 1,000.
Sedimentology
The sediment sampling for the sedimentology task, as noted earlier, is
divided between nearshore and main Bay. The nearshore team have completed
TOX 5.3
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field sampling on the western shore from the Bay Bridge to the Potomac
River mouth and on the Eastern Shore to the head of Tangier Sound. The
main Bay team started sampling south of the Patuxent River but with various
delays, shifted the sampling areas to north of the Bay Bridge. Over 50$ of
the projected surficial sediment samples are collected, which represents
2,100 sediment samples now in the laboratory. Coupled with the 1,000 sedi-
ment samples from the gravity and box cores, over 3,000 sediment samples are
being prepared for grain size analysis.
We did not meet our projected sampling schedule to the Maryland-Virginia
line because of two factors; the Retriever Cruise and boat availability.
The Retriever cruise delayed our sampling schedule until mid-July as the per-
sonnel were- -needed to support the IWC and A-SI studies. Following the
Retriever cruise, boat availability and mechanical breakdowns hampered the
main Bay sampling program. Due to the probability of adverse weather condi-
tions during the fall season, we are now concentrating our sampling effort
to north of the Bay Bridge.
Laboratory
Sediment Analysis
Of the total number of samples collected to date, 2,100 samples repre-
sent surficial sediments and 1,000 samples are from the gravity and box
cores. Immediately following collection, percent water content is determined
for all samples including the gravity and box cores. Gravity and box core
sediment samples from the first Retriever cruise have all been cleaned and
prepared. Grain size analysis and carbon-sulfur content is now being
conducted. The first Retriever cruise is the first priority for grain size
analysis followed by the surficial sediments and the second Retriever cruise.
TOX 5.4
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Preparation of the sediment samples for analysis is proceeding slower
than envisioned. The time delay occurs in the filtration steps following
organic and carbonate removal. We expect to speed up the filtration process
by first centrifuging the sample to remove excess water. This should reduce
sample preparation time without endangering our quality control.
Total grain size parameters and carbon-sulfur content are completed
for 180 of the samples. These data are being submitted to the Water
Resources Administration for entering into EPA's STORET system.
Bathymetric Comparison
All the historical charts used for bathymetric comparison have been
received or are on order from NOAA. The pre-1930 bathymetric charts are
being transformed to the six second grid intervals while the post-1930
charts, on order from NOAA, will be in the gridded format.
Initially, we had assumed that with over UOO bathymetric charts for
Maryland waters that a sufficient data base existed for the main Bay. This
is not the case. We could not use the l8UO's charts as our earliest data
base because of insufficient coverage in many areas of the Bay. By reviewing
each bathymetric chart at NOAA's chart facility, it was decided that the
l890's series would provide the needed coverage. But even with this series,
some areas are not sufficiently covered to construct bathymetric comparisons.
From the hOO charts available, 180 were selected for comparison.
A second part of the bathymetric comparison is the assessment of shore-
line erosion as a source of sediments to Chesapeake Bay. Using the Historical
Shoreline Maps, the entire Bay in Maryland has been converted to areas lost
or gained between reaches of shoreline. Over 75$ of these shoreline reaches
have been reduced to volume calculations. We are beginning to calculate the
TOX 5.5
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sediment types (sand, silt, and clay) available to the Bay through shoreline
erosion by using existing geological information.
Products and Preliminary Data Results
Entire grain size parameters and carbon-sulfur contents are completed
for the area south of the Bay Bridge to Eastern Bay. These data are plotted
on base maps at a scale of 1:20,000 and are also available in a tabulated
format. Maps exhibiting percent bulk water content are in the final
drafting stages for the area of the Bay Bridge to the Choptank River. This
information is available for review for any potential user.
Maps have been compiled showing the sediment distribution based on the
field description for the areas sampled. From the field description maps,
we have identified areas where the Coastal Plain sediment crop out on the
Bay floor. One area is on the E'astern Shore along Poplar Island where a
dense blue-gray clay was sample and identified as either lower St. Mary's
or upper Choptank Formation. Another area along Calvert County on the
western Shore has also been identified as Coastal Plain sediment, probably
the Calvert Formation(?>The exposure of the Calvert Formatior(?)in the near-
shore is adjacent to a reach of shoreline that is extensively bulkheaded.
Our preliminary interpretation is that the bulkhead has stopped shoreline
erosion, thus reducing the input of sand to the nearshore zone. Without
a renewable source of sand to the nearshore, the waves from a northerly
direction stripped off the thin sand veneer, exposing the Coastal Plain
sediments. If these areas were classified strictly on the grain size infor-
mation, this area would be classified as a silty clay similar to the sediment
type found in the main Bay channel off of Kent Island.
Based on the sediment types of the Kent Island - Annapolis area, three
TOX 5.6
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distinct sediment populations are observed; sands in the nearshore, silty
clays in the main Bay channel and an admixture of sand-siIt-clay located
at the break in bathymetric slopes. The sands have mean grain size ranging
from 1.5 "to 2.8<(> with sorting of 0.50<|> to 1.0. The silty clays mean grain
size is 7-0 to 9-2<|> and very poorly sorting with valves of 1.5 to 3-0. The
sand-silt-clay exhibits mean grain size from 3«5<|> to 6.0 with sorting valves
of 2.5 to H.0<|>. Although the information is limited, the data appears to
agree with the sediment distribution found at the mouth of the Chester River.
Anticipated Activities
During the next six months, our operations will shift from the field
to the laboratory. The activities will concentrate on determination of the
sedimentological parameters and carbon-sulfur content. The first Retriever
cruise samples will be completed before analysis of the surficial sediment
samples. With the modification to the sample preparation procedures, we
are projecting that at least 50$ of the samples collected will be analyzed
for the grain size parameters and sediment classification. Volume of sedi-
ment input by shoreline erosion and the percent of the different sediment
types will be completed by the next report period. We are projecting
completion of the bathymetric comparison from the Bay Bridge to the Maryland
Virginia line and development of sedimentation rate per century maps for
this area.
A suggested modification to our scope of work is the determination of
the sedimentological parameters for the gravity and box cores collected
during the Bay-wide Retriever cruises. We have already modified our scope
of work under this grant to include the analyses of the cores. Although
this modification is not stated in our grant, we feel strongly that analysis
TOX 5.7
-------
of cores fills an informational gap in the Bay program and is worth the
time delay in the surficial sediment program.
TOX 5.8
-------
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NOTES
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FATE, TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF TOXICS: SIGNIFICANCE OF
SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND FLUID MUD
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s):
Maynard Nichols
PROJECT NUMBER:
R806002
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Sedimentological Laboratory
Department of Geological Oceanography
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Lowell Bahner
BUDGET;
EPA Share $197,879*
Performing Organization
Share 10.403
TOTAL $208,282
PROJECT PERIOD:
Begin - 9/01/78
End - 8/31/80
OBJECTIVES:
This study, which is a companion study of grant number R805959 ,
investigates the role of suspended sediment and fluid mud in the
fate of toxic metals in the Chesapeake Bay system. Of primary interest are:
(1) spatial and temporal patterns of toxic metals in suspended sediments,
(2) preferential states of suspended sediment (i.e., clay, organic matter,
etc.) for toxic metals, and (3) rates and routes of contaminant transport
from source to sink.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
A series of field observations will determine the Bay-wide distribution
of metal contaminants over a seasonal cycle of changing sediment influx and
saline mixing. Concentrations of selected metals are measured in the organic
and inorganic fractions of suspended material through the water column and in
near-bed fluid mud. Pertinent environmental measurements of salinity, pH,
turbidity, and dissolved oxygen are also taken. Mobility of suspensions and
contaminants at the mud/water interface are monitored over two tidal cycles.
PRODUCTS:
The study will produce an evaluation of the role of suspended sediments
and fluid mud in transporting toxics allied to sources and sinks and will
allow quantification of this portion of the sediment budget. The study will
also establish a baseline for documenting future accumulations and depletions
of toxic, metals.
Represents Ist-year funding of a 2-year project,
TOX 6.1
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EPA Report Number
September 1979
"FATE, TRANSPORT AND TRANSFORMATION OF METALS:
SIGNIFICANCE OF SUSPENDED SEDIMENT AND FLUID MUD'
Annual Status Report
September 1, 1978 - September 15, 1979
by
Maynard M. Nichols, P.I.
Richard Harris, Co-P.I.
Bruce Nelson, Associate P.I.
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Glouster Point, VA 23668
Grant Number R. 80600-2010
CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
OFFICE OF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT/REGION III
U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20460
TOX 6.2
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SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
During the first 12 months, research efforts consisted of the following:
• Assembling an array of laboratory and field equipment
• Testing and calibrating optical and electromagnetic sensors to
determine their capabilities in fluid mud
• Installing a new Perkin-Elmer 703 atomic absorption unit, evaluating
conditions for optimizing metal analysis including metal recovery
and completing digestion
• Analyzing and quality of control of metals with accuracy and
precision in the lab determined by:
1. U.S.G.S. Standards
2. NBS Bovine Liver
3. Doped solutions
4. EPA quality control samples
5. Fluid mud and suspended sediment replicates.
PROJECT PROGRESS
• Four cruises have been completed including 17 to 21 stations in
lateral and longitudinal transects along the Bay axis, see Figure 1.
• Laboratory analyses of total suspended sediment and organic content
samples from cruise number 1 and 2 have been analyzed for 10 metals
in more than 100 samples.
• Hydrographic, sediment and chemical data of the four cruises are
being reduced, prepared for computer storage, and compiled into
graphical sections. Figure 2 summarizes the status of the project.
About 60 percent of the work planned is complete.
TOX 6.3
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PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES
The project has been understaffed by 35 percent for the first
7 months while processing personnel clearances. The project
continues shorthanded in an instrument technician and instrument
engineer. Without instrument repair capability and spare parts,
instrument malfunctions aboard ship could not be corrected and
resulted in loss of data on cruise 2.
Vessel operations continue to be haphazard and time-consuming,
resulting in excess costs and loss of quasisynoptic data. VIMS'
vessels are not fully ready on time, much time is wasted at the
dock waiting on parts and emergency repair work, and speeds
underway are reduced by malfunctioning engines or incompetent
engineers.
There are long delays in purchase of equipment for the second-year
effort as a result of extensive paperwork, justifications, bidding,
adjustment of specification and restricted periods for processing
purchases. While remedial actions have been recommended, few have
been completed.
TOX 6.4
-------
STATION
^LOCATIONS
Figure 1. Location of sampling stations.
TOX 6.5
-------
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SECTION 2
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
PRELIMINARY RESULTS
Metal concentrations in fluid mud tend to increase as one goes
from the mouth of the Bay to the Susquehanna River; e.g., Fe from
< 1 up to 4 percent, Zn from < 0.05 mg/g to > 0.2 mg/g. Hg
concentrations throughout the Bay are < 0.07 mg/g.
Significant correlations (r > 0.70) exist between all metals in
fluid mud, especially with Fe; e.g., As-Fe, Cu-Fe, Ni-Fe, Pb-Fe,
Zn-Fe.
For data normalized to Fe, increased concentrations of As, Cu, Ni,
Pb and Zn are seen in the upper Bay. Cu and Zn show the greatest
enhancement.
Metal concentrations in near-bed suspended matter do not signifi-
cantly correlate with Fe nor Mn. However, the Fe-Mn correlation
is significant and several metals tend to correlate with each
other (Ni-Zn, Cu-Zn). In the northern Bay (stations 12-21)
suspended matter shows significant metal-Fe correlations
(e.g., Ni-Fe, Zn-Fe) probably due to the Susquehanna River influence,
Also, for these stations, metal data normalized to Fe show compar-
able ratios with fluid mud, possibly due to common sources and
interactions.
Surface suspended matter has more variable metal-metal interactions
than near the bed.
Metal concentrations in Baltimore Harbor, e.g., Pb, Cu, Sn and to
a degree As and Zn are strongly correlated with Fe. Similar
metal/Fe ratios extend throughout the upper Bay between station 8
and the Susquehanna mouth, suggesting that Baltimore Harbor is a
source for some metals.
Graphs of Cd, Mn and Ni versus Fe are much more random, indicating
these elements are behaving independently of Fe.
TOX 6.7
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PRODUCTS
These consist of metal-metal plots, metal versus salinity and distance
plots, computerized data listing, X-ray radiographs, a bibliography of
estuarine metal distributions, a VIMS' special report on box core
modifications for fluid mud sampling.
ANTICIPATED ACTIVITIES
• Organic content analyses of suspended material on cruises 1 and 2
• Metal analyses of suspended material and mud from cruises 3 and 4,
and from a CBI cruise (100 samples) of suspended sediment
• Graphical and computerized compilation of above data, plus advanced
analyses and interpretation
• Organize and mobilize equipment and cruises for the dynamic phase.
MODIFICATIONS FOR MANAGEMENT
Most data will be in atlas form with baseline averages and ranges of
metal concentrations. Recommended future work has been previously
submitted twice in proposal form. No additional future work is recom-
mended at this time.
TOX 6.8
-------
NOTES
-------
MONITORING PARTICLE-ASSOCIATED TOXIC SUBSTANCES AND SUSPENDED
SEDIMENT IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s)
Walter Taylor
PROJECT NUMBER;
R805959
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
The Johns Hopkins University
Chesapeake Bay Institute
4800 Atwell Road
Shady Side, MD 20867
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Lowell Banner
BUDGET;
EPA Share $119,592*
Performing Organization
Share 6,294
TOTAL $125,886
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 7/25/78
End - 7/24/80
OBJECTIVES;
This project evaluates the role of suspended sediment on the budget of
toxic substances in the Chesapeake Bay. There are four major study objectives:
(1) to make a seasonal characterization (chemical, physical) of suspended
sediment in the water column in the main portion of the Bay and in selected
major tributaries, (2) to determine exchanges of particle-associated toxics
between selected tributaries and the main body of the Bay for average condi-
tions as well as for more extreme levels of river discharge, (3) to evaluate
various models of transport for particle-associated toxics, and (4) to
establish rates and patterns of movements and deposition of particle-associated
toxics.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
""Monthly field surveys provide data on suspended sediment concentrations
along the main axis of the Bay and at the mouths of major tributaries.
Quarterly cruises survey exchanges of sediment between tributaries and main
Bay as well as develop the relationships between suspended sediment and fluid
mud (coordinated with the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences' fluid mud
project number R806002). Basic measurements include: suspended
sediment concentration (optical, gravimetric), water temperature and salinity,
dissolved oxygen, particle carbon and nitrogen, elemental composition of
particulate matter, and chlorophyll-A concentrations.
PRODUCTS:
The project will result in an evaluation of suspended sediment as a
transporting agent for toxics. It will also identify sources and sinks of
toxics in various sediment types to aid quantification of the sediment
budget.
Represents Ist-year funding of a 2-year project.
TOX 7.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
THE BIOGENIC STRUCTURE OF CHESAPEAKE BAY SEDIMENTS
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s);
Donald F. Boesch
PROJECT NUMBER:
R805982
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Division of Biological Oceanography
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Lowell Bahner
BUDGET:
EPA Share $ 76,587
Performing Organization
Share 8,065
TOTAL $ 84,652
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 7/10/78
End - 7/09/80
OBJECTIVES;
This study is concerned with the Virginia portion of the Bay, and is
coordinated with a similar project being conducted by the Maryland Geological
Survey under grant number R805964 . This study investigates the
relationships of benthic fauna to bottom sediments and infers the role of
benthic fauna in augmenting the exchange of dissolved material across the
sediment-water interface.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The Virginia portion of the Bay will be surveyed for principal physical
and biogenic structure, sediments, benthic fauna, and characteristics of
the overlying water column. Boxcore samples of bottom sediments will undergo
a wide range of analyses (from standard physical and chemical tests to
X-radiography). These analyses will: (1) define the diversity and abundance
of the organisms, (2) relate specific animals to certain biogenic structures,
and -(3) provide physical and chemical information for the sediment.
PRODUCTS:
This study will provide a three-dimensional picture of the benthic
environment of the Lower Bay which, when correlated with results of the
interstitial water project, grant number R805964), will provide a
better picture of the role of benthic organisms in the exchange of toxic-laden
material across the sediment-water interface.
TOX 8.1
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EPA Chesapeake Bay Program
Trimester Report - 15 September 1979
Grant R805982-01-0
THE BIOGENIC STRUCTURE 0F CHESAPEAKE BAY SEDIMENTS
Donald F. Boesch
Karl J. Nilsen
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, Virginia 23062
Objectives of Study
As a component of the multifaceted research program on toxic materials
in the estuarine environment of the E.P.A. Chesapeake Bay Program, investi-
gations are being made under Grant R805982-01-0 of the biogenic structure in
Bay sediments. The specific objectives of this study are:
0 To describe the characteristic biogenic structures (i.e. those
created by organisms) of bottom sediments of the Chesapeake Bay
and relate them to sediment properties, water content, and pore
water chemistry determined simultaneously by collaborating
investigators in the Chesapeake Bay program.
0 To determine the vertical distribution of benthos in Chesapeake
Bay sediments as it relates to biogenic structures.
0 To determine the effects of various biogenic processes,
including biodeposition, pelletization, bioturbation and
ventilation on the exchange of materials between bottom
sediments and Bay water.
TOX 8.2
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° To characterize species of macrobenthos which are important
biogenic agents in order to allow assessment of the effects
of elimination of their populations (e.g. by toxic pollutants
or excess sedimentation) on materials exchange.
1. Current Work Status
The following activities have been undertaken since the May 1979 status
report:
0 Microscopical analyses of particle size and composition and
microbiogenic structures have been completed for a second
replicate of September 1978 samples.
° A brief cruise was conducted in May 1979 to test new techniques
in sampling and on-board sample processing (see 3 below). Three
stations were sampled. Box core dissection, x-radiography and
biological analyses have been completed for these samples.
o A joint cruise with Maryland Geological Survey (pore water
studies) and National Bureau of Standards (water column
metals) was conducted in June 1979. Twenty-five stations
were sampled, completing the planned sampling under this
grant.
0 Box core sections from the 25 stations were x-rayed. One core
was accidentally damaged in the process.
o Completed the sorting and identification of organisms in the June
1979 samples.
0 Began particle size and organic carbon analyses.
TOX 8.3
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2. Project Progress to Date;
The progress of the project is on schedule or ahead of schedule in almost
all aspects. Sampling has been completed within the first year as proposed.
All laboratory analyses of the first series of samples have been completed
and remaining analyses will be completed within three months. Thus, ample
time will be available for detailed evaluation and interpretation of results
and completion of the final report on schedule.
3. Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Actions Taken
Problems realized during the first sampling period were mainly those
introduced by over subsampling the single box cores collected at each station
and the delays in performing core dissection and x-radiography. Vertical
slabs for radiography and horizontal sections for assessment of faunal
distribution were taken from the same box core. Cores were held frozen or
in a refrigerator, awaiting dissection and radiography, respectively. This
caused some deterioration of organisms and sediment structures. Using tech-
niques tested on the May 1979 cruise, duplicate box cores were processed for
each station during later collections. One was used for radiography and core
dissection and the second was horizontally sectioned into 0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-
15, 15-20, 20-30, 30-40 and 40-50 cm intervals (more closely spaced intervals
near the surface than previously) for assessment of vertical distribution of
benthic fauna and sediment properties. Core dissection was performed on-
board on freshly collected cores, thus allowing observations of live animals
which enhanced detection and improved description of associated biogenic
structures.
Delays in equipping and establishing procedures in the VIMS sediment
laboratory resulted in delays in grain size and carbon analysis of samples
TOX 8.4
-------
taken at intervals in the box cores. The laboratory is now fully operational
and rapid progress is being made in the analysis of box core samples.
4. Preliminary Data Results and Evaluations
a). Vertical distribution
Macrobenthic animals inhabit Chesapeake Bay sediments to depths at least
as deep as the longest box cores collected (60 cm). Such deep penetration is
unusual, however, and macrobenthic animals seldom penetrate deeper than 30
cm. This suggests that benthic organisms transport and modify surface sed-
iments equivalent to from 25 to greater than 100 years of sedimentation,
depending on local sedimentation rates and depth of burrowing.
Most macrobenthos is concentrated in the upper few centimeters of
sediment, and only a few "super burrowers" are found much below 10-15 cm.
Based on September 1978 samples it was reported that in 18 of the 25 samples
70% or more of the organisms occurred in the top 10 centimeters of sediment.
Based on 18 samples from the May-June 1979 samples, the dominance of surface
dwelling organisms has increased significantly so that 90% of the organisms
are contained in the top five centimeters and most of these are contained in
the top two centimeters. A partial explanation may be the preponderance of
samples from muddy sediments in 1979, while in 1978 more stations in sandy
sediments were sampled. However, at a station with sandy sediments sampled
during both periods a difference was attributable to a large increase in
small surface dwelling organisms.
The difference in densities and vertical distribution between sampling
periods reflects characteristic seasonal fluctuations of macrobenthos known
for the Chesapeake Bay (Boesch 1973). As waters warm in spring there is
typically heavy recruitment of juvenile and small surface dwelling organisms
TOX 8.5
-------
resulting in peak densities in May-June. The populations decline quickly
during the summer for a variety of reasons (e.g. predation, temperature
stress, low dissolved oxygen). Such seasonal variations in density of
macrobenthos are known to affect geochemical profiles in sediments (Rhoads
et al. 1977) and this phenomenon will be assessed by comparison of faunal
distribution and pore water chemistry profiles.
b). Bioturbation and biogenic structures
Radiographic analysis have underscored the importance of biological
agents in vertically mixing sediments. Of the 46 radiographs only one showed
a predominant physical stratification. Dissections of the box core have
enabled us to identify the agents responsible for bioturbation and biogenic
structures seen in the radiographs.
For several of the box cores dissections revealed the presence of large
vertical and horizontal columns (up to 3 cm in diameter and penetration some-
times exceeded 50 cm) of black fluid mud contrasting the more consolidated
grey sediment background. These represent back-filled burrows of large
polychaetes and an infaunal anemone (Ceriantheopsis americanus). The
importance of burrows in producing strong chemical, physical and biological
gradients has been reported in the literature.
Information collected from our vertical distribution study, radiographs)
and dissections, was used to construct three dimensional drawings to represent
the composition, abundance and life positions of the benthos at each station.
An extensive literature review of feeding types, habitat preference and
biogenic activities of dominant Bay organisms has been made. A partial
representation of this is given in Table 1.
TOX 8.6
-------
c). Microscopic structure of sediments
A microscopic examination of sediment particles was undertaken to
describe and quantify their form and size. Prior to examination they were
stained for the presence of organic material. Most particles (>90%) were in
the form of solitary mineral grains or aggregates of various sized mineral
grains in an organic matrix. Most of the solitary mineral grains greater
than 25 urn were encrusted with organic matter. Differences between stations
in the number of stained versus non-stained particles were insignificant but
significant differences exists in their size and form. Differences verti-
cally were insignificant with the exception of larger numbers of whole fecal
pellets and live diatoms on the surface.
5. Identifiable Products to Date
Products to date include quantitative data on species abundance by depth
in sediment for each of 53 stations, similar data on sediment grain size and
composition, 46 radiographs of box-core slabs, and three-dimensional
drawings reconstructing the distribution and life positions of benthos in
the 53 cores. Much of these data are to be included in a data report in
preparation. A research paper is being planned to present results related
to the vertical distribution of benthos.
6. Anticipated Activities
Within the next three months we intend to complete laboratory analyses
on our last set of samples. This consists of:
° Constructing 25 three-dimensional schematics.
o 168 microscopic sediment slides (two replicates)
° 320 sediment samples (grain size and organic carbon)
TOX 8.7
-------
The following three months will be devoted to analyses and interpreta-
tion of the data.
7. Suggested Modifications
Modifications in the methodology have been made where appropriate.
Given the advanced status of the project no further modifications are
suggested.
8. Recommended Future Research
The research undertaken under this grant has been largely descriptive
and correlative. The results coupled with previous reports in the literature
have strongly suggested that benthic animals are strongly influential in
sedimentological and geochemical processes at the sediment-water interface
and in the top half-meter of bottom sediments. The research included in
this grant did not attempt to quantify the rates of processes affected by
benthos, such as sediment mixing or ventilation. Such quantification is
highly desirable for the development of any models of the fate of sediment-
bound toxic substances and has important implications to the understanding
of the transport, persistence and bioavailability of toxicants in the
ecosystem.
Three approaches to quantify the role of benthos in particle and
geochemical dynamics appear fruitful.
A. Indirect measurements of sediment mixing rates using short-lived
radioisotopes such as ^-^Th (Turekian and Cochran 1979). These could be
coupled with longer-half lived radioisotopic (210Pb, 14C) and palynological
chronologies and down-core toxic substance measurements.
B. Direct measurements of sediment mixing in in situ and laboratory
experiments using labeled particle tracers (radioisotopically labeled or
TOX 8.8
-------
fluorescent dyed natural sediments or sintered glass beads of known sizes).
C. Smaller scaled measurements of pore water chemistry in relation to
biogenic structures (Aller 1978) and measurement of sediment-water flux rates
as influenced by biological activities.
References
Aller, R. C. 1978. The effects of animal-sediment interactions on geo-
chemical processes near the sediment-water interface, p. 157-172. In
M. L. Wiley (ed.) Estuarine Interactions. Academic Press, New York.
Boesch, D. F. 1973. Classification and community structure of macrobenthos
in the Hampton Roads area, Virginia. Mar. Biol. 21:226-244.
Rhoads, D. C. , R. C. Aller and M. B. Goldhaber. 1977. The influence of
colonizing benthos on physical properties and chemical diagenesis of
the estuarine seafloor, p. 113-138. rn B. C. Coull (ed.). Ecology of
Marine Benthos, Univ. South Carolina Press, Columbia.
Turekian, K. K. and J. K. Cochran. 1978. Determination of marine
chronologies using natural radionuclides, p. 313-360. In J. P. Riley
and R. Chester (ed.) Chemical Oceanography, vol. 7 (2nd edition).
Academic Press, London.
TOX 8.9
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-------
Figure 1. Semi-schematic diagram of the distribution of macrobenthos
in a box core collected in muddy sand in the lower Chesapeake
Bay.
as
TOX 8.13
-------
Station 40
a. Busycon carica
b. Retusa canaliculata
c. Anadara transversa
d. Ostracod
e. Acteon punctostriatus
f. Ensis directus
g. Ampelisca verrilli
h. Unciola irrorata
i. Listriella clymenellae
j. Harmothoe sp. A
k. Glycera americana
1. Clymenella torquata
m. Phyllodocidae sp.
n. Paleonotus heteroseta
o. Capitellidae sp.
p. Nereis succinea
q. Sabellaria vulgaris
r. Pseudoeurythoe ambigua
s. Micropholis atra
t. Molgula manhattensis
TOX 8.14
-------
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NOTES
-------
CHESAPEAKE BAY EARTH SCIENCE STUDY - ANIMAL SEDIMENT RELATIONSHIP
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Owen P. Bricker R805964
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Maryland Geological Survey Lowell Bahner
Chesapeake Bay Earth Science Study
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 21218
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $117,473 Begin - 8/01/78
Performing Organization End - 7/31/80
Share 46,653
TOTAL $164,126
OBJECTIVES:
This study is concerned with the Maryland portion of the Bay and is
coordinated with a similar study being conducted by the Virginia Institute of
Marine Science (grant number R805982). This study investigates the
relationship of benthic fauna to bottom sediments and seeks to infer the role
of benthic fauna in augmenting the exchange of dissolved material across the
sediment-water interface.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The Maryland portion of the Bay will be surveyed for principal physical
and biogenic structures, sediments, benthic fauna, and characteristics of
the overlying water column. Boxcore samples of bottom sediments will undergo
a wide range of analyses (from standard chemical and physical tests to
X-radiography). These analyses will: (1) define the diversity and abundance
of the organisms, (2) relate specific animals to certain biogenic structures
(burrows, tubes, etc.), and (3) provide physical and chemical information on
the sediment.
PRODUCTS:
This study will provide a three-dimensional picture of the benthic
environment which, when correlated with the results of the interstitial water
projects, will provide a better picture of the role of benthic organisms in
the exchange of toxic-laden material across the sediment-water interface.
TOX 9.1
-------
Animal-Sediment Relationships
Eli Reinharz
Owen Bricker
The biological research arm of the Chesapeake Bay Earth Science Study is
keeping pace with the schedule presented to the Environmental Protection
Agency in the Quality Assurance Plan (11-78). Our staff has completed two
cruises, fall (1978) and summer (1979). CBESS has sampled a total of forty
locations; twelve of which were selected to resample on a seasonal basis.
The large vertical increments used for species identification in the fall
samples (0-5, 5-10, 10-20, 20-kO cm), obscured correlations between specific
organisms and burrow systems. This problem was remedied during the second
expedition by narrowing the increments (0-2, 2-5, 5-10, 10-15, 15-20, 20-30,
30-^0 cm etc.). Immediate radiography and subsequent dissections made direct
relationships more readily apparent. CBESS is anticipating a third and
final cruise (March-April, 1979) to complete the desired area coverage along
the Chesapeake Bay bottom and to add another seasonal component to the
sampling. The prototype box core will be ready for use by the next expedition*
We have already extracted most of the data from the fall cruise samples.
X-ray radiography, species identification procedures, and water content and
total carbon analysis have been accomplished. Organic carbon and sulfur
determinations as well as grain size analysis are pending completion. Our
staff is currently researching the development of positive and negative prints
from the x-ray transparencies. Such prints will be collated in order to
produce an atlas of characteristic physical and biogenic structures of the
Chesapeake Bay bottom. Furthermore, there is an effort to formulate a
histogram computer program utilizing the Hewlett-Packard programmable
calculator-plotter system to correlate various parameters in relationship to
TOX 9.2
-------
sediment depth: # of organisms, # of species, water content, % organic
carbon, and % sulfur. Three-dimensional diagrams of the benthic environment
will elucidate existing biological-sedimentary relationships. Radiographs
from the summer cruise stations have been taken and developed. CBESS is
presently engaged in the sorting of specimens and in species identification.
Sedimentary and chemical parameters for the summer stations await analysis.
Preliminary results, notably from the radiographs, have given rise to
several generalizations. First, there is a direct relationship between the
degree of bioturbation and physical stratigraphy to bathymetry. Typically,
nearshore, high-energy environments exhibit gross cross-bedding as in the
northern Susquehanna flats area. This type of environment is often evidenced
by negligable to non-existent biogenic structures. Towards the south and
eastern shores of the Maryland Bay system, more subtle reactivation surfaces
reduce lebenspuren (burrows and tubes) to less than 30%' It is projected
that in moving down the bay towards its mouth, a gradual increase in primary
sedimentary structures should be observed. Along the mid-Bay and channel
regions, minimal current dynamics result in a series of mud laminae.
Generally, structures in the deep localities contain either the death
assemblages of a few opportunistic species or the labenspuren of a small
number of individuals. The presence of abundant biogenic structures between
the nearshore environment and the channel regions result in substrate
homogeneity or patchiness, depending on sediment input. The density of
organisms and the diversity of biogenic structures are reliable indicators
of chemical flux rates between the sediment-water interface.
In the transition from the brackish waters to the polyhaline areas,
there is an increase in the diversity of biogenic features and organisms,
TOX 9.3
-------
as well as an increase in grain size; the latter phenomenon indicating
a gradual increase in energy dynamics down the bay. Several transects in
the southern portion of the Maryland bay "bottom also manifest an increase
in sediment particle sizes with greater depth beneath the sediment-water
interface; suggesting a dynamic paleoenvironment. Finally, several
radiographs from the summer cruise depict moderate to intensive methane
pocketing which is apparently the result of bacterial action on organic
matter. These findings and others will be further clarified with the
forthcoming data.
At this point in the survey's endeavors, it would be premature to
develop a model that would reflect the most accurate picture of the
Chesapeake Bay bottom. After the additional proposed cruise, it will be
feasible to begin synthesis of the voluminous data collected. CBESS
recommends that radiography be done on board ship within a few hours after
sample collection provided that the necessary funds and facilities are
available. We have noted that various organisms will bioturbate the
substrate more in our sediment slabs than occurs under in-situ conditions
due to the delay in processing.
Future research in the bay area should encompass a similar methodology
applied to a wider coverage of the Chesapeake Bay. Variations of the
physical, chemical, and biological profiles with space and time would
render greater credibility to hypothetical modeling. Offshoots of this
study could include the development of a systematic key of the benthos in
the Upper Bay region. Similar compilations exist for the Virginia area
necessitating a complementary study in Maryland. Another avenue of research
comprizes the determination of direct correlations between population types
TOX 9.4
-------
and sediment textures. Evidence of such positive relationships would
require only sediment size distributions; thus eliminating the need for time-
consuming species classification. More functionally interrelated surveys
could then receive special attention. Researchers should also address issues
such as the extent to which microbial and meiofaunal populations affect
sediment-water exchange rates, and the comparative effects of sediment
compaction and grain size on biogenic reworking. These topics are worthy
of future inquiry. Such investigtions would be greatly enhanced by the
current research effort.
TOX 9.5
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CHESAPEAKE BAY EARTH SCIENCE STUDY - INTERSTITIAL WATER CHEMISTRY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S): PROJECT NUMBER:
Owen P. Bricker R805963
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Maryland Geological Survey Lowell Bahner
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, MD 21218
BUDGET; PROJECT PERIOD;
EPA Share $341,054 Begin - 7/01/78
Performing Organization End - 6/30/80
Share 159,967
TOTAL $501,021
OBJECTIVES:
Interstitial water is a vehicle by which trace metals, nutrients, and
soluble sediment constituents may be transported across the sediment/water
interface. The four major project objectives are: (1) characterization
of the composition as well as variations in the chemistry of interstitial
water as a function of sediment type and position along the salinity gradient,
(2) identification of sediment particle mineralogy, (3) interpreting the
reactions that occur between the solid phases and the interstitial waters
that control concentrations of dissolved species in the system, and
(4) determining the mechanisms as well as assessing the extent of transfer
across the sediment/water interface.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Approximately 100 sediment cores are being collected along a series of
east-west transects of the Bay. Each core yields 10 samples spaced evenly
over-the topmost meter of sediment. Interstitial water is squeezed from each
of th'e samples. Residual (squeezed) mud is analyzed for carbon content,
sulfur content, and mineralogy.^ Each interstitial water sample undergoes
electrode analyses (pH, Eh, pS ). The Maryland Geological Survey laboratory
analyzes each sample for trace metals, silica, and sulfate. Professor S.Y.
Tyree Jr., of the College of William and Mary (project number R805966 )
performs analyses for alkalinity, major cations, and nutrients.
PRODUCTS:
This study will provide: (1) a baseline assessment of trace metals and
nutrients in the interstitial waters of Bay sediment, (2) an evaluation of
the significance of bottom sediment as a source of nutrients and metals to
the estuary, (3) data necessary to correlate sediment chemistry with metals
content of benthic fauna, and (4) data necessary to the modeling of trace
metal behavior in the estuarine environment.
TOX 10.1
-------
Chesapeake Bay Earth Science Study
Interstitial Water Chemistry
*
Owen P. Bricker
James M. Hill
In the period of time since the last status report,work on the
interstitial water chemistry project has been progressing on several fronts.
A major part of the work was involved with preparation for the June sampling
cruise, field operations during the cruise and sample preparation and
analyses during and after completion of the cruise. Concurrent with the
June sampling operations, analytical work on samples from the previous
cruise continued at a reduced level in the Baltimore laboratory. A total of
3^ cores had been collected on the fall cruise and ^1 cores were collected
on the June cruise. Together, a total of 730 samples were generated from
these 75 cores. Normally, ten samples are taken from each meter length.
core, however, at certain localities it was not possible to obtain meter-
long cores. In some cores, sandy layers or very compact clay layers
prevented the sampling of interstitial water at the depth intervals at which
the layers occurred. In addition to the cores for interstitial water
investigations, a series of cores were collected for pollen work (Dr. Brush)
and for Pb210 dating and trace metal content of the sediment (Dr. Helz).
We also collected several cores for Dr. Freeman (U. Md.) and his
graduate student (PhD) Mr. James Peterson. Mr. Peterson is conducting
research on the distribution of pthalate esters in Chesapeake Bay sediments.
The results of this work may provide information on man's impact on the
input of synthetic organic compounds into the Bay system and will complement
work being done by the Chesapeake Bay program.
To date, all of the samples from both cruises have been analysed for
TOX 10.2
-------
the parameters pH, Eh, and pS. Conductivities have been measured on samples
from the June cruise to use as a check on major cation and anion determina-
tions. Appropriate instrumentation for this measurement vas not available
during the prior fall cruise. Dissolved silica analyses have been completed
on all of the samples from the fall cruise and are being started on the
samples from the June cruise. Analyses for the trace metals manganese and
iron is underway for both the cruises, and is nearly completed for the
fall cruise. Analyses for other trace metals are largely incomplete at
this time because of the delay in obtaining proper electrical power for our
flameless AA furnace. The samples have been preserved according to the
procedure used by the National Bureau of Standards to stabilize their
trace metal in aqueous solution standards. These proceedures are adequate
to preserve NBS certified standards for a minimum of five years and we are
confident that the integrity of our samples will be maintained until we are
ready to analyse them. A contract has now been signed for work which will
provide the additional electrical service and other badly needed renovations
to our laboratory. Work is to begin in mid-September with a 60 day comple-
tion requirement. In the meantime, we are continuing analyses of other
parameters that do not require use of the flameless AA or x-ray diffraction
equipment. At the present time, we are on schedule with all of the work
except the trace metal analyses and mineralogy. We have completed approxi-
mately W% of the trace metal work (elements that can be analysed by flame
AA techniques), but the mineralogic analysis cannot begin until the renova-
tions to the building (in particular, the electrical service) have been
completed. Boat time continues to be a problem in Maryland. We have been
able to get by, thus far, with the field sampling operation only because of
TOX 10.3
-------
the availability of the Virginia Institute of Marine Sciences boat, the
R/V Retriever. The cooperation between VIMS and MGS has been exceptional.
The collaboration with Dr. Tyree at William and Mary has been very
productive. On the basis of the data on nutrients, major cations and iron
and manganese several preliminary conclusions can be drawn. Over much of the
bay, the sediment interstitial waters are in equilibrium with the phases
siderite, rhodochrosite and iron sulfide. This is a result of the strongly
anoxic environment created in the sediments by the bacterially mediated
oxidation of organic material. Large differences in the concentrations of
most dissolved elements have been observed between the interstitial waters
and the free water column. This strongly suggests that the sediments are a
potential source of nutrients and metals to the overlying waters. Prelimin-
ary solubility calculations also suggest that the interstitial waters are
in equilibrium with fluorite (CaFgK a totally unexpected result. Prelimin-
ary examination of the Eh-pH data has disclosed an interesting relationship.
In all but the least saline waters, the Eh-pH data suggest that the H^S-S0
or HS~- S° couples are regulating the redox environment in the sediment.
During the next six months we plan to continue the laboratory analysis
of the samples including samples to be collected on the next cruise
tentatively scheduled for March 1980. In addition, enough data are
accumulating to begin preliminary synthesis. This activity has begun and
will continue at increasing levels of intensity as the data become available.
This activity will lead to the production of contour maps of various
elements in the interstitial waters in the bay system, particularly toxic
metals. The ultimate product will be a predictive model of the chemistry
of the sediment reservoir.
TOX 10.4
-------
In the near future, the same type of work described above should be
done in the sub-estuaries of the Chesapeake. Particularly those which are
strongly impacted by the activities of man (Patapsco, Patuxent, Potomac,
etc.)- In this manner a good baseline of present chemical conditions can
be established for the entire estuarine system with an understanding of
the mechanisms that produce and maintain these conditions. This information
will be useful in dealing with the management of effluent discharges,
spills and other chemical inputs into the Bay.
TOX 10.5
-------
NOTES
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SEDIMENT AND PORE WATER CHEMISTRY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER:
S. Y. Tyree, Jr. R805966
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER!
Department of Chemistry Lowell Bahner
College of William and Mary
Williamsburg, VA 23185
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $ 71,674 Begin - 7/01/78
Performing Organization End - 9/30/80
Share 4,931
TOTAL $ 76,605
OBJECTIVES:
This project provides analytical support to the Interstitial Water
Chemistry Project (grant number R805963) by performing chemical
analyses on the pore water samples collected by the Maryland Geological
Survey.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Interstitial water samples will be assayed for ion concentrations of
chloride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, sulfate, sulfite, sodium, potassium,
ammonium, calcium, magnesium, fluoride and hydrogen carbonate (alkalinity).
Hydrogen carbonate is determined by an acid-base titration. All other ions
are determined by ion chromatography.
PRODUCTS:
-Concentrations of each of the 13 critical ions will be assembled into
10-member vertical profiles for the 100 sediment cores of the Interstitial
Water Chemistry Project.
TOX 11.1
-------
SEDIMENT AND PORE WATER CHEMISTRY (R805966)
S. Y. Tyree, Jr. and Mary Ann 0. Bynum
College of William and Mary
2nd Status Report - 9-15-79
1. Current Work Status. As a result of the Spring-Summer 1979 sampling
cruise, Dr. Owen Bricker's group transferred to us nutrients and alkalinity
samples from forty-one (41) cores. There were 10 section samples for most of
the cores. All samples were stored in the laboratory refrigerator.
The problems described in the first Status Report under alkalinity
protocol have been resolved, and, on this second cruise the original protocol
was used, i.e. an aliquot of standard acid was added to an equal volume of
filtered pore water on shipboard, the back-titration being done in our lab-
oratory.
As the work on the nutrients analyses continues several small modifica-
tions in procedure have been adopted which have reduced the time required for
the analyses. Nevertheless, even with part-time help it is possible to do
only two cores per week. Of course that is 20 sections, each analyzed for
6 anions and 5 cations.
2. Project Progress to Date. The work to be accomplished under this grant
during the 2-year period is the quantitative chemical analysis of 50 cores,
sampled twice, or a total of 100 cores, 10 vertical sections or 1000 sec-
tions, each section to be analyzed for 12 ions, HC03 (alkalinity) and the
"nutrients," Na+, NH4+, K+, Mg2+, Caa+, F~, Cl~, N02~, POU3~, N03~, S042~.
Actually many cores do not yield sufficient pore water for any analytical
work, so that the grand total of 12000 analytical values is a maximum.
In the Fall of 1978 we received samples from 28 cores. From the Spring-
TOX 11.2
-------
Summer 1979 cruise we received 41 cores. Thus far alkalinities have been
determined on all 28 of the Fall 1978 samples and on 17 of the Spring-Summer
1979 samples. Nutrients have been run on 20 of the Fall 1978 cores and on
none of the 1979 cores.
It is anticipated that samples from about 30 more cores will be received
from the Fall 1979 cruise.
The calculation of the % of work completed is ca. 45% of alkalinity
values and ca. 20% of the nutrient values. When considering the foregoing
figures two additional facts should be stated: (a) neither the I.C. Model 14
nor the services of Mary Ann 0. Bynum were obtained until ca. 1 October 1978,
and (b) the residue of 1978 and even up into the first month or two of 1979
were spent developing the procedures which now enable us to get the quanti-
tative values for the nutrient values from a total sample volume of 2 or
3 ml.
3. Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Actions Taken.
a. Alkalinities. As described in the 1st Status Report, inconsistencies
were noted in the results obtained on the first few cores using the
original protocol, which was as follows
(i) Sample filtered through 0.2 micron filter.
(ii) 1 ml sample taken by means of a 1 ml Eppendorf pipet.
(iii) 1 ml aliquot of stock 0.1-N HC1 added by some means. Sometimes
2 ml of sample + 2 ml of standard acid were added.
(iv) Acidified sample in bottle stoppered and stored in cooler. The
first four steps were done on shipboard. The remaining steps were
done in the laboratory.
(v) Sample bottles removed from refrigerator and allowed to stand to
TOX 11.3
-------
come to room temperature (ca. 50 minutes).
(vi) Sample bottles tilted and rotated to pick up droplets from sides
before opening.
(vii) 1 ml aliquot of acidified sample transferred to 100 ml beaker with
a 1000 yl MLA automatic pipet and disposable tip.
Cviii) The aliquot diluted with ca. 50 ml of N2 purged water.
(ix) Two-three drops of bromthymol blue indicator added.
(x) The beaker was covered with parafilm after adding a magnetic stir
bar.
(xi) N2 was bubbled through the solution for 2-5 minutes.
(xii) While continuing the stream of N2 through the solution the solution
was titrated with standardized 0.05-N NaOH with the tip of the 5 ml
capacity buret ca. 1 cm under the surface of the solution to the
endpoint.
(xiii) A blank on ca. 50 ml of N2 purged water was run.
(xiv) 1 ml aliquots of the stock 0.1-N HC1 (reserved from the shipboard
operation) were titrated with the standard 0.05-N NaOH.
(xv) Calculate alkalinity as
(meq HC1 per ml stock) - 2x(meq NaOH-blank) = meq HC03 per ml.
(meq HC03 per ml) x 1000 = meq alkalinity per liter.
meq alkalinity per liter x 50 = mg CaC03 per liter.
When the inconsistencies were discovered the following changes were made:
Steps (i)-(iv) were deleted and a 1 ml aliquot was taken from the nutrient
sample bottles (where enough was available) and mixed with a 1 ml aliquot
of stock 0.1-N HC1 in the laboratory. The resulting solution was sub-
jected to steps (viii)-(xv). It is believed that the source of the
TOX 11.4
-------
inconsistencies of the results using the original protocol was the washing
procedure of the sample bottles used on the Fall 1978 cruise.
Different sample bottles and washing procedures were used for the
alkalinity samples on the Spring-Summer 1979 cruise and the procedure used
for alkalinity for all of the S-S 1979 samples follows:
Steps (i)-(vi) as in original protocol.
(vii) If the sample bottle contained 2 ml (i.e. 1 ml sample + 1 ml acid)
the contents were rinsed into a 100 ml beaker.
Steps (viii)-(xll) as in original protocol.
(xiii) same as (xiv) in original protocol.
(xv) calculate alkalinity as
meq HC1 per ml stock acid - meq NaOH for sample = meq HC03 per ml
orig. sample
meq HC03 per ml x 1000 = meq alkalinity per liter.
meq alkalinity per liter x 50 = mg CaC03 per liter.
b. Nutrients. The development of procedure for the analysis of ions was
long and arduous, due largely to the enormous variation in concentration
levels among the several ions, i.e. 10" ppm for Cl vs. 10 ppm for some.
The first procedure developed was described in the 1st Status Report.
Continuing improvements have been adopted as they have been proved. The
detailed procedure for the analysis of nutrients in one core follows:
Day 1. Samples of Chesapeake Bay Pore Water (a maximum of 10 sections/
core) were removed from the refrigerator, swirled to remove condensate,
and left at room temperature at least one hour before opening. Time:
5 min.
For each sample plus at least 2 standard solutions of known ion
TOX 11.5
-------
concentration (Standard Pore Waters), the following procedure was fol-
lowed :
A 2 ml sample was pipetted into a 10 ml volumetric flask, diluted to
the mark and mixed well. Such dilutions are referred to as CBPW 1/5
(Chesapeake Bay Pore Water diluted by a factor of 5).
A 1 ml sample was pipetted into a 25 ml volumetric flask, diluted to
the mark and mixed well. Such dilutions are referred to as CBPW 1/25.
Using a volumetric pipet, 2 ml of CBPW 1/5 was added to 0.112 g of
Dowex 50W-X8 50-100 mesh resin in the Ag+ form in a 3 inch test tube. The
tube was covered with Parafilm, shaken vigorously and allowed to stand
4-6 hrs. It was again shaken vigorously and allowed to stand overnight.
The overnight stand cleared the solution so that the centrifuging pre-
viously used was superfluous. Time: 2-1/2 hrs to dilute samples and
pipet 2 ml onto Ag -Dowex-1 hr. to pre-weigh Ag -Dowex.
Samples were analyzed using 2 separate Dionex Chromatographs, one in
the anion mode and one in the cation mode.
Anion Analysis.
Anions were eluted with 0.003M NaHC03/0.0019M Na2C03 prepared in 4
liter batches from 400 X stock solution of NaHC03 (1.2M) and Na2C03
(0.96M). Cl and S04 z were analyzed on Day 1 by injecting ca. 1 ml of
1/25 dilutions of samples and standards. Sections of the core (indicated
by numerals) were injected into the 1C bracketed by two different Standard
Pore Waters of known ion concentration (indicated by letters) in the
following order:
A-1-2-3-E-4-5-6-A-7-8-9-10-E
Each injection is completely eluted from the column in 30 minutes. The
TOX 11.6
-------
analysis of a complete core for Cl~ and SO* 2 takes 7 hrs. + 1-1/2 hr.
start up and 1/2 hr. shut down time, a total of 9 hrs. (See below.)
The 1C was set on a scale of 1000 yS/cm. A double-pen recorder was
used with one pen recording at 1000 yS/cm for Cl , and the other at
10 yS/cm or 5 yS/cm for SQu 2. S04 2 down to a concentration of 250 ppm
obtainable this way. Below this level, SOn 2 is a peak "shouldering" on
a large Cl peak.
Cation Analysis.
+ 1 Cations were analyzed on Day 1. The eluent was 0.004 N HN03
(Ultrex) prepared in 4 liter batches from 0.5 N HN03 . Na+, NH4 , and K
were analyzed by injecting ca. 1 ml of 1/25 dilutions of standards and
sections in the same order as in the anion analysis.
The 1C was set on a scale of 300 yS/cm. A double-pen recorder was
used with one pen recording at 300 yS/cm for Na and the other at 3 yS/cm
for NHii and K . A second single pen recorder was available if an inter-
mediate scale of 30 yS/cm was necessary. Each injection is completely
eluted from the column in 30 minutes. The analysis of the + 1 cations of
a complete core takes 7 hrs + 1 hr start up and 1-1/2 hr shut down, a
total of 9-1/2 hrs. (The separation column is washed 5 min with 1 N
HN03 (Ultrex) and rinsed for 1 hr or until the conductivity is <2 yS/cm.)
Day 2. The two-mi samples of 1/5 dilution which had been treated with
Ag -Dowex were removed from the resin with a syringe and needle, filtered
through a 0.22 y Millipore GS 13 mm. filter into clean, dry test tubes.
One ml aliquots were pipetted into a 2nd clean, dry test tube to which 10
yl of 100 X anion eluent (0.3 M NaHC03/0.19 M Na2C03) had been added by
means of a 10 yl micropipette, capped with Parafilm and shaken. Spiking
TOX 11.7
-------
is necessary to prevent a baseline dip between the F and Cl peaks.
Sample preparation of Ag -Dowex treated solutions from one core takes
2-1/2 hrs.
Two separate Dionex Ion Chromatographs were again used for ion
analysis.
Anion Analysis.
F , N02~, PCU~3, N03 , SOn 2 were analyzed on Day 2. The procedure
and eluent was the same as Day 1, except that the Ag -Dowex treated,
spiked solutions were injected. The 1C scale was set on 30 yS/cm. A
double-pen recorder was used set on 30 yS/cm for SOu 2 (below 400 ppm)
and 3 yS/cm for other anions (F~, N02 , P0u~3, N03~). Each injection is
completely eluted from the column in 30 minutes so that the 1C analysis
of a complete core for the above anions takes 9 hrs.
Cation Analysis.
Mg 2 and Ca 2 were analyzed on Day 2. The eluent was 0.0012 M
meta-phenylene diamine-2 HC1, made up in 4 liter batches. Samples and
standards diluted 1/25 were injected in the same order as Day 1 anions.
The 1C was set on a scale of 30 yS/cm. A double-pen recorder was used
with one pen recording at 30 yS/cm for Mg and the other at the 3 yS/cm
for Ca 2. Each injection is completely eluted from the column in 35
minutes. The analysis of +2 Cations of a complete core takes 8 hrs + 45
min. start-up and 1 hr shut down (the separator is washed 5 min with
1 N HN03 (Ultex) and rinsed 1 hour, or until the conductivity is
<2 S/cm), a total of 9 hr + 45 min.
Calculation of Concentrations.
The concentration of each ion in the samples was determined by
TOX 11.8
-------
measuring the peak height of that ion and comparing it to the peak heights
of preceding and succeeding standards of known concentration. The result-
ing values were then averaged.
4. Preliminary Data Results and Evaluations to Date. A sample of the final
data for one core is shown in the table. Values are reported in ppm and
yeq/1 for all nutrients and in JJeq/l for alkalinity, in the absence of final
instructions from EPA - CBP on the units in which data shall be reported.
The columns headed Z+ and £- included as a means to check upon the internal
consistency of the data.
In the calculations of Nutrient values from eluted peak heights the
relationship between concentration and peak height was assumed to be linear.
Checks on this assumption were run by running standard solutions of known
concentrations covering a wide concentration range. The results of two such
checks are shown in the two plots. /*
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TOX 11.9
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5. Identifiable Products to Date, Final data on the several sections from
20 cores is available and alkalinity data is available from the several sec-
tions of 45 cores. As originally proposed, this data will be combined with
that obtained by Owen Bricker's group to provide a basis for modeling the
chemistry of the sediment-water system.
6. Anticipated Activities for Next Six Months (9-15-79-* 3-15-80). All of
the remaining alkalinity samples and 24 cores of nutrient samples will be
analyzed.
7. The facility which has been established in Room 215 of Rogers Hall at the
College of William and Mary for the analysis of pore water should be made
available for the continuing use of the CBP and Bay Managers. It enables
data to be obtained from samples in a manner never before realized.
Certainly the development here in Rogers Hall has been appropriate since
we already had the experience with 1C as applied to rain water. However the
permanent location here is open to some question. Room 215 is a small re-
search laboratory in a small undergraduate department of Chemistry of very
limited facilities. The College administration has little appreciation for
the needs of a practical chemical facility and is not apt to gain such in the
foreseeable future. Regardless of location it is recommended that the long
run availability of the 1C capability, with its experienced personnel, be
settled in the next six months.
8. Recommended Future Research. It is not possible to determine Br with the
present nutrients procedure. Future research should look for a method where-
by Br could be included in the nutrients.
TOX 11.11
-------
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NOTES
-------
CHESAPEAKE BAY SEDIMENT TRACE METALS
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s): PROJECT NUMBER:
George R. Helz R805954
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Chemistry Lowell Bahner
University of Maryland
College Park, MD 20742
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD;
EPA Share $143,765 Begin - 7/17/78
Performing Organization End - 7/16/80
Share 14,361
TOTAL $158,126
OBJECTIVES:
This project seeks to perform a geochemical survey of sediments in
select portions of the Chesapeake Bay that will: (1) establish the present
trace metal composition of Bay sediments, (2) allow estimation of the deposi-
tional flux of individual trace metals to the Bay bottom, and (3) permit
compilation of an improved trace metal mass balance.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Samples of surficial bottom sediment are secured along approximately
15 east-west traverses spaced equally along the entirety of the Bay. The
resulting sample set is analyzed for trace metal content via atomic absorption
spectrometry. Quality assurance techniques will reference all measurements
to the National Bureau of Standards industrial river sediment standard.
About 15 sediment cores from selected stations throughout the Bay will
be analyzed by Pb2io deposition rate determinations. Vertical profiles of
trace elements are determined by plasma emission spectroscopy. These data
allow a cross-check of surface sediment analysis and also serve to establish
historical changes in the profile.
The bulk of sample collection is performed by the Maryland Geological
Survey, grant number R805965 and the Virginia Institute of Marine
Science, grant number R80600J.-'
PRODUCTS:
Final products of this study include maps depicting the present chemical
quality of Bay sediments with respect to selected trace me.tals; a report
will discuss trace metal sources, transport and sinks in the light of experi-
mental findings.
TOX 12.1
-------
CHESAPEAKE BAY SEDIMENT
TRACE METALS
G. R. Helz, S. A. Sinex, G. H. Setlock and A. Y. Cantillo
Current Work Status
Since the last progress report, a fine fraction (< 63 micron particles
plus solubles) has been separated from each of the 200 surface sediment sam-
ples. Extraction of all the samples and the fine-fraction subsamples has been
completed and analysis of the extracts is 80% complete. Sixteen fresh cores
have been received from the Maryland Geological Survey. These have been sec-
tioned into 2 cm intervals, dried, ground and bottled. These samples will be
210
used for the Pb and plasma emission analysis work which is commencing.
210
Method proving associated with the Pb and plasma emission tasks has been
underway.
Progress To Date
Task: Percent Completion
Sample Acquisition 100%
Methods Proving 80%
Surface Sediment Analysis 80%
Core Analysis 5%
210pb Analysis 5%
Data Analysis 0%
Problems and Difficulties
To date, the only serious, unanticipated problem has been the systematic
analytical error which appeared in our Fe data (and to some extent in our Zn
data) last spring. This problem was first identified by our internal self-
monitoring, based on continued reanalysis of the NBS river sediment SRM. It
was confirmed by the round robin conducted by the quality control group in
Cincinnati. The reason this problem occurred has not yet been pinpointed,
TOX 12.2
-------
but it has required reanalysis of all surface sediment samples for these two
elements. This set us back about six weeks.
210
Preliminary work on Pb in Chesapeake Bay cores has revealed that we
will require about 24 hours of counting time per sample in order to get ac-
210
ceptable counting statistics. To analyze Pb at 12 levels in 16 cores will
thus require about 200 days of counting time. Unless we have zero detector
down-time, we may have some difficulty in meeting our July 1980 completion
date on this task. We are exploring ways of getting around this problem,
such as borrowing counting time from another laboratory.
Preliminary Data
Figure 1 gives an example of the data we are obtaining from the surface
sediments. This figure displays chromium data from a traverse of the Bay near
the Maryland-Virginia state line. Bulk sediment concentrations (solid
symbols) vary over a range of more than an order of magnitude. Concentrations
in the fine fractions, on the other hand, vary over only about a factor of 3
range. This illustrates the well-known fact that most trace metals are mainly
associated with the fine-grained fraction of sediments, and that trace metal
variations therefore markedly reflect grain-size variations. The very sandy
sediments on the eastern side of the Bay contain very little extractable chro-
mium in the bulk sample even though the fine fraction in this area is only
moderately depleted compared to the muds at stations 7 and 8.
Figure 2 shows the mean values for three trace metals in four sub-sec-
tions of the Bay. In general, the concentrations in the fine fraction, are
substantially larger on Susquehanna flats and in the upper Bay than in the
middle and lower Bay. On the other hand bulk concentrations are depleted on
TOX 12.3
-------
Susquehanna flats because of the large sand component in this high energy
area. The generally high values in the upper Bay may reflect anthropogenic
effects or may be due to natural sedimentological processes. The core analy-
ses will eventually help us to decide this question.
Activities in Next Six Months
The major effort in the next six months will be devoted to analysis of
210
the surface sediment data. The Pb samples will be extracted, plated, and
the counting will be initiated. Investigation of potential inter-element in-
terferences in the plasma emission method will be undertaken and core analysis
by this method will be started.
TOX 12.4
-------
CR (UG/G) • BULK SEDIPENT Q <63u FRACTION
60
50
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Figure 1. Distribution of chromium in buik sediment and in separated
fines along a traverse near the Maryland-Virginia line.
TOX 12.5
-------
SUSTUEHAWA RIVER UPPER BAY MIDDLE BAY LOWER BAY
AND FLATS
80
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NOTES
-------
THE CHARACTERIZATION OF THE CHESAPEAKE BAY: A SYSTEMATIC
ANALYSIS OF TOXIC TRACE ELEMENTS
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S);
C. C. Gravatt*
Howard Kingston
PROJECT NUMBER;
EPA-79-D-X0717
Interagency Agreement
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Office of Environmental Measurements
Room A347, Chemistry Building
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D.C. 20234
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Lowell Bahner
BUDGET;
EPA Share $150,000
TOTAL $150,000
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 3/26/79
End - 3/25/80
OBJECTIVES;
The objective is to provide analytical data to assist in determining
the concentrations of up to 12 trace elements in the waters of the Bay.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Several methodologies (graphite furnace atomic absorption, isotope
dilution spark source spectrometry, neutron activation analysis) will be
used to identify and quantitate a variety of elements. Collection of samples
is on a regular 1 kilometer grid covering the entire Bay. Grid locations and
dates of sampling are coordinated with sampling operations of other projects
to obtain data of maximum value in developing a model of the Bay. At each
location both top and bottom samples will be taken and filtered to give
suspended particulate and dissolved metal samples. In addition discharges
into the Bay from the Potomac and Rappahannock Rivers will be sampled to
provide data on sources and amounts of metals entering the Bay.
The elements chosen for initial work are copper, lead, zinc, cadmium,
manganese, molybdenum, nickel, chromium, tin, mercury, arsenic and selenium.
Additional samples will be collected at each site for storage in a
sample bank.
PRODUCTS:
Products include data on the concentrations of 12 key trace elements on
the top and bottom of the water column at precisely defined locations in the
Bay.
* Project Manager.
TOX 13.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
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INVESTIGATION OF ORGANIC POLLUTANTS IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR!S);
Robert J. Huggett
PROJECT NUMBER:
R806012
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Ecology Pollution Department
Virginia Institute of Marine Science
Gloucester Point, VA 23062
EPA PROJECT OFFICER!
Lowell Banner
BUDGET;
EPA Share $772,412
Performing Organization
Share 50,736
TOTAL $823,148
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 7/17/78
End - 7/16/80
OBJECTIVES;
The objective of this project is to establish a system to detect,
identify, and quantify toxic organic compounds of significance in the water
column, in sediments, and in mollusk tissues from the Chesapeake Bay.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The first year is devoted to technique development (chemical procedures,
apparatus, software development). Samples of sediment and mollusks are
collected once the first year and semiannually thereafter. Water samples are
collected twice the first year and seasonally thereafter. Sampling stations
are distributed throughout the Bay.
An online computer system performs the bulk of the data management
tasks. The gas chromatrographic/mass spectra data will contain information
on both identified components (i.e., those on the EPA consent decree priority
pollutants list) and unidentified components. The program takes note of both
classes of compounds, allowing assessment of accumulations of recognized
toxics and maintaining a capability to perceive alarming rates of increase in
other compounds that may force identification and further action.
PRODUCTS:
Study results will include a baseline depiction of the abundance and
distribution of toxic organics in the water column, sediments, and mollusks
of the Ray system. Additionally, some previously unknown toxic organics may
be identified. Finally, the availability of a functioning surveillance
system for these toxic compounds will assist in making resource management
decisions.
TOX 14.1
-------
CURRENT WORK STATUS
Solvent Choice
In our last report, we saw few problems that would prevent
us from reaching a decision on the solvent to be used for extrac-
tion. As a final step, 10 batches each of a sediment homoge-
nate (collected at the same position as sample 05S, Table I)
selected for the replicate analysis, was extracted with both di-
ethyl ether and methylene chloride. A comparison of the 10
chromatograms from the Et20 extracts with those of the CH2C12
extracts indicated substantial differences. These differences
were also borne out by GC-MS, where the most abundant compounds
in the Et20 extract were found to have repetitive mass spectral
fingerprints over much of the range of retention times (Fig. 1,
2). Except for one mass spectrum that was very similar to bi-
benzyl, none of the mass spectra could be matched with any of
those in the EPA-NIH data base (Heller and Milne, 1978). The
same kind of observation was made on a sediment from Baltimore
Harbor. Ether extracts of oyster tissue also yielded similar
mass spectral fingerprints, but their retention times were dif-
ferent from those found in sediments. A search for this type of
mass spectra in the CH2C12 extracts gave negative results.
There were two possible explanations for these systematic
TOX 14.2
-------
Figure 1.
SEQUEN
GCID EP
IGNORE
XSCALE
SUBTR
BKGRNO
BASE
11
201
e
la
2791 *3«*
PAGE 7
ETHC3>0 t7 SED EXTRA
58. 33, 40
*Anu's eeo HRDCPV
BASEPK 0 SCAN *
TOTAL ZONIZ.
NO
14
33
Mass spectrum characteristic of EtoO extracts. Such mass spectra
containing main fragments at m/e = 45 and 73 are encountered
repetitively throughout the chromatogram. Other fragments also
present are much smaller and variable, but could be due to super-
imposition.
TOX 14.3
-------
Figure 2
SEIQUEN 11 PAGE 47
GCID EP 301 ETH<3>0 S7 SED EXTRA
IGNORE 44-. 38. 33, 40
XSCALE ICO tAmj'S 200 HRDCPV NO
SUBTR 0 BASEPK 0 SCAN * 104
BKCRND 105
BASE 17013 *2«* 3 * TOTAL XONZZ* 63
.u![ll!ljll!^
150
200
Another characteristic mass spectrum encountered throughout the
chromatogram of Et20 extracts. The mass spectrum shown agrees
with that of bibenzyl, but many others also present are almost
identical.
TOX 14.4
-------
differences in Et00 and CHoClo extracts:
Z, £. &»
a) They were due to artifacts.
b) They were caused by large differences
in extraction yields.
Since the compounds in question could not be detected in
methylene chloride extracts while some of them were the most
abundant compounds in the ether extracts (it was estimated that
the extraction yields of these compounds would have to differ by
o
approximately a factor of 10 ), explanation b was considered to
be very unlikely.
In discussing the possibility of artifact generation, how-
ever, the following hypothesis emerged: since Et20 contains
trace amounts of bibenzyl (established by mass spectrum, syn-
thesis of bibenzyl and co-injection with solvent blank) it is
conceivable that hydroperoxide radicals derived from the inevi-
tably present peroxide could react with bibenzyl to form a
benzyl radical, ^C!^, which is known to be very stable. The
benzyl radical could then react with organic compounds in the
extract to form the observed artifacts (those possessing a
m/e = 91 baseline). Upon ionization, since the benzyl ion also
has an unusually high stability, it dominates as the major frag-
ment in the mass spectra of such artifacts.
Based on this reasoning, we proceeded in two directions.
First, the possibility of getting Et20 free of bibenzyl from a
supplier was investigated. This turned out to be impossible.
Second, synthesized bibenzyl was added to methylene
TOX 14.5
-------
chloride and ethyl ether (to approx. double the concentration of
bibenzyl). A homogenized sediment was then extracted with these
2 solvents, and in addition with ethyl ether containing quinone
(the latter to act as a quencher to prevent benzyl radical for-
mation), "unadulterated" Et20 and CH2C12- Although not all of
the results turned out according to expectations, they did es-
tablish the presence of bibenzyl only in the spiked methylene
chloride test. No other artifacts possessing a large fragment
at m/e = 91 could be detected. No artifacts were present in the
unadulterated CH2C12 extract. All extracts with ether contained
the artifacts, but quinone did not seem to quench the radical
formation, and in the extract where the concentration of bi-
benzyl was increased, the concentration of artifacts was less
than in the unspiked solvent. Since we now know that this prob-
lem is typical for Et20 and likely caused by bibenzyl (although
not yet understood in detail) and since we have established that
we cannot obtain Et20 free of bibenzyl, there is but one solvent
left to extract our samples, Cl^Cl^-
The use of CI^C^, because of observed chlorinated hydro-
carbon artifact problems, is not ideal. But since the chlori-
nated artifacts observed so far were at a <(10 ppb-level while the
mass spectrometry demands concentrations >20 ppb for identifica-
tion purposes, we can live with it.
The extraction of sediment and oyster samples from the
first collection (Tables 1 and 2), stored as freeze dried sam-
ples, is now proceeding.
TOX 14.6
-------
Pre-Chromatography
The gel permeation chromatography (GPC) discussed in our
first report has been further investigated. While we knew of
only two compounds of interest eluting in the first fraction
(0-140 ml), this number has been growing, making it necessary to
collect an additional fraction for analysis (100-140 ml). An
updated list of standard compounds tested is appended (Table 3).
In a first approximation, it appears that the compounds eluting
in the 0-140 ml fraction either have a high polarity, a large
molecular size or a combination of these two features. Most of
the toxic organic compounds of interest are likely to elute in
the 140-220 ml fraction.
Liquid Chromatography
The 140-220 ml GPC fraction will be further simplified
and characterized by HPLC. A preparative uBondapak NH£ column
and solvent flow as well as gradient programming was used to
achieve this goal. Details are found in Fig. 3. The conditions
specified in this figure allow for complete cleaning and re-
equilibration of the column at 10070 hexane.
G.C. - Analysis
Wall coated glass capillary columns prepared so far have
made use of Grob's barium carbonate deposition (Grob et al. 1978)
to eliminate polar sites on the glass and improve the adhesion
of the liquid phase. Using SE 52 as the liquid phase with
PG 20,000 as an underlay, such columns are limited by an upper
temperature of approx. 240°C (above this temperature, column
TOX 14.7
-------
HIGH PERFORMANCE LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY - NH2 COLUMN
SOLVENTS: A-HEXANE, B-Z-PROPANOL
i— rr
0.5ml/min || 2ml/min
7 min >
^ 0.5 min
/
l\
0 % B 30 % B
1 7 min / 12.5 min )
^0.5 min \l
74.5 min
\
IOO%B 0 % B
9 min 1 40 min
min 2 min
FRACTION COLLECTED:
F I'. UP TO APPEARANCE OF U.V. SflCNAL + 30 SEC.
F2: FROM Fl TO 17 min
F3: FROM 17 min TO 30 min
Figure 3-
TOX 14.8
-------
life is considerably shortened). This relatively low tempera-
ture is undesirable insofar as many compounds must be eluted
isothermally at this upper temperature limit, which makes a
positive determination of retention indices in the upper temper-
ature range impossible.
A new technique proposed by Grob (1979) was silylation
instead of barium carbonate deposition and is claimed to raise
the temperature limit for SE 52 approx. 280°C. New columns
of this type have been manufactured here and tried with success.
While such columns show improved performance in some respects,
their useful life was not acceptable. In view of their princi-
pal advantages, the silylation step is being modified.
Data Reduction
Work has been concentrated on the development of computer
graphics techniques to aid in the visual data display, which is
not only a valuable guide in the laboratory, but eventually will
also simplify the task of managers.
The data collection and storage system has been well tested
and is in daily use. All chromatographic outputs are sampled in
half-second intervals and stored on disc.
Software is now available to:
1) Normalize chromatographic runs to absolute
component intensities, discriminate against
peaks with less than minimum area and assign
a relative retention index system.
2) Display both raw and processed data on the
TOX 14.9
-------
H.P. 3354 system console (H.P. 2648 termi-
nal, software adapted from H.P. 3354 users
group publications).
3) Transfer processed data to an IBM 370/158
mainframe and plot histogram presentations
on a Tektronix CRT.
4) Plot chromatograms on a Tektronix 4662 flat
bed plotter (adapted from a published soft-
ware package from the Institute for Bio-
Organic Studies, U.N.O.).
Figures4 to 8 demonstrate the principal use of this software.
An aromatic fraction of a York River sediment extract was in-
jected on two different gas chromatographs on two different
days. The resulting chromatograms are depicted in Figures 4 and
5. The raw data in the computer were then normalized to the
largest peak area (excluding the solvent peak) and replotted by
a Tektronix 4662 (Figures6 and 7). Finally, the output was
converted to relative retention indices (aromatic retention
scale), discriminated to remove peaks below a certain area and
replotted as a bar-gram (or histogram) on an IBM 370/158 (Figure
8). The area of the original peaks in the chromatograms is now
expressed as height of the bar. Such bar-grams will be the
essential precursors for computerized comparison programs.
Volatile Halogenated Organic Compounds in the Water Column
After initial delays, the collection and analysis of
samples are progressing well. Table 4 gives a description of
TOX 14.10
-------
r igure
11K -si.ini'/.
* ^Jjtj'^**''**•**• '^\
TOY 1>1 11
-------
Figure 5.
TOX 14.12
-------
Figure 6.
U-J-
.JuJ
ULl/-
RAJ FILE -
-------
Figure 7
SCALE - 3
INJECTED CM lSi£3«2l ON AUG
e TO *z n^s.
TOX 14.14
-------
Figure 8.
!
r a.
12
is- a
O X
jr-r '•
c ^ _• •
•"' •• *
«r ^ 2
A
TTXJ i S?
5
^ § ,
\ti T r>
a »- <\i
O OJvJ)
l-i
Vs l*
•—.•
<-. X
. »
-X
TOX 14.15
-------
samples collected since last spring. Two complete sets of
samples have been collected and analyzed, and a third set is
expected to be collected and analyzed by the end of September.
Figure 9 indicates, most samples have been collected at
the mouth of major rivers, along the James River and near point
sources such as outfalls from sewage treatment plants, power
generating stations and a paper mill.
Major volatile halogenated organic compounds identified
are chloroform, 1,1,1,-trichloroethane, carbontetrachloride,
trichloroethylene, bromodichloromethane, dibromochloromethane,
tetrachloroethylene and bromoform. Only in samples collected
near outfalls from sewage treatment plants or power generating
stations were individual concentrations )>0.1 ppb encountered.
Everywhere else, they in general are <^0.1 ppb. Figures 10 and 11
show the gas chromatograms of samples collected near the Potomac
Electric Power Co. Plant at Morgantown (PEPCO) and the Blue
Plains sewage treatment plant. It is noted that the major
compounds in the PEPCO sample consist of brominated hydrocarbons,
while the Blue Plains sample is dominated by chlorinated hydro-
carbons. It is well known that chloroform is formed during
chlorination of drinking water, wastewater and cooling water of
power plants. Bromide ion in estuarine water can be oxidized
by hypochlorite ion to bromine, hypobromide ion and hypobromic
acid which then react with organic compounds. Thus in the
presence of bromide ion other volatile halogenated organic
compounds such as bromodichloromethane (CHBrCl2), dibromochloro-
TOX 14.16
-------
Figure 9.
77'JOO' 70* 00'
-r-'i ' . -T-T--T — i- v r'•.—*-=-.—r . - y_ . r- . i ;—T-.--I —.—r ~r \... "
"'.-.\
3?*$|
•« fe?J
f^:;:^'' -) ,
Y C» °^
• \-«^ ^\\.f (.
*•" " -s^«^-fc v ^
^V^"' c--1—:
%^\^es;:
'
./
»(• — ^
.^i/
u
TOX 14.17
-------
Figure 10
cuojouiojg
auvq39mo.ioxtpomo.iqfQ
-T'I'T
o
o
CO
CJ
o
2
O
U)
CD
. UJ
O
B
^r CJ UJ
— — o
2 O ^J
O h-
O
UJ
1
DC
0.
o
I
UJ
d.
&
o:
UJ
a. •
UJ
I ^
LJ O
U.
rr
(X
a:
UJ
TOX 14.18
-------
Figure 11.
09
r^
O)
to
c .
at o:
•< UJ
TOX 14.19
-------
methane (CHB^Cl) and bromoform (CHBr3) are also formed. This is
confirmed with our findings. The major volatile organic com-
pounds in Figure 3 are chloroform, trichloroethylene and tetra-
chloroethylene. The formation of chloroform has been mentioned
above. Trichloroethylene and tetrachloroethylene are common
solvents used for industrial and household cleaning purposes.
Schedules
Due to the difficulties encountered with the solvent, we
are two months behind schedule with the replicate analyses and
with the analysis of samples (relative to the updated schedule
of July 10). Methodology and data reduction require continuous
attention, but at this time are in satisfactory shape. The
collection of a second set of sediment and oyster samples is on
schedule as is the collection of water samples and the analysis
of volatile halogenated organic compounds. Except for improve-
ments (such as those mentioned for glass capillaries) our facili-
ties are established.
PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES
Other than those already mentioned, we foresee no major
problems, although there will always arise difficulties that
require some extra effort to overcome them. For example, while
we did not encounter difficulties with the platinum interface
between the G.C. and the mass spectrometer while analyzing hydro-
carbon mixtures, some compounds in the polar fraction of sediment
extracts were observed to be modified or adsorbed. This neces-
sitates replacement of the platinum capillary with a deactivated
TOX 14.20
-------
glass capillary, a technically difficult modification. While we
have detected a number of artifacts generated by a particular
methodology, the chemical modification of extracted compounds
almost certainly is not limited to that methodology. If a few
such artifacts are hidden in a large number of unmodified com-
pounds, it is almost impossible to recognize them once a partic-
ular methodology is followed. All one can do is to constantly
question and scrutinize identified substances from all points of
view.
IDENTIFIABLE PRODUCTS
Extraction method to extract organic compounds from sedi-
ment and tissue.
Gel permeation chromatography to remove most of the inter-
fering biogenic molecules and sulfur.
High performance liquid chromatography separation of a
fraction containing most toxic organic compounds.
- Methodology to separate these fractions by high resolution
gas chromatography and to generate semiquantitative infor-
mation.
Methodology (incomplete in practical aspects) to identify
compounds by G.C.-M.S., supported by output from specific
G.C. - detectors.
Software to assign relative retention indices (H.P. Lab
Basic Interactive Program) to all peaks via internal or
external retention standards.
Software to transfer processed or normalized data files to
TOX 14.21
-------
IBM-compatible tape (H.P. Lab Basic Program).
- CRT - plotting (H.P. Lab Basic). Plots as a visually
normalized picture or processed data as a bar-gram, both
on a H.P. 2648 terminal.
Hard copy plotting (H.P. Lab Basic). This modified version
of a program published by Overton et al. allows to draw
chromatograms from raw or processed data on a Tektronix
4662 plotter.
Bar-gram (or histogram). Software takes information from
programs above and produces a simplified graphic output in
which all irrelevant data have been removed (Fortran IV
for IBM 370/158).
Analyses of volatile halogenated organic compounds in the
water column.
ANTICIPATED ACTIVITIES FOR THE NEXT SIX MONTHS
A second set of sediment and oyster samples will be col-
lected in October. This task was originally scheduled for the
second half of September, but had to be re-scheduled for lack of
shiptime. These samples will be freeze dried upon return.
All samples collected in spring and those from the fall
cruise will be extracted and pre-separated. Final fractionation
by HPLC and methodology for analysis will be decided as soon as
possible, and the pre-separated sample extracts will be analyzed
once this decision has been made.
As soon as the Tektronix plotter is available (it is on
order) all sample-analyses will be plotted as normalized chroma-
TOX 14.22
-------
tograms. Programming efforts will center on the development of
comparison algorithms.
We will continue to collect and analyze water samples in
the months of October and November 1979, but then probably will
wait until March 1980 before continuing (depending on weather).
TOX 14.23
-------
REFERENCES
1. Grob, K., G. Grob, and K. Grob, Jr., 1979. Deactivation
of Glass Capillary Columns by Silyation. J. HRC & CC 2,
31-35.
2. Heller, S. R., and G. W. A. Milne, 1978. EPA/NIH Mass
Spectral Data Base. NSRDS - NBS 63.
3. Overton, E. B., C. F. Steele, and J. L. Laseter, 1978.
Computer Reconstruction of High Resolution Gas Chromatograms
J. HRC & CC 1, 109.
TOX 14.24
-------
EPA SEDIMENT STATIONS
STATION #
019
02S
03S
04S
05S
06 S
07S
088
09S
10S
US
12S
13S
14S
15S
16S
17S
18S
19S
2 OS
21S
22S
23S
24S
25S
26S
27S
LORAN
COORDINATES
27194.6
27218.1
27250.2
27210.7
27304.5
27225.1
27231.9
27328.5
27253.7
27298.9
27253.6
27333.0
27403.5
27345.5
27382.1
27373.6
27466.8
27514.7
27556.5
27645.4
27645.5
27605.6
27566.9
27612.2
41255.7
41258.4
41291.9
41353.8
41453.9
41515.9
41653.7
41709.9
41767.3
41768.0
41844.5
41928.7
42011.4
42039.6
42084.1
42766.4
42233.1
42385.8
42538.4
42846.8
42958.9
42975.8
43056.4
43129.3
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE
36°
36°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
39°
39°
39°
39°
39°
39°
55.2'
56.3'
00.0'
03.5'
14.6'
17.2'
28.2'
35.4'
38.1'
39.3'
44.2'
52.9'
00.9'
01.9'
06.3'
12.6'
19.5'
32.2'
45.1'
49.8'
56.9'
04.8'
10.5'
18.2'
20.3'
26.3'
32.5'
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
75°
76°
75°
76'
75°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
05
10
17
05
23
02
58
17
58
08
55
09
20
07
12
07
23
24
26
20
25
19
27
18
11
00
04
.3'
.7'
.0'
.3'
.1'
.7'
.5'
.7'
.8'
.9'
.8'
.2'
.7'
.0'
.7'
.1'
.5'
.9'
.4'
.8'
.9'
.1'
.2'
.9'
.6'
.3'
.5'
All stations were determined, where possible, with LORAN C in
conjunction with shore bearings. On most stations both methods agree
closely. However, the accuracy of LORAN C is questionable for stations
north of 19S. In some instances there was no receivable LORAN signal at
all. This is most likely due to the BAY being surrounded by land masses
blocking signals, and the large amount of radio traffic in the northern
parts. Where LORAN was questioned, precedence was given to shore bearing
TOX 74.25
-------
EPA BIOTA STATIONS
STATION #
01B
02B
03 B
04B
05 B
06 B
07B
08B
09B
10B
11B
12B
13B
14B
15B
16B
17B
18B
19B
2 OB
21B
22B
23B
LORAN
COORDINATES
LATITUDE
LONGITUDE^
27313.0
27303.4
27332.9
27233,
27276,
8
0
27342.0
41438.4
41507.9
41699.6
41847.7
41912.5
41911.9
36°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
37°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
38°
39°
39°
53.3'
10.0'
00. 41
18.3'
13.7'
18.8'
33.6'
34.8'
39.1'
43.8'
50.3'
51.8'
02.7'
02.9'
15.4'
07.9'
19.0'
25.9'
38.4'
44.0'
46.2'
05.7'
07.3'
76°
75°
76°
76°
76°
76°
75°
76°
76°
75°
75°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
76°
4.6'
59.3'
19.3'
01.0'
26.3'
20.7'
56.0'
19.2'
52.6'
51.7'
57.7'
12.0'
20.0'
01.0'
15.0'
17.4'
27.2'
25.7'
22.6'
31.7'
23.6'
22.9'
17.2'
UNCERTAINTY
+0.3 mi
+0.1 mi
+0.1 mi
+0.2 mi
+0.1 mi
+0.2 mi
+0.1 mi
+0.2 mi
+0.2 mi
+0.1 mi
+0.1 mi
Navigation was by LORAN C, when available, and by shore bearings.
The uncertainty in position is much larger than in sediment sampling,
reflecting the natural difficulties in collecting any marine biota. This
uncertainty represents the distance the vessel moved in collecting the
samples at a particular station. Where no uncertainty is reported, the
sample was collected at the given position as nearly as can be determined
by navigation methods available.
TOX 14.26
-------
TABLE 3. GEL PERMEATION CHROMATOGRAPHY OF STANDARD COMPOUNDS
Compound Type
Alkanes
Aromatics
Phenols
Phthalate
Esters
Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Standard
n-C16
n-C15
n-Decyl cyclohexane
Hexamethyl benzene
1,3,5-Triisopropyl
benzene
Naphthalene
Dibenzothiophene
Phenanthrene
Anthracene
1-Methyl phenanthrene
Fluoranthene
Pyrene
Chrysene
Benzo (a) pyrene
Benzo (e) pyrene
Benzo (ghi) perylene
Biphenyl
m-Quaterphenyl
p-Quaterphyenyl
Phenyl ether
2,6-Dimethyl phenol
2,4,5-Trichlorophenol
Pentachlorophenol
Diethyl phthalate
Dibutyl phthalate
Dioctyl phthalate
<*-BHC
Aldrin
o, p'-DDD
p, p'-DDD
p, p'-DDE
p,p-DDT
Dieldrin
Heptachlor
Percentage
Found in
0-140 ml
Fraction
67
0
2
0
30
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
30
50
90
100
100
100
0
0
0
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
TOX 14.27
-------
TABLE 3 (continued)
Compound Type
Chlorinated
Hydrocarbons
Standard
Endo-sulfane
Captofol
Kepone
Dibenzo-p-dioxin
Trichloro-p-dibenzo
dioxin
Decachlorobiphenyl
Arachlor 1242
Carbaryl
Chlorpropham
Aldicarb
Butylate
CDEC
Phosphate Esters Temphos
Malathion
Dichlofenthion
Trichlorfon
PCB's
Carbamates
Triazines
Atrazine
Ametryn
Percentage
Found in
0-140 ml
Fraction
0
65
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
100
50
0
100
100
80
0
50
0
Percentage
Found in
140-220 ml
Fraction
100
35
100
100
100
100
100
100
100
0
50
100
0
0
20
100
50
100
TOX 14.28
-------
TABLE 4. LOCATIONS OF WATER SAMPLES
Station Date Location"
05 4-9-79 York River mouth
08 4-9-79 Rappahannock River mouth
11 4-18-79 Potomac River mouth
14 4-18-79 Patuxent River mouth
22 4-19-79 Off Bodkin Pt.
red buoy 14C
23 4-19-79 Baltimore Channels
Jl 6-14-79 James River
near Surry Power Plant outfall
J3 6-14-79 James River
Deep Creek mouth
between R "8" and R "10"
J4 6-14-79 James River
Pagan River mouth
red daymark #14
J6 6-14-79 James River
Nansemond River mouth
B & W "N2"
J7 6-14-79 James River
Hampton Roads Tunnel
P2 6-27-79 Potomac River
The third piling of Potomac
River bridge from Md. side
(PEPCO)
SI 6-27-79 Susquehanna River
near river mouth
P2 6-28-79 Potomac River near outfall of
Washington, D. C. Sewage
Treatment Plant (Blue Plain)
TOX 14.29
-------
TABLE 4 (continued)
Station Date Location
Yl 6-29-79 York River
junction of York River
and Mattaponi River
TOX 14.30
-------
NOTES
-------
INVESTIGATION OF THE CHESTER RIVER OYSTER MORTALITY
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Howard Wilson* . R805976
David Freeman
Joseph Cooney
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Water Resources Administration Lowell Banner
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $ 83,750 Begin - 7/24/78
Performing Organization End - 7/23/79
Share 11,918
TOTAL $ 95,668
OBJECTIVES:
This project seeks to identify the causes of oyster mortality in the
Chester River.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH;
The study is conducted in three concurrent parts: (1) Biotoxicity
assays are conducted at each potential point discharge source for toxics. A
3-1/2-month field program arrays a test population of oysters in the Chester
River; the test population is periodically compared to a control population.
A more detailed study employs direct exposure of crayfish and finfish to
effluents from suspected toxic discharge sources over a 96-hour period.
Patterns of morbidity and mortality are then used to locate effluents poten-
tially responsible for oyster mortality in the estuary. (2) Chester River
water, sediment, and shellfish are assayed, combining gas liquid chromatography
with mass spectrometric detection. (3) The role of tin (organic as well as
Inorganic) as a contributor to oyster mortality is investigated by analyzing
water, sediment, and oyster tissues. Each sample is examined for tin by
atomic absorption spectrometry, for total viable aerobic bacteria, for
tin-resistant aerobic bacteria, and for ability to form organic tin compounds.
Bacterial cultures are analyzed for total organo tin compounds using atomic
absorption techniques.
PRODUCTS:
This study will attempt to locate and identify the ag-ents causing the
anomalous oyster mortality and to develop control strategies to correct the
situation if appropriate. \
* Project Manager.
TOX 15.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
EUTROPHICATION PROGRAM AREA
The process of nutrient enrichment, frequently called eutrophication,
was first used to describe an advanced state in a natural process of aging
and succession in freshwater lakes. Eutrophic means "well nourished" or
enriched in dissolved nutrients and generally implies high productivity as
well. Excessive enrichment occurs when the resulting aquatic conditions
preclude some potential use, thereby having undesirable consequences. Such
an excess can arise from either natural or cultural causes. Enrichment in
estuaries can have both subtle and gross effects which are distinctly different
from those which occur in freshwater systems.
The undesirable effects of eutrophication in an estuarine environment
are much better understood than the possible desirable effects. It is amply
documented that reduced levels of dissolved oxygen have occurred in the Upper
Bay and its headwaters. It is also well known that undesirable algal species
have, started to displace desirable species which serve as food for higher
organisms in some of the Bay's principal tributaries. However, little is
known about the contribution of nutrient enrichment to possibly higher yields
of finfish and shellfish and other products derived by man from the Chesapeake
Bay system.
Even if it were possible to assume that the undesirable effects of
eutrophication by far outweigh its contribution, the program is still faced
with the problem of devising cost-effective control strategies for nutrients.
EUTRO 1,1
-------
This however requires a thorough understanding of nutrient sources, particu-
larly quantification of the relative contribution of point and nonpoint
sources.
This program is designed to take a new look at the eutrophication
question and to assure that eutrophication does not interfere with a maximi-
zation of beneficial uses of the Chesapeake Bay system. Presumably, if
eutrophication is controlled, society will receive some possible long-range
benefit. A higher level of nutrient control should result in more benefits;
however, higher control levels have greater costs. The costs to implement
the particular control strategy should be justified by the benefits derived
from reducing the eutrophication level.
EUTRO 1.2
-------
DEFINITION OF CHESAPEAKE BAY PROBLEMS OF
EXCESSIVE ENRICHMENT OR EUTROPHICATION
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
L. Eugene Cronin* Donald Heinle R806189
Bruce NIelson Kenneth Webb
Andrew McErlean Jay Taft
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Chesapeake Research Corporation Thomas Pheiffer
1419 Forest Drive
Suite 207
Annapolis, MD 21403
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $360,411 Begin - 10/16/78
Performing Organization End - 10/15/80
Share 23.921
TOTAL $384,332
OBJECTIVES:
The objectives of this program are: (1) to provide a summary of the
fundamentals of nutrient enrichment as related to the Chesapeake Bay specif-
ically and estuaries in general, (2) to describe nutrient enrichment of the
Bay from a historical as well as contemporary perspective, (3) to apply and
improve existing indicators and indices for nutrient enrichment for the Bay,
(4) to explore and express the relationships between the nutrient enrichment
and the consequences in the ecosystem as well as to Bay users, and (5) to
define the related needs for future research and monitoring of conditions in
the Chesapeake Bay.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The project workplan calls for an extensive literature survey, a thorough
examination of historical data, and a critical evaluation of indexing approaches.
A March 1979, workshop, followed by the "International Symposium on the Effects of
Nutrient Enrichment in Estuaries" (May 1979), will serve to develop a primary
reference document on the subject.
PRODUCTS:
The products of this study include a concise definition of the process of
eutrophication in the estuarine environment and a "Status of the Bay" report
giving both historical and present eutrophication trends. Data gaps, research
needs and monitoring requirements will be identified.
* Project Manager.
EUTRO 2.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
CHESAPEAKE BAY CIRCULATION MODEL
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S);
Robert Shubinski
PROJECT NUMBER;
68-01-5125
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Water Resources Engineers, Inc.
8001 Forbes Place
Springfield, VA 22151
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Thomas Pheiffer
BUDGET;
EPA Share $249,949
TOTAL $249,949
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 03/01/79
End - 07/01/81
OBJECTIVES;
The objectives of this project are (1) to produce an operational
model of the water circulation of the Bay consisting of software and data
which states the basic hydraulic and hydrodynamic phenomena and (2) to
provide technology transfer to assure that the EPA staff fully trained
to use and understand both model and support documentation.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The approach used in the development of the Bay model is to (1) select
the optimal model (or models), (2) develop and modify the computer code,
(3) apply initial calibration, (4) perform sensitivity analysis of both
internal and external parameters and coefficients, (5) design a field data
collection effort to produce information which will help maximize the model's
predictive capabilities, (6) acquire the field data, (7) refine model calibra-
tion, (8) verify that the model is a "reliable" working model of the Bay, and
(9) conduct workshops and seminars to assure that EPA personnel and others
are fully trained to use the model.
PRODUCTS:
The product will be a fully operational hydraulic and hydrodynamic
computerized model of the Bay.
EUTRO 3.1
-------
CHESAPEAKE BAY CIRCULATION MODEL
WATER RESOURCES ENGINEERS/CAMP DRESSER AND MCKEE INC.
by R. Walton and R.P. Shubinski
I. CURRENT WORK STATUS
The work under contract EPA 68-01-5125 began March 1, 1979. The study,
to develop a circulation model for Chesapeake Bay, was divided into 10 tasks
covering the broad areas of model selection, modification, testing and tech-
nology transfer. Up to the present time, the work has centered on the first
two tasks, model selection and modification respectively.
The model selection task was completed in July, and a report submitted.
A number of models were identified and analyzed to determine their suitability
for modeling the Bay's circulation. The selection was based on model features
and capabilities compatible with the physical phenomena present in the Bay.
The proposed suite of models was presented to EPA at an end-of-task meeting,
and accepted with minor alterations.
The models selected were CAFE-1, a two-dimensional vertically-
integrated circulation model, and DISPER-1, its associated water quality pro-
gram.
Presently, we are working on Task 2 - the modification phase. A line of
approach is being selected to merge these two programs, and extend the
resulting program to accept multiple, fixed layers. We are also investigating
various file accessing mechanisms, which will be the basis of efficiency in
the final model version.
II. PROJECT PROGRESS TO DATE (9/15/79)
The general progress of the technical aspects of the project was
discussed in Section I.
The percentage of work completed is about 15% of the budget.
EUTRO 3.2
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III. PROBLEMS AND DIFFICULTIES ENCOUNTERED
AND REMEDIAL ACTION TAKEN
As originally scheduled, the project is about two months behind.
This was caused by a change in personnel ensuing to the installation of a
new project manager at the beginning of June. This change, towards the end
of Task 1, together with an appropriate settling-in period, caused the delay
in completion of Task 1 and the postponement of the initiation of Task 2.
This problem was easily remedied by rescheduling the project within
the original project bounds to the satisfaction of the project officer.
IV. PRELIMINARY DATA RESULTS AND
EVALUATIONS TO DATE (9/15/79)
The major evaluation to date was the model selection process of
Task 1. Of all the model requirements and selection criteria, three were
considered especially important,
1. The capability of a model to describe spatially three-
dimensional hydraulic variations,
2. The ability of a model to represent prototype physiography
with geometric elements of various sizes, and
3. The previous application of a model to Chesapeake Bay.
These three criteria, were the basis for identifying six models, or
modeling approaches (Table 1). From these six modeling approaches, the
combination of CAFE-1 and DISPER-1 was selected as the most suitable for
modification to meet the overall objectives of the project (a summary
comparison is given in Table 2).
V. IDENTIFIABLE PRODUCTS TO DATE (9/15/79)
1. Walton, R., Brandes, R.J. and Shubinski, R.P., "Chesapeake Bay
Circulation Model. Task 1: Model Selection, "End-of-Task 1 Report to EPA,
July 1979.
EUTRO 3.3
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TABLE 1
PERTINENT CHESAPEAKE BAY CIRCULATION MODELS
NAME
AUTHORS
INSTITUTION
1. Hess 3-D
Narragansett
2. Blumberg 2-D
Chesapeake
Bay Model
3.. Leendertse
3-D Model
4.
CAFE-DISPER
Models
5.
6.
Laevastu
3-D Model
Caponi 3-D
Chesapeake
Bay Model
K. W. Hess
A. F. Blumberg
J. J. Leendertse
S. K. Liu
R. C. Alexander
J.D. Wang
J.J. Connor
J.R. Pagenkopf
G.C. Christodoulou
B.R. Pearce
T. Laevastu
E. A. Caponi
University of Rhode Island
Department of Ocean Engineering
Kingston, Rhode Island
Chesapeake Bay Institute
The Johns Hopkins University
Baltimore, Maryland
The Rand Corporation
Santa Monica, California
Massachusetts Institute of
Technology
Department of Civil Engineering
Cambridge, Massachusetts
Envrionmental Prediction
Research Facility
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California
University of Maryland
Institute for Fluid
Dynamics and Applied
Mathematics
College Park, Maryland
EUTRO 3.4
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VI. ANTICIPATED ACTIVITIES FOR THE NEXT
SIX MONTHS (9/15/79-3/15/80)
TASK 2: MODIFICATION
«
The modification to the existing code will be completed by merging
CAFE-1 and DISPER-1 so that hydrodynamic fields, and salinity and temperature
fields can be calculated independently and coupled through an equation of
state. The resulting model will operate on a layer by layer basis, and then
continuity will be satisfied vertically in each stack of cells. To do this,
use will be made of random and sequential file accessing on high speed disk
or drum. The program will be run on the company's DEC-20 computer system in
Boston, but will be highly compatible with EPA's UNIVAC 1110 system in
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina.
TASK 3: MODEL APPLICATION
The model developed in Task 2 will be run using initially a coarse
grid representation of Chesapeake Bay. In fact, Tasks 2 and 3 deliberately
overlap, because it is realized that modifications to a final model version
often comes about using a trial and error approach to see what works best.
TASK 4: SENSITIVITY ANALYSIS
Once the model is in a modified and working form, it will be
systematically run to determine what the important and sensitive parameters
are. This will enable us to better identify areas for further development,
and also to design appropriate field measurement studies.
TASK 5: FIELD STUDY DESIGN
From the sensitivity analysis of Task 4, and having already identified
some areas of poor or inadequate data, we will begin to design a field
measurement program later this year.
EUTRO 3.6
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SECOND MILESTONE MEETING
In the spring of 1980, we plan to conduct our second milestone
meeting with EPA, reviewers and the states, to discuss progress to date, and
to expand upon the design of a field study program.
VII. SUGGESTED MODIFICATIONS
In identifying a suite of models for extension the the Chesapeake
Bay Circulation Model, two possible sources of concern were identified. Both
the programs selected are mathematically well founded, but their codings
and documentations are extremely confused. Although the program documentation
at the end of the project would be very readable, as is the tradition with
WRE, the coding would still remain clumsy. Complete reprogramming using a
structured "outside-in" technique of subprograms and subroutines would lead to
a much better user-orientated model.
Secondly, a two-dimensional model description, necessary for model
compatibility, is unnecessary, inefficient, and very uneconomic in the shal-
low, upstream, tidal reaches of the tributary rivers to the estuary. The use
of one-dimensional elements coupled with the surface layer of the two-dimen-
sional, layered model, would result in far fewer nodes in these areas, and
great savings in computer time.
VIII. RECOMMENDED FUTURE RESEARCH
As the project has been underway for a relatively short period of
time, it is difficult to discuss future research in much depth. Most of what
follows is a natural progression of the model itself or inadequacies in the
data base. The areas are itemized as follows:
1. A better understanding of the hydrodynamics of the
C and D canal is needed.
2. A better understanding of the hydrodynamics and
circulation patterns at the lower tidal entrance of
estuary is needed.
EUTRO 3.7
-------
The model in its original conception, is not only
important in itself, for the study and simulation
of circulation patterns and limited water quality
in the Bay, but also as the basis for a future series
of models (ecological, water quality, sediment transport,
etc.) to fully investigate the impact of changing
environments and intrusions into the Bay's ecosystem.
EUTRO 3.8
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NOTES
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FALL LINE MONITORING OF THE POTOMAC,
SUSQUEHANNA AND JAMES RIVERS
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S)
Finch White*
David Grason
PROJECT NUMBER:
EPA-78-D-X0420
Interagency Agreement
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Geological Survey
Water Resources Division
208 Carroll Building
8600 La Salle Road
Towson, MD 21204
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Thomas Pheiffer
BUDGET:
EPA Share - (1st year),
- (2nd year),
Subtotal
$ 60,000
363,000
$423,000**
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 09/01/78
End - 04/01/80
OBJECTIVES:
This project will characterize the inputs from major fresh water
sources to the Chesapeake Bay system during the data collection period. The
Susquehanna, Potomac and James Rivers will be monitored for chemical, physical
and organic components in both qualitative and quantitative modes.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The Susquehanna monitoring site is at Conowingo, MD. The Potomac
River is monitored at the Chain Bridge in Washington, D.C. The James River
is monitored at Cartersville, VA. Measurements are made for suspended
sediment, nutrients, carbon, trace metals, key metals, pesticides, sulfate
and major ions, chlorophyll-A, total solids, and discharge. Scheduled
frequencies of measurement vary from daily to monthly depending upon type of
measurement. Supplemental sampling is used to assess the impact of extreme
events (e.g., storms).
PRODUCTS:
Study results will provide estimates of pollutant loadings for use in
evaluating the effects of existing and future land use, water use, and
regional economic developments in the freshwater portions of the Susquehanna,
Potomac and James River Basins. This information is also needed to validate
water quality models of the Chesapeake Bay system.
* Project Manager.
** Represents funding of years 1
and 2 of a 3-year project.
EUTRO 4.1
-------
WATER-QUALITY LOAD ASSESSMENTS OF
THREE MAJOR TRIBUTARIES TO THE
CHESAPEAKE BAY
Progress Since Last Status Report
Since the last status report covering the period from February 15 to
June 30, 1979, scheduled sampling of the Susquehanna, Potomac, and James
Rivers continued and data analysis was initiated. From September 5 to
September 10,rains from Hurricane David caused stages to rise on all three
rivers. During this period eight sets of special samples were collected at
the Potomac River at Chain Bridge, at Washington, D.C.; one was collected at
the Susquehanna River at Conowingo, Md.; and numerous water-quality field
measurements were made at the James River near Cartersville, Va.
Data were collected at the Susquehanna River at the Route 40 Bridge
near Havre de Grace, Md., during all tidal stages. At equispaced intervals
over the river's cross-section, water temperature, specific conductance, pH,
and dissolved oxygen data were recorded at one-meter intervals. The results
showed that during this low-flow condition, the river's cross-section at this
point was composed entirely of fresh water. Dissolved oxygen showed expected
variability. Also, these data showed a relatively consistent quality of
water throughout the cross-section under the influence of all tidal stages
during these low-flow conditions.
A strong correlation was found between the water-quality data which has
been collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at the James River near Carters-
ville, Va., and that which has been collected by the Virginia State Water
Control Board (VSWCB) at the James River at Richmond, Va. Plans are
EUTRO 4.2
-------
currently being made for the Geological Survey to conduct a more rigorous
study this fall, comparing water-quality data collected at these two sites.
This subproject will be performed in cooperation with the VSWCB.
Work has begun to evaluate the adequacy of our data-collection program
for meeting the stated objectives.
1. Estimation of constituent loadings with error analysis.
2. Seasonal characterization of pesticides.
To date, a significant body of water-quality data exists in the Survey's
WATSTORE computer data system for these three stations, associated with this
and prior projects. Using data from the last two years and computerized
analysis, correlations are being run to determine how well the continuous or
daily parameters (discharge, specific conductance, suspended sediment, and
water temperature) can be used to predict concentrations of other constitu-
ents such as major ions, selected nutrients, and trace metals. Data collect-
ed at the Susquehanna River at Harrisburg, Pa., and at the Route 40 Bridge
near Havre de Grace, Md., are also being correlated in this manner to deter-
mine transferability of information to sites monitored upstream and down-
stream. Because there has been a considerable amount of water-quality and
suspended-sediment data collected at the Harrisburg, Pa., site, it is partic-
ularly advantageous to include it in our analysis. In addition, time plots
of major nutrient species loadings are being used to determine if seasonal
characterization of these constituents can be used as load-predictive tools.
Project Progress To Date
Phase II data collection starting April 1, 1979, has been progressing on
schedule according to project plan. Analysis of the data as described in the
EUTRO 4.3
-------
previous section was initiated as a first step in determining how best to
estimate constituent loadings for these three rivers at the specified sta-
tions.
Of the chlorinated phenoxy acid and triazine herbicides and organo-
chlorine insecticides analyzed for, only four pesticides have been detected.
Atrazine, prometryne, 2,4-D, and 2,4,5-T have been detected in waters taken
at both the Susquehanna and Potomac River stations. At both stations 2,4-D
was detected most frequently with a maximum concentration of 0.22 yg/L oc-
curring at the Susquehanna River at Conowingo on May 22, 1979.
Problems And Difficulties
Facile handling of the heavy-duty equipment needed to properly sample
high flows on these three rivers is still a problem. Contracting holdups
have delayed receipt of the needed power winch and crane until late November
at the earliest. Without this equipment accurate, representative sampling
of deep, fast-flowing streams is very time-consuming if not impossible.
Rapid and frequent sampling during high flows is imperative to accurately
define constituent concentrations over the flow peaks when many constituent
loadings are their greatest.
Anticipated Activities
Using computer regression analysis, attempts will be made to character-
ize major ions, selected nutrient species, and trace metals in terms of the
continuously or daily monitored parameters. Parameters not fitting well into
these regression formulas will be analyzed by other techniques (e.g., season-
al characterization, or correlations with other parameter loadings). The
techniques that most accurately predict constituent loadings will be used to
EUTRO 4.4
-------
estimate these loads on a daily, monthly, or annual basis. Error analysis
will be approached by combining all possible sources of parameter error.
Instrument and laboratory error will be taken into account. Also, varia-
bility in sampling cross section, diurnal parameter fluctuations, and re-
gression model inaccuracies will contribute to the overall estimated errors
and will be included in data accuracy and reliability analysis.
A crucial element of this project is the obtaining of the correct data
at the correct time. Particular emphasis is placed on obtaining water-
quality and suspended-sediment samples during high-flow conditions. Con-
tinued data analysis will lead to further data-system refinements and
potential shifts in supplemental data-collection priorities.
Complete tables of water-quality data collected from August 1978 to
present at the three fall-line stations are attached.
EUTRO 4.5
-------
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NOTES
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MODELING PHILOSOPHY AND APPROACH FOR
CHESAPEAKE BAY PROGRAM
WATERSHED STUDIES
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s):
Robert Ambrose
PROJECT NUMBER;
In-house
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
College Station Road
Athens, GA 30601
EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Thomas Pheiffer
BUDGET;
EPA Share $50,431
TOTAL $50,431*
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 04/01/79
End - 10/01/81
OBJECTIVES;
Utilizing the field data collected in the watershed studies in Maryland,
Pennsylvania and Virginia, this study seeks to (1) evaluate the relative
effectiveness and basic accuracy of existing computer models as tools for
the management of eutrophication in subestuaries of Chesapeake Bay and
(2) provide information on the most cost-effective combination of models
tested.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The approach uses computer model simulations to help identify factors
affecting eutrophication in the Bay and to get a better understanding of
how various point and nonpoint sources and water quality processes affect
eutrophication of the subestuaries and nutrient loadings to the Bay. Models
describing urban and rural nonpoint-source nutrient loading, stream transport,
and estuarine processes will be linked into compatible sets. These sets will
be calibrated and tested to determine their accuracy in projecting real-life
scenarios. Steps will be taken as follows: (1) develop criteria for selecting
analytical tools necessary for effective management of eutrophication in the
Bay, (2) develop an inventory of models to be tested and recommend operational
procedures for their use, (3) calibrate the sets of models selected, and
(4) test each set of models and transfer the technology to EPA and the State.
PRODUCTS:
The products of this study will include (1) a summary report giving
present estimates of net nutrient loadings to the Bay and (2) an assessment
of the usefulness of computer modeling in predicting and evaluating nutrient
loadings including estimates of costs of running the various models.
Represents Ist-year funding of a multiyear project.
EUTRO 5.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
EVALUATION OF MANAGEMENT TOOLS IN TWO
CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHEDS IN VIRGINIA
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s);
Robert V. Davis*
Thomas Grizzard
Bruce Nielson
PROJECT NUMBER;
R806310
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Virginia State Water Control Board
2111 N. Hampton Street
Richmond, VA 23230
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Thomas Pheiffer
BUDGET:
EPA Share $ 999,240
Performing Organization
Share 110,033
TOTAL $1,109,273
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 10/01/78
End - 09/30/80
OBJECTIVES;
This study is one of four projects, evaluating five watersheds in
Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; the Occoquan and Ware River Basins in
Virginia are the subject of this research. The project seeks to evaluate
available tools for predicting eutrophication by comparing costs and estimating
the accuracy of the models.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH;
Four tasks will be completed. The project will: (1) evaluate exist-
ing and proposed data collection efforts with respect to known water quality
problems and management alternatives for the basin, (2) construct a data
base of sufficient detail to be used with the most data-intensive models
to be evaluated, (3) select a set of management tools and apply them to
the test basin, and (A) evaluate the tested models both with respect to
management applications in the test basin, as well as transferability to
other Chesapeake Bay watersheds.
PRODUCTS:
This project like the studies in Maryland and Pennsylvania will assess a
range of management tools aimed at their cost-effectiveness and accuracy in
predicting the loadings, transport and fate of nonpoint sources of nutrients.
The techniques assessed may be applied to geographical areas to estimate the
extent of nonpoint sources which could be expected under various runoff
conditions.
* Project Manager
EUTRO 6.1
-------
OCCOQUAN INTENSIVE WATERSHED STUDY
BY
Barren L. Weand
Thomas J. Grizzard
Robert C. Hoehn
Clifford C. Randall
Principal Investigators
1. Current Work Status
Although a letter of intent to fund this project was signed January
19, 1979, the project sampling period did not begin until May 15, 1979, and
the final contract was signed only in August.
The study area is made up of nine stations located throughout the
Occoquan Watershed. These stations are currently providing detailed information
on nutrient export in storm runoff, runoff flows, precipitation volumes and
intensities.
2. Progress to Date (9/15/79)
Initial phases of the project involved staffing, equipment acquisition,
and the placement of nine (9) monitoring stations. A few changes in the
initially selected study sites were necessitated early in the period due to
unforeseen developments such as late decisions made by landowners to the
management practices employed. These changes are described below:
o The original no-till corn site was abandoned after a short
period because of drainage problems at the site and because
it proved more difficult to obtain information than original
indications led us to believe would be the case. This site
was transferred to the immediate vicinity of the overgrazed
pasture sites and farm pond.
EUTRO 6.2
-------
o An additional site has been added in conjunction
with the overgrazed pasture site.
o A minimum till corn site was selected near New
Baltimore in Fauquier County. This area was deemed
better for project purposes than the site originally
selected because considerable runoff had been observed
by area residents.
o The hardwood forest site has been established in
Fauquier County, northeast of Bethel. This site was
selected after a careful review by a forester from the
Virginia Division of Forestry.
In addition to these changes, data collection has also been
proceeding:
o A meterological station consisting of an
evaporation pan, anemometer, pyranograph and
hygrometer is operating in proximity to sites 1-5.
o A preliminary evaluation fo soils at most of the
study sites has been with the cooperation of Soil
Conservation Service personnel and Agricultural
Extension agents in the area. Samples of soils at
each site have been collected and are in the process
of being analyzed for chemical and physical properties,
including cation exchange capacity, volatile solids
fraction, nitrogen, phosphorus, and particle size.
EUTRO 6.3
-------
o Samples have been collected from the study sites for
pesticide analyses. A scan for these compounds is
currently being run and further action will be in part
governed by the results obtained.
A quality assurance program was implemented early in this study to insure
the reliability of the data base generated, and a written record of laboratory
accuracy and precision related to the various analyses run is being maintained.
A full description of the program was submitted to the SWCB Project Officer in
May, 1979.
Communication with the SWCB Project Officer has been maintained through-
out this study and an on-site inspection of the monitoring sites was made
26, June, 1979.
3. Problems Encountered
Several problems still exist in the study program at this point,
although steps have been taken to alleviate them.
o A data management plan has not been proposed by EPA.
This is required at an early date to avoid any extensive
data manipulation at a later date.
o Delivery of a wetfall/dryfall sampler is still pending.
The order was placed months ago, and delivery has been
promised shortly.
o Only one dual pen raingage/flowmeter has been received
to date. These recorders will eliminate past problems
in synchronizing rainfall and flow records. Nine
additional dual pen units are to be delivered within
EUTRO 6.4
-------
the next few weeks.
4. Preliminary Data Results & Evaluations
A summary of sampling to date at the study sites is given in the
table below. The disparity in the number of samples taken is due primarily
to uneven storm distribution and physical differences among the catchments
themselves. Samples are being collected on a regular basis from sites where
baseflow occurs. All these samples are routinely analyzed for total Kjeldahl
nitrogen (TKN), soluble TKN, ammonia nitrogen, nitrate-nitrite nitrogen,
ortho phosphate, total phosphate (TP), soluble TP, and suspended solids. A
total of 55 storm events has been monitored to date.
Monitoring Summary
Station No.
CB-1
CB-2
CB-3
CB-4
CB-5
CB-6
CB-7
CB-8
CB-9
CB-10
Land Use
Overgrazed Pasture
No-till Corn
Overgrazed Pasture
Farm Pond Outflow
Well Managed Pasture
— Discontinued —
Stormwater Pond Inflow
Stormwater Pond Outflow
Forest
Minimum Till Corn
Totals
Storm Events
Sampled
13
11
1
9
1
12
5
1
2
55
Sequential
Discrete
Analyses
8
8
1
4
1
12
5
1
1
41
Grab Samples
For Baseflow
Evaluation
12
12
N/A
12
N/A
12
12
9
N/A
69
N/A - Not Applicable
5. Identifiable Products
Basic products of this project is the data on Stormwater runoff. This
data will be used to provide information on loadings from the various selected
land uses and their impact as nonpoint sources.
EUTRO 6.5
-------
6. Anticipated Activities
At a joint meeting with E.P.A. personnel on 24 July, 1979, a decision
was made to photograph the entire Occoquan Basin in August, 1979 in order
to record the current growing season. A 1:24,000 scale map will then be
prepared by EPA-EPIC to delineate the following land uses: corn, soybeans,
sod farms, small grain, pasture, dairy farms, feedlots, streamside buffer
strips, idle land, farm ponds and urban ponds. Large scale maps will be made
of the specific study sites.
Continued sampling at regularly scheduled intervals will provide additional
information that will be placed on both V.P.I, computers and STORET.
Both composite and sequential discrete runoff samples will be otained using
automatied equipment.
It is anticipated that during this first year of study there will be
screening for pesticide/herbicide export in runoff waters and/or suspended
sediments on selected storm events at all sites.
7. Suggested Modifications
None presently. Some modifications may be necessary at a later time
after some evaluations have been made of current project operations.
8. Recommended Future Research
No recommendations presently.
EUTRO 6.6
-------
WARE RIVER INTENSIVE WATERSHED STUDY
BY
Bruce Nei1 son
Principal Investigator
1. Current Work Status
The field program for the Ware-River study officially began
in mid-August 1979- Four small, single-land-use catchments are
being monitored to determine the quantity and quality of both rain-
fall and the resulting runoff. High water slack surveys are being
conducted at two week intervals in the estuary. Concurrent with
both runoff events and slack surveys, water samples are collected
in four tributary streams.
2. Progress to Date (9/15/79)
Selection of nonpoint sampling sites was accomplished with the
assistance of the Soil Conservation Service staff. Preliminary ob-
servations of storm water runoff were made from April through mid-
August when equipment to monitor flows and automatically sample the
runoff was installed.
The high water slack surveys have been conducted since April
1979, and an intensive survey was conducted in mid-August, 1979-
This included continuous monitoring of water quality at transects
throughout the estuary for 26 hours, as well as related studies
such as dye dispersion, tidal heights and currents, bathymetry,
sediment characteristics.
EUTRO 6.7
-------
3- Problems Encountered
Selection and procurement of rain gages, flow meters, automatic
samplers and dual recorders required several months. For this reason,
the initial date of the field program was moved back to mid-August to
insure two complete years of data for all types of measurements.
k. Preliminary Data Results 6 Evaluations.
Preliminary results indicate that the hydrologic responses
of the four catchments are quite different. The estuarine waters
appear to be very "clean" and controlled primarily by interaction
with Chesapeake Bay. No further conclusions have been made due
to the recent initiation of the field program.
5- Identifiable Products
The primary product of this project is the data on stormwater
runoff and estuarine water quality. Eventually these data will be
used to generate loading functions for the land uses and to document
and quantify the nonpoint source impacts on estuarine receiving
waters.
6. Anticipated Activities
During the remainder of the first year's field program, we will
continue to conduct high water slack surveys fortnightly and to monitor
rainfall and runoff at the four catchments. In addition, the data will
be processed in tabular form and entered into the VIMS data banks and
STORET. Estuarine data will be analyzed to determine seasonal cycles,
the impact of freshwater flows and nonpoint source loadings, and other
factors controlling water quality in the estuary.
EUTRO 6.8
-------
Ancilliary nonpoint source data (rainfall paterns, wind, slopes,
land use etc.) will be gathered and organized. Loading function for
each single-land-use catchment will be calculated. Preliminary stud-
ies of the hydrology of the freshwater streams will be made, using
historical streamflow records and field measurements of time-of-
travel.
7. Suggested Modifications
None at present. However, the data being generated by the
program will be evaluated and modifications for the second year
of field studies will be recommended.
8. Recommend Future Research
No recommendations at present.
EUTRO 6.9
-------
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NOTES
-------
EVALUATION OF WATER QUALITY MANGEMENT TOOLS
IN THE CHESTER RIVER BASIN
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Howard Wilson* R806343
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Water Resources Administration Thomas Pheiffer
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $543,340 Begin - 10/16/78
Performing Organization End - 10/15/81
Share 64,208
TOTAL $607,548
»
OBJECTIVES;
The project seeks to evaluate available tools for predicting eutrophication
in estuarine systems. It is one of four projects, evaluating five watersheds
in Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; the Chester River Basin is the
subject of this research.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH;
The four tasks in the research plan are: (1) to evaluate existing and
proposed data collection efforts with respect to known water quality problems
and management alternatives for the basin, (2) to construct a data base of
sufficient detail to be used with the most data intensive models to be
evaluated, (3) to select a set of management tools and apply them to the test
basin, and (4) to evaluate the tested models both with respect to management
applications in the test basin, as well as transferability to other Chesapeake
Bay watersheds.
PRODUCTS:
This project will assess a range of management tools for cost-effectiveness
and accuracy in predicting the loadings, transport and fate of nutrients from
nonpoint sources of nutrients. The techniques assessed may be applied to
geographical areas to estimate the extent of nonpoint sources which could be
expected under various runoff conditions.
* Project Manager.
EUTRO 7.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
INTENSIVE WATERSHED STUDY (PATUXENT RIVER BASIN)
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s);
Howard Wilson*
PROJECT NUMBER:
R806306
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION;
Water Resources Administration
Maryland Department of Natural Resources
Tawes State Office Building
Annapolis, MD 21401
EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
Thomas Pheiffer
BUDGET;
EPA Share $452 ,340
Performing Organization
Share 67,806
TOTAL $520,146
PROJECT PERIOD;
Begin - 10/16/78
End - 10/15/80
OBJECTIVES;
This study is one of four projects, evaluating five watersheds in
Maryland, Pennsylvania and Virginia; the Patuxent River Basin is the subject
of this research. The project seeks to evaluate available tools for predicting
eutrophication by comparing costs and estimating the accuracy of the models.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
There are four tasks in the research plan: (1) to evaluate existing
and proposed data collection efforts with respect to known water quality
problems and mangement alternatives for the basin, (2) to construct a data
base of sufficient detail to be used in connection with the most data-intensive
models to be evaluated, (3) to select a set of management tools and apply
them to the test basin, and (4) to evaluate the tested models both with
respect to management applications in the test basin, as well as transfer-
abilfty to other Chesapeake Bay watersheds.
PRODUCTS:
This project will assess a range of management tools aimed at their
cost-effectiveness and accuracy in predicting the loadings, transport and
fate of nonpoint sources of nutrients. The techniques assessed may be
applied to geographical areas to estimate the extent of nonpoint sources
which could be expected under various runoff conditions.
* Project Manager.
EUTRO 8.1
-------
STATUS REPORT
NOT PROVIDED IN TIME
FOR INCLUSION
(will be provided in addendum if available)
-------
AN ASSESSMENT OF NONPOINT SOURCE DISCHARGE, PEQUEA CREEK
BASIN, LANCASTER COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
Robert J. Bielo* X-003146-01
Janice Ward X-003146-02
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Susquehanna River Basin Commission Thomas Pheiffer
1721 North Front Street
Harrisburg, PA 17102
BUDGET; PROJECT PERIOD;
EPA Share....(1st year)...$ 35,000 Begin - 10/01/77
(2nd year)... 156,002 End - 03/31/81
Performing Organization
Share......(1st year)... 5,000
(2nd year)... 8,211
TOTAL $204,213
OBJECTIVES:
The project includes detailed investigations of sediment, nutrient, and
pesticide loadings in the surface waters of the Pequea Creek Basin. The
project is one of four evaluating five watersheds in Maryland, Virginia and
Pennsylvania. Emphasis will be on obtaining runoff rates from the various
land use categories in this Basin, a high yielding agricultural area of the
lower Susquehanna River.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The established pattern of data collection in the study area is to be
continued. The automated sampling station at the downstream limit of the
study area from the previous year will be retained. Five new automated
stations will be established in small areas of single land uses representative
of the lower Susquehanna River Basin. Samples will be collected during all
storm runoff periods at all six stations. Four storms during the year will
be manually sampled in conjunction with automatic sampling to define changes
in concentrations of constituents with the rise and fall of the stream during
storms. Periodic baseflow, precipitation and soil samples will also be
collected.
PRODUCTS:
This project will provide further field verification information about
links between agricultural practice and resulting sediment-nurient-pesticide
loading of surface water courses. This information will aid in assessing
the contribution of nonpoint source discharges of these materials from the
lower Susquehanna River Basin to the'Bay system.
* Project Manager.
EUTRO 9.1
-------
NONPOINT-SOURCE DISCHARGES IN PEQUEA CREEK BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA
(X-003146-01)
Janice R. Ward/Robert J. Bielo (grantee)
1. Data collection for this study has been completed since December 1978.
A final report covering the entire 2-year study is in progress.
2. Report is about 20 percent completed. Originally scheduled completion
date for report was 9/30/79.
3. Land-use data to be compiled for statistical analyses and used with
previously collected water-quality data have not yet been completed.
Land-use identification and digitizing have proved to be more time-con-
suming than originally estimated. The final report has been postponed
to February 1980.
4. Data for storms at all 7 sites was collected March ,14 and June 21, 1978.
Daily values have been computed from January 1978 to March 1979 for
Pequea Creek at Martic Forge.
5. A. Ward, Janice R., and Eckhardt, David E., 1979, Nonpoint-Source
Discharges in Pequea Creek Basin, Pennsylvania, 1977, U.S. Geological
Survey Water-Resources Investigations 79-88, 100 p.
B. Water Resources Data for Pennsylvania, Vol. 2, Susquehanna and
Potomac River Basins, 1977 and 1978, U.S. Geological Survey Water-
Data Report.
C^ Two sets of aerial photography covering Pequea Creek basin -
1:24,000 scale taken July and September 1978.
EUTRO 9.2
-------
6. Land-use data will be edited and digitized by EPIC, EPA. Upon receipt
of the data, the final report will be completed. An evaluation of the
effects of land use on water-quality data compiled for the basin will
be made and included in the report.
7. N/A project completed.
8. Future research is currently underway through a new study in the basin.
EUTRO 9.3
-------
NONPOINT-SOURCES DISCHARGES IN PEQUEA CREEK BASIN, PENNSYLVANIA
(X-003146-02)
Janice R. Ward/Robert J. Bielo (grantee)
1. Manning samplers have not yet been installed in Pequea Creek basin
(see #3). Base-flow samples were collected in July, August, and
September at all 6 sites. Soil samples were collected in July at the
4 single land-use sites. Arrangements for the analyses of soil
samples are currently underway with Penn State University, Pesticide
Research Lab. Individual storm samples were collected at all sites on
September 12-13, 1979. From 3 to 5 inches of rain fell in the basin from
the remnants of Hurricane David.
2. All project work, except for the installation and operation of Manning
samplers to cover composite storms at 5 sites, is on schedule.
3. The main problem currently confronting the project is the Manning
sampler installation (see attached memo to the record). Whether the
problem lies with the salesman or the manufacturer is not clear at
this time. The project will continue as scheduled, with the exception
of the coverage of composite storms, until the sampler problems are
resolved. At that time the 4050T samplers will be installed, and
coverage will be maintained during storm periods for 2 years.
EUTRO 9.4
-------
4. Since only base-flow analyses have been received to date, no in-depth
evaluations of the data have been made. Streamflow records collected
since May indicate a large diversity in amounts of runoff from the
different sites, as is expected.
5. None to date.
6. Continue with planned project schedule. Begin identification and digi-
tizing of land use at single land-use areas. Collect information on
land use in the field.
7. A wet fall/dry fall sampler is being purchased for use at one site
in the basin. Nutrient and organic carbon levels will be monitored
weekly during dry weather and for each storm.
8. Some interest was expressed by Harry Pionke, Penn State University,
and U.S. Dept. of Agriculture in collecting samples from Pequea Creek
basin for the study of phosphorus adsorption isotherms. This possibility
will be investigated.
EUTRO 9.5
-------
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NOTES
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LAND USE AND POINT SOURCE NUTRIENT LOADING
IN THE CHESAPEAKE BAY REGION
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
Benjamin J. Mason 68-01-4144
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER;
GEOMET, Incorporated Thomas Pheiffer
15 Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, MD 20760
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $20,308 Begin - 07/26/79
TOTAL $20,308 End - 10/19/79
OBJECTIVES:
The objectives are to develop land use information to be used by the
Chesapeake Bay Program in developing nutrient loading scenarios to (1)
determine the Bay's water quality response to those loadings, (2) identify
point source loadings of nutrients from municipalities and industry for the
years 1980 and 2000. Information on land use will be developed on a watershed
basis for the years 1980 and 2000.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The approach will locate, review and synthesize existing land use data
by watershed for the Chesapeake Bay drainage basin. Minimum delineation will
include forested, urban and cultivated/noncultivated agricultural areas.
Slope gradient and soil type will be added to the information base. Data
sources include: USDA (Soil Conservation Service and the Economics - Statistics
and Cooperative Service), NASA, USGS, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army
Map Service, EPA and the State planning agencies.
PRODUCTS:
The project will produce a final report with data showing (1) 1980 land
use patterns in the Bay drainage by watershed, (2) projected land use changes
for the year 2000, (3) major municipal and industrial nitrogen and phosphorus
(N and P) loadings for 1980, and (4) projected N and P loads for the year 2000.
EUTRO 10.1
-------
October, 1979
LAND USE SUMMARY OF THE
CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED
by
Benjamin J. Mason
James E. McFadden
GEOMET, Incorporated
15 Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760
EUTRO 10.2
-------
ABSTRACT: Existing data bases such as the Maryland Department
of State Planning's MAGI System were screened to identify and
acquire data on land use within the Chesapeake Bay drainage
basin. The final product of this study will be a listing of
land use patterns for stream drainages within the Bay watershed.
Rough projections of the data were made to the years 1980 and
2000. Also included are listings of point source emissions of
N and P along with projected loadings of these two nutrients.
Plans are being developed to acquire NASA remote sensing data in
order to develop a more uniform land use base. During the
subsequent years work, soils and stream gradient data will be
acquired for use by the modeling team.
KEY WORDS: land use, land use projections, soil type, drainage
area, drainage gradients
Introduction
The land use patterns existing within the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area
are one of the major factors influencing the nutrient loading in the Bay
itself. The models proposed for use will make use of this data in arriving
at estimates of future stress upon the Bay. GEOMET, Incorporated was asked to
acquire data on land use within the Chesapeake Bay drainage and to develop
projections to the years 1980 and 2000. This status report outlines briefly
the work accomplished to date and suggests improvements that can be made in the
data_base in future work assignments.
Procedure
Land Use
• /
GEOMET, Incorporated conducted a search for data bases that could provide
a wide coverage of land use at a Level II [1] classification. Two such data
bases were found, and data has been acquired from the following sources:
Maryland Department State
Planning MAGI System [2] - Maryland
U.S.G.S. GIRAS Data System [3] - Pennsylvania,
Delaware,
Coastal Maryland and Virginia,
West Virginia
EUTRO 10.3
-------
The lack of digitized data for Virginia has necessitated the use of a more
fragmentary approach for acquiring the needed data. County data will be
assembled from sources such as the USDA Cooperative Extension Service and the
Department of Commerce Census of Agriculture.
Projections
The data acquired during the search for land use information will be
projected by use of algorithms developed from existing census data patterns
that have occured during the past 5 to 10 years. These projections are
expected to be crude approximations especially when examined at the subtributary
leveL However, at the level of the major streams such as the Potomac, the James
and the Susquehanna Rivers, the estimates should provide a fair reflection of
patterns likely to occur in the future. One of the key parameters to be used in
the development of the algorithm will be the expected population. Techniques
such as those used by Spottheim [4], will be used to estimate population
trends.
Point Source Data
"Data for the N and P loadings are being acquired for all known point
sources located within the basin. This data has been acquired through use of
EPA and state data bases used in managing the NPDES permit system.
Results to Date
Data have been acquired for the Maryland and the USGS data bases. The
Virginia data is still being acquired. A search has been made for acceptable
algorithms to use in projecting the land use data. Key parameters have been
EUTRO 10.4
-------
identified, but the projections have not yet been undertaken. The land areas
covered by each stream and its major tributaries have been determined. A total
of 308 streams were identified in the study area. Approximately 85 percent of
the land area lies within the Potomac, the James and the Susquehanna River
basins.
Problems and Suggested Solutions
The major problem encountered has been the variability in the data base
structure. Each agency uses different land use definitions, resolutions and
categories depending upon the individual needs of the agency. Projections to
1980 were used in an attempt to provide a more uniform data base for use in the
modeling. This, however, does not provide the desired uniformity.
NASA has recent data obtained from satellite that can be used to acquire
land use information of a uniform quality over the entire study area. This
requires the use of computer facilities and algorithms developed by NASA. The
GEOMET staff recommends that this be done in order to provide a consistent data
base.
The modeling effort can be improved further by use of soils data and
stream and watershed gradient information. This data will be acquired in
subsequent work.
References
[1] Anderson, James R., Ernest E. Hardy, John T. Roach and Richard E. Witner.
A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote
Sensor Data.Geological Survey Professional Paper 964.USGS. 1976.
~
EUTRO 10.5
-------
[2] Outen, Donald C. MAGI: Maryland Automated Geographic Information System.
Maryland Department of State Planning. 1979. 35pp.
[3] Mitchell, William B., Stephen C. Guptill, K. Eric Anderson, Robin G. Fegeas,
and Cheryl A. Hallam. GIRAS: A Geographic Information Retrieval and
Analysis System for Handling Land Use and Land Cover Data. Geological
Survey Professional Paper 1059. USGS. 1977.
[4] Spottheim, David. Toward an Econometric Model for Analyzing and Forecasting
the Development of Socioeconomic Activities in the ED's/MCD's of the
State of Maryland: A Draft Working Paper. Maryland Department of State
Planning. June 1979. 30pp.
EUTRO 10.6
-------
October, 1979
LAND USE SUMMARY OF THE
CHESAPEAKE BAY WATERSHED
by
Benjamin J. Mason
James E. McFadden
GEOMET, Incorporated
15 Firstfield Road
Gaithersburg, Maryland 20760
EUTRO 10.7
-------
ABSTRACT: Existing data bases such as the Maryland Department
of State Planm'ng's MAGI System were screened to identify and
acquire data on land use within the Chesapeake Bay drainage
basin. The final product of this study will be a listing of
land use patterns for stream drainages within the Bay watershed.
Rough projections of the data were made to the years 1980 and
2000. Also included are listings of point source emissions of
N and P along with projected loadings of these two nutrients.
Plans are being developed to acquire NASA remote sensing data in
order to develop a more uniform land use base. During the
subsequent years work, soils and stream gradient data will be
acquired for use by the modeling team.
KEY WORDS: land use, land use projections, soil type, drainage
area, drainage gradients
Introduction
The land use patterns existing within the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area
are one of the major factors influencing the nutrient loading in the Bay
itself. The models proposed for use will make use of this data in arriving
at estimates of future stress upon the Bay. GEOMET, Incorporated was asked to
acquire data on land use within the Chesapeake Bay drainage and to develop
projections to the years 1980 and 2000. This status report outlines briefly
the work accomplished to date and suggests improvements that can be made in the
data_base in future work assignments.
Procedure
Land Use
GEOMET, Incorporated conducted a search for data bases that could provide
a wide coverage of land use at a Level II [1] classification. Two such data
bases were found, and data has been acquired from the following sources:
Maryland Department State
Planning MAGI System [2] - Maryland
U.S.G.S. GIRAS Data System [3] - Pennsylvania,
Delaware,
Coastal Maryland and Virginia,
West Virginia
EUTRO 10.8
-------
The lack of digitized data for Virginia has necessitated the use of a more
fragmentary approach for acquiring the needed data. County data will be
assembled from sources such as the USDA Cooperative Extension Service and the
Department of Commerce Census of Agriculture.
Projections
The data acquired during the search for land use information will be
projected by use of algorithms developed from existing census data patterns
that have occured during the past 5 to 10 years. These projections are
expected to be crude approximations especially when examined at the subtributary
level. However, at the level of the major streams such as the Potomac, the James
and the Susquehanna Rivers, the estimates should provide a fair reflection of
patterns likely to occur in the future. One of the key parameters to be used in
the development of the algorithm will be the expected population. Techniques
such as those used by Spottheim [4], will be used to estimate population
trends.
Point Source Data
""Data for the N and P loadings are being acquired for all known point
sources located within the basin. This data has been acquired through use of
EPA and state data bases used in managing the NPDES permit system.
Results to Date
Data have been acquired for the Maryland and the USGS data bases. The
Virginia data is still being acquired. A search has been made for acceptable
algorithms to use in projecting the land use data. Key parameters have been
EUTRO 10.9
-------
identified, but the projections have not yet been undertaken. The land areas
covered by each stream and its major tributaries have been determined. A total
of 308 streams were identified in the study area. Approximately 85 percent of
the land area lies within the Potomac, the James and the Susquehanna River
basins.
Problems and Suggested Solutions
The major problem encountered has been the variability in the data base
structure. Each agency uses different land use definitions, resolutions and
categories depending upon the individual needs of the agency. Projections to
1980 were used in an attempt to provide a more uniform data base for use in the
modeling. This, however, does not provide the desired uniformity.
NASA has recent data obtained from satellite that can be used to acquire
land use information of a uniform quality over the entire study area. This
requires the use of computer facilities and algorithms developed by NASA. The
GEOMET staff recommends that this be done in order to provide a consistent data
base.
The modeling effort can be improved further by use of soils data and
stream and watershed gradient information. This data will be acquired in
subsequent work.
References
[1] Anderson, James R., Ernest E. Hardy, John T. Roach and Richard E. Witner.
A Land Use and Land Cover Classification System for Use with Remote
Sensor Data.Geological Survey Professional Paper 964.USGS. 1976.
28pp.
EUTRO 10.10
-------
[2] Outen, Donald C. MAGI: Maryland Automated Geographic Information System.
Maryland Department of State Planning. 1979.35pp.
[3] Mitchell, William B., Stephen C. Guptill, K. Eric Anderson, Robin G. Fegeas,
and Cheryl A. Hallam. 6IRAS: A Geographic Information Retrieval and
Analysis System for Handling Land Use and Land Cover Data.Geological
Survey Professional Paper 1059.USGS. 1977.16pp.
[4] Spottheim, David. Toward an Econometric Model for Analyzing and Forecasting
the Development of Socioeconomic Activities in the ED's/MCD's of the
State of Maryland; A Draft Working Paper.Maryland Department of State
Planning.June 1979. 30pp.
EUTRO 10.11
-------
NOTES
-------
WATER QUALITY LABORATORY FOR CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ITS
SUBESTUARIES AT HAMPTON INSTITUTE
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(S); PROJECT NUMBER;
Larry T. Cheung R806229
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
Department of Chemistry and Physics Thomas Nugent
Hampton Institute
Hampton, Virginia 23668
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $315,521 Begin - 09/04/78
Performing Organization End - 11/30/79
Share 16,606
TOTAL $332,127
OBJECTIVES:
This project evaluates the water quality (chemical and biological)
of the Chesapeake Bay and selected subestuaries. Water quality information
will be correlated with LANDSAT imagery. A helicopter-borne water quality
sampling system will be evaluated.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
Program modeling requirements will guide the selection of locations for
water samples. The helicopter-borne water quality monitoring system will
record depth, pH, conductivity/salinity, temperature and dissolved oxygen.
Those measurements will be compared with LANDSAT observations made during
selected overpasses. The resulting data will be compared for accuracy and
will be used in evaluating physical, biological and oxygen-related parameters,
as well as concentration of toxicants and levels of nutrients.
PRODUCTS:
The products of this study will include: (1) a statement of the relative
efficiencies and reliability of helicopter versus LANDSAT water quality
monitoring, and (2) data which will be used to refine Bay models developed to
assist policymakers in answering questions related to the pollution control
in the Bay system.
EUTRO 11.1
-------
WATER QUALITY MONITORING LABORATORY FOR CHESAPEAKE BAY AND ITS TRIBUTARIES
Larry Cheung (PI), Wing Leung
HAMPTON INSTITUTE
Hampton, VA
Current Work Status'
The laboratory has been involved with the collection and analysis
(chemical, physical, and biological) of water samples taken from the mouth of
the Chesapeake Bay. Collection stations (4) are located along a transect
that runs from Cape Henry to Fisherman's Island. Samples are collected at
various depths; certain physical parameters are measured, simultaneously,
in situ. Table 1 lists the chemical, biological, and physical parameters
monitored by the laboratory. Table 2 lists the station locations (longitude
and latitude) along with the depths sampled. The transect, station locations,
and depths that are monitored have been chosen in collaboration with
GBP modelers.
Commencing in July 1979, sampling runs have been made approximately every
nine (9) days utilizing either a Virginia State Water Control Board vessel or
a commercial boat. Sampling is carried out over a 1.5 tidal cycle at tidal slack
times. Stations are located by LORAN-C equipment (9960 rate TD coordinates).
In situ physical measurements are made and samples are collected utilizing a
Hydrolab System 2000 remote sensing probe with customized sampler which is
capable of collecting four 500ml samples, simultaneously, per depth, in either
borosilicate or plastic bottles.
Project Progress to Date
A major portion of the past year has been spent outfitting the laboratory
and training student personnel on equipment operation and sampling protocol.
Full-fledged sampling and laboratory analysis was begun at the beginning of the
summer (1979). (Helicopter flights began on schedule in January. The main
EUTRO 11.2
-------
purpose of the flights was to locate, with accuracy, the transects and station
locations proposed for the lower Bay, and to train laboratory personnel in
sampling procedures).
At this time., -the laboratory is on schedule with regard to agreed upon
milestones, with two exceptions. Approval of the laboratory's Quality
Assurance Plan is still pending. The laboratory plans to perform satisfactorily
on the fifth performance evaluation study for certification of water Supply
Parameters (WS005) being conducted by EMSL/CI/LV.
Problems and Difficulties Encountered and Remedial Actions Taken
The laboratory has experienced the normal problems and difficulties
inherent in the setting up of a new facility. Technical difficulties have been
encountered. There was a problem with the use of the laboratory's LORAN-C
navigational system in the helicopter. Initially, signal reception was
extremely weak due to the positioning of the eight-foot whip antenna from the
helicopter. This problem was solved by positioning the antenna at a 45 angle
from the fusalage. Utilization of the relatively new 9960 rate TD numbers has
greatly enhanced the functioning of the LORAN-C and no further difficulties
have been encountered.
Work of the laboratory was delayed due to the late reception of the
customized remote sensing device and sampler. The device and sampler on hand
(loaned by NASA) was not capable of collecting sufficient quantity of sample
required per station (2 liters) and measurement of pH was not possible.
Logistical problems involving helicopter flight time, refueling
requirements, and sample transfer were encountered, initially. These problems
were solved, however, in short order.
Fortunately, weather has not proved to be a problem. None of the
scheduled sampling runs, to date, has had to be cancelled due to inclement
atmospheric (Conditions.
EUTRO 11.3
-------
Identifiable Products to Date
The laboratory has developed a program for monitoring the mouth of the
Bay and has the capability to carry out this program. Perhaps the most
significant identifiable product is the on-going investigation of the
nutrient flux between the Bay and the Atlantic Ocean, proper - a study that
has not been carried out in the past.
Anticipated Activities for Next Six Months
During the next six months, monitoring efforts will continue. Monitor-
ing will be done by boat on an 18 day cycle. The techniques and parameters
to be evaluated have been mentioned previously. The transect that will be
covered during these surveys spans from Cape Henry to Fisherman's Island
(vide supra). Additional transects are to be monitored upon approval of the
laboratories Quality Assurance Plan. Data collection from the boat will be
carried out over a 1.5 tidal cycle period at slack tides. Data will be
submitted to the VSWCB, quarterly.
EUTRO 11.4
-------
TABLE 1. PARAMETERS MONITORED AND METHOD
Parameter
Method
Physical
PH
conductivity/salinity
dissolved oxygen (DO)
temperature
turbidity
Chemical
As and trace metals (Cd,Cr,Cu,Fe,Pb)
Hg
silica
chlorophyll a
total organic carbon/total inorg.C
total N0~/N0~, total N0~
•3 C- £.
orthophosphate/total phosphorous
TKN/ammonia
Biological
biochemical oxygen demand (BOD)
fecal coliform
Hydrolab probe (in situ)
Hydrolab probe (in situ)
Hydrolab probe (in situ)
Hydrolab probe (in situ)
turbidimeter
Atomic absorption (graphite tube)
Mercury analyzer (flameless AA)
Spectrophotometric
Spectrofluorometric
Carbonaceous analyzer
Autoanalyzer
Autoanalyzer
Autoanalyzer
EUTRO 11.5
-------
TABLE 2. TRANSECT CBOO: STATION LOCATIONS AND DEPTHS SAMPLED
Station Number Latitude
1 36°56'12"
2 36°57'30"
3 36°58'48"
4 37000'06"
5 37°01 ' 12"
6 37°02'00"
o
7 37 02 ' 54"
8 37°03'18"
9 37°04'37"
10 37°06'49"
Longitude
76°00 ' 18"
76°00'5"
75059'48"
75°59 ' 30"
75°59 ' 18"
75°59'06"
o
75 58 '54"
75°58'48"
75°58'36"
75°58'16"
Depths (meters)
1,10 #
1,7,13,19,22
1,4,7,9 *
1,9 #
1.5*
1,4*
#
1,5 *
1,4,7,10,13 *
*
1,5
1,5*
# Only physical parameters measured
* Physical parameters measured and samples collected
EUTRO 11.6
-------
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NOTES
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ASSESSMENT OF NUTRIENTS FROM VARIOUS SOURCES
PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR(s); PROJECT NUMBER;
Gerard Laniak R804917
PERFORMING ORGANIZATION: EPA PROJECT OFFICER:
School of Public Health Norbert Jaworski
University of North Carolina
at Chapel Hill
Chapel Hill, NC 27514
BUDGET: PROJECT PERIOD:
EPA Share $15,000 Begin - 06/01/78
TOTAL $15,000 End - 12/31/79
OBJECTIVES:
This project seeks to determine a gross estimate of the relative magnitude
of input and significance of different sources of nutrients on the water
quality of the Bay. These sources include point, nonpoint and atmospheric
sources of nutrients.
SCIENTIFIC APPROACH:
The approach uses a sequence of calculations to determine mass balances
of nutrients in the Bay. Calculations will be performed according to procedures
supplied by EPA, and physical characteristics, flushing times and tributary
input data will be supplied by EPA from records compiled over the past
10 years.
PRODUCTS;
A report will be issued summarizing the significance of the different
sources of nutrients on the water quality of the Chesapeake Bay in terms of
nutrient concentrations and dissolved oxygen levels in different zones of the
Bay.
EUTRO 12.1
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ANALYSIS OF NUTRIENT DATA FROM CHESAPEAKE BAY
TO AID IN DEVELOPING FUTURE
MONITORING EFFORTS
by
Gerry Laniak
Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering
The University of North Carolina
September 14, 1979
Grant No. R804971
N. A. Jaworski
EPA Project Officer
EUTRO 12.2
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
The primary goal of this study is the generation of a nutrient
budget for the Chesapeake Bay which can be utilized, along with other
input and quality data, to make recommendations concerning future monitoring
of nutrients in the Bay system.
To achieve these objectives, the following tasks are required:
1. Review the literature to obtain pertinent existing data.
2. Using this data, estimate both nutrient loadings to and outputs
from the Bay. This is to be done on a monthly basis.
3. Examine data on Bay quality to establish "in the aggregate" cause
and effect relationships.
4. Assimilate results from above tasks and make recommendations con-
cerning future monitoring of nutrients.
Project Progress to Date (9/15/79)
The project is presently nearing completion. To date, tasks one and
two are complete. Approximately 25% and 75% remain for tasks three and four,
respectively. A summary of progress for each task is given below. No data
are included here but rather will be presented in the final paper. A list
EUTRO 12.3
-------
of all references reviewed is included as an appendix.
Task 1
This task involved the reviewing of publications (see appendix) con-
cerning the physical (depths, volumes, areas, tec.) and nutrient character-
istics of the Bay. The objective of this task was to locate a period of
time for which data of all types (i.e., tributary loadings, instream
nutrient concentrations, etc.) are recorded. This time frame would
include at least one full year, thus allowing seasonal variations to be
discerned.
Within the period of 1969 to 1971 two extensive sampling programs
were undertaken. The EPA ( 3 ) monitored major tributaries to the Bay
for flow and nutrients. Concurrently, the Chesapeake Bay Institute
(CBI) ( 2 ) carried out monthly cruises along the Bay, sampling for
nutrients and chlorophyll concentrations. While point source in air
loadings were not monitoried specifically during this period, assumptions
were made allowing extrapolation of similar data. Together, these data
serve as the basis for the remaining tasks of the project.
Task 2
The nutrient budget involves the calculation of all inputs as well
as outputs of nutrients from the Bay. Inputs include 1) tributary
loadings (which represent the major non-point source loadings), 2) point
source loadings, and 3) air loadings. Outputs include advection, dis-
persion and sedimentation from the system. Because no measurements of
EUTRO 12.4
-------
sedimentation-remineralization of nutrients were available, this quantity
was estimated as the unaccounted-for difference between inputs and
outputs.
To facilitate the assimilation of all pertinent data, the Chesapeake
Bay was segmented into seven sections, each containing one CBI sampling
station. In addition, a computer program was constructed which allowed
for modification of raw data into average monthly data. The program
analyzes segments individually and subsequently sums results to arrive
at Bay-wide values.
Task 3
This task involves the subjective evaluation of both raw data and
data resulting from computer analysis. Evaluation is with respect to
cause and effect and includes the following data forms:
1. A seasonal averaging of data recorded during the CBI cruises.
These data, recorded for each of seven stations, are plotted
by season longitudinally along the Bay. Included in these
plots are: Reactive Nitrogen, Reactive Phosphorus, Total
Nitrogen, Total Phosphorus, Particulate Phosphorus, and
Chlorophy11-a.
2. Plots of total system masses calculated on a monthly basis for
the period 6/69 to 8/70. Included here are both Reactive and
Total Nitrogen and Reactive and Total Phosphorus.
EUTRO 12.5
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3. An important result of the project to date is the calculation
of nutrient masses accumulating in the Bay. Upon analysis, it
was discovered that the sedimentation term is positive for
each month during the period of interest for both reactive and
total values of nitrogen and phosphorus. These results will
shown on a plot of the monthly accumulated term.
4. The final set of data presents nitrogen to phosphorus ratios
of inputs and water column masses. These ratios are shown
longitudinally along the Bay with respect to season.
The evaluation of these data as to cause and effect is presently in
progress and will be presented along with the data in the project paper.
It is believed that this type of data anlaysis can lend valuable
insight to the spatial and temporal sensitivity of the Chesapeake Bay to
nutrient conditions. This in turn will aid both the development of
monitoring programs and overall water quality management in the Bay.
EUTRO 12.6
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REFERENCES
1. Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Special Report
20, "Volumetric, Areal, and Tidal Statistics of the Chesapeake
Bay Estuary and its Tributaries," Cronin, W. B., March 1971.
2. Chesapeake Bay Institute, The Johns Hopkins University, Special Report
61, "Plankton Ecology Project: Nutrient and Chlorophyll Data:
Aesop Cruises: April 1969 to April 1971," Taylor, W. R., August
1977.
3. Guide, V. and 0. Villa, "Chesapeake Bay Nutrient Input Study," Techni-
cal Report No. 47, EPA-Annapolis, September 1971.
4. Clark, L. J., V. Guide and T. H. Pheiffer, "Summary and Conclusions:
Nutrient Transport and Accountability in the Lower Susquehanna
River Basin," EPA-Annapolis, October 1974.
5. Clark, L. J., D. K. Donnelly, and 0. Villa, "Nutrient Enrichment and
Control Requirements in the Upper Chesapeake Bay," EPA-Annapolis,
August 1973.
6. VIMS, Final Report to National Commission on Water Quality, "The
Chesapeake Bay: A Study of Present and Future Water Quality and
its Ecological Effects," Vol. 1, Kuo, A. Y., A. Rosenbaum, J. P.
Jacobson, and C. S. Fang, June 1975.
7. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, Smithsonian Institu-
tion "Nutrient Loading of the Rhode River Watershed via Land Use
Practice and Precipitation," Miklas, J., Vol. 1, February 1977.
8. Hydroscience Inc., "The Chesapeake Bay Waste Load Allocation Study,"
April 1975.
EUTRO 12.7
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NOTES
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