AN APPRAISAL OF WATER POLLUTION CONTROL
                 IN THE
     WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA
            MARCH  16,  1970

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Kegional Center foi Environmental Infonnatia
            VS EPA. Region III
               1650 Arch St.
           Philadelphia, PA 19103

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     AN APPRAISAL OF WATER  POLLUTION CONTROL


                     IN THE


          WASHINGTON METROPOLITAN AREA
Prepared by the Federal Water  Pollution Control
Administration, Middle Atlantic Region staff for
presentation at the Reconvened Work Session of the
Potomac River  - Washington Metropolitan Area
Enforcement Conference, March  16,  1970.
                                  U.S. EPA £cec;k
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           LE6END
 X.— UPPER POTOMAC  SERVICE AREA

 IT   ROCK CREEK SERVICE AREA

 IE — ANACOSTIA  RIVER SERVICE AREA

 EC- OXON RUN  CREEK SERVICE AREA

 JC- WSSD SERVICE  AREA

 • .•.:•..•..•,;.:   MAJOR O.C. INTERCEPTORS

—••"—•«— SERVICE  AREA BOUNDARIES
I-PENTAGON  STP

Z-ARLINGTON  STP

S-DISTRICT  OF COLUMBIA STP

4-ALEXANDRIA  STP

5-FAIRFAX-WESTGATE STP

6-FAIRFAX-L. HUNTING CR  STP


7-FAIRFAX — DCGUE CR. STP

8- FT. BELVOIR  STP

9-FT. BELVOIR  STP


10-WSSD PISCATAWAV STP
                                                FIGURE —  i
                                            SEWAGE  FACILITIES
                          POTOMAC  RIVER —WASHINGTON  METROPOLITAN  AREA

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             In April 1969, the Potomac River-Washington Metropolitan Area


        Enforcement Conference was reconvened.  The Conferees established a
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        limit on the total number of pounds of oxygen demanding materials and


•      nutrients which could be discharged to the Potomac Estuary, and called


        §upon the metropolitan area communities to initiate an accelerated pro-


        gram of construction of waste treatment plants which would collectively


•      meet these water quality goals.


             The Conferees also adopted a series of recommendations dealing


•      with the ancillary problems of storm and combined sewers, sedimenta-


        tion, industrial wastes, heated effluent, etc.  Recommendations of the


™      State-Federal Conferees were adopted by Secretary of the Interior,


it      Walter J. Hickel, on June 13, 1969.


             Now, about one year later, we can take a critical look at what


•      is being accomplished.  This statement will present the Federal Water


        Pollution Control Administration's (FWPCA) view of where we stand on


W      the construction elements of the enforcement conference, including dis-


•      cussion of FWPCA research and development projects in the Washington


        Metropolitan area.



*      Loadings to the Estuary


•           FWPCA studies conducted in the Upper Potomac Estuary during 1969


        confirm previous mathematical model studies, and further substantiate


        the limits established by the Conferees at the third session of the


        Conference in May 1969.  The biochemical oxygen demand and nutrient

        loadings originally developed for low-flow conditions remain unchanged.


        Investigations have been extended to study the effects of varying

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flow conditions and temperatures on the loadings in the upper estuary,—

                                        2/
and to develop loadings for middle zones— of the estuary.
•     Status of Planning for Advanced Waste Treatment


            An analysis has been made on the status of planning for advanced


•     waste treatment at each sewage treatment plant in the area.  The status


       is reported in Table 1,


d          The Blue Plains sewage treatment plant is the key to Potomac


tm     River pollution control.  About 80 percent of the sewage generated in


       the metropolitan area is routed through this one plant.  Although a


V     complete abatement program requires that the other smaller plants in


       the area also provide a high degree of treatment, it is absolutely


J|     essential that construction of an advanced waste treatment plant at


•     Blue Plains proceed as scheduled.


            In addition, a thorough evaluation should be made of the arrange-


•     ment that allows sewage from outside the District to be piped to Blue


       Plains for treatment.  As shown in Figure 2, approximately 3.9 MGD


•     flows to Blue Plains via the Dulles Interceptor Sewer from


—     communities in Virginia; and 25.3 MGD come from Rock Creek Interceptor


*     and 56.4 MGD from the Anacostia Interceptor.  With continued popula-


•     tion growth these contributions to Blue Plains are predicted to rise
by 1980 to 37.5 MGD from Virginia and 33.6 MGD from Maryland.  The


Potomac Interceptor Sewer was financed by an appropriation from the
—'   From Great Falls to about one-mile downstream from Fairfax-Westgate
    plant.

o/
—   From above reach to Hallowing Point.

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                                     FUJURK  '


                       D.C.  SERVICE  AREA SEWAGE FLOWS

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9      U,  S,  Congress,  and the  agreements  to  accept  sewage  from  outside  the
•      District  were made possible by Congressional  action.
             On February 26,  1970,  Mr.  Norman  Jackson,  Director of Sanitary
•      Engineering for  the District of Columbia,  submitted  a report  on the
        status of the several projects in the  District.   He  reported  that an
I      invitation for bids will be released on May 21,  1970,  for expanded
•      primary and excess flow  treatment.   This is a $17.3  million project.
        This project is  designed to alleviate  the peak  flow  problems  caused
•      by the District's combined sewer.   This project is two-months and
        21 days behind schedule.
V           Design is under  way for expanded  secondary treatment capacity which
mt      it is estimated  will  cost more than $46 million.  This portion of the
        project is ahead of the  schedule adopted by the Conference.
•           A contract  has been signed for a  $27 million sludge  processing
        plant that will  handle sludge disposal for the  proposed expanded  plant.
£           As Mr. Jackson reported at the third session of the  Conference in
»      1969 the original design of the advanced waste  treatment  facility was
        predicated on filling in of the Potomac Estuary.  On December 15,  1969,
•j      the Secretary of the  Interior advised  the Corps of Engineers  of the
        Department's objection to this proposed destruction.   Mr. Hickel's
•      position was based on the need for  improved national management
_      practices for the estuaries and on apparent alternate ways of meeting
™      the District's waste treatment needs.
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Alternatives to Expansion at Blue Plains

     There are four general alternatives open to the District in the

development of a wastewater treatment facility to fit their  needs:

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        (1)  utilize the present plant site increasing the density of systems


B      by  employment of  such techniques as the Linde process, tube clarifica-


        tion, and  stacking of components; (2) construction of a new regional


•      plant on the Anacostia by Washington Sanitary Suburban Commission  (WSSC)


        to  relieve the  load at Blue Plains, (3) expand onto other lands near


™      Blue Plains; or  (4) some combination of these approaches.


•          The Federal  Water Pollution Control Administration and the District


        of  Columbia Department of Sanitary Engineering have been engaged for


•      several years in  a major effort to develop improved waste treatment


        techniques which  would provide very high level removal of oxygen


•      demanding  materials and nutrients.  A summary of the project is attached


fl      as  Appendix A of  this report.  In addition, the Federal Water Pollution


        Control Administration has supported numerous advanced waste treatment


•      projects in other parts of the country.  These projects have collectively


        demonstrated a  great many processes, chemical, physical, and biological,


•      which can  be used in varying combinations to achieve the highest degree


fl|      of  waste treatment.  In many cases, these processes are also expected


        to  reduce  space requirements, reduce capital cost, and to provide
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        higher levels of reliability.


             Mr.  Paul Freese,  Assistant  Director, Department  of  Sanitary


        Engineering for the District  of  Columbia, has  advised FWPCA  that  the


        District  has now developed preliminary designs for  improvements and
        expansion of the Blue Plains facility which  would meet  the  water  quality

 •      goals as established by the Conferees,  and which would  avoid the  need

        for land filling in the Potomac  Estuary.

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            The Conferees, at their April 1969 meeting, identified the need


       for further studies to determine the extent to which it might be


       necessary to limit flows to the Blue Plains site.  The table below


       indicates the current and projected loads of the several interceptor


       systems presently connected to the Blue Plains facility.  Most of these


       past connections have been made without significant engineering studies


       of the treatment problems which might be encountered at the Blue Plains


       facilities.


                       Projected            Projected
                       Capacities at        Flows from
                       Blue Plains QlGD)*   Table 1** (MGD)I/  Difference
            D. C.           135                 136                 1
       1980 Virginia         18                  32                14

            Maryland        156                 _16_4                 9
                            309                 332


            D. C.           180                 170               -10

       2000 Virginia         65                 130                65
            Maryland        174                 333               159
                            419                 633


       *    Metcalf and Eddy report and information from D. C. Sanitary

              Engineering Department.


       **   Potomac Conference Report.


       —(    Projects based on unpublished Population Studies and Forecasts by
•             Hammer, Greene, Siler Associates (High Projection)


            If projected increases in population and consequent higher flows


•      occur as predicted by Hammer, Greene, Siler Associates, the proposed


_      419 MGD plant would soon be overloaded.


™           Construction of a new regional facility by the old WSSC near Peace


•      Cross on the Anacostia River offers an immediate opportunity to begin


       the process of stabilizing the total future flows which must be managed


•      at the Blue Plains.  WSSC operated a treatment plant at this location
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™      until about 15 years ago.,  The site is still owned by WSSC.   The
l|      WSSC five-year plans call for early construction of a 3O MGD interceptor
        extending approximately from Peace Cross to Blue Plains.  The WSSC has
p      estimated that the new Anacostia pumping station and force main required
—      to handle flows in excess of the capacity of the existing interceptor
*      will cost an estimated $19 million.
B           The engineering and economic rationale behind this interceptor
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       proposal must be carefully reviewed in terms of the very high levels

       of treatment which must be provided for all wastes discharged in the

       Potomac Estuarine System and the constraints on unlimited expansion of

       the Blue Plains facility.  The  levels of treatment would in either case,

       Blue Plains or Peace Cross, be  extremely high, essentially total
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        renovation of waste to drinking water quality, and there is no reason
       to believe that the investment in the interceptor would effect the

       significant savings in either capital or operating costs.

            The availability of  land is an even more critical issue.  In

       contrast to the Blue Plains situation, the WSSC property is in an
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        industrial  zone  with  reasonable opportunities for expansion without the
I      consequences  of  massive  environmental damage.  The  site of the
        Anacostia-Peace  Cross plant  and photographs are  shown in Figure  1 and
•
        on exhibits here in the conference room,

             The Anacostia sub-estuary is shallow with extremely poor circu-

        lation characteristics.  Under these circumstances, the estuary could

        reasonably be expected to have very limited "assimilative capacity"

        and to respond adversely to the introduction of substantial quantities of

        nutrients.  On the other hand, the introduction of substantial flow of

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        clean water at the Peace Cross location could reasonably be expected


B      to have a beneficial effect,  Output of high quality water from the


        Anacostia plant might also have value as a supplemental water source


P      as, for example, make-up cooling water at the PEPCO-Benning Road


—      generating station.  These latter potentials have not been explored,


™      although the Conferees, acting in accordance with Recommendation 4,


9      have established a task force to investigate opportunities for water


        reuse in the Washington Metropolitan area.



        Expansion of Piscataway


•           The WSSC Treatment Plant, located on Piscataway Bay, became operation-


        al in early 1968.  The plant has a design capacity of 5 MGD, and a BOD


        reduction level of 90 percent.  In April 1969, the Maryland State Depart-


»      ment of Health approved operation of the plant at 8 MGD.  This approval


        was based on operating experience which indicated the plant could


•      operate at that level.  The plant was initially designed to discharge


        effluent to the mainstream of the Potomac River.  Necessary con-


H      struction permits could not be obtained, and effluent was accordingly


^      discharged directly to the head of the embayment.


             Operation of the plant has been controversial, and residents have


•      objected frequently to bypassing, overloading, and allegedly poor


        operations.  The current plant does not provide nutrient removal.  The


        area served by the Piscataway Plant is experiencing a rapid population


_      growth and Includes many areas which are currently served by malfunc-


™      tioning septic tank systems.  The Maryland Department of Health


•      on September 24, 1969, directed WSSC to proceed Immediately  with





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plans for its enlargement to meet Immediate demands.  The construction


schedule for the plant is as follows:


     Preliminary Plans       Final         Commence         Operational
        Completed            Plans       Construction       ____	


         3/1/70             3/1/71          7/1/71            1/1/73


It is anticipated that this expansion will provide the capacity needed


to serve the present population and anticipated growth to the year 1980.


     Plans for the plant call for discharge to the head of Piscataway


Bay at the level of treatment called for by the Enforcement Conference.


However, the Maryland Department of Health has informed the Federal


Water Pollution Control Administration that phosphate removal will be


required in the initial plant design and will, therefore, be in advance


of the Conference requirements.  WSSC has not yet decided on the nutrient


removal process to be adopted.  High reliability features will be included


in the plant design to help assure that Piscataway Bay will not be


polluted by untreated or partially treated effluents.


     As explained earlier, continuing FWPCA studies of the Potomac


Estuary have demonstrated that the Blue Plains Plant is the dominant


factor in determining water quality in the Potomac Estuary and that a


substantial improvement cannot be expected until Blue Plains improvements


are completed, and the plant can be fully operational.



Piscataway Advanced Waste Treatment Facility


     This demonstration project to be located at the Piscataway waste


treatment plant became active in June 1969 when an original Federal Water


Pollution Control Administration grant of $1,650,000 was supplemented


by a grant of $750,000 to permit construction of a full-scale advanced
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—     treatment plant, utilizing techniques developed at Blue Plains.  The
flj     facility will employ two-stage "high lime" treatment with intermediate
       recarbonation, dual-media gravity filters, stabilization and carbon
I     adsorption with regeneration.  The schedule calls for the design to be
       completed in April  1970, bids to be let in June 1970, and construction
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       to be completed by mid  1971.
       Recommendations for "Fail-Safe" Sewerage Systems

•          The need for effective, fail-safe operation of municipal sewerage

       systems (pumping stations) and treatment plants is receiving increased

•     technical attention.  General steps which can be taken to achieve
       reliability  include:

             --Auxiliary or alternate power sources to insure continuous

              oper ability.

             --Automatic alarms to alert plant personnel of operational mal-

              functions such as untreated overflows and chlorination failure.
fl

            --Sewer systems that will achieve total containment of wastes „

•          — The elimination of plant and pumping station bypasses.

_          --Holding ponds to provide detention of wastes in the event of

™            equipment malfunctions.

•          --Duplication of treatment process and pumping units.

            --Adequate performance evaluations of all pollution control

•            facilities.

            — These are new, almost novel, concepts in the sanitary engineering

w            field, although they are long established in the many industrial

              and military areas.  FWPCA engineers expect to work continually

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     with the State and local agencies to provide reasonable




     assurances that our treatment plant will work all of the time -




     not just some of the time.   For example, the FWPCA and the




     Virginia State Water Control Board have recently recommended that




     additions and revisions be made to Fairfax County's Westgate




     and Pohick treatment facilities that will increase the reliability




     of operation of those facilities.







     An inspection of the new Pohick plant revealed that duplicate




power sources with automatic switching have been provided.   However,




an overflow sewer was built into the system, and there was some  question




regarding whether or not some critical elements of the electrical system




had been separated.   The Federal Water Pollution Control Administration




recommended that consideration be given to the installation of a sluice-




gate in the overflow sewer, and the Virginia State Water Control Board




recommended that within 3O days  the County of Fairfax provide a  report




concerning the technical and economical feasibility of constructing a




holding pond to provide containment of raw sewage during emergencies




when overflows might otherwise result„  The Virginia State Water Control




Board also requested that complete information be supplied concerning




whether or not there is complete separation of critical elements of the




electrical system and that information be provided concerning power out-




age in the power substations.

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•             with the State and local agencies  to provide  reasonable
•             assurances that our treatment  plant will  work all  of the time  -
               not just some of the time.   For  example,  the  FWPCA and the
•             Virginia State Water Control Board have recently recommended that
               additions and revisions be  made  to Fairfax County's Westgate
•             and Pohick treatment facilities  that will increase the reliability
•             of operation of those facilities.

I             An inspection of the new Pohick  plant revealed  that  duplicate power
        sources with automatic switching have been provided.  However, an
fl      overflow sewer was built into the  system, some critical elements of
        the electrical system were not separated, and there  was no backup for
•      some critical equipment components.  We have  recommended  the installation
        of a sluice-gate on the overflow,  construction of a  holding pond to
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provide 24-hour detention in the event of equipment  malfunction,  and
elimination of the overflow outfall to Pohick Creek.

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APPENDIX A

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                               Research and Development Projects
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          FWPCA-DC Pilot Plant  at Blue Plains
          The  FWPCA-DC Pilot Plant  at Blue Plains is currently engaged in a research
          plan consisting  of five major  components, as well as some supporting laboratory
          scale activities.  The major components are as  follows:
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               1.   Conventional  - tertiary treatment - This system consists of primary
H        sedimentation,  step  aeration,  secondary  sedimentation, two-stage lime precipi-
_        tation with  intermediate  recarbonation,  ammonia  stripping, and filtration at
*        an  average flow of 100,000  gpd.  Steady  state  start-up was 2/1/70 with a key
I        decision  on  air stripping scheduled  for  7/15/70  and a system program review
          on  8/15/70 for  this  component  as well as all of  the others.  Objectives are
|        high  degrees of removal of  phosphorus and nitrogen and moderately high levels
_        of  carbon following  conventional secondary treatment.  Advantages include more
™        proven systems  with  possibility of reclaiming  lime.
               2.   Independent physical  -  chemical treatment  - The 100,000 gpd system
          consists  of two-stage  lime precipitation with intermediate recarbonation,
          filtration, pH  control  (water  stabilization), selective, or exchange (for
 •        ammonia removal),  carbon  adsorption, and laboratory scale ozone oxidation.
          Start-up  was  2/11/70.   Objectives are  complete waste treatment from raw sewage
 |        through high  degrees of removal  of phosphorus, nitrogen, and  carbon.  Advantages
 M        include elimination of biological processes, reduced space requirements, and
          possibility of  reclaiming lime.
               3.  Mineral addition  conventional  - tertiary treatment - System  follows
          conventional primary  treatment  and  consists  of aeration with mineral  addition

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•        (alum  or  iron  salts),  secondary  sedimentation,  and  filtration  or  alternately
          carbon adsorption  at pilot  flows of  2000  gpd  as well  as  laboratory  scale.
•        Steady state start-up  is  scheduled for  5/1/70.  Objectives  are  equivalent de-
          grees  of  removal of phosphorus and carbon with  less  capital  facilities than
I        conventional-tertiary  treatment.  Advantages  include  reduced cost and space
im        for  phosphorus  and carbon removal.

              4.   Solids handling  and  recalcination  -  The  system  consists  of a thickener,
•        vacuum filter  alternately with a solid  bowl centrifuge  (available 7/70), and
•        a  six  hearth furnace and  will alternate between sludges  from the  conventional  -
          tertiary  and the independent  physical - chemical  treatment  processes.  Start-
•        up is  to  be 3/15/70.   Objectives are to develop and  evaluate methods of handling
          and  reusing chemicals  resulting  from advanced waste  treatment  processes.

              5.   Pure  oxygen process  - System with  average  flow  of  100,000  gpd follows
|        D.C. conventional  primary treatment  and consists  of  accelerated activated
_        sludge using pure  oxygen  followed by clarification  for  carbonaceous BOD removal
          followed  by second stage  activated sludge using pure  oxygen  followed by
•        clarification  for  nitrification.  The flow  is then  to be denitrified using
          other  biological methods  or carbon columns  followed  by  lime addition with
•        clarification  and/or filtration  for  phosphorus  removal  and  then carbon columns
_        for  polishing  and  refactory organic  removal,,  Initial start-up  will be 4/1/70
*        with nitrification - denitrification phase  commencing approximately six months
•        later.  Objectives are to reduce size of  treatment units for carbonaceous BOD
          and  nitrogen removal,  streamline lime precipitation  treatment  by  reducing
•        chemical  dosage and sludge production and eliminate  clarifier  in  solids removal

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         stage, and achieve high degree of carbon removal.  Advantages include reduced
         space requirements, reduced chemicals and sludge production, makes nitrifica-


•       tion - denitrification practical for large metropolitan treatment plants


         such as Blue Plains.


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         The laboratory scale studies include ozone oxidation as a replacement for


•       carbon column effluent polishing and break point chlorination for nitrogen


         removal .



         Combined Sewer Systems - D.C.


H       In July, the Federal Water Pollution Control Administration approved a contract


M       with the Engineering Consultant Firm, Roy F. Weston, to help define the problems


         of combined sewer discharges within the District of Columbia; investigate the


•       feasibility of high rate filtration for the treatment of combined sewer over-


         flows; and to study alternative methods of solution to the problem.


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         The project is nearing completion and preliminary reports are being prepared.


•       A report will be presented at our regular progress meeting in May.



•       Kinqman Lake Recreational Area


         On October 8, 1969, Secretary of the Interior, Walter J. Hickel, announced


|       combining the features of storm water treatment and recreational development


_       in the Kingman Lake area of the Anacostia River.  The project, as presently


™       conceived, will treat overflow from the Northeast boundary combined sewer


I       and make-up water from the Anacostia.  The plant output will be discharged


         into a series of small lakes.  The first lake following treatment will contain


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          aesthetically attractive aerators and can be used for fishing and boating.
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          The second lake will  be utilized for bathing.

          The feasibility study is approximately 50 percent complete with anticipated
•        completion date of June 1970.   Aerial photography and soil borings are
          complete.   Topographical mapping and feasibility studies are underway.
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          The realization of the total  project objectives will  require the active
•        cooperation of the many local  and Federal governmental agencies.

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