WATER SUPPLY AND
WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
GATHRIGHT RESERVOIR
JAMES RIVER BASIN
VIRGINIA
STUDY OF NEEDS AND VALUE OF STORAGE FOR
MUNICIPAL AND INDUSTRIAL WATER SUPPLY AND
WATER QUALITY CONTROL
DEPARTMENT OF HE ALT H , EDUCAT ION , AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION 3H
CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
MAY 1965
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Regional Centcrfor bnvironmental Information
US EP\ Region III
1650AichSt.
Philadelphia, PA 19103
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WATER SUPPLY AND
WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUM
GATHRIGBI RESERVOIR
JAMB RIVER BASIN
VIRGINIA
A survey has been made of the area of
influence of the proposed Gathright Reservoir
to determine municipal and industrial water
supply needso Present and future need for res-
ervoir storage to provide water quality control
by streamflow regulation was also determined.
Present and future water needs were based on
economic and demographic studies of the area,
with future needs determined from projections
of population and industrial growth,,
U. S, DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
U. S. Army Engineer District, Norfolk, Virginia
In Cooperation With The
U. S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
Public Health Service^ Region III
Charlottesville, Virginia
May 1965
U.S. tffcA Region HI
Regional Center for Environmental
Information
1660 Arch Street (3PM52)
Philadelphia, PA 19103
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION . „ c „ . „ . „ . . . . . . . „ . . . 1
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I Purpose and Scope „ , , „ «, 0 . ...... 0 o . 1
Acknowledgments o » « o „ « „ „ « » „ <> , » » « * 1
| II. SUMMARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS „ . . . „ . . 3
• Summary of Findings ., „ o » 0 o „ <> » o » ,> o » * 3
Conclusions 0000 = 0. 00000,00. <> „ . 4
• III. PROJECT DESCRIPTION 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . „ 6
IV. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . „ „ o 7
| V, THE ECONOMI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
- VI, WATER REQUIREMENTS „ . . . . . . . . „ „ . . . . „ 27
* Past and Present Water Uses „ „ . . . „ 0 . o » « 27
I Ground Water Sources . o „ o . „ , » . . „ « „ . o 28
Existing Surface Water Sources „ . „ . „ „ . . „ „ 31
I Water Quality Criteria . „ . . . . <, . . . . , . „ 32
— VII. ADDITIONAL WATER NEEDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . „ 36
" Municipal and Industrial Water Needs in the
James River Basin . „ „ . „ „ . . . . „ „ < „ „ 36
Waste Load Projection „ . . „ „ „ „ „ , 0 . . « . 40
Project Investigation and Data Analysis „ . « „ „ 43
VIII. BENEFITS OF STORAGE . „ . . . . „ „ „ . . . „ «. „ 47
I IX. BIBLlOGRAHff *..,, a ......,....,.* 53
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LIST OF TABLES
I Page
I. Principal Tributaries of the James River ..... 8
| II. Virginia Employment - Historical and Projected . . 10
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IX. Region II - Historical and Projected Employment
• and Population . „ 22
X. Region III - Population by Age Groups 1950 and
1960 ........ ......... 24
• XI. Region III - Historical and Projected Employment
and Population ................. 26
J XII. Water Inventory (Study Area) . ... 29
• XIII. Waste Inventory (Study Area) ........... 30
XIV. Projected Municipal Water Use (Study Area) . . . . 38
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III. Region I - Historical and Projected Employment
and Population 12
IV. Region I - Population by Age Groups 1950 and
I960 . . . 14
V. Population by Age Group, United States, 1950 and
I960 - Number and Percentage Change ....._ 15
VI. Covington, Clifton Forge, Allegheny County -
Historical and Projected Employment and
Population ................... 17
VII, Summary of Manufacturing Plants by Counties, 1963
Covington, Clifton Forge, Allegheny County 18
VIII. Region II - Population by Age Groups 1950 and
I960 . 21
XV. Waste .'Load Projections - Covington Area ..... 42
XVI. Monthly Design Low Flows and Yearly Draft on
• Storage for Jackson River at Covington ..«,.. 46
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LIST OF FIGURES
Follows Page
I James River Basin - Location Map . . (inside back cover)
2 Region I - Historical and Projected
Population „ „ „ . . 12
3 Region II - Lynchburg Area Population -
Historical and Projected 22
4 Region III - Richmond Area Population -
Historical and Projected ........... 26
5 Profile of Jackson and James River Flows .... 31
6a James River Discharge Frequency - April-
September ........... 44
6b James River Discharge Frequency - October-
March ........... . 44
7 Assimilative Capacity of the Jackson River
Below Covington . . „ „ 44
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INTRODUCTION
Authority
In a letter to the Public Health Service dated November
17, 1962, the Norfolk District of the Corps of Engineers request-
ed a* restudy of the Gathright Reservoir Project to evaluate the
need for reservoir storage for water supplies and water quality
control in the James River Basin.
This study has been conducted in accordance with the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act as amended (33 U.S.C, 466
et seq) and the Memorandum of Agreement between the Department
of the Army and the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
dated November 4, 1958.
Purpose and Scope
The purpose of the study is to determine the need for
and value of reservoir storage for municipal and industrial
water supply, and for flow regulation for water quality control
in the James River Basin« The location of Gathright Reservoir,
the physical characteristics of the James River Basin, and the
location of population centers within the Basin limit the area
of influence of the proposed reservoir. Therefore, the study
area considered in this report contains only the main stem of
the Jackson and James Rivers and the areas directly effected by
these rivers. The estuary portion of the river system, a reach
of approximately 100 miles, was not considered in detail because
of the difficulty in measuring effects of the relatively small
reservoir flows into the almost unlimited volume of the estuary.
Acknowledgments
The cooperation and assistance of the following Federal,
State, and local agencies are gratefully acknowledged:
U. S, Army Engineer District, Norfolk
U. S. Geological Survey
Uo S. Department of Commerce
Virginia State Water Control Board
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Virginia Division of Mineral Resources _
Virginia Division of Water Resources ™
Virginia State Department of Health •
Virginia Division of Industrial Development and
Planning of the Governor's Office «
Department of Public Works, Richmond, Virginia
Local Municipal Officials 8
Officials of Industries Within the Study Area
and Industrial Consultants •
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SUM-IARY OF FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
1. The James River Basin encompasses 10 .,060 square
miles and can be divided into two primary areas: the upper
portion, which includes the headwaters of the Basin to the Fall
Line at Richmond; and the lower section, made up of the coast-al
and estuary portions of the Basin 0
2, The site of the proposed reservoir is 19 miles above
Covington, Virginia,, on the Jackson River, as shown OR Figure 1
at back of report,,
3» The Jacks on and James Rivers extend some 385 miles
below the reservoir site, to the Chesapeake Bay0 The estuary
portion of the river reaches upstream 100 miles from the Bay,
to Richmond, leaving approximately 285 miles of flowing stream
below the dam site0
4° Above Covington, Virginia, the flow of the Jackson
River averages 485 cfs and is of good quality for all current or
anticipated water uses»
5o Jackson and James River water is presently used for
municipal and industrial water supplies at the rate of 114 » 35 mgd0
6, Water treatment problems exist at Richmond during
low flow conditions in the James River. The principal problems
are tastes and odors caused by algal concentration in the
stream.,
7. Treated and partially treated municipal and industrial
wastes are discharged to the river at the rate of 106,, 41 mgd0
These wastes contribute some 122,500 pounds of 5 -day BOD per day
to the streams „
80 Secondary treated industrial waste discharges and
primary treated municipal waste discharges in the Covington^
Virginia, area degrade stream quality below the point of dis-
charge o During the summer, extremely low to zero dissolved
oxygen levels extend 10-15 miles below Covington0
9o Water quality problems presently exist during periods
of low flow in about 2-3 miles of the James River between Reuseirs
Dam and Lynchburg Dam0 Power generation at Reusen's during low
flow periods requires storage of river flows and results in a
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virtually dry stream bed for a 2-3 mile stretch,, causing nuisance •
conditions and sporadic fish kills, '
IGo Nuisance conditions exist In Richmond during low fl
James River flow0 During sxi'.i* periods, ratney River flow passes |
through the Kanawha Canal, leaving little or no flow in the
natural river channel for ah<>u> 9 rates, Bosher's Dam to 14th m
Street Bridge0 •
Conclusions •
!„ The proposed Gathrlght Reservoir will have no direct
effect on areas upstream froir* the reservoir site, as the site is •
located above all communities and population centers in the Basin, I
2, Existing and projected upstream water uses in the •
Jackson River are not expected to adversely affect the quality •
of water stored in Gathright Reservoir„
3<, Project-ions of population and economic growth for •
municipalities and Industries in the Basin to year 2020 indicate •
that Covington (22^000)., Lynchburg (280,000),, and Richmond
(1,150,000) areas will continue as the largest users of the •
Jackson and James Rivers as a source of water supply„ |
4° Natural flows of the Jackson and James Rivers are M
adequate to meet present and future water supply demands beyond •
year 2020, using projections of current trends in water use.
Therefore^ no storage is needed for municipal and industrial
water supplies„ I
5» At flows greater than approximately 900 cfs, the
City of Richmond experiences few treatment problems at the water •
plants With flows of this magnitude9 and greater,, algal popula- |
tions In the James River are apparently below nuisance concentra-
tions | suspended and dissolved solids are minimal| and hardness j*
is not excessive„ Flow regulation for water quality control in I
the Jackson and James Rivers will help reduce algaej, hardness,
or other water treatment problems at Richmond stemming from low
flow conditionso •
60 Minimum average dissolved oxygen concentrations of
4=0 milligrams per liter, with individual sample values not less •
than 3»0 milligrams per liter, were established as the quality |
objectives for critical sections of the Jackson and James Rivers^
for purposes of this reportc •
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7. The stream flow considered dependable for water quality
control is the lowest monthly average occurring once in twenty years,
80 Expected municipal arid industrial waste loads for the
Covington area in years 1995 and 2020 are 16,500 and 20,660 pounds
of 5-day Biochemical Oxygen Demand, respectively. These are the
loads remaining after the wasteB have received adequate treatment
(i.e., 85$ removal of BOD).
9« During low flows, the Jackson River is incapable of
assimilating present or projected waste loads while maintaining
established water quality objectives. The stretch of stream below
Covington is, and will continue to be, the critical stream section
for maintaining these objectives„
10o Storage for water quality control should be included
in Gathright Reservoir, The cheapest alternate method of meeting
water quality objectives was used to measure the value of benefits
resulting from Gathright's water quality control storage, A single
purpose reservoir to be constructed by 1970 was found to be the
cheapest alternate, providing a value of benefits of $556,000 per
year. This value for the annual benefit represents amortization
of operation and maintenance costs of the single purpose reservoir
over a 50-year period, with interest at 3 1/8 per cent,
11. Quality control flows provided at Covington must be
passed through existing run-of-river power generation stations
without peaking for the quality control benefits to be realized.
The passing of these flows will maintain the stream environment
between Reusen's and Lynchburg Dams, eliminate dry stream bed
conditions, and eliminate fish kills caused by low or zero flows,
12. Reservoir releases will affect water supply, recreation,
agriculture, plus other uses throughout 385 miles of stream, thereby
benefiting about one-half aillion persons,, These benefits are wide-
spread in scope and are sufficient in magnitude to warrant provision
of storage for water quality control; i.e.,, water supply, recreation,
aesthetic values, commercial fishing, waste assimilation and trans-
port, and agriculture. Benefits extend into the estuary portion of
the river; however, the flow from the reservoir is such a small
portion of the estuary volume that the benefits in this portion
of the river are unmeasurabie,
13. Multiple-level outlet structures and provision for
monitoring quality of discharged water should be provided in the
proposed reservoir to permit selection and discharge of highest
quality water.
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PROJECT DESCRIPTION
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The Gathright Reservoir and Falling Spring Re-regulating •
Dam Project is being considered for multiple purpose reservoir |
development by the Corps of Engineers0 The project would be
located on the Jackson River about 19 miles above Govington, g|
Virginia,, (Figure 1, inside "back cover.) Stream quality in I
the Jackson River at the site of the proposed project is usually
high: dissolved oxygen approaches saturation, biochemical
oxygen demand is low, and other physical, chemical, and biolog- I
ical characteristics indicate a stream of satisfactory water •
quality for most beneficial uses0 However, during periods of
low flows in the Jackson River, hardness and solids (dissolved •
and suspended) generate quality problems for installations |
operating boilers or users requiring process waters with constant
chemical characteristics„ •
Stream flows at the site are quite variable; ranging
from about 24,70CK cfs to 5£K cfs, with an average of 485 cfs
over the 37 years of record„ •
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I/ Maximum flow of record, USGS, Falling Springs Gage
2/ Minimum flow of record, USGS^, Falling Springs Gage I
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DESCRIPTION OF STUDT AREA,
The Jaxa.es River Basin is an irregular, tapering area
extending in a southeasterly direction from the West Virginia
State line, through the central portion of Virginia, to Hampton
Roads at the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. All or parts of 38
counties in Virginia, plus a portion of one county in West
Virginia, are included in the James Basin. Bounding the James
are the Potomac, Rappahannock, and York River Basins on the
north; Ohio on the West; Roanoke and Chowan Basins on the south;
and Chesapeake Bay on the east.
The James River has its source in the Allegheny Moun-
tains and drains an area of 10,060 square miles; 9,980 square
miles in Virginia and 80 square miles in West Virginia, (Figure
1.) The James flows southeasterly past Richmond,, then into the
Chesapeake Bay at Hampton Roads. The largest tributaries are
the Jackson and Cowpasture Rivers, which join to form the James
River; the Maury, Buffalo, and Rivanna Rivers from the north;
with the Appomattox River entering from the south. Principal
tributaries are listed in Table I on page 80 Total stream
length (confluence Jackson-Cowpasture Rivers to Hampton Roads)
is 339.7 miles, with a fall of 988 feet. Below the Fall Zone
at Richmond, the James becomes an estuary.
Portions of four physiographic regions make up the James
Basin: Valley and Ridge Province, Blue Ridge Province, Piedmont
Plateau, and the Coastal Plain, A fifth region, the Allegheny
Plateau, adjoins the Watershed on the west. Climate within the
James Basin is mild, with yearly averages of temperature around
56°F, and rainfall about 42 inches. More temperate weather with
slightly higher yearly precipitation occurs near the moxith of
the James, because of the moderating effects of Chesapeake Bay
and the Atlantic Ocean.
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Principal
Principal Tributaries
r>|* ffie -Tapes River
James River
Chickahominy River
Appomattox River
Rivanna River
Buffalo River
Pedlar River
Maury River
Craig Creek
Jackson River
Cowpasture River
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TABLE I
Tributaries of the James River
Miles from Confluence Drainage Area
to Mouth pjf JflHies River Square Miles
10,060
41.5 468
71.6 1,610
162.1 777
213.8 413
264.1 102
279.7 837
323.7 374
339.7 907
339.7 460
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THE ECONOMY
Introduction
Water quantity and water quality requirements of the
area affected by a reservoir are determined using projections
of the area's population and economic growth. These projections
are based on present population and economic characteristics
plus expected development and growth in the area.
The growth, of an area depends not only on its own char-
acteristics, but, in varying degrees, on the type and extent of
growth reflected by the Nation and the region of which, it is a
part. As B. frame of reference for the areas to be considered
in this study, historical and projected employment for the State
of Virginia has been used. These projections were prepared by
the National Planning Association, Washington, D. C., as part of
their Regional Economic Projection Series^ Employment projec-
tions to 1990 are included in Table II, Total employment in
the State is projected to be 86 per cent higher in 1990 than in
19600 In absolute terms, agriculture, mining, and the manufacture
of furniture and wood products are projected to decline in employ-
ment, while other employment categories are expected to increase.
Those categories with projected increasing percentages of the
total employment are fabricated metals; electrical equipment;
and all the non-commodity industries, except government (includ-
ing public administration and education). Total population for
the State is projected to increase in accordance with the increas-
ed employment opportunities,
The James River Basin is the southernmost sub-basin of
the Chesapeake Bay Drainage Area. An economic base study of the
Chesapeake area, with projections, is being prepared by the
National Planning Association for the Chesapeake Bay-Susquehanna
River Basins Water Pollution Control Project of the Public Health.
Service, The NPA study is scheduled for completion too late for
use in this report, but the use of the NPA projections for the
State of Virginia, ss a frame of reference for this study,
assures a degree of coordination between this report- and the NPA
study.
Three economic svb-regions within the James River Basin
are herein eotiFic!«red. Ihe.-y ar'-r f.hr r:tr?<>i«'1 ilL_Jr
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11
Region I - Covington and Clifton Forge
Allegheny, Batb, Bedford, Botetourt, Craig, and Rockbridge
counties; Clifton Forge, Covington, and Buena Vista cities.
Present Economy
This region lies mostly in the Valley and Ridge Province,
with only the eastern part of Bedford County extending out into
the Piedmont Plateau, The southern end of the Great Valley of
Virginia extends into Rockbridge County, but most of the region
is hilly or mountainous. The Jefferson and Washington National
Forests include much of the land area of the region, and about
75 per cent of the region is forested.
Population is not heavily concentrated in this region.
The City of Roanoke lies just south of the region, and is its
major trading center. Within the region, about 35 per cent of
the population is located in the cities of Covington, Buena
Vista, Clifton Force, and the towns of Lexington and Bedford.
The population density of this region is only about 33 people
per square mile, as compared to 132 people per square mile for
the whole Basin,
The dominant agricultural activity is the production of
livestock and their products. However, forest products represent
about 20 per cent of all farm products sold. Farm production
has continued to increase in the region, even when measured in
constant dollars, and the value of farm products sold per farm
resident was $1,227, as compared to $1,279 for the Basin as a
wholefe;
The manufacturing in the region is located in Bedford,
Allegheny, and Roekbridge Counties (including the independent
cities within their borders). The manufacturing industries with
the largest employment are textiles and pulp and paper. Textile
plants are located in Covington, Buena Vista, Rocljbridge County,
and Bedford County. There were six plants altogether in 1963%
and one in Rockbridge County employs over 1,000 people„ Pulp
and paper plants are located in Covington, Buena Vista, and Bed-
ford, with the plant in Covington employing about 2,000 people.
The industry with the third largest number of employees is
furniture and wood productsf characterized by a rather large
number of small establishments employing less than 20 persons.
The remainder of the region's industry is diversified,, as can
be seen in Table III.
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1960 = 115
•Region I
Alleghany
231
lounty Area
IxlO
1960=28,^91
Covington,
• Surrounding j
For T,e
Clifton
Metropolis
, and
in Area
I960 = 11,062
Covington
IxlO
I95O
I960
1970
I960
1990
2000
2010
2020
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER B AS IN - VI R GIN IA
REGION I - POPULATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION in CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
FIGURE 2
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13
Employment in the region increased only four per cent
between 1950 and 1960, compared to an increase of 18,5 per cent
in the total civilian employment in the Basin as a whole.
Employment data for this study have "been taken from the
Censuses of Population. Because of the practice of reporting
employment at the place of residence in the population censuses^
some of the Roanoke employment is reported in this Basin region.
This effects the population of the region even though it is not
located in the region.
Agricultural employment in the Basin declined following
the National and regional pattern. The increased employment in
manufacturing, services, and trade made up for the decrease in
agricultural employment; therefore, there was a net gain in
employment.
Among the commodity industries with over four per cent
of the total employment in I960 and showing apparent locational
advantage, as measured by the differential shiftij are furniture
and wood products, textiles, and other non-durable goods (includ-
ing pulp and paper).
The population of the region increased 2.2 per cent
between 1950 and I960, as shown in Table III. This was in con-
formity with the small increase in employment. During the same
period, the population of the whole Basin increased 12,2 per
cent. The region population has increased only 11 per cent
since 1920.
Table IV shows the population increase was concentrated
in age groups 5-21 and over 65. The major labor force age group,
21-65, stayed almost constant, with the increase in the labor
force resulting from a greater participation rate in this age
group.
Comparable age group distribution for the United States
is given in. Table V, and a comparison of the two sets of figures
reveals that the region is considerably below the National aver-
age in all percentage changes, although the percentage in each
age group is quite similar, This indicates that there was con-
siderable out-migration from the region during the ten-year
period 1950-1960.
The population has become increasingly urban, and the
farm population decreased in accordance with the number of work-
ers in the agricultural labor force. But the region still had
15 per cent of its population living on farms_. which compares
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16
Future Economy
I
I
to five per cent for the Basin as a whole. The greatest absolute «
increase in population took place among the rural non-farm groups. I
But the greatest percentage increase was in the urban group. m
I
Employment projections to 1970, 1980, and 1990 in Table •
III show moderate increases. These projections are based on the |
NPA projections for the State of Virginia and a continuation of
past competitive industry positions. Using the same trend of _
growth, the region population for the years 2000 and 2020 are •
projected to be 169,000 and 204,000, respectively. ™
The projected increases in population in the region, as I
shown in Table III, are moderate,in conformity with the project- •
ed employment, and the fact that this region is likely to include
more people commuting into Eoanoke. Because the effect of popula- •
tion and economic growth on water requirements from the James I
River is critical in the Covington area, projections of employ-
ment and population for the area of Allegheny, Covington, and _
Clifton Forge, and population projections for the City of Coving- I
ton are included in Table VI. Based on the same trend, the •
population for the Allegheny County, Covington and Clifton Forge
area is projected to reach 47,000 by the year 2000 and 55,000 •
by the year 2020. The Covington population is projected to I
reach 17,000 by 2000 and 20,000 by 2020. Projected growth in
this area is very slow. The pulp and paper industry, which is •
the largest commodity industry in the area, has been projected |
on the basis that, while production may increase as much as 100
per cent by the year 2020, the increase will result mostly from
process changes in the current plant, and employment will in- •
crease only slightly. •
The chemical industry showed a negative differential •
shift between 1950 and I960; however, since I960 the Hercules |
Powder Company, maker of plastic materials in Covington, has
increased its employment. Some future increase in employment •
is proposed until an optimum size is reached. At present, •
optimum size is anticipated to be a little less than 2,000
employees.
Table VII summarizes employment in industrial categories •
during 1963, according to the 1%3 Directory of Manufacturing
and Mining, published by the Virginia State Chamber of Commerce. •
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Summary of Manufacturing Plants by Counties, 1963
Govington, Clifton Forge, Allegheny County •
^L
SIC Description Employees
Table VII
Covington
2086 Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks 29
2514 Metal Household Furniture 80
2621 Paper Mills, except building 2,000
2711 Newspapers 27
2821 Plastics Materials _JIQ
2,606
1421 Crushed and Broken Stone }
3274 Lime ) 142
3295 Minerals: Ground or Treated) ,
142
Source: Directory of Manufacturing and Mining, Virginia State
Chamber of Commerce„
I
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Clifton Forge
2026 Fluid Milk 24 •
2086 Bottled and Canned Soft Drinks 33 |
2339 Women's, Misses' Outerwear Nec0 220
2711 Newspapers 12 •
3069 Fabricated Rubber Products, Nec0 479 •
3843 Dental Equipment and Supplies 75
843
Allegheny
I
* Standard Industrial Classification Code, Bureau of the Budget^, I
1957. •
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19
Region II - Lynchburg
Lynchburg, Appomattox, Amherst, Campbell, and Prince Edward Counties
Present Economy
Except for the western two-thirds of Amherst County,
which is in the Blue Ridge Province, this area lies in the
Piedmont Plateau. The James River flows along the northern
boundary of Lynchburg and between Amherst and Appomattox Counties.
The southern portion of Appomattox County and northern Prince
Edward County are drained by the Appomattox River.
Outside of Lynchburg the region is very rural, with
population densities in the magisterial district ranging between
10 and 100 people per square mile.
Approximately 70 per cent of the area is forested, and
currently the average annual cut of saw timber is about 63 per
cent of the growth. In the growing stock class, the current cut
is about 90 per cent of the annual growth.
The chief agricultural products are tobacco and livestock
products, and the value of farm products sold, measured on a
constant dollar basis, increased 28 per cent between 1954 and 1959.
Manufacturing is the area's chief industry. It centers
in Lynchburg, although there are establishments in AltaVista,
Brookneal, Farmville, Appomattox, and in Amherst County, across
the river from Lynchburg. The manufacturing base is rather
broad. The chief manufacturing industries in I960, as measured
by employment, were furniture and wood products; primary metals;
electrical equipment; textiles; apparel; and other non-durable
goods, which is largely shoe production. About 84 per cent of
the plants in the area employ less than 100 workers. Two major
employers are the Lynchburg Foundry Company, which manufactures
gray iron castings and employs 1,400 workers„ and Lane Company,
makers of furniture, which employs about 1,300 workers.
Employment in the region increased from about 45,000 in
1950 to about 50,000 in 1960—an Increase of about 11 per cent,,
The chief areas of increase were primary and fabricated metals,
electrical equipment, and services. Both fabricated metals and
electrical machinery showed substantial positive differential
shifts. This is particularly significant as both these industries
are projected to grow rapidly in the State, Furniture and wood
and chemicals showed positive shifts. However, neither of these
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20
Future Economy
I
I
is projected to grow very rapidly in the State„ All the other _
industries had negative shifts„ Agricultural employment declined, •
in accordance with National and regional trends „
The population of the area increased by nearly 11 per I
cent between 1950 and I960, as shown in Table VIII. Rural non- •
farm population increased more in absolute numbers and percentage-
wise than did the urban population, while the farm population •
declined, in accordance with the reduced employment in agriculture. •
There was an increase in each .age group. The age group from which
most of the labor force is drawn, 21 through 65, increased by _
slightly less than five per cent., "but became a smaller portion •
of the total. Part of the increased labor force resulted from *
a greater participation rate in this age group„ Population
growth in all age groixps was less than the National average, •
but the percentage in each group wa5 not greatly different, I
I
Employment is projected to increase by about 13 per cent _
each decade to 1990. These projections are made within the I
National Planning Association employment projections for the •
State of Virginia and are based on a continuation of the compet-
itive position the industries held between 1950 and I960, an •
increasing proportion of employment in service industries. The |
maim facturing industries with projected increases are wood pro-
ducts, fabricated metals, and electrical equipment. Other •
industries are expected to hold their own or increase slightly, I
with the exception of non-durable goods, which decreases. All
non-commodity industries are projected to increase, with trades
and services making substantial gains. Agriculture will continue •
to decline. • •
Population of the region is projected to increase, in •
accordance with the employment increase, to a total of 220,000 I
in 1990. (See Table IX,) The trend line projected at the same
rate of increase shows a population of about 400,000 by 2020. •
The majority of the population wiii be concentrated in
the I^ynchburg City area. In I960 the population of Lynchburg
City and Elon and Broekville magisterial districts was 79,279, I
or 59 per cent of ,/he total population of Region II, This has •
risen at a fairly constant rate fror 5? to '39 per cent since
1940. It is estimated that the I^nenburg City percentage •
will increase at a decreasing rate to aoaat 70 per cent, in 2020, |
with a population of 280,000,
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WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER BASIN -VIRGINIA
REGION I - POPULATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION HI CHARLOTTESVILLE, VIRGINIA
FIGURE 3
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23
Region III - Richmond
Region III is composed of the following counties: Hopewell,
Amelia, Charles City, Chesterfield, Goochland, Henrico, New Kent,
Powhatan, and Prince George, which takes in the cities of Richmond,
Colonial Heights, and Petersburg.
Present Economy
Region III extends across part of the Piedmont Plateau
and into the Coastal Plain, with the James River flowing through
its center,, This area is more densely populated than the upper
reaches of the James Basin and is part of what has been termed
the Urban Corridor or Crescent, i.e., the fast growing area of
Virginia, extending from the northern counties around Washington,
D. C,, to Norfolk. Production of tobacco, chemicals, paper,
food, and metal products is concentrated around Richmond, making
it the largest manufacturing center in the State. Richmond is
also the largest financial and wholesale trade distribution
center in the State. It is the State capitol and the regional
office for many Federal agencies (about 10 per cent of the Region's
employment was in government activities in I960).
Manufacturing employment remained nearly constant between
1950 and I960, with an increase of over one per cent shown only
in primary metals and decreases of about one per cent in textiles,
chemicals, and other non-durable goods (largely tobacco). The
large number of industries with negative differential shifts for
the 1950-1960 period indicates a poor competitive position for
most of the major commodity producing industries during that
decade. Primary metals and transportation equipment were the
only manufacturing industries with positive shifts. Agriculture
showed a positive shift, but, in accordance with the declining
trend in agricultural employment in the State, employment in
the region decreased by about 22 per cent. Tobacco and live-
stock products are the main farm products sold. Measured in
constant dollars, the value of these farm products increased by
30 per cent between 1954 and 1959. Lumber Is also an important
product of this region, with the cut of saw timber in I960
estimated at 126,5 million board, feet. This compared to an
annual timber growth rate of 163.4 irillion bo?rd feet, so this
rate of cut can continue.
Population of this region increased by 22,5 per cent, as
shown in Table X. Three-fourths of the population of this region
is urban, but percentage-wise, the rural non-farm group is the
fastest growing. The popilation of each age group increased,
with the percentage increase in the younger groups and the over
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25
65 group increasing at a rate greater than the National average;
however, the increase in the 21-65 group was 4 per cent less than
the National percentage increase for that group. The changes
between 1950 and I960 brought the percentage distribution by age
groups more in line with the National distribution than it was
in 1950, when the labor force age group had been a considerably
higher percentage.
Future Economy
Employment is projected to increase by about 20 per cent
between I960 and 1970, and between 15 and 20 per cent per decade
from 1970 to 1990, This compares to an increase of 9 per cent
between 1950 and I960. Between 1950 and I960 the ratio of employ-
ment to population declined from 41 to 36,5 per cent. Further
declines of this magnitude are not anticipated; therefore, there
will be a need for greater increases in employment opportunities
if population growth is to be maintained. Most of the projected
increase is in the non-commodity industries, resulting from the
region's position as a financial, trade, .and government center.
Some industries with a negative differential shift are
projected to grow, as conditions since I960 indicate improvement
over the 1950-1960 situation. The largest projected manufactur-
ing employment category is chemicals. According to the 1959
Census of Manufacturers, there were 15 chemical plants in this
region; while in 196^3, according to the Directory of Manufactur-
ing of the Virginia State Chamber of Commerce, there were about
30 plants. Many of these plants were small, but at least five
employed over 1,000 persons, and employment has increased since
I960. Employment in fabricated metals has also increased since
1960.
The projected employment will sustain a rate of popula-
tion growth about the same as it was between 1950 and I960.
The City of Richmond, Henrieo County _, and the Magisterial Dis-
trict of Manchester and Midlothian in Chesterfield County ac-
counted for about 72 .per cent of the population of the region
in I960, and it is expected thst this percentage will increase
slightly to 1980 and then decline to about 65 per cent by 2020,
The population of the region is projected to reach 641,000 by
1970 and 1,770,000 by 2020, The population of the Biehmond
City metropolitan area is projected to reach 468,COO hy ]970
and 1,150,000 by 2020, (See Table XI and Fig-are A.)
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I960 « 523
Area III E
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ichmond Arejj
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1950 I960
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1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER BASIN - VIRGINIA
REGION HI - POPULATION
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION HI CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
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27
WATER .REQUIPJEMENTS
Past and Present. Water Uses
Water uses in the James River Basin include domestic
water supplies; municipal and industrial water supplies; recrea-
tion; commercial and sport fishing; agriculture; and waste-water
transport and assimilation. All these uses depend upon surface
water sources, with agriculture arsd water supplies utilizing both
surface and ground water sources .
Recreational water use along the main stem of the Jack-
son and James River System is quite extensive, with opportunities
afforded for swimming, boating^ fishing, hunting, and aesthetic
enjoyment. The James is the principal sport fishing stream in
Central Virginia0
Commercial fishing and oystering is of considerable con-
sequence in the James River estuary„ The James estuary is one
of the most prolific producers of seed oysters on the Atlantic
Coast, with beds located in the estuary reported to be the best
continual producing seed areas in the world„
Hydroelectric power is generated at several run-of-the-
river installations along the Jackson and James Rivers, with
total generating capacity of approximately 25,000 KW0 Reusen's
Dam above Lynchburg is presently the largest of these facilities,
having a capacity of 12,500 KW.
At this time, irrigation along the Jaelcson and James
System is limited in application; however^ use of these rivers
as a dependable source of supply for livestock watering is of
some importance„
Use of the Jackson and James Rivers as a source of com-
munity water supply involves only three significant community
or metropolitan areas: Covington, Scottsville, and Richmond,
presently using a total of 37 mgdc, Lynehburg presently has an
auxiliary supply line to the James River, but its water use was
not included in the above total, as additional reservoir capacity
to serve Lynchburg is being constructed on the Pedlar River„
The additional reservoir capacity on the Pedlar will make use
of the James River as a water supply source for Lynchburg unnec-
essary, except as an emergency measure, Industrial water use
of the Jackson and James Rivers above Ixiehmond involves about
64 mgd from surface sources, used primarily as process or cooling
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WATER USE SUMMARY
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water. The remaining communities and industries of the Basin I
use surface water from tributaries or well supplies to meet »
their needs.
Inventories of water users, sources of supply, and quan- |
tities of water used within the James Basin show most large water
users relying on surface water supplies. Within the area consider- g
ed in this study, most of the large surface water users have the I
main stem of the Jackson or James Rivers as their source. Private *
water supplies and small water users usually have ground water
sources being supplied by home or community wells. Table XII on I
page 29 lists the principal water users located within the study •
area, and a summary of water use is shown below:
I
Population Municipal Industrial Total I
Served Use (MGD) Use (MSP) "-•- "
Surface 377,900 49.45 64* 90 114 . 35 •
Ground 7 .150 0.70
Totals 385,050 50.15 66.50 116,65 |
Use of the Jackson and James Rivers for waste assimila- I
tion and transport is significant at several locations along the ™
system. Table XIII on page 30 lists the major contributions of
waste to the Jackson and James Rivers „ A relatively small amount •
of the total waste load above Richmond is from municipalities j I
the largest loads originate from scattered but large industries,,
A summary of Table XIII shows the population served by sewerage •
facilities as 336,115, with a total waste flow discharged to the J
river of 106041 mgd, containing a population equivalent of
612,740. _
Ground Water
There are four distinct geologic regions within the I
Basin, and each region has its own ground water characteristics „
In this general evaluation, the Blue Ridge, Ridge and Valley, •
and Piedmont Regions are similar enough to be considered togeth- J
er, with the Coastal Plain discussed separately.
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29
Table XII
WATER
Community
or
Industry
Covington
West Virginia Pulp and Paper-
Hercules Powder Company
(at Covington)
Clifton Forge
Iron Gate
Virginia Hot and Warm Springs
Buchanan
Buena Vista
Glasgow
James Lees and Sons
Owens Illinois
Lynchburg
Meade Corporation
Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry
Madison Heights
Scottsville
Richmond
TOTALS
I/ Population supplied by Clifton
INVENTORY
Estimated
Population
Served
7,200
. —
8,350
(74Q)17
2,000
1,900
6,500
1,200
___
51,000
;,ooo
900
mooo
3sr>,o*o
Forge
2/ Supply taken from tributaries to Jackson or
Average
MGD 1964
Surface Ground
1,40
34.00 1.0
1.502/
i.8<£/
from Clifton Forge
0.2
0,2
o^o^7 0.3
0.80^
0.6
14oOO
9..7CR
12.00
3.40
0, 30^-
O^iy ~ —
-55 no
*i 'sLa ^'^
114*3? 2,:
James Rivers
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Community
or
Industry
Coving ton
West Virginia Pulp and Paper
Hercules Powder Company
(at Covington)
Clifton Forge
Iron Gate
Virginia Hot and Warm Springs
Buchanan
Buena Vista
Glasgow
James Lees and Sons
Owens Illinois
Lynehburg
Meade Corporation
Glamorgan Pipe and Foundry
Madison Heights
Scott sville
Richmond
TOTALS
Table XIII
WASTE INVENTORY
Population Flow
Served MSD Treatment
11,160 1.10 Primary
___ 32000 Secondary
No Waste Discharge
6,500 0865 Primary
715 0.07 Primary
2,000 0020 Secondary
1,350 0013 Primary
6,300 0060 Primary
1,090 0.11 Primary
— (X60 Primary
— 12.00 Intermediate
55,500 5.50 Primary
11,00 Intermediate
30
P. E. ,
Discharged-^
7,440
60,000
4,550
50C
200
950
4,200
750
7,500s/
105,000
38,500
105,000
1
1
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1
1
1
Cooling Water Discharge
1,000 0.10 Primary
500 0,05 None
250,000 24.00 Primary
18,, 30 None
336,115 106.41
650
500
166,000
125^000
612,740
I/ P. E. values for industries were computed using 002#7day of 5-day BOD
per capita (#BOD/02 = P. E.) to make municipal and industrial dis-
charges comparable.
2/ Discharges to North River 006 miles above confluence with James River,,
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31
Shallow wells less than 200 feet deep in these three
regions usually yield about 2-20 gpm, while deeper wells seldom
yield over 300 gpm. Chemical water quality is generally better
from the shallow wells than from the deeper wells; however,
eorrosiveness, iron, sulfurs and hardness frequently make both
sources undesirable from quality considerations. The primary
advantage of deep wells is "yield stability," as shallow wells
tend to show greater fluctuations in yield and are much more
dependent upon rainfall. Aquifers in these three provinces
have little permeability, resulting in relatively small yields,
since wells must depend upon penetration of water through open-
ings and fissures for supply and recharge. There are a few wells
in each region having high yields (greater than 100 gpm); how-
ever, they are situated in more favorable geologic and hydrologic
areas such as valleys and draws, or near siirfa.ee streams.
In the Coastal Plain Province, wells 10-100 feet deep
furnish most of the domestic supplies. Wells 50-700 feet deep
average about 50 gpm, with industrial wells 6-12 inches in
diameter yielding up to and greater than 500 gpm. Deeper wells
give water high in dissolved solids, particularly fluorides and
bicarbonates. Excessive hardness^ iron, and corrosiveness are
characteristics of many of the deep wells, with salinity a factor
near Chesapeake Bay.
Ground water is generally available throughout the area
that would be influenced by reservoir development at the Gath-
right Reservoir site, but seldom in quantities adequate to sustain
larger users„ It is anticipated that future use of ground water
will be primarily restricted to homes, small communities, and
other uses requiring relatively small volumes of water, and that
ground sources will be adequate to meet these demands,,
Existing Surface Water Sources
Flows in the Jackson and James Rivers show considerable
seasonal fluctuations, average to high flows December through
June, then low water -conditions July through ?!overabers, result-
ing from prolonged periods of little or- no precipitation.
Profiles of average and minimum stream flow for the Jackson and
James Rivers are shown by Figure K>] following page 31
In the Jackson and at the headwaters of the James, steep
gradients in the stream bed produce high velocities. Downstream,
the James River becomes larger, channel slope decreases, and its
flow characteristics become more uniform. Below Richmond, the
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James becomes an estuary. During periods of average to low flow, M
alternating pools and rapids are characteristic of much of the •
river system.
Water quality samples of the Jackson and James Rivers I
at several State and industrial sampling stations along the I
rivers indicate: high quality water above Covington, Virginia,
suitable for almost all uses; low water quality having high •
turbidity, color, and BOD, with periods of low to zero D. 0. |
for as much as 15 miles below Covington; generally good water
quality in the remainder of the system, with zones of depressed _
water quality below the larger industrial and community waste I
discharges. During periods of low flow, water hardness is a
problem, as ground water inflow having high hardness concentra-
tions becomes a larger per cent of total stream flow. Water I
quality of the Jackson and James Rivers is generally satisfactory I
for most water uses; however, stretches of stream immediately
below community and industrial waste discharges are of degraded •
quality, especially for bodily contact recreation. |
Water Quality Criteria I
Water quality goals and quality requirements in a stream
or watercourse should permit maximum utilization of the water I
for each beneficial use, while minimizing the costs of achieving I
or maintaining this stream quality. Methods of meeting water
quality goals usually consist of limiting concentrations or •
volumes of wastes in the waste flow to the stream (effluent |
standards), or in the stream itself (stream standards). No
universal procedure for obtaining or maintaining specified water _
quality has been adopted, but some combination of the above two •
methods is usually utilized in application. •
Specific water quality standards and/or goals have not •
been established for all streams in the State of Virginia by the I
Virginia Water Control Board. Each stream, and each waste dis-
charged to the stream, is considered on its respective merits, •
taking into account: volume or concentration of waste discharge, |
assimilative capacity of the stream, and beneficial uses to be
protected below the point of waste discharge. However, the _
following pollution control criteria are generally used through- •
out the State, subject to modification and/or expansion: (l) ™
dissolved oxygen not less than 5.0 mg/1 in the stream, (2) no
appreciable floating or settleable solids, (3) no noticeable •
coloration or discoloration of the receiving stream, (4) toxic |
substances to be reduced below the toxicity limit of the stream,
(5) no appreciable change in pH of the receiving stream, and •
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FA L
J
\
\
LING S
ACKSO
LIC
JA
\
/
.
\
\
500
0 0
— e\j
MINIMUM
PRING
1' RIVEf
K RUN
MES R
BUCHA
HOLCO
BENT
\
\
\
GAGE
t
GAGE
IVER
NAN G
MBS
CR
SCOT!
O O
0 0 C
ro OOOOOOOC
oooooooc
AVERAGE FLOW — CFS
400
360
320
c
L
280
t
L
<
L
C
240 '-
C
'
L
C
c
200
c
L
160
120
80
)
)
)
•>
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER B ASIN - VIR GIN 1 A
PROFILE OF JAMES RIVER FLOWS
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION HE CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
FIGURE 5
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33
(6) stream flow for design of sewage treatment facilities equal
to minimum average 7-day low flow, occurring in a 10-year fre-
quency .
In the Jackson Elver arid the Tajnes tiiver above Richmond,
the primary uses to be preserved and protected are: water sup-
plies, fish end aquatic life of the si-ream ','biological character-
istics), plus recreation. Periods of* degraded water quality
adversely affect many water- usie? :>f the ~ treats, resulting in
restriction or cessation of beneficial w-Vf-r uses. Recreation
and water supply uses could be res-rioted luring short periods
of low water quality^ however, fish and acaiat.ic life of the
stream usually sast^ic -~everp daswe rr;--! efface;, froiu even i-hc-r'., ]>* c lo^s o;' law sater
quality, Cther 'uses require sata^f''i'.:t'v--y •TaB.lIty only during
the periods of use, and generally do not suffer residual effects,
At .Richmond, flows of approximately 900 cfs paes through
the Kanawha Caiibl fr,-r purposes of power generation. During pe-
riods of low flow, the Richmond water supply alT" t--;kas vater
from the Canal, Tur.tth little or no flow r-esult-ing in the natural
channel of the Tames Hiver from Bosher's Item to 14t>h Street
Bridge, about 9 miles„ Water treatment piat a records at Rich-
mond indicate that with river flows gre&ter than about 900 cfs,
few water treatment problems develop from algal blooms, suspended
and dissolved solids, and, water hardness e \Vhen river flows drop
much below 900 cfs, during summer- !n.orJ;r>3_, algal tloans occur up-
stream from Richmond, stemming from ideal concentrations of
nutrients, warm temperatures, and long periods of sunlight.
These algal bjooms generate tastes and odors in the water which
are greatly inter-.-ified by eMorlnatior. cf the waxer supply,
and are believed to be the principal source of the tastes and
odors in the Richmond w-^ter supply, 7:he result ant tastes and
odors require u~e cf extra chemicals In the water ~,upply '"pri-
marily chlorine, activated carton, and aluiri>; to relieve the
condition. A portion ;:-p the cad-litfon-,. cheiracbLt 'alum.' is used
to combat e,x.g\ l^ll'M- r^of-Jew- •; i -trie ?•"' ;.-r supply ir.d-.jced by
low fields. "Lhe^e ^;c,,:;o/'rj vhfrJ.-''/^- e'1-..'.r-- ir-e pr^.iesa; how-
ever, pigirlfrloort te.;;tc-r, end onor? o>">"r£iT.:,'!. y r/r-r'-i'P i/ -."iH w^ater,
giving rise •! c i-j.rst- ,u ,-,TU;>er£ c..f eosr;1''-:,'i'»i. '.up vc ' u ye;: week/.
The pr;"ri?io-T r--jse of flAi-e. -jv?;.- A ,.j.. ;~ t? t-: "-'.'t^", "l.~ the
high concejitr-.-tior >~f ••':'" T-J^>:': •• t i ; . . -••'• ;;'-;>r-L ,'e^ '' i?? tne
river dur-irg pf.!Tio:l< •, - lov, t"Iow, -'a ru~ -.,rie:-' -H'nv? iiTchroord,
there are several p'o'b-:"hle source? •: i. ; ; :e-rL-r with rgr-iculturai
land drainag'e and stvcc, z~>pal vra^+tr d i.-::h?..rgHl?i up:? tre,?jn being the
most significant., Because of the J -.".ic r-r :i in onrifj t i on or, critical
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nutrient concentrations, present nutrient concentrations, agri- _
cultural land use practices, and the expected effects of institu- •
tion of secondary treatment at waste discharges upstream, the
taste and odor problem at Richmond was not considered as a design
criteria for water quality. It is anticipated that future studies I
of the James River will provide adequate data to consider this •
problem in greater detail.
Water quality sufficient to protect the fish and aquatic |
life in the Jackson and James Rivers usually provides water qual-
ity satisfactory for most other beneficial uses. For this reason, •
the biological characteristics of the stream have been given pri- I
mary consideration for setting quality standards and objectives.
The parameter most affecting the stream's biological characteristics
is the dissolved oxygen (D. 0.) in the stream. Ponding, low •
stream velocities, and increasing water temperatures are natural •
conditions which cause low D. 0. concentrations. These conditions
also induce higher rates of D. 0. utilization in the stream from •
more rapid bio-oxidation of organic wastes. Prolonged periods |
of low D. 0. can damage or destroy the aquatic flora and fauna
of a stream, sometimes requiring extremely long periods of time _
for the stream to recover. •
After consultation between the Virginia Institute of
Marine Science and Virginia State Water Control Board, it was •
agreed that average values of 4.0 mg/1 D. 0. and minimum instan- I
taneous values of 3.0 mg/1 D. 0. were generally adequate to
retain the biological environment of most streams in Virginia, •
maintain the other water uses, and prevent development of nuisance |
conditions in these streams. These objectives have been specif-
ically adopted for the James River estuary by the Virginia Water _
Control Board and are being used when determining amounts and I
strengths of wastes that may be discharged to the estuary. *
After reviewing and evaluating the dissolved oxygen •
objectives discussed above, these objectives were determined to I
be both reasonable and adequate, so have been adopted for pur-
poses of this report. •
A once in 20-year low flow recurrence interval was used
as a basis for meeting or maintaining water quality in the Jack-
son and James Eivers. Computations were made using average I
monthly low flows, 20-year return frequency, and the assumption •
that the critical flows for each month occurred within the same
year. The assumption that monthly 20-year low flows will occur •
within the same year is statistically valid and was used in |
determining the most critical yearly conditions to be met.
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Periods of degraded water quality conditions in the
stream can require from several months to several years for the
biological environment to recover. Because of the long periods
required for the environment to recover, a recurrence interval
of one year in 20 was selected. A shorter frequency, such as
one year in five or ten years, would result in much greater
damage to natural fish and aquatic life in the critical stretch
of stream.
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ADDITIONAL WATER NEEDS
Increased per capita water use, expanding population,
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expanded industrial usage, plus greater diversification of water •
use have all combined to push national water requirements to I
higher levels. The rate of water use in a municipality is affect-
ed by a variety of factors: size and location of the community, •
habits and standards of living of the people, availability of |
water (including cost and quality), extent and use of water
meters, existence of sewers, degree of industrialization, plus _
other less specific factors. •
Industrial water use in the United States has increased
six-fold between 1900 and 1955, with the increases in use pri- I
marily restricted to manufacturing and process water„ Predictions •
of future industrial water use range from very nominal annual
increases to increases of 16 per cent per year. Predictions of •
small yearly increases in industrial water use are generally •
based on growth of existing facilitiesj whereas, predictions of
large yearly increases are usually based on the anticipated _
establishment of new plants or facilities. I
I/ 2/
Municipal-7 and Industrial-7 Water Needs in the James River Basin •
Anticipated economic growth and development of economic
resources in the Jackson and James River Basins will lead to «
significantly higher industrial water use at Covington, Lynch- •
burg, and Richmond. Much of this industrial demand is incorpo-
rated in water use projections for the above municipalities, as
these municipalities presently provide about 30 to 50 per cent I
of the industrial supply. Additional industrial growth is •
expected at intermediate locations along the stream; however,
the lowest stream flows of record are much above anticipated •
water use at these intermediate locations. |
Covington, Lynchburg, Scottsville, and Richmond presently mm
utilize the main stem of the Jackson or James Rivers as a source I
of water supply and are expected to continue as the most signifi-
cant demands on this source into the future. Present and pro-
jected municipal water needs at Covington, Lynchburg, and Richmond •
2/ Any domestic, commercial, industrial, or other water demand •
supplied through a community system. |
2/ Those industries or commercial water users having their own _
water supplies, i.e., sources or intakes. •
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are compared with the minimum flow of record at the correspond-
ing stream section in Table XIV, on page 38. The municipal
requirements shown in Table XIV include industrial supplies
utilizing the municipal system.
Figures for present water use (mgd) and total persons
served were obtained from the communities considered. Economic
and population projections, from which water needs were calcu-
lated, were obtained utilizing past and present trends; then
these trends were extended into the future. Projected municipal
water use was calculated using economic and population projec-
tions included in this report with figures for per capita water
use in the communities of interest (125 gpcd for Covington, 140
gpcd for Lynchburg, and 140 gpcd for Richmond). Future per
capita water use was determined considering present water use
and water use in other communities of comparable size and economic
background. Projected water use figures for Covington, Lynch-
burg, and Richmond, contained in Table XIV, were in close agree-
ment with projections furnished by the municipalities; however,
Public Health Service projections of water use were used, as
they had benefit of more recent economic and population data,
were not limited by corporate boundaries, and gave greater
weight to the trend toward higher per capita water use.
By year 2020, combined municipal and industrial water
use at Covington is expected to approximately equal the Jackson
River low flow of record. Water use is projected to increase
from the present level of 34 mgd to about 49 mgd in 2020. Indus-
trial usage would make up approximately 46 of the 49 mgd total,
with the 46 mgd projected as a relatively constant demand beyond
the year 2020. Jackson River flow is considered sufficient to
provide water supplies for industry and the City of Covington
beyond year 2020.
Considerable industrial growth in the lynchburg area is
projected, with municipal and industrial water use expected to
follow a similar trend. Almost all the industries in the Lynch-
burg area are served by the City's municipal supply taken from
its Pedlar River source. Only a few industries at Lynchburg
have separate water supplies utilizing the James River as a
source. Projections of this separate industrial water use show
it is expected to amount to about 30$ of the lowest river flow
on record, some 44 mgd. The City of Lynchburg also has an aux-
iliary supply line to the James River in case of failure of the
Pedlar River supply. Should complete failure of the Pedlar sup-
ply occur, only 60 per cent of the low flow of record in the
James River would be required to supply the combined municipal
and industrial needs, by year 2020.
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39
Water use in the Richmond area is expected to follow
the economic growth pattern of the area. The Richmond area
population is expected to increase by about three times the
present population by the year 2020. Manufacturing and employ-
ment are projected to have moderate increases for the immediate
future, with a leveling off thereafter, as shown in the Economic
Section of this report. These economic projections were obtain-
ed utilizing past and present conditions to obtain trends; then
extending these trends into the future.
Richmond presently uses an average of approximately 35
mgd for its municipal water supply, serving almost all industries
in the area with water supplies (excluding water used for power
generation). Industrial usage of the City water system presently
makes up about 30 per cent of the City's demand, some 10 mgd,
and this industrial usage is expected to remain near the 30 per
cent level in the future. Projected municipal water use at
Richmond indicates a use of approximately 160 mgd by year 2020
(see Table XIV).
When evaluating water usage and future water supply
needs at Richmond, the water rights for 645 cfs of James River
flow must be considered. These water rights are deeded to the
Chesapeake and Ohio Railway Company, then leased on a long-term
basis and apportioned as follows:
City of Richmond 88
VEPCO 173
Albemarle Paper Company 384
645 cfs
During periods of summer low flow in the stream, water
rights almost equal stream flow. James River flow during the
summers of 1954 and 1963 almost equaled water rights in the
James, especially in 1963, when flows of 646 cfs were recorded
at Richmond. The City of Richmond has negotiated an agreement
with VEPCO, giving Richmond use of VEPCO's 173 cfs water rights
for municipal supply during periods of low flow when James
River flow would not support the City's needs. The 173 cfs can-
not be used for any purpose other than municipal water supply.
Combined City and VEPCO water rights amount to 261 cfs (167 mgd),
which is approximately equal to the projected 160 mgd required
by year 2020.
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Based on the projection of economic and population trends
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.DciHeu uii uiic ^ixujcuuj-uu uo. euuiiuiiu.u aiiu jjupuj.ai.xuii uieiiuts mm
for the Richmond Metropolitan Area, and the Agreement with VEPCO, I
adequate quantities of water are available to supply municipal
and industrial needs at Richmond until year 2020. Even though
projections show adequate quantities of water available, pro- I
jected water demand and supply are so nearly equal that invest1- •
gations of other sources will probably be carried out in the
next few years. Preliminary investigations have already been •
made in the Petersburg area toward developing the Appomattox |
River for water supply storage„ The Richmond area could also
use this source, as it is located very close to Richmond, some mm
20 miles. The York River Basin, primarily Pamunkey and Mattaponi •
Rivers, also offers potential sources of water supply to the
Richmond area.
Water supply storage .in a reservoir located above Coving- I
ton, Virginia, is not considered as a solution to future water
needs at Richmond, because of the extreme distance (285 miles) •
between the source of supply and the user. The availability of Jj
other sources of water supply near Richmond make water supply
stQrage in the Gathrlght Reservoir site above Govington infeasible _
at this time. I
It must be recognized that large scale growth of indus-
try, manufacturing,, commerce, etc. may appreciably alter water •
requirements derived from projections of present economic trends. I
Should economic growth occur at greater than the anticipated
rates, the resources of the Richmond area indicate most of the •
growth would be of the "clean" types (little water used other I
than cooling water, and little waste discharged).
Only municipal and industrial users of the James River I
upstream from the estuary have been considered. There is a ™
tremendous volume of water in the James estuary available for
use when salinity or other quality indicators are not prohibitive, •
This availability of water would probably influence heavy indus- I
trial water users to consider this area as a source, thereby
eliminating a demand on the James River„ •
Waste Load Projection _
Projections of waste Loads to the stream nmsi- be done ™
on an area basis when considering wastes from municipalities or
municipal-industrial complexes. In the study area, three muniei- •
pal-industrial complexes were considered: Richmond, Lynchburg, I
and Covington. All calculations were based on waste loads after
adequate treatment (considered as 85$> 5-day BOD removal for this •
report). I
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41
Economic projections indicate moderate industrial and
population increases for the Richmond area. The waste load
drawn from these projections, plus the tremendous volume of
water in the James estuary, should allow maintenance of quality
objectives in the James below Richmond, after secondary treat-
ment has been provided!/.
Economic projections for the Lynchburg area indicate
this area will show a greater percentage of industrial and pop-
ulation growth than Covington or Richmond. After consideration
of waste load projections, stream flow, and quality data for
the area, it was calculated that natural stream flows are ade-
quate to meet water quality objectives at the selected protection
level of once in 20 years,, The stream can assimilate approxi-
mately 53,000 Ibs/day at t-he selected low flow, approximately
3 1/2 times the present load to the stream after secondary treat-
ment,. The 2020 waste load is projected as approximately 40,000
Ibs/day, which is within the assimilative capacity of the James
at lynchburg.
During periods of low flow, water quality problems pres-
ently exist in a 2-3 mile zone just above Lynchburg, between
Reusen's Dam and Lynchburg Dam on the James River. During the
low flow conditions, river flows are stored at Reusen's for
periods of 2-5 hours, then released for power generation. When
river flows are being stored, a dry stream bed, or very little
flow, exists in a 2-3 mile stretch below Reusen's, sometimes
causing small fish Mils and destroying portions of the stream
environment within the affected area.
Passing of the water quality control flows released.
from Gatbright Reservoir would eliminate the problems created
by low to zero flow in the James below Reusen's, i.e., maintain
the biological characteristics in the area. If the quality
control flows are "peaked" for power generation, very little
improvement would occur in this stream stretch. It is antici-
pated that power licenses on the James River will be re-negoti-
ated if Gathrlght Reservoir is constructed, in order to require
passage of water quality flows without "peaking" for power
generation,,
I/ Private report on BOD assimilation capacity of Lower James
River, Virginia - Donald J. O'Connor, July I960,
Report on assimilation capacity of the Upper James River
(estuary) - Hydro-Science Inc., August 1963.
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42
Using available stream flow and quality data, present
Table XV - WASTE LOAD PROJECTIONS - COVINGTON AREA
Type of
Waste Load
Municipal
Industrial
TOTAL
Present (1964)
(# 5 -day BOD/day)
1,4B02/
12,000
13,480
1995I/
(# 5-day BOD/day) (#
500
16, ODD
16,500
202 Qi/
5 -day BOD/day)
660
20^000
20,660
I/ Projections based on provision of adequate treatment.
2/ City of Covington presently provides only primary treatment.
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using a.va,,A j.ctuj,c auicfcuu xxuw uuu 4.ua.xxL.,y um/a, JJJ.CHCJ.IO •
waste data, and economic projections, the Jackson River below I
Covington was determined to be the critical stretch of the Jack-
son and James Rivers for meeting the water quality objectives
set forth on pages 34 and 35 of this report. The primary prob- I
lem in this portion of the stream, considering present and pro- •
jected stream uses, is maintaining 4.0 mg/1 dissolved oxygen.
With secondary treatment of waste discharges through the length •
of the Jackson and James Rivers, meeting dissolved oxygen require- |
ments at Covington can be expected to eliminate problems of low
dissolved oxygen concentrations within the study area* •
Since the stretch of stream below Covington was determined
to be critical, detailed municipal and industrial waste loading
projections for water quality calculation have been made for only I
the Covington area,, •
Municipal waste load projection is based on a contribu- •
tion factor of 0.2 pounds of 5-day BOD per person per day. Used |
in conjunction with population projections, the 0,2 Ib/day contri-
bution factor allows computation of realistic municipal (domestic) _
waste loads. Utilizing population projections and 85$ waste I
treatment in the Covington area, the domestic waste loads for ™
years 1995 and 2020 are estimated at 500 and 660 pounds of 5-day
BOD, respectively. (See Table XV). •
Present industrial waste discharges to the stream at
Covington receive secondary treatment and discharge some 12,000 •
Ibs of 5-day BOD/day,, It is expected that the degree of treat- I
ment will be maintained or improved in the future.
Projections of industrial waste loads to the stream at •
Covington, after secondary treatment, amount to 16,000 Ibs of ™
5-day BOD by year 1995, and 20,000 Ibs by year 2020. (See Table
XV). These loadings were based on economic projections of indus- •
trial growth in the Covington area, after consultation with I
industry.
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43
Pro.lect Investigation and Data Analysis
The determination of BOD assimilative capacities for the
Jackson and James Rivers required data from various points in
the stream and for various flow and temperature conditions. Data
from special studies of the Jackson River at, above, and below
Covington, conducted by West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company,
were used in the computations, plus stream quality data gather-
ed from eight stations along the Jackson-James System by the
Virginia State Water Control Board, 1959 through 1962. Data
used in the analysis included measurements of dissolved oxygen,
temperature, biochemical oxygen demand, stream flow, and veloc-
ity, plus observations of stream conditions during periods of
critical dissolved oxygen concentrations. The data were combined
and analyzed to determine de-oxygenation and reaeration rates
for use in computing assimilative capacities of the stream^-/
Computations of assimilative capacity to meet established dis-
solved oxygen objectives are necessarily based on averages of
physical and chemical conditions in the stream, especially
temperature and waste load. When using maximum averages for
temperature and waste load, normal fluctuations of indicator
values cause variable dissolved oxygen concentrations in the
stream for similar flow conditions. Calculations of assimila-
tive capacity in this report were made, recognizing the above
variables and their effect on, and relationships to, instantane-
ous stream dissolved oxygen concentrations.
Because of the size of the present waste load at Coving-
ton (14,560 of 5-day BOD including background stream BOD) and
the low flow in the Jackson River during the summer months (avail-
able flow of 55 cfs for August), waste assimilation calculations
indicate Covington is, and will be, the problem area for main-
taining water quality. Criteria used for the calculation of
stream flows required to obtain or preserve water quality in the
Jackson River are as follows:
1. Minimum allowable average dissolved oxygen of 4.0
mg/1 with minimum allowable instantaneous values of 3.0 mg/1.
2. Background BOD in the stream (from land drainage,
etc.) of 1.0 mg/1.
3. Initial dissolved oxygen deficit upstream from Cov-
ington of 1.0 mg/1. This value reflects natural stream condi-
tions as recorded by state sampling. It is anticipated that
reservoir operation will be such to maintain high dissolved
oxygen conditions in the releases by the use of multiple level
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44
6. 46 MGD of water used at Covington and returned as
ater with EX
figures 6a and 6b.
EXAMPLE - Given: 1. Initial D. 0. Deficit =1.0 mg/1
2. Minimum allowable average D. 0. =
4.0 mg/1
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outlets, Howell-Bunger Valves^, or some other measure. Natural •
aeration of the stream, as it flows the 19 miles from the dam I
site to the critical point below Covington, will help maintain
the required stream D, 0. values for use in waste assimilation.
4. Drainage area of Jackson River above Dunlap Creek •
is equal to 440 square miles.
5. Minimum monthly average low flow conditions with a |
return frequency of one in 20 years (shown in Figures 6a and 6b),
(Monthly low flows plotted vs. drainage area for the Jackson _
River above Covington.) I
waste water with DO » 2 mg/1. To be used to adjust values from •
7. Figure 7 was constructed to determine minimum flow •
necessary to assimilate a given waste load at a given tempera- |
ture. (Temperature vs. waste load vs. flow to maintain 4.0 mg/1
dissolved oxygen.) _
A sample calculation demonstrating the use of values, •
figures, and tables is given below:
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3. Temperature = 25°C
4. Daily waste load = 40,000 Ibs/day •
of ultimate BOD
5. Available stream flow * 200 cfs |
(20-year monthly low flow adjusted
for reduced quality, D. 0., of the •
waste) •
Using Figure 7, flow required to maintain 4.0 mg/1 dis-
solved oxygen in the stream is 250 cfs. I
I/ Mechanical Aeration Devices sometimes used on water treat- |
ment plants and have proved helpful in maintaining high D.
0. values in reservoir releases. _
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DRAINAGE AREA IN SQUARE MILES
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER BASIN -VIRGINIA
JAMES RIVER 20 YR. LOW FLOW
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION HE CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
FIGURE 6A
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IOOO 1500 2000 2500
DRAINAGE AREA IN SQUARE MILES
3000
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER B A S IN - VI R GIN IA
JAMES RIVER 20 YR. LOW FLOW
3500
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION m CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
FIGURE 6B
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TEMPERATURE - °C
IO
WATER SUPPLY AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL STUDY
JAMES RIVER B ASIN - VIR GIN IA
ASSIMILATIVE CAPACITY BELOW
COVINGTON
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE
PUBLIC HEALTH SERVICE
REGION UJ CHARLOTTESVILLE , VIRGINIA
FIGURE 7
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45
Additional flow to maintain the stream quality at a level
to support the beneficial uses of the stream is 250 - 200 = 50
cfs for this month. This additional flow can be converted easily
to reservoir storage and monthly flows accumulated to give season-
al requirements.
Applying the above procedure to stream and waste condi-
tions at Covington, the draft on storage*/ required for water
quality control amounts to 40,000 AF/year in 1970, 50,000 AF/year
in 1995, and 60,700 AF/year in 2020. Table XVI, on page 46,
gives monthly average flows which must be provided to maintain
the desired water quality objective in the Jackson and James
Rivers. The monthly design low flows and the yearly draft on
storage are also shown in Table XVI. The necessary flows are
shown by month, to indicate distribution of the need for flow
regulation for water quality control throughout the year.
Table XVI is not to be used as a reservoir operating
schedule, but should be used as a guide for developing a reser-
voir operating or release schedule.
The volume of storage that must be available on an annual
basis to meet water quality objectives with flow regulation.
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47
BENEFITS OF STORAGE
Benefits can result from reservoir releases for water
quality control that increase the flow in a stream during periods
of critical or low flow. Some of these incidental benefits may
include increased recreational opportunities and greater aesthet-
i c charact eris t i cs„
Water quality control through flow regulation by the
Gathright Reservoir will provide many benefits by improving
conditions in the Jackson River for about 45 miles and in the
James River for approximately 340 miles. These improved condi-
tions will decrease with progression downstream because the
reservoir releases become an increasingly smaller percentage of
the total stream flow» The benefits are widespread, affecting
some one-half million persons^ with greater benefits occurring
near population or industrial centers above the James estuary.
Maintenance of higher flows during the summer and fall
months would afford greater opportunity for water-oriented recrea-
tional use of the Jackson and James Rivers„ Of the recreational
uses^ fishing and boating would receive the greatest benefits.,
since the James River is the principal stream in central Virginia„
Fish production, for example, would be increased by the maintenance
of a larger water surface area which is generally conceded as one
of the principal factors in propagation,; The most significant
benefits would result in a 10-15 mile stretch of the Jackson
River below Covington, Virginia, where warm water fish and bio-
logical life can be maintained„
Riparian property owners would be benefited because of
improved aesthetic values resulting from improved water quality
and increased stream flows„ Aesthetic benefits would stem
primarily from a more desirable and appealing water environment„
These benefits will be significant in both rural and metropolitan
areas} affecting residential, commercial, and industrial estab-
lishments o The additional flows would also prevent deposition
of solids in pools of the Jackson and James Rivers during periods
of low flew.
Fewer water quality control problems for industry would
result, as increased flows tend to reduce hardness and solids
concentrationso Reduced solids and hardness concentrations in
water supplies are especially beneficial for boiler operation
and for use as industrial process water,,
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Records of water treatment plant operations at Richmond I
indicate that James River flows above 900 cfs present few water •
treatment problems„ With flows of this magnitude, algal popula-
tions are apparently below nuisance concentrations; suspended and •
dissolved solids are minimal, and water hardness is of little |
significance„ When flows drop "below about 900 cfs, severe taste
and odor problems begin to appear in the Richmond water„ The _
magnitude of the taste and, odor problem is indicated by the num- I
ber of complaints to the Richmond Commissioner of Public Works.
Complaints average about 2 per week durlr«g normal operations, but
jump to about 70 per week during periods of +aste and odor prob- •
lemSo The increased stream flows of 18-198 cfs to maintain •
quality objectives during periods of critical stream flow will
also reduce the potential for water treatment problems at Rich- •
mond. On the average, some 5-6 thousand dollars are spent yearly |
combating taste and odor problems at Richmond,,
During periods of low James River flow, most of the flow •
passes through the Kanawha Canal, leaving little or no flow in
the natural channel from Boshers Dam to 14th Street Bridge0 The
low flows in the natural channel allow mosquito breeding and, •
during 1963, several square miles of the City of Richmond were •
afflicted with acute mosquito problems „ The additional flows
would help relieve the mosquito nuisance and improve aesthetic
conditions in 9 miles of the stream bed0
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There would be quality control benefits in the estuary ^
portion of the James River stemming from increased flows of I
higher quality water into the estuary; however, flows eontribut- ™
ed by the reservoir are small when compared to the estuary
volume, making measurement of the benefits in this section of I
the stream extremely difficult,, I
The most significant benefits from water quality control •
storage in Gathright would occur in a 15-25 mile stretch of stream |
below Covington, Virginia, These benefits result from increasing
D. 0. levels to an average of 4 mg/l| allowing production of —
warm water fish, as well as other biological life,, and greatly I
improving the aesthetic qualities in this reach„ These benefits
are of measurable value and are directly attributable to stream
flow regulation by Gathright Reservoir,, I
A measure of water quality control benefits in the Jackson
and James Rivers has been made in terms of costs of obtaining the •
same quantity and/or quality of water by the cheapest alternate |
means which would most likely be developed by potential users?
in the absence of a Federal project,. _
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49
Inclusion of storage for quality control by stream flow
regulation must be considered when planning a Federal reservoir.
However, this quality control storage, with subsequent water
releases, shall not be provided as a substitute for adequate
waste treatment. Adequate treatment has been interpreted to be
a minimum of conventional secondary treatment for municipal
sewage, and its equivalent for industrial wastes, after evalua-
tion of the individual industrial waste to be treated«, Secondary
treatment was assumed as B5% BOD removal for water quality benefit
calculations.
Based upon present knowledge, adequate treatment is
expected to remove 85 per cent of the total organic waste load
prior to discharge to the watercourses of the study area»
Although higher removals can be achieved by the treatment facil-
ities, the average reduction for the area will be somewhat less
because of the discharge of organic material through storm water
sewers and numerous individual home disposal systems. The 85$
BOD removal is a realistic efficiency of treatment which can be
economically attained by municipalities and industries in the area.
In the critical area for water quality control, Jackson
River below Covington, adequate treatment is unable to reduce
the pollution load to a level that would satisfy established
stream quality objectives at design low flow. Using minimum
average monthly flow with a 20-year return frequency—80 cfs at
Covington during August (Figure 6a), then adjusted to 55 cfs
because of the reduced quality M & I water returned from Coving-
ton—the Jackson River can assimilate approximately 8,000 pounds
of 5-day BOD per day at 28°C (Figure 7). This assimilative
capacity is inadequate to maintain the quality objectives with
present (1964) waste loads of about 14?56Qr/pounds of 5-day BOD
per day, and no assimilative capacity is available for the in-
crease in load to about 22,000 pounds of 5-day BOD/day in 2020„
Methods presently available for reducing waste loads
contributed to the stream after conventional secondary treat-
ment include: lagooning, holding ponds for regulated release of
effluent or waste, additional treatment above secondary, waste
transport downstream, and complete removal. If removal of waste
below the critical amount is not economically feasible, one
additional alternative exists—a reservoir to provide additional
stream flow, i0e0, flow regulation,,
The methods of achieving water quality objectives in the
Covington area are evaluated below„
I/ BOD loadings include municipal, industrial, and natural BOD
in the stream.
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Transport of the Discharge to a Point Downstream
This approach was not applicable in the Lower Jackson and
Upper James River area* Transporting the waste load downstream
would destroy one of the best warm water fishing streams in the
State of Virginia.
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Lagooning •
This method of achieving stream quality is not feasible,
a required for such an install
the very narrow Jackson River Valley,
The area required for such an installation is not available in •
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Holding Ponds for Regulation of Waste Releases
The use of holding ponds is limited to places where —
large areas can be utilized for the construction of the ponds, I
For the Covington area, waste holding ponds are not practical *
because of their necessary size., and the non-availability of
land for pond construct ion . Sulphur in the paper mill waste •
would also present problems,, Long periods of storage would tend |
to chemically reduce the sulfate compounds to sulfides, and the
sulfides would exert a large oxygen demand when released to the •
stream. I
Additional Treatment Beyond Secondary •
The wastes from the Covington area are almost entirely
industrial. The industrial wastes have undergone treatment in •
an extensive and unique secondary treatment process; a pioneering |
effort in the treatment of paper mill wastes. The treatment
processes include: mixing tank to blend mill and sanitary wastes £
and adjust the pH, primary clarifiers, nutrient fed activated I
sludge units, and secondary settling 0
Modifications of existing treatment facilities are con- •
tinually being carried out when research indicates the new ™
measures will be effective, A cooling tower is presently under
construction to lower waste temperatures and increase the effi- •
cency of the activated sludge unit0 |
For these reasons, this method of achieving established «
water quality objectives is not considered a feasible alternative „ •
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Treatment methods which, would economically ac voroplish
complete removal of all pollutants are not presently available0
However, e6rtair,- processes a;5e far enough advanced to be con-
sidered wlvm -eomparlog alteria't-- methods of obtaining water
quality objectives,
The "freezing and gas hydrate process,," developed for
demineralizir>g eea water, t-s one of the most promising met/hods
whieh .may be adapted xe treating wa?te waters by con cent rating
Unsolved solids to about one per -.'.ent by volume„ Thie process
Is one of the least expensive wetiiodg for complete removal of
pollutants (estimated 3Ost js= $0^0 per 1000 gallonsV. Conven-
tional secondary treatirervt we'0,1(3 necessarily precede the process
to condition the waste,. "Ireatmert of Coving ton area wastes
would have an average annual cost of approximately $4S9'70,000/
year0 The annual cost includes operation, maintenance, ana
amortizatiori charges» but disposal of concentrated solids pro-
duced by the process was not considered in the above ?ost
estimatesc Since this additional disposal problem would result
in additive costs to this expensive method of waste treatment,
no further analysis was made,
Single Purpose Reservoir
After wastes from the Covington area have undergon^-
secondary treatments it is estimated that a single purpose reser-
voir for quality control must provide a draft on storage of
60,700 AF/year to maintain water quality objectives in the. Jack-
son and James Rivers until year 2020n Existing and proposed
uses of the Jackson River above Covington are not expected tc
adversely affect the quality of water stored in a reservoir
located in this area,,
Other reservoir sites were investigated on the 'Tq.elc.3ori
and its tributaries, and it was found that the site of GatJxright
Reservoir offers the cheapest const/rac^-icr ci'fe0 Estimated, con-
struction costs ard typical annual operation costs (0 ar«d M plus
annual charges) for a reservoir to provide the necessary draft
on storage were prepared by the Corps of Engineers, u^-ing data
furnished by the Public Health Seivice0 f,Shown in trie table
belowo) Interest rates have been taken as 3 1/3 per eerii^ and
1970 is consic^r^cl a reasonable; date for ihe reservoir to bftccme
operational,,
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Year Con- Provided Construe- Costs (G&M Plus
£irueted_, ™_AJL__- MSL-Gsst Annual Charges)
1970 60/700 $12.140.000 $72,700
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Storage Estimated Annual Operation M
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Using the above data, the average annual value of quality •
control storage In a single-purpose reservoir at the Gathright •
site amounts to $556,000 per year when amortized over a fifty
year period. As the single-purpose reservoir, in eon June tdon fl
with secondary waste treatment, is the most feasible and most |
economical met.nod for providing water quality control, the
$5.?nyOOG per year is the minimum annual value of water quality gj
control ber._efit? over the life of the reservoir project, 1970 I
to 202G0 The benefits from reservoir storage would be wide-
'-.pj-'tad in scope 9 affe:ting 385 miles of stream and some one-half —
ri'.£lior persons in their use of the Jackson and James Rivers I
for wafce/ supply, recreation, agncuJ ture, plus other beneficial ™
water uses,
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BIBLIOGRAPHY
a. National Planning Association, 1962, Regional Economic Pro-
jections Series—State Employment Trends to 1976: National
Planning Association, Washington, Report No. 1.
b. Bureau of the Census, 1949 to 1959, Censuses of Agriculture:
U. S. Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
c. Virginia State Chamber of Commerce, 1963, Directory of
Virginia Manufacturing and Mining: Virginia State Chamber
of Commerce, 1963-196/4.
d. Harvey and Others, I960, Regions, Resources, and Economic
Growth: Resources for the Future, Inc., published by The
Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, Maryland, p.70-71.
e. Bureau of the Census, 1960, Census of Population: U. S.
Department of Commerce, Washington, D. C.
f. Reports on studies of consultant engineers prepared for
West Virginia Pulp and Paper Company
g. "James River Investigations - Benefits to Pollution Abatement
from Low Water Regulation," M. LeBosquet, Jr0, Public Health
Service Report to the Corps of Engineers, September 194-5.
h. "Review of James River Investigation with Reference to Pro-
posed Gathright Reservoir and Falling Springs Reregulating
Dam," RATSEC, August 1953.
i. The Task Committee, American Water Works Association, "Study
of Domestic Water Use," Journal of American Water Works
Association, November 1958.
j. "Private Report on BOD Assimilation Capacity of Lower James
River, Virginia," Donald J. O'Connor, July I960.
k. "Report on Assimilation Capacity of the Upper James River"
(estuary), Hydro-Science Inc., August 1963.
1. "Surface Water Records of Virginia," 1937-1963, U, S.
Geological Survey.
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